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Sooner or later, every supposedly homogenous unit inevitably breaks back down into a disparate jumble of various interests, parties, classes and so on, who will either persecute each other or will suffer together in silence. There is no way out. | We are caught in a vicious circle; but history will not continue going round in circles forever. Nature herself has taken care of that by creating a place on Earth for the newts. | [
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There is no doubt that the world of the newts will be happier than that of mankind; it will be unified, homogenous and governed everywhere in the same spirit. Newt will not be distinct from newt by language, opinion, faith or his requisites for life. | There will be no differences among them of culture or class, merely the allocation of tasks. No-one will be master or slave, as all will serve just one Great Newt Whole which will be god, government, employer and spiritual leader. | [
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There will be no differences among them of culture or class, merely the allocation of tasks. No-one will be master or slave, as all will serve just one Great Newt Whole which will be god, government, employer and spiritual leader. | There will be just one nation and just one class. The world will be better and more perfect than ours will have been. | [
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It is obviously very difficult to imagine, X continued in the following paragraphs, what the newts might want of people, or how much they could simply take. They cannot live on dry land and there is no way for us to dictate to them what they do under the water. | Our respective living environments are completely and unchangeably separate. We require a certain amount of work from them, but in return we give them plenty of food and provide them with raw materials and products such as metals that, without us, they would not have at all. | [
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I have to admit that this anxiety is somewhat irrational, X went on; but it would seem like a great relief if the newts came out against mankind with some kind of demands. We would at least then have the chance to negotiate with them, we would be able to make various concessions, contracts and compromises with them; bu... | This incomprehensible reticence makes me afraid. They might, for instance, wish to ask for certain political advantages for themselves; legislation about the newts is, to put it bluntly, outdated in every state of the world and is not worthy of the dignity of a creature as civilised as the newts nor of a creature so st... | [
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The most horrifying thing is that this type of civilised mediocrity, educable but dull and complacent, exists on such a large scale; millions and thousands of millions of individuals all the same; or rather, perhaps I am mistaken, and the most horrifying thing of all is that they have been so successful. They have taug... | All parts of human civilisation that are without purpose, that are playful, fantastic or antiquated, they have ignored; in this way they have ignored all that makes man human, adopting only that which is purely practical, technical and utilisable. And this pitiful caricature of human civilisation has achieved awesome t... | [
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And this pitiful caricature of human civilisation has achieved awesome things; it builds wonders of technology, renovates our old planet and is even a source of fascination of people themselves. From Wagner, his apprentice and servant, Faust learned the secret of success and of mediocrity. | Mankind has either to engage in an epoch-making conflict of life and death with the newts or he will become like the newts, never to regain his humanness. As far as I am concerned, X concluded sadly, I would rather see the former. | [
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X now gives you his warning, the unknown author continued. It is still possible to shake off this cold and slimey ring that is wrapped around us all. | We must rid ourselves of the salamanders. There are already too many of them; they are armed, we know almost nothing about the power of their weapons and they could well turn them against us; but a danger for us more horrible than mere strength and numbers is the success, nay triumph, achieved by their lack of self wor... | [
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And stop providing the newts with weapons, end their supply of metals and explosives, send them no more of the machinery and equipment made by man! We do not give the tiger his teeth or venom to the snake; we do not stoke the fires of volcanoes or undermine our dams. | Let us ban supplies to any of the seas of the world, let us place the newts outside the law, let them be cursed and banished from our world, let there be a League of Nations to unite us against the newts! The whole of mankind must be prepared to defend its existence with sword in hand; let the king of Sweden, the Pope ... | [
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Despite all this, the pamphlet, X Gives his Warning, had far reaching effects. Movements to oppose the newts spread to almost every country in the world and a variety of organisations such as The Association for the Elimination of the Newts, The Anti-Salamander Club, The Committee for Human Protection were established ... | Newt delegates at the thirteenth session of the Commission for the Study of Newt Affairs in Geneva were insulted when they tried to take part. The boards that fenced off the coastline were daubed with threatening graffiti such as Death to the Newts, Salamanders Go Home etc. | [
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Movements to oppose the newts spread to almost every country in the world and a variety of organisations such as The Association for the Elimination of the Newts, The Anti-Salamander Club, The Committee for Human Protection were established everywhere. Newt delegates at the thirteenth session of the Commission for the ... | The boards that fenced off the coastline were daubed with threatening graffiti such as Death to the Newts, Salamanders Go Home etc. Many newts had stones thrown at them; no salamander now dared to raise his head above water in daylight. | [
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Newt delegates at the thirteenth session of the Commission for the Study of Newt Affairs in Geneva were insulted when they tried to take part. The boards that fenced off the coastline were daubed with threatening graffiti such as Death to the Newts, Salamanders Go Home etc. | Many newts had stones thrown at them; no salamander now dared to raise his head above water in daylight. But, despite all of this, there was no sign whatever from them of protest or attempt at retaliation. | [
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The south-eastern part of Louisiana (from the road between Lake Charles and Alexandria to Natchez) and the south of Mississippi (as far as the line Jackson-- Hattiesburg--Pascagoula) were swamped with mud. A new bay stretched inland from Vermillion Bay, two to eight miles wide and reaching in on a zig-zag line almost a... | New Iberia seemed to have been seriously damaged but many people could be seen digging the mud away from roads and houses. Impossible to land. The most serious loss of life likely to have been on the coast. | [
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Impossible to land. The most serious loss of life likely to have been on the coast. | A steamer, clearly from Mexico, sunk off Point au Fer. Sea around Chandeleur Islands covered in debris. | [
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Three days after the earthquake in Louisiana there was another geological catastrophe announced, this time in China. The coast of the province of Kiangsu, north of Nanking, about half way between the mouth of the Yangtse and the old bed of the Hwangho, was ripped apart in a powerful, thunderous earthquake; the sea gush... | Loss of human life cannot, so far, even be estimated. Hundred of thousands of refugees are fleeing into the provinces to the north and south. | [
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This third earthquake stirred up something akin to panic. Were all the Earths volcanoes becoming active? the papers asked. The Earths crust is starting to break up, the popular press declared. | Specialists gave their opinion that the Senegambian gulley may have been no more than the result of a granite eruption by Mount Pico on the Cape Verde island of Fogo; this volcano had erupted as recently as 1847 but since then had been considered extinct. In this case, the west African earthquake had nothing to do with... | [
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The Earths crust is starting to break up, the popular press declared. Specialists gave their opinion that the Senegambian gulley may have been no more than the result of a granite eruption by Mount Pico on the Cape Verde island of Fogo; this volcano had erupted as recently as 1847 but since then had been considered ext... | In this case, the west African earthquake had nothing to do with seismic events in Louisiana and Kiangsu which were clearly tectonic in origin. But nobody seemed to care whether the Earth was breaking up for tectonic reasons or volcanic. | [
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We regret the loss of human life. We have no wish to cause you unnecessary harm. | We wish only that you evacuate those areas of coast which we will notify you of in advance. If you do as we say you will avoid anything regrettable. | [
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We have no wish to cause you unnecessary harm. We wish only that you evacuate those areas of coast which we will notify you of in advance. | If you do as we say you will avoid anything regrettable. In future we will give you at least fourteen days notice of the places where we wish to extend our sea. | [
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We wish only that you evacuate those areas of coast which we will notify you of in advance. If you do as we say you will avoid anything regrettable. | In future we will give you at least fourteen days notice of the places where we wish to extend our sea. Incidents so far have been no more than technical experiments. | [
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"We are here because you wanted us. You have distributed us over the entire world. Now you have us. We wish that you collaborate with us. | You will provide us with steel for our picks and drills. you will provide us with explosives. | [
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We wish that you collaborate with us. You will provide us with steel for our picks and drills. | you will provide us with explosives. You will provide us with torpedoes. | [
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You will provide us with steel for our picks and drills. you will provide us with explosives. | You will provide us with torpedoes. You will work for us. | [
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We offer you peace. You will supply us with your products and sell us your land. | We are willing to pay you well. We offer you more than peace. We offer you trade. We offer you gold for your land. | [
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Every country (with the exceptions of Switzerland, Afghanistan, Bolivia and some other land-locked countries) agreed emphatically not to recognise the newts as an independent military power, mainly because they would then have to acknowledge their own newts as members of a salamander state; it was even possible that a ... | This meant that it was impossible to speak of any collective diplomatic or military campaign against the newts. Any state that came under attack from the salamanders could receive international aid only in the form of overseas loans for them to help defend themselves. | [
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A suggestion put forward by the Colombian delegates in private session, that at least unofficial negotiations with the newts should take place, was accepted. Chief Salamander was to be invited to send his representatives to the conference. | Great Britain protested loudly at this and refused outright to sit at the same table with the newts; but in the end the British delegation had to be content to depart, temporarily, to Engadin, for reasons of health. That night, all seafaring powers sent out an invitation to His Excellency Chief Salamander to name his r... | [
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Chief Salamander was to be invited to send his representatives to the conference. Great Britain protested loudly at this and refused outright to sit at the same table with the newts; but in the end the British delegation had to be content to depart, temporarily, to Engadin, for reasons of health. | That night, all seafaring powers sent out an invitation to His Excellency Chief Salamander to name his representatives and send them to Vaduz. The answer was a rasping "Yes; this time we will come to meet you; next time we will expect your delegates to come into the water to meet me." | [
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Great Britain protested loudly at this and refused outright to sit at the same table with the newts; but in the end the British delegation had to be content to depart, temporarily, to Engadin, for reasons of health. That night, all seafaring powers sent out an invitation to His Excellency Chief Salamander to name his r... | The answer was a rasping "Yes; this time we will come to meet you; next time we will expect your delegates to come into the water to meet me." The official announcement followed: "The accredited newt representatives will arrive in two days time at Buchs station by the Orient Express." | [
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Every preparation for the arrival of the newts was made with all haste; the most luxurious bathrooms in the city were prepared for them and a special train was chartered to bring cisterns of sea water for the newt delegates to bathe in. The reception for them that evening at the railway station in Vaduz had been meant ... | At exactly twenty-five minutes past six the Orient Express arrived at the station and came to a halt beside the red carpet. From the saloon car emerged three tall and elegant gentlemen with a number of sophisticated-looking secretaries carrying heavy briefcases. " | [
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"Of course we are not newts," said Dr. Castelli. We are their lawyers. Excuse me, but I think these gentlemen might want to take some photographs." And then the photographers and newsreel makers took a great many pictures of the smiling newt delegation. | The secretaries of the legatees already present also showed their pleasure. It was, after all, only reasonable and proper that the newts should send human beings to represent them. | [
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The secretaries of the legatees already present also showed their pleasure. It was, after all, only reasonable and proper that the newts should send human beings to represent them. | Human beings were easier to deal with. And most of all, it would avoid certain social unpleasantnesses. The first discussions with the newts' delegates took place that same night, addressing the question of how to renew peace with the United Kingdom as soon as possible. | [
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Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. | Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences, such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnos... | [
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Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields. | In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences, such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests. The term _ biotechnology _ was first used by Karl Ereky in 1919, meaning the pro... | [
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Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences, s... | The term _ biotechnology _ was first used by Karl Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. | [
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Charles- Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (UK : _ lə kor- BEW- zee- ay _, US : _ lə KOR- boo- ZYAY, -SYAY _, French : [lə kɔʁbyzje]), was a Swiss- French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture... | He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. | [
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Charles- Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (UK : _ lə kor- BEW- zee- ay _, US : _ lə KOR- boo- ZYAY, -SYAY _, French : [lə kɔʁbyzje]), was a Swiss- French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture... | His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. | [
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Charles- Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (UK : _ lə kor- BEW- zee- ay _, US : _ lə KOR- boo- ZYAY, -SYAY _, French : [lə kɔʁbyzje]), was a Swiss- French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture... | Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there, especially the government buildings. | [
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On 17 July 2016, seventeen projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement. Le Corbusier remains a controversial figure. | Some of his urban planning ideas have been criticized for their indifference to pre- existing cultural sites, societal expression and equity, and his ties with fascism, antisemitism and the dictator Benito Mussolini have resulted in some continuing contention. | [
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Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. | The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility of the event and 1 indicates certainty. The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur. | [
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Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility of the event and 1 indicates certainty. | The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. | [
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Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates impossibility of the event and 1 indicates certainty. The higher th... | A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes (" heads" and " tails" ) are both equally probable; the probability of " heads" equals the probability of " tails" ; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either " heads" or " tails" is 1/2 (which ... | [
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Barley (_ Hordeum vulgare _), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. | It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. | [
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Barley (_ Hordeum vulgare _), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. | Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. | [
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Barley (_ Hordeum vulgare _), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain disti... | It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. | [
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Barley (_ Hordeum vulgare _), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain disti... | Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. | [
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In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. | In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates : The laws of physics are invariant (that is, identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, frames of reference with no acceleration). | [
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In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original treatment, the theory is based on two postulates : 1. | 1. The laws of physics are invariant (that is, identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, frames of reference with no acceleration). 2 | [
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1. The laws of physics are invariant (that is, identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, frames of reference with no acceleration). | 2. The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or observer. The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or observer. | [
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Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV and of the Spanish Golden Age. | He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork. | [
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Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. | He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family and commoners, culminating in his masterpiece _ Las Meninas _ ... | [
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Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period. He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a fr... | In the 20th century, artists such as Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí and Francis Bacon paid tribute to Velázquez by re- interpreting some of his most iconic images. | [
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The Giza Pyramid Complex, also called the Giza Necropolis, is the site on the Giza Plateau in Greater Cairo, Egypt that includes the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx of Giza. | All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The site also includes several cemeteries and the remains of a workers village. | [
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The site is at the edges of the Western Desert, approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) west of the Nile River in the city of Giza, and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest of the city centre of Cairo. The Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are the largest pyramids built in ancient Egypt, and they have historically b... | They were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the Ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. | [
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The Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are the largest pyramids built in ancient Egypt, and they have historically been common as emblems of Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination. They were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of ... | It is by far the oldest of the Ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. | [
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An ideology (/ˌʌɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/) is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially as held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which " practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." | Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory. | [
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An ideology (/ˌʌɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/) is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially as held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which " practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and pol... | In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems. | [
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The oat (_ Avena sativa _), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). | While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly. | [
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The oat (_ Avena sativa _), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestoc... | Oats are associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly. | [
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Economics () is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular, the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. | Microeconomics analyzes basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. | [
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PARA_BREAK Economics () is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular, the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. PARA_BREAK Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes basic elements ... | Macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a system where production, consumption, saving, and investment interact, and factors affecting it : employment of the resources of labour, capital, and land, currency inflation, economic growth, and public policies that have impact on these elements. | [
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The Arabic alphabet (Arabic : الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- abjadīyah l-ʿarabīyah _ _ or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- ḥurūf l-ʿarabīyah _ _, IPA : [ʔalʔabd͡ʒadiːjaʰ lʕarabiːjaʰ]), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic. | It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Most letters have contextual letterforms. | [
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The Arabic alphabet (Arabic : الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- abjadīyah l-ʿarabīyah _ _ or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- ḥurūf l-ʿarabīyah _ _, IPA : [ʔalʔabd͡ʒadiːjaʰ lʕarabiːjaʰ]), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic. It is written from right to left in a cursive styl... | Most letters have contextual letterforms. The Arabic script is also a religious text, it is used mainly in Islamic countries, namely in Arabia, North Africa, Persia / Iran, Central Asia and the Northwestern Indian Subcontinent. | [
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The Arabic alphabet (Arabic : الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- abjadīyah l-ʿarabīyah _ _ or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة, _ _ al- ḥurūf l-ʿarabīyah _ _, IPA : [ʔalʔabd͡ʒadiːjaʰ lʕarabiːjaʰ]), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic. It is written from right to left in a cursive styl... | As with other impure _ abjads _, such as the Hebrew alphabet, scribes later devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel diacritics. | [
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A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. | It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations. | [
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A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. | There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it and the funds available to build it. | [
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A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs that e... | Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it and the funds available to build it. | [
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A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs that e... | The Arkadiko Bridge dating from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese, in southern Greece is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. | [
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. | Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. | [
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic cat... | Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries — which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms — encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concernin... | [
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic cat... | Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries — which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms — encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title. | [
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic cat... | As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries, schools and other educational institutions. | [
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Ibn Khaldun (; Arabic : أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, _ _ Abū Zayd ‘ Abd ar- Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al- Ḥaḍramī _ _; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist, philosopher and historian who has been described as the founder of the modern disciplines of historio... | Niccolò Machiavelli of the Renaissance and the 19th- century European scholars widely acknowledged the significance of his works and considered Ibn Khaldun to be one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages. | [
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Ibn Khaldun (; Arabic : أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, _ _ Abū Zayd ‘ Abd ar- Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al- Ḥaḍramī _ _; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist, philosopher and historian who has been described as the founder of the modern disciplines of historio... | Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire. | [
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Plato (_ PLAY -toe _; Greek : Πλάτων _ Plátōn _, pronounced [plá.tɔːn] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world... | The so- called Neoplatonism of philosophers like Plotinus and Porphyry greatly influenced Christianity through Church Fathers such as Augustine. Alfred North Whitehead once noted : " the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." | [
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Plato (_ PLAY -toe _; Greek : Πλάτων _ Plátōn _, pronounced [plá.tɔːn] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world... | His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in which Plato presents a solution to the problem of universals known as Platonism (also ambiguously called either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism). He is also the namesake of Platonic love and the Platonic solids. | [
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Plato (_ PLAY -toe _; Greek : Πλάτων _ Plátōn _, pronounced [plá.tɔːn] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world... | Unlike the work of nearly all of his contemporaries, Plato's entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Although their popularity has fluctuated over the years, Plato's works have never been without readers since the time they were written. | [
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Plato (_ PLAY -toe _; Greek : Πλάτων _ Plátōn _, pronounced [plá.tɔːn] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world... | Although their popularity has fluctuated over the years, Plato's works have never been without readers since the time they were written. | [
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The Hundred Years'War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. | It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of stronger national identities in both coun... | [
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The Hundred Years'War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Age... | The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of stronger national identities in both countries. | [
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The Hundred Years'War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Age... | It is common to divide the war into three phases, separated by truces : the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Although each side drew many allies into the war, in the end, the House of Valois retained the French throne and the English and French monarchies rem... | [
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