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If John is not attending medical school, then he is attending business school. John is not attending business school, so he must be attending medical school. | Which one of the following most closely parallels the argument's reasoning? | [
"All scientists hold a graduate degree, and Dan is a scientist, so he must hold a graduate degree.",
"If Eric is eating soup, then he is not eating a sandwich. Eric is eating a sandwich, so he is not eating soup.",
"Hank is the best college basketball player, and ttherefore, he will play professionally next yea... | 1 | train_900 |
Advertisement: Last year, Factorial Mutual Fund continued its strong record of investment performance. Investors who included Factorial Fund in their portfolios realized an average capital gain of 15% across all of their investment assets, nearly double the market return. Ttherefore, investors interested in high return... | The claim in the advertisement above is based on which of the following assumptions? | [
"Last year, Factorial Fund outperformed all other funds with similar style and investment objectives.",
"The fees charged by Factorial Fund are among the lowest in the investment industry.",
"A substantial part of the 15% portfolio appreciation was attributable to the returns of Factorial Fund and this level of... | 2 | train_901 |
Anyone who argues that graffiti is legitimate artwork should also agree that street gangs gave rise to legitimate artwork, since street gangs gave rise to graffiti. | The pattern of reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely parallels that displayed in which one of the following? | [
"Anyone who claims that exercise is beneficial should also acknowledge that some exercise is harmful if done in excess.",
"A person who consumes large quantities of dairy products is probably thin since most people who consume dairy products generally consume fewer calories than people who do not consume dairy pr... | 2 | train_902 |
Scientists have discovered a new species of butterfly that lives only in a small region of Central America and is active only at night. During the day, it rests in treetops, where its green color matches the foliage perfectly. Ttherefore, the scientists must have discovered the butterfly at night. | The argument depends on which of the following assumptions? | [
"The butterfly cannot survive in areas outside of Central America.",
"There is no way for the scientists to detect the butterfly during the day.",
"No other butterfly species lives in this region of Central America.",
"The foliage in the butterfly's habitat is completely green."
] | 1 | train_903 |
Some legislators refuse to commit public funds for new scientific research if they cannot be assured that the research will contribute to the public welfare. Such a position ignores the lessons of experience. Many important contributions to the public welfare that resulted from scientific research were never predicted ... | Suppose that a scientist in the early twentieth century had applied for public funds to study molds: who would have predicted that such research would lead to the discovery of antibiotics -- one of the greatest contributions ever made to the public welfare? Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main ... | [
"Lack of guarantees that new scientific research will contribute to the public welfare is not sufficient reason for legislators to refuse to commit public funds to new scientific research.",
"The committal of public funds for new scientific research will ensure that the public welfare will be enhanced.",
"Scien... | 0 | train_904 |
Paper and plastic grocery bags are a continuing problem for the city, both as litter and in landfills. To discourage their use, the city has proposed a tax on each bag, to be paid by the supermarkets that supply them. Several environmental groups, however, oppose the tax, despite having brought the issue to the council... | Which of the following, if true, would best explain the environmental groups' opposition to the proposed tax? | [
"Only supermarkets distributing more than a certain number of grocery bags each month would be subject to the proposed tax.",
"Plastic bags account for 90 percent of the grocery bags that litter the city's streets and take up space in landfills.",
"The cost to the city of collecting and disposing of a grocery b... | 3 | train_905 |
Editor: Many candidates say that if elected they will reduce governmental intrusion into voters' lives. But voters actually elect politicians who instead promise that the government will provide assistance to solve their most pressing problems. Governmental assistance, however, costs money, and money can come only from... | Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the editor's argument? | [
"Politicians who promise to do what they actually believe ought to be done are rarely elected.",
"Politicians never promise what they really intend to do once in office.",
"Politicians who win their elections usually keep their campaign promises.",
"The most common problems people have are financial problems.... | 2 | train_906 |
A television commercial argued as follows: both the product advertised and its competitor contain the same active ingredients, but the product advertised contains them in higher concentrations; tests show that the higher concentrations are completely safe; since a product that provides faster relief is always preferabl... | The television commercial's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it | [
"takes for granted that the product with the higher concentration of active ingredients provides faster relief than its competitor",
"attempts to manipulate the emotions of potential customers of the advertised product rather than presenting logically sound reasons for preferring the product advertised",
"attem... | 0 | train_907 |
Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants has been temporarily stored on-site, but this is not a satisfactory kind of place for long-range storage. Since no suitable plan of safe permanent storage of such waste from the nation' s existing and planned nuclear plants has been devised, some people propose that we should... | The proposal mentioned above falls short of offering a complete solution to the problem it addresses because | [
"it would prevent the development of safe technologies for producing electric power",
"it does not distinguish between nuclear plants that have, and plants that do not have, a reputation for operating safely",
"it does not provide for the permanent storage of already-existing waste",
"the risks of unsafe disp... | 2 | train_908 |
Columnist on the arts: My elected government representatives were within their rights to vote to support the arts with tax dollars. While funded by the government, however, some artists have produced works of art that are morally or aesthetically offensive to many taxpayers. Nonetheless, my conclusion is that no taxpay... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most supports the columnist's argument? | [
"The funding of a particular activity is warranted if it is funded by elected representatives who legitimately fund that activity in general.",
"Those who resent taxation to subsidize offensive art should vote against their incumbent government representatives.",
"Elected representatives are within their rights... | 0 | train_909 |
Politician: Some proponents of unilateral nuclear arms reduction argue that it would encourage other countries to reduce their own nuclear arsenals, eventually leading to an international agreement on nuclear arms reduction. Our acting on the basis of this argument would be dangerous, because the argument ignores the c... | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the politician's argument? | [
"It is risky for the politician's country to unilaterally reduce nuclear arms in hopes of achieving an international agreement on arms reduction.",
"Countries that are on the verge of civil wars are unlikely to agree to reduce either their nuclear arms or their conventional weapons.",
"It is unlikely that an in... | 0 | train_910 |
Last year, a software company held a contest to generate ideas for their new logo. According to the rules, everyone who entered the contest would receive several prizes, including a T-shirt with the company' s new logo. Juan has a T-shirt with the company' s new logo, so he must have entered the contest. | The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument | [
"infers that every member of a group has a feature in common on the grounds that the group as a whole has that feature",
"takes a condition that is sufficient for a particular outcome as one that is necessary for that outcome",
"infers a causal relationship when the evidence only supports a correlation",
"has... | 1 | train_911 |
FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells. FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup. Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup. Since FastMart'... | Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? | [
"People buying pancake syrup at convenience stores, unlike those buying it at supermarkets, generally buy it only a few times.",
"Regular syrup does not sell for a higher price per unit than low-calorie syrup.",
"Sales of syrup are not expected to account for a large proportion of total dollar sales at the aver... | 3 | train_912 |
A severe blow to the head can cause one to lose consciousness; from this some people infer that consciousness is a product of the brain and cannot survive bodily death. But a radio that becomes damaged may suddenly cease to broadcast the program it had been receiving, and we do not conclude from this that the program i... | Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the example of the damaged radio? | [
"It is cited as evidence that consciousness does in fact survive bodily death.",
"It is cited as the primary piece of evidence for the conclusion that the relationship of consciousness to the brain is analogous to that of a radio program to the radio that receives it.",
"It is cited as a counterexample to a wid... | 3 | train_913 |
The same task triggers different levels of awareness of one' s surroundings, called environmental awareness, in different individuals. Mathematical puzzles, for example, cause most people to increase such an awareness. Some people -- those who formulate the answer visually, imagining the numbers in their mind' s eye --... | Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? | [
"People who visually formulate answers differ from other problem solvers in that the former are aware of their surroundings.",
"People tend to be more aware of their surroundings when solving mathematical problems than when solving nonmathematical problems.",
"There are some people for whom mathematical puzzles... | 2 | train_914 |
A recent study has found that, surprisingly, the risk of serious injuries to workers is higher in industries that are monitored by government safety inspectors than in industries that are not so monitored. | Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding described above? | [
"Government safety inspectors do not have the authority to enforce safety regulations.",
"Workers behave especially cautiously when they believe their performance is being monitored by government safety inspectors.",
"Only those industries with an inherently high risk of on-the-job injury are monitored by gover... | 2 | train_915 |
On the Discount Phoneline, any domestic long-distance call starting between 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. costs 15 cents a minute, and any other domestic long-distance call costs 10 cents a minute. So any domestic long-distance call on the Discount Phoneline that does not cost 10 cents a minute costs 15 cents a minute. | The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above? | [
"If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class does not involve extensive lab work, it will not be conducted in a laboratory.",
"If a university class involves extensive lab work, t... | 2 | train_916 |
Hillsburgh and Nansensville are two major metropolitan areas only 50 miles apart. Until recently, the only road connecting the two cities was a traffic-clogged, six-lane Interstate Highway. Six years in the making, the Metro Expressway, a four-lane road connecting the two cities, was hoped to relieve this congestion. A... | Which of the following, if true, could account for the continued traffic congestion along the Interstate Highway? | [
"The Hillsburgh Gazette reports that police activity along the Interstate Highway has decreased since many police are now patrolling the Metro Expressway.",
"During the month that the Metro Expressway opened, the railway workers who service the train connecting the two cities went on strike.",
"The Metro Expres... | 1 | train_917 |
A recent study found that snoring, though not common in either group, is more common among smokers than among nonsmokers. On the basis of this evidence, the author hypothesized that smoking by itself can induce snoring. | Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the author's hypothesis? | [
"Most snorers do not smoke.",
"Stress induces both snoring and smoking in certain individuals.",
"Most smokers do not snore.",
"Both smoking and snoring cause throat problems."
] | 1 | train_918 |
A research study revealed that, in most cases, once existing highways near urban areas are widened and extended in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion and resulting delays for motorists, these problems actually increase rather than decrease. | Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the discrepancy between the intended results of the highway improvements and the results revealed in the study? | [
"Urban traffic generally moves at a slower pace and involves more congestion and delays than rural and suburban traffic.",
"Typically, road widening or extension projects are undertaken only after the population near the road in question has increased and then leveled off, leaving a higher average population leve... | 2 | train_919 |
Production manager: The building materials that we produce meet industry safety codes but pose some safety risk. Since we have recently developed the technology to make a safer version of our product, we should stop producing our current product and sell only the safer version in order to protect public safety. Sales m... | Which one of the following principles, if established, most helps to justify the production manager's conclusion? | [
"In order to make building materials safer, companies should continually research new technologies whether or not they are required to do so in order to comply with safety codes.",
"Companies should not sell a product that poses safety risks if they are technologically capable of producing a safer version of that... | 1 | train_920 |
Marife: That was a bad movie because, by not providing viewers with all the information necessary for solving the murder, it violated a requirement of murder mysteries. Nguyen: But the filmmaker wanted viewers to focus on the complex relationship between the chief detective and her assistant. The murder just provided t... | Marife's and Nguyen's comments indicate that they disagree about | [
"whether the filmmaker wanted viewers to be able to solve the murder",
"whether the movie was a bad one",
"whether the relationship between the chief detective and her assistant was an important part of the movie",
"whether the movie should be classified as a murder mystery"
] | 3 | train_921 |
Politician: The current crisis in mathematics education must be overcome if we are to remain competitive in the global economy. Alleviating this crisis requires the employment of successful teaching methods. No method of teaching a subject can succeed that does not get students to spend a significant amount of time out... | Which one of the following statements follows logically from the statements above? | [
"The current crisis in mathematics education will not be overcome unless students spend a significant amount of time outside of class studying mathematics.",
"Students' spending a significant amount of time outside of class studying mathematics would help us to remain competitive in the global economy.",
"Few s... | 0 | train_922 |
When investigators discovered that the director of a local charity had repeatedly overstated the number of people his charity had helped, the director accepted responsibility for the deception. However, the investigators claimed that journalists were as much to blame as the director was for inflating the charity' s rep... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the investigators' claim? | [
"Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.",
"Anyone who knowingly aids a liar by trying to conceal the truth from others is also a liar.",
"Anyone who lies in or... | 0 | train_923 |
Rabbits were introduced to Numa Island in the nineteenth century. Overgrazing by the enormous population of rabbits now menaces the island' s agriculture. The government proposes to reduce the population by using a virus that has caused devastating epidemics in rabbit populations elsewhere. There is, however, a chance ... | Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? | [
"There are no species of animals on the island that prey on the rabbits.",
"The virus that the government proposes to use has been successfully used elsewhere to control populations of rabbits.",
"Overgrazing by rabbits endangers many of the plants on which bilbies feed.",
"There is no alternative means of re... | 2 | train_924 |
To be great, an artwork must express a deep emotion, such as sorrow or love. But an artwork cannot express an emotion that the artwork' s creator is incapable of experiencing. | Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above? | [
"The greatest art is produced by those who have experienced the deepest emotions.",
"An artwork that expresses a deep emotion of its creator is a great artwork.",
"Only artworks that succeed in expressing deep emotions are the products of great artists.",
"As long as computers are constructed so as to be inca... | 3 | train_925 |
The presence of bees is necessary for excellent pollination, which, in turn, usually results in abundant fruits and vegetables. Establishing a beehive or two near one' s garden ensures the presence of bees. Keeping bees is economical, however, only if the gardener has a use for homegrown honey. Thus, gardeners who have... | Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument? | [
"The argument fails to consider that bees might be present even in the absence of a particular condition that would ensure their presence.",
"The argument confuses what is necessary for an abundance of fruits and vegetables with what is usually conducive to it.",
"The argument confuses what is necessary for pol... | 0 | train_926 |
It is proposed to allow the sale, without prescription, of a medication that physicians currently prescribe to treat the common ear inflammation called "swimmer' s ear. " The principal objection is that most people lack the expertise for proper self-diagnosis and might not seek medical help for more serious conditions ... | Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion? | [
"Cases in which swimmer's ear progresses to more serious infections are very rare.",
"For many people who develop swimmer's ear, the condition disappears without medical or pharmaceutical intervention.",
"Physicians who specialize in ear diseases are generally able to provide more accurate diagnoses than those ... | 3 | train_927 |
In a recent study of arthritis, researchers tried but failed to find any correlation between pain intensity and any of those features of the weather -- humidity, temperature swings, barometric pressure -- usually cited by arthritis sufferers as the cause of their increased pain. Those arthritis sufferers in the study w... | Of the following, which one most logically completes the argument? | [
"indicates that arthritis sufferers' beliefs about the causes of the pain they feel may affect their assessment of the intensity of that pain",
"indicates that the weather affects some arthritis sufferers more quickly than it does other arthritis sufferers",
"suggests that arthritis sufferers are imagining the ... | 2 | train_928 |
Writer: I collaborated with another writer on my last book, instead of writing alone as I usually do. Because the book sold so well as a result of this joint effort, I should collaborate with a writer on my next book so that book will sell well too. | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning above? | [
"Writers who collaborate on books, if they are good writers, usually produce books that sell well.",
"Writers who do not collaborate on books have a smaller chance of writing a book that will sell well.",
"If a person's book sells well because of a collaboration, that person's next book will sell well, if he or... | 3 | train_929 |
Music critic: How well an underground rock group' s recordings sell is no mark of that group' s success as an underground group. After all, if a recording sells well, it may be because some of the music on the recording is too trendy to be authentically underground; accordingly, many underground musicians consider it d... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the music critic's argument? | [
"An underground rock group is successful as an underground group if the group is competent but its recordings nonetheless do not sell well.",
"An underground rock group is unsuccessful as an underground group if it is incompetent or if any of its music is too trendy to be authentically underground, or both.",
"... | 1 | train_930 |
That long-term cigarette smoking can lead to health problems including cancer and lung disease is a scientifically well-established fact. Contrary to what many people seem to believe, however, it is not necessary to deny this fact in order to reject the view that tobacco companies should be held either morally or legal... | The main point of the argument is that | [
"no one should feel it necessary to deny the scientifically well-established fact that longterm cigarette smoking can lead to health problems",
"excessive consumption of candy will lead to health problems just as surely as long-term cigarette smoking will",
"the fact that smokers' health problems can be caused ... | 2 | train_931 |
One sure way you can tell how quickly a new idea -- for example, the idea of "privatization" -- is taking hold among the population is to monitor how fast the word or words expressing that particular idea are passing into common usage. Professional opinions of whether or not words can indeed be said to have passed into... | The method described above for determining how quickly a new idea is taking hold relies on which one of the following assumptions? | [
"Dictionary editors have exact numerical criteria for telling when a word has passed into common usage.",
"For a new idea to take hold, dictionary editors have to include the relevant word or words in their dictionaries.",
"As a word passes into common usage, its meaning does not undergo any severe distortions ... | 2 | train_932 |
Recently, many medical students have been enrolling in joint M. D. /J. D. programs, in which they receive both medical and law degrees at the conclusion of their studies. But since medical students primarily earn their law degree in order to protect themselves from malpractice lawsuits as doctors, we must still conclud... | Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given? | [
"Some students who complete such joint programs choose to become lawyers in fields in which they do not use their medical training, while those who choose to become doctors do use legal training.",
"If such joint degrees required that students focus more on their legal studies than their medical studies, students... | 3 | train_933 |
Students asked by a psychologist to tell a lie before discussion groups vastly overestimated how many people in the discussion groups could tell they were lying. Other research has found that when volleyball players perform unusually poorly on the court, teammates notice this far less often than the players expect. Fin... | Which one of the following is best illustrated by the statements above? | [
"People tend to believe their appearance and behavior are noticed by others more often than is actually the case.",
"People tend not to notice the appearance or behavior of others.",
"We are actually less observant of the appearance and behavior of others than we think ourselves to be.",
"People tend to be fa... | 0 | train_934 |
The rate of health complications of patients on intravenous (IV) therapy at a particular hospital was higher than usual. Government inspectors found that the typical IV solutions used in this hospital had somewhat high concentrations of sodium and potassium, which were raising patients' blood pressure and taxing their ... | Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why acting on the government inspectors' recommendations failed to achieve its goal? | [
"When sodium and potassium levels in the blood fall below their baseline level, it can damage cells throughout the body by reverse osmosis.",
"A high proportion of patients at this hospital are older, and older patients are more vulnerable to infections that can accompany IVs.",
"It is typical for a patient's a... | 1 | train_935 |
The amount of electricity consumed in Millville on any day in August is directly proportional to peak humidity on that day. Since the average peak humidity this August was three points higher than the average peak humidity last August, it follows that more energy was consumed in Millville this August than last August. | Which one of the following arguments has a pattern of reasoning most similar to the one in the argument above? | [
"The amount of art supplies used in any of the Aesthetic Institute's 25 classes is directly proportional to the number of students in that class. Since in these classes the institute enrolled 20 percent more students overall last year than in the previous year, more art supplies were used in the institute's classes... | 0 | train_936 |
Fast-food restaurants make up 45 percent of all restaurants in Cantaria. Customers at these restaurants tend to be young; in fact, studies have shown that the older people get, the less likely they are to eat in fast-food restaurants. Since the average age of the Canatrian population is gradually rising and will contin... | Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? | [
"As the population of Canatria gets older, more people are eating at home.",
"The overall population of Canatria is growing steadily.",
"Fast-food restaurants in Canatria are getting bigger, so each one can serve more customers.",
"Many people who rarely eat in fast-food restaurants nevertheless eat regularly... | 1 | train_937 |
If Suarez is not the most qualified of the candidates for sheriff, then Anderson is. Thus, if the most qualified candidate is elected and Suarez is not elected, then Anderson will be. | The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above? | [
"If Perez is not the lowest bidder on the catering contract, then Sullivan is. So if Sullivan does not get the contract and Perez does not get it either, then it will not be awarded to the lowest bidder.",
"If the excavation contract does not go to the lowest bidder, then it will go to Caldwell. So if Qiu gets th... | 2 | train_938 |
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic' s currency, the pundra, was weak: its value was unusually low relative to the world' s most stable currencies. Both times a weak pundra made Darfir' s manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir' s exports ... | Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim? | [
"Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.",
"A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even with... | 3 | train_939 |
When Copernicus changed the way we think about the solar system, he did so not by discovering new information, but by looking differently at information already available. Edward Jenner' s discovery of a smallpox vaccine occurred when he shifted his focus to disease prevention from the then more common emphasis on cure... | The examples provided above illustrate which one of the following? | [
"The ability to look at information from a different point of view is rare.",
"Shifting from earlier modes of thought can result in important advances.",
"Many valuable intellectual accomplishments occur by chance.",
"Understanding is advanced less often by better organization of available information than it... | 1 | train_940 |
Because it permits a slower and more natural rhythm of life, living in the country is supposed to be more healthy and relaxed than living in the city. But surveys show that people living in the country become ill as often and as seriously as people living in the city, and that they experience an equal amount of stress. | The statements above, if true, provide the most support for which one of the following? | [
"Living in the country is neither healthier nor more relaxing than living in the city.",
"The amount of stress a person experiences depends on that person's rhythm of life.",
"People whose rhythm of life is slow and natural recover quickly from illness.",
"Despite what people believe, a natural rhythm of life... | 0 | train_941 |
Shy adolescents often devote themselves totally to a hobby to help distract them from the loneliness brought on by their shyness. Sometimes they are able to become friends with others who share their hobby. But if they lose interest in that hobby, their loneliness may be exacerbated. So developing an all-consuming hobb... | Which one of the following assumptions does the argument depend on? | [
"Shy adolescents devote themselves to hobbies mainly because they want to make friends.",
"Shy adolescents will lose interest in their hobbies if they do not make friends through their engagement in those hobbies.",
"No successful strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness ever intensifies that loneliness.",... | 2 | train_942 |
Anita: Since 1960 the spotted owl population has declined alarmingly. Timber companies that have been clearing the old-growth forests where the spotted owl lives are responsible for this. Jean: No, the spotted owl' s decline is due not to the timber companies but to a rival species. For the past three decades, the more... | Jean does which one of the following in her response to Anita? | [
"challenges Anita's assumption that the decline in the population of the spotted owl poses a threat to the species'continued survival",
"proposes an alternative explanation for the decline in the spotted owl population",
"denies the truth of Anita's premise that timber companies have been clearing old-growth fo... | 1 | train_943 |
If an external force intervenes to give members of a community political self-determination, then that political community will almost surely fail to be truly free, since it is during the people' s struggle to become free by their own efforts that the political virtues necessary for maintaining freedom have the best ch... | The reasoning above conforms most closely to which one of the following principles? | [
"Self-determination is not the first political virtue that the members of a community achieve in their struggle to become free.",
"A community cannot remain free without first having developed certain political virtues.",
"Political freedom is a virtue that a community can attain through an external force.",
... | 1 | train_944 |
Economist: During a recession, a company can cut personnel costs either by laying off some employees without reducing the wages of remaining employees or by reducing the wages of all employees without laying off anyone. Both damage morale, but layoffs damage it less, since the aggrieved have, after all, left. Thus, whe... | Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the economist's reasoning? | [
"Some companies will be unable to make a profit during recessions no matter how much they reduce personnel costs.",
"Some companies that have laid off employees during recessions have had difficulty finding enough qualified employees once economic growth resumed.",
"Employee morale is usually the primary concer... | 2 | train_945 |
Ethicist: In a recent judicial decision, a woman was ordered to pay restitution to her husband because of their recent divorce, even though the couple had signed a written prenuptial agreement prior to getting married which stated that each party would be financially independent and not seek alimony should the couple d... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the ethicist's reasoning? | [
"It is morally wrong for one party not to abide by its part of an agreement only if the other party abides by its part of the agreement.",
"It is morally wrong for one person to seek to penalize another person for an action that the first person induced the other person to perform.",
"It is morally wrong to see... | 2 | train_946 |
Forty to 60 percent of students report, in anonymous surveys, that they plagiarized at least once as undergraduates, and evidence indicates that plagiarism also occurs in our medical and business schools. Researchers have found that students who plagiarize are more likely to engage in subsequent professional misconduct... | Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in the argument? | [
"The argument presumes, without providing justification, that a certain phenomenon is the only factor contributing to the incidence of a certain other phenomenon.",
"The argument infers the existence of a causal connection merely on the basis of an association.",
"The argument takes for granted that a certain b... | 1 | train_947 |
Last June, Endsville installed highway traffic cameras, in the hope that drivers along the highways would reduce their speeds. This June, the number of motorists caught speeding by the traffic cameras is nearly twice that caught last June. | All of the following, if true, can help account for the increase in motorists caught speeding by traffic cameras EXCEPT? | [
"Since the cameras are virtually hidden, many motorists remain oblivious to the fact that the city has installed traffic cameras.",
"Police, throughout the year, have been increasingly less likely to pull over speeding motorists, since each month more highways in Endsville are equipped with traffic cameras.",
"... | 0 | train_948 |
The principle of equality before the law rules out using media access and renown as valid considerations in the sentencing of convicted criminals. Nevertheless, movie stars found guilty of drug abuse in well-publicized trials are often sentenced to perform community service, while unknown defendants convicted of the sa... | The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions? | [
"The principle of equality before the law can properly be overridden by other principles in some cases.",
"The sentencing of movie stars to community service instead of prison constitutes a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases.",
"The principle of equality before the law is rigoro... | 1 | train_949 |
A recent government study links the high rates of respiratory ailments in Groverston to airborne pollutants released by the Woodco plywood manufacturing plant there. To address the problem the government imposed strict regulations on emissions which will go into effect in four years. Although Woodco plans to cut its em... | Which of the following most logically completes the passage? | [
"reducing emissions even further than planned would necessitate decreasing production at Woodco",
"three new plywood manufacturing plants are about to go into production in Groverston",
"the number of facilities capable of treating respiratory ailments is not likely to increase",
"it is difficult to make accu... | 1 | train_950 |
Manager: When Sullivan was passed over for promotion, people said that the deciding factor was his being much older than the competition. But this is clearly not the case. Several recent promotions have been given to people older than Sullivan. | The manager's argument is most vulnerable to criticism because it fails to consider the possibility that | [
"the people older than Sullivan who were promoted had no younger competitors",
"age is only one of a number of factors that kept Sullivan from being promoted",
"people often associate age with experience and good judgment",
"Sullivan's employer tries to keep deliberations involving promotion decisions confide... | 0 | train_951 |
Environment minister: Many countries have signed an international agreement that is intended to reduce pollution in the world' s oceans. While conformity to this agreement probably would significantly reduce pollution in the world' s oceans, it would also probably reduce economic growth in our country and others. Tther... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, would most help to justify the environment minister's argument? | [
"A country should not sign an agreement that is unlikely to achieve its stated goal.",
"If a policy is likely to protect the environment and is unlikely to reduce economic growth, then governments should implement that policy.",
"When deciding whether to sign an agreement, a country should consider the agreemen... | 3 | train_952 |
A gram of the artificial sweetener aspartame is much sweeter than a gram of sugar. Soft drinks that are sweetened with sugar are, of course, sweet, so those sweetened with aspartame must be even sweeter. Thus people who regularly drink soft drinks sweetened with aspartame will develop a preference for extremely sweet p... | Which one of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning that is most similar to flawed reasoning in the argument above? | [
"Most people own more books than televisions. Moreover, it takes longer to read a book than to watch an episode of a television show. So most people must spend more time reading than they do watching television.",
"Guillermo has a much shorter drive to work than Abdul does. So Guillermo's estimate of the average ... | 3 | train_953 |
The Sumpton town council recently voted to pay a prominent artist to create an abstract sculpture for the town square. Critics of this decision protested that town residents tend to dislike most abstract art, and any art in the town square should reflect their tastes. But a town council spokesperson dismissed this crit... | The statements above most strongly suggest that the main point of disagreement between the critics and the spokesperson is whether | [
"a more traditional sculpture in the town square would be popular among local residents",
"most Sumpton residents will find the new sculpture to their taste",
"abstract sculptures by the same sculptor have truly been popular in other cities",
"public art that the residents of Sumpton would find desirable woul... | 1 | train_954 |
A hardware store generally sells roughly equal numbers of Maxlast brand hammers and Styron brand hammers. Last week, all of the Maxlast hammers were put on sale and placed in a display case just inside the store entrance while the Styron hammers retained their usual price and location. Surprisingly, the Styron hammers ... | Which one of the following, if true, does most to explain the surprising result? | [
"Customers who bought the Maxlast hammers last week commonly mentioned the sale as their reason for buying a hammer at that time.",
"The hardware store circulated flyers that publicized the sale prices on Maxlast hammers.",
"For the first several seconds after shoppers enter a store, they do not take detailed n... | 2 | train_955 |
"Addiction"has been defined as "dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance. " Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without be... | The relevance of the example of cancer patients to the argument depends on the assumption that | [
"cancer patients often become dependent on morphine",
"cancer patients who are dependent on morphine are addicted to it",
"cancer patients never abuse morphine",
"cancer patients who abuse a drug are dependent on it"
] | 1 | train_956 |
Police chief: This department' s officers are, of course, prohibited from drinking on the job. However, there is one exception: it is extremely valuable for officers to work undercover to investigate nightclubs that have chronic crime problems, and officers may drink in moderation during such work. | Which one of the following, if true, most helps to justify the exception to the police department's rule stated above? | [
"Only very experienced police officers are allowed to work undercover investigating nightclubs.",
"Over the last several years, the police department has significantly increased its undercover operations in nightclubs.",
"Many nightclub patrons would suspect that people in a nightclub who refrained from drinkin... | 2 | train_957 |
Until recently it was widely believed that only a limited number of species could reproduce through parthenogenesis, reproduction by a female alone. But lately, as interest in the topic has increased, parthenogenesis has been found in a variety of unexpected cases, including sharks and Komodo dragons. So the number of ... | The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument | [
"takes ignorance of the occurrence of something as conclusive evidence that it did not occur",
"takes for granted that because one thing follows another, the one must have been caused by the other",
"overlooks a crucial difference between two situations that the argument presents as being similar",
"equates m... | 0 | train_958 |
Astronaut: Any moon, by definition, orbits some planet in a solar system. So, the moons in solar system S4 all orbit the planet Alpha. | The astronaut's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? | [
"There is at least one moon that orbits Alpha.",
"Every moon in S4 orbits the same planet.",
"Every planet in S4 is orbited by more than one moon",
"Alpha is the only planet in S4."
] | 3 | train_959 |
A local marsh would need to be drained before the proposed office complex could be built. Such marshes often play crucial roles in purifying groundwater and there has been no scientific assessment of the marsh' s role in maintaining the quality of the city' s well water. The city should ttherefore block the proposed of... | The principle underlying the argument above is most similar to the principle underlying which one of the following arguments? | [
"Building a light rail line to serve the downtown core could involve cost overruns and expensive delays, but traffic congestion will become intolerable within ten years without a light rail line. A light rail line should ttherefore be built.",
"Defective products can cost an appliance manufacturer millions of dol... | 1 | train_960 |
It is inaccurate to say that a diet high in refined sugar cannot cause adult-onset diabetes, since a diet high in refined sugar can make a person overweight, and being overweight can predispose a person to adult-onset diabetes. | The argument is most parallel, in its logical structure, to which one of the following? | [
"It is inaccurate to say that being in cold air can cause a person to catch a cold, since colds are caused by viruses, and viruses flourish in warm, crowded places.",
"It is inaccurate to say that Alexander the Great was a student of Plato; Alexander was a student of Aristotle and Aristotle was a student of Plato... | 3 | train_961 |
The editor of a magazine has pointed out several errors of spelling and grammar committed on a recent TV program. But she can hardly be trusted to pass judgment on such matters: similar errors have been found in her own magazine. | The flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following? | [
"Your regulatory agency cannot condemn our product as unsafe: selling it is allowed under an existing-product clause.",
"Your newspaper cannot be trusted with the prerogative to criticize the ethics of our company: you misspelled our president's name.",
"Your teen magazine should not run this feature on problem... | 3 | train_962 |
Genetic analyses show that all varieties of domestic dogs are descendants of the wolf, and studies show that wolves have brains nearly twice the size of those of dogs of comparable size and that wolves are correspondingly more intelligent. But given that there are about 38 thousand wolves in North America, while there ... | Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the reasoning above? | [
"Evolutionary success of a species should be measured by the number of individuals in that species rather than by the abilities of those individuals.",
"It need not be the case that an organism's chances of survival will be enhanced by its having a larger brain and a higher intelligence.",
"Evolutionary success... | 0 | train_963 |
A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a. m. The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrive-from as early as 6 a. m. to as late as 11 a. m. | The adoption of this policy would be most likely to decrease employees' productivity if the employees' job functions required them to | [
"consult at least once a day with employees from other companies",
"work without interruption from other employees",
"submit their work for a supervisor's eventual approval",
"interact frequently with each other throughout the entire workday"
] | 3 | train_964 |
Many elementary schools have recently offered computer-assisted educational programs. Students' reactions after several years have been decidedly mixed. Whereas students have found computers very useful in studying arithmetic, they have found them of little help in studying science, and of no help at all with their rea... | Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the students' mixed reactions? | [
"Of the disciplines and skills mentioned, the exactness of arithmetic makes it most suitable to computer-assisted education.",
"Young students are more likely to maintain interest in training programs that use the newest computers and video graphics than in those that do not.",
"Students in these schools began ... | 0 | train_965 |
A large apartment building in a city was assessed by a city environmental bureau for the comparatively high consumption of electricity in the building, and the landlord was threatened with a possible fine if the consumption did not drop significantly in a specified period. While all built-in appliances and lighting in ... | Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the landlord's letter will have its intended effect? | [
"Throughout the city, this same environmental agency threatened other landlords and business owners with fines for various reasons, and in almost every case, the concerned parties were able to make sufficient changes to avoid the fines.",
"Those apartments in the building with southern exposure get abundant sunli... | 3 | train_966 |
During 2003, the number of people in the city of M who received unemployment compensation from the government doubled, even though the number of people in M who did not have jobs and qualified for unemployment remained unchanged. | Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above? | [
"During 2003, the number of applicants for unemployment assistance in M who were rejected on the basis that they had not been unemployed for a long enough period of time was approximately the same as it had been in 2002.",
"During 2003, many residents of a nearby city lost their jobs and moved to M in search of w... | 2 | train_967 |
During the period in which there are no competitive races, two runners--Runners A and Runners B--take part in an experiment measuring their VO2 max, the volume of oxygen an athlete can use. During these sessions, the runners engaged in moderate aerobic activity, or a sustained heart rate between 146-154 beats per minut... | Which of the following is an assumption upon which the argument rests? | [
"Runner A and Runner B had similar VO2 maxes upon entering the study.",
"The amount one trains does not influence one's VO2 max.",
"Regarding their VO2 maxes, runners respond equally to intensive training.",
"Intensive training involves sessions in which athletes maintain a heartbeat over 168 beats per minute... | 2 | train_968 |
Political scientist: All governments worthy of respect allow their citizens to dissent from governmental policies. No government worthy of respect leaves minorities unprotected. Thus any government that protects minorities permits criticism of its policies. | The flawed pattern of reasoning in which one of the following most closely parallels that in the political scientist's argument? | [
"All jazz musicians are capable of improvising and no jazz musician is incapable of reading music. Ttherefore all musicians who can read music can improvise.",
"Politicians are admirable if they put the interests of those they serve above their own interests. So politicians who sometimes ignore the interests of t... | 0 | train_969 |
Pro-Teet Insurance Company has recently been paying out more on car-theft claims than it expected. Cars with special antitheft devices or alarm systems are much less likely to be stolen than are other cars. Consequently Pro-Teet, as part of an effort to reduce its annual payouts, will offer a discount to holders of car... | Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest indication that the plan is likely to achieve its goal? | [
"The decrease in the risk of car theft conferred by having a car alarm is greatest when only a few cars hav. e such alarms.",
"Currently, Pro-Teet cannot legally raise the premiums it charges for a given amount of insurance against car theft.",
"In one or two years, the discount that Pro-Teet is offering will a... | 2 | train_970 |
Commentator: The theory of trade retaliation states that countries closed out of any of another country's markets should close some of their own markets to the other country in order to pressure the other country to reopen its markets. If every country acted according to this theory, no country would trade with any oth... | The commentator's argument relies on which of the following assumptions? | [
"For any two countries, at least one has some market closed to the other.",
"Countries close their markets to foreigners to protect domestic producers.",
"Trade disputes should be settled by international tribunal.",
"No country actually acts according to the theory of trade retaliation."
] | 0 | train_971 |
Editorial: Our society has a vested interest in maintaining a political system in which candidates are free to adhere to their principles. Yet campaigning for elected office is extremely costly, and because only the wealthiest individuals are able to finance their own political campaigns, most candidates must seek fund... | Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conclusion as it is drawn in the argument? | [
"Candidates should not run for elected office if doing so would compel the candidates to compromise their principles.",
"Voters should not support a candidate if that candidate is known to have accepted funding from private sources.",
"Candidates wealthy enough to finance their own political campaigns should no... | 3 | train_972 |
Criticism that the press ignores positive stories and focuses solely on salacious stories neglects to consider that the press must make a profit to survive. Because of the need to make a profit, the press must focus on stories that will draw an audience. The only alternative to a profit-driven press is a government-sup... | It can properly be inferred from the passage that the power of the press | [
"comes from its ability to tell a good story",
"comes from its ability to critique the government",
"comes from its desire to cover salacious stories",
"comes from its desire to seek the truth"
] | 1 | train_973 |
Although it is unwise to take a developmental view of an art like music -- as if Beethoven were an advance over Josquin, or Miles Davis an advance over Louis Armstrong -- there are ways in which it makes sense to talk about musical knowledge growing over time. We certainly know more about certain sounds than was known ... | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? | [
"Sounds that were once considered dissonant are more pleasing to modern listeners.",
"Our understanding of music can improve over the course of time.",
"It is unwise to say that one composer is better than another.",
"Sounds that were never used in past musical compositions are used today."
] | 1 | train_974 |
Editorial: A recently passed law limits freedom of speech in order to silence dissenters. It has been said that those who are ignorant of history will repeat its patterns. If this is true, then those responsible for passing the law must be ignorant of a great deal of history. Historically, silencing dissenters has tend... | The editorialist's reasoning is flawed in that it fails to take into account that | [
"certain freedoms might sometimes need to be limited in order to ensure the protection of certain other freedoms",
"even those who are not ignorant of history may repeat its patterns",
"the law may have other purposes in addition to silencing dissenters",
"some historical accounts report that legal restrictio... | 1 | train_975 |
A gift is not generous unless it is intended to benefit the recipient and is worth more than what is expected or customary in the situation; a gift is selfish if it is given to benefit the giver or is less valuable than is customary. | Which one of the following judgments most closely conforms to the principle above? | [
"Olga gives her daughter a computer as a graduation gift. Since this is the gift that all children in Olga's family receive for graduation, it is not generous.",
"Emily gives her brother a year's membership in a health club. She thinks that this will allow her brother to get the exercise he needs. However, the gi... | 0 | train_976 |
Birds and mammals can be infected with West Nile virus only through mosquito bites. Mosquitoes, in turn, become infected with the virus when they bite certain infected birds or mammals. The virus was originally detected in northern Africa and spread to North America in the 1990s. Humans sometimes catch West Nile virus,... | The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? | [
"Some people who become infected with West Nile virus never show symptoms of illness.",
"West Nile virus is most common in those parts of North America with the highest density of mosquitoes.",
"West Nile virus will never be a common disease among humans.",
"West Nile virus was not carried to North America vi... | 3 | train_977 |
Archaeologists excavating a Neanderthal campsite found discarded gazelle teeth there whose coloration indicated that gazelles had been hunted throughout the year. The archaeologists concluded that the Neanderthals had inhabited the campsite year-round and thus were not nomadic. In contrast, the archaeologists cite a ne... | Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the archaeologists' reasoning? | [
"Cro-Magnons usually followed the migrations of the animals they hunted.",
"Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals sometimes exchanged tools.",
"Neanderthals saved gazelle teeth for use in religious rituals and later discarded them.",
"Gazelles inhabited the area around the campsites year-round."
] | 2 | train_978 |
Consumer advocate: Even if one can of fruit or vegetables weighs more than another, the heavier can does not necessarily contain more food. Canned fruits and vegetables are typically packed in water, which can make up more than half the total weight of the can' s contents. And nothing stops unscrupulous canning compani... | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the consumer advocate's argument? | [
"The heavier of two cans of fruit or vegetables does not necessarily contain more food than the lighter of the two cans contains.",
"Nothing stops unscrupulous canning companies from including more water per can than others include.",
"The heavier of two cans of fruits or vegetables may include more water than ... | 0 | train_979 |
A physically active lifestyle has been shown to help increase longevity. In the Wistar region of Bellaria, the average age at death is considerably higher than in any other part of the country. Wistar is the only mountainous part of Bellaria. A mountainous terrain makes even such basic activities as walking relatively ... | Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? | [
"Many people who live in the Wistar region have moved there in middle age or upon retirement.",
"Per capita spending on recreational activities is no higher in Wistar than it is in other regions of Bellaria.",
"In Bellaria all medical expenses are paid by the government, so that personal income does not affect ... | 0 | train_980 |
Style manual: Archaic spellings and styles of punctuation in direct quotations from older works are to be preserved if they occur infrequently and do not interfere with a reader' s comprehension. However, if they occur frequently, the editor may modernize them, inserting a note with an explanation to this effect in the... | Which one of the following follows logically from the statements above? | [
"An editor may modernize punctuation directly quoted from an older work if that punctuation occurs frequently and interferes with reader comprehension.",
"If an editor corrects the spelling of a quoted word and the word occurs only once in the text, then an explanation should appear in a note or in the text.",
... | 0 | train_981 |
Humans are supposedly rational: in other words, they have a capacity for well-considered thinking and behavior. This is supposedly the difference that makes them superior to other animals. But humans knowingly pollute the world' s precious air and water and, through bad farming practices, deplete the soil that feeds th... | The reasoning above is flawed in that it | [
"neglects to show that the irrational acts perpetrated by humans are not also perpetrated by other animals",
"presumes, without offering justification, that humans are no worse than other animals",
"fails to recognize that humans may possess a capacity without displaying it in a given activity",
"takes for gr... | 2 | train_982 |
The number of applications for teaching positions in Newtown' s public schools was 5. 7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985 and 5. 9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985. Despite a steadily growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, Newtown does not face a teacher shortage in the... | Which of the following, if true, would contribute most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy above? | [
"New housing developments planned for Newtown are slated for occupancy in 1997 and are expected to increase the number of elementary school students in Newtown's public schools by 12 percent.",
"In 1993 Newtown's public schools received 40 percent more applications for teaching positions than there were positions... | 1 | train_983 |
The museum' s night security guard maintains that the thieves who stole the portrait did not enter the museum at any point at or above ground level. Ttherefore, the thieves must have gained access to the museum from below ground level. | The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following? | [
"As had generally been expected, not all questionnaires were sent in by the official deadline. It follows that plans must have been made for the processing of questionnaires received late.",
"The store's competitors claim that the store, in selling off the shirts at those prices, neither made any profit nor broke... | 1 | train_984 |
If the jury did not return a verdict, there would still be media trucks outside the courthouse. There are no media trucks outside the courthouse, so the jury must have returned a verdict. | The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments? | [
"If Ralph had told Manuela about the problem, Manuela would have solved it. But Ralph did not tell Manuela about the problem, so someone else must have solved it.",
"If Kay's television was not working last night, she would have gone to a movie. Her television has not been working for the past week, so she must h... | 2 | train_985 |
All any reporter knows about the accident is what the press agent has said. Ttherefore, if the press agent told every reporter everything about the accident, then no reporter knows any more about it than any other reporter. If no reporter knows any more about the accident than any other reporter, then no reporter can s... | The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument fails to recognize that which one of the following is consistent with the facts the argument presents? | [
"The press agent may not know any more about the accident than the most knowledgeable reporter.",
"No reporter knows any more about the accident than any other reporter.",
"Even if some reporter knows more about the accident than all of the other reporters, that reporter need not scoop any other reporter.",
"... | 1 | train_986 |
For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brain is damaged, for example by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Ttherefore, people who have suffered a serious stroke on... | Which of the following is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends? | [
"It is impossible to determine which side of the brain contains a person's language centers if the person has not suffered damage to either side of the brain.",
"No part of a person's brain that is damaged by a stroke ever recovers.",
"Strokes tend to impair linguistic capabilities more severely than does any o... | 3 | train_987 |
Politicians often advocate increased overall economic productivity while ignoring its drawbacks. For example, attempting to increase the productivity of a corporation means attempting to increase its profitability, which typically leads to a reduction in the number of workers employed by that corporation. Thus, attempt... | The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument | [
"unfairly criticizes politicians in general on the basis of the actions of a few who are unwilling to consider the drawbacks of attempting to increase productivity",
"fails to address all potential drawbacks and benefits of attempting to increase productivity at a single corporation",
"presumes, without providi... | 3 | train_988 |
On the basis of the available evidence, Antarctica has generally been thought to have been covered by ice for at least the past 14 million years. Recently, however, three-million-year-old fossils of a kind previously found only in ocean-floor sediments were discovered under the ice sheet covering central Antarctica. Ab... | Which one of the following is the main conclusion of the argument? | [
"What caused Antarctica to be submerged under the sea was the melting of the ice sheet that had previously covered the continent.",
"It is not the case that ancient fossils of the kind recently found in Antarctica are found only in ocean-floor sediments.",
"The ice sheet covering Antarctica has not been continu... | 2 | train_989 |
While 65 percent of the eligible voters who were recently polled favor Perkins over Samuels in the coming election, the results of that poll are dubious because it was not based on a representative sample. Given that Perkins predominantly advocates the interests of the upper-middle class and that the survey was conduct... | Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? | [
"The poll's results probably do not accurately represent the opinions of the voters in the coming election.",
"Samuels is quite likely to have a good chance of winning the coming election.",
"The poll was intentionally designed to favor Perkins over Samuels.",
"Samuels's supporters believe that they were prob... | 0 | train_990 |
Artists have different ways of producing contours and hatching, and analysis of these stylistic features can help to distinguish works by a famous artist both from forgeries and from works genuinely by other artists. Indeed, this analysis has shown that many of the drawings formerly attributed to Michelangelo are actua... | If the statements above are true, then which one of the following must also be true? | [
"The contour and hatching styles used to identify the drawings of Clovio cited can be shown to be features of all Clovio's works.",
"There is an analyzable difference between Clovio's contour and hatching styles and those of Michelangelo.",
"Many of the drawings formerly attributed to Michelangelo are actually ... | 1 | train_991 |
Some scientists believe that the relationship between mice and humans has, over time, diminished the ability of mice to survive in nature, so that now they must depend upon human civilization for their continued existence. This opinion, however, ignores significant facts. Despite numerous predators and humanity' s enmi... | Which one of the following, if true, would most support the naturalists' prediction? | [
"Fossil remains prove that mice inhabited North America prior to the arrival of humans.",
"Mice have colonized an island near Antarctica which is too bleak and harsh to support human life.",
"Under optimum conditions, mice reproduce every four weeks, with five to seven pups per litter.",
"The size of the mous... | 1 | train_992 |
Operations at the Green Hills Gold Mine are continuously releasing mercury into the headwaters of the Apache River, and most fish in the Apache River now have mercury levels at or above the legal limit for human consumption. With the price of gold rising, forcing more and more mining at Green Hills, there seems no hope... | Which of the following plans, if feasible, would allow the state to assist the food fishing industries along the Apache? | [
"The state bank will start to buy up large amounts of gold, preferentially buying directly from the Green Hills mines.",
"The state will mount a public awareness campaign, educating private citizen and restaurateurs about the dangers of high levels of mercury in food fish.",
"State workers will test the algae a... | 3 | train_993 |
<b> Delta Products Inc. has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. </b> The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that <b> for a given level of output Delta' s operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it di... | In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles? | [
"The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second identifies the content of that conclusion.",
"Each provides support for the conclusion of the argument.",
"The first states the conclusion of the argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.",
"The first identifies the con... | 0 | train_994 |
The ruins of the prehistoric Bolivian city of Tiwanaku feature green andacite stones weighing up to 40 tons. These stones were quarried at Copacabana, which is across a lake and about 90 kilometers away. Archaeologists hypothesize that the stones were brought to Tiwanaku on reed boats. To show this was possible, experi... | Which one of the following would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis? | [
"whether the traditional techniques for building reed boats were in use at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited",
"whether the reed boat built for the experimenters is durable enough to remain usable for several years",
"whether green andacite stones quarried at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited were used at any sites... | 0 | train_995 |
Lathyrism, a debilitating neurological disorder caused by the consumption of the legume Lathyrus sativus, is widespread among the domestic animals of some countries. Attempts to use rats to study lathyrism have generally failed. Rats that ingested Lathyrus sativus did not produce the symptoms associated with the disord... | Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? | [
"Laboratory conditions are not conducive to the development of lathyrism.",
"The physiology of rats is radically different from that of domestic animals.",
"The rats did not consume as much Lathyrus sativus as did the domestic animals that contracted lathyrism.",
"Not all animal species are equally susceptibl... | 3 | train_996 |
A large company has been convicted of engaging in monopolistic practices. The penalty imposed on the company will probably have little if any effect on its behavior. Still, the trial was worthwhile, since it provided useful information about the company' s practices. After all, this information has emboldened the compa... | Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in the argument? | [
"The light shed on the company's practices by the trial has emboldened its competitors, alerted potential rivals, and forced the company to restrain its unfair behavior.",
"The penalty imposed on the company will likely have little or no effect on its behavior.",
"The penalty imposed on the company in the trial... | 3 | train_997 |
In her recent book a psychologist described several cases that exhibit the following pattern: A child, denied something by its parent, initiates problematic behavior such as screaming; the behavior escalates until finally the exasperated parent acquiesces to the child' s demand. At this point the child, having obtained... | The cases described by the psychologist illustrate each of the following generalizations EXCEPT: | [
"Parents, by their choices, can inadvertently increase their child's level of misbehavior.",
"A child can develop problematic behavior patterns as a result of getting what it wants.",
"A child can unintentionally influence a parent's behavior in ways contrary to the child's intended goals.",
"A child can get ... | 2 | train_998 |
Psychiatrist: In treating first-year students at this university, I have noticed that those reporting the highest levels of spending on recreation score at about the same level on standard screening instruments for anxiety and depression as those reporting the lowest levels of spending on recreation. This suggests that... | Each of the following, if true, strengthens the psychiatrist's argument EXCEPT: | [
"The screening instruments used by the psychiatrist are extremely accurate in revealing levels of anxiety and depression among university students.",
"At other universities, first-year students reporting the highest levels of spending on recreation also show the same degree of anxiety and depression as do those r... | 2 | train_999 |
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