tasksource/scinli · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 7 12	sentence1 stringlengths 6 1.27k	sentence2 stringlengths 6 926	label stringclasses 4 values
train_95900	The skill of reading is less dramatic with around 40% of students expected and actually measured at the lower 2 competency levels.	more background information to this problem is already presented in the introduction of the precursor paper at LREC 2016 (Berkling, 2016), which introduced the H1 Corpus (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016).	neutral
train_95901	According to an investigation conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 2017, 96.8% of people in their 20s connect to the Internet on their smartphones.	moreover, teachers are at risk of failing to record observations and students may not be able to conduct their observations through playback of the video data.	neutral
train_95902	I would like to thank Professor Atsushi Mori for his helpful suggestions.	it is feasible to use smartphones as devices for FWM in the classroom, in particular if a small number of auxiliary smartphones can be secured.	neutral
train_95903	28 Though we occasionally already use this feature, we would like to make it an integrated feature of the Alpino extension to the TrEd editor; (3) The CHILDES annotations and information in tiers related to an utterance such as in example (1) are currently ignored by the cleaning program.	text corpora in which each utterance is assigned a syntactic structure) for language acquisition data, in particular the Dutch CHILDES corpora (MacWhinney, 2000).	neutral
train_95904	We assume that children converge on a grammar structured like the grammar for adults and actually almost identical to it.	without an overt subject it can occur as an infinitival or participial complement to other verbs in the adult language.	neutral
train_95905	We will also provide the treebank in the CHAT format, in the MOR and GRA tiers (MacWhinney, 2017).	we specify that the properties of the top node of the parse tree containing the selected elements (smain, i.e.	neutral
train_95906	We used the American database to investigate which indexes are good measures to evaluate noun predominance: the comprehension days, the production days, or the C2P indexes.	relational relativity insists that a verb's meaning is not isolated and that it depends on the surrounding words.	neutral
train_95907	The average number of comprehension days for verbs was 480, and for nouns it was 498, showing a small difference in the number of days between them (p <0.2).	we found that for some words, the comprehension acquisition rates were not appropriately calculated since we didn't have as much data for these words as for the word production data.	neutral
train_95908	In this training phase, learners perform a shape/word matching task.	after many years of research (Neri et al.	neutral
train_95909	If they had clicked on an incorrect shape, it is indicated with a red frame.	speakers of a free-stress language need to encode stress position in their mental representation of the words.	neutral
train_95910	Therefore, learner answers can optionally be normalized before feature extraction or language errors are simply annotated to be consumed later by a feature extractor that extracts the number and type of errors in an answer as features.	for example, their are lots of websites that offer online tutoring or good ways to help you pass school.	neutral
train_95911	In this paper, we present a reading corpus in MSA collected from textbooks of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) curriculum and a collection of 129 unabridged works of fiction.	we exclude punctuation and digits (non-content tokens) from our calculations, which make up 18% and 15% of all tokens in the curricular and fiction subcorpora, respectively.	neutral
train_95912	Before certain endings, the final -a-remains short, while before other endings it lengthens to -aa-.	the suffixes trigger morphophonological changes in the stem, participate in blocking, and exhibit variable ordering in certain constructions.	neutral
train_95913	Text is of course also essential for NLP, computational linguistics, and other research uses of corpora.	a dictionary augments the HMM by contributing additional language knowledge, and a human annotator provides judgements in a small subset of cases that are identified as otherwise most prone to inaccurate output.	neutral
train_95914	The Faroese dictionary is from an open-source spell checking project; although Faroese is spoken by a small population, it is a living language whose speakers have one of the highest rates of computer/internet usage globally.	incorporating a moderate investment of annotator time during post-processing leaves an acceptable token error rate below 1.5% in this low-resource setting.	neutral
train_95915	Whereas the first motivation is language-internal, the second motivation is external, as it contributes to our deep understanding of natural languages.	functionalists reject the idea of arguments/adjuncts dichotomy in the first place; Haspelmath (2013) called pronouns/nominals as cominals and claimed that in these cross-indexing constructions both are real arguments .	neutral
train_95916	Beginning with a Filemaker Pro database (Johnston, 2001), the Auslan lexical database has been developed as a resource to inform the study of Auslan and the annotation of a corpus of Auslan video recordings (Johnston, 2008).	the current version of Auslan Signbank is an open-source re-implementation of the original website, with features added to allow updates to the database by researchers.	neutral
train_95917	For example, 転移 (metastasis) can be associated with 転移性腫瘍 (C80, Malignant neoplasm, without specification of site), and also 止血困難 (difficulty in hemostasis) can be associated with 出血 (R58, Haemorrhage, not elsewhere classified).	the coders tried queries that are created by omitting modifiers in the name.	neutral
train_95918	Step 1: preprocessing In the first trial, we simply put the output of the morphological analyzer JUMAN into word2vec, however, the result was unsatisfactory.	for each compound verb, the verb and verbal phrases were arranged in descending order from the highest score.	neutral
train_95919	Moreover, it will allow us to classify the resources generated (i.e.	access to corpora was regarded essential and desirable in the same proportion, whereas access to MT engines was deemed only desirable.	neutral
train_95920	Section 5 covers the previous work related to idioms, sentiment lexicons, and sentiment analysis.	in the case of possessive adjectives, we replace occurrences of one's, anyone's, or someone's with my, your, his, her, our, and their.	neutral
train_95921	The average correlation of the annotators was 0.59 while the average correlation with the final average ratings was 0.8.	• As the dataset was intended to test language models, each word should be translated into one word.	neutral
train_95922	Using the NodeJS 6 library to run the server and the backend parts.	these issues are of course endemic to software development and until recently could only be solved by integrating all components within a single development model, for example, such as integrating all NLP tools using the Python language as has been done by NLtK (Bird, 2006).	neutral
train_95923	Previous NLP platforms had multiple issues related to their architecture (ability only to apply one task at a time), user experience (no graphical user interface), or interoperability.	the platform exploits the Semantic Web model of data types, to describe the possible format of input and output to services.	neutral
train_95924	Section 5. illustrates the annotation tool.	their content can be automatically mined but there are still limitations.	neutral
train_95925	The export must be dynamically configurable, so that the same NLP pipeline can drive the generation of different triples in the same, or multiple different, knowledge bases.	this approach supports agile data science workflows (Sateli and Witte, 2016), where existing NLP pipelines can be easily connected with different web vocabularies, for example, to facilitate submissions to shared tasks within competitions.	neutral
train_95926	In order to enrich the LiDo RDF dataset with external data sources and simultaneously provide the possibility for other dataset creators to point to linguistic concepts or terms within LiDo RDF, an integration of the data into the LLOD Cloud is considered a worthwhile undertaking.	term data: term instances can have additional etymological information or a given abbreviation (which are not shown in Figure 1).	neutral
train_95927	To the best of our knowledge this manageable and semantically standardized set of relations is unique for a dataset of linguistic terminology because these more specific relations can be used to disambiguate the sub-and coordinating relations that are normally only formally defined and, hence, confound semantically different relations.	data reuse for human users: RdF datasets are generally not easily to be read by humans.	neutral
train_95928	The dataset versions and all the features described will be available from http://lidordf.aksw.org/.	a manual set of 50 links adhering to the requirements of publishing datasets within the LLOD Cloud 23 has been created as a starting point to add LiDo RDF to the already existing collection of linguistic data within the Cloud.	neutral
train_95929	from raw (ATF) text to (CoNLL)RDF-compliant corpus representations.	this includes the major administrative and legal Sumerian corpus of the Ur III period (2100-2000 B.C.)	neutral
train_95930	This will be followed up by actions concerning the setting up of a repository of language resources for CEF AT and further and gathering language and translation data, PMKI platform aims first to harmonize multilingual language resources making them interoperable, then to integrate supplementary public multilingual taxonomies/terminologies in a standardized representation.	pMKI aims to share maintainable and sustainable Language Resources making them interoperable in order to support language technology industry, and public administrations, with multilingual tools able to improve cross border accessibility of digital services.	neutral
train_95931	In the 20th century, a vivid literary production developed, and the language was taught in schools and used as a medium of mainstream communication.	abkhaz, a polysynthetic language, exhibits a high degree of morphological complexity and word form homonymy.	neutral
train_95932	The ELRC action shows that public sector institutions are very interested in using MT and they have ample resources to contribute.	instead of providing language data, several institutions pointed to their websites with parallel multilingual content.	neutral
train_95933	For instance, the English idiom "Once in a blue moon" means "something that happens rarely" and another English idiom "When pigs fly" means "something that will never happen".	for example, Listing 4 shows a SPARQL query for retrieving a given part-of-speech tag of the English idiom "out of the blue" from the same resource exists in DBnary.	neutral
train_95934	Note that, all data sources are bilingual but not necessarily including English as one of the involved languages.	a word, a multi-word expression or an affix), (2) the sub-class ontolex:MultiwordExpression is used to specify a lexical entry as a multi-word expression, (3) the ontolex:LexicalConcept class suits perfectly for representing idioms meaning as its formal definition comprises of "to be a mental abstraction, concept or a thought that can be described by a given collection of senses".	neutral
train_95935	As factuality tags, we use factuality values proposed in FactBank (Sauri, 2008).	eVa With wish, request, command or obligation.	neutral
train_95936	In modern Chinese, Light verbs are generally defined as the semantically bleached verbs in the sense that the predicative content mainly comes from its taken complement (Zhu, 1985) while the light verb itself may only serve as a syntactic operator, without containing any eventive information.	finally, we have chosen Chinese Universal Dependencies treebank 1 (wiki data) because it features syntactic annotation in dependency-based format required by the shared task.Unlike other languages such as Czech (Bejček et al., 2017), there is no resources we can use to generate MWEs automatically for Chinese.	neutral
train_95937	Test 4 is a syntactic test, aiming at testing whether a NP in which verb's subject becomes a noun's dependent evoke the same event.	if the light verb can be omitted without changing the proposition/semantic meaning of the construction, we consider the verb itself adds no semantic and is semantically bleached.	neutral
train_95938	In many cases, a noun phrase follows this type of MWEs.	(2) Annotators live in countries with English as an official language.	neutral
train_95939	Whereas Spanish is a romance language, Basque is a non-indoeuropean language which does not belong to any known family.	in Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition, pages 267-292.	neutral
train_95940	Finally, in most cases the PROCESS + PROCESS pattern was found to encode the relation causes in weather-or waterrelated processes (e.g.	on the one hand, verb paraphrases (Nakov and Hearst, 2006) can be used (e.g.	neutral
train_95941	As stated earlier, although hyponymic CNs usually have the same external form, they can encode different semantic relations.	all too frequently they show similar external forms but encode different semantic relations because of noun packing.	neutral
train_95942	To validate the generated error corpus, we carried out some preliminary experiments on collocation error recognition and classification, using LSTMs, in which we achieved an average precision of 0.95 and an average recall of 0.67.	a list of irregular determiners together with number inflection rules is used for the former, while a suffix map is used for the latter.	neutral
train_95943	The results showed that using our processing methods can still produce a tagger with an f-measure score of 0.95 and higher.	figure 6: An illustration of the deep convolutional encoder with depth 1.	neutral
train_95944	The first lines define the UIMA data reader: one for the training data and one for the test data.	one The beautiful tree … DET ADJ NOUN ...	neutral
train_95945	Based on previous successes with this method for classification tasks in Twitter, we hypothesize that similar ensemble methods with neural networks using different weight initializations could also produce improvements for the tasks of hate speech detection in Twitter.	we conclude that with 99% confidence, our ensemble method will perform better than an individual model 98% of the time.	neutral
train_95946	(2015), "hubs".	aBSa entities and attributes were automatically mapped to these labels as follows: • LaPTOP DESIGN_FEaTURES and RESTaURaNT STYLE attribute labels (used for all the texts that include a reference about specific features such as size, color, presentation, styling, ambience, etc.)	neutral
train_95947	Note that brand names were also ignored and were not selected for the BoW if recognized.	our data showed that it cannot be explained in terms of word frequency or distance to the question word, as suggested.	neutral
train_95948	In our case, default words represented 43% of the errors.	for short text classification, this approach delivers very sparse vectors, which are not useful for classification purposes.	neutral
train_95949	In this work we address the issue of computational author profiling from a Facebook corpus in the Brazilian Portuguese language.	existing studies of this kind are often focused on age and gender prediction, and are in many cases limited to the use of English text and a few others.	neutral
train_95950	Table 3 shows that RDRsegmenter obtains the highest F 1 score.	on the benchmark Vietnamese treebank (Nguyen et al., 2009), experimental results show that our method obtains better accuracy and performance speed than the previous state-of-the-art methods JVnSegmenter (Nguyen et al., 2006), vnTokenizer (Le et al., 2008), DongDu (Luu and Kazuhide, 2012) and UETsegmenter (Nguyen and Le, 2016).	neutral
train_95951	This research was partially supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme (project DP160102156).	each syllable is labeled by either segmentation tag B (Begin of a word) or I (Inside of a word).	neutral
train_95952	Hasanaj (2012) presents two tagsets: A basic set that consists of 16 tags and a large set that consists of 326 tags.	vs. e mirë "(the) good one" (fem.).	neutral
train_95953	Albanian has a rich morphological system and a relatively free word order, similar to, for example, German.	they are certainly more grammatical in nature and written as two separate graphical tokens.	neutral
train_95954	In this class, the lemma has a plural meaning, and the singular is derived from the plural by adding a morpheme (taa marboutah) in the end, such as: baqar "cows", *ubAb "flies", tuf AH "apples" (rationality: irrat).	there are two main concerns with the LDC data (Marcus et al., 1995;Maamouri et al., 2003;Lander, 2005) that poses somes questions about its reliability and relevance to contemporary language.	neutral
train_95955	UniMorph resources are rarely original resources, but rather extracted from existing material, 6 such as Wiktionary (Kirov et al., 2016, first-generation UniMorph inventories) and other dictionaries, bootstrapped from morpheme inventories or corpora (as described here), or generated by rulebased morphologies.	the bird up there is flying away from near that mountain.'	neutral
train_95956	We believe that a corpus like EMTC will greatly benefit the development and evaluation of emotion analysis systems and improve their ability to express and interpret emotions in text-based communication.	we can also easily eliminate the low inter-annotators agreement score problem that is often encountered in other corpus (Strapparava and Mihalcea, 2007;Dini and Bittar, 2016) by providing them the clips from the movies in addition to the transcripts ( Figure 1a).	neutral
train_95957	Human have developed language to fit their needs of expressing ideas and feelings.	we would like to investigate the correlation among annotated labels and expand the size of testing data of our corpus using the same annotating scheme in the future.	neutral
train_95958	For example, in "rienà voir avec le seigneur des anneaux, carrément passionnant" [(this film has) nothing to do with the Lord of the rings, (that is) downright fascinating], (1) the phrase "downright fascinating" indicates a very positive opinion, but it is applied to another movie: "the Lord of the rings".	after the choice of the annotation form and the redaction of the guidelines, experiments have been conducted to estimate inter-annotator agreement.	neutral
train_95959	If a word or phrase is found there, the core lexicon will not be searched for that item, and its information in the plugin lexicon will be used.	bing Liu Opinion Lexicon (Hu and Liu, 2004).	neutral
train_95960	Our context rules work by specifying words or phrases that can appear in the immediate vicinity of the identified sentiment word.	plugin lexicons can be used to provide domain-specific sentiment items, but also to override polarity assignment in the core lexicon, for whatever reasons.	neutral
train_95961	Golazo!!!!!!!	we place a strong emphasis on such behaviour by the users and translate the tweets accordingly into the target language, the result of which is essentially informal in nature as well.	neutral
train_95962	The objective to translate the tweets using sentimentspecific translation models and at the same time preserve the sentiment during translation.	the sentiment-annotation procedure is explained in Section 4.	neutral
train_95963	The ID is the unique identifier within the corpus and the source ID is the message identifier of the microblog platform.	the data were then passed through further content filtering operations (to exclude spam and unreliable authors) which are described below.	neutral
train_95964	Texts are short and include many references to concepts that have a specific terminology.	average interannotator agreement across all categories is 0.68.	neutral
train_95965	Aspectbased sentiment analysis deals with identifying sentiment expressed towards different aspects or dimensions of an entity.	the two annotators are not told about the claim to be verified, and are not told that one of the pair is a tweet and one of them a book snippet.	neutral
train_95966	General Feedback means that feedback is taken for every aspect of the lecture by asking a question such as "Give feedback on today's lecture".	this nature could be a characteristic of south Asian cultural background.	neutral
train_95967	To resolve the matters in ambiguity while annotating the dataset, we had to come up with a hierarchy based on the entity-aspect relationship to select the best suitable target to annotate.	we carried out contextsensitive spell correction ("Microsoft Cognitive Services-Bing Spell Check API \| Microsoft Azure," n.d.) on the corpus .	neutral
train_95968	The two latter settings classify questions as NISQ only if more than one of the indicators are present in the questions.	for the questions, the annotation field contains the final score that was automatically assigned across the four languages and our annotation based on that score and on setting 1, as presented in Section 4.	neutral
train_95969	Suggestive questions are used to imply that a certain answer should be given in response (Don't you think that eating chips is unhealthy?).	as mentioned in the introduction and as discussed in the conclusion, our approach can be seen as a first step for annotating large, parallel datasets so that these can be further used as training data for machine-learning approaches.	neutral
train_95970	Along with the techniques illustrated above, after the initial data generation, they also propose to anonymize all named entity tokens in the data to avoid the model exploit world knowledge of specific entities, increasing the difficulties in this dataset.	in this paper, we propose a new Chinese reading comprehension dataset for the 1st Evaluation on Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension (CMRC-2017), consisting large-scale automatically generated training set and humanannotated validation and test set.	neutral
train_95971	They also generate the data in an automatic manner, which is similar to the previous datasets.	existing reading comprehension datasets are mostly in English.	neutral
train_95972	We provide a corpus of explanation graphs for elementary science questions suitable for work in developing explainable methods of inference, and show that the knowledge frequency, explanation overlap, and tablestore growth properties of the corpus follow predictable relationships.	might need only take the form of explaining that one of bark's primary functions is to provide protection for the tree.	neutral
train_95973	The tables most frequently used to author explanations are shown in Table 3, broken down into three broad categories identified by Jansen et al.	if an inference method requires 3 or more rows, this likely would not be possible without a corpus of at least 20,000 questions and explanations -a substantial undertaking.	neutral
train_95974	floor plan 10 C I prefer a one-bedroom apartment.	the average number of the target utterances in a dialogue is 23.9, and the average length of the utterances is 19.8 characters in Japanese.	neutral
train_95975	Their study contrasts H-H and H-A Interaction corpora on a negotiation task over a definite set of objects (based on the H-H and H-A negotiation corpora (Gratch et al., 2016), unfortunately not publicly available).	participants were asked to read the two first pages of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, before having a 7 minute conversation with the 'virtual expert'.	neutral
train_95976	This leads in autonomous agents to social signal processing and speech recognition with low accuracy and thus to an agent that does not understand the user.	in this work, we aim at employing the same measures on the Alice corpus, to study the verbal alignment process in H-A interaction on an information-providing task driven by a sophisticated WOz able to adapt to the user.	neutral
train_95977	To the best of our knowledge most state-of-the-art agents cannot yet cope with interruptions effectively, nor perform human-level verbal alignment (Dubuisson Duplessis et al., 2017b).	while easy to implement and robust in simple question-answering applications, this approach sometimes selects a 'wrong' answer (see for example (Schooten and op den Akker, 2011)).	neutral
train_95978	The wizard had immediate and almost full control over the agent's verbal and nonverbal behavior, as the wizard provided the agent's speech through his own voice and his facial expressions were directly copied onto the agent.	in a classic WOz approach where the wizard uses a button interface, it is nearly impossible to improvise in unexpected situations.	neutral
train_95979	For example, referring to the gender of the user after misclassifying it.	this alignment is only one-way: the system is usually not able to align on the user.	neutral
train_95980	There are two differences between their work and our framework: using a multi-modal dataset and applying a supervised manner to both the QA model and QG model.	our method decreases the test error by 1.24% in the case of the annotated data of size 75K.	neutral
train_95981	As the advent of deep learning techniques turns algorithms data hungry, building resources of a significant size is a critical task, question answering (QA) systems, as demonstrated not only by SQuAD, but also by ImageNet for object recognition (Deng et al., ).	our key contribution is to show that Seed does not have to be big and annotate such data ourselves.	neutral
train_95982	Unlike search engine instead of extracting information, here a QA system usually focus on extracting relevant and precise answer(s).	proximity score (pS): It calculates the length of the shortest span that covers the query contained in the candidate answer sentence.	neutral
train_95983	sono spesati di tutto.	the categories that co-occur more frequently with HS are, expectedly enough, stereotype (72% of cases), aggressiveness (66%) and offensiveness (51%) 6 .	neutral
train_95984	The paper is organized as follows.	in the analysis of intensity degrees and their distribution, we thus focused on these aspects, so as to better understand whether an interdependence among all these categories actually exists and, ultimately, to come up with a "data-driven" definition of HS based on these findings.	neutral
train_95985	For example, the user in Table 1 frequently accesses the IMDb and Spotify services, and he/she is also a follower of the IMDb and Spotify Twitter account.	on average, we collected 6 interests per user.	neutral
train_95986	Spotify is among the services allowing to generate self-generated content shares in Twitter.	as mentioned in Section 1., semantic techniques can be applied to reliably identify the main categories of interest for each user, an enhancement that we leave to future work.	neutral
train_95987	When we restrict the above analyses to only the "personal" Fitocracy and Reddit contexts we find no gender-based differences in response relevance (b=0.01, p=0.87), and the magnitude of the emotiveness difference is greatly reduced (b=0.11, p=0.046).	since important forms of bias (e.g., dehumanization or treating a person as their social category) often happen at the level of individual responses, responses to gender are an understudied but critical lens for studying gender bias.	neutral
train_95988	(Meftah et al., 2017) showed that an initialization with a combination of several pre-trained embedding vectors (from different pre-trained models) improves significantly the performances.	word vectors (the combination between character level embedding and word level embedding CNN) are fed into a 100 dimension Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) layer, a variant of RNNs.	neutral
train_95989	Cross-task TL performances In order to understand how cross-task TL improves POS tagging performances on Spanish, German and Italian social media content.	in a TL scenario, the knowledge learned by handling one problem is used to help solving different but related problems.	neutral
train_95990	To learn orthographic features at the character level, we use a CNN architecture similar to that of Ma and Hovy (2016).	each word in the input sentence is represented by a combination of two vectors: 1.	neutral
train_95991	We set the character embedding dimension at 30, the dimension of hidden states of the GRUs layer at 100 and fully connected layer (FCL) dimension at 80.	in the case of social media content, it is difficult to achieve the performances of state-of-the-art models based on hand-crafted features by applying neural models trained on small amounts of annotated data.	neutral
train_95992	A node with more paths to positive than negative seed nodes will most likely get a positive sentiment value.	to be able to create a sentiment lexicon based on raw tweets, about 400 million tweets were downloaded using the twitter Streaming API 1 in the period 18/12/2015-19/03/2016 (92 days), with about 4 million tweets downloaded each day.	neutral
train_95993	While previous work building PMI lexica have been based on rather small sets of tweets, the present work is based on over 100 million tweets, while still being highly efficient.	from Table 8, we can clearly identify all of the top 10 positive lexicon entries as actual positive phrases and the top 10 negative as negative phrases.	neutral
train_95994	A detailed review is provided in (Fernández Gallardo, 2016).	questionnaire items were retained when the main loading was greater than 0.5 and the difference between main loading and cross-loading exceeded 0.2.	neutral
train_95995	The NSC data facilitates the research necessary to clarify the relationship between "Distal Cues" and "Proximal Percepts", which should lead to machines reaching the human performance in the attribution of speaker social characteristics.	the newly acquired NSC corpus presents: • Clean speech recordings made in the acousticallyisolated Nautilus room (which gives name to this database) with the high-quality AKG C 414B-XLS microphone.	neutral
train_95996	Errors of the DEEP tracker were exceptionally low, but the comparison with the remaining three trackers is not fair, since the test set was much smaller for DEEP (see section 4) and DEEP was trained to VTR-TIMIT and therefore has an advantage.	most of these earlier studies are in agreement that the quality of formant trackers' results can be improved by adjusting the parameters of the algorithm to the given task, i.e.	neutral
train_95997	The formant tracker PRAAT showed systematic errors with male speakers, while SNACK and ASSP performed better on male than on female speakers.	this interpolation facilitates an evaluation of formant tracker output independently of the voiced-unvoiced detection of the tracker algorithm (because for every time frame of the recording there exists a reference value); on the other hand the resulting quality measure might be compromised: if a tracker is 'conservative' in the sense that it produces output only for the parts of the input signal where it is quite confident (clearly voiced parts), then this tracker will outperform other trackers who produce results in parts of the signal where the tracking is compromised for instance by creaky voice or noise associated with consonantal constrictions etc.	neutral
train_95998	Formants in unvoiced or silent parts of the signal were either interpolated linearly from the two adjacent voiced parts or horizontally extended at the initial or final voiced portion of the recording.	when comparing the average RMSE error value for female speakers in PRAAT (194Hz) with male speakers in SNACK/ASSP (234/177Hz) we can see that the performance was in the same range (underlined values in Table 2).	neutral
train_95999	This module can simulate: • various background noises that last for longer periods of time and overlap with the speech • short noises like the sound of the transceiver switching on/off, various on-board messages and beeps, etc.	actually, the ultimate goal of the research effort of our team was to develop a voice dialogue system simulating the responses of the pilot that could be used for training aspiring air traffic controllers.	neutral

train_95900

The skill of reading is less dramatic with around 40% of students expected and actually measured at the lower 2 competency levels.

more background information to this problem is already presented in the introduction of the precursor paper at LREC 2016 (Berkling, 2016), which introduced the H1 Corpus (Linguistic Data Consortium, 2016).

neutral

train_95901

According to an investigation conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 2017, 96.8% of people in their 20s connect to the Internet on their smartphones.

moreover, teachers are at risk of failing to record observations and students may not be able to conduct their observations through playback of the video data.

neutral

train_95902

I would like to thank Professor Atsushi Mori for his helpful suggestions.

it is feasible to use smartphones as devices for FWM in the classroom, in particular if a small number of auxiliary smartphones can be secured.

neutral

train_95903

28 Though we occasionally already use this feature, we would like to make it an integrated feature of the Alpino extension to the TrEd editor; (3) The CHILDES annotations and information in tiers related to an utterance such as in example (1) are currently ignored by the cleaning program.

text corpora in which each utterance is assigned a syntactic structure) for language acquisition data, in particular the Dutch CHILDES corpora (MacWhinney, 2000).

neutral

train_95904

We assume that children converge on a grammar structured like the grammar for adults and actually almost identical to it.

without an overt subject it can occur as an infinitival or participial complement to other verbs in the adult language.

neutral

train_95905

We will also provide the treebank in the CHAT format, in the MOR and GRA tiers (MacWhinney, 2017).

we specify that the properties of the top node of the parse tree containing the selected elements (smain, i.e.

neutral

train_95906

We used the American database to investigate which indexes are good measures to evaluate noun predominance: the comprehension days, the production days, or the C2P indexes.

relational relativity insists that a verb's meaning is not isolated and that it depends on the surrounding words.

neutral

train_95907

The average number of comprehension days for verbs was 480, and for nouns it was 498, showing a small difference in the number of days between them (p <0.2).

we found that for some words, the comprehension acquisition rates were not appropriately calculated since we didn't have as much data for these words as for the word production data.

neutral

train_95908

In this training phase, learners perform a shape/word matching task.

after many years of research (Neri et al.

neutral

train_95909

If they had clicked on an incorrect shape, it is indicated with a red frame.

speakers of a free-stress language need to encode stress position in their mental representation of the words.

neutral

train_95910

Therefore, learner answers can optionally be normalized before feature extraction or language errors are simply annotated to be consumed later by a feature extractor that extracts the number and type of errors in an answer as features.

for example, their are lots of websites that offer online tutoring or good ways to help you pass school.

neutral

train_95911

In this paper, we present a reading corpus in MSA collected from textbooks of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) curriculum and a collection of 129 unabridged works of fiction.

we exclude punctuation and digits (non-content tokens) from our calculations, which make up 18% and 15% of all tokens in the curricular and fiction subcorpora, respectively.

neutral

train_95912

Before certain endings, the final -a-remains short, while before other endings it lengthens to -aa-.

the suffixes trigger morphophonological changes in the stem, participate in blocking, and exhibit variable ordering in certain constructions.

neutral

train_95913

Text is of course also essential for NLP, computational linguistics, and other research uses of corpora.

a dictionary augments the HMM by contributing additional language knowledge, and a human annotator provides judgements in a small subset of cases that are identified as otherwise most prone to inaccurate output.

neutral

train_95914

The Faroese dictionary is from an open-source spell checking project; although Faroese is spoken by a small population, it is a living language whose speakers have one of the highest rates of computer/internet usage globally.

incorporating a moderate investment of annotator time during post-processing leaves an acceptable token error rate below 1.5% in this low-resource setting.

neutral

train_95915

Whereas the first motivation is language-internal, the second motivation is external, as it contributes to our deep understanding of natural languages.

functionalists reject the idea of arguments/adjuncts dichotomy in the first place; Haspelmath (2013) called pronouns/nominals as cominals and claimed that in these cross-indexing constructions both are real arguments .

neutral

train_95916

Beginning with a Filemaker Pro database (Johnston, 2001), the Auslan lexical database has been developed as a resource to inform the study of Auslan and the annotation of a corpus of Auslan video recordings (Johnston, 2008).

the current version of Auslan Signbank is an open-source re-implementation of the original website, with features added to allow updates to the database by researchers.

neutral

train_95917

For example, 転移 (metastasis) can be associated with 転移性腫瘍 (C80, Malignant neoplasm, without specification of site), and also 止血困難 (difficulty in hemostasis) can be associated with 出血 (R58, Haemorrhage, not elsewhere classified).

the coders tried queries that are created by omitting modifiers in the name.

neutral

train_95918

Step 1: preprocessing In the first trial, we simply put the output of the morphological analyzer JUMAN into word2vec, however, the result was unsatisfactory.

for each compound verb, the verb and verbal phrases were arranged in descending order from the highest score.

neutral

train_95919

Moreover, it will allow us to classify the resources generated (i.e.

access to corpora was regarded essential and desirable in the same proportion, whereas access to MT engines was deemed only desirable.

neutral

train_95920

Section 5 covers the previous work related to idioms, sentiment lexicons, and sentiment analysis.

in the case of possessive adjectives, we replace occurrences of one's, anyone's, or someone's with my, your, his, her, our, and their.

neutral

train_95921

The average correlation of the annotators was 0.59 while the average correlation with the final average ratings was 0.8.

• As the dataset was intended to test language models, each word should be translated into one word.

neutral

train_95922

Using the NodeJS 6 library to run the server and the backend parts.

these issues are of course endemic to software development and until recently could only be solved by integrating all components within a single development model, for example, such as integrating all NLP tools using the Python language as has been done by NLtK (Bird, 2006).

neutral

train_95923

Previous NLP platforms had multiple issues related to their architecture (ability only to apply one task at a time), user experience (no graphical user interface), or interoperability.

the platform exploits the Semantic Web model of data types, to describe the possible format of input and output to services.

neutral

train_95924

Section 5. illustrates the annotation tool.

their content can be automatically mined but there are still limitations.

neutral

train_95925

The export must be dynamically configurable, so that the same NLP pipeline can drive the generation of different triples in the same, or multiple different, knowledge bases.

this approach supports agile data science workflows (Sateli and Witte, 2016), where existing NLP pipelines can be easily connected with different web vocabularies, for example, to facilitate submissions to shared tasks within competitions.

neutral

train_95926

In order to enrich the LiDo RDF dataset with external data sources and simultaneously provide the possibility for other dataset creators to point to linguistic concepts or terms within LiDo RDF, an integration of the data into the LLOD Cloud is considered a worthwhile undertaking.

term data: term instances can have additional etymological information or a given abbreviation (which are not shown in Figure 1).

neutral

train_95927

To the best of our knowledge this manageable and semantically standardized set of relations is unique for a dataset of linguistic terminology because these more specific relations can be used to disambiguate the sub-and coordinating relations that are normally only formally defined and, hence, confound semantically different relations.

data reuse for human users: RdF datasets are generally not easily to be read by humans.

neutral

train_95928

The dataset versions and all the features described will be available from http://lidordf.aksw.org/.

a manual set of 50 links adhering to the requirements of publishing datasets within the LLOD Cloud 23 has been created as a starting point to add LiDo RDF to the already existing collection of linguistic data within the Cloud.

neutral

train_95929

from raw (ATF) text to (CoNLL)RDF-compliant corpus representations.

this includes the major administrative and legal Sumerian corpus of the Ur III period (2100-2000 B.C.)

neutral

train_95930

This will be followed up by actions concerning the setting up of a repository of language resources for CEF AT and further and gathering language and translation data, PMKI platform aims first to harmonize multilingual language resources making them interoperable, then to integrate supplementary public multilingual taxonomies/terminologies in a standardized representation.

pMKI aims to share maintainable and sustainable Language Resources making them interoperable in order to support language technology industry, and public administrations, with multilingual tools able to improve cross border accessibility of digital services.

neutral

train_95931

In the 20th century, a vivid literary production developed, and the language was taught in schools and used as a medium of mainstream communication.

abkhaz, a polysynthetic language, exhibits a high degree of morphological complexity and word form homonymy.

neutral

train_95932

The ELRC action shows that public sector institutions are very interested in using MT and they have ample resources to contribute.

instead of providing language data, several institutions pointed to their websites with parallel multilingual content.

neutral

train_95933

For instance, the English idiom "Once in a blue moon" means "something that happens rarely" and another English idiom "When pigs fly" means "something that will never happen".

for example, Listing 4 shows a SPARQL query for retrieving a given part-of-speech tag of the English idiom "out of the blue" from the same resource exists in DBnary.

neutral

train_95934

Note that, all data sources are bilingual but not necessarily including English as one of the involved languages.

a word, a multi-word expression or an affix), (2) the sub-class ontolex:MultiwordExpression is used to specify a lexical entry as a multi-word expression, (3) the ontolex:LexicalConcept class suits perfectly for representing idioms meaning as its formal definition comprises of "to be a mental abstraction, concept or a thought that can be described by a given collection of senses".

neutral

train_95935

As factuality tags, we use factuality values proposed in FactBank (Sauri, 2008).

eVa With wish, request, command or obligation.

neutral

train_95936

In modern Chinese, Light verbs are generally defined as the semantically bleached verbs in the sense that the predicative content mainly comes from its taken complement (Zhu, 1985) while the light verb itself may only serve as a syntactic operator, without containing any eventive information.

finally, we have chosen Chinese Universal Dependencies treebank 1 (wiki data) because it features syntactic annotation in dependency-based format required by the shared task.Unlike other languages such as Czech (Bejček et al., 2017), there is no resources we can use to generate MWEs automatically for Chinese.

neutral

train_95937

Test 4 is a syntactic test, aiming at testing whether a NP in which verb's subject becomes a noun's dependent evoke the same event.

if the light verb can be omitted without changing the proposition/semantic meaning of the construction, we consider the verb itself adds no semantic and is semantically bleached.

neutral

train_95938

In many cases, a noun phrase follows this type of MWEs.

(2) Annotators live in countries with English as an official language.

neutral

train_95939

Whereas Spanish is a romance language, Basque is a non-indoeuropean language which does not belong to any known family.

in Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition, pages 267-292.

neutral

train_95940

Finally, in most cases the PROCESS + PROCESS pattern was found to encode the relation causes in weather-or waterrelated processes (e.g.

on the one hand, verb paraphrases (Nakov and Hearst, 2006) can be used (e.g.

neutral

train_95941

As stated earlier, although hyponymic CNs usually have the same external form, they can encode different semantic relations.

all too frequently they show similar external forms but encode different semantic relations because of noun packing.

neutral

train_95942

To validate the generated error corpus, we carried out some preliminary experiments on collocation error recognition and classification, using LSTMs, in which we achieved an average precision of 0.95 and an average recall of 0.67.

a list of irregular determiners together with number inflection rules is used for the former, while a suffix map is used for the latter.

neutral

train_95943

The results showed that using our processing methods can still produce a tagger with an f-measure score of 0.95 and higher.

figure 6: An illustration of the deep convolutional encoder with depth 1.

neutral

train_95944

The first lines define the UIMA data reader: one for the training data and one for the test data.

one The beautiful tree … DET ADJ NOUN ...

neutral

train_95945

Based on previous successes with this method for classification tasks in Twitter, we hypothesize that similar ensemble methods with neural networks using different weight initializations could also produce improvements for the tasks of hate speech detection in Twitter.

we conclude that with 99% confidence, our ensemble method will perform better than an individual model 98% of the time.

neutral

train_95946

(2015), "hubs".

aBSa entities and attributes were automatically mapped to these labels as follows: • LaPTOP DESIGN_FEaTURES and RESTaURaNT STYLE attribute labels (used for all the texts that include a reference about specific features such as size, color, presentation, styling, ambience, etc.)

neutral

train_95947

Note that brand names were also ignored and were not selected for the BoW if recognized.

our data showed that it cannot be explained in terms of word frequency or distance to the question word, as suggested.

neutral

train_95948

In our case, default words represented 43% of the errors.

for short text classification, this approach delivers very sparse vectors, which are not useful for classification purposes.

neutral

train_95949

In this work we address the issue of computational author profiling from a Facebook corpus in the Brazilian Portuguese language.

existing studies of this kind are often focused on age and gender prediction, and are in many cases limited to the use of English text and a few others.

neutral

train_95950

Table 3 shows that RDRsegmenter obtains the highest F 1 score.

on the benchmark Vietnamese treebank (Nguyen et al., 2009), experimental results show that our method obtains better accuracy and performance speed than the previous state-of-the-art methods JVnSegmenter (Nguyen et al., 2006), vnTokenizer (Le et al., 2008), DongDu (Luu and Kazuhide, 2012) and UETsegmenter (Nguyen and Le, 2016).

neutral

train_95951

This research was partially supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme (project DP160102156).

each syllable is labeled by either segmentation tag B (Begin of a word) or I (Inside of a word).

neutral

train_95952

Hasanaj (2012) presents two tagsets: A basic set that consists of 16 tags and a large set that consists of 326 tags.

vs. e mirë "(the) good one" (fem.).

neutral

train_95953

Albanian has a rich morphological system and a relatively free word order, similar to, for example, German.

they are certainly more grammatical in nature and written as two separate graphical tokens.

neutral

train_95954

In this class, the lemma has a plural meaning, and the singular is derived from the plural by adding a morpheme (taa marboutah) in the end, such as: baqar "cows", *ubAb "flies", tuf AH "apples" (rationality: irrat).

there are two main concerns with the LDC data (Marcus et al., 1995;Maamouri et al., 2003;Lander, 2005) that poses somes questions about its reliability and relevance to contemporary language.

neutral

train_95955

UniMorph resources are rarely original resources, but rather extracted from existing material, 6 such as Wiktionary (Kirov et al., 2016, first-generation UniMorph inventories) and other dictionaries, bootstrapped from morpheme inventories or corpora (as described here), or generated by rulebased morphologies.

the bird up there is flying away from near that mountain.'

neutral

train_95956

We believe that a corpus like EMTC will greatly benefit the development and evaluation of emotion analysis systems and improve their ability to express and interpret emotions in text-based communication.

we can also easily eliminate the low inter-annotators agreement score problem that is often encountered in other corpus (Strapparava and Mihalcea, 2007;Dini and Bittar, 2016) by providing them the clips from the movies in addition to the transcripts ( Figure 1a).

neutral

train_95957

Human have developed language to fit their needs of expressing ideas and feelings.

we would like to investigate the correlation among annotated labels and expand the size of testing data of our corpus using the same annotating scheme in the future.

neutral

train_95958

For example, in "rienà voir avec le seigneur des anneaux, carrément passionnant" [(this film has) nothing to do with the Lord of the rings, (that is) downright fascinating], (1) the phrase "downright fascinating" indicates a very positive opinion, but it is applied to another movie: "the Lord of the rings".

after the choice of the annotation form and the redaction of the guidelines, experiments have been conducted to estimate inter-annotator agreement.

neutral

train_95959

If a word or phrase is found there, the core lexicon will not be searched for that item, and its information in the plugin lexicon will be used.

bing Liu Opinion Lexicon (Hu and Liu, 2004).

neutral

train_95960

Our context rules work by specifying words or phrases that can appear in the immediate vicinity of the identified sentiment word.

plugin lexicons can be used to provide domain-specific sentiment items, but also to override polarity assignment in the core lexicon, for whatever reasons.

neutral

train_95961

Golazo!!!!!!!

we place a strong emphasis on such behaviour by the users and translate the tweets accordingly into the target language, the result of which is essentially informal in nature as well.

neutral

train_95962

The objective to translate the tweets using sentimentspecific translation models and at the same time preserve the sentiment during translation.

the sentiment-annotation procedure is explained in Section 4.

neutral

train_95963

The ID is the unique identifier within the corpus and the source ID is the message identifier of the microblog platform.

the data were then passed through further content filtering operations (to exclude spam and unreliable authors) which are described below.

neutral

train_95964

Texts are short and include many references to concepts that have a specific terminology.

average interannotator agreement across all categories is 0.68.

neutral

train_95965

Aspectbased sentiment analysis deals with identifying sentiment expressed towards different aspects or dimensions of an entity.

the two annotators are not told about the claim to be verified, and are not told that one of the pair is a tweet and one of them a book snippet.

neutral

train_95966

General Feedback means that feedback is taken for every aspect of the lecture by asking a question such as "Give feedback on today's lecture".

this nature could be a characteristic of south Asian cultural background.

neutral

train_95967

To resolve the matters in ambiguity while annotating the dataset, we had to come up with a hierarchy based on the entity-aspect relationship to select the best suitable target to annotate.

we carried out contextsensitive spell correction ("Microsoft Cognitive Services-Bing Spell Check API | Microsoft Azure," n.d.) on the corpus .

neutral

train_95968

The two latter settings classify questions as NISQ only if more than one of the indicators are present in the questions.

for the questions, the annotation field contains the final score that was automatically assigned across the four languages and our annotation based on that score and on setting 1, as presented in Section 4.

neutral

train_95969

Suggestive questions are used to imply that a certain answer should be given in response (Don't you think that eating chips is unhealthy?).

as mentioned in the introduction and as discussed in the conclusion, our approach can be seen as a first step for annotating large, parallel datasets so that these can be further used as training data for machine-learning approaches.

neutral

train_95970

Along with the techniques illustrated above, after the initial data generation, they also propose to anonymize all named entity tokens in the data to avoid the model exploit world knowledge of specific entities, increasing the difficulties in this dataset.

in this paper, we propose a new Chinese reading comprehension dataset for the 1st Evaluation on Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension (CMRC-2017), consisting large-scale automatically generated training set and humanannotated validation and test set.

neutral

train_95971

They also generate the data in an automatic manner, which is similar to the previous datasets.

existing reading comprehension datasets are mostly in English.

neutral

train_95972

We provide a corpus of explanation graphs for elementary science questions suitable for work in developing explainable methods of inference, and show that the knowledge frequency, explanation overlap, and tablestore growth properties of the corpus follow predictable relationships.

might need only take the form of explaining that one of bark's primary functions is to provide protection for the tree.

neutral

train_95973

The tables most frequently used to author explanations are shown in Table 3, broken down into three broad categories identified by Jansen et al.

if an inference method requires 3 or more rows, this likely would not be possible without a corpus of at least 20,000 questions and explanations -a substantial undertaking.

neutral

train_95974

floor plan 10 C I prefer a one-bedroom apartment.

the average number of the target utterances in a dialogue is 23.9, and the average length of the utterances is 19.8 characters in Japanese.

neutral

train_95975

Their study contrasts H-H and H-A Interaction corpora on a negotiation task over a definite set of objects (based on the H-H and H-A negotiation corpora (Gratch et al., 2016), unfortunately not publicly available).

participants were asked to read the two first pages of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, before having a 7 minute conversation with the 'virtual expert'.

neutral

train_95976

This leads in autonomous agents to social signal processing and speech recognition with low accuracy and thus to an agent that does not understand the user.

in this work, we aim at employing the same measures on the Alice corpus, to study the verbal alignment process in H-A interaction on an information-providing task driven by a sophisticated WOz able to adapt to the user.

neutral

train_95977

To the best of our knowledge most state-of-the-art agents cannot yet cope with interruptions effectively, nor perform human-level verbal alignment (Dubuisson Duplessis et al., 2017b).

while easy to implement and robust in simple question-answering applications, this approach sometimes selects a 'wrong' answer (see for example (Schooten and op den Akker, 2011)).

neutral

train_95978

The wizard had immediate and almost full control over the agent's verbal and nonverbal behavior, as the wizard provided the agent's speech through his own voice and his facial expressions were directly copied onto the agent.

in a classic WOz approach where the wizard uses a button interface, it is nearly impossible to improvise in unexpected situations.

neutral

train_95979

For example, referring to the gender of the user after misclassifying it.

this alignment is only one-way: the system is usually not able to align on the user.

neutral

train_95980

There are two differences between their work and our framework: using a multi-modal dataset and applying a supervised manner to both the QA model and QG model.

our method decreases the test error by 1.24% in the case of the annotated data of size 75K.

neutral

train_95981

As the advent of deep learning techniques turns algorithms data hungry, building resources of a significant size is a critical task, question answering (QA) systems, as demonstrated not only by SQuAD, but also by ImageNet for object recognition (Deng et al., ).

our key contribution is to show that Seed does not have to be big and annotate such data ourselves.

neutral

train_95982

Unlike search engine instead of extracting information, here a QA system usually focus on extracting relevant and precise answer(s).

proximity score (pS): It calculates the length of the shortest span that covers the query contained in the candidate answer sentence.

neutral

train_95983

sono spesati di tutto.

the categories that co-occur more frequently with HS are, expectedly enough, stereotype (72% of cases), aggressiveness (66%) and offensiveness (51%) 6 .

neutral

train_95984

The paper is organized as follows.

in the analysis of intensity degrees and their distribution, we thus focused on these aspects, so as to better understand whether an interdependence among all these categories actually exists and, ultimately, to come up with a "data-driven" definition of HS based on these findings.

neutral

train_95985

For example, the user in Table 1 frequently accesses the IMDb and Spotify services, and he/she is also a follower of the IMDb and Spotify Twitter account.

on average, we collected 6 interests per user.

neutral

train_95986

Spotify is among the services allowing to generate self-generated content shares in Twitter.

as mentioned in Section 1., semantic techniques can be applied to reliably identify the main categories of interest for each user, an enhancement that we leave to future work.

neutral

train_95987

When we restrict the above analyses to only the "personal" Fitocracy and Reddit contexts we find no gender-based differences in response relevance (b=0.01, p=0.87), and the magnitude of the emotiveness difference is greatly reduced (b=0.11, p=0.046).

since important forms of bias (e.g., dehumanization or treating a person as their social category) often happen at the level of individual responses, responses to gender are an understudied but critical lens for studying gender bias.

neutral

train_95988

(Meftah et al., 2017) showed that an initialization with a combination of several pre-trained embedding vectors (from different pre-trained models) improves significantly the performances.

word vectors (the combination between character level embedding and word level embedding CNN) are fed into a 100 dimension Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) layer, a variant of RNNs.

neutral

train_95989

Cross-task TL performances In order to understand how cross-task TL improves POS tagging performances on Spanish, German and Italian social media content.

in a TL scenario, the knowledge learned by handling one problem is used to help solving different but related problems.

neutral

train_95990

To learn orthographic features at the character level, we use a CNN architecture similar to that of Ma and Hovy (2016).

each word in the input sentence is represented by a combination of two vectors: 1.

neutral

train_95991

We set the character embedding dimension at 30, the dimension of hidden states of the GRUs layer at 100 and fully connected layer (FCL) dimension at 80.

in the case of social media content, it is difficult to achieve the performances of state-of-the-art models based on hand-crafted features by applying neural models trained on small amounts of annotated data.

neutral

train_95992

A node with more paths to positive than negative seed nodes will most likely get a positive sentiment value.

to be able to create a sentiment lexicon based on raw tweets, about 400 million tweets were downloaded using the twitter Streaming API 1 in the period 18/12/2015-19/03/2016 (92 days), with about 4 million tweets downloaded each day.

neutral

train_95993

While previous work building PMI lexica have been based on rather small sets of tweets, the present work is based on over 100 million tweets, while still being highly efficient.

from Table 8, we can clearly identify all of the top 10 positive lexicon entries as actual positive phrases and the top 10 negative as negative phrases.

neutral

train_95994

A detailed review is provided in (Fernández Gallardo, 2016).

questionnaire items were retained when the main loading was greater than 0.5 and the difference between main loading and cross-loading exceeded 0.2.

neutral

train_95995

The NSC data facilitates the research necessary to clarify the relationship between "Distal Cues" and "Proximal Percepts", which should lead to machines reaching the human performance in the attribution of speaker social characteristics.

the newly acquired NSC corpus presents: • Clean speech recordings made in the acousticallyisolated Nautilus room (which gives name to this database) with the high-quality AKG C 414B-XLS microphone.

neutral

train_95996

Errors of the DEEP tracker were exceptionally low, but the comparison with the remaining three trackers is not fair, since the test set was much smaller for DEEP (see section 4) and DEEP was trained to VTR-TIMIT and therefore has an advantage.

most of these earlier studies are in agreement that the quality of formant trackers' results can be improved by adjusting the parameters of the algorithm to the given task, i.e.

neutral

train_95997

The formant tracker PRAAT showed systematic errors with male speakers, while SNACK and ASSP performed better on male than on female speakers.

this interpolation facilitates an evaluation of formant tracker output independently of the voiced-unvoiced detection of the tracker algorithm (because for every time frame of the recording there exists a reference value); on the other hand the resulting quality measure might be compromised: if a tracker is 'conservative' in the sense that it produces output only for the parts of the input signal where it is quite confident (clearly voiced parts), then this tracker will outperform other trackers who produce results in parts of the signal where the tracking is compromised for instance by creaky voice or noise associated with consonantal constrictions etc.

neutral

train_95998

Formants in unvoiced or silent parts of the signal were either interpolated linearly from the two adjacent voiced parts or horizontally extended at the initial or final voiced portion of the recording.

when comparing the average RMSE error value for female speakers in PRAAT (194Hz) with male speakers in SNACK/ASSP (234/177Hz) we can see that the performance was in the same range (underlined values in Table 2).

neutral

train_95999

This module can simulate: • various background noises that last for longer periods of time and overlap with the speech • short noises like the sound of the transceiver switching on/off, various on-board messages and beeps, etc.

actually, the ultimate goal of the research effort of our team was to develop a voice dialogue system simulating the responses of the pilot that could be used for training aspiring air traffic controllers.

neutral