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0.999998 | Hello and thank you for taking my question. I understand that selective breeding by humans has led to an agricultural industry reliant on species with a relatively small gene pool, which may lead to increased susceptibility to infection. Are there efforts in genetic modification research to not just rectify such genetic susceptibilities, but to prevent future catastrophes by increasing the genetic variety of current crops?
That is a good question and the simple answer is yes. Under genetic modification in the broad sense, this would fall within random genetic modifications caused by applying radiation. Genetic modifications using Agrobacterium and or CRISPR/Cas 9 system are targeting single or a few genes, so rather “rectifying genetic susceptibilities” due to narrow genomes then by general increase in diversity. General increase in genetic diversity is done much more effectively by crossing with exotic or wild relatives of the agriculturally important species in so called pre-breeding activities, e.g. generating material to be used in breeding. |
0.998788 | Artículos con la etiqueta "The Bellamy Brothers"
Bellamy Brothers performs "Lovers Live Longer"
"Lovers Live Longer" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in October 1980 as the first single from the album Sons of the Sun. The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
The Bellamy Brothers performs "Sugar Daddy" Live Video.
"Sugar Daddy" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in January 1980 as the first single from the album You Could Get Crazy. "Sugar Daddy" was the second of ten number one singles on the country chart for The Bellamy Brothers. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of eleven weeks on the country chart. |
0.952266 | Did you know that nutmeg and mace are actually siblings? These two are from the same fruit of the nutmeg tree Myristica frangrans. The nutmeg is the oval-shaped pit, which is the fruit, and mace is the bright red webbing that surrounds the shell of the pit. The mace is removed, dried and then ground into a coarse powder that turns a reddish color. The nutmeg can either be dried and left whole and packaged for grating, or dried and grated fresh.
The taste between nutmeg and mace is slightly different with mace being more pungent and spicier, similar to the combination of cinnamon and pepper. And nutmeg can be described as less intense than its sibling with a sweetness similar to cinnamon but more piquant. Both spices actually include some of the same oils that flavor pepper and cloves. Even though they have similar uses in recipes they are both rarely used together. I find that nutmeg does have a sweeter more delicate flavor and fragrance than mace. But you decide which one you prefer?
Nutmeg it is often used in baking recipes for cakes, cookies, and in savory dishes such as soups and stews, sausages, meats, soups, fruits and preserves. And lets not forget about the popular holiday beverage of eggnog which just wouldn't taste the same without a sprinkle of nutmeg.
In terms of using nutmeg with other spices, it works well with allspice, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cranberries, cumin, ginger, pepper, sugar, thyme, and vanilla. You can use nutmeg in savory dishes like asparagus, beans, cabbage, eggs, fish, lamb, onion, carrots, pumpkin, potatoes, sausage, seafood chowders, veal, and yams, as well as coffee drinks.
Mace is primarily used in baking and has long been the dominant flavor in doughnuts. It is often used in cakes, cookies, and in savory dishes just like its sibling, nutmeg. Mace Combines well with allspice, cinnamon, cloves, cranberries, cumin, ginger, sugar, and vanilla and tastes great in eggs, pumpkin, yams, potatoes, sausage, veal, and stuffings.
Celebrate the taste of fall spices with nutmeg and mace and try experimenting with either one. Let me know which one you most prefer - sort of like a test of flavors. It is always interesting to learn about which spices people like to use in their own recipes.
For best nutmeg flavor, purchase whole nutmegs and grate them by using the smallest grater holes just before adding them to your recipe. A whole nutmeg yields at least two to three teaspoons of grated spice, and the best flavor of the nutmeg oil will soon evaporate, so use it quickly.
I'd love to share this fabulous recipe for making Sweet Potato Muffins using nutmeg. I hope you will enjoy this delicious treat!
This entry was posted in Spice by Wholespice. |
0.958576 | * Tanto puro mi rendeva quell’amore!
= colui che si rende colpevole del reato di abigeato .
= apparecchio usato nella tecnica mineraria per separare i materiali solidi - dispositivo a tamburo col quale si rende l'impasto più consistente .
= un tempo , colui che rendeva note le disposizioni delle autorità leggendole ad alta voce nelle stradenelle aste pubbliche , colui che grida i prezzi di base , le offerte , le aggiudicazioni 3 colui che si fa promotore e divulgatore di idee , di dottrine.
= indagine radiografica con la quale si rende visibile la cistifellea.
= particolare disposizione degli stimmi e delle antere di un fiore ermafrodito che rende impossibile l'autoimpollinazione .
= malattia virale che colpisce la pianta del cotone e la rende sterile .
= medicinale che rende più fluida la secrezione bronchiale , favorendo l'espettorazione nel gergo calcistico , difensore che interpreta il proprio ruolo in modo elastico , fluidificando il gioco .
= ciò che sostiene o rende efficiente una struttura sociale , economica e sim .
= colui che si rende colpevole di malversazione.
= che mortifica, che rende mortificato - mortificante.
= strumento elettronico con cui si rende visibile , con l'impiego di un tubo a raggi catodici , l'andamento di grandezze elettriche variabili periodicamente nel tempo .
= persona atletica che ama esibire il proprio vigore fisico o si rende protagonista di azioni di forza spettacolari.
= atto con cui l'autorità competente rende legittime situazioni che altrimenti sarebbero dichiarate illegali per inosservanza di una o più prescrizioni .
= ogni fondente che rende più facile la formazione e la separazione di scorie .
= misura con cui l'autorità giudiziaria dispone , in caso di necessità , la prosecuzione del segreto d'ufficio su atti che di norma potrebbero ormai essere resi pubblici .
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0.999929 | Share your ideas for what game would be not too trivial, and not to complex to base my upcoming complete-game-from-scratch tutorial set.
I'm nearing completion on my C# book, and my next step is to build a complete set of tutorials that show you how to put everything together and build a complete game from the ground up, using XNA. I'm doing this because over the months and years, I've gotten tons of requests for this, and it's about time I do it.
To do this, I need to pick a game. I can easily imagine in the future, doing this with more than one game (2D, 3D, platformer, maybe even something more complex like a simple RPG) but for now, I'm going to need to pick one and only one to start with.
So my question for you is what kind of game would be the most beneficial to you?
My goal is to find something that isn't trivial (like Tic-Tac-Toe or Pong might be) but also isn't overly complex. After all, I need to be able to finish the tutorial set eventually. (Some overly complex examples would be a World of Warcraft clone, or heck, pretty much any MMO, RPG, or even your average FPS or RTS game.) Realistically, it will probably need to be something along the lines of an arcade-type game, but I'm definitely open to suggestions.
My current ideas are things along the lines of Asteroids, Missile Command, or Space Invaders.
Does anyone have any thoughts on any of those, or any suggestions for anything else?
Hmm… that's interesting. I hadn't really thought about a sports related game. I think this one might actually be more complicated than my initial suggestions, because it would involve a fair amount of AI, physics, and probably a multi-player aspect. On the other hand, all of those subjects are things I get a lot of questions about too.
I also had someone suggest doing this with a card-based game, which definitely has merit as well. Card-based games are fundamentally different than a game like Asteroids. They're turn based, and much of the work will boil down to how to best display a pile of cards so that they're easy to work with, without becoming so different in appearance that it no longer feels like their real world counterpart. The card-based games he mentioned would probably also require a significant AI component as well.
I actually have a hard time convincing myself that a card-based game is ideal for the first complete game tutorial set. To me, it seems like it would be better suited for a second or third one, but I could be convinced otherwise, if a lot of people would like to see it.
Honestly, a sports game sounds like a great idea. It's difficult to find information on the genre, especially XNA related. Plus a sports game has lots of flexibility compared to other genres. You could have RPG elements to it, like a players skill set increasing over time, it could be turn based and strategy is always an element of any sport. I'd like to see how the AI and the physics work in, let's say a hockey game. And you could always cover things like contract negotiations, trades, line ups, different modes and less fun things like the math involved. There are tons of options with a sports game, all of which could be useful in other genres as well.
Classic BBC Micro game. It doesn't come up as often as Space invaders, Breakout, or asteroid, but has gravity, physics and collision detection.
That's one I had never heard of, but I kind of like it. It's like a cobination of Asteroids and Lunar Lander, but with enemies, a pod, and a reactor. One thing's for sure, I'd also want to show the creation of a level editor to design levels for it. That complicates things quite a bit, but is still a worthwhile exercise to do at some point.
I would love to see how a level editor is made and used. I have Realm Factory, but I don't understand how to use it yet.
At first I was thinking that a platformer would be nice, but might be a bit too much for a beginner.
So maybe a side scrolling shooter like R-Type or Gradius would be nice. It involves all of the things people would like to know such as making a scrolling level, introducing basic movement, and implementing powerups.
A very bare-bones RPG might work too. It would involve stuff like switching in and out of battles, randomly generating them, as well as interacting with npcs.
Also remake of X-COM (UFO: Enemy Unknown) would be great learning process.
Have you heard of UFO: AI? It's an open source, completely free, XCOM style game, maybe even better than XCOM and there's a map editor for it.
I just looked into X-COM. I never even heard of that game. I don't know why or how. That seems like the kind of game I would have loved! I've gotta say, though, that it looks… pretty complex. The first set of tutorials that make a complete game from scratch (maybe only, but hopefully not) probably has to be much simpler, like Maximo said. But I'm going to have to check it out. It looks like they're putting out a remake in a couple of months!
What about game: Commander Keen.
Hmm… this one's kind of interesting. I once owned a game called Battle Masters, which feels like a medieval/fantasy version of Memoir 44. Is it just a board game, or is there a computer-based version as well?
I think I agree, it's not as complicated as it first looks. I'm still a bit concerned though. I think it would be really fun to do, but it may be pretty complicated for this tutorial set.
I've got a friend who loves games like this, though. I'm going to have to go get him to buy it so I can play it!
There is online version available via Steam platform or directly via web browser.
Maybe a tower defense game?
Actually, a tower defense game is probably along the lines of the level of complexity that I'm shooting for in this tutorial set. I love all of the ideas that are coming in, but with most of them, I'm worried about complexity and copyright issues. Tower defense games are generic enough that we could come up with some sort of intelligent theme and roll with it. It's definitely worth considering. Thanks!
Also easy and very cool game is haxball. It would be good for networking tutorial and AI tutorial.
Hmm… I like how simple that looks, but I'm intentionally not going to get into networking stuff in this tutorial. Later on, I'd like to make several more tutorials about networking and AI as well, but I want to keep networking out of this set and keep the AI to a relatively simple level. But this one is a good idea, and worth keeping in mind for when I get to networking later on.
Keep the suggestions coming, Maximo!
For keeping the spirit of your tutorials with space ships, a F-Zero-like game would be awesome and would involve 3d model rendering, effects, physics and collision, after maybe it's also too complex. Why not a zombie killer game also?
first of all , thanks a lot for all the tutorials !
complete game : what about atari battlezone ? |
0.978175 | My girlfriend, our daughter and I will be flying from Montreal to Italy. I'll fly directly there with my daughter, which is 3 years old, and stay a couple of weeks. My girlfriend will first stop in London and reach us later, but she will stay longer than me and come back to Canada later with my daughter.
Is it possible to buy a return ticket for our daughter in which we specify that she'll travel with a different parent?
My problem is that I have to buy her ticket separated from ours, because everybody has a different flying schedule. Buying separate legs would be an option, but this would very likely result in more expensive tickets.
I suggest you get a travel agent to work this out for you. It will be worth the $100 or so.
You and your girlfriend will also need to carry a letter signed by by both parents outlining your travel plans and saying that you give permission for your daughter to travel alone with the other parent. Canadian customs can be especially picky about this when returning to Canada, and all customs people pay special attention when small children are travelling with one parent. This is a mechanism to prevent international abduction of children.
EDIT: Further to this - my wife and I have different last names. Our children have both last names (but not hyphenated - my last name is their last name, and my wife's list name is a middle name), but even so, my wife has had problems travelling with the children because of the name mismatch. If this is your situation (i.e. last names are different), I strongly advise that the parent travelling with the children also carry a copy of your child's long-form birth certificate that lists the mother's and father's names. i.e. you may need some proof that you are the parent. Again, this is particularly the case for young children that cannot convincingly speak for themselves (i.e. it's different if you are 4 years old, vs 14).
Online booking systems (at least the three first I tested) usually don't allow separate tickets for children to be booked.
Since most airlines require smaller children (e.g. below the age of four) to always be accompanied by an adult, they may or may not also require that the child and the guardian is booked on the same ticket, in which case you might end up with six one-way tickets (probably very expensive) instead of three return tickets.
Technically there is no issue with you creating 3 separate itineraries for 3 separate people and flying in any way you see fit.
There are restrictions that countries and airlines place when a minor child is flying out of the country of residence/citizenship with only one or no parents with them.
You will need a letter from your girlfriend that says that your daughter is allowed to leave the country with you. This particular subject had been discussed many many times on this forum.
Instead of bothering with a travel agent you can simply book an adult ticket for your child. You will lose a little bit of money (around $100 for an international ticket), but would save on the travel agent's fee, as well as on the hassle of dealing with a middleman.
It's too late for you now, but this solves your original goal (traveling separately on a round trip ticket). |
0.999999 | Abstract: Many machine learning image classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, inputs with perturbations designed to intentionally trigger misclassification. Current adversarial methods directly alter pixel colors and evaluate against pixel norm-balls: pixel perturbations smaller than a specified magnitude, according to a measurement norm. This evaluation, however, has limited practical utility since perturbations in the pixel space do not correspond to underlying real-world phenomena of image formation that lead to them and has no security motivation attached. Pixels in natural images are measurements of light that has interacted with the geometry of a physical scene. As such, we propose a novel evaluation measure, parametric norm-balls, by directly perturbing physical parameters that underly image formation. One enabling contribution we present is a physically-based differentiable renderer that allows us to propagate pixel gradients to the parametric space of lighting and geometry. Our approach enables physically-based adversarial attacks, and our differentiable renderer leverages models from the interactive rendering literature to balance the performance and accuracy trade-offs necessary for a memory-efficient and scalable adversarial data augmentation workflow.
TL;DR: Enabled by a novel differentiable renderer, we propose a new metric that has real-world implications for evaluating adversarial machine learning algorithms, resolving the lack of realism of the existing metric based on pixel norms. |
0.977056 | How to tell parents their dd may have Asperger?
I babysit a little girl who is 2 years old and from the web research I\'ve done, I think she may have it. I haven\'t mentioned anything to her parents yet...I don\'t know what to say. I don\'t want to offend...kwim? I just feel awful for this cute little girl who I believe has some issues, but there\'s nothing I can really do about it since I\'m the babysitter.
I was wondering if there was anyone else out there that has/had a 2 year old and what were the signs?
you know I don\'t want to say anything to the parents if it\'s not Aperger\'s....but there could be something else wrong too. I don\'t want to approach if I\'m wrong. And if there\'s any parents out there with dks w/Asperger\'s, how can I bring this subject up w/o offending or soounding like a know it all.
I don\'t think there is any tactfull way to tell parents this kind of thing. Are they noticing anything odd about their child and wondering if something is wrong with her? If that\'s the case, you might print up some info on Aspergers and point out some characteristics that you see in their child. This is a very sticky situation, so handle it carefully, or you may lose a friend. Good Luck!
The dad has mentioned that my son (who is 2 1/2) is much more coordinated and has better motor skills than his dd. My response had been that he\'s a boy and boys usually develop their motor skills quicker than girls, and girls develop language skills quicker. This was before I had read anything about AS.
My first thought was that she has a Sensory disorder. She\'s constantly mouthing anything she finds. From the dogs toys (ick!) to her fingers to my son\'s matchbox cars! Thank goodness for the Clorox anywhere spray! lol and jumping and squishing her food in her hands...etc.
I just don\'t know the words, or how to tell them there may be an issue. I don\'t want to lose them as friends, and I also don\'t want to lose the little girl. My son loves her as do I.
This is a very difficult thing...even when a physician has to discuss with parents who are not expecting this sort of news.
I agree with many of the earlier posts but I do want to remind you that every parent may handle the news differently and it is important to gauge the parents and how they may respond before doing it.
This is one reason why I always have 2.5 year old well child care visits as it is a perfect time to assess some of these developmental issues. You may bring up its time for another physical for your son and see where the conversation leads you.
I mentioned to her parents that I think speech therapy would be a helpful thing. I know that there\'s a speech and developmental eval that goes along, and the therapists will catch it.
The mom had an explination for everything, so I don\'t know what if anything she will do.
I would like to work with her as much as possible, in the meantime. i have a 2 year old and he loves to play...but she has problems understanding. She runs from him when ever he comes near, and I have a hard time getting her to follow directions when we play or I set them up to play. Even coloring is difficult. I don\'t want to FORCE her to color or play and seek, but I just want her to have fun and maybe just maybe if I can get her to play, she will hae a better time. kwim? I\'m wondering if anyone could direct me to any websites or books that would help me to help her. Kind of like a little bit of therapy or something. I have a gut feeling that the parents are in denial or oblivious to put it nicely and probably won\'t pursue anything.
we consider everybody either \"sick\" or \"normal\" or somewhere on a continuum between the two. I\'m sure that way of thinking is neccesary sometimes. There are some conditions of the mind that are so debilitating that one just has to call a spade a spade. Some people can\'t make it in normal society without extreme measures and labels.
The trouble with \"lesser\" conditions Aspbergers is that such a mentality can be harmfull, for obvious reasons.
I don\'t like to think of aspbergers as a disease. I prefer to think of myself as having a mental makeup that can at times be at odds with what is expected in my culture. I don\'t expect special treatment, or pitty. I do need some help but I can BE of help also since I have my own special talents and abilities.
In the back of my mind, as a kid, I always thought I was a bit different and perhaps lower than others my age. My parents just thought I was normal and would be OK if I could just feel better about myself. But I knew there was something more to it then that.
Whether talking to someone about themselves or about their kid - perhaps it is better not to use terms such as \"disease\", \"syndrome\" etc. At least, don\'t use the term untill they understand that you are not offering an escape from responsibility, or special priveleges, or demanding that the kid be seperated from society. Nor does anybody need to know the label unless you want them to. In fact, the opposite is intended. You want to seek the help needed for the person to FULFILL the person\'s responsibility to be a productive member of society - and be happier in the process. Once that is understood, it is easier to accept help.
IN SHORT... Most of the time people don\'t want to accept help for themselves or their children is because they misunderstand the nature of their difference and the help being offered.
I don't consider my AS to be a disease, and I wish that people would stop calling it a disease. Cancer is a disease. AS is a gift. |
0.999992 | Based on your input, to maintain a variable-rate mortgage of $169,750.00 at 4.38% initial interest rate set to increase by 0.2% every 5 years, you will need to have a monthly payment of approx. ~$1,043.00.
Instead of closing on 2049/05, as a result of the changes in interest rate, your mortgage will close on 2051/08 where you will make a total of 388 payments instead of 360 payments as per the initial amortization term. |
0.995905 | Is there a connection between high Internet use and sleep? A new study indicates so, with the research drawing a connection between broadband Internet use and sleep deprivation.
Researchers from Bocconi University have found that people with DSL access sleep around 25 minutes less than those who do not have without DSL Internet. Furthermore, those with DSL access sleep tend to sleep less than the 7 and 9 hours, which is the amount of sleep recommended by healthcare practitioners. In addition, Internet users also tend to be those who are less satisfied with their sleep.
The most significant sleep deprivation effects are shown with people, who tend to be very busy the mornings and who use electronic devices heavily in the evening. This is because of the psychological effect of digital temptation, which can lead to a delay in bedtime, and hence decreases sleep duration for individuals.
These types of findings are regraded of social and economic importance in the context that, for example, in Germany (where the research was conducted) 200,000 working days are lost each year due to poor sleep quality. The impact upon teenagers and young adults (aged 13-30) appears greatest, as the research indicates.
Summing up the study findings, lead researcher Professor Francesco Billari said: "Individuals with DSL access tend to sleep 25 minutes less than their counterparts without DSL Internet."
He adds: "They are significantly less likely to sleep between 7 and 9 hours, the amount recommended by the scientific community, and are less likely to be satisfied with their sleep."
The research has been published in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, with the research paper headed "Broadband internet, digital temptations, and sleep." |
0.958781 | The Battle of Trebbia or the Napoleonic Battle of the Trebbia (17–20 June 1799) was fought near the Trebbia River in northern Italy between the joint Russian and Habsburg Austrian army under Alexander Suvorov and the Republican French army of Jacques MacDonald. Though the opposing armies were approximately equal in numbers, the Austro-Russians severely defeated the French, sustaining about 6,000 casualties while inflicting losses of 12,000 to 16,500 on their enemies. The War of the Second Coalition engagement occurred west of Piacenza, a city located 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Milan.
In the spring of 1799 the Austrian and Russian armies ousted the French from much of northern Italy after the battles of Magnano and Cassano and they placed the key fortress of Mantua under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, MacDonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, MacDonald boldly chose to move east of the Apennine Mountains, hoping to be supported by Jean Victor Marie Moreau's French army. After brushing aside a much smaller Austrian force at Modena, MacDonald's army swept west along the south bank of the Po River. Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of Michael von Melas to block the French move.
On 17 July, the leading French divisions bumped into a holding force led by Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz along the Tidone River. Ott was rapidly reinforced by the bulk of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th but the outnumbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive. On 19 June MacDonald's entire army was concentrated and he ordered an attack which was poorly coordinated and repulsed at all points. Realizing that assistance from Moreau was not forthcoming, that night MacDonald ordered the beaten French army to slip away to the south and west. On the 20th the Allies overran a French demi brigade acting as rear guard. Instead of bringing a powerful reinforcement to the hard-pressed French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of MacDonald's army arrived.
Due to participation of some 3,000 soldiers of the Polish Legions, the Battle of Trebbia is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "TREBBIA 17 - 19 VI 1799".
The War of the Second Coalition in northern Italian began with the inconclusive Battle of Verona on 26 March 1799 between the Habsburg Austrian army of Paul Kray and the Republican French Army of Italy under Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. The subsequent Battle of Magnano on 5 April was a clear-cut victory by Kray over the French, with the Austrians sustaining 6,000 casualties while inflicting losses of 8,000 men and 18 guns on their foes. The defeat was a crushing blow to French morale and prompted Schérer to plead with the French Directory to be relieved of command. Finding his strong position behind the Mincio River outflanked on the north by 12,000 Austrians, Schérer left 12,000 troops to hold the key fortress of Mantua, directed 1,600 more to defend Peschiera del Garda and retreated to the west on 12 April. Two days later, Alexander Suvorov arrived at Vicenza with a Imperial Russian army and assumed command of the combined Austro-Russian forces.
On 27 April, the Coalition allies led by Suvorov were victorious over Jean Victor Marie Moreau's French army at the Battle of Cassano along the Adda River. The next day at Verderio, Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier's division was surrounded and in the fighting that followed the French lost 252 men killed before the 2,700 survivors gave up. The defeats caused Moreau to fall back, leaving 2,400 men to hold the Milan citadel. On 6 May the garrison of Peschiera capitulated to Kray while on 11 May Pizzighettone and 1,500 French soldiers surrendered to Konrad Valentin von Kaim. On 12 May, Suvorov's subordinate Andrei Grigorevich Rosenberg suffered a minor setback in the Battle of Bassignana. Ferrara, Ravenna and Milan all capitulated to Austrian besieging forces on 24 May.
Meanwhile, 30,000 Allies under Suvorov moved up the north bank of the Po River toward Turin. On the morning of 26 May, Josef Philipp Vukassovich's advance guard seized Turin with its arsenal and over 300 cannons plus large stocks of ammunition. Pascal Antoine Fiorella and his 3,400-man French garrison withdrew to the citadel where they were besieged. Early June found the Allied main body of 47,087 troops under Suvorov, Rosenberg and Michael von Melas camped near Turin. Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak with 9,900 Austrians watched the Swiss mountain passes. Kray's 19,760-man corps was engaged in the Siege of Mantua, covered by 6,122 Austrians under Johann von Klenau at Ferrera. Finally, Suvorov summoned the 19,458-strong corps of Count Heinrich von Bellegarde from Switzerland to Milan where they arrived on 5 June. To face this array, Moreau counted about 25,000 soldiers in the divisions of Paul Grenier, Claude Victor-Perrin, Pierre Garnier de Laboissière at Genoa, Paul Louis Gaultier de Kervéguen at Florence and Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard at Bologna. But the Allies were aware that Jacques MacDonald had a strong French occupation force in southern and central Italy.
On 14 April 1799, the French Directory ordered MacDonald to help the French forces in northern Italy. Accordingly, he assembled the Army of Naples and moved north, leaving southern Italy in the hands of local forces. MacDonald reached Rome on 16 May and Florence ten days later. From there, the safest course was to use the west coast road to reach Genoa, keeping the Apennine Mountains between him and the Allies. However, MacDonald believed that the coast road was unusable for his artillery beyond Lerici and feared that Austrian columns might interfere with the operation. But perhaps the real reason was that MacDonald wished to make a theatrical entrance to the campaign by smashing his way through the Coalition allies. In order to accomplish this, he asked Moreau to march north and east to meet him near Piacenza, an impractical move that would place the Army of Italy in the midst of its enemies. After his passage across the Apennines, MacDonald hoped to crush some of the Austrian covering forces. As it moved north, the Army of Naples absorbed the divisions of Victor, Montrichard and Gaultier, bringing its total field force to 36,728 soldiers.
On 9 June Suvorov received news from Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz that Victor and Montrichard reinforced MacDonald and that the French captured Pontremoli. Ott commanded 5,000 soldiers that belonged to Bellegarde's corps, but were acting independently near Parma. Immediately, Suvorov ordered Ott to conduct a staged withdrawal to Stradella, but to hold that position at all hazards. The Russian commander quickly made up his mind to move east to confront MacDonald. With the exception of Kaim's division, the Austro-Russian army marched to Asti, reaching there on 11 June. The Allied troops reached the Bormida River near the French-held fortress of Alessandria on 13 June. That day, Suvorov got definite news of MacDonald's offensive. Meanwhile, a French squadron put in at Genoa on 2 June to drop off French reinforcements. Intelligence indicated that Moreau was about to descend from the mountains. Suvorov ordered Bellegarde's corps to march on Alessandria to keep an eye on Moreau while the rest of his army concentrated against MacDonald.
The Army of Naples negotiated the Apennine Mountains in four major columns. The divisions of Montrichard and Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca formed the eastern-most column, moving from Florence to Bologna. Next to the west were the divisions of Jean-Baptiste Olivier and François Watrin, accompanied by MacDonald and advancing from Pistoia on Modena. Farther west was Jean Henri Dombrowski's division descending the Secchia River valley. The western-most column was made up of Victor's division marching from Borgo Val di Taro down the Taro River toward Parma. Because MacDonald's offensive across the Apennines was so unlikely, it took the Austrian covering forces by surprise. These were Klenau's command southwest of Ferrara, now reduced to 3,500 men, Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen at Modena with 4,800 troops and Ott west of Fornovo di Taro. MacDonald planned to destroy Hohenzollern's division by pinning it with his own column while enveloping it with Dombrowski's division from the west and Rusca's division from the east. Klenau deduced the French strategy and shifted northeast behind the Panaro River to block Rusca. MacDonald lost touch with Dombrowski's command. Nevertheless, MacDonald fell on the Austrians at Modena with two divisions. On 12 June in the Battle of Modena, the French inflicted losses of 750 killed and wounded on their enemies while capturing 1,650 men, eight guns and three colors. French casualties were 400 killed and wounded and 200 captured. During the pursuit, MacDonald was set upon by a troop of French Royalist cavalry and suffered saber cuts on the head and arm before his own soldiers could finish off their enemies.
Since the fortress of Alessandria commanded the only crossing of the Bormida, the Austro-Russian main body waited on a pontoon train which finally arrived on 15 June. At 5:00 pm the span was in place and Suvorov's army crossed and marched all night to reach Castelnuovo Scrivia on the morning of the 16th. After only three hours of rest, the soldiers continued the forced march during the day to their bivouac between Casteggio and Casatisma. In a period of 24 hours the Allied army covered 56 kilometres (35 mi). To provide security for his right flank, Suvorov detached Mikhail Mikhailovich Veletsky with one battalion of the Jung-Baden Musketeer Regiment, 50 Cossacks and 80 dragoons from the Karaczay Regiment. Allowing for the possibility of defeat, the Russian army commander ordered the Po to be bridged at Mezzana Corti for the main army and Valenza for Bellegarde's corps. By this time, Bellegarde and 14,500 troops arrived to maintain the siege of Alessandria and contain Moreau. To keep MacDonald from raising the siege of Mantua, Kray manned the north bank of the Po with several thousand troops.
On 16 June at 10:00 am, MacDonald's vanguard arrived near Piacenza and began pressing Ott's command. Suvorov reiterated his orders for Ott to make a fighting retreat to the Stradella defile. By this time Austrian military engineer Albert Johann de Best got the Piacenza citadel into a defensible state after eight days of work; two or three companies of the Fröhlich Regiment were assigned to garrison it. Victor's division led the French attack on Ott as Rusca's soldiers edged toward the south as if to flank the Austrians out of position. That night, Suvorov's chief of staff Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles rushed toward Ott's position with 100 dragoons of the Karaczay Regiment plus a half-battery of horse artillery. Following behind was an improvised force including the Wouwermanns Grenadier Battalion, three battalions of the Fröhlich Regiment, the remainder of the Karaczay Regiment and one and one-half batteries of horse artillery. If Ott could hold out along the Tidone River, it would allow ample space for the Austro-Russian army to deploy between the Po and the mountain spurs to the south. If Ott were forced back into the narrow Stradella position, it would be difficult for the Allies to form a line of battle and might even cause a rout.
The Austro-Russian army commanded by Field Marshal Suvorov was organized into three columns on 18 June. General Rosenberg led the mostly Russian First and Second Columns while General der Kavallerie Melas directed the mostly Austrian Third Column. The Austrian forces numbered 9,851 foot and 4,586 horse while the Russians counted 16,219 infantry and 2,000 Cossacks. These numbers amounted to 32,656 and did not include artillerymen. The figures in brackets represent Austrian casualties. The First Column on the right was headed by an Advance Guard under Major General Pyotr Bagration which included the Dendrygin, Kalemin, Lomonosov and Sanaev Combined Grenadier Battalions, two battalions of the Bagration Jäger Regiment, Grekov and Posdeev Cossack Regiments and six squadrons of the Austrian Karaczay Dragoon Regiment Nr. 4 . Lieutenant General Yakov Ivanovich Povalo-Schveikovsky led an infantry division consisting of two battalions of the Rosenberg Grenadier Regiment, one battalion each of the Dalheim and Schveikovsky Musketeer Regiments and six squadrons of the Austrian Lobkowitz Dragoon Regiment Nr. 10 .
Rosenberg personally accompanied the Second Column in the center. The division commander was Lieutenant General Förster and his infantry was made up of two battalions each of the Miloradovich and Tyrtov Musketeer Regiments and one battalion each of the Baranovsky, Förster and Jung-Baden Musketeer Regiments. The cavalry contingent was formed from the Molchanov Cossack Regiment and six squadrons of the Austrian Levenehr Dragoon Regiment Nr. 14 .
The Third Column under General der Kavallerie Melas was made up of a division under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ott and a reserve under Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Fröhlich with attached artillery . Ott's division included four battalions of the Nádasdy Nr. 39 and two battalions of the Mittrowsky Nr. 40 Infantry Regiments, the Mihanovich Serbian Free Battalion , the 6th Battalion of the Banater Grenz Infantry Regiment , six companies of the D'Aspre Jäger Battalion, the Semernikov Cossack Regiment and six squadrons of the Archduke Joseph Hussar Regiment Nr. 2 . Fröhlich's reserve consisted of the Morzin , Paar , Pertusi , Schiaffinatti , Weber and Wouwermanns Grenadier Battalions. A second source stated that there were 17,000 Russians and 20,000 Austrians present and added three battalions of the Fröhlich Nr. 28 Infantry Regiment, six squadrons of the Württemberg Dragoon Regiment Nr. 8 and listed seven rather than six Austrian grenadier battalions. This source also named as brigade commanders, Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein for the grenadiers, Ferdinand Johann von Morzin for the Nádasdy, Mittrowsky and Württemberg Regiments and Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim for the D'Aspre, Mihanovich, Banater and Archduke Joseph units.
In MacDonald's Army of Naples Chef de brigade Victor Léopold Berthier served as chief of staff, Chef de bataillon Jacques Bardenet as chief of artillery and Jean-Louis Dubreton as commissary officer. In the 8 June order of battle that follows, the figures in parentheses are unit strengths. The Advanced Guard was led by General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Salme and included the 11th Line (1,390), 12th Line (1,250) and 15th Light (1,340) Infantry Demi-Brigades, a detachment of the 25th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (85), the 6th Company of the 8th Foot Artillery Regiment (34) and the 3rd Company of the 1st Sapper Battalion (29). The 1st Division was commanded by General of Division Olivier and consisted of the 30th Line (1,508) and 73rd Line (2,009) Infantry Demi-Brigades, 7th Chasseurs à Cheval (321) and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval (314) Regiments and gunners and sappers (311). The 2nd Division was directed by General of Division Rusca and comprised the 17th Light (1,880), 55th Line (886) and 97th Line (1,760) Infantry Demi-Brigades, 16th Dragoon (488) and 19th Dragoon (330) Regiments and artillerists and sappers (116).
The 3rd Division was supervised by General of Division Montrichard and was made up of the 3rd (or 2nd) Line (730), 21st Line (1,000), 68th Line (900) and 5th Light (1,900) Infantry Demi-Brigades, 1st Cavalry (263), 12th Dragoon (400), 11th Hussar (250), Cisalpine Dragoon (100) and Cisalpine Hussar (308) Regiments and gunners and sappers (112). The 4th Division was commanded by General of Division Watrin and consisted of the 62nd Line (3,420) and 78th Light (2,120) Infantry Demi-Brigade, 25th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (260) and artillerists (33). The 5th Division was directed by General of Division Dombrowski and comprised the 1st Polish Legion (2,000), 8th Light Infantry Demi-Brigade (893) and Polish Cavalry (500).
The remaining infantry division was led by General of Division Victor and included the 5th Line (1,300), 39th Line (1,225), 92nd Line (1,240), 93rd Line (1,265) and 99th Line (1,320) Infantry Demi-Brigades and 15th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (400). There were also 526 men assigned to the artillery park. A second authority placed the 12th Line in Olivier's division rather than Salme's Advanced Guard, specified that the 17th in Rusca's division was Light Infantry, put the 2nd Line instead of the 3rd Line in Montrichard's division and listed different unit totals in some divisions. This second source gave the following division strengths for the end of May: Salme 2,997, Olivier 5,826, Rusca 5,397, Montrichard 5,773, Watrin 4,880, Dombrowski 3,555 and Victor 6,750. This yielded a strength of 30,980 infantry, 3,616 cavalry and 1,088 artillerymen and sappers for a 35,684 grand total. From this, losses from the Battle of Modena and other causes must be deducted.
Country chapel is on the highway between Castel San Giovanni and Sarmato.
The Tidone River runs north into the Po west of Piacenza. With steep banks 2 to 3 metres high and a width of about 100 metres (109 yd), the stream has some defensive value. Like the Tidone, the bed of the Trebbia is filled with white stones. On 17 June at 8:00 am the French opened their attack against Ott's positions behind the Tidone. On hand were a total of 18,700 soldiers including Salme's Advance Guard. The French divisions were deployed with Victor on the right, Rusca in the center and Dombrowski on the left. Because of the wounds he sustained at Modena, MacDonald was bedridden in the village of Borgo San Antonio to the west of Piacenza. As senior officer Victor should have assumed tactical control of the fight, but he stayed in Piacenza, resulting in poor coordination of the French effort. Nevertheless, the determined initial assault ousted the D'Aspre Jägers from their west-bank positions in the hamlets of Agazzino, Pontetidone and Veratto di Sopra. As Dombrowski's troops mounted a flank attack to the south, the troops of Victor's division fought their way to the village of Sarmato where they were held up by an Austrian artillery battery and two battalions of the Nádasdy Regiment. Chasteler was with Ott when the French attack started. He urged Ott to hold as long as possible and went back to find that his task force was hurrying on its way. At 1:00 pm Chasteler's men arrived and were thrown into the fight. Nevertheless, at 3:00 pm the French overran both Sarmato and its defending battery, forcing Ott's troops back to a position in front of Castel San Giovanni.
Soon afterward Melas arrived with three battalions of Austrians foot and some squadrons of the Archduke Joseph Hussars. Suvorov inspired the Russian columns by suddenly appearing at odd places along the line of march. If inspiration failed, Cossacks were employed to prod stragglers back into line. Chasteler's units hustled off to the south to block a turning movement by Dombrowski's division. The Bagration Jäger Regiment veered off to the north while the four Russian combined grenadier battalions were committed to battle near Castel San Giovanni. Despite the odds turning against them, the French continued to mount spirited attacks. Gradually the Allies massed in two battle lines in front of Castel San Giovanni. By the end of the day, 30,656 Austrian and Russian troops were present to face the now-outnumbered French. Finally, the Allies recaptured Sarmato and the abandoned Austrian cannons, compelling the French to retreat. The French fell back stubbornly, taking advantage of plentiful cover to repulse Austrian cavalry charges. Salme's Advanced Guard covered the last stages of the withdrawal, forming square at Ca' del Bosco on the northern part of the battlefield. The shooting ended by 9:00 pm. The French suffered losses of about 1,000 killed and wounded plus 1,200 more captured. Allied casualties are not given.
Unexpectedly confronted by a large Austro-Russian army, MacDonald was in a dilemma. He believed that his 22,000 available soldiers were outnumbered and ought to retreat, but he anticipated that Moreau might soon arrive to pitch into the Allied rear. So he hoped to hold out until his last divisions could arrive on the field. MacDonald was also aware of the presence of a force under Jean François Cornu de La Poype that was in position to threaten the Allied south flank. On the 18th, Veletsky's detached force surprised La Poype's 1,500 French and 2,000 Genoese at Bobbio, sending them fleeing back to Genoa. On morning of 18 June the injured MacDonald inspected his army. He found his men ready to fight and the enemy inactive. Meanwhile, Suvorov and Chasteler planned to throw three columns at the French, with the main strength on the right to break down MacDonald's flank by advancing from the Tidone to the Trebbia and finally all the way to the Nure, the next river to the east. With luck, the French would be driven back against the Po. The First Column on the right was headed by Bagration's Advance Guard followed by Schveikovsky's division. The Second Column in the center was made up of Förster's division. The Third Column included the divisions of Ott and Fröhlich. Ott was ordered to drive straight ahead to the Trebbia supported by his colleague. At some point Fröhlich's grenadiers were supposed to reinforce the right flank in order to give more weight to its attack.
Suvorov's desire to start the attack at 7:00 am proved to be impractical due to the Allied soldiers' exhaustion, so it was put off until 11:00 am. Scouts reported that the French were defending behind the Trebbia with advanced positions near the villages of San Nicolò, Gragnano Trebbiense and Casaliggio, from north to south. Bagration's Advance Guard forded the Tidone and attacked Dombrowski's Polish Legion south of Casaliggio at 2:00 pm, achieving some surprise. Coming from the south, a Polish battalion threatened the Russian rear, but it was quickly hemmed in by Russian infantry, the Austrian Karaczay Dragoons and Cossacks and 230 men were forced to lay down their arms. An alert French staff officer, Pierre Edmé Gautherin brought the divisions of Rusca and Victor to the west bank of the Trebbia where they stopped and drove back Bagration's troops. Rosenberg brought Schveikovsky's division into the fight while Suvorov personally rallied the shaken Russian infantry. The Russians presently gained the upper hand and compelled Rusca to pull back to the east bank of the Trebbia, which his men accomplished while maintaining their ranks. The fighting in the center began when the Levenehr Dragoons and Molchanov Cossacks clashed with some French horsemen and drove them back. Starting at 5:00 pm, Förster slowly pressed back the right wing of Victor's division. Finally the French evacuated Gragnano and fell back across the Trebbia.
Salme's Advanced Guard, which was posted near Sant' Imento north of the highway, was unchallenged most of the day. At about 2:30 pm, the divisions of Montrichard and Olivier crossed the Trebbia and marched to Salme's support. Seeing these French reinforcements in his front, Melas decided not to release Fröhlich's division. The Third Column commander sent Ott forward at 6:00 pm and the Austrians easily brushed aside Salme's outnumbered unit. Together, Ott and Fröhlich pushed Montrichard and Olivier back beyond the Trebbia by evening. That night in a bizarre operation, Rosenberg took two Russian grenadier battalions across the Trebbia south of Gossolengo. They somehow penetrated the French lines as far as Settima where they routed a French detachment and liberated some prisoners. At 3:00 am, Rosenberg's expedition headed back to the west bank, again without arousing any French sentries. Four squadrons of the Karaczay Dragoons mounted a similar expedition but were detected and driven off by musketry. Both groups missed the pointless battle that occurred earlier in the evening. Hearing what they believed to be Moreau's artillery, three French battalions mounted an extemporaneous attack at 9:30 pm, surprising an Austrian battalion. Melas called up reinforcements from his own and Förster's divisions while Prince Liechtenstein charged into the fray with the Lobkowitz Dragoons. The artillery of both sides opened up on the melee, causing many friendly fire casualties. After strenuous efforts, the leaders of both sides managed to wind down the senseless fighting by 11:00 pm.
Chasteler sent orders for the Allied army to begin the assault at 6:00 am on 19 June. However, the plan was not delivered to Melas until 11:00 am. In the meantime, Melas noticed the presence of strong enemy forces at the north end of the battleline and sent 12 artillery pieces to the west bank of the Trebbia to blast the French positions. Two French battalions crept forward to deal with the threat, but they were discovered and driven off by the murderously effective fire of two masked cannons. Also during the morning, the French set up a battery of 10 to 12 guns and began to hammer Förster's positions. This was apparently to cover a shift to the south by a body of French troops. The delay also affected the Russian forces and Suvorov began issuing orders at 11:00 am. Meanwhile, MacDonald determined to launch an assault, putting his faith in the French soldier's enthusiasm for the attack and his troops' good morale. He still believed his army was outnumbered but he hoped to preempt an Allied assault. In the south Rusca and Victor were directed to attack side-by-side near Casaliggio, supported by an outflanking move by Dombrowski via Rivalta. Montrichard was ordered to cross the Trebbia near Gragnano in the center while Olivier was instructed to crack the Allied line farther north near San Nicolò. On the extreme right flank, Watrin and Salme were told to seize Calendasco and turn the Allied left flank.
Chasteler spotted Dombrowski's outflanking column and directed Bagration's troops against it. Dombrowski's division seized Rivalta and advanced up the Trebbia's west bank as far as the hamlet of Canetto before they ran into the Russians. Accompanied in person by Suvorov, the Russians defeated their mostly Polish opponents with serious losses and forced them to retreat to the east bank. Rusca's initial advance was blunted by the fire of 14 artillery pieces belonging to Schveikovsky's division. Farther north, Victor's division was repulsed by a combination of Schveikovsky's left wing and Förster's division and withdrew to the French-held east bank. But with Bagration's forces pulled to the south by Dombrowski's ill-fated attack, Rusca's men found a gap in the Allied line south of Casaliggio. The French infantry charged across the Trebbia while a horse artillery battery mauled the Rosenberg Grenadier Regiment. Suvorov appeared on the scene to rally his Russians. Rosenberg swung the left wing of Schveikovsky's division to face the northern edge of Rusca's breakthrough while Bagration hurried north to hit the southern edge. At the same time, Chasteler borrowed four battalions from Förster and brought them to the scene. The combined attack forced Rusca's division to retire to the east bank. The Russians tried to follow up their success but Rusca's men repelled their attacks and the fighting in the south ended around 7:00 pm.
The Trebbia's river bed is filled with white stones.
The assault in the center was delayed because of the tardy arrival of Montrichard's division. Its 5th Light Infantry crossed the river and deployed into line but was hit by a devastating volley from an Austrian grenadier battalion. Montrichard's other units advanced in columns which were out of touch with each other. When Fröhlich's grenadiers and Förster's division counterattacked, Montrichard's division dissolved and its soldiers took to their heels. The grenadier battalion was swamped by fleeing Frenchmen, but it managed to keep its cohesion until some Russian infantry cut their way through to the rescue. Olivier's assault was preceded by a lightning cavalry charge around noon that swept the west bank clear of Austrians. The infantry crossed in the cavalry's wake and soon captured San Nicolò and two guns. Hearing cannon fire, Liechtenstein went forward to check on the situation and found a crowd of Austrian troops running away from Olivier's assault. He immediately went back to his command and led two squadrons each of the Lobkowitz and Levenehr Dragoons and one squadron of the Archduke Joseph Hussars against Olivier's south flank. Having disposed of Montrichard's division earlier, the Allies were free to mass against Olivier's division and eventually throw it back to the Trebbia's east bank. The Wouwermanns Grenadier Battalion recaptured two Austrian 12-pound cannons.
Around the same time that Olivier made his attack, Salme's Advanced Guard and Watrin's division, which had previously been in reserve, crossed the Trebbia on the far right flank. Moving in two bodies, the French force brushed aside the Austrian outpost line. The right thrust reached Ca' Pernici on the Po's south bank while the left thrust carried almost to Calendasco. Here Watrin paused because the noises from Olivier's fight were not encouraging. By this time, Melas had Olivier on the run and wished to attack across the Trebbia. Hearing of the Watrin-Salme incursion, the Austrian general was forced to deal with it first. Melas sent Liechtenstein with a task force composed of one squadron of the Lobkowitz Dragoons, two squadrons of the Archduke Joseph Hussars, 200 Cossacks and nine companies of infantry. Meanwhile, an artillery battery detached from the Mantua siege corps under the command of Colonel Kinsky unlimbered on the north bank of the Po. The Austrian guns proceeded to bombard their enemies, encouraging them in their decision to recross the Trebbia though the Austrians made prisoners of 300 French. The firing ended in the northern sector about 9:00 pm. The French maintained a firm grip on the west bank of the Trebbia, but MacDonald's division commanders were not able to give him any estimate of their remaining strength. In a scene of horror, thousands of dead and wounded soldiers littered the bed of the Trebbia while Piacenza's Austrian garrison blindly fired cannons into the night. Realizing that neither Moreau nor La Poype were coming to his assistance, MacDonald issued the orders to retreat at 10:00 pm. As soon as the engineers bridged the Nure River, the artillery and wagon train were sent across, followed by the infantry starting about midnight.
Suvorov determined to finish with the French so he ordered a new attack at 4:00 am on 20 June. When the Allied forces reached the west bank they found MacDonald's army gone. The French abandoned 7,183 wounded men in Piacenza which suggested that their losses may have been as high as 12,000 when the killed, transportable wounded and captured were counted. The Russians reported 681 killed and 2,073 wounded for a total of 2,754 while the Austrians admitted losing 254 killed, 1,903 wounded and 500 missing for a total of 2,657. Historian Christopher Duffy rounded these figures up to 6,000 Allied casualties. Digby Smith reported similar Allied losses, though he included three Russian generals wounded. From a total of 33,000 French, he estimated losses as 2,000 killed, 7,500 wounded (most of whom became prisoners) plus 7,000 men, seven guns and eight colors captured. Gunther E. Rothenberg gave Allied losses as 5,000 killed and wounded and 500 captured out of 20,000 Russians and 17,000 Austrians. He stated French losses as 9,500 killed and wounded and 7,000 captured out of 33,000. R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy rounded the losses to 10,000 French and 7,000 Allied, but asserted that 5,000 French became prisoners during the retreat that followed. French General of Division Alexis Aimé Pierre Cambray was mortally wounded during the battle and died 2 July.
The Austrians advanced into Piacenza where they found the wounded generals Olivier, Rusca and Salme along with the other non-transportable French wounded. Melas secured the town with Fröhlich's division while launching Ott in pursuit. However, Ott was held up at the Nure by a full French division. Farther south at San Giorgio Piacentino the Karaczay Dragoons charged the 17th Light Infantry but were rudely repulsed and the French gunners knocked out two of the Austrian cannons. Bagration's Advance Guard came up and Chasteler deployed it for a full-scale attack on San Giorgio. Intense musketry held off the Bagration and Miller Jägers on the flanks but the combined grenadiers won a foothold in the village. Suvorov was forced to commit part of the divisions of Förster and Schveikovsky before the French regiment was overwhelmed. A total of 1,099 French soldiers surrendered along with six guns and three colors.
The Army of Naples withdrew southeast toward Parma where 200 wounded soldiers were abandoned. The Allies pursued the French on 21 June, reaching Firenzuola where they rested the next day. Suvorov determined from captured dispatches that MacDonald's mangled army was no longer a threat to northern Italy and marched the Allied army back west on the 23rd, hoping to catch Moreau between himself and Belegarde. Ott with 7,000 foot, 2,000 horse and 15 guns continued the pursuit. MacDonald ordered Montrichard's division to the east where it was used to form some garrisons which were subsequently captured. One battalion of Warasdiner Grenz and one squadron of the Bussy Mounted Jägers tried to block MacDonald's retreat but were crushed on 24 June at Sassuolo south of Modena. By 28 June the Army of Naples was back at Pistoia where it stayed for several days before marching to the west coast in early July. The still ailing MacDonald was shipped off to France and replaced in command by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr. The garrisons in south and central Italy were picked off one-by-one by the Allies. Naples surrendered on 15 June, Fort Elmo in Naples harbor on 11 July, Capua on 28 July, Gaeta on 1 August, Rome on 29 September and Ancona on 13 November 1799. Even the French-held fortresses of northern Italy fell rapidly. Turin capitulated on 20 June, Bologna on 3 July, Fort Urbano on 10 July, Alessandria on 22 July and Mantua on 28 July. The next major engagement was the Battle of Novi on 15 August 1799.
^ a b c d e f g h Smith (1998), p. 160. The seven listed grenadier battalions were Ficquelmont, Korherr, Mercandin, Neny, Soudain, Weber and Wouvermanns.
^ a b c d e Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1980). The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p. 249. ISBN 0-253-31076-8.
^ a b Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1977). The Encyclopedia of Military History. New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row. p. 691. ISBN 0-06-011139-9.
^ a b c d e f g Duffy (1999), p. 110. Austrian casualties are listed in brackets like so: .
^ Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. pp. 149–150. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
^ Duffy, Christopher (1999). Eagles Over the Alps: Suvarov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Chicago, Ill.: The Emperor's Press. p. 47. ISBN 1-883476-18-6.
^ a b Nafziger, George. French Army of Naples, 8 June 1799 (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2010.
^ Broughton, Tony (2006). "Generals Who Served in the French Army during the Period 1789-1815: Cabannes de Puymisson to Cazals". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Trebbia (1799).
Broughton, Tony (2006). "Generals Who Served in the French Army during the Period 1789-1815: Cabannes de Puymisson to Cazals". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
Nafziger, George. French Army of Naples, 8 June 1799 (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2010.
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1980). The Art of War in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31076-8.
This page was last edited on 20 February 2019, at 02:05 (UTC). |
0.940047 | England, France, and the Netherlands were initially united against the Spanish and Portuguese, but as these countries secured their places in the Caribbean, they began to turn their attention elsewhere. Driven by empire-building, England turned a jingoistic eye to the world.
England was having its own troubles in the mid-1600s. Although King Charles I had led the country to gains in the Caribbean, he was not so well-loved on his home front. Soon, Parliamentary leader Oliver Cromwell and Charles were involved in a bitter civil war, which similarly affected the residents of Barbados.
However, when the war was over, the king's son, Prince Charles, was exiled, and Cromwell took over leadership of England and ordered the king to be executed. However, Barbados and a few other islands of the Caribbean proclaimed their allegiance to the exiled prince in the 1650s. Cromwell's patriotism and the launch of "Western Design," which was the leader's military action against Spain's holdings in the West Indies, led to England's acquisition of Jamaica, its only territory in the Greater Antilles.
Cromwell also created England's first Navigation Act in 1651, effectively prohibiting trade to outside nations by requiring all trade ships to be made in England, to sail for England, and to be captained by an English subject. The following year he went on the offensive, and the First Anglo-Dutch War began as Cromwell attempted to gain some part of the Caribbean trade, which the Dutch controlled almost entirely. This war ended two years later in 1654.
Cromwell's plan for the Caribbean was never to take Jamaica. Instead he sent a force to capture the island of Hispaniola. But poor planning, weak leadership, and a lack of potable water left many of the soldiers sick by the time they reached battle.
On Hispaniola, the British retreated to their ships and set sail. However, the Captain, not wishing to return to Cromwell with the news of their loss, set sail for Jamaica in 1655. The Spanish settlers on Jamaica were so used to pirate attacks that instead of a fighting force, the British found the city empty, and they claimed the land for England.
The Spanish returned soon afterward and were forced to sign a treaty. But while they were waiting for the treaty to be signed and finalized, the British troops did not attack any other cities, and the Spanish escaped Jamaica with all of their valuable goods.
The Spanish also freed their slaves, who later became known as Maroons. These Maroons would play an important part in Jamaica's history, and they still exist today on the islands and were Jamaica's first free blacks.
However, in 1684 Spain and France decided to set aside their differences. The Treaty of Ratisbon ended fighting between these two European nations. Spain's island territories only included Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and two-thirds of Hispaniola - now the Dominican Republic.
As the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War showed, trade was growing in importance in the colonies. Without a great deal of trade, the settlers, who focused almost entirely on cash crops, would lack food and other necessities.
Although at this time the Dutch West Indies Company was a leader in trade, England had its own designs on becoming dominant in the region as well. In fact, after Cromwell's death and Charles II's rise to power in England, the king passed a second Navigation Act in 1660, further tightening trade restrictions in the British colonies.
When Charles II passed a third Navigation Act in 1663, the British colonies were explicitly restricted to trade only with England. Sugar, tobacco, and other important exports could only go to England. This same year, Barbados accepted a 4.5 percent export tax on its goods, while the other British Leewards accepted the tax the following year.
Spain, however, soon makes moves to loosen trade restrictions. With Jamaica lost, they also lose out on its exports, and though they make attempts to regain the island, it remains firmly British, and is formally declared for England with a treaty in 1670. The Dutch still dominated the region's trade, and Spain acquiesces in 1662, legalizing colonial trade with these merchants.
In 1665, England again makes its move and begins the Second Anglo-Dutch War. This war lasted another two years, ending in 1667.
France, too, begins to fight the Dutch control. Jean-Baptiste Colbert in France began working to expand France's trade in the region and gave the French Company a monopoly on regional trade for 40 years, though trade privileges were revoked in 1674 .
Policies enacted by the French included terms of confiscation of foreign vessels in French colonial ports. However, the Dutch were to be most excluded, and the French call this period "l'exclusif"- the exclusive.
During this time, England has begun to make its move toward becoming the dominant European nation in the Caribbean. The nation's naval forces would help to attain this status and maintain their control in the West Indies. |
0.953535 | When hostilities broke-out between the two Koreas, the United Nations issued a resolution condemning the aggressive action taken by North Korea.
Thereafter, American soldiers were sent to South Korea. How did they appear at the time? What type of uniforms did they wear?
North Korean armed aggression against South Korea in June 1950 brought swift denunciation by the United Nations Organization. At the behest of the U.N. Security Council, the United States was asked to form a unified command for the various national contingents entering the conflict.
The United States complied in late July, and President Truman appointed General MacArthur to lead the command. To supply the United States troops and their U.N. allies, Japan became one giant base dedicated to support of operations in Korea "the land of the morning calm." This scene at a logistical base in Japan shows the kinds of uniforms worn there.
In the left foreground is a first lieutenant of artillery from the 25th Infantry Division. He is wearing the light tan tropical worsted summer service uniform. His cap has a russet leather visor and band, gilt buttons, and the gilt United States coat of arms first adopted around the turn of the century.
His roll collar, four-pocket coat has gilt buttons, a band of braid on the top of the cuff, and the letters U.S. on the roll collar. His rank is indicated by the silver bars on the shoulder straps and his branch of service by the crossed, gilt cannons on the lapels. On the left shoulder he has the red and yellow tropic lightning and tare leaf sleeve insignia of the 25th Infantry Division. Light tan trousers and russet leather shoes complete his uniform.
In the right foreground is a Medical Service private. He is an aidman assigned to a non-medical unit to give immediate medical assistance. He is in the fatigue or field uniform of the period, in which grayish green and a faded tan are the predominant colors.
He wears a steel helmet, a loose, open collar, grayish green cotton twill jacket with plain buttons, grayish green twill trousers, and brown leather laced boots. He carries an individual medical packet and a medical supply haversack on his drab web cartridge belt.
Around his right arm he has the Geneva Convention red cross armband and on his right jacket sleeve the shoulder insignia of the Japan Logistical Command, one of the major support elements for the Korean operations.
In the background, Signal Corps linesmen are at work in fatigue uniforms and the loose, floppy fatigue cap. The sergeant is wearing a sleeve chevron on the front of his cap to designate his grade, strictly nonregulation, but practical.
Bos, Carole "U.S. Army in Korea" AwesomeStories.com. Oct 07, 2013. Apr 19, 2019. |
0.943494 | Tasmania's total land area, including off-shore islands, covers 68,121 km2, within which the Greater Hobart-Southern Region covers 37.6% (25,616 km2), the Mersey-Lyell Region covers 33.1% (22,523 km2), and the Northern Region covers 29.3% (19,980 km2) (Source: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, 2001).
Tasmania's estimated resident population at 30 June 2000 was 470,376, which was 2.46% of the nation's population. At that time the Greater Hobart-Southern Region had an estimated resident population of 229,060 persons, which was 48.7% of the State's population. The Northern Region had an estimated resident population of 133,080 persons (28.3% of the State's population) and the Mersey-Lyell Region had an estimated resident population of 108,236 persons (23.0%).
Between 1998 and 2000, Tasmania's annual population declined. At 30 June 2000, Tasmania had an estimated 427 fewer residents than at 30 June 1999, a decline of 0.1%. The estimated net population decline between 1998 and 1999 was 897 residents or 0.2%. There was population decline in all three Tasmanian Regions during both periods. The estimated resident population of the Greater Hobart-Southern Region declined by 383 residents (0.2%) between 1998 and 1999, and by 59 residents (0.03%) between 1999 and 2000. The Northern Region's estimated resident population declined by 8 residents (0.01%) between 1998 and 1999, and by 89 residents (0.1%) between 1999 and 2000. In the Mersey-Lyell Region the estimated resident population declined by 506 people (0.5%) between 1998 and 1999, and 279 people (0.3%) between 1999 and 2000.
In 2000, there was an estimated average of 200,400 employed people (in original terms) in Tasmania, an increase of 3,800 on the estimated average of 196,600 employed people in 1999. An estimated average of 19,200 people were classed as unemployed in Tasmania in 2000. Of these, 10,100 were in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region, 5,000 were in the Northern Region, and 5,100 were in the Mersey-Lyell Region.
In 2000, Tasmania's average unemployment rate was 8.7%. The Greater Hobart-Southern Region had an unemployment rate of 9.4%, the Northern Region a rate of 7.7% and the Mersey-Lyell Region a rate of 10.5%. The Tasmanian participation rate was 59.2%. The Greater Hobart-Southern Region had a participation rate of 58.6%, the Northern Region a rate of 59.7% and the Mersey-Lyell Region a rate of 59.1%.
There were 282 schools in Tasmania in 2000, four fewer than in 1998. During the same period the proportion of schools run by private institutions (23.8% in 2000) increased by 0.7%. The number of Tasmanian full-time students attending both private and public schools dropped from 84,116 students in 1998, to 83,537 in 2000, a decline of 0.7%. This decrease in full-time students was greater in the private school sector (1.9%) than in the public system (0.3%). The number of Tasmanian students enrolled at the University of Tasmania increased by 1.3% between 1998 and 2000, from 10,517 students to 10,657 students.
The small decline in the number of schools between 1998 and 2000 at the State level, was spread evenly across the Regions, with the Greater Hobart-Southern Region losing two schools during the period, and the Northern and Mersey-Lyell Regions both losing one. During the same period the number of full-time students in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region declined by 178 students, the number in the Northern Region increased by 120 students, and the number in the Mersey-Lyell Region declined by 521 students. Between 1998 and 2000 the number of students from the Greater Hobart-Southern Region who enrolled at the University of Tasmania increased by 301, while decreasing in both the Northern and Mersey-Lyell Regions, by 117 and 44 students respectively.
The number of individual taxpayers in Tasmania declined from 195,100 in the 1997-98 financial year to 186,300 in the 1998-99 financial year, which was a decline of 4.5%. During the same period, Tasmania's mean taxable income increased by 5.7% from $29,285 to $30,953. The number of Tasmanians receiving the Age Pension and Disability Support Pension between 4 January 1999 and 4 June 2000 also increased, by 1.4% and 4.5% respectively. Similarly, in each of the Regions there was a decline in the number of taxpayers, as well as increases in the mean taxable income and the number of Age and Disability Support pension recipients. The Mersey-Lyell Region had the largest decline in taxpayers (5.6%), as well as the largest increase in taxable income (5.8%), and in Age Pension recipients (5.3%), while the Greater Hobart-Southern Region had the largest increase in Disability Support Pension recipients (7.5%). The proportion of taxpayers residing in the Mersey-Lyell, Northern and Greater Hobart-Southern Regions in 1999-2000 was 21.9%, 27.9% and 49.8% respectively.
In Tasmania in 2000, there were 3,367 reported motor vehicle thefts, 78 victims reporting armed robberies, and 194 victims reporting sexual assaults. Between 1998 and 2000 the number of victims reporting sexual assault and armed robbery decreased by 10.2 % and 8.2% respectively at the State level, while the number of motor vehicle thefts increased by 12.6%.
At the regional level in 2000, 67.8% of motor vehicle thefts occurred in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region, 24.9% in the Northern Region, and 7.2% in the Mersey-Lyell Region. The greatest percentage change in the number of reported vehicle thefts between 1998 and 2000 occurred in the Northern Region, with the number increasing by 75.7% during the period. The Greater Hobart-Southern Region also had the highest proportion of victims reporting armed robbery in the State in 2000 (60.3%), while the Northern Region had 32.1%, and the Mersey-Lyell Region, 7.7%. Between 1998 and 2000 the greatest change in the number of victims reporting armed robbery was in the Mersey-Lyell Region, in which the number of victims fell by 68.4%. In 2000, 53.6% of the victims reporting sexual assault were in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region, 22.2% in the Northern Region, and 24.2% in the Mersey-Lyell Region. The greatest change in the number of victims reporting this crime was in the Northern Region, where the number of victims reporting sexual assaults dropped by 24.6% between 1998 and 2000.
In 2000, there were 15,767 new motor vehicle registrations in Tasmania, a decrease of 3.1% from the number registered in 1998 (16,272). The majority of new motor vehicle registrations in the State in 2000 were in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region (58.0%), followed by the Northern Region (24.1%) and the Mersey-Lyell Region (17.8%).
There were 1,554 dwelling unit approvals recorded in Tasmania in 2000, 1.6% fewer than in 1999 and 3.9% more than in 1998. At the regional level, increases over the number of dwelling approvals in the previous year (of between 3% and 12%) were recorded in both 1999 and 2000 in all Regions except the Northern, in which there was a 15.3% decline between 1999 and 2000. The value of new residential building approvals in Tasmania in 2000 was estimated at $166.0m. This figure also increased during both years in all Regions except the Northern, in which there was a 10.1% decrease in the value of new residential building approvals between 1999 and 2000.
The value of non-residential building approvals fluctuated in the two years between 1998 and 2000, in all of the Regions and at the State level. At the State level the value of non-residential building approvals increased by 46.9% from $130.8m in 1998 to $192.1m in 1999, and then decreased by 17.6% to $158.3m in 2000. In the Greater Hobart-Southern Region, the value of non-residential building approvals increased by 94.9% between 1998 and 1999, and then fell by 23.1% to reach $91.6m in 2000. In the Northern Region there was a 10.4% decrease between 1998 and 1999, followed by an increase of 7.3% to reach $44.3m in 2000. In the Mersey-Lyell Region the value of non-residential building approvals increased by 34.9% between 1998 and 1999, and then fell by 29.7% to $22.3m in 2000.
In the year ending 31 March 1999, there were 4,446 agricultural establishments with an estimated value of agricultural operations (EVAO) of $5,000 or more operating in Tasmania, a decrease of 0.8% in the number reported for the previous year (4,482). Although there was a small decline in the number of establishments in all Regions between these years, the only Region that lost more than 10 agricultural establishments was the Mersey-Lyell Region, where the number of establishments fell by 27 (1.5%). Of all the agricultural establishments in the State in the year ending 31 March 1999, 39.0% were located in the Mersey-Lyell Region, 35.6% were in the Northern Region, and 25.4% were in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region.
The value of agricultural commodities produced (VACP) in Tasmania in the year ending 31 March 1998 was $678.2m. This value rose to $699.9m in the year ending 31 March 1999. The Mersey-Lyell Region contributed the largest share of Tasmania's VACP during that period, producing 43.5% ($304.7m) of the State total. In the same year, the Northern Region contributed 35.5% ($248.6m) and the Greater Hobart-Southern Region contributed 20.9% ($146.6m).
The number of hotel, motel, guest house and serviced apartment establishments with 15 or more rooms in operation during the December quarters of 1998, 1999 and 2000 showed very little variation, at both the Regional and State levels. Variation was apparent, however, in room occupancy rates and takings, with both increasing between 1998 and 2000 in the Greater Hobart-Southern Region, by 3.1% and 11.1%, respectively. Both room occupancy rates and takings declined between 1998 and 2000 in the Mersey-Lyell Region, by 5.4% and 1.4%, respectively. In the Northern Region during this period, the room occupancy rate declined by 0.8%, while takings from accommodation increased by 1.1%. Takings from accommodation also increased between 1998 and 2000 at the State level, by 5.9%, while the State's room occupancy rate remained stable.
Employment generated by hotels, motels, guest houses and serviced apartments either remained stable or declined in the three Regions during this period, declining at the State level by 3.0% in the 2000 December quarter.
In the December quarter 2000, the Greater Hobart-Southern Region had 40.6% of Tasmania's hotels, motels, guest houses and serviced apartments with 15 or more rooms and gathered 56.1% of the takings from accommodation, the Northern Region had 28.1% of these establishments and 25.8% of the takings, while the remaining 31.3% of the establishments were located in the Mersey-Lyell Region, which claimed 18.2% of the takings.
(a) Reported region of home residence.
(b) Includes data for Tasmanian individuals whose residential addresses cannot be assigned to one of the three regions.
(c) 1999 data: number of recipients at 4 January; 2000 data: number of recipients at 4 June.
(d) ABS statistical series are being impacted by varying degrees as a result of The New Tax System (TNTS), introduced in Australia from 1 July 2000. TNTS includes the removal of Wholesale Sales Tax and the introduction of a Goods and Service Tax (GST), and as a result, a number of ABS data series will reflect significant and subsequent impacts. Further information can be found in ABS Statistics and The New Tax System (Cat. no. 1358.0).
(e) Includes vehicles where the registered owner's residential address is located interstate but the vehicle is registered in Tasmania.
(f) Excludes establishments whose estimated value of agricultural operations is less than $5,000.
(g) Includes hotels, motels, guest houses and serviced apartments with 15 or more rooms. |
0.961786 | Wilhelmina was Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. Wilhelmina was the child of King William III and his second wife Emma of Waldeck. She became heir presumptive to the Dutch throne, after her brother and great uncle had died. She became queen when her died, when she was 10 years old. As she was still a minor, her mother served as regent until Wilhelmina became 18 years old, in 1901, she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin with whom she had a daughter Juliana. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World War I and World War II, the crisis of 1933. Outside the Netherlands she is remembered for her role in World War II. Princess Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, was born on 31 August 1880 in The Hague and she was the only child of King William III and his second wife, Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Her childhood was characterised by a relationship with her parents, especially with her father.
Through her father, Elizabeth was a granddaughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia, and a niece of both Russian emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. She grew up with her siblings in the Mikhailovsky Palace in Saint Petersburg. Elizabeth was said to be the prettiest among her sisters, and like her mother, Elena Pavlovna, she was graceful in manners, by the end of 1843, Duke of Nassau was visiting St. Petersburg and met Elizabeth for the first time. Adolfs stepmother was Princess Pauline of Württemberg, Elizabeths maternal aunt and Elizabeth fell in love and they eventually got married on 31 January 1844 in St. Petersburg. Elizabeth was 17 years old and Adolf was 26, after the wedding, the couple stayed in Russia for some time until they moved to Germany and took up residence in Castle Biebrich in Wiesbaden. Elizabeth, now Duchess of Nassau, was popular among the people and she and Adolf were happily married and the news that she was already pregnant with their first child brought great happiness to the couple.
It was a direct follow-up to the 1831 Treaty of the XVIII Articles which the Netherlands had refused to sign, and the result of negotiations at the London Conference of 1838–1839. Under the treaty, the European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium, article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion. Since 1815, Belgium had been a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in 1830 Catholic Belgians broke away and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. They could not accept the Dutch kings favouritism toward Protestantism and his disdain for the French language, outspoken liberals regarded King William Is rule as despotic. There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes, there was small-scale fighting but it took years before the Netherlands finally recognized defeat. In 1839 the Dutch accepted Belgian independence by signing the Treaty of London, the major powers guaranteed Belgian independence.
With the treaty, the provinces of the Netherlands became internationally recognized as the Kingdom of Belgium, while the province of Limburg was split into Belgian. The same happened to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg which lost two-thirds of its territory to the new Province of Luxembourg in what is termed the Third Partition of Luxembourg, belgiums de facto independence had been established through nine years of intermittent fighting. The treaty was a fundamental lawmaking treaty that became a cornerstone of European international law, when the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914 in violation of the treaty, the British declared war on 4 August. The Treaty of London guaranteed Belgium the right of transit by rail or canal over Dutch territory as an outway to the German Ruhr. This right was reaffirmed in a 24 May 2005 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in a dispute between Belgium and the Netherlands on the railway track, in 2004 Belgium requested a reopening of the Iron Rhine.
This was the result of the transport of goods between the port of Antwerp and the German Ruhr Area. As part of the European policy of modal shift on the traffic of goods, transport over railway lines. The Belgian request was based on the treaty of 1839, after a series of failed negotiations, the Belgian and Dutch governments agreed to take the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration and respect its ruling in the case. In its ruling of 24 May 2005, the court acknowledged both the Belgian rights under the treaty of 1839 and the Dutch concerns for part of the Meinweg National Park nature reserve. The 1839 treaty still applies, the court found, giving Belgium the right to use and modernise the Iron Rhine, however, it has to finance the modernisation of the line, while the Netherlands have to fund the repairs and maintenance of the route. Both countries will split the costs of the construction of a tunnel beneath the nature reserve, list of treaties Treaty of Maastricht Treaties of London Schlieffen Plan Calmes, Christian.
Princess Hilda Charlotte Wilhelmine of Nassau was the last Grand Duchess of Baden. She was the daughter of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Hilda married Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden on 20 September 1885 at Schloss Hohenburg. The marriage did not produce surviving children, the couple became Grand Duke and Grand Duchess in 1907. Hilda was described as intelligent and interested in art, and was present at art-exhibitions. Several schools and streets, such as the schools Hilda-Gymnasium in Pforzheim, Hilda-Gymnasium in Koblenz and Hilda were deposed as Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden, in 1918 when all German monarchies were overthrown. At the time of the revolution, her sister-in-law, Queen Victoria of Sweden, was visiting the family, after the abdication of the German emperor, riots spread in Karlsruhe on 11 November. The son of a courtier led a group of soldiers up to the front of the palace, followed by a crowd of people. Hilda, as well as the rest of the family, left the palace the backway, by permission of the new government, they were allowed to stay at the Langenstein Palace, which belonged to a Swedish count, Douglas.
Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia of Waldeck and Pyrmont was Queen of the Netherlands and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg by marriage to King-Grand Duke William III. An immensely popular member of the Dutch Royal Family, Queen Emma served as regent for her daughter, Queen Wilhelmina, during the latters minority from 1890 until 1898. Emma was born a Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont on 2 August 1858 in Arolsen Castle in Arolsen and she was the fourth daughter of Georg Viktor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, and Princess Helena of Nassau. Her brother, was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and her sister, was the wife of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, a son of Queen Victoria. Her maternal grandfather was William, Duke of Nassau, a grandson of Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau, Princess Emma married the elderly King William III in Arolsen on 7 January 1879, two years after the death of his first wife, Sophie of Württemberg. The aging, licentious King, once described as the greatest debauchee of the age, is supposed to have previously rejected by Princess Thyra of Denmark.
Schloss Hohenburg and formal gardens c. 1720, engraving by Michael Wening; the ruined Hohenburg is visible in the background to the left of the palace.
Sofia of Nassau as queen of Sweden, ca 1873.
A photograph of Crown Princess Sofia of Sweden with her husband, Crown Prince Oscar and their sons (Gustaf, Oscar Bernadotte, Carl and Eugén), 1865.
Queen Sofia in formal court dress, ca 1900. |
0.992393 | The text of the bill below is as of Dec 4, 2017 (Introduced).
To promote investments in renewable energy and consumer loans for residential solar energy systems.
This Act may be cited as the Green Banking Act .
does not include any activity that facilitates the production, use, transmission, or transportation of energy derived from fossil fuels.
In connection with a notice under this subsection, the Board shall consider whether performance of the activity by a bank holding company or a subsidiary of such company can reasonably be expected to produce benefits to the public, such as greater convenience, increased competition, or gains in efficiency, that outweigh possible adverse effects, such as undue concentration of resources, decreased or unfair competition, conflicts of interests, unsound banking practices, or risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system.
In connection with a notice related to an exemption under subsection (c)(14), the Board shall, in addition to the criteria listed under clause (i), consider whether performance of the activity by a bank holding company or a subsidiary of such company can reasonably be expected to produce a positive outcome for environmental protection, ecological sustainability, or technology advancement.
in paragraph (5)(A), by inserting or (c)(14) after (c)(8) .
Section 206 of the Bank Export Services Act (12 U.S.C. 635a–4) is amended, in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking section 4(c)(14)(F)(i) and inserting section 4(c)(15)(F)(i) .
The amendments made under this section shall not apply after the date that is 30 years after the date of enactment of this Act unless Congress enacts a joint resolution of approval.
develop appropriate and prudent underwriting guidelines relating to financing for residential solar energy systems, as defined in section 2(a) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1703(a)), to facilitate the secondary market for mortgages on housing with such systems for low- and moderate-income households, including systems not owned by the mortgagor but subject to lease, power purchase, or other contractual terms.
The Director shall conduct a review to identify ways to increase the financing for residential solar energy system property improvements in underserved markets, including examining current obstacles to such financing.
appropriate Federal and State energy agencies.
any legislative recommendations to promote greater use of residential solar energy systems. |
0.942499 | Tom Petty (born 20.10.1950) Tom Petty is an American rock 'n' roll songwriter and singer. He has played in a number of bands, including Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Traveling Wilburys and Mudcrutch.
Childhood: Tom Petty was born in Gainesville, Florida, where he attended Gainesville High School. At the age of 10, Petty met the celebrated rock 'n' roll star, Elvis Presley and thus began his love of music. Another defining moment for Petty was watching The Beatles on the Ed Sullivan show. One of Petty's first guitar tutors was Don Felder, later a member of The Eagles.
Musical Career: When his involvement with his early bands (The Epics, The Sundowners and Mudcrutch) had ceased, Petty began working with The Heartbreakers. In 1976, they released their debut album on Shelter Records, titled Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers. The line-up of the band was Ron Blair, Benmont Tench, Stan Lynch and Mike Campbell.
By the time of The Heartbreakers' fifth studio album, Long After Dark (1982), Ron Blair had left the band and had been replaced by Howie Epstein. They performed at 1985's Live Aid concert in Philadelphia. The band's next album, Southern Accents, launched the Dave Stewart-produced 'Don't Come Around Here No More.' Bob Dylan invited the band to support him on his True Confessions Tour and they also played with The Grateful Dead in 1986-7. In 1987, the band released 'Jammin' Me', which was co-written by Petty and Dylan. It was included on the album Let Me Up (I've Had Enough).
Along with George Harrison, Roy Orbison, Jeff Lynne and Bob Dylan, Tom Petty founded Traveling Wilburys. The band's debut album, Traveling Wilburys Vol.1 was released, followed by the confusingly-titled Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3, which was recorded without Orbison, as he had passed away by that point in time.
As a solo artist, Tom Petty released Full Moon Fever in 1989. Most of Traveling Wilburys, apart from Bob Dylan, appeared on the album so many fans consider it to be an unofficial Wilburys album. For his next album release, Petty rejoined The Heartbreakers and released Into The Great Wide Open in 1991. The single of the same name featured Faye Dunaway, Johnny Depp and Matt Le Blanc in the video.
Tom Petty signed a secret deal with Warner Bros. in 1989, despite still being signed to MCA. In 1994, Warner Bros. released Wildflowers, with Rick Rubin on production duties. The album sold over three million copies in the USA alone.
In 2002, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers released The Last DJ, which featured a number of attacks on the music industry.
In 2007, Mudcrutch, one of Petty's early bands, reunited and released an album in April 2008.
TV Appearances: Tom Petty has appeared as a voice actor in The Simpsons, as well as in his recurring role in King of the Hill as a character named Lucky.
Personal Life: In 1999, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers were awarded a star upon Hollywood's Walk of Fame.
In 1987, Tom Petty's house was ruined by an arson attack. The basement studio was unharmed.
Tom Petty was married to Jane Benyo for 22 years. They had two daughters together, Adria and Anna Kim.
In 2001, Petty married Dana York.
Wixen has slammed the streaming service with their latest major lawsuit.
Spotify has landed itself a lawsuit of $1.6 billion for allegedly using songs by the likes of Tom Petty and others without a license from the publishers. It's not the first time the streaming service has been in court over licensing and copyright issues, but we hope it will be the last.
Those at Wixen Music Publishing, who are responsible for licensing music from the likes of Tom Petty, The Beach Boys, Neil Young and others, have accused Spotify of infringement of the Copyright Act in their failure to obtain all necessary licenses for more than 10,000 songs on their service.
Stereophonics singer Kelly Jones has paid tribute to Stuart Cable after reflecting on his late friend in a new song.
The Welsh group's drummer tragically died seven years ago at the age of 40, after he quit the group in 2003, and his former band mate has reflected on their friendship in 'Anyone Knew Our Name', taken from their latest album 'Scream Above The Sounds', which was released on Friday (27.10.17).
Speaking to The Sun newspaper, Kelly reflected on his best friend - who he described as his brother - and revealed they had made their peace years before he passed away.
Ezra Koenig has dedicated his Beats 1 show 'Time Crisis' to late music legend Tom Petty, who passed away last week aged 66.
Ezra Koenig has dedicated a show to Tom Petty.
The Vampire Weekend frontman paid tribute to the late music legend, who passed away last week aged 66, by doing his Beats 1 show 'Time Crisis' in his honour, and revealed his favourite song is the star's well known hit 'Free Fallin''.
Bruce Springsteen has been left ''devastated and heartbroken'' after his ''long lost brother'' Tom Petty passed away.
Bruce Springsteen has paid tribute to his ''long lost brother'' Tom Petty.
The 'Born To Run' hitmaker has been left ''heartbroken'' after the loss of his pal - who passed away on Monday (02.10.17) aged 66 after having his life support turned off following a cardiac arrest - and admitted he always felt a ''deep kinship'' with his music.
He wrote on Twitter: ''Down here on E Street, we're devastated and heartbroken over the death of Tom Petty. Our hearts go out to his family and bandmates.
Life support was pulled for the singer after fatal cardiac arrest.
The world has lost another musical legend as it's revealed that Tom Petty has passed away at the age of 66 earlier this week following a cardiac arrest. The sad announcement comes just days after he wrapped his latest North American tour with The Heartbreakers.
The singer was admitted to hospital on Sunday evening (October 1st 2017) with a cardiac arrest after being found unconscious and not breathing at his Malibu home. Emergency services managed to get a pulse and rushed him to UCLA Santa Monica Hospital where he was immediately placed on a life support machine.
Former 'Fleetwood Mac' drummer Mick Fleetwood says the Malibu Guitar Festival is going to be ''great''.
Mick Fleetwood says the Malibu Guitar Festival is going to be ''great''.
The 69-year-old former drummer of Fleetwood Mac is joining the band's former guitarist Rick Vito in his side project The Mick Fleetwood Blues Band to showcase material from the band's early Peter Green-led period.
Speaking to the website ABC News Radio Online Mick said: ''We're all flying in from Hawaii and we're doing the one show and then going home.
Tom Petty loves nothing more than performing in England.
The 66-year-old musician - who makes up Petty and The Heartbreakers - is set to headline at the Barclaycard British Summer Time in London's Hyde Park next year, and the star has admitted nothing excites him more than taking to the stage in England because he ''loves'' the country.
He told NME Online: ''Well, we're coming over to England again. Nothing gets us more excited than that. We're so in love with that country. Musically, you can't really be a rock n' roll fan and not realise the debt you owe it.
The 66-year-old musician will close the show as the year's main event.
Tom Petty has been announced as 2017's MusiCares Person Of The Year and will be honoured with an award from the charity at a special gala and tribute concert held at the Los Angeles Convention Center next year. Tom and his band The Heartbreakers will also perform at the event.
T Bone Burnett has been revealed as the musical director of the MusiCares tribute concert, which will be in its 27th year come February. Proceeds from ticket sales for the show will go towards benefitting the MusiCares Foundation.
Why Is Sam Smith Paying Tom Petty Royalties For 'Stay With Me'?
Sam Smith's record company settled the matter out of court with Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne.
U.S rocker Tom Petty and ELO's Jeff Lynne have been added as writers of Sam Smith's mega-hit Stay With Me after an out-of-court settlement last October. Both songwriters now hold 12.5 per cent credits each after similarities were discovered between Smith's chart-topping ballad and Petty's chugging rock track I Won't Back Down, co-written with Lynne.
"Recently the publishers for the song "I Won't Back Down," written by Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne, contacted the publishers for "Stay With Me," written by Sam Smith, James Napier and William Phillips, about similarities heard in the melodies of the choruses of the two compositions," a representative for Smith told The Independent.
Continue reading: Why Is Sam Smith Paying Tom Petty Royalties For 'Stay With Me'? |
0.966949 | The console states the syntax error is originating from fckeditor.js, line 1. I looked through an html syntax tutorial and it seems as though this doctype tag is fine. Not sure what firebug is complaining about.
The undefined call to FCKeditor is from line 82 of FCKeditor/FCKeditor.body.php. This baffles me since LocalSettings.php loads --> FCKeditor/FCKeditor.php, which loads --> FCKeditor/fckeditor/fckeditor.php, which loads --> fckeditor_php5.php. It looks like this last file declares the FCkeditor class and constructor. After all of this FCkeditor.php loads the offending file, FCkeditor.body.php. Why would the FCKeditor class be undefined if the php5 file was loaded just before it?
No other changes to source code were made.
I've never used php or fckeditor in my life, how do I go about troubleshooting this type of problem?? I've been working on this for a week and am willing to do what is needed to get things running. Please help.
// Get the window (inner) size.
// Reduce the height to the offset of the toolbar.
// Add a small space to be left in the bottom.
// Enforce a minimum height.
// Create the editor instance and replace the textarea.
// Hide the default toolbar.
<p>Please note that all contributions to ZKwiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see <a href="/zkwiki/index.php?title=ZKwiki:Copyrights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZKwiki:Copyrights (not yet written)">ZKwiki:Copyrights</a> for details).
Well, although I have worked with FCKeditor in almost a year... I can offer my two cents.
Using the information you provided I can only tell you that you should watch for invalid formations in your XHTML, that's what firebug is really reporting.
XHTML is great and all, but it's damn picky about formatting and tidiness, something to always watch out for.
Did you ever figure out what was causing this? I have the exact same errors in my MediaWiki installation, using Cavendish as a theme. |
0.999998 | One of the saddest snow leopard facts is that this beautiful feline is an endangered species.
The magnificent snow leopard is native to northern and central Asia, and can be found in China, Russia, Afghanistan and several other countries.
Over 60% of the world's snow leopards live in China.
They are at home in the Himalayan mountains, and live in snow covered peaks as high as 17,000 feet in elevation.
This is a brutally harsh environment of rocky cliffs and steep outcrops.
Although they live in high elevations, they do not have the oxygen carrying adaptions of their blood hemoglobin that other high-altitude animals have.
It is actually a bit of a scientific mystery how snow leopards survive at such high altitude without this modification.
They are otherwise very well specialized to their habitat.
Very large, powerful and flexible paws act as snow shoes in drifts, and snow tires on ice.
A muscular, extra-long tail aids in balance as they climb and leap, and provides extra warmth wrapped completely around their curled up form as they sleep.
They have an incredibly thick, plush coat of fur, that sheds out and fills back in again as the seasons change.
And the hair coloration, brown and black spots on a field of cream and grey, allows these fairly large animals to practically disappear into their environment.
The camouflage coat, coupled with their elusive nature, nocturnal habits and unfriendly habitat, make them a very rare sight in the wild.
But humans, particularly goat farmers, are pushing further into the snow leopards terrain.
Wild species of goat are one of the prime food sources of the snow leopard, and as humans encroach, the leopards are hunted down to protect goat herds and other livestock.
The leopards magnificent coat can also be worth several hundred dollars on the black market.
For some people, that is more than they earn in an entire year.
So, it is estimated that less than 6,000 snow leopards exist in the wild.
And they are spread out over hundreds of thousands of square miles of hostile terrain, making reproduction, management and conservation, extremely difficult.
is the snow leopard really a big cat?
The snow leopard was discovered and officially classified in the 1700's. It was placed in it's own genus - Uncia - because of marked unique differences in skull structure.
It was not classified as a big cat, not only because of skeletal differences, but because the fibro-elastic tissue that forms part of the vocal apparatus in the Snow Leopard is underdeveloped in the snow leopard compared to the "big cats".
In short, the snow leopard cannot roar, and so was not considered a "big cat."
The "big cats" are the lion, tiger, leopard and jaguar, the members of the genus panthera.
Genetic studies done in 2007 seemed to indicate that the snow leopard was more closely related to the tiger.
Another study suggested that they had, at one time, interbred with lions.
As a result of these studies, the snow leopard was reclassified. It was placed in the genus panthera, and became the fifth "big cat".
There has been a general trend toward favoring genetics over physiology in recent years, but the motivation here may have been political.
The snow leopards reclassification as a "big cat", may help raise awareness of the plight of this stunning animal.
But science should never be stretched, no matter what the cause. |
0.970135 | Introduction Gender disparities in income continue to exist, and many studies have quantified the gap between male and female workers. These studies paint an incomplete picture of gender income disparity because of their reliance on notoriously inaccurate or incomplete surveys. We quantified gender reimbursement disparity between female and male healthcare providers using objective, non-self-reported data and attempted to adjust the disparity against commonly held beliefs as to why it exists.
Methods We analysed over three million publicly available Medicare reimbursement claims for calendar year 2012 and compared the reimbursements received by male and female healthcare providers in 13 medical specialties. We adjusted these reimbursement totals against how hard providers worked, how productive each provider was, and their level of experience. We calculated a reimbursement differential between male and female providers by primary medical specialty.
Results The overall adjusted reimbursement differential against female providers was −US$18 677.23 (95% CI −US$19 301.94 to −US$18 052.53). All 13 specialties displayed a negative reimbursement differential against female providers. Only two specialties had reimbursement differentials that were not statistically significant.
Conclusions After adjustment for how hard a physician works, his/her years of experience and his/her productivity, female healthcare providers are still reimbursed less than male providers. Using objective, non-survey data will provide a more accurate understanding of this reimbursement inequity and perhaps lead the medical profession (as a whole) towards a solution that can reverse this decades-old injustice.
For decades studies have shown inequities in pay between women and men. Some of the earliest analyses of pay inequity were conducted in the 1970s, and, since that time, reports indicate that women consistently earn less than their male contemporaries.1 ,2 Indeed one would be hard pressed to identify a single calendar year in which female workers achieved earnings parity with their male counterparts.
Many studies have theorised that pay disparities result from women (1) undervaluing the services they provide, (2) working fewer hours and/or (3) being less productive.3–10 Unfortunately, these theories are based on analyses of data that are susceptible to bias and/or not adjusted for confounding variables.11 ,12 A large proportion of these studies rely on self-reported income and many do not adjust for factors that could influence gender pay.13 ,14 With such limitations, we believe that the medical community could improve upon its understanding of gender pay inequality. We quantified gender reimbursement disparity between female and male healthcare providers using objective, non-self-reported data and attempted to adjust the disparity against commonly held beliefs as to why it exists.
Unlike survey data used by previous investigators, the 2014 Medicare PUF did not include: hours worked, non-clinical earnings, bonus/incentive/performance monies, medical school type/location/graduation date, or years in clinical practice. The PUF included the National Provider Identifier (NPI), which we used to estimate the years in clinical practice for each provider. The National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) generates a unique NPI for each healthcare provider.16 ,17 Each provider receives an NPI from NPPES once and uses that NPI to submit reimbursement claims to CMS during the entirety of their active clinical practice. We cross-referenced the NPI listed in the 2014 Medicare PUF with the NPPES Data Dissemination File (http://download.cms.gov/nppes/NPI_Files.html) and calculated the time between the year a provider's NPI was generated (enumeration year) and the year 2012. We used this value as a surrogate for years of clinical experience.
We restricted our analyses to providers who self-identified as practicing internal medicine, family practice, or a medical specialty, such as cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, rheumatology, haematology, medical oncology, haematology and oncology, pulmonary, critical care, infectious disease or gastroenterology.
We used Microsoft Excel and JMP to perform multiple linear regression analyses and calculated an adjusted reimbursement differential between women and men. Our statistical threshold for significance was p<0.05. Wherever possible, we followed the STROBE and SAMPL guidelines for conducting observational research and reporting results, respectively.21 ,22 The institutional review boards of the Department of Veterans Affairs (Salisbury, North Carolina, USA) and East Carolina University—Brody School of Medicine (Greenville, North Carolina, USA) approved this study.
The Medicare PUF for calendar year 2012 contained 9 153 273 records for 882 125 providers. We included the records of providers in 13 medical specialties, resulting in 3 549 862 records for 246 995 providers. We were either missing or unable to download and/or analyse records for 1344 providers (0.5%). Of the remaining providers in our dataset (245 651), nearly 70% were generalists in either internal medicine (91 336; 37%) or family practice (77 452; 32%). The greatest number of specialists was in cardiology (22 150; 9%) and the fewest in haematology (682; 0.3%).
The dataset with which we worked had a 70:30 ratio of male to female providers. Cardiology had the lowest percentage of female providers (10.7%). No specialty had an equal percentage of male/female providers; endocrinology came close to parity with a male/female ratio of 57:43. Tables 1 and 2 summarise our baseline data.
In the unadjusted analysis, female providers were reimbursed US$34 125.68 (95% CI −US$34 991.61 to −US$33 259.76) less. Six specialties had a female reimbursement differential greater than the overall differential (cardiology, haematology/oncology, haematology, nephrology, medical oncology and rheumatology); all differentials were statistically significant. The narrowest reimbursement differentials were in family practice (−US$15 029.77 (95% CI −US$15 627.83 to −US$14 431.70)) and infectious disease (−US$19 176.82 (95% CI −US$23 177.82 to −US$15 175.83)), but female providers had a statistically significant gap in reimbursement compared with male providers in every specialty. Table 3 summarises the unadjusted analysis.
In the adjusted analysis, we used surrogate observations to account for three confounders purported to affect the disparity in gender reimbursement: years of experience (surrogate: years since NPI enumerated), productivity (surrogate: number of services provided) and hours worked (surrogate: number of beneficiaries seen). The overall adjusted reimbursement differential was −US$18 677.23 (95% CI −US$19 301.94 to −US$18 052.53). Nephrology displayed the largest statistically significant gender differential of −US$16 688.96 (95% CI −US$21 437.04 to −US$11 940.88). Of the 13 specialties, only haematology and medical oncology had differentials that were not statistically significant. Table 3 and figure 1 summarise the adjusted analyses.
Adjusted specialty-specific reimbursement differentials (bars) against number of providers (dotted line). Black bars: p<0.05.
After adjustment for hours worked, productivity and level of experience, female healthcare providers received lower reimbursements than their male counterparts. Investigators have often cited at least one of these explanations for the disparity in physician pay.3 ,5–9 ,23 Despite these adjustments, female providers received statistically lower reimbursements in 11 of 13 medical specialities.
Weeks and Wallace have extensively analysed the income disparities for physicians.3 ,6–9 Their work has revealed widespread inequality in an overwhelming number of specialties and has led them to conclude that three variables are likely to affect this inequality: physician effort, physician experience and practice characteristics. In the present investigation, we adjusted for physician effort and experience using objective, non-self-reported surrogate observations. We were unable to adjust for practice characteristics because the Medicare PUF did not contain such information.
Baker5 and Sasser23 expounded on the theories of Weeks and Wallace by suggesting that type of specialty affects physician income. Female physicians are more likely to work in less lucrative specialties, so their incomes will be lower than their male counterparts who more commonly work in highly lucrative fields. Baker's work also shed light on the factors that did not affect income, namely biological age, ethnic group and type/geography of medical school.5 Therefore, we adjusted our analysis for 13 medical specialties. We found that in 11 of these specialties, female providers received statistically less reimbursement than male providers irrespective of the amount worked, level of productivity or years of experience.
In 2009, Cron and Gilly reintroduced ‘inherent value’ to the discussion of gender pay inequality.24 Female workers receive less money because they price their services lower than male counterparts. This idea may hold true in traditional industries. In healthcare, insurance companies set the price for most services, with a heavy reliance on the pricing trends established by Medicare. Differences in prices are more likely to be due to geographic considerations or concomitant services provided than the negotiating prowess of individual providers.25 As a result, individual providers are less likely to undervalue themselves because they are unlikely to broadly affect prices for healthcare services.
Another strength is our ability to adjust for variables that have been proposed to be the reasons for gender pay inequality.29 ,30 After adjusting for physician work hours, productivity and years of experience, we found a statistically significant gender reimbursement differential in 85% of specialties analysed.
As with all investigations, ours has limitations worthy of mention. First, we used surrogate markers to estimate physician work hours, productivity and years of experience. Prior investigations have directly measured these variables through the use of surveys.3 ,5–9 ,18 ,23 ,24 ,28 We knowingly used surrogate variables in our analyses to avoid the uncertainties of working with survey data.11 Second, we analysed reimbursements from Medicare Part B only. While Medicare is the largest insurer of patients in the USA, we ignored reimbursements from other agencies/companies, including other federal programmes (eg, Federal Employees Health Benefits, Tricare) and the Medicare Advantage plan.15 ,29 ,31 Could there be more female providers receiving higher reimbursements from other agencies than male providers? The data needed to answer this and other questions were not available to us. Had it been available, our analyses would have provided an even more complete picture of reimbursement differentials. Third, our analysis does not address quality of care. Because the Medicare PUF does not contain such information, we do not know if quality of care affects provider reimbursement.15 Lastly, and perhaps most regrettably, we still do not have an answer as to why female providers are reimbursed less than their male counterparts.
Female healthcare providers are reimbursed less than their male contemporaries.
The Medicare Public Use File is one of the largest publicly accessible databases to contain reimbursement data.
After adjustment for productivity, amount of work and years of experience, female providers are reimbursed less than their male counterparts.
Is the reimbursement disparity limited to Medicare, or is it seen with other insurance companies?
Can we quantify hours worked and productivity in a more direct manner than using surrogates or survey data?
How can the medical profession resolve the gender disparity in reimbursement?
. Practices grapple with new pressures. Medical Economics. 11/10/2014. http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/medical-economics/news/physician-practices-grapple-new-financial-pressures?page=full (retrieved 1 Dec 2014).
The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. American Association of University Women. 2015. http://www.aauw.org/files/2015/09/The-Simple-Truth-Fall-2015.pdf (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
. Survey Research: Errors and Limits. 2012. http://home.business.utah.edu/bebrpsp/URPL5010/Lectures/7_ErrorSources.pdf (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
. Income measurement error in surveys: a review. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/srd/papers/pdf/sm97-05.pdf (retrieved 13 Jan 2016).
. Examining the relationship between the accuracy of self-reported data and the availability of respondent financial records. RTI International, 2012. https://www.rti.org/pubs/aapor12_geisen_paper.pdf (retrieved 13 Jan 2016).
Medicare Fee-for Service Provider Utilization & Payment Data Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File: A Methodological Overview.. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Office of Information Products and Data Analytics. 2014. https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Medicare-Provider-Charge-Data/Downloads/Medicare-Physician-and-Other-Supplier-PUF-Methodology.pdf (retrieved 1 May 2014).
National Plan and Provider Enumeration System Data Dissemination Public File– Code Values. 2013. https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/HIPAA-Administrative-Simplification/NationalProvIdentStand/Downloads/Data_Dissemination_File-Code_Values.pdf (retrieved 1 May 2014).
National Plan and Provider Enumeration System Data Dissemination Public File– Readme. 2013. https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/HIPAA-Administrative-Simplification/NationalProvIdentStand/Downloads/Data_Dissemination_File-Readme.pdf (retrieved 1 May 2014).
A Survey of America's Physicians: Practice Patterns and Perspectives. The Physicians Foundation. 2012. http://www.physiciansfoundation.org/uploads/default/Physicians_Foundation_2012_Biennial_Survey.pdf (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
. How many patients should your doctor see each day? The Washington Post 22 May 2014. http://wpo.st/ViX31 (retrieved 13 Jan 2016).
. Basic Statistical Reporting for Articles Published in the Biomedical Journals: The “Statistical Analyses and Methods in the Published Literature” or The “SAMPL Guidelines”. September 2013. http://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SAMPL-Guidelines-3-13-13.pdf (retrieved 29 Oct 2013).
. The role of gender and family in the labor market. Ann Arbor, MI: Bell and Howell Information and Learning Company, 2001.
. Geographic Adjustment of Medicare Payments to Physicians: Evaluation of IOM Recommendations. 2012. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/medicare-fee-for-service-payment/physicianfeesched/downloads/geographic_adjustment_of_medicare_physician_payments_july2012.pdf (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
Limitations of the Data. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/95statab/app3.pdf (retrieved 13 Jan 2016).
. Physician Careers: Understanding the Market. Doximity. 2016. http://blog.doximity.com/post/138152892296/physician-careers-understanding-the-market (retrieved 27 Jan 2016).
. Large Gender Pay Gap for Medicare Physicians. Law and Health 30 April 2014. http://health.wolterskluwerlb.com/2014/04/large-gender-pay-gap-for-medicare-physicians/ (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
NerdWallet Medicare Reimbursement Data. 22 April 2014. http://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/health/personal-health-finance/doctor-salary-gender-pay-gap/ (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
. Study: Medicare pays male doctors more. The Daily Caller News Foundation 22 April 2014. http://dailycaller.com/2014/04/22/study-medicare-pays-male-doctors-more/ (retrieved 30 Dec 2015).
. How to bridge that stubborn pay gap. The New York Times 15 January 2016. http://nyti.ms/1JOsZAO (retrieved 15 Jan 2016).
Presidential Documents, Memorandum of April 8, 2014. Advancing pay equality through compensation data collection. Federal Register 2014;79:20751.
Contributors TD: designed the experiment, performed data analyses and drafted manuscript. SA: designed the experiment. XF: performed data analyses. WT, PJ, TV: designed the experiment. |
0.978132 | The earliest balloon flights could be said to be scientific in nature because no one knew what the effects would be. Montgolfier's passengers—animal and human—experienced no ill effects from their flights. Jacques Charles, who climbed in 1783, to almost 9,000 feet (2,743 meters) in a hydrogen-filled balloon, suffered severe pain in his ear from gas trapped in the middle ear.
John Jeffries, an American physician, performed barometric, thermometric, and hygrometric observations in flights over London during 1784, and sampled air at different altitudes. He had planned to make additional atmospheric observations when he and the French aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard crossed the English Channel in a hydrogen-filled balloon in 1785. Unfortunately, they had to throw their scientific instruments overboard to keep the balloon aloft and did not make any scientific observations. When Jeffries returned to the United States, he wrote of his experiences. His legacy survives in the John Jeffries Award, which is presented annually to the physician who makes the greatest contribution to aerospace medicine.
A July 1803 flight in Hamburg, Germany, was the first made expressly for scientific purposes. Etienne Robertson and a music teacher named Lloest ascended in L'Entrepremant, the balloon that had served Napoleon at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794. After the flight, Robertson claimed to have climbed to a record 23,526 feet (7,171 meters). But others were skeptical because of Robertson's outlandish description of the effects of the high altitude and also because it was doubtful that two people could have ascended to such an altitude with a balloon as small as L'Entrepremant. The scientists J.B. Biot and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac made electromagnetic observations in their flight from the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris on August 24, 1804. According to their barometer, they rose to 13,000 feet (3,962 meters).
Later, Gay-Lussac made another flight by himself and ascended to 23,000 feet (7,010 meters)—a record that was held for 50 years. At that height, he experienced quickened pulse, shortness of breath, and finally unconsciousness—symptoms of oxygen deprivation—until the balloon began to descend. He still managed, however, to collect air samples at over 20,000 feet (6,000 meters), study the variation of pressure and temperature, and repeat his earlier electromagnetic observations.
Gay-Lussac's was the last important high-altitude flight until 1862, when two Englishmen, Henry Coxwell and James Glaisher, made several fairly uneventful high-altitude flights. They rose to a height of 24,000 feet (7,315 meters) from Wolveringhampton, England, using a new balloon with a capacity of 90,000 cubic feet (2,548.5 cubic meters) that they later named the Mammoth. On September 5, 1862, however, their flight was anything but routine.
It began much like any other. The weather was overcast and chilly, and at 11,000 feet (3,353 meters), they rose through the clouds into bright sunshine. They reached the height of 5 miles (8 kilometers), which was higher than a manned balloon had ever risen.
At this point, problems began. Glaisher began to have trouble seeing and could not read his instruments. Coxwell, having exerted himself more, had difficulty breathing. In addition, the balloon cord had become tangled, and they could not release gas to allow the balloon to descend. They continued to rise, reaching 29,000 feet (8,839 meters). Glaisher first became unable to move his limbs, then could not speak, and finally lost consciousness. Eventually, he regained consciousness and continued to observe his symptoms. Coxwell's hand had become numb from the cold, but he finally was able to grasp the balloon cord with his teeth and release hydrogen so that the balloon descended and landed safely. Both passengers survived extreme oxygen deprivation. Glaisher estimated that they had reached 37,000 feet (11,278 meters) or 7 miles (11.3 kilometers). Others thought it was more in the range of 30,000 feet (9,144 meters), which was still higher than anyone had flown before without breathing apparatus.
Both men made several more flights, but neither ever flew quite so high again. Over the course of their 27 flights, they systematically tested the scientific potential of the balloon and made many important scientific observations. They measured air temperature and the atmospheric moisture at different elevations. They used different types of thermometers and barometers for comparative temperature and pressure measurements. They investigated the electricity and the oxygen levels in the atmosphere and determined the direction and electricity of the atmospheric currents at different altitudes. They determined the types and heights of clouds and their density and thickness. Their last flight was on May 26, 1866.
In Paris in the early 1870s, the French physiologist, Paul Bert, conducted some 700 experiments with barometric pressure and became known as the "Father of Aviation Medicine." He used sparrows to study the effects of different atmospheres on survival. Bert proved that the reduced air pressure at high altitudes had a major impact on the body. He built the first low-pressure, or decompression, chamber—an airtight tank in which the atmospheric pressure could be varied to simulate any altitude.
The scientists Sivel and Croce-Spinelli subjected themselves to low pressures in Bert's chamber to learn how to use oxygen to protect themselves at high altitudes. After one successful high-altitude flight, they tried another in April 1875. Joined by the balloonist Gaston Tissandier, they ascended in the Zénith from a site near Paris in order to test an oxygen breathing apparatus that had been tested successfully in a decompression chamber. But they took too little oxygen with them and decided to hold off from using their supply as long as they could. They climbed to 28,820 feet (8,784 meters). At that height, they lost the use of their limbs so they could not use their meager oxygen supply. They became unconscious. While unconscious, they began an uncontrolled climb because they had thrown out too much ballast. Tissandier somehow regained consciousness and found that the balloon had started descending on its own, carrying two unconscious, and very likely dead, aeronauts. He managed to bring the balloon down safely and survived, but Sivel and Croce-Spinelli were dead.
This tragedy demonstrated the importance of using oxygen masks rather than depending on self-administration of oxygen when the balloonist felt he needed it. It also showed the importance of acclimating oneself to high-altitude conditions. Tissandier, and Coxwell and Glaisher before him, had made several high-altitude flights and had built up some tolerance to reduced oxygen levels. Sivel and Croce-Spinelli had never made high-altitude flights before but had relied only on their experiences in the decompression chamber—with fatal results.
During this period, the use of unmanned meteorological research balloons to probe the upper atmosphere began. In 1892, the French scientist Gustave Hermite and the aeronaut Georges Besancon used unmanned fabric or paper balloons that carried instruments. In 1901, they constructed small rubber balloons that were designed to expand until reaching a particular altitude where they would burst. Then their instruments would descend by parachute.
The last of the manned high-altitude balloon flights occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. On December 4, 1894, Herr Berson rose to 30,000 feet (9,144 meters) in his 92,000-cubic-foot (2,605-cubic-meter) Phoenix from a site in Strasburg, Austria. His improved instruments accurately recorded temperatures that were unaffected by solar radiation. In 1901, Berson and Professor Süring, both of the Prussian Meteorological Institute, ascended in the Preussen (Prussia) to a record height of 35,500 feet (10,820 meters). This record stood until 1931 when Auguste Piccard of Switzerland set a new record.
French sounding balloons constructed by Jules Richard began to be used in 1893. These unmanned balloons, carrying light, but very precise instruments, approached an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters). In 1899, the meteorologist Léon Teisserenc de Bort discovered the stratosphere, the zone between 33,000 and 66,000 feet (10,058 and 20,117 meters) above the Earth's surface where temperatures remain the same or even increase with increasing height.
In 1897, the Swedish engineer Salomon Andrze tried to fly across the North Pole in a balloon. His balloon went down, though, three days after its ascent from the island of Spitsbergen in Norway. His remains were not found until the 1930s. |
0.999926 | Could someone explain? I understand the basic concepts behind them but I often see them used interchangeably and I get confused.
And now that we're here, how do they differ from a regular function?
A lambda is just an anonymous function - a function defined with no name. In some languages, such as Scheme, they are equivalent to named functions. In fact, the function definition is re-written as binding a lambda to a variable internally. In other languages, like Python, there are some (rather needless) distinctions between them, but they behave the same way otherwise.
Because here, func is defined in anotherfunc, and in python 2.3 and greater (or some number like this) when they almost got closures correct (mutation still doesn't work), this means that it closes over anotherfunc's environment and can access variables inside of it. In Python 3.1+, mutation works too when using the nonlocal keyword.
This, as you notice, has nothing to do with lambdas - they are two different (although related) concepts.
There is a lot of confusion around lambdas and closures, even in the answers to this StackOverflow question here. Instead of asking random programmers who learned about closures from practice with certain programming languages or other clueless programmers, take a journey to the source (where it all began). And since lambdas and closures come from Lambda Calculus invented by Alonzo Church back in the '30s before first electronic computers even existed, this is the source I'm talking about.
APPLICATION: Applying one expression to another, denoted f x.
ABSTRACTION: Binds a symbol occurring in an expression to mark that this symbol is just a "slot", a blank box waiting to be filled with value, a "variable" as it were. It is done by prepending a Greek letter λ (lambda), then the symbolic name (e.g. x), then a dot . before the expression. This then converts the expression into a function expecting one parameter.
For example: λx.x+2 takes the expression x+2 and tells that the symbol x in this expression is a bound variable – it can be substituted with a value you supply as a parameter.
Note that the function defined this way is anonymous – it doesn't have a name, so you can't refer to it yet, but you can immediately call it (remember application?) by supplying it the parameter it is waiting for, like this: (λx.x+2) 7. Then the expression (in this case a literal value) 7 is substituted as x in the subexpression x+2 of the applied lambda, so you get 7+2, which then reduces to 9 by common arithmetics rules.
lambda is the anonymous function from the example above, λx.x+2.
OK, now it's time to solve the other mystery: what is a closure. In order to do that, let's talk about symbols (variables) in lambda expressions.
As I said, what the lambda abstraction does is binding a symbol in its subexpression, so that it becomes a substitutible parameter. Such a symbol is called bound. But what if there are other symbols in the expression? For example: λx.x/y+2. In this expression, the symbol x is bound by the lambda abstraction λx. preceding it. But the other symbol, y, is not bound – it is free. We don't know what it is and where it comes from, so we don't know what it means and what value it represents, and therefore we cannot evaluate that expression until we figure out what y means.
In fact, the same goes with the other two symbols, 2 and +. It's just that we are so familiar with these two symbols that we usually forget that the computer doesn't know them and we need to tell it what they mean by defining them somewhere, e.g. in a library or the language itself.
You can think of the free symbols as defined somewhere else, outside the expression, in its "surrounding context", which is called its environment. The environment might be a bigger expression that this expression is a part of (as Qui-Gon Jinn said: "There's always a bigger fish" ;) ), or in some library, or in the language itself (as a primitive).
CLOSED expressions: every symbol that occurs in these expressions is bound by some lambda abstraction. In other words, they are self-contained; they don't require any surrounding context to be evaluated. They are also called combinators.
OPEN expressions: some symbols in these expressions are not bound – that is, some of the symbols occurring in them are free and they require some external information, and thus they cannot be evaluated until you supply the definitions of these symbols.
You can CLOSE an open lambda expression by supplying the environment, which defines all these free symbols by binding them to some values (which may be numbers, strings, anonymous functions aka lambdas, whatever…).
The closure of a lambda expression is this particular set of symbols defined in the outer context (environment) that give values to the free symbols in this expression, making them non-free anymore. It turns an open lambda expression, which still contains some "undefined" free symbols, into a closed one, which doesn't have any free symbols anymore.
Well, the corporate marketoids of Sun/Oracle, Microsoft, Google etc. are to blame, because that's what they called these constructs in their languages (Java, C#, Go etc.). They often call "closures" what are supposed to be just lambdas. Or they call "closures" a particular technique they used to implement lexical scoping, that is, the fact that a function can access the variables that were defined in its outer scope at the time of its definition. They often say that the function "encloses" these variables, that is, captures them into some data structure to save them from being destroyed after the outer function finishes executing. But this is just made-up post factum "folklore etymology" and marketing, which only makes things more confusing, because every language vendor uses its own terminology.
If you want to implement a language that uses lambdas as first-class citizens, you need to allow them to use symbols defined in their surrounding context (that is, to use free variables in your lambdas). And these symbols must be there even when the surrounding function returns. The problem is that these symbols are bound to some local storage of the function (usually on the call stack), which won't be there anymore when the function returns. Therefore, in order for a lambda to work the way you expect, you need to somehow "capture" all these free variables from its outer context and save them for later, even when the outer context will be gone. That is, you need to find the closure of your lambda (all these external variables it uses) and store it somewhere else (either by making a copy, or by preparing space for them upfront, somewhere else than on the stack). The actual method you use to achieve this goal is an "implementation detail" of your language. What's important here is the closure, which is the set of free variables from the environment of your lambda that need to be saved somewhere.
and these data structures are being passed around as parameters to other functions, returned from functions, and stored in variables, to represent lambdas, and allowing them to access their enclosing environment as well as the machine code to run in that context. But it's just a way (one of many) to implement closure, not the closure itself.
As I explained above, the closure of a lambda expression is the subset of definitions in its environment that give values to the free variables contained in that lambda expression, effectively closing the expression (turning an open lambda expression, which cannot be evaluated yet, into a closed lambda expression, which can then be evaluated, since all the symbols contained in it are now defined).
Anything else is just a "cargo cult" and "voo-doo magic" of programmers and language vendors unaware of the real roots of these notions.
I hope that answers your questions. But if you had any follow-up questions, feel free to ask them in the comments, and I'll try to explain it better.
That doesn't seem like much but what if this was all in another function and you passed incrementX to an external function?
Not all closures are lambdas and not all lambdas are closures. Both are functions, but not necessarily in the manner we're used to knowing.
A lambda is essentially a function that is defined inline rather than the standard method of declaring functions. Lambdas can frequently be passed around as objects.
A closure is a function that encloses its surrounding state by referencing fields external to its body. The enclosed state remains across invocations of the closure.
In an object-oriented language, closures are normally provided through objects. However, some OO languages (e.g. C#) implement special functionality that is closer to the definition of closures provided by purely functional languages (such as lisp) that do not have objects to enclose state.
What's interesting is that the introduction of Lambdas and Closures in C# brings functional programming closer to mainstream usage.
It's as simple as this: lambda is a language construct, i.e. simply syntax for anonymous functions; a closure is a technique to implement it -- or any first-class functions, for that matter, named or anonymous.
More precisely, a closure is how a first-class function is represented at runtime, as a pair of its "code" and an environment "closing" over all the non-local variables used in that code. This way, those variables are still accessible even when the outer scopes where they originate have already been exited.
Unfortunately, there are many languages out there that do not support functions as first-class values, or only support them in crippled form. So people often use the term "closure" to distinguish "the real thing".
From the view of programming languages, they are completely two different things.
Basically for a Turing complete language we only needs very limited elements, e.g. abstraction, application and reduction. Abstraction and application provides the way you can build up lamdba expression, and reduction dertermines the meaning of the lambda expression.
You can rename the parameters, but the task that it completes doesn't change. In almost all of programming languages, you can give the lambda expression a name, which are named functions. But there is no much difference, they can be conceptually considered as just syntax sugar.
OK, now imagine how this can be implemented. Whenever we apply the lambda expression to some expressions, e.g.
We can simply substitute the parameters with the expression to be evaluated. This model is already very powerful. But this model doesn't enable us to change the values of symbols, e.g. We can't mimic the change of status. Thus we need a more complex model. To make it short, whenever we want to calculate the meaning of the lambda expression, we put the pair of symbol and the corresponding value into an environment(or table). Then the rest (+ x y) is evaluated by looking up the corresponding symbols in the table. Now if we provide some primitives to operate on the environment directly, we can model the changes of status!
So z would be bound to 1 in an outer table. We still get a function which accepts two parameters but the real meaning of it also depends on the outer environment. In other words the outer environment closes on the free variables. With the help of set!, we can make the function stateful, i.e, it's not a function in the sense of maths. What it returns not only depends on the input, but z as well.
This is something you already know very well, a method of objects almost always relies on the state of objects. That's why some people say "closures are poor man's objects. " But we could also consider objects as poor man's closures since we really like first class functions.
I use scheme to illustrate the ideas due to that scheme is one of the earliest language which has real closures. All of the materials here are much better presented in SICP chapter 3.
To sum up, lambda and closure are really different concepts. A lambda is a function. A closure is a pair of lambda and the corresponding environment which closes the lambda.
Concept is same as described above, but if you are from PHP background, this further explain using PHP code.
A closure is a function that is evaluated in its own environment, which has one or more bound variables that can be accessed when the function is called. They come from the functional programming world, where there are a number of concepts in play. Closures are like lambda functions, but smarter in the sense that they have the ability to interact with variables from the outside environment of where the closure is defined.
Nicely explained in this article.
This question is old and got many answers. Now with Java 8 and Official Lambda that are unofficial closure projects it revives the question.
"A closure is a lambda expression paired with an environment that binds each of its free variables to a value. In Java, lambda expressions will be implemented by means of closures, so the two terms have come to be used interchangeably in the community."
It depends on whether a function uses external variable or not to perform operation.
External variables - variables defined outside the scope of a function.
Lambda expressions are stateless because It depends on parameters, internal variables or constants to perform operations.
Closures hold state because it uses external variables (i.e. variable defined outside the scope of the function body) along with parameters and constants to perform operations.
When Java creates closure, it keeps the variable n with the function so it can be referenced when passed to other functions or used anywhere.
where function is built in java code. now you can call mapPersonToJob.apply(person) somewhere to use it. thats just one example. Thats a lambda before there was syntax for it. Lambdas a short cut for this.
a Lambda becomes a closure when it can access the variables outside of this scope. i guess you can say its magic, it magically can wrap around the environment it was created it and use the variables outside of its scope(outer scope. so to be clear, a closure means a lambda can access its OUTER SCOPE.
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Difference between closures and lambdas?
Are Lambda expressions in C# closures? |
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0.999952 | How to Select a Good Commercial Landscaper There are many landscaping firms in the market to choose from and without the proper guidance the person can fall into the hands of the wrong landscaper that will give the person poor quality services when they are hired to manage the lawn. The main place to begin the search is to check the list of commercial landscaping service providers in the area because each commercial landscaping company is different and some companies handle all the work in-house, and there are landscaping firms that use sub-contractors, and it is vital to find out beforehand. There are a lot of services which landscaping services offer which include services like landscape maintenance services which include trimming, mowing, pruning, blowing, chemical sprays and edging, and other landscape enhancement services like installing annual color, creating new landscape designs and replacing dying plants. Other services include construction and landscape design that covered issues like retaining walls, planting beds, sidewalks, patios, seating areas and focal points; irrigation management services that include: installing, upgrading, repairing and maintaining systems or snow and ice management services that include: clearing walkways, parking lots, stairs and roadways to avoid slip-and-fall accidents. The client has to ensure that the company follows sustainable practices because as per a certain study 80% of the global millennial involved in that study want brands and corporations that solve some of the world issues such as conservation efforts like using energy-sustainable landscapes. The landscaping company chosen should have a sustainability as their central agenda in everything that they do right from the materials and plants that will be used all the way to the water management plans for the site.
There is a need for the client to ascertain the environmental friendliness of the company policy by asking questions on issues like the use of native plants that will require less water and maintenance, incorporating sustainability into the project, source for local materials where possible and whether they have any recommendations on making the site more efficient. Having sustainable landscape will help the person to cut costs and prevent any wastage, and features like LED lighting and irrigation systems can go a long way in reducing the cost of running the home.
The client needs to research on the company’s experience and qualifications by finding out as much as they can about the company beforehand to avoid any unpleasant surprises. There is a requirement that the client needs to find out what kinds of industry skills, certifications, and affiliations the company holds and most companies will list these requirements on their websites. Some of the needed qualifications include the following: certified professional horticulturist, certified landscape technician, certified pesticide applicator and ICPI certified concrete paver installer who are professionals that are suited to handling various tasks in landscaping issues. |
0.977951 | A Christchurch tour operator who takes tourists up Baldwin St in a 12-seat vehicle says his business is not supported by i-SITE in Dunedin, an organisation he says is ''an absolute monopoly''.
Robin McCarthy says there is nothing illegal about what he does, but the Dunedin City Council says it does not ''actively promote'' the Baldwin St trip because of concerns about pedestrian safety.
I-SITE Dunedin visitor centre manager Louise van de Vlierd said despite that, brochures were still available at the office, and tickets were sold to people who asked for them.
Mr McCarthy operates Christchurch Tours Group, which expanded into Dunedin, targeting cruise ships during the season.
In 2016 the company started a one-hour tour of central Dunedin to Baldwin St and the beaches. Tickets are sold from the i-SITE in the Octagon.
Mr McCarthy said because of changes in the market and competition, he decided to ''value-add' by driving tourists up and down Baldwin St.
He began that service in May.
He met Ms van de Vlierd recently and she told him there were concerns about him taking his vehicle up Baldwin St because people regularly walked on the street.
''My view is that if people are walking on the street they shouldn't be, they should be on the footpath,'' Mr McCarthy said.
Despite the problems, he had not given up on the Baldwin St tour.
He did get ''push-backs'' from two residents of Baldwin St for driving his vehicle up the street.
''Once I spoke to them, explained to them, then they seemed to be quite happy.
Mr McCarthy said other residents ''thought it was wonderful''.
He was also concerned about the response he got to a plan to run a service from Port Chalmers to Orokonui Ecosanctuary.
He had put together a brochure and written to the ecosanctuary to tell them his plans, but the ecosanctuary told him it already had operators.
He was concerned his brochures would not be displayed at i-SITE at Port Chalmers, and said the response he was getting in Dunedin was ''protectionism'' for local operators, something that did not happen in Canterbury.
''The big problem is the i-SITE has an absolute monopoly.
''At the end of the day I'm a signed-up member.
''They're picking and choosing winners.
Ms van de Vlierd said the brochures for Mr McCarthy's Baldwin St tour were displayed at the i-SITE Visitor Centre while the tour was running.
The business was not actively promoted because the council did not encourage tourist-related vehicles to use Baldwin St, due to concerns about pedestrian safety.
She said Mr McCarthy had not been told his brochures would not be displayed at the Port Chalmers i-SITE.
Cavalier and arrogant attitude toward a city residential area. |
0.999996 | Patience. Patience, patience, patience. As I said, I've given you in terms of the sequence it would take between first meeting and people doing things. People will do everything to avoid taking on something that is uncomfortable and even dangerous. Getting people to move is just extraordinarily difficult because it often is a huge risk to their own identity, their sense of who they are, their sense their simplicities, of the good and the bad, and indeed in terms of their own lives. It can take an extraordinary amount of patience. |
0.99568 | The adjective mantic comes from the Greek word mantikos, which itself derives from mantis, meaning "prophet." The mantis insect got its name from this same source, supposedly because its posture—with the forelimbs extended as though in prayer—reminded folks of a prophet. Not surprisingly, the combining form -mancy, which means "divination in a (specified) manner" (as in necromancy and pyromancy), is a relative of mantic. A less expected, and more distant, relative is mania, meaning "excitement manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and elevated mood" or "excessive or unreasonable enthusiasm." Mania descends from Greek mainesthai ("to be mad"), a word akin to mantis and its offspring. And indeed, prophesying in ancient Greece was sometimes believed to be "inspired madness."
The magician mesmerized the crowd with her sleight-of-hand tricks as well as her mantic predictions.
What is the meaning of oneiromancy, a relative of mantic? |
0.997863 | I am too old, have a disability, or can’t sit on the floor.
Yoga is extremely versatile and can be adapted to any body type, age or condition. If you are unable to do a full on yoga workout, you can always practice yoga asana in a chair. Chair yoga is extremely beneficial for practitioners of all ages and abilities, it will calm the mind, de-stress the body and help keep all your joints healthy. |
0.999989 | A comprehensive guide and fact sheet about Nubia. Discover fascinating facts and information about ancient Egypt and Nubia.
The trade via the country including gold, incense, ebony, copper, ivory, and exotic animals and leopard skins.
Click a link for additional information and interesting facts about subjects relating to Nubia or other aspects of daily life, the people and places of ancient Egypt.
Nubia was the land below the First Cataract of the southernmost area of ancient Egypt and was also known by the names of Kush, Wawat and Ta-seti. The Nile Valley region of the kingdom of Upper Egypt terminated at the First Cataract where the lands of Nubia, or Kush, began. The boundary between Egypt and the Nubians was traditionally held to be the First Cataract as indicated in the following map of Nubia and Egypt. Nubia (once Ethiopia) is now called Sudan. Nubia was extremely important to the ancient Egyptians as it was in this country they obtained much of their gold and other useful resources such as stone and minerals.
The Nile is the longest river in the world, flowing 6695km (4184 miles) through nine different countries. The Nile flood plain in Nubia was much narrower than in Egypt, meaning that the land of the Nubians was always far less productive than Egypt, and their population was always much smaller. In the north, the land on either side of the Nile the land consisted only of desert, where nothing grew.
There were six cataracts along the River Nile. Only one cataract was in Egypt, at Aswan, at the border of Nubia. The dangerous cataracts consisted of rocky islets, waterfalls, whirlpools, or white water rapids. The cataracts were so dangerous that they were impassable, except in seasons of high flood. This made travel by boat along the River Nile impossible, the Nubians were unable to use this form of transportation, unlike the ancient Egyptians who used the Nile as an excellent method of transportation.
Learn about Nubians the fast and easy way via the Nubia Fact sheet.
Fact 1 on Nubia: Nubia was was also known by the names of Kush, Wawat and Ta-seti, meaning the "land of the bow".
Fact 2 on Nubia: The boundary between ancient Egypt and the land of Nubia (Kush) was traditionally held to be the First Cataract.
Fact 3 on Nubia: Trade: The ancient Egyptians imported gold, incense, ebony, copper, ivory, and exotic animals from tropical Africa through Nubia.
Fact 4 on Nubia: It is believed that the Egyptian word for gold "nub" was the origin of name of Nubia.
Fact 5 on Nubia: Gold: The gold mines of Nubia were worked by convicted prisoners, prisoners of war and slaves.
Fact 6 on Nubia: Trade: During the period known as the Middle Kingdom (2134BC - 1782 BC), Egypt began expanding into Nubia to gain more control over the trade routes in Northern Nubia. They also required direct access to trade with Southern Nubia and so to other parts and exotic goods available in the other African countries.
Fact 7 on Nubia: Military Control: Trading was eventually replaced by the colonization of Nubia and direct military control.
Fact 8 on Nubia: Fortresses: They ancient Egyptians erected a chain of forts down the Nile below the Second Cataract to exert control over Nubia and use as permanent Egyptian bases for trade.
Fact 10 on Nubia: Tributes: The role of the viceroy was to oversee trade, natural resources and to ensure that the annual tributes of the Nubians were paid into the Egyptian treasury. The Tributes included precious and semi-precious stones, exotic animals, leopard skins, slaves and ostrich plumes.
Discover fast, interesting fun facts about the Nubians for kids with some amazing, cool and quick information about ancient Egypt and Egyptians. Ideal for children, homework, schools, teachers and kids of all ages! Find fascinating fun facts about Nubia for kids and the history, culture and civilisation of the ancient Egyptians and ancient Egypt. Interesting, fun facts about Nubia for research, schools, students and kids of all ages.
Fact 11 on Nubians: History: The Ancient Egyptians conquered Nubian territory in various eras, and incorporated parts of the area into its provinces. The pyramids erected in Nubia (Sudan) are greater in number than all the pyramids of Egypt.
Fact 12 on Nubians: History: The Nubians, under the Kushite king, called Piye, succeeded in conquering Egypt under its 25th Dynasty during the Third Intermediate Period of the New Kingdom.
Fact 13 on Nubians: History: The Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt is known as the Nubian Dynasty or the Kushite Empire. It was the largest Egyptian empire since the early New Kingdom - see map below. Various Pharaohsof ancient Egypt were of Nubian origin.
Fact 14 on Nubians: History: The Nubian Dynasty controlled Ancient Egypt for 89 years (from 760 BC to 671 BC) and under its rule restored traditional Egyptian values, religion, culture, art, and architecture.
Fact 15 on Nubians: History: The Nubians were expelled from Egypt by Psamtik I in 671 BC.
Fact 16 on Nubians: Napata: The successors of the Nubian Dynasty returned to their Nubian homeland, where they returned to the capital of Napata (656 - 590 BC) then later, at Meroe.
Fact 17 on Nubians: Napata: Napata was a city-state of ancient Nubia on the west bank of the Nile River, at the site of modern Karima, Northern Sudan. These Nubians were culturally Egyptianized adopting its religion, gods, culture and writing and Its economy was essentially based on gold.
Fact 18 on Nubians: Napata: After the Persian conquest of Egypt, the Nubians and Napata lost its economic influence and the Nubian economic capital transferred to Meroe.
Fact 19 on Nubians: Meroe: Meroe became the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. Meroe derived much of its wealth not only from gold but also from the iron industry. Meroitic metalworkers were acknowledged as being among the best in the ancient world.
Fact 21 on Nubians: Meroe: Meroe became the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. The Meroe pyramids were built in this ancient city. The Nubians continued to develop the culture of the Egyptians building temples and pyramids wher ethey buried their kings long after these practises had died out in ancient Egypt.
Fact 22 on Nubians: Meroe: Meroe derived much of its wealth not only from gold and trade in exotic animals but also from the iron industry. Meroitic metalworkers were acknowledged as being among the best in the ancient world.
Fact 23 on Nubians: History: The Nubians lost control during Rome's conquest of Egypt c350BC.
Learning about the ancient Egyptians and Nubia inspires everyone to visit historical sites and undertake Egypt Travel and Tours to experience the wonders of this magical land at first hand. Many people choose to experience a tour of Egypt on a Nile Cruise stopping at the famous destinations and sites of Egypt such as the Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The information and facts about Nubia will provide you with a great insight into Egypt and the legacy of the ancient Egyptians. |
0.968544 | What was the insurgency in Iraq?
"...an insurgency against the Government of Iraq and Coalition forces is primarily concentrated in Baghdad and in areas north, northeast, and west of the capital; the diverse, multigroup insurgency consists principally of Sunni Arabs whose only common denominator is a shared desire to oust the Coalition and end US influence in Iraq; a number of predominantly Shia militias, some of which are associated with political parties, challenge governmental authority in Baghdad and southern Iraq"
"Most attacks on Americans still come from the Sunni Arab insurgency. The insurgency comprises former elements of the Saddam Hussein regime, disaffected Sunni Arab Iraqis, and common criminals. It has significant support within the Sunni Arab community. The insurgency has no single leadership but is a network of networks. It benefits from participants' detailed knowledge of Iraq's infrastructure, and arms and financing are supplied primarily from within Iraq. The insurgents have different goals, although nearly all oppose the presence of U.S. forces in Iraq. Most wish to restore Sunni Arab rule in the country. Some aim at winning local power and control."
The incentives driving individual insurgents are equally disparate - from religious zeal to economic gain, nationalist feeling and anger at the loss of loved ones to the conflict. Virtually all insurgent groups share the goal of attacking US forces, but other goals vary - with some elements apparently aiming to foment civil war. Estimates of the number of insurgents are impossible to confirm. By 2006, US military estimates ranged from 8,000 to 20,000, although Iraqi intelligence officials have issued figures as high as 40,000 fighters plus another 160,000 supporters.
Fighters have been found among the insurgents from countries including Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Sudan. Foreign nationals are widely considered to account for less than 10% of the insurgency, but their role is high profile.
Some Sunnis have also formed informal militias, which operate as private defence forces in certain neighbourhoods where Shia militias are thought likely - or known - to carry out attacks."
"The Four Main Groups. Based on the data Crisis Group collected, four groups stand out. Over time, they have developed recognised, proficient, and uninterrupted channels of communication through which, among other things, they regularly take responsibility for armed operations.
Jaysh Ansar al-Sunna (Partisans of the Sunna Army). The group reportedly is an offshoot of Jaysh Ansar al-Islam (the Partisans of Islam Army), a jihadi organisation previously based in Iraqi Kurdistan and which by most accounts has ceased to operate in the country. (Tellingly, a group claiming affiliation with Jaysh Ansar al-Sunna publishes a magazine in Kurdish.) Jaysh Ansar al-Sunna claims to have some sixteen brigades, and it too releases daily communiqués, ran a website until it was shut down in November 2005, and publishes a monthly compilation of its military wing's communiqués, Hasad al-Mujahidin (the Mujahidin's Harvest), as well as al-Ansar, its political branch's magazine. It is a profoundly salafi [Islamic fundamentalist] group, despite a simultaneous emphasis on patriotic themes, and is said to be at least as radical as Tandhim al-Qa'ida.
Al-Jaysh al-Islami fil-'Iraq (the Islamic Army in Iraq). Thirteen brigades have claimed allegiance to this group, which also issues daily statements, runs a website (shut down in November 2005 and subsequently reactivated), and publishes al-Fursan, a monthly magazine of up to 50 pages. Again, a highly salafi discourse blends with a vigorously patriotic tone. It is widely seen in both Iraq and the West as one of the more nationalistic of the armed groups.
Al-Jabha al-Islamiya lil-Muqawama al-'Iraqiya (the Islamic Front of the Iraqi Resistance), known by its initials as Jami' (mosque or gathering). According to a credible source, it could be more akin to a 'public relations organ' shared between different armed groups, rather than an armed group in itself. It issues weekly updates of claimed attacks, has a comprehensive website and publishes a lengthy, monthly magazine, Jami'. Deeply nationalistic, but with a salafi taint, its discourse counts among the more sophisticated of the groups." |
0.999995 | Calendar apps help plan out upcoming events. When choosing a calendar app there are a few key things to consider: how easy is it to add events, how it helps the planning process, how it helps keep track of everything and what helpful information it can present in each context.
Good apps will allow adding events quickly. Some apps even support natural language input that allows adding events in a conversational manner. For example, typing in “A meeting with Stuart Kearney at 2pm at Philz Coffee” will add an event and set the date and time.
They will provide an easy way of overviewing upcoming events by laying them out in a way that’s both intuitive and information dense. Most will offer homescreen widgets that will give an idea of upcoming events without having to open up the app.
Good apps will provide integrations with various third-party services that add contextual information. Information such as a getting directions to an event using a navigation service or automatically adding events from social networks or email. |
0.999758 | The question of whether government-issued money is a debt has shown up in two recent contexts. The first is an fundamental argument about money, and how to think about it. The second is a more technical question: if the central bank replaces government bonds with reserves (which are a form of money), has the debt-to-GDP ratio gone down? To summarise my views: yes, (modern) money should be defined as a form of debt. But since the central government with a free-floating currency cannot be forced to default, one can question whether it makes sense to treat central government debt like the debt of other issuers. In particular, the debt-to-GDP ratio of such governments is essentially a piece of trivia that can be safely ignored.
There has been an online debate between Randall Wray and Eric Lonergan regarding money. I broadly agree with Randall Wray's position, although Lonergan rightfully objected to some statements that I believe were not carefully worded. This debate then spilled over elsewhere.
One of Lonergan's articles ("Debt-free money: A brief reply to Randall Wray"), which I will refer to here.
The link and online debate at Mike Norman Economics.
Debts have a different function and source of value to physical cash. Debts are used to provided [sic] streams of cashflows to their holders, and their value resides in the debtors ability to meet payments. By contrast, money is used to pay for things [emphasis mine - BR], and its value resides in a network externality – it has value to me because it is accepted by others.
Very simply, Lonergan has made his own definitions of "money" and "debt," and argues that "money" is not "debt" by his definition. As a mathematician, I have been trained to accept that people can define terms as they wish; the only constraint is that they are using them in a coherent fashion. That is, so long as Lonergan uses his terms consistently, I cannot say that he is "wrong," and in fact, there are some reasons to have sympathy with his views.
Unfortunately, his definition is somewhat loose. If we define money as "money is used to pay for things," there are a lot of instruments that are "money" by that definition that are also undoubtedly forms of debt.
Accounts receivable are routinely used to transact business amongst firms.
I routinely pay for goods and services in stores using a credit or debit card. In both cases, there is a change in a deposit or payable account.
I can pay for security purchases in my retirement account by selling a Treasury bill.
Institutional investors routinely finance securities positions with repurchase ("repo") transactions.
This shiftiness in the definition of "money" famously sank Monetarism; anyone inventing new definitions of money should take heed of lessons from an analytical fiasco that only happened about thirty years ago. He has a longer article discussing his definition of money: "Money is not a cigarette," which I found did not add too much to the definition above.
Additionally, saying that "Debts are used to provide cashflows" does not eliminate "physical cash" (currency notes) from being considered debt; physical cash can be classified as a perpetual zero-coupon debt in bearer form. In other words, just a special case within the spectrum of debt instruments.
The holder of a ten dollar bill has the right to demand conversion of that ten dollar bill into $10 of settlement balances at the central bank ("reserves" in American parlance); the central government has the corresponding obligation to make that conversion.
In other words, currency ("physical cash") is just a settlement balance ("reserves") at the central bank in bearer form. So the correct question to ask is: are these settlement balances "debt"?
You argue that a dollar is a claim on reserves, and reserves are a deposit at a central bank and a deposit at a bank is a liability. That just begs the question. I.e. the big question is whether a so called liability of a central bank is the same as a liability (i.e. a deposit at) a commercial bank.
Certainly reserves APPEAR on the liability side of a central bank, but that's just to keep the double entry book keeping in order. There is actually a HUGE difference between deposits at central and commercial banks. A central bank is part of the government machine. And the government machine has no obligation whatever to give anyone anything in respect of their holding of reserves. In fact the government machine can simply raise taxes and say to people "Give me some of your reserves else you go to prison. Now [insert mild English term that is disapproved of in North America] off". In contrast, there's no way a COMMERCIAL BANK can do anything like that.
Yes, I am essentially begging the question.
We are caught between two principles that appear contradictory, yet I agree with both.
"We cannot analyse a central government (with a free floating currency) like any other entity, such as a household."
All entities within an economy have a well-defined balance sheet, with Assets, Liabilities, and Equity. By any reasonable definition, a deposit at any bank (including the central bank) is a liability of that bank.
If we follow statement #2, balances at the central bank are technically defined as liabilities, that is to say, debt. From this standpoint, the debate is over.
But what about statement #1? Should we not treat the central government differently, and thus we can define its debt differently? This is actually a fairly reasonable stance, but it raises problems, as I discuss at the end of this article.
The problem with statement #1 is that it is a more of a sound bite than a statement of fact. A more accurate version would be something like "we cannot treat the default risk of a (modern) central government as being like the default risk of a household."
An extremely brief summary of the analysis within my eReport Understanding Government Finance is that a central government (with a free-floating currency) cannot be forced to default, rather any possible default is the result of a voluntary decision by the government. Sure, there are qualifications and details that are hidden from that summary; please see the eReport for further details. What matters for our present purposes is that this raises questions about government debt. The reason why debt is seen in a negative light is because of default risk; if the government "cannot default", why worry about it?
As a result, I cannot object too strenuously against the idea that central governmental liabilities are quite different from private sector debt. And those liabilities include both bills and bonds, as well as "money" (currency notes and coins, central bank settlement balances).
What About The Debt-To-GDP Ratio?
The debate so far has been entirely semantic, and therefore does not really have a "right" or "wrong" answer. However, there appear to be implications for the discussion of government debt, where there are presumably operational differences between the two views.
An article by Tom Elliott reports on the analysis of economist Masazumi Wakatabe of Waseda University (H/T @JoScoMac), in which he nets starts out with the net debt figures of the IMF (pictured above), and corrects for Bank of Japan bond holdings. With this change, the net debt for 2014 drops to 41% of GDP (versus the 126% of GDP given in the IMF World Economic Outlook).
It follows that QE has almost certainly caused a significant reduction in the net debt of government and, while it continues, there is no plausible fiscal constraint.
However, QE makes no operational difference. Since there was no chance of an involuntary default by Japan anyway, it does not matter whether the net-debt-to-GDP ratio is 41% or 126% of GDP. There is no plausible fiscal constraint, with or without QE.
The only reason to care about government debt levels is if we want to see how they affect the rest of the economy. We can run simulations of how debt interest payments will affect income flows, based on various scenarios. The greater the debt, the greater the interest payment, if interest rates are positive.
In the countries with QE, the policy rate is near zero (or negative!). If the interest rate is zero, it does not matter whether the government liability is a settlement balance or a Treasury bill. Therefore, switching definition makes no difference.
In other words, the interest cost for the government is almost exactly the same, regardless of QE. There is a small technical difference, in that the central bank is now paying interest, but that just reduces the dividends that the central bank would have paid the Treasury. There is no difference between the use of QE and its absence from the perspective of the private sector.
Whether or not you consider "money" to be "debt" is pretty much a personal choice, akin to choosing your favourite genre of music. However, even if you decide that the monetary base is not "government debt," that choice has exactly zero operational impact on the analysis of government finance -- and QE still accomplishes almost nothing.
The case of token money in the Canadian colonies.
And photographic evidence of what Neil Wilson refers to in the comments section (in the other article).
I agree with everything you write here. But, I think we should think more about what's at stake in this debate -- why do they care? It seems to me that on Lonergan's side the concern is with the way in which credit money gives the banking system the ability to determine the overall level of activity and to make an unjustified profit from its operation of the payment system, which should be a public good. Whereas for Wray and MMT folks, it is taken for granted that there is always a tight link between the quantity of government-supplied money and the level of activity (tho the mechanisms for this vary) so the problem that debt-free money is supposed to solve simply doesn't arise. A striking thing about MMT in general is how uninterested it is the banking system -- there is simply a straight line from "money" or "net financial assets" (i.e. total government liabilities) to private expenditure. I think what really divides them is their different views on the autonomy of the private financial system rather the semantic question of money vs debt.
To be honest, I did not track down the origins of this debate; what caught my eye was the linkage to QE, which showed up in another article on Japan.
I have no problems with the banking system "creating money"; the only catch is that the banks are tightly regulated. They probably should be knocked out of the securities market business (other than the trading of Treasury bills/notes for liquidity management), and we should return to the multi-pillar financial structure we had before the 1980s. (I think Warren Mosler has pretty much said the same thing.) If that were done, I see little reason to care about the "fairness" of the system; the banks pretty much end up looking like private utilities.
With regards to the payment system, the guts of the system is a form of public/private partnership. If technology were stable, making it purely public would not be too risky. However, since the systems continuously evolve, dumping some of the risk on the private sector does make sense.
However, I can see a justification for the revival of a "postal banking system." People need access to banking services, and private banks do not have a huge incentive to provide those services to the poorest. How this would work depends upon where you are; in Canada, with only a few major banks, it is not that hard to arm-twist them to provide such services, and so a postal bank does not need to be set up. I think Randall Wray has written about that topic.
"in which credit money gives the banking system the ability to determine the overall level of activity and to make an unjustified profit from its operation of the payment system, which should be a public good."
There is quite a bit about banking in MMT. Mosler talks about it all the time since that's his game.
But primarily the MMT line on banking is that the liability side is the wrong place to control the banks and that it should be regulated on the asset side. In other words what banks can lend for should be proscribed and everything else become illegal and unenforceable. Beyond that the central bank should just run overdrafts to cover the liabilities that banks require. So no interbank market.
The big one though is de-collateralisation. Banks should not be able to lend against collateral. The job of a bank is to lend new money, not operate as a Pawn Shop. Therefore they should really be discounting future profit flows.
Whether the banks make a profit out of the payment system is the same argument about whether any outsourced operator makes a profit out of running an outsourced operation. That's just an argument against outsourcing of public services. There is nothing particularly special about banks in that sense.
Banks make a profit on the flow of money because there is a job to be done deciding which projects get funded and which don't. The argument at present is that is best done in a distributed fashion by banks. You can argue for other ways, but at least do it honestly - by presenting the centralisation case in that manner.
Dollars are not a debt, they are a credit against tax debts. Government honors those credits against taxes, it doesn't have to provide anything in return. Taxes help enforce the value of the dollar, even though the actual value is provided by people and businesses offering services.
Tax enforces dollar value, private services provide dollar value, public services support dollar value.
If we dig deeper, there are actually two forms of the dollar. The fed issues dollars but the treasury issues its own form of dollars as bonds.
I would consider treasury dollars to be a form of debt for the treasury department, as they commit to redeem bonds for federal reserve dollars. But treasury bonds are not "U.S. Government" debt, because both fed and treasury operate under the authority of congress. The fed can purchase treasury bonds at any time for its reserves(balance sheet). Congress could even direct them to do so.
Separation of the fed and treasury is a good idea, as the power to issue currency assets should be done with a cool head and technically savvy. Central bankers (should be) in a position to do this effectively.
Treasury dollars are not a currency asset, they are a savings asset. So there's less immediate technical challenge in managing the supply of treasury bonds against inflation risks. By issuing a savings asset, the treasury is similar to a bank in some respects.
Banks always have "debt". Instead we ask "Is a bank solvent? Do their assets cover there liabilities?"
"Is the United States Treasury solvent?"
You can't put a price tag on the authority to collect taxes. As long as it can sell treasury bonds at a reasonable interest rate, or borrow from the Fed(who weighs inflation risk), it should be fine. With the ongoing authority to collect taxes, it is easy for the treasury to get back into a healthy financial position, provided they have public support.
In our current situation, rates are low and the treasury can collect as much savings as it needs to finance its fiscal expenditures. But I question how much treasury spending without QE can improve domestic economic health.
Without QE, fed issued dollars are created as debt. If I understand correctly, the fed creates money by issuing loans to banks.
I get confused trying to trace the origins of the modern money supply because legacy aspects of currency operations are different from modern practices. Let's pretend there is no QE. Are all circulating fed dollars matched by loans? Does every dollar you hold need to be paid back? Perhaps dollars can permanently enter circulation when someone defaults. I don't know.
I think positive money advocates raise important questions, but they go WAY too far with their ideas. Their tone seems to be banking is evil, whereas I feel banking is legitimate, but perhaps creates ineffective behaviors in the aggregate.
Are we being too tight with our money? Do we need some slack and give and take in our accounting? I think that's what QE is about.
As far as I can tell, QE is the ONLY form of the fed issuing dollars that is not created as a loan. When the CB does QE it purchases financial assets for its balance sheet. Should we think of the balance sheet as the Fed's reserves? Legacy banking frequently involved using commodity reserves, often gold. Why aren't QE balance sheet asset purchases as much an important part of modern banking operations as buying commodity reserves was for legacy banking?
I like the questions you raise about the term "debt" and apologize if I have been too casual using that term here. I think the terms "assets" and "liabilities" are more neutral and accurate, as many financial assets are representations of contractual relationships, whereas "debt" connotes either a moral dimension, or power imbalance where the creditor has power to enforce the debt.
I agree that money could be thought of as a "negotiable tax credit"; but that still makes it some form of a liability of the government. It is used to cancel out an asset - taxed receivable.
I do like using "liability" (or "financial liability") instead of "debt", but they are essentially the same thing. Since my previous job was to analyse government bond markets, I was not in a position to get worried about the moral overtones behind the terminology.
Thanks! That helps me out a lot and I know where to look to learn more now.
" ....the central government with a free-floating currency cannot be forced to default......... the debt-to-GDP ratio of such governments is essentially a piece of trivia that can be safely ignored. "
Immediately following from this is that the debt-to-gdp ratio of the individuals and firms under such a government can be similarly considered irrelevant trivia , since unlimited quantities of defaults can simply be absorbed by the government , and then ignored.
This is really a sweet deal , but I suggest we keep it to ourselves , just the same. That way we're less likely to suffer from gov't administrative delays when we submit our huge debt loads for erasure.
Sure, if there was a compelling national interest for the government to absorb private debts. In fact, that is pretty much what government's did for banks after the Financial Crisis.
However, such bailouts seem to be politically unpopular. As a result, we still have to do our credit analysis of private borrowers (unless you think they are "too big to fail").
“…even if you decide that the monetary base is not "government debt," that choice has exactly zero operational impact on the analysis of government finance..”.
Strikes me there is SOME SORT of impact in that a debt is widely taken to be something that must ultimately be repaid. In contrast, base money so called debt just isn't repaid - ever. That is, the stock of base money just grows and grows in terms of dollars.
The impact would be particularly serious if those numpty politicians got the idea that base money was a debt that had to be repaid: they’d start campaigning for a budget surplus in order to pay down the debt and all that nonsense.
"Strikes me there is SOME SORT of impact in that a debt is widely taken to be something that must ultimately be repaid"
In the big world of debt, debt is rarely repaid. It is rolled over. Essentially you just have dates where the interest rate might change.
Only little people repay debt.
The U.S. has to pay interest on excess reserves, which are the reserves created by QE. They will compound at the policy interest rate over time, ignoring effects that change the stock of liabilities (surplus/deficit). The same is true for Treasury bills - they are continuously rolled over (as Neil above points out), and compound at the short-term risk free rate as well.
If you have a fancier model that takes into account the interest on bonds separately from Treasury bills, then there would be differences; you are replacing a fixed term debt with a rolling debt. But such models are pretty much unworkable; people have a hard time forecasting where bond yields will be one year ahead (for proof, look at everyone's annual forecasts released in December), never mind 10 years.
Andrew Jackson repaid nearly all of the debt of the U. S. That was pretty disastrous for the economy, eh?
You even have economists who think that debt must ultimately be repaid, that therefore government debt (US, Japanese, Australian, etc.) is a burden on future generations who have to repay it, and that rational people will save money in order to repay the debt on the eventual day of reckoning.
"Very simply, Lonergan has made his own definitions of "money" and "debt," and argues that "money" is not "debt" by his definition."
Well Brian, we can have money-be-debt and money-not-be-debt at the same time! Use the analogy of ice and water. Certainly ice is water (only it is frozen) but certainly ice is NOT water because ice is hard (stiff like a rock). When comparing debt and money, we are making a similar two criteria comparison.
If we agree that a bank loan can increase the money supply, then money must trace back to a identifiable loan. That dollar in your pocket must be a small fraction of a single bank generated loan made in the past. That dollar will disappear if it is used to pay down a (any) bank loan.
You can see that I would support Lonergan's first quote (as printed here).
You can also see that I would agree with Lonergan's second quote (which you disagreed with). I would argue that Lonergan is focusing on the differences between ice and water, not the more basic observation that ice IS water.
Moving on to your point "Yes, Government Finance Is Not Like Household Finances.", the two "principles" you identify are NOT mutually exclusive. There is no conflict between them.
The important difference between government and other entities is that other entities cannot guarantee repayment of debt with money . Other entities can be forced to exchange not-money property to settle debt but that is a far different circumstance from any potential forced settlement of a government debt obligation.
This would be in agreement with your position, but here is the problem: There is no link between money and debt in the sense of repayment ability. Repayment ability is simply not part of the distinction between money and debt.
But here is an important point: If money is debt in a different form (like ice is water in a different form), then failure to repay government debt results in money that does not disappear. Stated another way, if money is created when government borrows from a bank, the money created will persist until government finally does pay down the debt.
I close this comment pointing to the distinction between government borrowing from a bank it owns (a central bank) and borrowing from a private bank. A private bank is filled with funds earned by workers or resource sellers. On the other hand, a central bank has no source of funding unless government gives it tax receipts. This seldom happens. Instead, central banks can loan money to government which is effectively one entity lending to itself. This is a basic creation of money.
Brian - the key purpose of definition in economics is to identify the distinct properties of different phenomena. You have to ask yourself, 'Does money = debt, or are they distinct?'. This is both an analytical challenge - to define the distinct properties accurately - and an empirical challenge - to identify distinct phenomena in the economy corresponding to this distinction. If you read the first page of 'Money is not a cigarette', use of the term 'money' consistently, in precisely the way you suggest. Many things do indeed have the property of moneyness/liquidity - it is best thought of as a spectrum. This point is explained in detail in that article.
I don't know if this is a legal right/obligation to US citizens (or all holders of dollars) - but no one uses or holds them for this purpose. If in doubt, ask them. It is also not a right, that I am aware of - or care about - for any other currency which I (or anyone else) uses. Now, the holders of debt specifically do so to receive income and repayment of principal.
Like Wray, the lengths you need to go to to render dollar bills 'debts' proves the point, which is crystal clear: money is completely different to debt. Ask yourself this: what function does debt serve, and what function does money serve?
The more interesting question is why are (some) economists so determined to make two things which are obviously different, apparently equivalent?
A portfolio manager can use repos as a source of funding for positions, and those repos (and underlying securities) are undoubtably debt instruments. So those debts are used as "money", and the volume of repo transactions may or may not be comparable to the amount of dollar bills that changes hands. So if I think about "money" as something that allows transactions, I think about it quite differently than the average person on the street.
However, if we do start looking at macro models, you end up with the monetary base looking pretty much indistinstinguishable from TBills. John Cochrane did an analysis along those lines, within the DSGE framework. Sure, we have currency ("dollar bills"), which do not pay interest, but that is now a small part of the monetary base, and the central bank has no control over it. In other words, when I look at models of debt dynamics, I do not see a difference which is created by QE.
People do hold dollar bills with the expectation that they can cash them in at the bank. The bank then exchanges those bills for reserves. And this ability to cash in is not an afterthought. In the Canadian colonies (pre-Confederation), privately-issued tokens were the main form of currency used (since the Colonial authorities ignored colonist demands for tokens). Initially, there were lots of issuers, and the metal content varied widely. The banks got tired of these dubious tokens, issued their own, and only accepted other tokens on the basis of their metal content only. This lack of acceptance by banks drove all those other tokens out of use very rapidly. (Those other issuers have had the last laugh; those non-bank tokens are now exceedingly rare and valued by collectors...) There was no central bank in those days (the Bank of England was the closest thing), so it is not directly comparable, but it does show that the ability to cash currency in at the bank does matter.
I must admit that I am unsure what you and Wray started arguing about; I just jumped on a few points that were related to the other article on QE. I have seen arguments that currency should be considered a form of equity, and not a liability; I am agnostic on that question. But as noted above, I argue that QE essentially accomplishes nothing, and that relies on the fact that interest-paying reserves are equivalent to TBills.
If reserves and T-Bills were the same, Greece wouldn't have a problem (it can issue T-Bills). Which precisely illustrates the difference between liabilities & money. Consider my substantive point: Why do you think people buy corporate bonds? And why do they hold dollar bills?
Greece - there's an embedded "free floating currency, control of your central bank" assumption in most of my assertions. Greece does not have control of the ECB, and the currency is fixed versus its trade partners.
I agree that we can define "money" as something held in order for supporting transactions, and that is how people think of it. However, "money" almost invariably seems to be a form of debt instrument, at least in properly functioning modern economies. (People resort to barter when the previous monetary regime collapses.) It does not have to be that way, but there are forces that push the system in that direction. I plan on discussing one tangential example tomorrow. Although people may offer summary explanations of what they think money is, in practice, there are hidden assumptions about what drives the acceptability of money. As a result, I am not too convinced of the utility of a common sense definition here.
There's an explicit fact: Greece can issue debt but not money.
Try this idea: Money is evidence of debt .
If money is evidence of debt , it remains a physical object that can be used to support transactions.
If money is evidence of debt , it is only formed when debt is incurred.
If money is evidence of debt , it can be stored in banks.
But here is one question: Is money the evidence of debt , generated by banks, individuals or entities lending to themselves?
We can answer that question.
Make an assumption that individuals and banks can not lend to themselves but allow government the privilege of lending to itself. With this assumption, all money is evidence of government debt.
But we still have a money-debt problem. Banks can lend evidence of debt without notifying the owners-of-the-evidence that loans have been made. Each loan of evidence of debt results in a new bank deposit which may be transferred. When we add all the bank deposits, they total more than all the government debt. A big problem.
We can solve this over-counting problem. Our assumption that only government can issue money (which is evidence of debt ) comes to our rescue. Bank deposit totals are seen as an incorrect method of measuring the money supply. Bank deposit totals are the sum of bank loans and government issued evidence of debt .
This framework has worked for me for a while now. I am still looking for holes in the framework that I cannot explain. Maybe the idea of money as being evidence of debt will work for you.
Bank deposits can grow quite independently of the monetary base ("government money") and debt. Inter-bank transactions are typically net settled by transferring government money, but the banking system does not require that much for settlement purposes. It's only in a crisis that people wish that they more "government money."
Brian - Thanks for the comment. I'm looking forward to tomorrow's post.
The RATIO of bank debt to government debt may become important when the money generated by bank lending approaches the amount generated by government debt. Instability could be created by bank lending (which can increase prices) with the expectation of debt repayment. Government debt can be considered as much more stable, perhaps never to be retired.
Both sources of money can increase economic activity if the annual volume of loans increases .
"There's an explicit fact: Greece can issue debt but not money."
MMT shows there is a simple solution. The Greek government can issue debt, but also the Greek government can tax - both independently of the European Central Bank.
Since money is debt, all you need to do is turn this debt into money. And you do that by declaring that you will accept any Greek bond as settlement of Greek government taxes and charges at face value.
That immediately puts a floor underneath the Greek debt market and ensures that there is always a demand for the stuff - in both the primary and secondary markets. Essentially you have created a parallel currency usable only in Greece.
And of course since taxation destroys money it would eliminate the bond reducing the stock of outstanding bonds.
No doubt there are rules against this in the EMU, but then there are other rules and countries have got away with stuff.
I think the problem was that this violated various European laws. The Syriza government did not want to start breaking laws, as that might trigger a coup.
They had no good policy options.
IMO, the main problem with money as debt is not about denotation, but about connotation. "Et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris." -- The Lord's Prayer. It is the connotation of debt as sin that gives it a bad reputation. Debt bad, as Tarzan might say. So when the government injects money into the economy and at the same time issues debt in the same amount, that is generally viewed as a bad thing. Whether it is actually good or bad in any particular instance is another question.
The "rich people" statement is something I disagree with.
Using a four sector model of the United States economy (Treasury, Fed, Aggregate Banks, Aggregate Nonbanks) then monetary gold would appear as an asset on the books of each sector with no matching liabilities. If gold is also serving as the unit of account and means of payment, then monetary gold represents money without any matching debt. However if banks issue deposit liabilities to non-banks, and the non-banks hold deposits as assets to clear payment by transfer of bank liabilities, then bank credit money has properties of both money and debt. When depositors prefer to earn some interest or take risk in equity then banks convert transaction accounts to savings deposits, time deposits, other debt instruments, or paid-in equity at banks. Thus bank credit money and other investments in banks are bank liabilities which are legal evidence of debt.
The federal government can run a negative net worth in perpetuity without any adverse consequences for society or for individuals in society. This is because the negative net worth of the federal government is simply the difference between its recorded assets and liabilities, where society will permit the government to issue more liabilities than the value of its recorded assets. Other units in society are not allowed to do this in perpetuity.
A federal government with zero net worth is one that holds non-financial and financial assets equal to the level of its issued liabilities. The United States had roughly zero net worth prior to the early 1980s and has recorded a negative and growing net worth since then by reducing progressive taxes and borrowing to cover the deficit. Also, if the US government guarantees a private loan or makes a direct loan, and there is a default loss, then the government either collects taxes to offset the loss, or records a debit (decrease) of its net worth. I am not sure which mechanisms are now reducing the net worth of the government but the point is that government liabilities exceed the book value of government assets. The US government owns vast tracks of land and other unique assets that have large value not recorded on the books, so government net worth in current flow of funds accounting practice is not comparable to net worth of other units.
If you consolidate all sectors, yes you will wipe out all debts, and you would only be left with real assets. Monetary gold is a form of collateral for money that is issued against it, and so what we are left with is collateral, and not "money". I will explain this in an article that will be published tomorrow.
Brian, As you know the primary distinction between a non-financial asset (actual house) and a financial asset (mortgage instrument) is that the non-financial asset can have economic value stated in dollars without a matching liability due from another party, while the financial asset always has a matching liability. Monetary gold is similar to a non-financial asset since it has no liability attached. This does not make gold an ideal form of money of course due to its fixed supply when society tries to converts some of its risk investments into "money" (risk free instruments) during a financial crisis. The gold reserve system is fated to failure during a panic.
Please see my latest article; a gold coin is actually best thought of as a package: an IOU, along with collateral (the physical gold). If a coin is underweight, and it can be shown that the issuer is the source of the defect, it is the issuer's responsibility to make the holder whole. Furthermore, the issuer is expected to redeem the coin at face value.
If you "net out" the liability, all you are left with is a pile of metal, which has certain physical characteristics (weight, purity). This weight may or may not bear any resemblance to what is implied by the face value of the coins. As a result, it is no longer "monetary gold", it is "gold gold".
1. Brian says “A ten dollar bill is a perpetual claim on $10 in reserves (balances at the central bank … “. Such a claim can be made by commercial banks but not by others who hold currency. A non-bank private sector entity cannot make such a claim – because it is not permitted to hold an account with the central bank.
2. The status of currency held by banks is different from currency held by the general public. The former may be thought of as currency reserves (and therefore part of the greater entity called banking reserves = bank-held currency plus bank deposits at the central bank), while the latter is unquestionably part of the money supply (i.e. as measured by the monetary aggregate M1).
3. Bank credit money is not simply a form of debt. Bank credit money is created in a variety of ways other than by bank lending. Thus banks create credit money whenever they spend into the real economy (i.e. in order to accommodate their many costs). Bank credit money is also created when the central bank purchases securities from the non-bank private sector, and when the central bank spends into the real economy.
1. Yes, but the banks readily accept the bills because they can exchange them for reserves. Although it's rare, there are people who do have accounts at the Bank of England, and some other central banks.
3) Yes, deposits can be created in many ways, so deposit creation does not imply an increase in non-bank debt. However, the deposit is a liability of the bank. In this article, I am interested here in the instrument - the bank deposit - and not why it has been created.
1. Banks have little incentive to exchange currency reserves for creditary reserves unless they possess more currency than they require (i.e. for servicing the withdrawal needs of their retail depositors). Such a claim is therefore contingent, it is not a perpetual claim. Incidentally, the liability of the central bank to accept currency in payment of tax obligations is also contingent, because not all people possessing currency have tax obligations (e.g. children, and those below the taxable income threshold, etc).
2. Vault cash may be partially correlated with M1, however it is not M1 and is never accounted as being part of M1. And correct me if I am wrong, but is it not true to say that changes in M1 are determined to an overwhelming extent by those changes in retail deposits which are unassociated with currency movements?
3. I should have added to my list of deposit creation mechanisms - "spending by a central government into the real economy". And although I agree that a deposit is a liability of the depository (i.e. to provide currency on demand and to transfer credit money on demand), it is simply fallacious to use the words "liability", "credit" and "debt" as if they are synonymous. They are not.
1. Bank notes wear out (even the new Canadian plastic money), so they will have to continuously return notes for replacements. In some countries, old notes are withdrawn from circulation, and so they have to be returned. Therefore, the expectation is that currency will return to the central bank.
2. What I meant is that vault cash is correlated to currency held by the public. Not sure why I dragged M1 in there.
3. I am a writer, not an academic or accountant. I am probably going to jump between "liabilities" and "debt" solely based on "literary" considerations. (I use "credit" in a slightly different manner.) If necessary, I can be precise, but that usually is in the context of writing about specific instruments that are showing up in financial or economic statements, or time series.
However, I am perfectly happy to blur "debt" and "liabilities" (other than contingent liabilities). I have had enough contact with financial engineering to always think about instruments in terms of their economic role, and not how some accountant thinks they should be classified. There are tons of "debt" instruments that have been disguised as practically everything else.
Brian said: " .. you could pay at least some government taxes/fees with currency, and so currency can also be thought of as negotiable tax credits, which are another type of government liability. "
It is my understanding that U.S. tax forms expressly state that the tax due must NOT be submitted in cash (currency).
The Canadian government tells people not to mail cash in, but if you went in person to their offices, you might be able to pay that way. There's a whole MMT shtick about paying US taxes with notes.
1. I see no connection between the replacement of banknotes and the incentive to exchange currency reserves for creditary reserves.
3. I prefer not to blur "debt"and "liabilities". They are conceptually different.
3. I worked as a fixed income analyst. Does ownership an instrument give someone a claim in bankruptcy proceedings? It's hard to see how that such an instrument is not a "debt". |
0.947404 | Is there an EPA enforcement policy for violators of CAA §112 and the risk management program rule?
Yes, EPA has issued a Combined Enforcement Policy for section §112(r) Risk Management Program. A copy of this can be obtained through the EPA Web site at: www.epa.gov/enforcement/final-combined-enforcement-policy-clean-air-act-caa-sections-112r1112r7. |
0.933091 | With my new PC, which antivirus is best?
I have no budget (everlasting supply of money ) I will be using Win XP Pro.
My current choice is Symantec's Norton Internet Security 2002.
guess who created that domain ?
seeing as that is the one on the shelves.
Interests:Techno, Industrial, Hiphop, Linux, 420, computer programming.
hello my new best friend, where did you say you lived again ?
Norton AntiVirus is the perfect solution for bogging up your machine. Also, I hear that it's a paper shield. I would suggest looking into something like F-Secure.
I say that Norton and Symantec are very good paper shields. AVG is definitely the way to go if you have to get antivirus on the cheap. Otherwise, consider F-Secure.
AVG dose have a PAY program but i think its focused on corps. I beleve it just provides support and u get updates a few days early.
Oh and now they have a linux client too!
Have you tried F Secure?
www.av-comparisons.org does some really good comparisons between the top AV programs. Avast! Antivirus has consitantly scored higher than AVG and it's free also.
Interests:Everything Fedora Core...<br /><br />and PHP!
Avast free home edition! Best virus software I've used and I had panda for ages..
With my new PC i was wondering which antivirus is best?
I agree with Yeok, GET AVAST NOW!!!!!! lol its really good.
well...it's hard to choose but i can tell a few things: avast is ennoying with its scan, avg takes space, norton is a nightmare, mccafee is not ok. So i don't know what to say; the best choise for me is this kaspersky vers 7 I hope it'll help you too. Good luck! |
0.999999 | What a powerful moment from this article: "There was a time in my life when I complained about every difficulty and thought I had it much tougher than others. Then I was diagnosed with Stage 4 cancer, a disease for which there is no cure, and realized that I did not want to spend the rest of my days being ungrateful for every breath."
This phrase has become a family joke, used to diffuse frustrations in parenting. Most often, it’s in response to a child’s mischief of one kind or another. For example, my brother might call to moan that he hasn’t slept in nearly two years, since his daughter was born. I might respond, “I hear you,” followed by, “Kids are the worst!” (For the record, I love my children and do not truly believe they are the worst.) The joke has helped put tough parenting moments in perspective. Made in complete jest, it gets a good laugh and helps remind us that no parent has perfect days. Let’s face it; there are moments when “the only way to get through life is to laugh your way through it…[because] crying [will give you] a headache” (Quoted in Virginia H. Pearce, Glimpses into the Life and Heart of Marjorie Pay Hinckley (1999), 107).
Light-hearted banter about life’s difficulties is one thing, but constantly complaining is no laughing matter. It’s human nature to criticize, grumble, find fault, and murmur. When we seem more likely to “mourn, or think our lot is hard,” how do we begin to see that “all is well" ("Come, Come, Ye Saints," Hymns, no. 30, verse 2)? How do we “refuse to remain in the realm of negative thought and cultivate within our hearts an attitude of gratitude” (Thomas S. Monson, “An Attitude of Gratitude,” April 1992)? Develop gratitude, and you become more optimistic.
As challenging as it can be to become more grateful and optimistic, it is something we must master. “As disciples of Christ, we are commanded to ‘thank the Lord [our] God in all things,’ to ‘sing unto the Lord with thanksgiving,’ and to ‘let [our] heart be full of thanks unto God’” (Dieter F. Uchtdorf, “Grateful in Any Circumstances,” Ensign, May 2014). In addition, scriptures instruct, “be of good cheer,” and “in every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God.” There is little question that being grateful is a commandment, so why might God ask us to cultivate gratitude? |
0.949496 | Assistive devices are items that ease the strains of daily activities at home, at work, or at play.
As age advances, some seniors experience discomfort or fear when doing activities they enjoyed in their younger years. If this is happening to you, an assistive device may help you overcome your difficulties.
Assistive devices are items that ease the strains of daily activities at home, at work, or at play. They include medical equipment, mobility aids, information technologies, practical aids, and gadgets to suit many different needs.
These devices can help you improve your quality of life and maintain your sense of independence. There is also a safety factor to consider. Certain conditions that may occur with age, such as loss of vision, hearing, bone density, or balance can pose serious risks. For example, if you have a poor sense of balance, you face an increased risk of falling, which can result in injuries. However, you can reduce your risk of injury by using an appropriate assistive device, such as a cane or a walker.
Bathing - grab bars, hand-held shower head, bath seat with arm rails, non-slip floor mat.
Dressing - long-handled shoe-horn, velcro fastenings, sock pullers, rubber gloves (for gripping tight-fitting stockings).
Preparing food - easy-grip utensils, side-opening oven door, height-adjustable cupboards and counters, automatic-stop kettle, pouring aid.
Using the telephone - loud-ringing phone, flashing light ring indicator, large numbers and buttons, automatic dialling.
Enjoying hobbies - playing card holder, long-handled gardening tools, television remote control with large buttons and a captioning button, modified keyboard that makes the computer more user-friendly, audio books, magnifying glass.
If you think you could benefit from using an assistive device, start by consulting a health care professional, such as your doctor, pharmacist, or an occupational therapist. Find out what is available to suit your needs. You can also obtain information about assistive devices from catalogues and seniors' magazines. In addition, family members and friends may have experience and useful advice regarding assistive devices.
For certain devices, such as corrective eyeglasses and hearing aids, you should be assessed by a medical professional. Professional assessment is also recommended when purchasing an expensive assistive device, such as a wheelchair - particularly if you think you may qualify for complete or partial reimbursement. Most forms of reimbursement (e.g., insurance, funding agency) require that you get a prescription for the more expensive assistive devices.
Many other assistive devices, including walkers, canes, and grab bars, are available in general or specialty stores, including pharmacies and stores that sell medical supplies. Hardware and department stores offer many assistive devices too, including wheeled garbage cans, easy-grip utensils and intercom systems. You can find such items as screen-reading software (for people with reduced vision) and modified keyboards and mice (for people with limited mobility) at specialty computer stores.
Contact your health care provider if you are unsure as to whether you should be medically assessed before choosing a particular assistive device.
If the device is expensive, ask if you can rent or borrow one to see if it meets your needs before you buy it.
Be sure to get assistive devices from reliable sources, especially if they are medical devices, such as hearing aids or eyeglasses. Use caution if buying medical devices over the Internet or if buying products second-hand.
Read and follow all instructions for using your assistive devices. If you have caregivers, make sure they also know how to use the devices properly.
Some provinces and territories have programs to help seniors or people with disabilities buy the assistive devices they need.
• Veterans Affairs Canada, which helps eligible clients with the purchase of prosthetic and orthotic devices, as well as walkers, canes, and wheelchairs.
The Public Health Agency of Canada provides federal leadership on health issues related to aging and seniors. As part of this work, the Agency provides seniors with practical information on all types of health issues, including the use of assistive devices.
Health Canada regulates the safety, effectiveness, and quality of medical devices sold in Canada. This is achieved through a combination of a pre-market review prior to licensing, and post-market surveillance of adverse events after sale. Canada's Medical Devices Regulations classifies medical devices into four groups, with the lowest-risk devices in Class I and the highest-risk devices in Class IV. Many assistive devices are Class I medical devices, which are not subject to licensing. Post-market surveillance applies to all medical devices after sale, both licensed and unlicensed.
Health Canada also helps protect the Canadian public by researching, assessing, and managing health risks and safety hazards associated with consumer products. |
0.927857 | How do I programmatically obtain the user’s selected accent color in Windows 10?
If you want to obtain the user’s accent color, you can ask the UISettings object for the current color value of UIColorType.Accent.
How you get this information depends on what kind of program you’re writing.
// color.A, color.R, color.G, and color.B are the color channels.
// Error checking has been elided for expository purposes.
Note that I used namespace aliases instead of importing the entire namespace. This makes the code a little bit uglier, but I think it’s useful for expository purposes because it makes it clearer which namespace each identifier comes from. |
0.921956 | Chandrakirti was de most famous member of what de Tibetans came to caww de Uma Thewgyur (Wywie: dbu ma daw 'gyur) schoow, an approach to de interpretation of Madhyamaka phiwosophy typicawwy back-transwated into Sanskrit as Prāsaṅgika or rendered in Engwish as de "Conseqwentiawist" or "Diawecticist" schoow.
In his writings Chandrakirti defended Buddhapāwita against Bhāviveka, criticizing de watter's acceptance of autonomous sywwogism. He awso offered refutations of a number of earwier Buddhist views such as de Vijñānavāda or Yogācāra schoow. He awso attacked de views of de schoow of Dignāga for attempting to ground deir epistemowogy on foundationaw propositions.
Chandrakirti's works incwude de Prasannapadā—Sanskrit for "cwear words"—a commentary on Nāgārjuna's Mūwamadhyamakakārikā and de Madhyamakāvatāra (his suppwement to Nagarjuna's text) and its auto-commentary. The Madhyamakāvatāra is used as de main sourcebook by most of de Tibetan monastic cowweges in deir studies of śūnyatā "emptiness" and de phiwosophy of de Madhyamaka schoow.
The Tibetan transwation of Charyapada provided de name of its compiwer as Munidatta, dat its Sanskrit commentary is Caryāgītikośavṛtti, and dat its wotsawa "transwator" was Chandrakirti. This is a water Chandrakirti, who assisted in Tibetan transwation in de Later Transmission of Buddhism to Tibet.
Candrakīrti-1">^ Candrakīrti_1-0">a Candrakīrti_1-1">b Busweww Jr. & Lopez Jr. 2013, Entry for Candrakīrti.
^ Candrakirti - Budda Worwd. Accessed January 29, 2012.
^ Hayes, Richard, "Madhyamaka", The Stanford Encycwopedia of Phiwosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zawta (ed.), fordcoming URL = <https://pwato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/madhyamaka/>.
^ Lang, Karen C. (2003). Four Iwwusions: Candrakīrti's Advice to Travewers on de Bodhisattva Paf. Oxford University Press.
This page was wast edited on 2 February 2019, at 11:40 (UTC). |
0.999905 | Being a new gardener, I know I need to rotate plant locations year to year in order to minimize soil nutrition depletion and insects but what is a good rotation?
For example, I had tomatoes on a spot this year what should I plant next year in this spot or if I had zucchini on this place do I need to change it?
That is an excellent question, Christine. It is important to rotate crops for the reasons you gave.
It's also very important if you are an organic gardener and use compost or composted manure in your garden. Some crops benefit from applying compost every year, for example squash. Other crops like ground that received compost the year before, like tomatoes.
This means you can make good use of your compost by only applying it to the plants that want it that season. Then, in the following year, rotate one of the other crops to that area. Using the example above, tomatoes would follow squash in rotation.
In simplest terms, don't plant any member of a family where a same-family member grew the year before. |
0.885984 | Dr. Gina Holguin who participated in the development of this technique.
Why do we need this technique?
The heavy nitrogen non-radioactive isotope (15N2) is often used as a label for nitrogen fixation experiments, in which it is desirable to monitor directly the rate of nitrogen fixation and the destination of the resulting metabolites in an organism or ecosystem. This is one of the most acceptable and reliable techniques for this purpose, and it has been used for decades.
Heavy nitrogen gas can be purchased in a pressurized cylinder, or produced in the laboratory with specialized equipment. However , both methods of obtaining the gas are expensive, and for some laboratories, particularly those in developing countries, this represents an insurmountable obstacle to their research. These methods of obtaining the gas also introduce a complication, because a typical nitrogen fixation experiment requires samples of gas at atmospheric pressure. The pressure must be reduced with a pressure regulator in the case of gas in a pressurized cylinder, and traditional laboratory methods produce heavy nitrogen at pressures well below atmospheric that are not generally suitable for direct use in nitrogen fixation experiments. This is because there is no easy way in which to equalize the gas to atmospheric pressure for subsequent injection into a sample bottle.
Previously, a simple technique was developed in Australia by Wood and Kennedy (2001) to produce 15N2 gas at a research laboratory involved in biological nitrogen fixation research (not a specialized chemical production facility). This technique, and the modification to it described here, are both limited by the volume of available plastic syringes, but the procedure here does not require the special apparatus described by Wood and Kennedy (2001). The technique produces small quantities of heavy nitrogen at atmospheric pressure with readily available analytical chemicals, and inexpensive laboratory supplies and equipment.
The technique produces heavy nitrogen through the reaction of 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4] with lithium hypobromite (LiOBr), and the gas subsequently is sparged first with acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and then with acidified water to remove contaminating oxides that otherwise would be taken up by the organisms and thus produce errors in nitrogen fixation experiments.
It has the primary advantage over traditional methods of producing 15N gas at atmospheric pressure, so the technique is usable directly for nitrogen fixation experiments.
The equipment is easily constructed from a few common laboratory materials, including standard tubing, connectors, and disposable syringes; therefore it is inexpensive.
The 15N-labelled salt is relatively inexpensive, and can be shipped cheaply from the manufacturer because it is solid and not radioactive.
The amount of gas that can be generated per batch using this method is limited only by the volume of the syringes, and larger syringes can be adapted to the method if they are available.
The technique does not require any special equipment such as pressure regulators, vacuum equipment, or glassware.
Once all necessary materials have been collected, any person with training in chemical techniques can produce nearly pure 15N2 gas at atmospheric pressure in about four hours, after about four hours to study the procedure.
Bergersen, F.J. 1980. Measurement of nitrogen fixation by direct means, in: F.J. Bergersen (Ed.), Methods for Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 65�0.
De-Polli, H., Matsui, E., D?bereiner J., Salati, E. (1977) Confirmation of nitrogen fixation in two tropical grasses by 15N2 incorporation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 9: 119�3.
Diocares R., Morey T., and Holguin G. 2006. Producing and dispensing small quantities of 15N2 gas at atmospheric pressure. Analytical Biochemistry 352: 302-304.
Wood C.C., Islam, N., Ritchie, R.J., Kennedy, I.R., (2001) A simplified model for assessing critical parameters during associative 15N2 fixation between Azospirillum and wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28: 969�4.
Wood C.C., Kennedy, I.R., (2001) A simple, handheld apparatus for generating small volumes of 15N2 from 15N-labeled ammonium salts, Analytical Biochemistry 296: 147�9.
This website contains technical specifications and construction of the assembly and operational procedure, two technical diagrams, a PowerPoint presentation of the procedure for rapidly producing the gas, and the original scientific report (as PDF). |
0.999614 | You know car maintenance is important, but you may not know what parts need to be checked and how often. A routine car maintenance schedule is typically based on time or mileage intervals. It can consist of checking items such as tires, filters, lights, brakes, fluids, cables, hoses, battery, and engine. |
0.999676 | Make the most of your multi-generational workforce by understanding employees' unique strengths and how to nurture them.
The Silent Generation (born 1933-1945) survived economic challenges growing up in the aftermath of the Great Depression. They lived and reinforced the notion of the American Dream by working hard and being rewarded with increased financial stability. That experience fostered discipline and self-sacrifice.
The Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964), the most populous generation, grew up in a culture of economic prosperity and suburban affluence. They tend to value strong nuclear families. They're optimistic and focused on personal achievement. This group is sometimes divided into two segments: those born between 1946 and 1954 (the "Woodstock" group, known for their idealistic endeavors and social conscience), and those born between 1955 and 1964 (the "Zoomer" group, known for their preoccupation with self).
Generation X (born 1965-1976), different from previous generations, grew up in families with divorced parents and/or were raised by working mothers. The term "latch-key kid" was developed during their childhood to refer to children of working parents who came home from school to an empty house. This situation fostered traits of independence, resilience and adaptability.
The Millennial Generation (born 1977-1998) is viewed as being raised at the most child-centric time in our history. Consequently, some display a great deal of self-confidence to the point of appearing cocky. Millennials are typically team-oriented, banding together to date and socialize rather than pairing off. They work well in groups, preferring this to individual endeavors. They're good multi-taskers, having juggled multiple activities as well as forms of communication--face-to-face, instant and text messaging, and e-mail--as children.
Employees from the Silent Generation are typically disciplined, loyal team players. They have a wealth of tacit and explicit knowledge to share and embody a traditional work ethic. While some are retiring, many are working longer than previous generations. This provides an opportunity to learn from their mentorship. In many cases it's up to the boomers to foster these relationships without feeling threatened by them.
At the same time, boomer leaders and managers need to be open to younger employees who don't "fit the mold" that they themselves created. At work, Gen Xers don't want someone looking over their shoulder. At the same time, they do want ongoing feedback. They may have experienced times of economic downturn, possibly seeing a parent lose a job and/or experiencing lay-offs themselves. This has fostered a sense of commitment to their career and personal security over company loyalty. Gen Xers work best when given the desired outcome and then turned loose to achieve it. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions. They work well in multicultural settings and bring a pragmatic approach to getting things done while having fun.
In contrast with Gen Xers' independence and hands-off style, Millennials seem to expect structure in the workplace, acknowledge and respect positions and titles, and want a relationship with their boss. New to the workplace, they're in need of mentoring, no matter how smart and confident they are, and they respond well to personal attention. Millennials will enjoy a lot of challenges as long as they're provided with support. This means breaking down goals into steps, and providing the resources and information they'll need to meet the challenge. You might consider mentoring Millennials in groups, because they work so well in team situations.
Communication: Clarify expectations and err toward being explicit. Ask questions like: How do you see this project going? What role do you want to play? How do you imagine us working together on this project? And be sure to elicit feedback; listen, listen, listen. Often it's more important to hear and acknowledge than to respond right away. When leaders engage, they inspire the uniqueness each person brings to work. When employees are engaged, they're exceptional performers.
Connection: Link tasks, roles and relationships with the organization's strategic vision. Discuss with employees how their role supports the project or the company's bottom line, and how it supports them personally. Ask them who they see themselves working best with to accomplish their goal.
Conflict engagement: Conflict can ignite new ideas and innovation and actually lead to collaboration. Help employees notice each other's styles and learn from them by fostering team-building opportunities. Introduce a process for raising issues, voicing different perspectives and engaging conflict productively.
A conversation about differences, whether generational, cultural, gender or otherwise, often includes the problems and challenges they create. Different perspectives always have the potential to foster creative problem solving and ignite energy. |
0.945957 | I'm still having a hard time processing the death of David Bowie. Even if the music and the costumes and the crazy personas were not your thing, you at least have to stand back and acknowledge the scope with which this brilliantly deranged person spend forty years personifying different genres of music and changing with the medium... sometimes even acting as the catalyst for change and new subgenres. Would glam rock exist without him? Would new wave have caught on without him there?
Let's just cut the thesis of this article out and paste it on my forehead: David Bowie was such a presence that the only actor who could really do him justice is David Bowie. And I would have watched the hell out of that biopic, with a 70-year-old man portraying himself at ages 20, 25, 30, etc. It is not to be.
Though Hollywood might be licking their chops at the prospect of a proper Bowie film (and politely ignoring that one film buff who keeps bringing up Velvet Goldmine), I have an alternative idea. It's been done before with Bob Dylan in I'm Not There, with several skilled performers bringing different facets of the legendary musician to life. Only with Bowie, there are clear personas from his career that each actor could inhabit. But here's where I get really radical... let's not make this a movie. Let Bowie be honored theatrically, as he was so theatrical. Grab these actors and put on the greatest live performance extravaganza ever created. And film it, you know. For posterity.
This seems obvious and kind of a grab at her film A Bigger Splash as well as Cate Blanchett's talked-about performance in the Dylan movie, but it would be so appropriate. During the Ziggy years, Bowie created a cult of personality around the androgynous alter ego while struggling to differentiate himself between the role and his own identity. In similar fashion, the music was a strange two-sided coin of early '70s hard rock and the more pop-inspired fare to come later in the decade.
Swinton has made an entire career off of being an otherworldly, androgynous cipher. It would be amazing to watch her struggle, as Bowie, with the much more seductive and accessible identity of Ziggy. It would also make for a fantastic opening thesis on Bowie and how his shifting identity led his musical style throughout his life. |
0.999968 | How do they diagnose a person with Diabetic Retinopathy?
Usually, the best method to find any variations in the eye is via eye examinations.
Usually the ophthalmologist (an eye Dr.) will be able to diagnose, and even treat the retinopathy before being aware that there are vision issues. They first dilate the pupil, looking in the eye using specialized equipment designed with special lenses.
If the ophthalmologist locates any diabetic retinopathy, they may decide to order color photographs, or a fluorescein angiography to decide if treatment is needed. For this type of test, they inject dye into the arm, and images of the eye are reviewed for any leakage.
Generally, the best treatment would be preventing the retinopathy from developing in the first place. This can be helped by keeping your blood sugar within control and lowers the chance of vision loss in the long-term from the diabetic retinopathy. In addition, kidney issues and high blood pressure also need to be treated if they exist.
Medical Treatments: Anti-VEGF injections are used in the eye to help prevent new blood vessels from developing, as well as the subsequent bleeding. The VEGF provides the requirements for growing new blood vessels, and the anti-VEGF can put a stop to the abnormal blood vessels. In certain situations, a steroid may be used.
Laser Surgery: If you have been diagnosed with PDR, macular edema, or neovascular glaucoma, your ophthalmologist may suggest laser surgery.
When it comes to macular edema, they focus the layer towards fixing any damage on, or to the retina next to the macula in order to lower any leakage. The overall goal with this is to help any additional vision loss. Although it’s possible to have some vision improvements, it’s not common for patients with macular edema to return to normal vision. There have been some who see laser spots in their vision, usually near the center. These may fade over time, but may not fade completely.
When it comes to PDR, they focus the laser on every section of the retina, excluding the macula. This treatment is known as panretinal photocoagulation, and it shrinks the abnormal blood vessels, which prevents them from growing again. This can also lower the risks of retinal distortion, or vitreous bleeding.
While laser treatments can have benefits, it’s not a cure, the diabetic retinopathy and multiple laser treatments could be needed. There can also be continued vision loss.
Vitrectomy: If your PDR diagnoses is advanced, you may be suggested to go with this treatment. The vitrectomy is done in an operating room, and it’s considered a microsurgical procedure. The treatment works by removing the vitreous that is filled with blood, and replacing it with clear fluid. The ophthalmologist may chose to give it a few months to see if the blood dissipates on it’s own prior to setting up the vitrectomy.
Usually, vitrectomy will hep prevent future bleeding as it removes the abnormal vessels that were caused from the bleeding. In the event the retina gets detached the vitrectomy surgery is able to repair it as well. However, the surgery should be done in the early stages so the traction retinal detachment, or macular distortion can cause permanent vision loss. Basically, the longer a distorted macula, or one that is out of place goes untreated, the higher the risk of serious vision loss.
The loss of vision is highly preventable.
With today’s medical technology, there are improved treatments for those diagnosed with retinopathy, and there is a lower risk of having severe vision issues. The best way to protect yourself from diabetic retinopathy is still detecting it early.
If you make it a point to control your blood sugar levels, you will have a much lower chance of having loss of vision, so regularly check your blood sugar and blood pressure with your doctor.
When to begin scheduling the examination?
Anyone who has been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes needs to be examined within five years of the diagnosis, and then each year after. Those with Type 2 diabetes needs to get an examination when diagnosed, and each year after.
If you are pregnant and have been diagnosed with diabetes, you should have an examination within the first trimester, as the retinopathy can quickly progress during the pregnancy.
If you are planning to get eyeglasses, you should keep your blood sugar levels under control for a few days prior to seeing the ophthalmologist, otherwise the glasses may work then, but not so well later once your sugar is under control.
Even in the event that you do not have retinopathy, a quick change in blood sugar can also cause vision problems.
Affects a single, or both of your eyes.
Issues last longer than a few days.
Isn’t connected with changes in blood sugar.
In the first five years of being diagnosed if under the age of 29.
Within several months if you’re over the age of 30.
In the case you’ve got diabetes mellitus, this means your body isn’t storing and using sugar the way it should. Having blood sugar levels that are high can cause damage within the blood vessels within the retina. This is the nerve in the back of the eye which helps images get sent to the brain, and senses light. Diabetic retinopathy is the term used to refer to damage within the retinal vessels.
There are two different types of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).
NPDR is referred to as background retinopathy, which is just the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. This is the stage where small blood vessels in the retina begin to show leakage, either of fluid or blood. This causes swelling in the retina, or forms deposits known as exudates.
Those who have been diagnosed with diabetes also tend to have NPDR, but it can be mild and may cause vision issues. When a persons vision begins to get affected, this is from the macular edema, or the macular ischemia, and could even be both.
Macular edema happens when the macula begins to get thicker or swells up. This is a little section in the middle of the retina which gives us the ability to clearly view details. This swelling is from leakage of blood vessels. It is also the most common reason for diabetics to loss there vision. The loss of vision could vary from mild to severe, but the peripheral vision will still function.
Mascular ischemia happens when the small blood vessels, referred to as capillaries decide they want to close. This causes blurred vision as the macula isn’t getting the blood supply it needs to work.
PDR is when the abnormal vessels known as neovascularization starts to grow on the optic nerve, or the retina. It’s the closing of many blood vessels withing the retina that causes the PDR to develop because it cuts off the blood flow needed to work properly. Due of this, the retina’s response is to create new vessels as it’s trying to get the blood flow needed.
However, the new vessels are not providing the needed blood flow, and grow abnormally. In addition, there tends to be scar tissue with the new vessels which can cause detachment from the retina or wrinkling to occur.
PDR can actually cause more vision issues than NPDR as it’s able to affect both the central, as well as the peripheral vision.
Vitreous hemorrhage: This can cause the new vessels to begin leaking blood in the vitreous, which is a clear gel type liquid filling the eye. If the hemorrhage is tiny, then a person many experience what’s know as “floaters”. However, if the leak is big enough it can cause total vision loss.
It can take various amounts of time to reabsorb blood depending on how much blood was leaked, from days to years. Vitrectomy surgery could be suggested if the blood doesn’t clear the eye in a certain time.
The vitreous hemorrhage by it’s self won’t lead to vision loss that is permanent, once the blood has been reabsorbed the vision can be back to normal, long as the macula was not damaged.
Traction retinal detachment: With PDR, car tissue that’s connected with neovascularization could wrinkle or shrink. This can cause the retina to move out of place. The wrinkling of the macular can lead to distorted vision, and if detachment occurs it can cause even more vision loss that’s more severe.
Neovascular glaucoma: On occasion, the large scale closing of retinal vessels can cause more new and abnormal vessels to begin growing on the iris, which is the part of the eye with color, as well as within the drainage channels. This can work as a dam, blocking the natural fluid flow from the eye, causing a build up of pressure within the eye and the result is neovascular glaucoma. This is an eye diseases that damages the optic nerve and is considered severe. |
0.987793 | Keywords / Skills : Java developer is responsible for multiple duties throughout the development lifecycle of applications, from concept and design right through to testing. He/She should be passionate about development/modernization of Enterprise Web Applications & APIs. Collaboratively working as a team and be able to develop applications using modern cloud-native principles. Should have the ability to quickly understand business requirements and propose technology solutions. Key technical skills and experience, Hands-on experience of development using Java to build enterprise applications. Should have hands on experience in coding and deploying cloud-native enterprise applications in public or private cloud. He/she should have good understanding of PaaS (Cloud Foundry, Heroku, Elastic Beanstalk) and IaaS environments (Azure, AWS, Google etc.). Hands on experience with continuous integration/deployment tools and standard methodologies in DevOps. Experience in web-based systems architecture, service-based architecture, enterprise application architecture as well as experience managing expectations when stabilizing alternatives against business and financial constraints. He/she has participated in, or be familiar with, Agile (Scrum) project methodology and practices. Experience working directly with clients and leading projects is a plus Working with or inside enterprise scale organizations is an added advantage.
Java developer is responsible for multiple duties throughout the development lifecycle of applicationsfrom concept and design right through to testing. He/She should be passionate about development/modernization of Enterprise Web Applications & APIs. Collaboratively working as a team and be able to develop applications using modern cloud-native principles. Should have the ability to quickly understand business requirements and propose technology solutions. Key technical skills and experience Hands-on experience of development using Java to build enterprise applications. Should have hands on experience in coding and deploying cloud-native enterprise applications in public or private cloud. He/she should have good understanding of PaaS (Cloud FoundryHerokuElastic Beanstalk) and IaaS environments (AzureAWSGoogle etc.). Hands on experience with continuous integration/deployment tools and standard methodologies in DevOps. Experience in web-based systems architectureservice-based architectureenterprise application architecture as well as experience managing expectations when stabilizing alternatives against business and financial constraints. He/she has participated inor be familiar withAgile (Scrum) project methodology and practices. Experience working directly with clients and leading projects is a plus Working with or inside enterprise scale organizations is an added advantage.
You would be the single point of contact as a solution architect for the Infrastructure security services portfolio Demonstrable experience in writing and leading successful proposal response efforts and client presentation development across: Infrastructure Security, Cloud Security & Software Defined Security domains You should have deep understanding of customer needs and will design appropriate solutions Experience in developing value based customer proposal You will communicate with Field effort, Security Sales team to understand and meet client requirements Ability to compose compelling, persuasive technical solutions and commercial models that are passionate about addressing customer business/security problems Be independently able to lead RFP cycle Ability to communicate effectively and work with our multiple teams to realize the technical solution Ability to lead, respond and resolve all security related technical proposal validations Should be able to design Delivery models, Target Operating model, Service and Commercial models BE/B.Tech/MBA with 10-14 years of working in the information security field, with emphasis on Infrastructure security services and deep knowledge in other security domains would be an excellent fit You should have experience in delivering security projects specifically in the area of Infrastructure & Cloud security, and preferred experience in new deployment models and architectures such as borderless datacenters, SDN, Virtualization security etc. Deep technical knowledge and hands on experience on security products and technologies across Infrastructure security would be an added advantage Applicant should have professional certifications (or equivalent) CCIE, CISSP, SANS GIAC, CISA, CEH,CRISC, etc Certifications from leading vendors like Cisco, Checkpoint, MacAfee, Palo Alto, Symantec, F5 etc would be preferred TOGAF or ZACHMAN or SABSA Enterprise Architecture certification At Wipro, applicants are considered for employment solely on the basis of their qualifications and competencies. As an employee you will enjoy equal opportunity in all aspects of employment, including recruitment, training conditions of service and career progression. Furthermore, we are committed to maintaining a workplace where each employee's privacy and personal dignity is respected and protected from offensive or threatening behavior including violence and sexual harassment. |
0.86031 | The VL-9525 is a powerful video encoder on the go. It is the heart of the quick deployment unit. It is fully portable and is enclosed in an ergonomic weather proof and rugged case designed to military standards.ntro paragraph content goes here.
Thanks to this unit, you can deploy an instant surveillance system almost anywhere within five minutes. Connect to the dispatcher using cellular networks and share the action with remote users.
The VL-9525 is portable, light and best of all, simple to set-up. All of its waterproof connectors are easy to use, including VideoLAtitude’s exclusive all-in-one PTZ connector. Plug your high tech camera in one single twist; no need to lose precious time looking for matching cables and jacks.
Connect to networks via the built-in high speed modem and send live video streams from anywhere, as the center of the desert or the top of a building. The VL-9525 has all the features of the other VL units, but is encased in a lightweight impact resistant carrying case. Its integrated puck antenna will find a connection wherever you are.
This unit comes loaded and preconfigured with all the smart VL software features for secure wireless transmission of live video streams. Once the video site is installed in a few easy steps, the application will start automatically and remote users can begin viewing live images captured by the encoder’s cameras. |
0.625936 | John Chilton, the Grammy-winning jazz writer who was also George Melly's musical partner for nearly four decades, died on 25 February, aged 83, following a brief illness.
Melly was one of Britain's greatest jazz stars and Chilton and his band, The Feetwarmers, were the resident Christmas act at Ronnie Scott's club in Soho for more than 30 years. They also had their own prime-time BBC series called Good Time George.
Chilton is also known as a writer and won a Grammy Award in 1983 for his album notes on Bunny Berigan (along with Richard M Sudhalter). Chilton was runner-up for a further Grammy in 2000 for his work on Lester Young. In the same year he won the British Jazz Award for 'Writer of the Year'.
His Who's Who of Jazz was described by the poet Philip Larkin as "one of the essential jazz books", and Chilton's biographies of Coleman Hawkins and Louis Jordan both won the prestigious American Association for Recorded Sound Collections' Award for historical recorded sound research. For his books on Sidney Bechet and Louis Armstrong, he was awarded the freedom of New Orleans by the mayor of the city.
Chilton was also a songwriter and composer and one of his songs, Give Her a Little Drop More, was used in the 1985 film St Elmo's Fire, where it was sung by some of the Hollywood Brat Pack, including Demi Moore and Rob Lowe.
Chilton was born in London on 16 July 1932 (his father was a music hall comedian and tap-dancer) and after doing national service in the RAF (1950–1952) he formed his own jazz band, playing at Butlins in Skegness with a troupe that included comedian Dave Allen. He also worked for the Daily Telegraph in the late Fifties, as an assistant to the editor.
He worked in Bruce Turner's Jump Band from 1958-1963. A movie of their exploits called Living Jazz was made in 1961 by director Jack Gold, who went on to make The Naked Civil Servant. Chilton later appeared in Alex Welsh's Big Band. He played piano on some pop recordings in the Sixties, and was publicity manager for The Swinging Blue Jeans during their Hippie Hippie Shake days. Chilton also recorded The Song of a Road, one of the radio ballads of folk singers Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger for the BBC.
In the late Sixties he played for Mike Daniels' Big Band before forming his own Swing Kings band, which backed some leading American jazz men who toured Britain, including Buck Clayton, Ben Webster, Bill Coleman and Charlie Shavers.
He later worked with Wally Fawkes, also known as the cartoonist 'Trog', and in January 1974 formed The Feetwarmers, who began accompanying singer and writer Melly full time. Together they made a dozen records and toured the world. In 1983 and 1984 they had their own BBC television series called Good Time George, named after the signature tune Chilton wrote for Melly. They appeared on countless other TV shows, including Pebble Mill at One, Wogan, Parkinson, The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club, Aspel and This Is Your Life.
Chilton, who suffered from Parkinson's disease in his later years, continued to play trumpet with the clarinetist Fawkes in London following Melly's death in 2007. Chilton also played occasional guest spots, including with Kenny Davern. |
0.997117 | Bill Text - AB-1738 Common interest developments: dispute resolution.
An act to amend Sections 5910 and 5915 of the Civil Code, relating to common interest developments.
AB 1738, Chau. Common interest developments: dispute resolution.
The Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act defines a common interest development and requires it to be managed by an association. The act requires an association to provide a fair, reasonable, and expeditious procedure for resolving a dispute between an association and a member involving their rights, duties, or liabilities under the act, the Nonprofit Mutual Benefit Corporation Law, or the association’s governing documents. The act authorizes an association to develop its own procedure for these purposes and requires this procedure to satisfy specified minimum standards, including, among others, that a resolution of a dispute, pursuant to the procedure, binds the association and is judicially enforceable, and that an agreement, pursuant to the procedure, binds the parties and is judicially enforceable, as specified. The act also requires that the procedure provide a means by which the member and the association may explain their positions.
This bill would additionally require the resolution or agreement under an association’s procedure for resolving these disputes between an association and a member to be in writing and signed by both parties. The bill would authorize a member and an association to be assisted by an attorney or another person in explaining their positions at their own cost.
The act also establishes an alternative procedure applicable to an association that does not otherwise provide a fair, reasonable, and expeditious dispute resolution procedure as described above. Under these provisions a procedure that, among other things, authorizes either party to request, in writing, the other party to meet and confer, prohibits the association from refusing a request to meet and confer, and requires the parties to meet and confer in good faith in an effort to resolve the dispute, is deemed a fair, reasonable, and expeditious dispute resolution procedure. The act provides that an agreement reached under this procedure binds the parties and is judicially enforceable if specified conditions are satisfied.
This bill would additionally require the alternative procedure to provide either party the right to have an attorney or another person participate when meeting and conferring provided at their own cost. The bill would require an agreement reached under the alternative procedure that binds the parties and is judicially enforceable to be in writing and signed by both parties, as specified.
(a) This section applies to an association that does not otherwise provide a fair, reasonable, and expeditious dispute resolution procedure. The procedure provided in this section is fair, reasonable, and expeditious, within the meaning of this article.
(2) A member of an association may refuse a request to meet and confer. The association may not refuse a request to meet and confer. |
0.967372 | Yunnan has a total area of 394,000 sq.km. Total population stood at 44.5 million in the 2005 census, comprising some 26 ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group in Yunan is called "Yi".
Yunnan has a great variety of landscapes. While Yunnan is a major forest zone in China, whose forest area accounts for 24% of the country's total, it is also a mountainous area where sunshine is abundant in some places. Three rivers - Yangtze River, Lanchangjiang and Nujiang Rivers - run through the province and generate exploitable hydroelectricity reserves. Yunnan yields a large number of plant and animal species, which lays the foundation of its Chinese medicine and food industries.
Yunnan shares borders with Vietnam, Laos and Burma, and is connected to Thailand and Cambodia by waterways. Hence, it is a major transport hub of the forthcoming China-ASEAN free trade area. Apart from the highway and rail links that are being built to link up Kunming with Bangkok, Vietnam, and other ASEAN countries, the Lanchangjiang-Mekong River waterway and new air services to ASEAN destinations have also been developed. Yunnan is positioning itself as a transport hub through which raw materials e.g. oil and iron ores from the ASEAN would be shipped to other inland provinces..
Most of Yunnan's light industries are related to processing of farm and natural produces whereas most of its heavy industries are related to processing of raw materials.
Yunnan's industry output is ranked 4th in western China. Major products in Yunnan are sugar, cigarettes, hydropower, sulfuric acid and chemical fertilizer, which all ranked among the top in China. Its outputs of flower, tea leaves, fruits and vegetables are also very famous.
Tobacco is the biggest industry in Yunnan, accounting for 26.4% of Yunnan's gross industrial output in 2004. Furthermore, it is ranked the No.1 in China, accounting for 17.6% of the national total output. Yunnan's tobacco and cigarettes are famous in China - well known brands include "Hongtashan", "Ashima", "Yunyan" and "Hongmei",�which all rank among the best in China. Yuxi is one of the most important tobacco production bases in China and the nation's largest cigarette manufacturer - Hongta Group is located in this city.
Electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. Gejiu city is well known as "the Kingdom of Zinc" with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the London Nonferrous Metal Exchange. Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high.
In the 11th Five Year Programme Period (2006-2010), Yunnan is concentrating on the development of 10 industries, namely, tobacco, energy, metallurgy, petrochemical, equipment manufacturing, pharmaceutical, information, building materials, processing of farm produce and papermaking etc.
Yunnan is one of the renowned tourist centers and receives the largest number of tourists in western China. Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Xishuangbanna and Shangri-la are all very famous tourist spots. In a recent 2006 survey by the Ministry of Commerce, Yunnan is the top tourist destination among Chinese. Gross income of tourism reached RMB43.0 billion in 2005. Yunnan has invested substantially in building the infrastructure for its tourism industry, and it has the largest number of star grade hotels in western China. Tourism also stimulated the development of other services, thus the tertiary sector represented nearly 40% of its GDP.
Reliance on foreign trade is not high. Exports amounted to US$2.6 billion. Major exports included chemicals and related products, base metals and related products, tobacco, vegetables, fruits and cereals etc. Owing to geographical proximity, ASEAN is the province's largest trading partner. Major export markets included Burma, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Japan, the US, Thailand, the Netherlands, Indonesia, the Philippines and Bangladesh etc. Exports to the ASEAN and EU have recorded spectacular growth in recent years.
In 2005, imports reached US$2.1 billion. Major import items included minerals, machinery and electrical appliances, electronics and telecommunications equipment. Major import sources included Burma, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, Chile, India, Germany, Mexico, Vietnam and Indonesia. Imports from Latin America grew more sharply than the other regions.
A bottleneck to the development of trade has been transport. Cost of building roads and railways is high due to its mountainous landscape. Nevertheless, the government has been planning the construction of new roads and rails in the coming years.
Total utilized amount of FDI amounted to US$ 189 million in 2005. The largest amount went to investment in manufacturing, which accounted for some 46% of the FDI contract amount in 2004. Other areas include farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; business services; mining and quarrying etc.
Hong Kong is the largest source of foreign investment in Yunnan. In 2004, Hong Kong invested US$ 54.2 million in the province, accounting for 38.3% of Yunnan's utilized FDI. Hong Kong's New World Group, for instance, has invested in the development of Chinese medicine, department stores and bus services. Hong Kong's Baleno, Giordano and Chow Tai Fook have opened retail outlets in Yunnan. Other major investors are from BVI, the US, Europe, Burma, Japan, Taiwan and Macau etc.
Retail sales of consumer goods rose by 13.0% to RMB103.4 billion in 2005. The largest consumer center of Yunnan is Kunming, which accounted for 37% of the province's total in 2004. In recent years, the consumption pattern has shifted in favour of services, such as travelling, medicare and communication services etc.
A number of foreign retail enterprises have invested in Kunming's growing consumer market, these include Wal-mart from the US, Carrefour from France, Price-mart and Trust-mart from Taiwan. |
0.999922 | On October 4, 1951, a futuristic two level indoor/outdoor shopping center often described as New England's first mall opened on Rte 9 to the east of Ken's Steak House and south of Route 30.The domed roof of the Jordan Marsh store on the Rt. 9 end of the mall looked like a flying saucer, spanning 227 feet, and 54 ft high. It was considered the largest unsupported dome in the country at the time, and served as a landmark to this section of Route 9, often called the "Golden Mile".
The Jordan Marsh store anchored the mall at one end, and a Cinema the other end.
General Cinema, the pioneer in shopping center theaters, opened the first Cinema at Shoppers' World . Allied Stores theorized that a theatre was an important way to draw shoppers at night. How successful a theatre in a mall would be, was a question, so for the first two summers, movies were suspended, in favor of a proven national success, summer stock.
The Cinema became the County Playhouse and provided area residents with an opportunity to see Broadway musicals, comedies and dramas starring some of the motion picture and television's biggest stars.
Among the roster of entertainers, coming here even before the days of the Carousel Theater and the Monticello Restaurant, which were later to become showcases for celebrities appearing in New England, were Mae West, Marlon Brando (who mentions his summer tour here in his autobiography), Enzio Pinza, Claude Rains, Melvin Douglas, Alexis Smith (big star of "Follies'"), Billie Burke, Dana Andrews, and many more.
Television's Mr. Peepers, the late Wally Cox, drew the biggest crowds of the entire summer stock season in the United States, the week that he starred in "Three Men On A Horse" at the Country Playhouse.
The straw hat circuit proposed by cartoonists Lee Falk and Al Capp, though well received here during the two-year run, was unable to continue once the new screen was added. From this point, the Cinema operated year-round as a motion picture theater, adding a second theatre in 1963, two more in 1974, and then splitting the two largest screens to become a six-plex.
Special attractions held at Shopper's World included the Lone Ranger, Hopalong Cassidy, Rin Tin Tin and Rusty, circus acts, clowns, puppet shows, band concerts, actors like Crazy Guggenheim, Major Mudd, and the annual appearances by Santa and his Reindeer. There was a small area of kiddie rides at the northern end.
The entire structure was demolished in December of 1994, and turned into what was called a "power center", with large warehouse type stores surrounding a parking lot. So ended the age of the Golden Mile in Framingham, and even with the opening of the megaplex a short distance away, the history of "The Cinema" was over. Click on the links below for pictures the way it was. |
0.991493 | Can I eat grapes during pregnancy?
Grapes are the veritable super foods of the fruit world. They are delicious, and packed with multiple nutrients that are beneficial for almost every human being. And needless to say, they are extremely delicious. Now, things change a bit during pregnancy. Ideally, most fruits contain a high level of nutritional elements that are highly beneficial during pregnancy, but some of them like grapes, can contain some elements that might make over consumption rather risky. In this article, let us see how safe it is for us to consume grapes while we are expecting.
Normally, it is perfectly okay to consume grapes each day. However, things do change considerably in pregnancy, and it is never a good idea to overdo tings during those nine months. And like everything else, it is quite safe to eat grapes during pregnancy as long as you are doing so in moderate amounts. You need to make sure that you consult the doctor when you are pregnant, and eat only the recommended daily allowance of grapes as suggested by the doctor.
It is a common ailment of pregnant women to suffer from digestive issues like constipation and diarrhea. Grapes are highly fibrous, and greatly aid in regulating the digestive process. This is because grapes are high in water content, and foods that contain a lot of water are known to help in softening stool and making bowel movements smoother.
A lot of women suffer from high blood pressure during pregnancy, and grapes can come in handy in such a situation. High blood pressure occurs when the level of sodium in the body increases significantly, and the level of potassium becomes too low. Grapes have a pretty high potassium intake, which means that eating grapes regularly will increase the potassium content of the body and balance out the sodium content in the process.
If a woman suffers from diabetes, her pregnancy becomes a high risk one. Besides, some women develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, which is a rare but dangerous condition. This kind of diabetes is cured by itself as soon as the pregnancy is over, but can lead to miscarriages, premature birth, or stillbirths. According to recent researches, the chances of developing diabetes is reduced significantly by eating up to three servings of grapes each day, along with other fruits like blueberries and apples.
Grapes contain a moderate amount of folic acid, which is one of the most important minerals the woman needs during pregnancy. All minerals and other nutrients go to the baby through the umbilical cord, so consuming food with folic acid is of utmost importance. Folic acid aids in the proper development of the nervous system and the spinal cord. Consuming ample folic acid reduces the chances of the baby developing neural tube defects and spinal effects like spina bifida. Besides, grapes are also an important source of a number of vitamins and minerals that help in keeping both the mother and the baby healthy.
Is there such a thing as too many grapes?
Yes, of course there is, especially when you are pregnant. Grapes contain high amounts of resveratrol, which can cause severe complications in the pregnancy if too much of it is taken by the woman. This is because during pregnancy, there is a lot of hormonal changes and imbalances going on in the body, and too much of resveratrol can lead to toxicity. There is also the fact that grapes generate quite a lot of heat, which can make them quite dangerous in high amounts during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester.
Excessive body heat, coupled with the fiber and water content, can lead to diarrhea and nausea, which will lead to loss of fluids and essential minerals from the body. You can eat them in moderation during the first two trimesters, but it is best to avoid them altogether during the final three months. Apart from this, it is also best to avoid acidic grapes all through the pregnancy since it can cause heartburn, which will again lead to nausea and vomiting.
Also read: Can I eat Papaya during pregnancy?
There are so many different kinds of grapes to choose from: red, black, and green. You can eat them as part of a delicious fruits salad, mix them with your yogurt and berries, and even add them to your ice cream to make it a little less sinful. And do not forget grape jams and jellies, and the wonderful and healthy wine. There is no end to what you can do with a little bit of grapes. But do remember to consult your doctor before you indulge in the juicy goodness; things change in pregnancy.
Can I eat Papaya during pregnancy? |
0.995521 | Build a django content management system, blog, and social networking site with James Bennett as he introduces the popular Django framework. You’ll work through the development of each project, implementing and running the applications while learning new features along the way.
Practical Django Projects is the first book to introduce this popular framework by way of a series of real–world projects.
* Capitalize upon Django’s well–defined framework architecture to build web applications faster than ever before.
* Learn by doing by working through the creation of three real–world projects, including a content management system, blog, and social networking site.
* Build user–friendly web sites with well–structured URLs, session tracking, and syndication options.
* Let Django handle tedious tasks such as database interaction while you focus on building compelling applications.
Web developers seeking to use the powerful Django framework to build powerful web sites. |
0.552282 | Zurich has been consistently settled since the Roman Empire, though humans have lived in the area since prehistoric times. The first historical reference is from 15BC, when a military base was established. The nearby town was called Turicum. Little is known about Zurich's history throughout the early middle ages. The area was controlled by a succession of Germanic tribes.
In 853AD, Ludwig the German built a convent overtop the graves of Zurich's patron saints, Felix and Regula. The convent quickly rose in importance and in 1045 was granted the right to hold markets by the Holy Roman Emperor. By the start of the thirteenth century, Zurich became an important economic center. Zurich became a free city in 1218 and the city walls were built in the 1230s. The power of the convent began tow wane, being overtaken by the new town.
Zurich became a part of the Swiss Confederation in 1351. It continued to grow and became a center of trade and money lending. By the mid-fifteenth century, Zurich began to get close with Hapsburg Austria. The rest of the Swiss Confederacy did not approve, leading to the Old Zurich War, which lasted from 1440-46. Zurich persevered, but remained part of the Confederacy. The war proved to be a major setback to the city's economy, which began to turn inward.
It was not until the mid-seventeenth century when Zurich regained its economic importance. A spectacular new set of city walls were built in 1642 during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1648 Zurich became a Republic. The city continued to thrive in relative peace as a center of trade and commerce. That continued until the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, when Zurich was reabsorbed into Switzerland. Turmoil continued until the creation of the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848.
Though it was not the capital, the new stability allowed Zurich to regain its economic importance. As industrialization began, the city once again became a center of banking and commerce. Grand new civic projects, such as the railroad and new boulevards, were constructed. It was also home to the Swiss stock exchange. Because of Switzerland's neutrality, Zurich was largely spared the carnage of the world wars. The population peaked at close to half a million around 1950, though in recent years many have moved from the urban core to the suburbs. Zurich remains a pleasant and highly livable city, and also an epicenter of global finance. |
0.928828 | During North Carolina's antebellum period, the construction of railroads made building materials more accessible, boosted the economy, and supported the development of factories to mass-produce lumber and other construction components. In leading towns and progressive rural areas, North Carolinians adopted the nationally popular Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate styles. Reflecting the development of the architectural profession, key buildings were designed by architects. Prime landmarks of the era are the State Capitol (1833-40) and Christ Episcopal Church (1848-52) in Raleigh. Elaborate Greek Revival and Italianate plantation houses and town houses, such as Coolmore near Tarboro, were built for corn, cotton, and tobacco planters along the rivers and railroads. Farther west, completion of the Buncombe Turnpike from South Carolina to Henderson and Buncombe Counties encouraged construction of houses and churches in Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Greek Revival modes.
The Civil War and its aftermath brought a hiatus in construction. As the state's economy and transportation system recovered, the Industrial Revolution transformed the building industry. Mass production of all construction elements, made possible by the development of rail networks and large-scale steam-powered factories, meant that bricks, framing timbers, finishing and decorative elements, nails, glass, and every other component were produced at speeds and low costs unimaginable earlier in the nineteenth century.
A troubled agricultural economy and the shift from a slave to a tenant system of labor kept most rural building simple and unpretentious, but thousands of modest frame farmhouses, barns, sheds, and other structures were built with factory-produced lumber, nails, bricks, and hardware. Like the small houses built for workers moving into growing towns to find jobs, most of these buildings continued along earlier forms and plans, even as they incorporated new construction methods. With the development of flue-cured bright leaf tobacco culture, a distinctive building form appeared on the landscape: the flue-cure tobacco barn. These small, tightly built structures allowed farmers to cure tobacco with carefully regulated heating stages. Such barns appeared first in the Old Belt in the northern Piedmont, then grew numerous eastward as tobacco culture began to replace cotton in the Coastal Plain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Monuments of the Industrial Revolution appeared in textile mills and other factories. Mill architecture combined practical concerns of function and fire resistance with popular stylistic devices adapted from the Italianate style-low-pitched roofs, arched windows, campanile-like towers, and ornate brickwork. Textile industrialists also built residential villages of regularly placed one- or two-story dwellings near the mill to house employees.
The picturesque Italianate and Gothic Revival styles continued their popularity, joined by the nationally popular Second Empire style with its distinguishing mansard roof and, later, the eclectic Queen Anne style. For key public building projects, the state engaged Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan. Sloan designed the Western North Carolina Hospital for the Insane (later Broughton Hospital) at Morganton in the elaborate, dramatic Queen Anne style, as well as the ornate, brick Executive Mansion in Raleigh. The design of the era appears at its most magnificent at Biltmore near Asheville. Built in the 1890s for industrial heir George Washington Vanderbilt, the immense house was designed in a French château style by leading American architect Richard Morris Hunt, while the estate was planned by Frederick Law Olmsted, the great American landscape architect.
John V. Allcott, Colonial Homes in North Carolina (repr., 1975).
Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
Bishir and others, Architects and Builders in North Carolina: A History of the Practice of Building (1990).
Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina (1996).
Frances Benjamin Johnston and Thomas T. Waterman, The Early Architecture of North Carolina (1941).
Mills Lane, Architecture of the Old South: North Carolina (1985).
Bishir, Catherine W. 2005. North Carolina architecture. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
Bishir, Catherine W., Michael T. Southern, and Jennifer F. Martin. 1999. A guide to the historic architecture of western North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Built Heritage of North Carolina: Historic Architecture in the Old North State, http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/builtheritage/.
North Carolina Architects and Builders, http://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/.
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, http://www.hpo.ncdcr.gov/. Bibliography at http://www.hpo.ncdcr.gov/bibliog.htm.
Learn NC resources on architecture.
Resources in libraries [via WorldCat].
NC LIVE search results on architecture and North Carolina.
NC State Capitol, Raleigh, NC, from the southeast, early 1940s. From the Albert Barden Collection, North Carolina State Archives, call #: N.53.15.558. Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/north-carolina-state-archives/2431089363/ (accessed September 24, 2012).
North Carolina Executive Mansion, 23 April 2004. From General Negative Collection, North Carolina State Archives, call #: D.2006.11.121, Raleigh, NC. Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/north-carolina-state-archives/6100676475/ (accessed September 24, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Bishir, Catherine W. |
0.999983 | Why are transfers between accounts (ex. checking to savings) being listed as income? I am excluding them but I worry that this will increase my tax bill.
When you transfer between accounts, you'll see an expense and income transaction. Both transactions should be marked as Transfers. The income transaction is the amount being deposited to your savings from your checking account.
Check this article for more information: Transfers between accounts in QuickBooks Self-Employed.
Let me know if you have additional questions about transfers in QuickBooks Self-Employed. |
0.939661 | Just before he died in 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published a book that would change the direction of astronomy forever. On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres was paramount in developing the theory of heliocentric cosmology. Copernicus stated that the Earth was not the center of the universe, but the Sun was positioned in the center with the planets in orbit. This assertion sparked the beginnings of the Scientific Revolution and the concept is known today as the Copernican Revolution.
Prior to the Copernican Revolution, the main worldview of the Earth in relation to other celestial bodies was a geocentric concept. This theory of the planets and the Sun orbiting the Earth was embraced by both Aristotle and Ptolemy as well as most religious groups. For hundreds of years, the concept was the staple model of astronomy.
The Ptolmaic Model was supported by by observations of the stars, Sun and planets. Astronomers of the time saw the bodies circling around the Earth each day. In addition, many people noticed that the star near the equator would rise and set daily. This led to the belief that the planet was not moving, but merely at rest.
This geocentric concept was combined with the idea of a spherical Earth rather than a flat Earth. The idea stemmed from the ancient Greek concepts that the movement of planets were circular rather than elliptical.
The Copernican model continued to be debated by many in the scientific community of the day. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, observed the comet of 1577 which lasted for 74 days and passed very close to the Earth. The comet passed through the spheres of several planets. This was accented by the spheres of Mars and the Sun passing through each other. These observations enabled Johannes Kepler to describe the laws of planetary motion.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe the phases of Venus as well as the moons of Jupiter. His observations upheld the opinions predicted by Copernicus. In addition, he showed that the theory of the anomalous orbit of the Moon was not unique. Using these facts, Galileo defended the heliocentric model in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in 1632. This led to his trial by the Inquisition and ultimate house arrest.
The Scientific Revolution continued at the same time with the theory behind the extent of the universe. Thomas Digges, an English mathematician, and Giordano Bruno, an Italian philosopher, both argued that the universe was infinite and that stars were suns. This added to the argument for Copernicus's theory.
The final physical explanation that defined the Copernican Revolution came in the form of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. He demonstrated that the planets orbit the Sun using the force of gravity. Newton upheld Kepler's laws and was able to make accurate predictions of the interaction between the celestial bodies.
The ultimate effect of the Copernican Revolution was the revelation of the orbits of the planets. This fact had a distinct impact on the Catholic Church, which was the primary source of information regarding science. With the examination of the heliocentric model, the church lost its authority over much of the scientific community. The theory also opened up the possibilities that religion was wrong about certain truths in the world.
Nicolaus Copernicus created the modern concept of the solar system and changed cosmology forever. With his theory of a heliocentric model of the Sun and planets, the Copernican Revolution gave way to modern astronomy. |
0.999643 | What Are Some Pros and Cons of a Representative Democracy?
Pros of a representative democracy include efficiency, and officials that are democratically elected; cons include elected officials not being held accountable for their actions and citizens cannot participate in this type of democracy. The United Kingdom and the United States both have a representative democracy.
In a representative democracy, although citizens elect those who will represent them in government, after the election, they have little to no say so when it comes to the lawmaking and legislative process. In this type of government, it is difficult to hold elected officials accountable for their decisions. It is common for officials to break campaign promises and citizens often fail to stay informed on important issues.
If You Want Democracy Representative Find Them Here & Save Time and Money! |
0.985479 | Hello, I am concerned about bumps that are all over my dogs skin. They been present for about a week and are getting worse. I gave him Benadryl and steroids for allergies but no improvement.
I recommend that you take your pet into see a veterinarian as soon as possible. The bumps that you are describing can be caused by a few different things including an allergic reaction, infection, or an underlying medical issue. Your vet can talk to you more about the cause of the bumps and the treatment that he needs after they have examined him. |
0.999624 | I'm inspired by my surroundings, experiences, and the people in my life. I gain a lot of inspiration from the places I've traveled and the new cultures I've experienced. I like to immerse myself in fashion history and art museums, in addition to taking ideas from celebrities and pop culture. I also get inspiration from my fellow fashionistas, friends, family, and everyone else I interact with every day.
Styling my customers is incredible because there is amazing versatility in the way clothing can be used for different people of all ages, backgrounds, and beliefs. Style is universal and individual at the same time. Style is the perfect form of self-expression because it allows you to show off who you are. |
0.999985 | What is SOAP? XML SOAP is a language that allows a program running on one operating system to communicate with another program in another operating system over the internet.
A group of vendors from Microsoft, IBM, Lotus, and others, created an XML-based protocol that lets you activate applications or objects within an application across the Internet. SOAP codifies the practice of using XML and HTTP to invoke methods across networks and computer platforms.
With distributed computing and web applications, a request for an application comes from one computer (the "client") and is transmitted over the Internet to another computer (the "server"). There are many ways of doing this, but SOAP makes it easy by using XML and HTTP - which are already standard web formats.
Web applications are where SOAP really comes into its own. When you view a web page you are using a web browser to query a web server and view a web page. With SOAP, you would use your computer client application to query a server and run a program. You can't do that with standard web pages or HTML.
Online banking - account reviews, transfers, stop payment, etc.
While this bank has these three applications, they are all mostly separate. So if I go into the banking section I can't transfer funds from my savings account to my credit card, and I can't view my account balances while I'm in the online bill paying section.
With standard web-based applications, that method is only available to the programs that call it and are on the same server. Using SOAP, you can access that method across the Internet via HTTP and XML.
One thing to consider when looking into implementing SOAP on your business server is that there are many other ways to do the same thing that SOAP does. But the number one benefit you'll gain from using SOAP is its simplicity. SOAP is just XML and HTTP combined to send and receive messages over the Internet. It is not constrained by the application language (Java, C#, Perl) or the platform (Windows, UNIX, Mac), and this makes it much more versatile than other solutions. |
0.999646 | Do you feel like you're always running around trying to complete home maintenance projects — but that you're always a step behind with more projects to tackle than you have time for? Home maintenance should not rule your life. Here are some simple ways to simplify your home maintenance routine so you can focus on other things.
1. Pay for a filter subscription service.
Remembering to change the air filter is the single best thing you can do for your HVAC system, and regular filter changes also keep your home cleaner and smelling fresher. However, many people forget this task because going to the store to buy a new air filter each month takes a lot of time for such a simple task. Enrolling in an air filter subscription service will help immensely. They will deliver a new filter to your home every one, two, or three months based on the needs of your system. You can select the type of filter best for you, depending on whether or not you have pets or allergy-sufferers in your home.
2. Assign tasks to various family members.
Even if you're the one who generally oversees home maintenance, you can simplify your life by assigning various tasks to other family members. Maybe one of your teenagers can be responsible for checking and changing all smoke detector batteries and light bulbs in the home. Maybe your spouse will happily take over mowing the lawn. Sit down and make a list of all household maintenance tasks, and then assign them to a capable household member.
This is a tip you will have to implement over time. If you do, it will slowly pay off. Start buying better quality items whenever you need to update or replace something. For instance, when the vacuum fails, buy one with a larger capacity; you'll have to empty it less often. Spring for the higher-end thermostat that plugs in rather than running on batteries, so you never have to change the batteries again.
4. Dedicate a day to home maintenance.
This one will help you avoid feeling like you spend all day, every day doing home maintenance. Dedicate one day in your schedule each week to home maintenance tasks. Unless it is an emergency, make it wait until that day. This way, you can remain more focused on other aspects of life during your non-home-maintenance days. |
0.998585 | How to select elements whose attribute value ends with certain characters?
To select particular elements whose attribute value ends with certain characters we can use attribute ends with selector.
In above case, first all input elements are selcted and then based on id attribute whose value ends with "Name" are selected.
In above code snippet, only first two elements will get selected (and css style of border 1px solid will get applied) as those elements id attribute values ends with "Name". |
0.980103 | There are so many types and styles of betrayal that to try to delineate what betrayal could construe would be fruitless because you know what betrayal is. You know what betrayal is between two or more people and what it feels like if you have ever been betrayed; and who of us has not experienced a betrayal at one time or another?
The idea of betrayal assumes there is someone who is actively betraying (antagonist) and someone who is being betrayed (the protagonist). In essence, for there to be a betrayal there must two parts of betrayal, a “betrayer” and a “betrayee.” This also assumes that there is a good guy (the one being betrayed) and a bad guy (the one doing the betraying).
The pain associated with being betrayed can be immensely powerful and overwhelming across the entire spectrum of emotions. On one end of the spectrum a victim of betrayal can be overcome with hatred, anger, even become violent. On the other end of the spectrum, someone can be so hurt that they get depressed, completely immobilized, cognitive and physiological systems start to shut down, and may even consider taking their own life due to the betrayal.
Betrayal is a serious business and comes at an incredible price to participants involved in the betrayal.
The first order of business in a betrayal is the protection of the person who feels he or she has been victimized or hurt by the betrayal. As soon as possible, the victim of a betrayal must be able to find a safe place to prevent further victimization, and actively find ways to feel good enough to seek healing and a better state of being happy, if possible.
A victim of betrayal must have the raw materials (energy and reasonably cognitive state) to work through the process of healing with the least amount of damage to self, the person who betrayed him or her, or others who may be impacted by the betrayal who may or may not have participated in the event.
Once the victim is feeling good enough to deal with the details of the situation, then processing the details of the scenario can be broken down and evaluated. Keeping in mind that in every negatively impactful event in life, there is a secret/hidden treasure to be uncovered which is a clue or harkens the victim to an enlightened state of personal growth.
Seek to understand and retain the precious lesson(s).
The motive is an important component in a betrayal, for some betrayal is intentional, while other forms of betrayal can be accidental or unintentional. This can cloud and complicate judging the part the antagonist played in victimizing the one who has been betrayed.
It can also complicate any hope of healing the relationship between two players in an interpersonal episode of betrayal. If the relationship is strong enough, there can be hope of healing, but trust is hard to rebuild once it is broken.
A significant breach of trust can possibly be forgiven, but the rebuilding of trust after a breach of trust will take time.
Once the healing process has been initiated, regardless of the impact and the players, a victim of betrayal may seek to opt out of the cycle of betrayal altogether.
This will sound like an impossibility at first blush, but given time to simmer, the idea may become more appealing over time.
If you keep an open mind, you can get there from here.
You’ve Been Deceived Now What?
You need to cut yourself some slack as soon as possible because the fact is that we are surrounded by manipulative people who seek out good and honest people whom they can take advantage of. They can be quite crafty and covert and the fact that they chose you is a compliment to your character and an indication of his or her lack of character.
We all tend to project our own morality onto those within proximity. For instance, if you’re an honest, trustworthy person, you tend to see others as being honest and trustworthy, while liars see others as dishonest, and fear others are always hiding something and may deserve to be taken advantage of.
You’re somewhat in a state of shock because you wouldn’t think of doing this to someone else. Ready yourself to forgive yourself for falling victim to this circumstance, it was not your fault. You are not responsible for someone else’s misdeeds.
Of course, The kind of betrayal I am referencing is the misdeed with malicious intent, you must distinguish this type of activity from an honest mistake. Sometimes someone whom you’ve trusted does something that results in your feeling betrayed, but there was a distinct lack of malice, more likely they hadn’t thought things through far enough or realized that their inattention to detail would be offensive to you.
If someone has simply made the mistake of crossing you unwittingly, cut them some slack, and prepare to forgive them.
Once you’ve correctly diagnosed a person as one who would lie or otherwise take advantage of you, realize they are a snake. As much as they might beg forgiveness or try to charm you otherwise, a snake is a snake, and it will only set you up to bite you, even worse the next time.
Can people change? Yes. I am in the change business and I see it every day, but you have to learn how to deal with a liar, look out for you and take care of yourself and the others whom you care about. This is your responsibility. If this snake is a repeat offender, you have to do the right thing and take the action which is best for you and yours.
In becoming aware of the existence of individuals who may not have your best interests at heart, learn early detection methods of determining when someone might be being less than honest and pay more attention to potential warning signs early on when you are getting to know someone.
In the event that you are having a twinge, a sense that someone may not be as they appear, don’t be shy about checking out the details for accuracy. If you are uncovering holes in their stories and blatant inaccuracies, there’s no need to confront them about it, just place a safe distance between yourself and this person, and don’t let down your guard around this person.
Now that you are becoming more aware of people and learning how to see people as they really are, be careful not to fall into the trap of seeing everyone as a potential threat. Not everyone is out to get you, but once victimized, it can be easy to be absorbed in perpetual victim mentality (which will only attract more predators) so avoid the temptation to do so.
Remember the good and honest, trusting person that you were before this incident and embrace that part of you even more, only being aware enough to protect yourself in the future.
Author davidmastersadminPosted on September 7, 2017 September 7, 2017 Categories BlogTags betrayal, deceit, deception, lack of trustLeave a comment on You’ve Been Deceived Now What? |
0.97229 | Title: 5 Tips on How to Create Great Resources for TeachersKeywords: teacher resource websites, resources for teachers, free teacher resourcesNumber of Words: 598 WordsArticle Body:The qualities of the teaching resources you create can have a significant consequence on the teaching experience of teachers. Resources for teachers are to help them develop their own teaching materials to teach their students. Often, resources can confuse teachers rather than help them. It is, therefore, essential to know how to create effective resources for teachers.There are 5 basic tips or guides to follow when creating resources irrespective of the age range of the students or subject you have in mind.1.The Resources Must Be IntelligibleThe resource should be easy to understand and learn from. How to achieve this will depend on the medium used. Use simple language and short or simple sentences instead complex sentences. Illustrations can help to simplify a complex message. If you are using images, ensure that they are colorful, related to your topic and easy to connect with. The overall format of your resources must be simple and have a good layout. Complexities hinder quick understanding.2.Use General StyleYou should purpose to use a consistent style throughout your resource, especially if you are working on a particular series of topics in the subject. It may be tempting to use different styles although; consistency will enable teachers to focus on the meaning and significance of what you are trying to communicate. Uniformity in the resources will assist the teachers to focus on content rather than style. Direct your focus to the teachers needs. 3.Create Unique and Innovative ResourcesThe resources should not be two-minute products. They should be carefully thought out and created in order to be valuable. The resources should include peculiar concepts that anyone that coming across them would be willing to buy. The resource could be a game to teach a particular lesson or to make teaching a difficult or tricky lesson easy. You can access several free teacher resources online for inspiration and guide. Moreover, the resources should be great time savers for teachers to understand and develop their lessons.4.The Resources Must Be OriginalOriginal resources bring out the innate creativity in teachers. You should not re-format other peoples work or improve on someone elses original creation. You could consult teacher resource websites or other peoples resources as guides to create yours, but avoid content and creativity theft otherwise known as plagiarism. If you want to use sound in your video, do not use copyrighted sounds like music. Create a unique music or sound for your resources.5.Target Teachers NeedIt is vital that the educational resources you want to create be targeted at what teachers need to learn. Therefore, you need to be aware of the knowledge and skill that teachers you are targeting already have. It can be challenging to have a grasp of this piece of information, but it is worth spending time to find out. Realizing their needs will help you to create efficient and great resources for them. Targeting their need is fundamental to creating great resources for teachers.Although there are many teacher resource websites on the internet, http://www.reachingteachers.com.au/ is the best teacher resource marketplace on the web, where teachers can buy and sell their classroom resources. Reaching Teachers is a resource trading platform for teachers to help other teachers get back their world life balance. Diligence and strict attention are paid to resources that are offered on the website in order to ensure their quality and effectiveness. Both paid resources and free teacher resources are available on the platform. The more resources are shared between teachers, the better results our students will get. |
0.999549 | What similar speaking experience have you had?
For speaking at a Public Sector Investigations program, share your relevant experience.
List up to three (3) of your most recent presentations, including topic, organization, year, audience, co-presenters, and any other pertinent information.
Provide up to three (3) references who know your presenting skills, including their name, organization, email, and telephone number.
Please provide any other information you believe is relevant to your application, such as why you want to be a speaker or what you have to offer that is unique, such as perspective, background, diversity, etc. |
0.990452 | How much is 1000 minutes? How long is 1000 minutes?
How long is 1000 minutes?
Convert 1000 minutes. How much is 1000 minutes? What is 1000 minutes in other units? Convert to seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, and years. To calculate, enter your desired inputs, then click calculate. Finally, check the summary to find out the result.
Convert 1000 minutes to seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, and years. |
0.947686 | The Cross-City Line is a suburban railway line in the West Midlands region of England. It runs for 32 miles (51 km) from Redditch, and Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, its two southern termini, to Lichfield, Staffordshire, its northern terminus, via Birmingham New Street, connecting the suburbs of Birmingham in between. Services are operated by West Midlands Trains.
Cross-City Line services began in 1978, as a project of the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive (WMPTE) to improve local rail services. It made use of pre-existing railways lines, which previously did not have any through services. Services were extended to Redditch in 1980, and to Lichfield Trent Valley in 1988. The route was electrified in 1993. In 2018 services were extended to Bromsgrove, which was added as a second southern terminus.
What is now the Cross-City Line was not built as a single route; it is a combination of lines opened by different companies at different times, between 1837 and 1885.
The oldest section is between Duddeston (originally named Vauxhall) and Aston, which was part of the Grand Junction Railway from Birmingham to Earlestown, opened in 1837.[page needed] This was extended towards the centre of Birmingham, at Curzon Street, the following year, and into Birmingham New Street in 1854.
The line from Aston to Sutton Coldfield was opened by the London and North Western Railway in 1862, and extended to Lichfield City in 1884, where it connected with the South Staffordshire Line between Walsall and Lichfield Trent Valley, which had opened in 1849.
The Birmingham and Gloucester Railway had opened in 1840, following what is now the Cross-City Line between Bromsgrove and Kings Norton, although this line ran to Curzon Street (later New Street) via what is now the Camp Hill Line.
The single-track branch line from Barnt Green to Redditch followed in 1859, as part of the Midland Railway's Gloucester Loop Line, which was closed south of Redditch in 1964.
The Birmingham West Suburban Railway, taking the route of the Cross-City Line between Kings Norton and central Birmingham via Bournville, opened to its original terminus at Granville Street in 1876, it was extended into Birmingham New Street in 1885, and the Granville Street terminus closed.
These lines from Birmingham to Barnt Green and Redditch were operated by the Midland Railway and the line to Lichfield was operated by the London and North Western Railway, so there were no through services. This continued despite the Grouping of the LNW and Midland Railways to form the London Midland and Scottish Railway in 1921, and subsequent nationalisation to form British Railways.
Prior to the creation of the Cross-City Line, the northern half of the route from New Street to Sutton Coldfield and Lichfield had a well used regular suburban service, which had been switched from steam to diesel multiple unit (DMU) operation in 1956, leading to a large increase in usage. However, the southern half of the route from New Street to Redditch was a different matter: In 1964, the closure of all the stations between New Street and Redditch (along with the branch to Redditch) was proposed by the Beeching Axe. They were reprieved from closure in 1967, however the service was cut back to a handful of trains at peak times for commuters.
Diagrammatic map of Cross-City Line, including Bromsgrove which was added as a second southern terminus in 2018.
In the early-1970s the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive (WMPTE) gained responsibility for managing and planning the local railway network in the West Midlands, and they set about looking for ways it could be improved: The WMPTE Passenger Transport Plan of 1972 recognised the need for a cross-city rail service, and especially an improved service to the south of Birmingham with new stations to serve the growth areas in the south of the city.
The Cross City Line project was sanctioned by the WMPTE in May 1975 and launched on 8 May 1978. Costing £7.4 million (equivalent to £60,970,000 in 2018), it involved joining the services into Birmingham from north and south into a single through service, along with the re-opening of Five Ways station (the original had closed in the 1940s) and new stations to serve the University of Birmingham and Longbridge (the former station at Longbridge was on the branch line to Halesowen and Old Hill). Most of the other stations on the southern half of the route were rebuilt at the same time, and improvements were made to signalling and junctions. Of the new stations, the only one to be officially opened was University, which the then Secretary of State for Transport William Rodgers MP formally opened on 8 May 1978. There is a plaque on platform 2 marking this occasion.
Services initially ran on a 15-minute frequency between Longbridge and Four Oaks via Birmingham New Street, with an hourly extension to Lichfield City, using refurbished Class 116 Diesel Multiple Units. The new service was an instant success, and by the end of the first year was carrying 30,000 passengers daily.
Services were extended to Redditch in 1980, initially on an hourly frequency, increased to half-hourly in 1989. The service to Lichfield City was increased to half hourly in 1986, and on 28 November 1988, some services were extended to terminate at the re-opened high level platforms of Lichfield Trent Valley.
By the late-1980s, the elderly diesels operating the service were becoming increasingly unreliable, and the WMPTE (now re-branded as Centro) pressed for electrification. The decision to electrify the line was made on 7 February 1990 by the then Transport Minister Cecil Parkinson during the campaign for a by-election in the Mid Staffordshire constituency.
The cost of the electrification scheme was estimated at £64.5 million (equivalent to £129,050,000 in 2018), of which around 70% was funded by Centro, and the remainder by the Regional Railways sector of British Rail.
At Selly Oak, a new bridge was constructed in 2011 to carry the canal over a new section of the A38.
The single track between Barnt Green and Redditch restricted the number of trains that could run to Redditch to two per hour. In November 2013 a scheme was approved to construct a new passing loop at Alvechurch to allow the service to be increased to three trains per hour. The line between Barnt Green and Redditch was closed for eight weeks for the works to be carried out, and was reopened on 1 September 2014. The improved service began in December 2014.
Electrification was also extended from Barnt Green to Bromsgrove station, which was rebuilt in 2016 and was added as a second southern terminus once electrification was completed in August 2018. These changes allow three trains per hour to run to both Redditch and Bromsgrove.
Three of the ten new Class 350 trains that London Midland introduced in 2014 have displaced Class 323s on other routes in the West Midlands to enable an increase in service frequency and capacity between Longbridge and Redditch, and the extension of all remaining Longbridge trains to Bromsgrove once electrification is complete. Class 350s are not currently authorised to be used on the Cross City Line.
During Monday to Saturday daytimes, on the core section of the line between Four Oaks and Longbridge, six trains per-hour operate each way, giving a ten-minute frequency of service. Of these, four northbound trains per hour continue from Four Oaks to Lichfield City, and two of these continue to Lichfield Trent Valley. Southbound three trains per hour continue from Longbridge to Redditch.
The southern half of the Cross-City line also forms part of the Cross Country Route, and some longer distance services stop at University station, including CrossCountry trains to Cardiff and West Midland Railway services to Hereford.
There are long-standing proposals for the re-introduction of local trains on the Camp Hill Line (effectively a loop between Birmingham New Street and King's Norton).
As part of the new West Midlands Trains franchise, the Class 323 units will be replaced by Aventras.
In October 2018, as part of a 30 year strategy of Transport in the West Midlands several proposals were put forward. By 2034, there would be longer trains, electrification of the line from Lichfield Trent Valley to Burton-on-Trent allowing 2 services per hour to be extended to Burton-on-Trent via a newly reopened Alrewas. Beyond 2034, it was proposed that new semi-fast service could serve more larger stations.
There is also a possibility that the line from Walsall to Lichfield could also reopen as Andy Street promised to try and make the reopening of the line feasible. He claimed he would look to reopen the line from Lichfield to Walsall. The line is part of a 10 year transport plan called the 2026 Delivery for Transport.
In 2016-17 the Cross-City Line's 24 stations (excluding New Street) had combined passenger numbers of 22.59 million, a substantial increase on the 2015 figure of 19.95 million and the 2006 figure of 8.5 million. The busiest station on the route besides Birmingham New Street is University, with nearly three million passenger entries and exits, and the least busy station is Alvechurch with around 145,000 passenger entries and exits.
The railway stations and cities, towns and villages served by the line are listed below.
Barnt Green railway station in Barnt Green – branches off the main line to Cheltenham here.
A large stretch of the northern part of the line closely follows the A5127 road.
In 1990, Railscene produced a driver's eye view of the then-diesel line, featuring the elderly rolling stock still in operation. Many features of the line have since been changed, for example, the rebuilding of Alvechurch and Redditch stations, the abolition of Lichfield City's goods sidings and closure of the Brownhills Line and the removal of the fourth platform of Lichfield Trent Valley.
There was a highly publicised opening ceremony to celebrate the electrification and service enhancement at Redditch in 1993.
In 1995, Video 125 released a video of a driver's eye view of the recently electrified line, narrated by Kay Alexander. On the video near Lichfield an elderly Class 310 unit is used on the opposite direction service – this was due to not all 323 units being in traffic in time for the new services starting.
There is a highly detailed reproduction of the part between Redditch and Birmingham New Street for the free train simulators BVE and OpenBVE.
^ a b Boynton 1993.
^ Webster, Norman W. (1972). Britain's First Trunk Line – the Grand Junction Railway. Bath: Adams & Dart. ISBN 0-239-00105-2.
^ a b c d Jowett, Alan (1993). Jowett's Atlas of Railway Centres: of Great Britain showing their development from the earliest times up to and including the 1990s - Volume 1 (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 133–148. ISBN 1-8526-0420-4. OCLC 30919645.
^ Boynton 1993, pp. 65-67.
^ Boynton 1993, pp. 14-17.
^ Boynton 1993, pp. 18-20.
^ Boynton 1993, pp. 21-25.
^ Boynton 1993, p. 59.
^ a b Boynton 1993, pp. 86-88.
^ a b c d e "The Cross City Rail Line". Redditch MRC. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^ a b Boynton 1993, pp. 89-90.
^ "The South Staffordshire Line". southstaffsrail.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^ a b c Boynton 1993, pp. 92-104.
^ a b "Investing in the Midlands, December 2011". Rail Professional Magazine. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ Osborne, Connie (1 September 2014). "Commuters back on track with railway opening". Bromsgrove Standard. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ "£1.2 billion boost for English rail and metro services". Railnews. 4 August 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
^ "Bromsgrove Corridor Resignalling". Rail Engineer. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Order for New "Desiro" Trains Signed by Transpennine Express". rail.co.uk. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "West Midlands and Chilterns Route Utilisation Strategy 2011" (PDF). Network Rail. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
^ "Reinstatement of Camp Hill Rail Services Moves A Step Closer". Birmingham City Council. 13 July 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2008.
^ "More seats for rail passengers as nearly £1 billion is invested in Midlands services". Gov.UK. 10 August 2017.
^ "A New Era for West Midlands Rail Travel, A 30-year Rail Investment Strategy 2018-2047" (PDF). West Midlands Rail Executive. p. 30. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^ "MOVEMENT FOR GROWTH: 2026 Delivery Plan for Transport Annex 1 - Corridors" (PDF). tfwm.org.uk. p. 27. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
^ "Station usage estimates". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
^ "Cops on track to celebrate". Birmingham Mail. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "Birmingham Cross-City South for openBVE". Rail Sim Routes.
Boynton, John (1993). Rails Across The City, The Story of The Birmingham Cross City Line. Kidderminster: Mid England Books. ISBN 0-9522248-0-1.
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This page was last edited on 8 January 2019, at 15:10 (UTC). |
0.999998 | Download "eservices Self Service Help for Students"
5 Enroll Using the Enrollment Shopping Cart The Enrollment Shopping Cart (formerly Wish List) is a tool that provides you the opportunity to save classes for use when you are ready and able (when the enrollment period opens) to enroll. In other words, it is a great tool for selecting classes and validating them before the enrollment period begins so you can be sure you re ready when the enrollment period opens. Selecting and validating your classes before you attempt to enroll will allow you to address any issues (needed prerequisites, time conflicts, etc.) that may come up related to your enrollment. If you attempt to enroll before the enrollment period begins for a particular term, you will get a message stating, You do not have a valid enrollment appointment at this time. Otherwise, when the enrollment period begins, you ll be able to enroll very quickly using this feature! Once logged in to eservices, in the Student Center under the Academics heading: 1. Click Enrollment Shopping Cart 2. Select a term and then click CONTINUE 3. Enter a Class Number and click Add to List OR 4. Find Classes a. Select Class Search or My Planner (My Requirements is not being used at this time.) Entering a specific Course Subject and Number will show sections of a specific course, such as BIOL110. Entering just Course Subject will display all courses with that Course Subject, such as all courses with the BIOL prefix. b. Selecting My Planner and clicking on the Search button will list all classes in the Planner. If you have no courses in My Planner, you will receive a message telling you The Search from My Planner feature is not available at this time. You will need to add classes to My Planner before doing this. i. Click on the Select button next to the course you want to enroll in. ii. A list of courses for the subject you selected will be displayed. iii. Once you have selected the section you want click on the Select button. iv. Click Next v. Continue using the instructions for Validate 5. Click Select Class 6. Click Next 7. Continue with entering a class number or class search until all classes have been entered. 8. Validate your classes Use this functionality to check for prerequisites, conflicts or other problems with the shopping cart schedule. If no conflicts are displayed, you will see: OK to Add. (If there are conflicts there will be a detailed message as to the conflict.) Click on Shopping Cart button If there is a conflict of any type, the course that has the conflict can be deleted by doing the following: a. Put a check mark next to the class that is in conflict b. Click delete. (You can elect to leave the class and take care of any conflicts such as a prerequisite not being met, etc.) The Shopping Cart will now be available for you to work with prior to open enrollment.
6 Drop Classes Once logged in to eservices, in the Student Center under the Academics heading: 1. Click Enroll. 2. Select a term and then click CONTINUE. 3. Click on drop tab 4. Check Select column for class to be dropped 5. Click Drop Selected Classes 6. Click Finish Dropping 7. Click My Class Schedule to confirm class has been dropped (Note: If the class was dropped prior to start date, then the class will not be displayed on the class schedule. If the class was dropped during the semester, the class schedule will display the class with a status of withdrawn.) Using My Planner The My Planner feature allows you to plan courses on a short or long term basis and to directly enroll in planned classes as terms become available. It allows you to choose the courses you will need so that you have them readily and easily usable for enrolling in a term. Once logged in to eservices, in the Student Center under the Academics heading: 1. Click Plan 2. Select a term and then click Browse Course Catalog or Plan By My Requirements to choose courses to add the planner 3. Select a course and click Add To Planner 4. Once you have courses in My Planner, when you are ready to enroll, simply select My Planner when searching for courses and you will see all sections available for the courses you have added to My Planner.
7 View My Class Schedule In eservices, in the Student Center under the Academics heading: 1. Click the other academic dropdown list 2. Select Class Schedule and click the submit button This will give you a detailed view of class schedule with class number, date and time in List View or Weekly Calendar View (NOTE: List View displays only class building name and not class room number. Go to Weekly Calendar View to see building name and class room number. This view also shows any Online Classes. To see All classes in the Weekly Schedule view change Start Time to 12:00am and End Time to 11:59pm.) Find Refund and Withdrawal Dates 1. In the Student Center click on Deadlines icon ( ) in the first column of the class schedule OR 1. In the Student Center click the other academic drop down menu and select Class Schedule and click the submit button 2. Select a term and then click Continue 3. Click Academic Calendar Deadlines icon ( ) in the last column of the class schedule View Grades 1. In the Student Center click the other academic drop down menu and select Grades and click the submit button 2. Select a term and then click Continue 3. You can click on Printer Friendly Version to print Find My Advisors 1. In the right column of the Student Center under Advisor > Program Advisor you will see your advisors name. 2. click Details 3. If you wish to contact your advisor by , click on your advisor s name.
8 View Transcript/Transfer Credit To view/obtain your Unofficial Transcript: In the Student Center, under Academics: 1. Click on My Academics 2. Click on View my unofficial transcript 3. Select Report Type of ICC Unofficial Transcript from drop down menu 4. Select ICC Unofficial Transcript in the Report Type field and click go (**this process may take a few minutes to complete. please do not press any other buttons or links while processing is taking place**) 5. Print your unofficial transcript if desired To view your Transfer Credit: In the Student Center, under Academics: 1. Click on My Academics 2. Click on View my transfer credit report Finances Account Inquiry 1. In the Student Center under the Finances heading click on Account Inquiry. 2. Use the tabs to view your financial information View Financial Aid Information [No way to confirm] This section applies for students who receive financial aid. 1. In the Student Center under the Finances heading click on View Financial Aid. 2. Click the aid year you wish to view. 3. Award Summary page a. Financial Aid Year 20xx 20xx b. Select the term hyperlinks below to see more detailed information. c. Click on Loan Details to get more information on loans. d. Click on Return to Award Summary 4. Click on Financial Aid Summary (This is your financial aid eligibility based on your estimated financial aid (budget) costs, family contribution, and estimated need for this aid year.) 5. Click on View Scheduled Disbursement Dates to view dates when the Financial Aid will be disbursed. 6. Click on Return to return to the Award Summary Page.
9 Update Personal Information In the Student Center under Personal Information, use the tabs to view or change information about you in eservices. View Student ID You can obtain your student id number from the Demographic Data tab. (See next steps ) View Demographic Data 1. Click on Demographic Data (For all changes to demographic information, contact the ICC Student Service Center at ) Names [Update] 1. Below is a list of your current names. Each name has a type associated with it that is indicative of the name's use. For all name changes, please contact the Student Service Center at View/Change Current Address Edit Current Address: 1. To edit the current address click on the edit button. 2. Make the necessary changes and click on the OK button. 3. Verify that the information is correct and click on the Save button. 4. Click the OK button on the Save Confirmation page. Add a New Address: 1. Click on the Add a New Address button. 2. Enter the new address and click on OK button. 3. Place a check mark next to appropriate address type in the Address Types field, for example: Home. 4. Verify that the information is correct and click on the Save button. 5. Click the OK button on the Save Confirmation page. View/Change Home Phone To delete the phone number displayed: 1. Select another phone number listed to be the Preferred phone number (Note: You cannot delete the Preferred phone number) 2. use the drop down menu and select other to change from the home number (Note: You cannot delete the Home phone number) 3. Click on Save and click on OK for the Save Confirmation 4. Click on delete for the old phone number once the changes have been made 5. On the Delete Confirmation page click on the Yes Delete button if you are sure this is what you want to do otherwise click on the No Do Not Delete button. To add a phone number: 1. click on the Add a Phone Number button. 2. Use the drop menu to select the phone type and enter the phone number in the following format: 309/ Check preferred if this is to be the preferred phone number. 4. Click on the Save button. 5. Click the OK button on the Save Confirmation page. View/Change Address(es) The lab e mail address cannot be edited or deleted.
10 To add an e mail address: 1. Click on the Add an Address button 2. Use the drop down menu and select one of the following types: business, home or other and add the address for the type selected. 3. Click on the Save button. 4. Click the OK button on the Save Confirmation page. 5. To delete the e mail type of business, home and/or other click on the delete button. 6. Confirm whether or not you want to actually delete this address View/Change Emergency Contacts To add an Emergency Contact: 1. click on the Add an Emergency Contact button 2. Fill in the required information for the Emergency Contact Detail 3. If more than one phone number is to be entered click on Add a Phone Number button. To delete an Emergency Contact: (You must either enter a new contact or make a previously entered contact the Primary Contact) 1. Click on the delete button 2. Click the OK button on the Save Confirmation page.
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0.934372 | Op-ed: Prime Minister Netanyahu fears that a joint Arab-Jewish struggle against the anti-Arab, anti-democratic Nation-State Law has the potential to make a fundamental difference if only progressive-minded Jews are willing to regard Arab citizens as equal partners, as during Oslo peace process.
A month after the enactment of the Nation-State Law, it is still difficult to assess how it will affect our lives as Arab citizens of the Jewish state.
The question, however, concerns not only the law's legal and constitutional implications, but also its anti-Arab, anti-democratic statement directed against us, led directly by cabinet ministers and the prime minister.
The Nation-State Law carries dangerous implications to the public discourse, and leads to our identification as an enemy from within.
Arab society is leading a public and parliamentary protest against the law, both in Israel and abroad. Demonstartors are calling for the protection of Arab society's status in its homeland, including its language as well as its rights.
But the protest was almost completely ignored until the mass demonstration in Tel Aviv two weeks ago. This demonstration, which included more than 10,000 Jewish supporters alongside Arab demonstrators, was harshly criticized, especially by the prime minister. Not for nothing.
Netanyahu was frightened by the insistence of Arab society— whom he has always tried to disengage from Israeli society—on swarming to Tel Aviv and demanding their right to full equality, without renouncing its Palestinian national identity.
But Jewish voices opposing the law also frighten him. He understands that it is not merely 'gentle soul' members of the left who are demonstrating, but also people whose country is very dear to them, who are acting in its favor and who genuinely fear the consistent harm done to democracy by the right wing, myself included.
This cause is important, despite the blind eye turned towards our discrimination and the crimes of occupation committed against our fellow Palestinians beyond the Green Line.
Netanyahu is afraid, because he understands that his conduct does not leave his opponents many options: as Arab citizens, he leaves us no choice but to voice our cry to Israeli society and to the entire world. We will not shut ourselves up in our communities and we will not volunteer for the execution of a political transfer.
The Jewish democratic forces will not remain indifferent, but will intensify their protest against the unrestrained gallop into a less democratic state with more and more fascist features.
What frightens Netanyahu the most is that the joint protest proved that the conditions are ripe, more than ever, for connecting these two communities in a joint struggle with enormous potential for political change in Israel.
The majority of the Arab public sees itself as part of the Palestinian people, and regards its partnership with progressive elements of Jewish society as a strategic goal for peace, equality and democracy. For decades, mainstream Israeli society has been able to respect this complexity and to cooperate on certain matters with Arab citizens and their political representatives.
The peak of the Jewish-Arab partnership was realized when the representatives of Arab society supported the 1993 Rabin government because of the peace process, despite Rabin’s military past. Rabin's assassination, the events of October 2000 and the rise of the right, severely damaged this partnership.
The joint protest against the Nation-State Law has the potential of restoring the joint Jewish-Arab struggle, and Netanyahu is attacking it with provocation and divisiveness.
The absurd thing is that those politicians whom he accuses of forgetting "what it means to be a Jew" and the media, whom he accuses of betrayal and of being leftists, are following him albeit being alarmed by his incitement against Arab society.
A joint Arab-Jewish struggle can bring down the right and bring about fundamental change, but it will only happen if those Jewish politicians, who claim to be an alternative to the right, stop believing in Netanyahu's provocations and playing into his hands, but rather see Arab citizens and their representatives as equal partners.
See all talkbacks "The joint struggle" |
0.999915 | Studies have shown that using an appropriate mouthrinse, in conjunction with regular brushing and flossing, is an easy and effective way for you to improve your overall oral health. As part of a regular program of oral hygiene, mouthrinses also sometimes known as mouthwashes can be effective at reducing plaque, controlling bad breath, and helping to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. There are a plethora of mouthrinses lining the drugstore shelves, and they are available in both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) formulations. Which one is best for you? That depends on what benefit you expect to get from using it.
If you're looking for an over-the-counter therapeutic mouthrinse, look for the ADA (American Dental Association) seal on the label; it means that the product has been evaluated and proven effective by an independent panel of dental experts. If a mouthrinse has been prescribed for you, you should carefully follow the usage instructions. (Note, however, that due to labeling rules, prescription mouthrinses may not be eligible for the ADA seal.) Mouthrinses can benefit most people, but they generally aren't recommended for children under the age of six, because of the fear that they may swallow them. |
0.999936 | The identifier that starts with'vw_1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234567890.1234' is too long. Maximum length is 128.
The identifier that starts with '1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567890_1234567' is too long. Maximum length is 128. |
0.998733 | Post any one either Image with text OR Video link with text OR Only Text at once.
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There is NO need to give a break tag to continue your article / text with new line or new paragraph. You can just use a enter key for that.
To make a text bold you can put the code something like this: <b>This website is awsome</b> and the output will be: This website is awsome.
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To make a text italics you can put the code something like this: <em>This website is awsome</em> and the output will be: This website is awsome.
If you have further knowlege of adding bullets and numberings if required in your article you have permission to do so.
Check example where an html tag is used in the post by clicking here.
Videos posting by link from facebook or youtube only. If you have a video which is with you on your pc or mobile, please upload on youtube first and then add the video id in the Video section.
Videos stream of more than 30mins will be disapproved.
You can write a hyperlink in an image or video but not in the text area.
Copyrighted content or Pornographic or sexually explicit content shall result in immediate account termination as well as deletion of all the previous post.
Copy the video if from the above link of YouTube website or go to share and click embed and copy the video id paste it here.
Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABCd12efGHi/. Where, ABCd12efGHi is the facebook video id. Replace ADD VIDEO ID HERE with the Facebook video id you want to share.
Right click on the video of facebook and click "Show Video URL", right click and copy the URL, paste it in your notepad/text editor and take the video id and paste it above.
Example: https://www.facebook.com/PAGENAME/videos/1234567890123456/. Where, 1234567890123456 is the facebook video id. Replace ADD VIDEO ID HERE with the Facebook video id you want to share. |
0.999925 | How is it that Americans can see inhumane border control policy and not see the inhumanity of family destruction that has resulted from US foreign policy?
The international community should not stand by watching Israel continue its crimes against the Palestinians with impunity.
The Russian government is delusional if it thinks it can maintain peaceful relations with the government that’s represented to the world by Nikki Haley, influenced by the crazed neocon warmonger John Bolton, and led by a president himself under attack for wanting to normalize relations with Russia.
The President of the United States is a non-entity—a figurehead incapable of action independently of the Deep State that controls him.
Any country that has occupied and oppressed another for so long should rightfully also remain an item on the international agenda. |
0.999999 | Think of the time when British came over Subcontinent, great changes have been occurred in history regarding nations, government, agriculture, culture, traditions, languages and not to forget about cuisines. British people brought their trends, techniques and varieties to rural habitats of subcontinent who were far away from those specialties. With the change of time British influenced every field of life as well as food, this leads sub continent food to Anglo-Indian cuisines derived from traditional British cuisine.
One of these Anglo-Indian food is Akuri derived from British Scrambled Eggs, Akuri was developed by Parsi Indians, which is a spicy scrambled egg dish eaten in Parsi cuisine.The spices used are ginger, coriander, chopped chilis, and black pepper; minced tomatoes are commonly added.Akuri is traditionally eaten with pav or double roti (types of Indian bread) and for this reason is somewhat liquid in texture. Further to this Muslim people adopted Akuri, which is known as Khugina, Egg bhurji or Anda bhurji in modern times Pakistan, the only difference in Akuri and Khugina is cooking style, The difference lies in its preparation and addition of sautéed chopped onions, chilies, and optional spices.It is usually served with rotis or bread.
As I belong to Pakistan, so I preferably cook Khugina with my own style, by adding of tomatoes and cilantro, which is the easiest eggs recipe ever, I really enjoy this scrambled style eggs in morning as breakfast with a cup of tea. Moreover, it can be convenient to cook when you came home late at night.
Continue to stir the eggs swiftly, for another 5-7 minutes, until they are at the point of setting and resemble soft custard. Make sure to keep scraping the bottom and sides of the pan.
Serve immediately; while warm and creamy.
Paneer may be substituted for the eggs.
Tomatoes can be added to the beaten eggs before adding them into the pan giving the dish a tangy flavor.
Boiled potatoes cut into small cubes are added to make the dish more filling.
Peas, carrots, capsicum and other similar vegetables can be added to the dish, improving the dish's taste and its nutritional value. |
0.993255 | Non-specified or "Other" depression and anxiety medicationsBecause their chemical make-ups do not fit into any of the other categories, the following list of depression and anxiety medications can only be termed as "other." Wellbutrin, Desyrel, Remeron, and Effexor are prescribed most. Each of the four drugs affects at least one of the brain's three neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine), and as a result, each has its own particular set of side effects. As a result, psychiatrists are much more likely to prescribe one of the other types of depression and anxiety medications (SSRIs, MAOIs, TCAs) before switching to one of these. In some instances, a patient's regimen is augmented by combining an SSRI or TCA with an"other" depression and anxiety medications, but because of an MAOI's particular chemical make-up and dietary requirements, it is prescribed alone. |
0.999997 | Diagram illustrating 4 "special paths"
Guiding question: How do different views about unique features of Germany's history prior to 1945 affect what happens after 1945?
Fulbrook's textbook, pages 2-5, gives a capsule summary of various possible special paths, "turning points where Germany failed to turn."
Accidental (also ideological-cultural, but very short term): "Factory accident," (in German: Betriebsunfall): German historians after 1945 postulated that Germany actually had especially good traditions (a superior special path) until things just "broke down" for the 12 years under Hitler.
Each path emphasized different unique features of German history.
Political: things started to go wrong when the 1848 democrats failed to unify the country. When Bismarck succeeded in the 1860s, the wrong track was solidified.
Economic: the large landowners and industrialists were never curbed by the working classes; instead the state stepped in and mediated after the 1870s.
Accidental: Germany has been an exceptionally progressive nation since the middle ages, and was only hit by temporary insanity after the Great Depression in the 1930s, but will rebound immediately once Hitler and his henchmen no longer wield power.
Each of the special paths had different implications for "bringing Germany back" to the "normal" state of western Europe after 1945. |
0.967182 | When a business is marketing its products and services is important for them to factor the use of a website. In order for a business to be relevant for a long time, it is imperative for it to keep up with the changes that are happening in the marketing industry. Recently, customers usually depend on the internet to get information on the products they want before they make any purchase. It is important to develop a website for your business when you want to attract customers to your business. The website that you develop should be made professionally too because your website can create an impression about your business. In order for you to create a website that looks professional, it is imperative to hire a professional. As you search for a web developer, you can end up having a hard time that is why you need to factor some tips.
When choosing a web developer it is imperative to consider your compatibility with them. When you hire a web developer, you are more likely going to have a long term relationship with them and they will stay in your business for a long time. It is important to hire a web developer that you are compatible with because you can have a long term relationship with them. You can end up saving so much money when you hire a web developer that you can have a long term relationship with because moving from one web developer to another is costly.
The other vital thing you need to put in mind when choosing the web developer is the support you need. To ensure that your business is running in the right way possible, it is imperative to hire a web developer that will offer you all the support that you need. If you want to make any minor change in the website once it is developed, you have to hire a web developer that can offer you support tools. It is imperative to make sure that you are well aware of the kind of support you need from the web developer when you are making your choice because you will be able to identify the best expert. |
0.993501 | For other people named George Montagu, see George Montagu (disambiguation).
George Montagu (1753 – 20 June 1815) was an English army officer and naturalist. He was known for his pioneering Ornithological Dictionary of 1802, which for the first time accurately defined the status of Britain's birds. He is remembered today for species such as the Montagu's harrier, named for him.
George Montagu was born to James Montagu (1713–1790), who was great-great-grandson of Lord James Montagu (d. 1665), who was younger son of Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester.
Montagu is best known for his Ornithological Dictionary (1802) and his contributions to early knowledge of British birds. He showed that many previously accepted species were invalid, either because they were birds in summer or winter plumage or males and females of the same species. His study of harriers resulted in the discovery that the Montagu's harrier was breeding in southern England. He was also involved in the first British records of cirl bunting, whose breeding range in England is around his home in Devon, as well as of cattle egret, little gull and gull-billed tern.
He was born at the family home of Lackham House in Wiltshire, some three miles south of Chippenham in the northwest of that county, and baptised at Lacock Church on 9 July 1753. In 1770 he joined the army as an Ensign in the 15th Regiment of Foot. He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1777, but eventually rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Wiltshire Militia. In 1773 he married Ann Courtenay, niece of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. They settled at Alderton House in Wiltshire. In 1798 Montagu left his wife and moved to Prospect House, near Kingsbridge in Devon. It was here that he wrote his two-volume Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.
Montagu had an interest in marine and freshwater natural history, and in 1803 published his Testacea Britannica, a History of British Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. This described 470 species of molluscs, 100 of which were new to the British list. He supplied some new species of crustacean to William Elford Leach at the British Museum, and recorded some species of fish for the first time in English waters, as well as discovering new species including Montagu's blenny and Montagu's snapper (Lutjanidae). He also described the lesser horseshoe bat for the first time. Montagu's ray, Montagu's sucker and Montagu's sea snail are also named for him.
He died of tetanus after stepping on a nail at Knowle House. He was buried at Kingsbridge Parish Church. Montagu's collection of birds was bought by the British Museum, about 200 of which are now housed at the Tring Museum. His annotated copies of the Dictionary and Testacea were bequeathed to the Linnean Society.
Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds, J. White, 1802.
1 2 3 4 Mearns, 1988.
↑ Cleevely, R. J. (1978). "Some background to the life and publications of Colonel George Montagu (1753–1815)". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 8 (4): 445–480. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1978.8.4.445. |
0.989576 | In 2015, singer Victoria Underwood longed to move her young family to Australia so she could live on the same continent as the older sister she idolised. When Emma had emigrated eight years previously, Victoria had been utterly devastated, and the pain of living on opposite sides of the world hadn't eased with time. Husband Rob, however, had serious reservations about turning his back on their life in the UK - especially as it would mean breaking close ties with his 18-year-old son Billy, who was living in London. An entertainer too, Rob also feared a move would mean an end to the regular gigs he and his wife had built up in Grimsby.\n\nA trial week in the Gold Coast gave the couple their first taste of what Australian living would be like for them and their two young children. Three years later, have the Underwoods been able to settle their differences and make a life together down under, or are they still in the UK?
Nicki Chapman catches up with the Coe family, who almost split apart when dad Justin backed out of a move abroad. A year after Justin gave New Zealand a final try, where are they? |
0.982204 | The Ante-Nicene Period (literally meaning "before Nicaea") of the history of early Christianity was the period following the Apostolic Age of the 1st century down to the First Council of Nicaea in 325. This period of Christian history had a significant impact on the unity of doctrine across all Christendom and the spreading of Christianity to a greater area of the world. Those seen as prominent figures of this era, referred to as the Ante-Nicene Fathers or Proto-orthodox Christians, generally agreed on most doctrine while the teachings of those early Christian writers which the general majority considered to be heretical, were rejected.
Christianity throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries generally has been less studied than that of the periods that came before (Apostolic Age) and after it (First seven Ecumenical Councils). This is reflected in that it is usually referred to in terms of the adjacent periods with names as such "post-apostolic" (after the period of 1st century formative Christianity) and "ante-Nicene" (before the First Council of Nicaea). The 2nd and 3rd centuries were, however, quite important in the development of Christianity.
There is a relative lack of material for this period compared with the later Church Father period. For example, Ante-Nicene Fathers, a widely used collection that contains most 2nd and 3rd century writings, fills nine volumes, and includes the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, Apologists, Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus of Lyons, Origen of Alexandria and the New Testament Apocrypha, among others. In contrast, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (consisting mainly of Augustine, Jerome and Chrysostom) fills twenty-eight volumes.
The developments of this time were "multidirectional and not easily mapped". While the preceding and following periods were diverse, they possessed unifying characteristics lacking in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Christianity of the 1st century possessed a basic cohesion based on the Pauline church movement, Jewish character, and self-identification as a messianic movement. The 2nd and 3rd centuries saw a sharp divorce from its early roots. There was an explicit rejection of then-modern Judaism and Jewish culture by the end of the 2nd century, with a growing body of Adversus Judaeos literature (see also Anti-Judaism). Christianity in the 4th and 5th centuries experienced imperial pressure (see State church of the Roman Empire) and developed a strong episcopal and unifying structure. The ante-Nicene period was without such authority.
Jeffery Siker reports that many variations in this time defy neat categorizations, as various forms of Christianity interacted in a complex fashion to form the dynamic character of Christianity in this era. The Post-Apostolic period was extremely diverse both in terms of beliefs and practices. In addition to the broad spectrum of general branches of Christianity, there was constant change and diversity that variably resulted in both internecine conflicts and syncretic adoption.
Duffy supports this model, noting that Christianity throughout the Roman Empire was "in a state of violent creative ferment" during the 2nd century. Orthodoxy, or proto-orthodoxy, existed alongside forms of Christianity that would become extreme deviance, or "heresy", in the near future, such as Marcionism, Valentinian gnosticism, and Montanism. However, Duffy states that during this period the orthodox and unorthodox were sometimes difficult to distinguish and that Early Christianity in Rome had a wide variety of competing Christian sects.
Irenaeus of Lyons believed in the 2nd century that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop.
The four Eastern patriarchs affirmed Saint Peter's ministry and death in Rome and the apostolic succession of Roman bishops. However, they perceived this as a mark of honor rather than an overarching authority over belief and practices, as they still considered themselves to be the final authorities in their own regions, see for example Metropolitan bishops and Pentarchy, yet still under the overall guidance of the bishop of Rome. Other patriarchs did turn to Rome for support in settling disputes, but they also wrote to other influential patriarchs for support in the same fashion. Outside of a few notable exceptions, the body of literature left from this period, and even as late as the 5th and 6th centuries, is said by Bernhard Schimmelpfennig to illustrate the generally limited scope of the Roman bishops' authority but acknowledged the authority nonetheless.
William Kling states that by the end of 2nd century that Rome was a significant, if not unique, early center of Christianity, but held no convincing claim to primacy. The Petrine proof text first occurs historically in a dispute between Cyprian of Carthage and Pope Stephen. A bishop from Caesarea named Firmilian sided with Cyprian in his dispute, seething against Stephen's "insulting arrogance" and claims of authority based on the See of Peter. Cyprian's argument won out the day, with Pope Stephen's claims meeting rejection.
Cyprian's claim was that bishops held the keys to the forgiveness of sins, with all bishops being the successors of Saint Peter. Jerome later took up the argument for the primacy of the Roman bishop in the 5th century, a position adopted by Pope Leo I.
↑ Siker (2000). Pg 231.
↑ Siker (2000). Pp 231–32.
↑ Siker (2000). Pp 232–34.
↑ Siker (2000). Pp 233–35.
↑ Duffy (2002), pg. 12.
↑ Schimmelpfennig (1992), pp. 49–50.
↑ Kling (2004), pp. 64, 66.
↑ Barrett, et al (1999), pg 116.
Barrett, David B., Bromiley, Geoffrey William & Fahlbusch, Erwin. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999). ISBN 0-8028-2415-3.
Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press (2002). ISBN 0-300-09165-6.
Kling, David William. The Bible in History: How the Texts Have Shaped the Times. Oxford University Press (2004). ISBN 0-19-513008-1.
Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard. The Papacy. James Sievert, translator. Columbia University Press (1992). ISBN 0-231-07515-4.
Siker, Jeffrey S. "Christianity in the Second and Third Centuries", Chapter Nine in The Early Christian World. Philip F. Esler, editor. Routledge (2000). ISBN 0-415-24141-3. |
0.990821 | Shortly after Strata in New York last year, Syncsort Big Data Product Manager, Paige Roberts, caught up with Sean Anderson, who is in charge of product marketing for data science and engineering at Cloudera. In earlier parts of this interview series, he provided a lot of information on Spark 2.0 new features and improvements including, Spark on the Cloud, and Spark Structured Streaming. In this third and final portion of the interview, Sean Anderson dug into two new projects, Apache Livy and Apache Spot.
Sean Anderson: Recently, we helped build and launch to an open source project called Apache Livy.
Livy is a open-source REST service for Apache Spark jobs and has some great features along the lines of remote snippet and job execution. So I can take a very specific snippet of code, and use Apache Livy as a web interface to get that into my Spark context.
Paige Roberts: Wow. I didn’t know about that one at all. That’s brand new to me. So, is it sort of Oozie-like or … Can you give me some more detail?
Anderson: It’s an open source REST service for Apache Spark. It’s in Cloudera labs right now. It’s up for inclusion at Apache.org. We think it will be included in the Apache projects pretty soon.
Apache Livy is a REST service. It’s specifically valuable for long-running Spark contexts where multiple production jobs are present. It gives you the ability to manage the multiple contexts simultaneously. You can run them on the cluster via YARN using the Livy service if you want to get better fault tolerance. You can submit jobs, and there’s some better security integration for that as well.
Roberts: How do you see that getting used?
For us, at Cloudera, it’s really all about: How do we make sure that we can iterate and develop on Spark workloads that are existing, without having to take them out of production? Livy allows us to do that in a pretty nice, elegant way.
[laughs] Yes! About Apache Spot, it was previously called ONI or Open Network Insight. It’s a pretty cool project. That’s something we launched in collaboration with INTEL that is now incubating.
Spot aims to be a common platform for cyber security, network intrusion detection with Hadoop as the underlying platform. Traditionally we see SEM systems that are only doing a couple of network end-points. But increasingly, people need the ability to ingest massive amounts of data, and to coalesce that with other sources. So Apache Spot is pretty nice, and it is gaining traction in record time.
So it supports multiple end points, not just particular types of hardware?
Right. In the same way that you can mix sources for an analyst’s perspective, you can do that with Apache Spot. So you may have network flows, you may have DNS, you may have proxy logs. They’re all streaming into a centralized system. There may be some machine learning or some event monitoring that’s happening on that system. Then you have the ability to operationalize those into scoring systems, stuff like that. It really helps you build these robust cyber capabilities.
That sounds like something that’s going to make a lot of IT ops guys happy. So, are these new projects where you guys are putting your energy these days?
Yeah. For Cloudera, things like streaming, machine learning and Spark in the Cloud are going to be big areas of focus. We see this as really robust capabilities that are not only evolving Spark ecosystems, but we now have production customers that demand very specific streaming performance. Or, they have high demands on the amount of machine learning algorithms they can launch. So that’s just going to be a huge focus for us moving forward. We often follow the lead of our customer heroics and we seem them gravitating to streaming and machine learning solutions.
Cool. Well thank you so much. I appreciate you talking to me.
Thanks for including me on this. |
0.999259 | Climate change affects marine biological processes from genetic to ecosystem levels [1-3]. Recent warming in the northeast Atlantic [4, 5] has caused distributional shifts in some fish species along latitudinal and depth gradients [6, 7], but such changes, as predicted by climate envelope models , may often be prevented because population movement requires availability of suitable habitat. We assessed the full impacts of warming on the commercially important European continental shelf fish assemblage using a data-driven Eulerian (grid-based) approach that accommodates spatial heterogeneity in ecological and environmental conditions. We analyzed local associations of species abundance and community diversity with climatic variables, assessing trends in 172 cells from records of &gt;100 million individuals sampled over 1.2 million km(2) from 1980-2008. We demonstrate responses to warming in 72% of common species, with three times more species increasing in abundance than declining, and find these trends reflected in international commercial landings. Profound reorganization of the relative abundance of species in local communities occurred despite decadel stability in the presence-absence of species. Our analysis highlights the importance of focusing on changes in species. abundance in established local communities to assess the full consequences of climate change for commercial fisheries and food security. |
0.991178 | Can I translate it as: A fokhagyma finom van?
No. You cannot use 'van' is this kind of sentence. |
0.980904 | Can Australia lift the 2019 World Cup title?
Australia have been installed as favourites to defend their Cricket World Cup title when the competition will be played in 2019 in England.
Having won five cricket World Cup titles, and four out of the previous five editions, it will come as no surprise that the Aussies are perched at the top of the favourites charts to repeat their showing.
Their ODI team has been ranked number one for years, barring a patch around 2011 when they were struggling with the transition between the old greats and those taking their place.
As a result bet365 are offering 7/2 for Australia to add to their list of titles, ahead of South Africa, India and hosts England.
South Africa are 5/1 to win the 2019 World Cup despite having almost always choked their way through a global tournament.
With neither a World Cup title nor a World T20 trophy under their belt since their return to international sports in 1991, South Africa have rather narrow odds to win their first global cricket tournament but bookmakers are probably looking at the law of averages here.
To be fair to South Africa, they have had their share of misfortunes, and having possessed a team that is capable of overcoming the best on most days, it will be interesting to see if they can win this tournament.
The last time the World Cup was played in England was in 1999 and South Africa made a mess of the semi-final against Australia. The Aussies needed a tie to go through to the final and that's what had happened, as they went on to win the title by beating Pakistan after that.
India are also 5/1 to win their second title in three attempts and third overall. Apart from Australia, India are the only side to have won a World Cup trophy over the last five tournaments and the third after the reigning champions and West Indies to win at least two titles.
They had an excellent run in the tournament when it was last played in Australia, winning seven matches in a row before they went down to the eventual champions in the semi-final. What could also work in their favour is they won the Champions Trophy the last time it was played in England.
Hosts England, who like South Africa are yet to win a World Cup title, have done much better at white ball cricket though. They have a World T20 title under their belt and had it not been for Carlos Brathwaite's four sixes in a row in the final over of the 2016 World T20, they would have added to that title as well.
Under coach Trevor Bayliss, England have looked much stronger in the limited-overs format and could be a force to reckon with at home. They are 6/1 to win the title. |
0.928223 | Why do turkeys vote for Christmas?
The North East, Cornwall and the Welsh valleys voted overwhelmingly in favour of Brexit. These are the poorest regions in Britain, and as such have been the beneficiaries of huge amounts of EU funding through the EU Structural Investment Fund.
The EU identified West Wales and the valleys region as the poorest in the whole of North West Europe, and then used the Structural Adjustment Fund to assign the area a whopping £1.8 billion to finance infrastructure improvements, new facilities and improved services in an attempt to revitalise the economy and attract businesses investment, yet the people of Ebbw Vale voted 62% in favour of Brexit, the highest leave vote in the whole of Wales.
The North East and Cornwall have also benefited enormously from the EU Structural Adjustment Fund, yet there too people flocked to the polling stations to vote to have these funds cut off.
As a result of the vote for Brexit the Tory government is due to lurch even further rightwards from the austerity fetishist, NHS wrecking, local authority starving, education system vandalising, upwards wealth distributing, privatise everything ideological extremism of the last six years.
The idea that an even more radically right-wing "leave it to market forces" Tory government is going to decide to replicate the EU funding to these deprived regions rather than distribute the cash towards corporations and the super-wealthy minority who make up the vast majority of their party donors is so utterly delusional that surely nobody could believe it.
The Tories have spent the last six years imposing such severe cuts to local authority funding that even David Cameron's local council were reduced to pleading with him to consider the damage he's doing. Surely it should be common knowledge that the Tories have reserved all of their harshest local authority cuts for the poorest and most deprived areas in the UK? If the much less severe cuts to Tory councils has them squealing for mercy, just imagine how bad the significantly more brutal cuts are in the most deprived regions of the UK.
The Tories knew that Brexit was going to lead to severe economic turmoil and another gaping hole in their budget, but Iain Duncan Smith assured us that several more years of savage Tory austerity would be "a price worth paying" to achieve Brexit. We all know why he thought it was a reasonable price to pay; he liked the price because it's not going to be paid by people like him, it's going to be paid by the sick and disabled, the working poor and people in the poorest areas of Britain who will see even more cuts to their local services that have already been stripped down to the bones after six years of malicious Tory cuts.
It's hard to fathom the thinking of people who have just voted to turn off the supply of EU funding to their regions, and subject themselves and their communities, and the rest of us an even more brutally right-wing Tories.
It looks an awful lot like turkeys voting for Christmas, and it would be easy to dismiss Brexit voters in the poorest areas as merely being hopelessly gullible tabloid reading idiots who let a bunch of psychopathic right-wing press barons who don't even live or pay tax in Britain (Rupert Murdoch, Jonathan Harmsworth, the Barclay brothers) convince them to vote against their own economic interests. It would be easy to say that these people are stupid as hell and thoroughly deserving of what's coming to them, but it wouldn't be useful.
The huge groundswell of support for Brexit in these deprived areas is undeniably a shocking display of economic self-harm, and it's easy to glibly attribute it to stupidity, but it's clearly no coincidence that so many of the poorest areas of all were also the ones that voted the most strongly for Brexit. Something other than stupidity drove these people to act in this way, and desperation and unfocused anger look like likely candidates.
The hard-right economic dogma that every Westminster government since 1979 has subscribed to has left these areas rotting at the margins. For every £1 of infrastructure spending per person in the north east, London gets £24. As vital as the EU Structural Adjustment Fund cash has been to Britain's most deprived areas, it's still nowhere near enough to make up for epic disparities like that.
After six years of brutal Tory austerity, much of it deliberately targeted at the poorest areas of the country, it's no wonder that these places were full of people who were absolutely livid with the status quo, and when, for once in their life they were given an opportunity to vote on something that actually mattered, they lashed out at David Cameron and George Osborne.
The Labour Leave movement fed into this anger by deliberately casting the referendum as an opportunity to punish David Cameron and George Osborne (see image), but it's now become undeniably clear that Labour Leave was completely funded by hard-right Tories, so this ostensibly left-wing "give the Tory toffs a kicking" propaganda was actually paid for by a different, even more rabidly right-wing bunch of Tories seeking to steal Cameron's place at the top table.
The Guardian wrote an article about how Ebbw Vale ended up voting to turn their noses up at hundreds of millions of pounds of EU funding, and one of the guys they interviewed gloried in the fact that "David Cameron got a good kicking" as if seeing a guy who is set to remain a multi-millionaire toff for the rest of his life forced to resign a few years earlier than he'd planned to, is somehow adequate compensation for the fact that his community is now going to be so much worse off.
I guess the conclusion is that when people allow unfocused anger to dictate their actions they can end up making awful decisions.
It really didn't take much mental effort to figure out that the Vote Leave campaign was founded on blatant lies, immigration fearmongering, false promises and the strategy of presenting the referendum decision as a "simple problem - simple solution" choice, when it was actually the most complex multi-layered consideration anyone in the UK (outside of Scotland) has been presented with in decades.
Apparently a lot of people just wanted to lash out at the establishment powers that had spent the last four decades grinding their communities into the dirt, and they didn't give much thought to the actual consequences of their votes would be.
I'm not tempted to gloat at the stupidity of "Turkeys voting for Christmas", because I'm all too aware that the consequences are going to be appalling for an awful lot of people. Many of the wealthier, more highly educated people who voted Remain will no doubt be insulated from the worst of it by virtue of the fact that they're not the traditional victims of Tory ideology. And many of the poorer, less educated people who voted for Brexit will undoubtedly suffer the worst of the Tory ideological rampage that is set to come. But there's no justice in that because there is no justification for hard-right Tory fanaticism, even if the victims brought it upon themselves because they allowed themselves to be misdirected into angrily lashing out in the wrong direction.
Is this the last stand of the Blairites?
Why the Article 50 foot dragging?
How does the case for "Lexit" stack up?
Is this Thomas Mair at a Britain First protest?
What is ... synthetic outrage?
Why do people who like the NHS vote Tory?
What is in the Brexit "mystery box"
Why are so many Brexiters so angry? |
0.999587 | 50 Ways to be Productive in 10 minutes or less!
The key to increased productivity is good organization. When it comes to organizing the various aspects of your life, you don’t have to wait until you have free hours that you can devote to a task. Anyone can be more productive by using any of these 50 ways to increase productivity, and reduce stress in the process. Any time you’re got 10 minutes of free time or less, you may want to take advantage of these suggestions.
1. Create a Budget. By creating a budget, you can keep better track of your financial goals and monthly spending.
2. Find a deal for something you’ve needed to purchase.
3. Figure out one expense you can reduce or cut.
4. Set up automatic bill paying.
6. Look for deals for three pantry staples.
7. Start a savings jar.
8. Figure out your financial needs for retirement.
9. Sign up for credit score reports.
10. Reply to a classified ad for part time work.
11. Make a list of things related to money, such as changing bad habits, learning budgeting, saving and investing strategies.
12. Calculate the number of yours you work so you can maintain your current spending habits.
13. Think of three things you can do to save money this month.
14. Learn retirement terms and download apps to help you keep track of your financial life.
15. Change the password on one of your online credit or bank accounts.
16. Throw out tax files that are seven years old or older.
17. Figure out how much you’ll need to save to make a dream a reality .
18. Make an appointment to talk to your boss.
19. Go out for coffee with a coworker.
21. Become a superhero to calm or relax yourself or gain some instant confidence.
22. Ask someone to read your resume and offer input.
23. Read something related to your field.
24. Straighten up your work space.
25. Spend ten minutes talking in front of a mirror to hone your communication skills.
26. Take an Emotional Intelligence IQ test.
27, Edit your LinkedIn profile.
28. Arrange to spend five minutes with a person you admire.
29. Spend time preparing for an important company meeting.
30. Learn about your personality traits by taking a personality test.
31. Take time to update one section of your resume.
32. Make a list of your professional skills.
33. Write your one minute elevator sales-pitch.
34. Look for important questions prospective employers might ask you.
35. Think of a question to ask a job interviewer.
36. Revise and prioritize your daily to-do list.
37. Download a to-do list app so you have it wherever you are.
38. Take time to look at cute animal pictures – to improve your focus and productivity.
39. Download an app like “Self Control” to block distracting websites.
40. Make your lunch and pack your work bag before going to bed.
41. Talk a brief walk.
42. Figure out how much your time is worth.
43; Finish an unfinished project.
44. Automate your electronic work with a program like Evernote or One Note.
45. Prepare your snacks. Cut up fruit and veggies for the week, and then distribute them to friends.
46. Clean the desk drawer where you throw everything.
47. Find a charity that will take your unused and unwanted clothing.
48. Download an app to help you organize your e-mails.
49. Create labels for different categories so you can easily sort your e-mail.
50. Make a list of your accomplishments today.
Be sure to contact Avis Lending when you decide to buy your first home. |
0.999936 | Nonpareil 3: Fast Estimation of Metagenomic Coverage and Sequence Diversity.
Rodriguez-R LM•, Gunturu S•, Cole JR, Tiedje JM, Konstantinidis KT. • Equal contribution.
Estimations of microbial community diversity based on metagenomic data sets are affected, often to an unknown degree, by biases derived from insufficient coverage and reference database-dependent estimations of diversity. For instance, the completeness of reference databases cannot be generally estimated since it depends on the extant diversity sampled to date, which, with the exception of a few habitats such as the human gut, remains severely undersampled. Further, estimation of the degree of coverage of a microbial community by a metagenomic data set is prohibitively time-consuming for large data sets, and coverage values may not be directly comparable between data sets obtained with different sequencing technologies. Here, we extend Nonpareil, a database-independent tool for the estimation of coverage in metagenomic data sets, to a high-performance computing implementation that scales up to hundreds of cores and includes, in addition, a k-mer-based estimation as sensitive as the original alignment-based version but about three hundred times as fast. Further, we propose a metric of sequence diversity (Nd) derived directly from Nonpareil curves that correlates well with alpha diversity assessed by traditional metrics. We use this metric in different experiments demonstrating the correlation with the Shannon index estimated on 16S rRNA gene profiles and show that Nd additionally reveals seasonal patterns in marine samples that are not captured by the Shannon index and more precise rankings of the magnitude of diversity of microbial communities in different habitats. Therefore, the new version of Nonpareil, called Nonpareil 3, advances the toolbox for metagenomic analyses of microbiomes.
Estimation of the coverage provided by a metagenomic data set, i.e., what fraction of the microbial community was sampled by DNA sequencing, represents an essential first step of every culture-independent genomic study that aims to robustly assess the sequence diversity present in a sample. However, estimation of coverage remains elusive because of several technical limitations associated with high computational requirements and limiting statistical approaches to quantify diversity. Here we described Nonpareil 3, a new bioinformatics algorithm that circumvents several of these limitations and thus can facilitate culture-independent studies in clinical or environmental settings, independent of the sequencing platform employed. In addition, we present a new metric of sequence diversity based on rarefied coverage and demonstrate its use in communities from diverse ecosystems. |
0.996048 | Can some one provide a guide/how-to for connecting to a MySQL database?
You will need to install a MySQL OLEDB connector. You should be able to find that on the MySQL web site.
Once that is installed, create a new connection.
Select the MySQL OleDB connector. Give it the Data Source, user name, password and create the connection. |
0.996511 | Is searching for truth an important part of your faith or spiritual tradition?
Religion is truth. Imagine standing at the precipice of a cliff, hearing a voice telling you to dive headfirst into the abyss before you. It is an abyss of uncertainty. It is an abyss fraught with the unknown; all the horrors and fears and perverse aspects within the crevices of the human imagination lie within it. The voice compels you to jump against your will. Then you see a light. You do not know where this light is coming from, nor do you know if you can trust it. You know none of these things. What was once darkness is now illuminated, flooded with brilliance. All at once you can see. All the happiness and delight and delirium and pain and heartache and misery stand before you. Suddenly, you are no longer afraid to jump.
Life is about searching for truth; to make sense of this strange and confusing planet we live on, to know why everything is the way it is, to uncover the labyrinth behind the saying, "Everything happens for a reason." Since the dawn of time, people have searched for truth amid the metaphorical abyss of darkness that is human existence, and this is where religion comes in.
According to the Islamic holy book, the Quran, there have been 140,000 prophets to date. Not all of the prophets had holy books, but all of them were blessed with divine knowledge. According to the Islamic holy book, God sent down imperfect versions of religion before sending the most whole, complete, and final form of religion: Islam.
These religions were imperfect for a variety of reasons. Some may have been specific to a certain group of people at a certain point in time, while others may no longer be relevant. Furthermore, prophets were sent down when people had strayed from the truth. When people found themselves ignorant, God sent down help to show them the right path, the path of truth, the path of light. Our holy book makes the pursuit of truth easy. It is a manual on how to live life and I find solace in it because it tells us the truth of our beginning, our end, and everything that exists in between.
In Islam, the little confusions and intricacies of life, the grey areas, are explained beautifully. Islam tells us the very principles of life. Truth and the search for it prevails throughout the history of Islam. From how falsehood brought about original sin, which led to the existence of the human race, to our entire lives being an eternal quest to differentiate between right and wrong. The very basis of religion stems from a question of truth, the belief in the unseen; the ability to believe in something greater than us is a leap of faith.
Human beings would have been wandering this earth aimlessly had it not been for the ultimate truth sent down to us. There exists a being more powerful than any of us could ever dare to imagine; a being that sustains us, controls us, nurtures us. The truth is that our lives have greater purpose than the everyday activities we immerse ourselves in. There exists a purpose far more substantial than seemingly important mundane tasks. There is a reason we exist and my spiritual experience is finding out what that is. Finding out the truth is the most important part of my religious experience.
For me, the feeling of spirituality only comes about when I know what the truth is, and searching for the truth is an integral part of my religious experience. Truth is what brings about feelings of peace, and Islam is about peace. Therefore, it is my firm belief that Islam teaches me the truth I need to know for this life, and the life after.
Fareeha Shah is a seventeen-year-old writer from Pakistan. She is completing her final year of school. Her hobbies include horseback riding, photography, and writing. |
0.999986 | If you were asked to name the most courageous king of Israel, would King David come to mind? Probably so, but what if the challenge was to name the most courageous king of Judah? There were many good and brave kings of Judah, but none in Israel once the kingdom was divided.
Arbitrarily, I have chosen Josiah based on his many reforms in the face of sickening blasphemous and entrenched evil.
Josiah was the great grandson of good King Hezekiah and the grandson of Manasseh who seduced Judah to do more evil than did the nations whom the LORD destroyed before the children of Israel. (2 Ki 21:9) Manasseh reigned over Judah for 55 years, as a co-regent with Hezekiah for 10 according to scholars.
After Hezekiah made the mistake or sinned by showing the visiting Babylonians all the treasures of his house, he was warned by Isaiah that in the future …all that is in thine house…shall be carried into Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the Lord (2 Ki 20:17). He was told that all of his sons would be taken away to be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. This did not seem to bother Hezekiah (2 Ki 20:19). Perhaps he knew what sort of man his son was?
Josiah's father, Amon, emulated Manasseh. After reigning two years his servants killed him, and the people made Josiah their king when he was only eight years old. He reigned in Jerusalem 31 years, (2 Ch 34:1) dying at midlife.
At 16 Josiah began to seek the Lord in a determined way (2 Chr 34:3). This was also the year his first son was born, the same age as Amon when he first became a father. Perhaps Josiah reflected upon the duties and affairs of men and the brevity of life.
At age 20 Josiah's reforms began (2 Chr 34:3) and at 21 his compatriot, Jeremiah, began to prophesy (Jer 1:2). Thus, he ran a little ahead of the weeping prophet who announced the destruction and fall of Jerusalem.
As Josiah built up the homeland and place of worship, Jeremiah foretold their demise, yet in these opposed roles the men had deep affinity because of their intense love of God. Each was obeying the Lord, and God was not at cross purposes. He was preparing the hearts of his own since they would be exiled in the not distant future, so they would need a deep faith that Josiah was assisting them to develop.
For example, Daniel was one who no doubt benefitted from Josiah's devotion. Had his parents not learned or been strengthened to worship and serve God thanks to Josiah's reforms, would he have become the seer of the kings of the East or had the spiritual reserve to pray through to the time of the return of the Jews to their land?
This is something to reflect upon: our courage is not always to the end nor purpose for which we exercise it. Yet the Lord may be glorified by it, though we seem to fail in our goals.
In small matters and large we should exercise courage. As we determinedly seek to follow Christ, victories in daily provocations and dilemmas increase the fitness of our emotions and spiritual life. There is physical fitness and there is also inner strength gained by choosing the right way in little things.
To understand the courage of Josiah, we will review the litany of evils facing him, that comprised Manasseh's legacy. We will look at these in our next post.
We sometimes read of business people, pastors and politicians who stand up against evil and refuse to compromise their principles, but perhaps it took them some time to gather their resolve. Maybe they spent many days weighing one action against another, and praying to know what to do. Maybe they fasted and cried out for courage to stand against those who would belittle, rob, defame and silence them.
In days to come or even today, we might need to know how to proceed against an enemy. We may not be able to quickly figure out what to do, and our first response could be unwise.
In his fourth year as king, the seventh year of king Hoshea of Israel, the king of Assyria surrounded Samaria and in three years conquered her and "carried away Israel unto Assyria" (2 Ki18:11) because of their horrific disobedience.
O unhappy day! Hezekiah had jumped to a conclusion because of fear and disillusionment, yet the Lord was working all things together for good. This affront would lead him to cry out to God and his prophet, Isaiah, for help.
Of course, the financial appeasement did not work but only whetted the appetite of the Assyrians, and a host with three terrifying leaders arrived to take over Jerusalem. They taunted the people, urging them to turn against Hezekiah and to make a truce with them, reminding them that no other nation had been successful in escaping the Assyrian conquerors. Nevertheless the people did not answer because Hezekiah had told them not to.
Meanwhile, after fortifying Jerusalem, Hezekiah rent his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth, went to the temple, and sent his faithful men to Isaiah to ask for his prayers for the remnant. (2 Ki 19:1-5) They explained to Isaiah that the Assyrians had reproached the living God.
Reflecting upon this story, we may wonder: Since Hezekiah was a good and obedient king, why did the Lord allow the Assyrians to invade and conquer the fenced cities of Judah?
Inevitably in life's trials, we will take some losses. Fear will grip us, squeezing the life from our hearts. Then, we will be led to reflect upon the ways of God, and to seek his direction and thoughts toward us.
The lesson here is that enemy attacks, disrespect, threats and even loss of property and security are not a reason to give up and assume the worst.
When Satan derides and condemns you, boasting that he will enslave you, do not believe him or try to appease his mockers. Remember how much MORE powerful the living God is, whose foundation... standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity. (2 Tim 2:19) The Lord is well able to defend his church and people, yet, as Hezekiah did, we must obey God's commands and depart from evil. |
0.981899 | A key fallacy that is inseparably part of Economics, along with equilibrium, is the idea of profit maximization. The idea of maximization has its origins in Newton's Calculus which in turn has its origins in Physics. Smith and Hume never mentioned maximization nor calculus anywhere in their writings on the political economy. In fact, The Wealth of Nations has no equations at all*! So how in the world did it enter and be so fundamental to Economics?
* Instead of equality, equilibrium, equations, or 1 + 1 = 2, Smith makes extensive use of ratios, proportions, balance, or 2 : 2, as prices are psychological and not physical in nature. This important difference is a reason why Smith and Hume's Political economy is to be regarded as an entirely different science from current Economics.
We trace its entry into economic thought through the marginal revolution, specifically with William Stanley Jevons who combined John Stuart Mill's flawed utilitarianism philosophy (the pursuit of private pleasure) with Calculus.
In essence, this combines a bad philosophy with a mathematical tool that is not meant for humans. Smith wrote a whole chapter explaining the dangers of utility. Mathematics applies to physical, unconscious objects which have no free will, and not to human minds which can change drastically. Through math, you can predict precisely where a ball will fall, but you can never accurately predict a person's actions, much less those of a society through numerical data. If the latter were possible, then there would be no such thing as recessions, wars, and terrorism, as humans naturally avoid pain, and philosophically, it would imply that everything in existence is predetermined, which in turn would destroy the need for existence.
Why is Profit Maximization Wrong?
According to Adam Smith, profit is one of three kinds of revenue in society, the others being rent and wages. In a healthy society, all revenue is fairly distributed, according to natural rates, by agreements or higgling and bargaining, between profit earners, rent earners, and wage earners, which we call merchant class, ruling class, and working class respectively. If more revenue goes to one class than natural, then the other classes suffer, deprived of the revenue that they need to continue generating value for society. If most of the revenue goes to the merchant class, then the working class will have less money to learn new skills and maintain their families, leading to less skills and productivity for society, while the ruling class will have less funds for basic services and be less able to maintain a strong government. This often leads to some kind of crisis, of which the merchant class can avoid by moving overseas, unlike their government and people who are stuck.
Manufacturers who live on profits leave easily at the first signs of non-profits.
Unknown to the merchant class, however, concentrating and confining this revenue within the mercantile republic alone, with current investments in overgrown sectors such as technology, oil, and financial services, which are among the only remaining profitable ones, places their own capital in a precarious, imbalanced situation.
The monopoly of the colony trade broke that natural balance of British industry. British industry was turned to suit one great market instead of many small markets. Her commerce ran principally in one great channel instead of running in many small channels. Her industry and commerce was made less secure. Her whole political body was made less healthy. In her present condition, Great Britain resembles an unwholesome body with some overgrown vital parts. Her body is liable to many dangerous disorders which affect unproportioned bodies. Her blood vessel was artificially swelled beyond natural by the industry and commerce forced to circulate in it.
In the past, big socio-economic disorders have been caused by small 'stops'. For example, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis was caused by a single country (Thailand) while the 2008 Financial Crisis was caused by a single bank (Lehman Brothers).
If profit maximization is allowed, then tax maximization and wage maximization must be allowed too. The government must be allowed to imposed the death penalty for anyone who pays incorrect taxes no matter how small. Workers must be allowed to hold strikes anytime they feel that their wages are insufficient, just as CEOs are anytime allowed to fire employees who do not contribute to profitability or to stop operations that are unprofitable because of high tax payments. From a philosophical perspective, all these are absurd.
How Can We Get Rid of Profit Maximization?
Smith's solution was the establishment of perfect economic democracy for all three classes, through the ruling class (thus the name Political Economy) or in the government regulating economics, not to control it, but to ensure that no class dominates the others.
This democracy would lead to more competition and lower nominal prices, but greater revenue on the whole. Smith advocated lower profits and the regulation of overgrown industries as a solution to Britain's bad situation then. In the current context, this equates to breaking up big corporations, increasing competition and producing lower profits which would naturally force some to move to other industries needed by society. However, all these run counter to Economics and private pleasure.
To truly solve current economic problems, therefore, an alternative science to Economics must be created before any true 'economic reform' can produce real, lasting solutions. This science is called SORAnomics, derived entirely from Smith's Political Economy and Hume's Metaphysics or Science of Man. Included in this science is the clear definition of perfect liberty* and emphasis on society and real happiness or lasting peace, instead of temporary pleasures. This new science is then used to create a Social Resource Allocation (SORA) system which is a real-world institution tasked to facilitate this economic democracy.
*Because of the ambiguity of the English language, liberals frequently equate perfect liberty as a free-for-all, which can easily degenerate into a 'survival of the fittest' system as observed in animals which have no respect or 'fellow feeling' for each other. To remedy this ambiguity, we create a new term 'social liberty' to imply liberty with regard to others.
Ignoring this proposal would be to leave societies constantly exposed to big socioeconomic problems, since global capital is currently very much centralized in investment banks and institutions, whose singular decisions can crash markets arbitrarily. At the moment, such problems can be seen afflicting the Middle East, through the Arab Spring, which began as socio-economic protests, and ended up with the destabilization of their own governments and the suffering of their own people. More generally, this manifests as the rising inequality which will be felt by more and more people very subtly (especially by millenials) as time goes by.
Edit: 2/2019 removed reference the Greek Debt crisis after the bailout on August 2018. Instead of a financial contagion that would reset the global economy, the outcome turned out to be a standard situation wherein the payment of profits were spread evenly on the Greeks and subsequently on the world's citizens. This simply continues the current system, and will lead to higher inequality. |
0.974403 | 1. Which is better: "like normal" or "as usual"?
You might hear people say "like normal", but it's much better to use "as usual".
2. What do "in order to" and "in terms of" mean?
A dictionary will explain the meaning of these phrases. However, it's probably more useful to see some examples of how they are used. A search engine like Google will give you many more examples than I can.
3. Is it correct to write "it is worth spending maintaining libraries" or "libraries are worth spending"?
Neither is correct I'm afraid. I would write: "It is worth spending money to maintain libraries" or "libraries are worth maintaining".
4. Can we put "for example" in the middle of a sentence like this: "There are many environmental problems, for example, people litter everywhere"?
The use of "for example" in the sentence above is not correct. To avoid confusion, I'd recommend using "for example" only at the beginning of sentences. Use "such as" in the middle (e.g. There are many environmental problems, such as air pollution).
Many students worry too much about grammar. For speaking parts 2 and 3, it's more important to worry about the quality of your answers. The best way to improve the quality of your answers is by adding detail.
Describe your best friend. Say when you met him/her.
I met my best friend at school when I was 11 years old.
I met my best friend at school when I was 11 years old, so we've known each other for ... years. I remember we sat next to each other in my first science lesson at secondary school, and we had to work together to do an experiment. We got on straight away, and we've been friends ever since.
Notice that by adding more information I've also used more/better vocabulary and grammar.
The number of plants and animals is declining. Describe some reasons for this problem and suggest some solutions.
It is undeniable that wildlife habitats are being destroyed and whole species of plants and animals are disappearing. There are several causes of this alarming trend, but measures could certainly be taken to tackle the problem.
In the second sentence you don't need to give any causes or solutions; save your ideas for the main paragraphs.
I don't recommend asking for your reading or listening paper to be re-marked. Reading and listening questions are either right or wrong, so it's unlikely that your scores will change.
If there is a 2 band difference between your writing and speaking scores, they are usually double-checked automatically, so a re-mark probably won't help.
A re-mark might be worth trying if you only need an extra half band in speaking or writing (e.g. if you have 6.5 and need 7).
Remember that it can take up to 8 weeks to get your test re-marked. It might be faster to resit the test.
If you have had a test re-marked, please tell us what happened. It would be interesting to know how many people's scores went up.
1. Are writing tasks 1 and 2 examined by the same person?
2. Can you do a writing task 1 lesson about how to describe the 'shape' of lines on a graph?
Personally I rarely describe the 'shape' of a line. Instead of following the trend of one line, it's much better to compare two or more lines at a particular point. Have a look through my task 1 lessons to see how I describe changes and make comparisons. I don't think you need to learn any other 'shape' or 'trend' language.
3. Can you do a lesson about how to use prepositions?
I'm afraid that 'how to use prepositions' is a HUGE area, and I won't be able to explain it here. It's one of those things that you have to learn gradually. In fact, it's better to treat that area as 'vocabulary' (that you gradually learn) rather than 'grammar' (that someone can explain).
4. Can you do a lesson about 'low, less, little, few, much, more'?
This is another big area, and a dedicated grammar book or website is the best place to read about that kind of thing.
5. Is it better to use 'he' or 'she' when writing about a person in general?
I would try to avoid choosing between 'he' and 'she' by using plurals (e.g. they) and alternative words (e.g. individuals, employees). For example, instead of writing "when a child starts school, he learns...", you could write "when children start school, they learn..." or "school pupils learn...".
Why not say that you advised your friend to visit London? Then you could use all the good vocabulary from this lesson. Or you could use this lesson to talk about advice that your father gave you. For example, say that your father told you to work hard. Then you could use great vocabulary such as 'major influence', 'hard-working', 'role model', 'set a good example', 'positive outlook on life'.
Think quickly during the one-minute preparation time: What can I use that I've already prepared?
My students and I followed the advice in last week's lesson to write a paragraph for the topic below.
The number of plants and animals is declining. Describe the problem and suggest some solutions.
There are two main reasons why plants and animals are disappearing. Firstly, in many parts of the world trees are being cut down to make way for farmland on which to grow crops and keep animals. The result of this is that natural habitats are being destroyed, and in some cases whole species of animals are becoming extinct. Secondly, human activity is also responsible for the destruction of aquatic life as domestic and industrial waste is pumped into rivers and seas. This chemical waste kills plants and fish, interrupting natural cycles and having a devastating effect on food chains.
Have a look at this interesting video about predictions for the year 2200. The speaker uses some useful vocabulary (don't forget you can "view subtitles").
PS. You could look up 'Malthus' and 'The Enlightenment' on Wikipedia.
Informal style - friend's name can be John.
Quick greeting and reason for writing.
Neighbour at number 10 has keys. Visit any time after 5pm.
Instructions about turning the heating off and opening the windows.
Good local restaurant and a traditional festival in the town during his visit.
Albert wrote a comment below Wednesday's lesson that I would like to share with you. It contains a key observation about how to write a good paragraph.
"Thanks for the great paragraph. I noticed that this paragraph is highly cohesive without any explicit linking words such as ‘furthermore/moreover’. I think this is what ‘uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention’ means for the band 9 level according to the descriptor, right? The way the sentences in the paragraph are linked together is by all the ‘money’ words in each sentence: earn money/the salary/pay/need money/wages/to save for the future/if…needed money. Is my understanding correct?"
I replied to Albert that this is exactly right! Cohesion means "togetherness", and the best way to link your ideas together is by developing them in a logical way, not by using 'moreover' or 'furthermore'.
Read my paragraph again, and hopefully you'll see what Albert means.
In last week's lesson I wrote an introduction and overview for a question about two bar charts. For paragraphs 3 and 4, we need to describe each chart in detail.
I usually find that 3 sentences are enough for a good 'details' paragraph, which means that we only need to choose 3 things to describe for each chart.
Compare the percentages for students under 26.
Mention the overall trend as students get older, and that the proportions are the same for the 40-49 age group.
Compare the percentages for students over 49.
Write about the two youngest age groups.
Write about the 30-39 age group.
Write about the two oldest age groups.
need to live, pay bills, food etc.
I agree that the majority of people work in order to earn money. Before taking any other factors into account, it is normal to first consider the salary that a particular post offers, and it is rare to hear of a person who happily takes a cut in pay when beginning a new job. We all need money to pay for our basic necessities, such as accommodation, bills and food. Many adults also have families who depend on the wages they earn, and at the same time they are conscious of the need to save for the future. If we no longer needed money, I doubt most of us would choose to continue in our jobs.
Happiness, job satisfaction, and money are possible topics in both the writing test and the speaking test. The video below might help you with some ideas for the happiness topic. I've also made a quick listening exercise for you to try below the video.
Fill the gaps in the summary below with one word only.
I don’t think we have a great ______ idea of happiness. Many people imagine that happiness comes from something ______; if you get a new car, a better job, a bigger house, you’ll be happy. Whenever I hear the phrase ‘the ______ of happiness’, the image that comes to my mind is of racing dogs chasing a mechanical rabbit that’s always just out of ______. I think a much better goal of life is to be content. Contentment is an inner feeling of satisfaction that’s not dependent on external factors. I argue that the goal is to enhance contentment, comfort, serenity and ______ so that you can roll with the ups and ______ of life and not get thrown off too much. I think it is not realistic to try to be happy all the time; we’re ______ to be sad or blue some of the time; I think that’s part of the ______ experience.
The secret to a high IELTS score is being able to understand and use a wide range of words and phrases. As I said on Monday, it's really important to collect vocabulary in a notebook, but you also need to practise using it.
Try making your own sentences with the words and phrases above. It might seem easy to understand them, but it's not so easy to use them properly!
Are there any differences between the types of people who were seen as celebrities in the past and those who are celebrities nowadays?
Yes, I think there have been some big changes in the types of people who become famous. In the past, before the invention of television, I suppose there were very few national or international celebrities; maybe kings and queens, military, political and religious leaders were the only household names. With the advent of TV and radio, performers such as actors and musicians became more well-known. However, we now seem to have a completely new breed of celebrity as a result of 'reality' television programmes; these are people who don't really have any special skills as performers, but who are famous for just being themselves.
A few people have asked about the question on page 52 of Cambridge IELTS 5. It shows two bar charts with age groups. Click here to see the question.
A quick introduction to say what the charts show.
An overview of the main features - one sentence for each chart.
Describe the first chart in detail.
Describe the second chart in detail.
The first bar chart compares students of different ages in terms of why they are studying their chosen courses, and the second chart compares the same age groups in terms of the help they require at work.
It is clear that the proportion of people who study for career purposes is far higher among the younger age groups, and decreases steadily with age. The need for employer support also decreases with age, but only up to the point when employees enter their forties.
Many people prefer to rent a house rather than buying one. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of renting.
There are plenty of websites giving advice to native English speakers about how to write letters. Try a Google search for "how to write letters" or click here to see a website that has some good sample letters.
Note: In the IELTS test, you should not write an address or date at the top of your letter. Apart from that, sample letters on websites like the one above can teach you a lot. |
0.999754 | Probably one of the fittest bodies in Hollywood is that of Ryan Reynolds. He made his first real appearance in the popular movie Van Wilder, where he showed off his six pack, and fitly toned body. However, in 2003-2004, Ryan went through an amazing transformation in preparation for his role in the movie Blade Trinity. This transformation is what really got him the attention in the health and fitness industry. In preparation, he managed to shed his body fat from 11% to only 3%, on top of gaining 20 pounds of muscle mass, all within a time period of about 5 months. Now, you ask, how did he do it?
First off, Ryan was given a specific diet. In his own words he says, "I ate something pretty much every 2-3 hours, never "stuffing" myself, but never letting myself get hungry." He also drank a large amount of water continually throughout the day.
Ryan ate a protein carb mix every 2 hours, resulting in 8-10 small meals a day. Most of his carbohydrates he ate post-workout and never after 8:00pm. The carbs during the day kept his blood sugar levels even, and gave him the right amount of energy to get him through the intense workouts.
Guided by personal trainer Darren Chapman, (both for Ryan Reynolds, and Jessica Biel) he performed daily workouts for 2-3 hours a day.
He would start with about 500-1000 sit ups, because this was very meditative for him. It didn't matter when they were done, but he found it most beneficial at the beginning of the workout. The lower abs are the hardest muscle to develop, so Ryan did a lot of leg lifts with both the exercise ball, and weights, to focus on these muscles.
He would then do heavy weights focusing on one body part a day. It would look something like this: Chest day 1, Back day 2, Shoulder day 3, Legs day 4, with arms mixed in, and a constant rotation of these every day.
Ryan went on Creatine to gain more muscle mass, and also took supplements including L-glutamine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), whey, and a multivitamin.
He notes how important diet played a role in his transformation. He said that 80% of it was based on his diet, when most people believe the workout to be the most vital element. However, 80% of building muscle is eating the right diet. Making sure he had enough calories to gain mass, but not fat, and eating a large amount of protein and carbs was his main focus.
So implementing a specific diet plan and starting your own workout routine can help you on your way to an overall better physique. You may not end up looking like Ryan Reynolds, but you can easily get on the right track to a fit and healthy body. |
0.999756 | Limited partner partnership contributions go into separate capital accounts.
Regardless of the type of company you run, the same basic accounting equation applies: The value of your company's assets is equal to its total liabilities plus the owners' equity in the firm. Different types of businesses, however, identify owners' equity in different ways. Typically, a partnership tracks each owner's equity in the business through the use of capital accounts.
In a typical partnership, each partner has his own capital account. An account has three elements: contributions, allocations and distributions. Contributions represent what the partner has put into the company -- either cash or the value of other assets. Allocations are the partner's share of the company's profits and losses; partners divide these up according to the company's partnership agreement, usually according to each partner's percentage stake in the company. Distributions, or withdrawals, represent profits that the partner has received from the company in cash. A partner's equity is calculated as contributions plus allocations minus distributions.
Say you start a company with two other partners. You own 50 percent of the business, and each of the others has 25 percent. You contribute $100,000 in startup cash and $10,000 in other assets. Your contributions, then, equal $110,000. In the first year, the company has a net loss of $20,000; in the second year, it makes a profit of $50,000; and in the third year, the profit is $80,000. Since you get half of all profits and losses, your allocations equal $55,000: a $10,000 loss and combined profits of $65,000. At the end of the third year, you take out $6,000 worth of profit for a vacation. The balance in your capital account at the end of the third year is $159,000 -- $110,000 in contributions, plus $55,000 in allocations, minus $6,000 in distributions.
In theory, the balance in a partner's capital account would be what that partner could expect to receive if the company were to liquidate -- to sell off all its assets, settle all debts and go out of business. In reality, the values listed on the balance sheet for a company's assets are commonly different than their actual market value. As a result, the final "liquidation payments" to partners will likely be different from their capital account balances.
Partnership accounting works the same whether you have a general partnership or a limited partnership. The difference between the two comes down to liability: In a general partnership, each partner is personally liable for all debts incurred by the business. A limited partnership has two "levels" of partners: general and limited. General partners are fully liable for all the company's debts, while limited partners' liability is limited to the amount they have invested in the company -- they can lose that, but no more. A partnership agreement may allocate profits and losses differently based on whether a particular partner is general or limited, but that has no effect on how the capital accounts are managed.
AccountingTools: What Is the Partnership Capital Account?
Merritt, Cam. "What Is a Capital Account in a Limited Partnership?" Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/capital-account-limited-partnership-65625.html. Accessed 20 April 2019. |
0.878663 | What's the connection between allergy and sinusitis?
Unlike acute sinusitis, viral infections play practically no role in infectious chronic sinusitis. Several well-known organisms remain common causes of sinusitis.
First line: Amoxicillin, trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline.
For repeated infections: Levofloxain, amoxicillin-clavulante (Augmentin), clarithromycin (Biaxin) or prolonged IV therapy in severe cases.
Poor response to antibiotics in cases of bacterial sinusitis may indicate the presence of a confluent sheath of bacteria covering the sinus mucosa (biofilm), persistent obstruction, complications, immunodeficiency, fungal infection, or sinusitis due to a non-bacterial cause not yet defined. Persistent obstruction will require a surgical approach through functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).
For more than 90 years, allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots) has been recognized as one of the most effective treatments for respiratory allergy. Multiple studies over the years have shown that immunotherapy/allergy shots are cost-effective in reducing nasal and eye symptoms, decreasing medication use and improving quality of life.
Aside from medical treatment, it is clear that immunotherapy remains an important and unique treatment for chronic allergy sufferers with chronic sinusitis.
Although sinusitis and allergy can be separate and independent processes, allergy appears to worsen existing sinusitis. Upper respiratory allergy often plays a significant role in maintaining chronic inflammation of all of the mucosal membranes including those of the sinuses.
Patient data reveals that allergy injections are particularly important in allergic individuals not responding to medical and surgical treatment for chronic sinusitis in which allergy plays a role.
Treatment can be divided into allergen avoidance, medications, and immunotherapy for management of the allergic component of chronic sinusitis.
Of all the therapy offered for respiratory allergy, injection therapy or immunotherapy is perhaps the most specific and effective treatment available in preventing recurrent symptoms in a hypersensitive patient. However, immunotherapy is only effective if the offending allergens are identified and incorporated into the allergy serum in adequate concentrations. Half-measures often prove inadequate in stubborn cases. A careful and comprehensive allergy history and skilled allergy testing are the basis for an effective treatment program.
Allergy injection treatment is carried out over a long period of time (3 - 5 years in most cases). At first, patients receive weak solutions of allergens. The dose is then gradually increased to induce tolerance without reactions. The goal is to achieve a high-maintenance dose which affords the best symptom relief. Improvement in symptoms usually lasts for years after completing a successful course of allergy injections.
Not all forms of immunotherapy are equal. Sublingual immunotherapy (allergen drops under the tongue) cannot be recommended at this time. Sublingual therapy is offered by a few physicians as an “off-label” treatment program, and has not been FDA-approved as an effective treatment. Therefore, until proven and approved, the use of sublingual treatment as currently available may delay the relief of symptoms and waste the patient’s time and money. |
0.999987 | Australia now looks certain to take a seat at the UN’s Human Rights Council, but will it be constructive or a spoiler?
Australia’s chances of being elected to the UN Human Rights Council were always good, but they just got a lot better. With France now officially pulling out of the race, both Spain and Australia should now be able to waltz in and take the two remaining seats available for members of the “Western European and Others Group” of UN Nations.
They do still need to be endorsed by a majority of nations in the General Assembly, but this is undoubtedly the Australian government’s very own “Steven Bradbury moment” at the UN, as it would be almost unheard of for unopposed candidates to be rejected.
However, getting a seat at the table is one thing – how it will be used and whether Australia’s voice will be taken seriously is another.
A pledge to be a “pragmatic, principled, and passionate” promoter of human rights around the world has been at the heart of the Australian pitch to be elected to the world’s peak human rights body for the 2018 to 2020 term, but what evidence is there to support this claim?
A nation passionate about human rights would surely enshrine their protection in law, yet Australia is the only Western democracy without a national human rights act or bill of rights.
A nation that took a principled approach to human rights surely wouldn’t knowingly breach international law again and again. Yet Australia has stubbornly rejected every single call from the UN to abandon its cruel treatment of people seeking asylum – its policies blatantly and deliberately breach international human rights law in a gruesome attempt to deter people from seeking safety in Australia.
This leaves pragmatism. Hopefully Australia is not signalling a pragmatism that puts trade and naked self-interest ahead of protecting the victims of human rights abuses.
What is desperately needed at the Council, by victims in Syria, North Korea, and elsewhere, is principled and consistent leadership on human rights. Unfortunately, Australia’s track record suggests that “pragmatism” could be a diplomatic dog whistle to less scrupulous nations that Australia can be relied on to turn a blind eye to abuses and not to rock the boat too much.
That pragmatism has also seen Australia remain relatively silent in the face of the deterioration of democracy and the rule of law in Nauru, and attempt, at times, to weaken the Council’s scrutiny of human rights abuses in Myanmar and Cambodia. Talking about Australia’s candidacy last year, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop bizarrely boasted that Australia was the first Western country to advocate for the end of human rights monitoring in Myanmar. To not only mention this unscrupulous act, but to use it as a selling point was breathtakingly cynical.
Australia has been willing to cross its traditional allies – the United States and United Kingdom – to oppose the Council’s investigations into war crimes in Sri Lanka. Australia was “pragmatically” prioritizing its need for Sri Lankan government cooperation to intercept and forcibly return the persecuted into the hands of their persecutors.
Australia’s candidacy has also relied heavily on our position in the Pacific region. The Pacific region has never been represented on the Council, but it’s also a region which highlights Australia’s failings as a potential human rights leader.
Following an address to the March session of the Council in Geneva, Australia’s Senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells took to Twitter to proclaim that Australia will be a voice for human rights in the Pacific. Awkwardly for her, the Council then heard from a group of Melanesian nations raising awareness of the serious and ongoing human rights abuses occurring in Indonesia’s Papuan Provinces – abuses that successive Australian governments have preferred to sweep under the carpet.
While Australia should be a positive force for human rights in its region, its refugee policies have been a catalyst for human rights regression. For example, Australia’s offshore detention regime has seen the Papua New Guinea government attempt to water down human rights protections in its own Constitution.
Clearly just how passionate and principled Australia would be as a Council member is up for debate, but there are some signs that at the very least it is moving to get its house a little more in order at the UN.
In the wake of the child abuse scandal in the Northern Territory’s Don Dale youth prison, and following advocacy at the UN by the Human Rights Law Centre, Australia has finally signaled its intention to ratify by the end of the year the UN’s anti-torture protocol, which requires independent oversight of all places of detention.
However, no amount of good housekeeping is going to distract people from the elephant in the room – Australia’s treatment of people that come to its shores seeking protection and safety.
The UN couldn’t make it any clearer. Every expert report, every committee finding, every investigation, every time, has made it abundantly clear that Australia’s refugee policies breach international law in numerous ways. There is simply no escaping this reality.
If the Australian government truly wants to be a human rights leader at the UN, then it must stop being a human rights laggard at home.
Will APEC leaders stand by while Australia condemns hundreds to indefinite offshore detention – including in PNG? |
0.948025 | Before the Revolution of 1974, Portugal's elite could be divided into five groups; the nobility, the large landowners, the heads of large businesses, the members of learned professions, and high-ranking military officers. These elites were closely connected and intertwined in numerous complex ways.
The oldest group historically was the nobility. It generally traced its origins to the formative period of Portuguese history. The monarchy had frequently granted noble titles to the elite in return for loyalty and service. In modern times, this nobility continued frequently to use its titles of duke, count, or marquis. A title was a symbol of status and was often eagerly sought, although the younger, more liberal generation frequently scoffed at such titles. Some of the titled nobility went into the learned professions or high government service. In the modern age, a titled nobility seemed anachronistic, but in Portugal this elite lingered on.
A second group, often overlapping with the first, consisted of large landowners, or latifundi�rios. They were chiefly concentrated in the Alentejo, but other areas of Portugal, such as the Beira and Ribatejo, also contained large estates. Increasingly, this landholding element had become absentee landlords, settling in Lisbon and leaving their estates in the hands of managers. In Lisbon, the landed elites frequently diversified into business and industry but kept their estates, sometimes as profit-making enterprises, but most often as symbols of status. This elite was also in the process of being eclipsed when the Revolution of 1974 occurred.
More important than either of these first two groups were business people and industrialists. These elements had come to prominence in Portugal in the 1960s and early 1970s as Portuguese economic growth accelerated and the country industrialized. The business elite was often well educated and had emerged from the middle class. It filled the ranks of managers, administrators, and company presidents. Quite a number married, or their children married, into the nobility or the landed class. As Portugal continued to develop economically, the business groups gained in influence, particularly as the survival of the regime came to depend on a prosperous economy.
A fourth group among the elite consisted of the learned professions, including university professors. Medicine as a profession had traditionally enjoyed particular prestige in Portugal. Lawyers similarly enjoyed prestige; many of them went into government service or became managers of banks and major companies. University professors were also valued: Salazar and Caetano were both university dons, and their cabinets often included several professors. The high prestige stemmed in part from the fact that university education was so rare in Portugal and a professor far rarer still; it also stemmed from the need for technical expertise in the government. Because of the large number of university professors, Salazar's regime was often referred to as a catedratocracia, a term derived from the Portuguese word for university chair, c�tedra.
The fifth elite was the military officer corps. These were men, often from middle- or lower middle-class ranks, who had made it to the top in a very important institution: the armed forces. Education and the military, in fact, were among the few means open to ambitious middle-class youth to rise in the social scale in highly class-conscious Portugal. The military officers did not always mingle well with the upper-class civilians, but the power and importance of the armed forces meant they had to be paid serious attention. In addition, many of the banks, large businesses, and elite family groups, as a way of protecting their interests, placed military officers on their payrolls.
These elites were closely interrelated. A landowner living in the city might go into business or banking; a wealthy business person or industrialist might buy land. They themselves or their children would acquire an education and enter the learned professions. Business elites formed groups in which they owned diverse holdings: typically, insurance, hotels, construction, banking, real estate, and newspapers. They hired university professors and military officers to help administer these holdings--or as an "insurance policy." Some members of the group held government positions--often carrying out private and public activities simultaneously. These groups were tightly inbred and often overlapping, with powerful political-economic-military connections.
The Revolution of 1974 largely destroyed this oligarchic system. Many of the old political elites associated with the regime were forced into exile, and others had their businesses confiscated. Almost all lost their positions and many of their holdings as a result of the revolution. Many members of the old elite eventually found their way back to Portugal and some began again to prosper in the late 1980s. But the strength of the elite was nowhere near so great as it was before 1974 and may have been ended permanently. |
0.991156 | It’s been ages since I last did a baking post but I think/ hope these will make up for it! A lovely soft muffin with a gooey Nutella middle and a crunchy praline topping. You will need: 300g Plain Flour 145g Caster Sugar 1tbsp Baking Powder 1/2 tsp Salt 250ml Whole Milk 1tsp Vanilla Essence 85g Melted Butter 2 Large Eggs 150g Nutella 30g Finely Chopped hazelnuts Method: * Line a 12 hole muffin tin with paper cases. Preheat oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4 * Sift the plain flour and baking powder into 115g of the caster sugar and mix together * Pour the milk and vanilla essence into a separate bowl or jug, break the eggs in one at a time and whisk gently together by hand. * Make a well in the dry ingredients and pour in the milk mix *Add the melted butter *Add 80g of nutella to the batter and mix until all combined *Spoon the mixture into each of the prepared cases filling 1/4 full * Add 1 teaspoon of nutella into the middle of each muffin and then the remaining batter filling until two thirds full *Sprinkle over the chopped nuts and remaining caster sugar *Bake for 25-30 minutes *Leave in tin to cool then place on a cooling rack *Serve and enjoy! |
0.918975 | Amber is located at a distance of 11 kilometers from Jaipur and was the old fort of the Kachhwaha clan of Amber, which used to be the capital, till it was moved to Jaipur. The fort is built with white marble and red sandstone and look even more attractive because of the Maota Lake in the foreground. The fort in itself is a beautiful sight to behold but as one looks on the fort with its clear reflection on the lake in the front, one cannot help but wonder if it is a dream or a beautiful illusion. The tourists to this fort can either approach the fort by road or take an elephant ride, which though is quite slow yet is a lot of fun.
How often have we been told not to build castles in the air? Very often indeed, but if you are a dreamer and wish to see this 'palace of the winds' which is not just in your imagination but a real palace, then come to the 'pink city' of Rajasthan and see the Hawa Mahal. Each wall of the palace reinforces the idea that 'dreams truly can come true', The Hawa Mahal, which adjoins the famous City Palace wall, was built in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh and has now become one of the major landmarks of Jaipur. The palace is shaped like a pyramid and is a five-storied building, with number of small windows and screens, with arched roofs.
Jantar Mantar is another important tourist attraction in Jaipur. Built by the astronomer king Sawai Jai Singh II, Jantar Mantar is one of the five observatories built by the king. The Jantar Mantar at Jaipur is the biggest and most elaborate observatory in India. Constructed between 1728 and 1734, the Jantar Mantar is located in the center of Jaipur. Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh built it to satisfy his quest to find the mysteries of the sky as well as provide satisfaction to his astronomical and architectural instincts. The name "Jantar Mantar" is a modification of the Hindi words "yantra" meaning instruments, and "mantra" meaning formulae. It was built to study various phenomenon of astronomy like latitudes, longitudes, constellations, local time, declination of the sun, planets and the stars, and to determine eclipses. The monument was built to understand the movements of the sun and moon and to find answer various other astronomical mysteries.
The City Palace in Jaipur is an important landmark in the Pink City. The City Palace complex is where the royalty of Jaipur used to stay. The City Palace is a perfect blend of Mughal and Rajput architecture. The palace complex was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II and his successors made various additions to the complex. The City Palace Complex has been divided into courtyards, beautiful gardens and buildings. Some of the beautiful buildings in the City Palace complex include Mubarak Mahal, Badal Mahal, Sh. Govind Dev Temple, Chandra Mahal and City Palace Museum. Tourism in Rajasthan offers complete information on various tourist destinations and hotels in Rajasthan. Tourism in Rajasthan also provides online booking facility for tour packages to Rajasthan and hotel room booking in Rajasthan.
Perched atop a pricturesque hill, the Nahargarh Fort offers a breathtaking view of the city below. Initially built by Sawai Jain Singh in 1734 A.D. It was enlarged and given its present shape by Sawai Madho Singh in1885 A.D. Decorative motifs in some of the rooms are delightful. From the windows of the nine identical suites, one gets a magnificent view of the city, complete witht he geometrical layout. From Amer there is a road to Nahargarh, which passes through the hills. |
0.999891 | you may ask yourself can my dog eat pomegranate?
Pomegranate should be safe for your dogs if given in small amounts. Pomegranate is rich in antioxidants and vitamin C which helps boost your dog’s immune system. Some studies also suggest that pomegranate has a therapeutic effect against cancer or tumors but no concrete evidence can support this as of now.
Before adding pomegranate to your dog’s diet, make sure to consult your dog’s dietitian first. They might suggest a specific serving which can be both healthy and safe for you dogs. |
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