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0.976739 | Madagascar may be divided, according to latitude and altitude, in three climate zones: along the coast is a strip of hot and humid tropical climate, in the interior highlands, the climate is temperate, while the southern region of the country has a semi-desertic climate, dry and arid.
The climate of the country is dominated and governed by the trade winds of the south-east and is divided into two seasons a hot and rainy season from November to April and a dry and cool season from May to October.
The interior highlands are hot and rainy between November and April, in the rest of the year the climate is fresh and windy, the capital Antananarivo, which is located in Highlands, has a pleasant temperate climate and an average of 1,400 mm rain a year that almost all fall during the rainy season between November and April. The maximum average temperatures in Antananarivo range from 27°C in January to 20°C in July and August, while the average minimum temperatures vary between 17°C in February to 10°C in July and August.
The east coast is the most rainy region of Madagascar, in fact it has a sub-equatorial climate very rainy with yearly averages of 3,500 mm of rain, this area is also exposed during the monsoon, between December and March, to possible cyclones. Along the east coast the average maximum temperatures vary between 30°C in February to 25°C in July and August, while the average minimum temperatures vary between 22°C in January and 17°C in August.
The west coast is generally drier than the eastern coast and the highlands, along this coast the amount of precipitation decreases from north to south, the city of Antsiranana at the extreme north receives 1,200 mm of rainfall annually, while the town of Maintirano, located in the center of the west coast, receives about 1,000 mm of rain a year, further south, in Toliara for example, the average annual rainfall is around 410 mm. The south and south-west region of Madagascar have a semi-desert climate.
The island of Nosy Be, which is located along the north west coast has a special microclimate influenced by the presence of the Tsaratanana massif and receives an average of 2,000 mm of rain per year, concentrated during the rainy season between November and April.
The best time to visit Madagascar are the months between May and October, they have mild temperatures and little rain, to avoid the months from January to March. |
0.995835 | Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) is the most popular Domain Name System (DNS) server in use today. It was developed in the 1980s at the University of Berkley and is currently in version 9. BIND is an open source system free to download and use, offered under the Mozilla Public License.
BIND can be used to run a caching DNS server or an authoritative name server, and provides features like load balancing, notify, dynamic update, split DNS, DNSSEC, IPv6, and more.
BIND was written by four graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley - Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou, as part of the DARPA project (the predecessor of the modern Internet). In the mid-1980s, development was taken over by Paul Vixie of Digital Equipment Corporation, and in 2012 the project because the ownership of the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC).
BIND 10, was released in 2014, but the ISC concluded its work on the project due to cost considerations, renamed it Bundy and delegated its development to the community.
Maintains a DNS zone file and responds to DNS requests, acting either as a Caching-Only Name Server, for use by clients internal to an organization, or an Authoritative-Only Name Server, for use by external clients.
BIND provides a combination of a lightweight resolver library that can be run on DNS clients, such as host operating systems or routers, and a resolver daemon process which can run on a local host. Both communicate using a UDP-based Lightweight Resolver Protocol.
dig - allows users to run DNS queries and view server output.
host - converts hostnames to IP addresses.
nslookup - queries DNS servers for information about hosts and domains.
Remote Name Daemon Control (rndc) - allows administrators to control all operations of the name server via an encrypted channel.
For more information on these features and their usage, refer to BIND 9 Administration Reference Manual.
Broad usage and strong community - BIND is a de facto standard for DNS in Linux systems, and is actively supported by a large open source community.
Stable - BIND is used in millions of production DNS servers and is known for stable and predictable operation.
Good platform support - BIND supports Linux, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, macOS and Windows.
Comprehensive feature set - BIND is one of the only DNS servers that covers all basic DNS functionality - see Wikipedia’s detailed comparison of BIND with other DNS servers.
Security and vulnerabilities - BIND 4 and BIND 8 suffered from major significant issues; BIND version 9 was a complete rewrite that resolved those issues. BIND 9 also suffered from over 50 known vulnerabilities, which are clearly disclosed on the ISC website and have been patched in latest versions. The huge popularity of BIND means it is a major target for attackers and users must keep informed of security issues and upgrade regularly.
Limited replication capabilities - BIND does not enable replicating the DNS backend database. It only allows replication via traditional master/slave configuration.
Changes require restart - in BIND, any change to DNS zone files requires a restart. This can be an issue for large DNS servers that maintain multiple zone files.
No caching for individual packets or queries - BIND cannot cache specific packets or queries requested previously by DNS clients, which can have performance benefits. It can only cache the entire DNS zone, when acting as a caching or forwarding server.
Lacks traffic management features - cannot route traffic to the most appropriate server using parameters like user location, server load, server capabilities, etc.
The downsides of using a managed DNS service is a monthly subscription cost, reduced configuration flexibility, and a reliance on the DNS provider in terms of performance, uptime and security.
DNS technology has advanced beyond first-generation solutions like BIND. Modern DNS servers can help you achieve things you never thought you could do with DNS.
Instant propagation - NS1’s managed DNS service provides a global network that can propagate DNS changes in milliseconds.
Location aware - NS1 obtains geographical metadata about every DNS resource, determines user location via geo-IP, and performs proximity-based routing for every user request.
Bandwidth and connectivity aware - NS1 performs regular health checks on resources to check availability, bandwidth and network latency, and uses this data to route users to the most responsive available resource.
Load, capacity and cost aware - NS1 determines internal traffic parameters for each resource such as load, capacity and number of current connections, or even the cost of the resource (e.g. for CDNs) - and makes an optimal routing decision.
NS1 Managed DNS Service - based on a global anycasted network with 24 PoPs connected to Tier 1 Internet Service Providers, with hundreds of Gbps of capacity at all times. Guaranteed 100% uptime and very high performance compared to traditional DNS solutions, as well as next-gen DNS features.
NS1 Private DNS - a next-gen DNS server you can deploy in your data center, to dramatically improve performance and enjoy next-gen DNS features that BIND and similar products do not have.
Get a free trial of NS1’s next generation DNS platform and see the difference between first-generation and next-generation DNS technology. |
0.965041 | Straight Outta Compton Review | NO SPOILERS !
With extreme publicity all over the TV, internet, and even a Snapchat filter, Straight Outta Compton definitely lived up to its hype and expectations. The film was beyond just a movie that you walk into, eat your snacks, and leave, it definitely leaves you speechless. The gritty, violence driven, and rebellious feel of the movie gives the audience the raw story of NWA without holding back anything.
Directer F. Gary Gray did an outstanding job with not only telling the timeline of NWA, but each character’s personal story and events that occurred during that time in America.   All of the shots and scenes are very engaging and makes you feel as if you’re there in Compton and are apart of the crew! It shows the fun true friendship bond of the group. The great direction really grabs your attention and it honestly made me wish that I was growing up in this time period. I felt like I was there the whole time chilling in the studio with them.
The story of NWA was somewhat not new to me. I knew about the barriers with the police, but this actually goes into the depths of what rooted the group to produce their type of music. Showing their struggles and surroundings really moved the story forward and explained each event that happened. The film gives all details plus more that never leaves you wondering.
It touched on every milestone from the splitting of Ice Cube from NWA, Dr. Dre’s career with Suge Knight, and the death of Eazy E. We also see the starting of careers from our other favorite rappers like Tupac and Snoop Dogg and the beginning of classic movies like Friday and Boyz in the Hood.
Straight Outta Compton reveled the explicit violence that rooted in this neighborhood that built these legends. Â It touched on so many themes that are parallel to the times of today like police brutality against the black community. Showing the LA Riots due to the beating of Rodney King give the sense of a wake up call to the audience that leaves you thinking…has times really changed?
The themes of any other music biopic are there where there’s a manager that “helps” out the artists but yet screw them over in the end, group struggles, and money problems. There are concert scenes and make you feel like you’re in the audience. I caught myself singing and waving my hands in the air like I was in the crowd.
With a great director, producers, and cast, Straight Outta Compton is definitely 5 out of 5 stars and a must see for everyone. It’s the best biopic I’ve ever seen. Let’s hope we can get an Oscar for this one!
I want to hear from you! What was your favorite scene in the movie? Comment below or connect with me on social media.
Previous Post Sorry For the Wait ! | I’m Back Blogging ! |
0.84203 | Does “The Great” belong after Alexander the king of Macedonia’s name? One of the greatest and most successful generals in all of history was Alexander the Great. He was a brilliant, patient and often devious man that never struck without careful planning. Alexander make decisions with great speed and took big risks. People described Alexander as the son of Zeus.
Firstly, Alexander is responsible for spreading Greek culture. He founded various cities. People considered him a “philosophical idealist” with his policies of incorporating various races into his military and government. He was never defeated in battle. At the age of 32 he controlled an empire that spanned from Greece to India. |
0.959747 | Description: Lead Research Engineer – Machine Learning (Autonomous Driving) Join a team of highly skilled and innovative engineers to work on leading-edge mapping technology for Highly Autonomous Driving (HAD) systems. HERE is an established company with decades of experience in delivering maps for the automotive industry and other commercial partners. We are owned by a consortium of German automakers (Audi, BMW, and Daimler), with a focus on creating and maintaining the world's most precise and detailed digital maps for enabling self-driving cars. HERE is seeking a Lead Research Engineer to join our Highly Automated Driving (HAD) group. A successful candidate will apply his/her knowledge and expertise to bring about practical solutions to challenges related to our mission. That involves staying up-to-date on the latest publications and research results in the field, knowing when to apply existing technology versus inventing new approaches, being able to quantify the value of a particular approach, and to develop robust and scalable software implementations. We are looking for people who remain learners throughout their career, and whose inquisitiveness and love of technology will propel our products forward. This is an excellent opportunity to work with an energetic and dedicated team of computer vision and machine learning experts on highly visible, technology-driven problems with a direct connection to the success of the company. Key Responsibilities: - Develop machine learning algorithms for real-time in-vehicle feature detection. • Build deep learning systems applicable to computer vision domains, such as object detection image/video, scene classification etc. • Research and develop novel deep architectures and algorithms. •Participate in both algorithm and software development as a part of an Agile team. • Write clean and re-usable code in programming languages such as C++/Python • Participate in project reviews and demos. • Innovate, publish and patent. Qualifications: • M.S/Ph.D. in computer science, electrical engineering, or a related field. Bachelor’s candidates with very strong experience will be considered. • 4+ years of relevant industry or academic experience. • Expertise in machine learning and numerical optimization. • Experience in deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). • Familiarity with one or more deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow, Caffe, Torch etc. • Excellent C++/Python programming and software design skills. • Team player with the ability to work in a collaborative environment. • Creative, resourceful, and innovative problem solver. • Strong written and verbal communication skills. • Experience in image/video processing and computer vision (preferred) • Experience with cloud computing architecture (preferred) Perks/Benefits: • Sharp, motivated colleagues in a fun office environment. • Rare opportunity to work on cutting-edge technology that will directly impact the world. • Competitive salary package, bonus, paid company holidays and 401(k) plan. • Full medical/dental/vision package to fit your needs. • Office in downtown Berkeley next to BART station. |
0.957742 | Are Frog and Cyrus natives of Choras? The mayor of Choras remarks that "the knight Cyrus fell while protecting our Kingdom from Magus," and an old woman labels Cyrus the "town's guardian angel."
The mayor of Choras remarks that "the knight Cyrus fell while protecting our Kingdom from Magus," and an old woman labels Cyrus the "town's guardian angel." The battle with the Frog King and the flashback to Glenn's childhood (You're a marshmallow, Glenn) take place on the Guardia Forest map, although they may not necessarily take place there. I think it is clear that Cyrus and Glenn have been friends since childhood. Cyrus's ruminations on Zenan bridge only show that he visited Guardia before deciding to become a Knight. Cyrus and Glenn could have left Choras in search of adventure before then. Also, Magus and his mystic legions threatened all humanity. In fighting Magus, Cyrus was defending the people of Choras, whatever their political affiliation may be. Lastly, Cyrus is buried in the Northern Ruins rather than on the continent of Zenan.
Note that this could be fact, but no direct statement on the matter exists in the game, precluding this entry from appearing under Common Questions or simply on their biography pages. |
0.987023 | The unusually long weekend is over. As your team goes back to work, how can you help your teammates overcome post-vacation blues? Here are some tips.
The long weekend has come to an end and employees have returned to work, but are they still in vacation mode? For many, the act of going back to normal work routines triggers feelings of lethargy and anxiety, making it hard to jump back into our daily tasks.
Post-vacation blues are very real, especially in the workplace. Getting employees back into the swing of things after a vacation can be difficult, but recognizing the signs of a disengaged employee can help employers get them back on board.
After a long weekend, many employees usually have a little less to look forward to during the workweek. Having a lack of enthusiasm isn’t uncommon in employees, but it can have a negative effect on their quality of work. While disinterest and pessimism may only last a few days for some, for others it is not so short-lived.
Remedy: Boost enthusiasm in the workplace after the long weekend has ended by giving employees something to look forward to or work toward, such as employee-related celebrations or a reduced workday. Creating something for employees to look forward to helps to build a positive work environment that motivates them to perform at their best.
The long weekend break might be over, but many still have vacation on their minds. Employees who are less focused on their daily tasks take longer than usual to complete their assignments, or spend too much of their time socializing are likely still in vacation-mode.
Remedy: In an effort to help employees regain focus on their work, help them set attainable goals for the week. Have them break up larger goals into smaller, more achievable goals. Working on several smaller projects rather than a few large projects is much less daunting and it allows them to cross off more on their to-do lists.
Additionally, having employees spend the first few minutes of their day tidying up their workspace can also keep them from being distracted. A messy workspace leads to equally messy thoughts, so encouraging organization at work is vital to maintaining focused employees.
‘Tis the season for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression typically associated with the winter season when the days grow shorter and the sunlight is fleeting. A 2013 SLEEP study of about 50 day-shift workers found a strong association between workplace daylight exposure and office workers’ sleep quality, activity patterns, and quality of life.
Remedy: To combat SAD during the winter months, as well as post-holiday blues, encourage employees to spend time outdoors. Allowing them to take an occasional walk can help clear their minds and brighten their moods--and do everyone some good after all of the weekend feasting.
Whether or not an employee is engaged is often evident in the quality of work they produce. Employees who fail to meet deadlines or produce work that is below par, especially when they are capable of more, are likely still in a post-vacation slump.
Remedy: Consider offering a professional development day early on in the week. Providing employees with training and learning opportunities after a long break will refocus their attention on their work and get them back to peak performance well after the weekend excitement has died down. |
0.998679 | A Taste of History with Joyce White: Christmas Fruitcake: It's Time for Americans to Get Over Their Fear and Loathing!
Christmas Fruitcake: It's Time for Americans to Get Over Their Fear and Loathing!
While I am sure there are many American bakers who turn out delicious fruitcakes at Christmas, lots of Americans, unfortunately, have an aversion to fruitcake. This negative view of the dreaded fruitcake is not helped by the drab commercially prepared cakes available in American supermarkets and wholesale clubs. These cakes tend to be dry, hard, and tasteless and have a poor texture. The fruits in these cakes tend not to be doused in tasty brandy or other spirits, and they are filled with artificially colored glazed cherries and citron.
While visiting England over the 2014 Christmas festive season, I noticed beautiful Christmas fruitcakes available in almost every food shop and department store. Of course, I had to try one! English fruitcakes are nothing like most popular commercial American ones. They are rich, moist, and laden with alcohol-drenched dried fruits; and, they are covered in decadent almond paste (marzipan) and thick icing. Moreover, British fruitcakes tend to be beautifully decorated and packaged. Interestingly, I since have learned that it is quite common for British wedding cakes to be made in this same fashion!
After seeing so many fruitcakes being purchased by eager British holiday shoppers (and, presumably brides and grooms), I started wondering why Americans do not eagerly anticipate fruitcake during the festive season (or at any other time of the year either).
So, why did American fruitcake degenerate into a cake that's as heavy as a brick and as tasteless as sandpaper? There is no definitive answer to this question. However, there are two possible explanations: 1) the era of Prohibition may have curtailed the use of spirits to flavor and cure the cakes to make them moist and delicious, and 2) commercial bakers during the days of Prohibition offered ready-made alcohol-free fruitcakes for sale and set a pattern for the next generations. I would love feedback from readers offering other possible reasons for the devolution of the American fruitcake.
In an attempt to create a fruitcake Americans might actually want to eat, I am taking elements from two historic American fruitcake recipes to make a new recipe that I hope my readers will try and love. The first recipe is Martha Washington's Great Cake and the second is Black Cake. You can click on each link for more information about these cakes. The recipe below is essentially the Martha Washington Great Cake with two major changes: 1) the addition of brandy-soaked fruit; and, 2) half of the granulated sugar has been replaced with dark brown muscovado sugar (true brown sugar). Note: most store-brand brown sugar is white sugar that has been coated with molasses; real muscovado sugar has never been refined to white sugar--its molasses occurs naturally throughout each crystal of sugar and so has a richer flavor.
To make this fruitcake, you will need to plan ahead and start your cake 2-3 weeks before you want to serve it. There are lots of steps but they are all quite easy, so all you need is good organizational skills and a calendar with notifications to remind you to tend your cake!
Now, Let's Make This Fruitcake . . .
1¼ pounds (20 ounces) dried fruit, such as currants, golden raisins, candied citrus peel (I do not like glazed cherries in bright green and red colors).
Place the fruit in an airtight container and pour the brandy over it. Stir thoroughly and cover.
Set aside in a cool, dry place for at least 12 hours, but longer if possible.
1. Heat oven to 350 degrees. Grease and line a 10" round cake pan with removable bottom. Place the cake pan on a parchment-lined baking tin.
2. In a medium bowl, measure out all but 1/2 cup of the flour.
3. Add the spices to the 3 1/2 cups of flour and whisk until well incorporated and fluffy.
5. Separate egg whites from yolks & set yolks aside in a small bowl. In another bowl, beat the egg whites to the foamy or “soft peak” stage.
6. In a large mixing bowl, beat the butter and sugars together using an electric mixer.
7. Slowly add the beaten egg whites, one spoonful at a time, to the creamed butter and sugar. Beat just until blended.
8. Add the egg yolks and beat to incorporate.
9. Measure out the wine & brandy and add them to the wet ingredients.
10. Add the flour and spice mixture to the wet ingredients. Beat until well mixed, but do not overbeat.
11. Then, add the flour-coated fruit to the batter.
12. Put batter into pan & place in oven. Bake for about 75 minutes if using one springform pan or 50-60 minutes if using two 9" cake rounds. Make sure a toothpick inserted is clean before removing from oven. Since oven temperatures can vary, you must monitor cooking time carefully.
13. When done, remove cake from oven & cool for about 10 minutes. Then move onto Step 3 . . .
1. Take cake out of cake pan and place bottom-side up on several large sheets of plastic wrap.
2. Poke holes in the cake using the wooded skewer.
3. Take the brandy and pour some over the cake. Use the pastry brush to spread the brandy. Keep pouring and brushing the brandy over the entire top of the cake.
4. Completely wrap the cake with the plastic wrap and place in the cake storage box. Store in a cool, dry room for about 1 week.
5. After the first week, follow direction #3 above again to feed the cake another 2 tablespoons of brandy. Then, follow direction #4 to store it again.
6. Wait another week and feed the cake one more time.
1. About 1-2 days before you plan to serve the cake (which should be after feeding the cake with spirits for three consecutive weeks), you are ready to finish it.
2. Roll out the almond paste or marzipan on a board dusted with confectioner's sugar to about 1/4 inch thickness. Cut it in strips to fit around the sides and top of the cake. Adhere the almond paste with melted apple jelly as a glue. This takes a fairly long time but is worth it as it adds a distinctive flavor.
3. Cover the cake with either homemade gum paste fondant icing, icing made from a store-bought gum paste fondant kit, or royal icing. |
0.976228 | Can someone help me out and tell me how to check the ARM version on a device in a script?
arm32 or arm64: getTargetInfo - field "x64".
If you need more specific - you can check by loaded ELF libs type.
1. Get ELF code location by getRangesList.
2. Read ELF header here.
3. Check e_machine field in this header.
Also you can even check info from getTargetInfo - x32 or x64 has been different size for memory address.
Check e_machine from specific lib using GameGuardian.
ArchName = "Advanced RISC Machines ARM: " |
0.96563 | What is the process of setting up a business by a foreigner in Vietnam? Vietnam government passed the new law on Investment No. 67/2014/QH13 (New LOI) in 2014, and the new law on Enterprises No. 68/2014/QH13 (New LOE), which replace the previous laws as from July 1, 2015. Certain notable provisions of the new laws are asbelow.
There is no requirements on foreign investment amount and registered capital in Vietnam. But registered capital can not less than 30% of total investment amount. The registered capital of encouraged/ large investment project can be reduced to 20%.
3. Indirect investment through two holding companies (double holding ).
2. Limited liability on overseas lawsuits (civil and criminal ), and financial liabilities against parent company.
The disadvantages of the single holding structure will occur when selling foreign assets, the parent company will be taxed for the profits. The parent company/individual will be exposed to unpredictable foreign risks and faces double-taxation problems. Therefore, the third structure - double holding is recommended.
10. Tax, customs, and environmental protection registration.
Process of setting up a business by a foreigner in Vietnam. |
0.999731 | Extend spring cleaning to your vehicle this year. Spring is a great time to take care of necessary maintenance on your vehicle. Here are a few things you should check-up on this spring.
Start spring off with some fresh air by changing the cabin air filter for your vehicle. On some vehicles, it is easy to change your cabin air filter, and on other vehicles, a mechanic may need to get involved in order to change your cabin air filter due to its location. It is a smart idea to change out your cabin air filter at least once a year, and spring is a great time to complete this yearly task. Changing out the cabin air filter will help keep things clean inside your cabin.
The cabin air filter is not the only filter that you should change. You should also change the engine air filter as well. The engine air filters remove and keep impurities from getting into your engine. Your engine pulls in and requires air in order to function. Most engine air filters are easy to access and change out. This is another important yearly task that will help keep your car engine in good shape.
It is easy to skip over washing your car during the winter months. Now that it is nicer outside, it is time to give your vehicle a nice deep clean. To get your wheel clean and looking great, clean them with some white vinegar and water. The vinegar will cut through and remove any grease or build-up on your tires, and leave the rims shinning. After you clean your vehicle, it's time to apply a protective wax coating. A protective wax coating will help protect your vehicle's paint job from the various natural elements that can damage your vehicle, from the sun to bird droppings to sap.
It is time to clean up the inside of your vehicle as well. Wipe off and remove all the dust on your steering wheel, console, and dash. Then, put a little olive oil on a cloth, and run it over your dash, steering wheel, and console. The olive oil will help seal in moisture and keep these interior parts of your vehicle from cracking up.
Vacuum off your seats and the floors. Remove the car mats and vacuum under them. Scrub the car mats down with some laundry soap and allow them to dry. Clean leather seats with a baking soda and vinegar paste mixture. Rub this mixture into your seats, allow it to dry, and vacuum up any crumbs. This mixture will deodorize your vehicle and help protect your seats from wear and tear as well.
This spring clean-up your car by having both the engine and cabin air filters changed. Deep clean the inside and outside of your car; a little extra attention occasionally can really keep your vehicle in good shape. For more information, contact your local Lexus auto shop services.
Hello, my name is Jean Trivet. Welcome to my website about the automotive world. From auto sales to repair service, I have a passion for all things automotive. To meet my need to share this automotive knowledge with the world, I decided to create this website. As I update this site, I will cover every aspect of the purchase and care process of cars, trucks and vans. I invite you to come visit my site on a regular basis to learn more about automobiles. Thank you for coming to visit my site about everything automotive. I hope to see you again soon. |
0.978712 | Latin America: after the neoliberal years, is the developmental state back in?
Latin America was probably the region that suffered most in the neoliberal years, because it was also the region where the respective reforms and policies were taken further. For that reason, it was also the region where the neoliberal years first came to an end. Since the late 1990s, left wing and economic nationalist political leaders started winning elections. On the other hand, a new economic school of thought based on a new "structuralist development macroeconomics" has been under discussion, and the Ten Theses on New Developmentalism are today an alternative to the Washington Consensus. Does this mean that the developmental state is back in? It is too soon to say that, not only because ideas and politics seldom match, but also because the rise in commodity prices is threatening industrialization in the region. |
0.998565 | The pond snail Lymnaea learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and remembers not to respond to food substances that initially cause a feeding response. The possible relationship between how well snails learn to follow taste-aversion training and brain dopamine contents is not known. We examined this relationship and found the following: first, snails in the act of eating just before the commencement of CTA training were poor learners and had the highest dopamine contents in the brain; second, snails which had an ad libitum access to food, but were not eating just before training, were average learners and had lower dopamine contents; third, snails food-deprived for one day before training were the best learners and had significantly lower contents of dopamine compared to the previous two cohorts. There was a negative correlation between the CTA grades and the brain dopamine contents in these three cohorts. Fourth, snails food-deprived for five days before training were poor learners and had higher dopamine contents. Thus, severe hunger increased the dopamine content in the brain. Because dopamine functions as a reward transmitter, CTA in the severely deprived snails (i.e. the fourth cohort) was thought to be mitigated by a high dopamine content.
In both the brains of vertebrates and invertebrates, dopamine pathways play an important role in reward-motivated behaviors (Mizunami et al., 2015; Luo and Huang, 2016). In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, as well as other molluscs, both pharmacological and immunohistochemical studies of dopaminergic pathways have been conducted (Gospe, 1983; Elekes et al., 1991; Barnes et al., 1994; Kemenes, 1997; Vehovszky et al., 2007). Dopamine has so far been shown to play a key role in appetitive classical conditioning and reward operant conditioning in Aplysia (Baxter and Byrne, 2006), as well as in the consolidation of long-term memory (LTM) in appetitive classical conditioning in Lymnaea (Kemenes et al., 2011).
Dopamine also plays a role in the neuronal control of feeding in Lymnaea. For example, dopamine is present in the buccal ganglion neurons, and its exogenous application activates the feeding response (Elliott and Vehovszky, 2000). Dopamine receptors are located on the cerebral giant cells (CGCs), which modulate feeding behavior (Hernádi et al., 2012). The application of dopamine onto isolated CGC increases their spiking activity (Hernádi et al., 2004). Together, the data suggest that the dopaminergic input alters the activity of the feeding modulatory neuron CGC that in turn should alter feeding behavior.
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is formed following training where we pair presentation of a sucrose solution (the conditioned stimulus; CS) and an electric shock (the unconditioned stimulus; US) (Ito et al., 2013; Takigami et al., 2013). In snails, CTA persists for at least one month (Kojima et al., 2015). Previously, we demonstrated that the CGCs play a key role in CTA (Yamanaka et al., 1999; Kojima et al., 2001; Otsuka et al., 2013). Here we (1) measured dopamine contents in the brains of Lymnaea subjected to different periods of food deprivation (Yamagishi et al., 2015); and (2) correlated how good CTA was compared to the contents of dopamine in their brains.
In addition, we also measured the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content of the brains simultaneously. l-DOPA is the precursor molecule of dopamine, and it is converted to dopamine by l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase at rates so rapid that DOPA contents in the mammalian brain are negligible under normal conditions (Cooper et al., 2003). DOPAC is a catabolite of dopamine, and dopamine is converted to DOPAC by monoamine oxidase (MAO) after reuptake by the nerve terminal. Although dopamine is also converted to homovanillic acid (HVA) through the sequential action of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and MAO (Cooper et al., 2003), here we focused only on DOPAC but not HVA.
We used four cohorts of naive snails for the CTA training: (A) snails that were in the act of eating just before the commencement of the CTA training procedure (i.e. Eating snails); (B) snails that had been given ad libitum access to food but were not eating just prior to the CTA training procedure (called Day −1 snails); (C) snails that had been food-deprived for 1 day (called Day 1 snails, i.e. moderately hungry snails), that is, Day −1 snails could eat freely before the start of CTA training, whereas Day 1 snails experienced food deprivation at least 1 day before the training; and (D) snails that had been food-deprived for 5 days (Day 5 snails, i.e. severely hungry snails) (Mita et al., 2014a,b).
In the pre- and various post-test sessions (10 min, 1 h, 1 day, and 1 week) given to all four cohorts of snails, we counted the number of bites in response to the CS (sucrose) for 1 min. In all four cohorts of snails, we performed two controls, backward conditioning and naive training; and we found no significant decrease in the feeding response to the CS in these control groups.
We found that the state of eating before training had a significant impact on how well or how poorly the snails learned and remembered. CTA-trained snails that were in the act of eating (Eating snails) showed learning but not memory formation (Fig. 1A). That is, while the number of bites in the 10-min test session after training was significantly reduced (P<0.05), the number of bites 1 h, 1 day and 1 week later were not different from the pre-training levels (P>0.05). In this cohort of snails, the feeding ratio between the result of the pretest and that of the 10-min post-test was determined to be 61%.
Grades of CTA learning and memory under various starvation states. We tested CTA trained snails (black bars), backward-conditioned snails (hatched bars) and naive control snails (white bars). N=20 each. (A) Eating snails. After 20 pairings of the CS and the US, the feeding responses were weakly suppressed in comparison with those of control snails (fair grade, F14,285=4.818, P<0.01), and CTA memory persisted for at least one week (P<0.05). (B) Day −1 snails. The feeding responses were suppressed (good grade, F14,285=14.158, P<0.01), and CTA memory persisted for at least one week (P<0.01). (C) Day 1 snails. The feeding responses were strongly suppressed (excellent grade, F14,285=63.700, P<0.01), and CTA memory persisted for at least one week (P<0.01). (D) Day 5 snails. The feeding responses were not suppressed (poor grade, F14,285=2.064, P>0.05), and CTA memory was not formed (P>0.05). * indicates P<0.05; ** indicates P<0.01. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
The next cohort of snails tested was the Day −1 cohort (while these snails had food ad libitum, they were not eating just before training). In these snails, following training the response to the CS was significantly suppressed at the 10-min post-test (P<0.01, Fig. 1B), and the feeding response continued to be suppressed at the 1 h and 1 week memory test sessions (P<0.01). Thus, the snails in this cohort learned and formed memory. When we determined the feeding ratio of this cohort, it was found to be 45%.
We examined how well snails performed following 1 day of food deprivation before training (Day 1 snails). We found that these snails exhibited excellent learning and memory formation in all the post-training sessions (P<0.01, Fig. 1C). When we determined the feeding ratio of this cohort, it was found to be 15%. In the final cohort training after 5 days of food deprivation (i.e. the Day 5 snails), the feeding response elicited by the CS in all the post-test sessions was not significantly different from those in the control snails in the pretest (P>0.05, Fig. 1D). Thus, learning and memory formation did not occur in these snails.
We conclude that the state of the snail as regards its eating history, or lack thereof, significantly alters how well or how poorly they learn and form memory following CTA training.
Having obtained the behavioral data from the four cohorts, we then measured the dopamine content of their brains using high-performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection system (HPLC-ECD). The dopamine content of the Eating snails, which were eating just before training, was higher than the snails that had access to food but were not eating (i.e. Day −1 snails). Further, the dopamine content of Day −1 snails was higher than the snails that were food-deprived for one day (i.e. the moderately hungry state; Day 1 snails). We then compared the behavioral grades earned by these three cohorts (i.e. Eating snails, Day −1 snails and Day 1 snails) with their respective dopamine contents (Fig. 1), and found that the better the grade, the lower the dopamine content in the brain. Thus, there was a negative correlation between the assessed grade and the dopamine content in the brain.
Interestingly, the dopamine content of the snails that were food-deprived for 5 days (i.e. the severely hungry state; Day 5 snails) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the Day 1 cohort, and these Day 5 snails were the poorest learners (Fig. 1). CTA in the severely deprived snails was thought to be mitigated by a high dopamine content.
In the four cohorts of snails (Eating, Day −1, Day 1 and Day 5 snails) the contents of l-DOPA and DOPAC were measured (Fig. 2A). To easily understand the changes, the mean values of the data were normalized to that of the Eating snails (Fig. 2B). We could not measure the content of l-DOPA in Day −1 snails due to technical difficulties. There was a similar correlation in these two contents with the state of the snails with regards to their feeding history, as well as the case of dopamine. That is, in the more starved snails, there was a lesser amount of these molecules. However, in Day 5 snails, the contents of l-DOPA and DOPAC were higher than those in Day 1 snails, as well as the case of dopamine.
Changes in contents of l-DOPA, dopamine and DOPAC in the brain isolated from snails with various starvation states. (A) l-DOPA. F2,6=4.223, P>0.05. (B) Dopamine. F3,35=12.672, P<0.01. **P<0.01 and *P<0.05; one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe test. (C) DOPAC. F3,22=2.591, P>0.05. (D) The data were normalized by that of Eating snails. The contents of l-DOPA, dopamine and DOPAC in Day 5 snails were higher than those in Day 1 snails. We failed to measure the content of l-DOPA in Day −1 snails. Dashed line indicates the base value of Eating snails.
In molluscs, dopamine plays an important role in appetitive classical conditioning (Baxter and Byrne, 2006; Kemenes et al., 2011). Here we found that dopamine contents in the brains of snails given CTA training correlate with how well snails learn and remember, as expressed by the calculated feeding ratio. In this case, there is a negative correlation as the better the learning the lower the dopamine content of the brains. Because dopamine is sometimes considered as a reward transmitter (Mizunami et al., 2015; Luo and Huang, 2016), it follows then that dopamine contents should be lower in the ‘good’ learners as the CS is no longer viewed by the snail as rewarding. That is, following learning and memory formation of CTA, the CS now signals punishment rather than reward. We hypothesize that as part of the changes taking place in the brain with successful CTA training and subsequent memory formation, there must be a decrease in dopamine contents. We are uncertain how dopamine contents are normally managed, nor do we know how training alters the contents; however, we do understand why the dopamine contents in Day 5 snails are so high.
(1) Food deprivation suppresses the egg-laying behavior in Lymnaea (Ter Maat et al., 1982). The egg-laying behavior is partly controlled by monoamines including dopamine (Boyle and Yoshino, 2002). That is, food deprivation is thought to have some effects on dopamine contents in Lymnaea, and so it seems reasonable that there is a negative correlation between the CTA grades and the brain dopamine contents in Eating, Day −1 and Day 1 snails.
(2) The Day 5 snails received both the poorest grade and had the highest dopamine contents (Fig. 1). It turns out, however, that while they do not exhibit the behavioral memory phenotype, there is CTA memory in these snails but the memory is occluded. That is, there is a conflict between the CTA memory and the desire/necessity to eat. As described in an earlier report (Ito et al., 2015b), the ‘necessity knows no law’ concept prevails in these snails. That is, snails do not express the memory phenotype if they are extremely hungry (for example, Day 5 snails), i.e. CTA memory was formed but is overwhelmed by hunger. This could be shown because the memory is context-dependent (Haney and Lukowiak, 2001; Lukowiak et al., 2007) and can only be observed when the snails are in a context similar to that in which the training occurred. Thus, if the Day 5 snails are fed after they received the training, the memory phenotype can be expressed (Ito et al., 2015b). Recently, dopamine was also shown to be involved in positive emotion states, even in invertebrates (Perry et al., 2016). Our present findings thus suggest that one of the factors contributing to the ‘decision’ or ‘emotion’ to eat or not to eat is the dopamine content in the brain.
We also know that there is a possible interaction between insulin and dopamine in the expression of CTA memory. We found previously that following the injection of insulin into Day 5 snails, CTA was observed (Mita et al., 2014b). We are currently performing experiments looking at how insulin may alter dopamine contents, as insulin plays a major role through its interaction with transcription factors in CTA memory formation (Nakamura et al., 1999; Hatakeyama et al., 2006; Murakami et al., 2013).
As with dopamine contents in severely hungry (Day 5) snails, the l-DOPA content was significantly higher than those of dopamine and DOPAC (Fig. 3). l-DOPA is generally known as a precursor of dopamine, but also exhibits neurotransmitter-like actions in mammals (Yue et al., 1993; Misu et al., 2002, 2003). A similar action has been reported in regards to the RPeD1 neuron in Lymnaea. Exposure of the RPeD1 neuron to l-DOPA caused a biphasic effect composed of a depolarization followed by a hyperpolarization (Dyakonova et al., 2009). Recently, orphan G-protein coupled receptor (OA1) was identified as a receptor of l-DOPA in mammals (Lopez et al., 2008). In Lymnaea, four related genes encoding a family of orphan G-protein coupled receptors have been isolated, and mRNAs of these receptors were transcribed in the CGCs, which are interneurons to control a central pattern generator of fictive feeding behavior (Saunders et al., 2000). Additionally, in Xenopus oocytes expressing mammalian AMPA-type glutamate receptor, l-DOPA induced small inward currents which were abolished by kynurenic acid and CNQX (Miyamae et al., 1999), suggesting that l-DOPA can activate ionotropic glutamate receptor. Neurons, containing CGCs and the buccal motor neurons that control muscles involved in the feeding response, respond to bath application of glutamate (Nesic et al., 1996). Taken together, in severely hungry snails (i.e. Day 5 snails), l-DOPA is suggested to control and/or modulate feeding behavior of Lymnaea via the so-called orphan G-protein coupled receptors and ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Learning procedure for conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. All snails were first given a pretest. In this observation period (1 min), the number of feeding responses (i.e. bites/min) was counted in distilled water following a 15-s application of 10 mM sucrose (the CS) to the lips of the snail. For CTA training, the 10 mM sucrose CS was paired with a 3-s high voltage electric shock (the US). Following the 3-s electric shock, a 12-s recovery period was required in the US period. The inter-stimulus interval was 15 s between the onset of the CS and US. A 10-min inter-trial interval was interposed between each pairing of the CS-US. Snails received 20 paired CS-US trials on a single day. Controls included a backward-conditioned (US-CS) group and a naive group to validate associative learning. For the naive control group, only distilled water was applied to the lips instead of the CS and US. In the post-test sessions, snails were again challenged with the CS, and the number of bites was recorded in the 1-min interval in distilled water after a 15-s application of the CS.
In the present study, we have focused only on the contents of dopamine and its related catabolites in Lymnaea with various eating histories. In the future, we will also pay attention to the serotonin contents, as they are also affected by eating history (Elliott and Vehovszky, 2000; Hernádi et al., 2004). During food intake, the external and internal food stimuli are thought to increase the activity of the central monoaminergic system, and also to increase the contents of monoamines (i.e. dopamine and serotonin) in the Lymnaea brain. Further, it was also suggested that the increased dopamine and serotonin contents both affect the activity of the serotonergic neurons during the different phases of feeding (Hernádi et al., 2004).
Specimens of Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) with an 18-23 mm shell obtained from our snail-rearing facility (original stocks from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) were used in the present study (Kojima et al., 1998). All snails were maintained in dechlorinated tap water (i.e. pond water) under a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle at 20°C and fed ad libitum on turnip leaves [Brassica rapa var. perviridis; Komatsuna (in Japanese)] and a commercially available product called ‘spiral shell food’ (a combination of seaweed, brewer's yeast and vitamins; Nisso, Saitama, Japan) every other day. Lymnaea exhibit good growth and reproduction under these conditions (Ito et al., 1999).
The basic procedure of CTA training has been previously described (Fig. 3) (Sugai et al., 2006). Briefly, all snails were first given a pretest in polystyrene petri dishes (diameter 35 mm). That is, we counted by visual inspection the number of feeding responses (i.e. bites) elicited by the CS (10 mM sucrose solution) in the 1-min period after presentation of the CS. 1 ml of CS was gently applied to the lips of snails with a pipette. Following the pretest, the snails were subjected to the conditioning and control procedures in the same petri dish as used for the pretest. In the CTA training procedure, we paired the CS with the US (3-s electric shock) (Ito et al., 2015a). This US was a high voltage electric shock of minimal current with distilled water (Takigami et al., 2013; Mita et al., 2014b), and was applied near the head in the distilled water. We did not touch the head with the stimulator. Thus, small variations in distance between the snails and the electrode had minimal effect on the current delivered to the snail. The stimuli were required at a level to evoke the withdrawal response. The CS was rinsed out by distilled water and then followed by the US. The US period was set as 15 s, because following the 3-s electric shock a 12-s recovery time was needed for the body to re-emerge from the shells (Ito et al., 2015a). Snails received 20 paired presentations of the CS-US. Controls included a backward-conditioning (US-CS) group and a naive group to validate associative learning. For the naive control group, only distilled water was applied to the lips instead of the CS and US. The number of snails used was 20 for each group. In the post-test sessions, snails were again challenged with the CS, and the number of bites was recorded in the 1-min interval in distilled water after a 15-s application of the CS. The post-tests were performed 10 min, 1 h, 1 day and 1 week after training. In all experiments, after the 10-min post-test, snails were allowed ad libitum access to food. All tests were performed blind. The behavioral experiments were performed in the morning because it has been shown that the learning scores are better in the morning than at other times (Wagatsuma et al., 2004).
The suppression ratio of feeding response after CTA training was calculated as follows. The mean value of number of bites elicited by the CS in the 10-min post-test was divided by that in the pretest, and then we expressed these values as a percentage.
The measurement method was as described previously (Aonuma and Watanabe, 2012), with a small modification. Snails were quickly frozen using liquid N2, and the brain was dissected out in the ice-cold saline. Each brain was then homogenized in 50 µl of ice-cold 0.1 M perchloric acid containing 5 ng of N-ω-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine oxalate (NMET; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as an internal standard. After centrifugation of the homogenate [0°C, 21,500 g (15,000 rpm), 30 min], 40 µl of supernatant was collected. Dopamine, l-DOPA and DOPAC in the single brain were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD; EICOM, Kyoto, Japan). The number of single brains used was 10 for each group. The brain included all ganglia. The mobile phase containing 0.18 M chloroacetic acid and 16 µM disodium EDTA was adjusted to pH 3.6 with NaOH. Sodium-1-octanesulfonate at 1.85 mM as an ion-pair reagent and CH3CN at 8.40% (v/v) as an organic modifier were added to the mobile phase solution. The chromatographs were acquired using the computer program PowerChrom (eDAQ Pty, Denistone East, NSW, Australia). The supernatants of samples were injected directly onto the HPLC column. The snails used for the measurement of dopamine were independent from those used for behavioral experiments to avoid the effects of sucrose application on the dopamine contents.
Data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m. Differences in the contents were tested using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test or Scheffé test (P<0.05).
H.A., K.L. and E.I. conceived and designed the experiments. H.A. and M.K. performed the experiments. H.A., M.K., D.H., T.W. and E.I. analyzed the data. H.A., D.H., T.W., K.L. and E.I. wrote the paper.
This work was supported by a grant from the Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices [2015001 to H.A. and E.I.], KAKENHI grants from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science [24657055 and 25291074 to E.I.], Waseda University grants for Specific Research Projects [2016B-068, 2016B-069 and 2016S-037 to E.I.], and a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [227993-2013 to K.L.].
(1994). Modulation of ionic currents by dopamine in an interneurone of the respiratory central pattern generator of Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Exp. Biol. 189, 37-54.
(2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. (Chapter 9), 8th edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
(2000). Comparative pharmacology of feeding in molluscs. Acta Biol. Hung. 51, 153-163. |
0.999991 | This is a pretty long article but there are some odd things that have come up.
The killer shot Gorenberg, who was alone, and left her to die on the side of the road not far from the mall.
Gorenberg had just bought a John Legend CD, which authorities found inside her Mercedes SUV stereo -- the car that the killer later dumped behind a nearby Home Depot.
The CD's case, Gorenberg's sneakers and her purse were missing when authorities discovered the SUV less than an hour later.
She was wearing a piece of costume jewelry that has friends and family scratching their heads. An interlocking ring was found on her finger that people close to her had not seen before -- raising the eerie possibility that the killer may have slipped it on her before shooting her, Miller said.
Police are also intrigued by a white Chrysler 300 spotted on surveillance video following what appears to be Gorenberg's SUV behind the Home Depot. It is possible the driver of that vehicle helped the killer escape.
Police believe the Bochicchios were abducted sometime after 3 p.m. shortly after they exited the mall near Sears and Neiman Marcus.
The assailant, who bound them with duct tape, plastic ties, handcuffs and goggles, forced them to drive him to an ATM and take $500 from their account.
A 911 call was placed by Bochicchio's cellphone, but was disconnected before she could talk to dispatchers.
It is unknown where the two were killed, but a mall security guard noticed their SUV idling shortly before midnight. He called police, who found the Bochicchios bound and shot.
Friday, police released footage of the Bochicchios walking through the mall the day they were killed and video of their SUV pulling up to and leaving a bank where it is believed they were ordered to take out money by the killer.
Authorities believe the Bochicchios' killer also abducted and bound a woman and her 2-year-old son outside the same mall on Aug. 7.
The family was able to escape, and provided police with a description that led to the composite sketch.
Detectives also are looking at a robbery that occurred at Mizner Park on Aug. 10, ''but there are more dissimilarities than similarities,'' said Officer Sandra Boonenberg, a spokeswoman for Boca Raton police. |
0.999548 | Why not use world random world events instead of proof of work algorithm?
Taking a combination of world events like thunders, astronomical imagery, vote outcomes, stock index values and deriving the id of source of truth from hashed combination of them could be used instead of proof of work algorithm. Why isn't it used?
A true source of randomness or a Common Reference String (CRS) as it's referred to in cryptography, could potentially be used in some cases in the place of Proof-of-Work, although as forest pointed out it isn't immediately clear how to achieve this or whether it is possible, especially in settings such as blockchains where something closer to a Random Oracle (RO) is needed. However, it may be possible to substitute the two in settings such as Proof-of-Stake, like Ouroboros is doing. In the latter case, because of the design of the system, a CRS is not really needed – the participants can generate their randomness locally.
However, for the sake of argument, I will now describe some reasons for which using the types of events you mentioned as a CRS is inappropriate for designing cryptographically secure decentralized systems.
Public verifiability. It is easy for any machine to locally verify proof of work in polynomial time. If you give a piece of proof of work to a mobile phone or a laptop, they can check to make sure it has been computed correctly. However, they cannot do so for thunders, unless they constantly monitor the earth. Public verifiability means that anyone can verify, even after the fact.
Consensus. Participants can easily agree on whether a piece of proof-of-work is correct. The condition is clear and well-defined. However, for real world events, this may not be so. For instance, there are weird physical phenomena which may be considered thunder by some scientists and not by others, or a thunder may be captured by one observer, but not by others, even if they are actively monitoring for such events. This disagreement can break consensus protocols which require that all participants agree.
Sustainability. Proof-of-work is a system which will continue to work ad infinitum, because it is based on a mathematical formula. Systems such as stock indices may not. Stock exchanges close down and indices are redefined or sunset. While these events may be rare, if we are building the economy of the future which we want to last for more than a hundred years, we want a system that can continue to function regardless of such changes. If these changes do happen and we rely on them instead of proof-of-work, we would have to redefine our systems every time a change happened, and such a redefinition would require making difficult consensus decisions (which can lead to forks in the case of blockchains).
Centralization. It is difficult to define an objective source of truth for the values of these events. If the source of truth is defined as, say, the stock exchange website, then the central party that runs the website can manipulate the values that are displayed there. This makes the system prone to centralized manipulation. For instance, a court can order the exchange website to display false data in order to subvert the system.
Distribution. It is difficult to say what kind of distribution is followed by various sources of randomness such as the stock market. The fact that the stock market is just a random walk is controversial, and using this hypothesis to ensure our economy's future is an incorrect approach, especially because we cannot quantify it and prove our claims. While there exist ways to extract good randomness from skewed randomness, some quantification of the entropy in the source is needed, for which we also have a limited understanding.
Manipulation. This is related to the last two points above. Some of the systems you are proposing may be possible to manipulate by participants, given enough incentives. For example, if I am a rich investor, I could buy or sell a particular stock to change the value of the index, skewing the randomness in a particular predictable manner. If this artificial biasing is something I can use in my favour to make more money than I need to invest to cause the skewing, then it may be rational to act in that manner. It is difficult to give a game theoretic argument that such acts are impossible. With proof-of-work, the outcome cannot be artificially manipulated.
You are misunderstanding what a proof-of-work algorithm is designed to accomplish. It's designed to provide an economic disincentive to repeating the process many times (e.g. sending an email or visiting a website). Real-world values on the other hand have the distinct property of being difficult to predict in advance, making it useful for proving that a given document was not created before a certain date (for example). There is no way to use that property in a proof-of-work system.
Is it safe to use RSA as a proof-of-work system?
Simple proof of work example?
Is it safe to use MD5 in a proof of work system?
Can “Approximate Hashing” work in a Proof-of-Work context?
What Proof of Work does IOTA use? |
0.933284 | Need help understanding how Expenses module works?
You first need to add an Expense Group to select which people will use this feature.
Additionally, you can set an Expense Administrator - person who besides Expense Group Managers will also have permission to approve expense requests and most importantly will have access to Expenses settings and Reports.
After groups are created, employees will be able to add new expense requests.
In Reports (tab in the side-bar menu) you can view Expense dashboard (interactive overview of the most often used expense categories across the company, total claims, claims in last 30 days, and other useful widgets) and Expense claims report. |
0.994381 | Why buy reduced balsamic at a gourmet store when you can make it so easily at home? Reduced balsamic vinegar adds amazing, velvety, fat-free flavor to salads, chicken, steak, fish, cheese, veggies and fruit such as strawberries or peaches.
Depending on what you're serving, balsamic can be reduced with other added flavors such as garlic cloves, rosemary, peppercorns, cinnamon, blueberries or orange. I used cocoa to make a tasty sauce to drizzle over Peaches Cannoli - a healthy dessert featured at a recent National Nutrition Month cooking class held at Inspira Health Network.
For best flavor, start with a good quality Italian balsamic vinegar made from grape must and aged in oak barrels.
In a stainless steel pot slowly simmer the balsamic vinegar. Whisk in the cocoa powder and reduce (40 minutes or so) until thick enough to coat the back of a spoon. Stir often and be careful not to let burn!
Remove from heat, cool and transfer to an airtight storage container or small plastic squeeze bottle. Store in refrigerator. Serve room temperature. |
0.999999 | Weegy: A cliche is a worn-out expression.
User: What is the most important point in the following sentence? My sister, Emily, the tallest girl in her class, has many friends. A. Emily is my sister. B. My sister's name is Emily. C. Emily has many friends. D. Emily is the tallest girl in her class.
Weegy: Emily has many friends. -is the most important point in the following sentence: "My sister, Emily, the tallest girl in her class, has many friends." |
0.99902 | In the table below, we see the health outcomes for Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2016 as well as the values for the country's continent and the world.
In the second table we see the health spending in Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as the average values for the continent and the world. The health spending per capita in Democratic Republic of the Congo is 19.75 USD. The country spends 4.27 percent of its GDP on health. For comparison, the average spending across countries is 6.76 percent. |
0.922708 | 쇠라는 19세기 말 파리의 대중사회를 7점의 대작회화에 담았다. 그 작품들은 소비문화의 여러 양상들을 소재로 하여 대중사회의 의미를 해석하려는 철저하게 구상된 기획의 소산이다. 파리 교외에서 여가를 보내는 대중을 그린 과 에서 쇠라는 여가소비에서의 평등의 문제를 제시하였다. 는 인기있는 공공유원지에서 여가를 즐기지 못하는 하층계급의 소외를 보여주며, 는 유행의상을 입고 공공장소의 평등한 여가소비에 동참하는 대중의 모습을 통해 패션이 대중의 동질화 현상과 계층 간의 변증법적 통합의 모습을 만들어냄을 보여준다. 쇠라는 , , 그리고 에서 대중의 소비문화에 나타나는 패션의 사회적 의미를 분석하고, 대중문화 속에 나타나는 여성의 신체가 볼거리로 사물화되었음을 밝히었다. 은 하층계급의 여성들의 누드를 있는 그대로 보여준다. 이 여성들은 사회적 기호로서의 패션과 대비되어 있다. 이 작품을 통해 대중사회에서 의상이 개인의 사회적 정체성을 만들어 낸다는 것을 보여준다. 사물이 인간의 표지가 되고, 의미를 창조하는 주체가 되고 있음을 쇠라는 의인화된 의상으로 표현하였다. 그리하여 인간의 모습은 기계화, 사물화되고 의상은 생명을 부여받고 있다. 그 결과 의 누드는 성적 특성이 약화되어 묘사된다. 이 작품과 대위법적인 작품 에서 여성이미지는 성적 특징이 강조되어 있다. 쇠라는 대중사회에서 성적 기호로서 유통되는 여성이미지를 풍자한다. 이러한 풍자는 거리두기를 전제로 한다. 은 대중문화가 만들어내는 인위적 성적 이미지를 희화하여 표현하고 있는데, 그 표현 방식은 커리커처에 근원을 두고 있다. 은 여성의 신체가 성적 스펙타클로 소비되는 대중문화를 보여준다. 상업적 에로티시즘에 대한 비판은 성적 스펙타클의 현장을 거리를 두고 뒷모습만 보이는 악사가 바라보는 것으로 암시된다. 쇠라는 와 에서 모든 계급이 즐기는 도시의 대중적 오락인 서커스를 대중사회에 대한 은유로서 다루었다. 이 작품들은 일루전의 창조자인 예술가와 일루전에 몰입하는 대중과의 관계를 암시한다. 는 서커스 악사들의 비애를 통해 비자발적인 상업적 오락의 모습을 보여준다. 관객의 위치에서 공연자를 바라보는 시각을 갖는 와는 반대로 는 공연자의 위치, 즉 예술가의 관점에서 관객과 배우를 바라본다. 그럼으로써 일루전에 몰입된 대중문화 소비자들의 수동적 모습과 대중문화 생산자들의 활기찬 모습이 대비된다. 이 작품들에서 뒷모습의 인물이 중심에 서있다. 이 인물은 작가를 대리하는 이미지이다. 사회의 해석자로서 예술가는 자신이 제시하는 정경이 사실기록이 아니라 체험을 내면화, 개념화한 것을 나타낸다. 쇠라가 대중사회를 바라본 시각은 후기 대작에 나타난 뒷모습의 고독한 인물 이미지가 대변하듯 부르주아 사회에서 스스로 소외되어 있다. 그는 냉철한 해석자가 된다. 마지막 의 전경에 묘사된 어릿광대는 그러한 예술가의 자세를 상징하는 자화상이다. 쇠라는 인상주의자들과는 달리 대중문화의 스펙타클을 즉각적 체험으로 기록하지 않았다. 그는 대중문화의 일루전을 만들어내는 사회적 기제에 대한 해석을 보편적 체계를 제시하였다. ; Seurat pictured the mass society of late 19th century Paris in his 7 large scale paintings. They are the results of a contrived plan to interpret the meaning of mass society using the various aspects of consumptive culture as material. , the first of the large scale paintings, depicts the lower class seeking leisure in the Parisien suburb. , the scene of which is set in another riverbank facing that of , and which constrasts it as its pair, portrays the leisure activities of the fashionably dressed Parisien mass. shows the leisure consumption pattern by means of fashion, which shows the assimilation of the mass and the dialectic unification of different classes. Chapter III deals with the image of women which is presented in the mass culture. It analyses the social meaning of fashion seen in the mass consumptive culture, and reveals that the female body in it is objectified as a spectacle, in , and . shows the nudes of lower class women as what they are, without any sexual connotations. Those women are contrasted with fashion as a social symbol. This work shows that an individual s identity is created by clothing, which is a commercial product from the urbanized mass society. Seurat expressed through personified clothing that objects become the social marks of people, and the subjects which creates social meanings. Thus human features become machinized and objectified, and clothing becomes animated. As a result the feminine body is pictured with diminished sexual traits. is the counterpoint piece of . Seurat satirizes the feminine image which is circulated in the mass society as a sexual symbol. These satires are premised on alienating. satirizes the artificial sexual image fabricated by the mass culture in a comical fashion, the method of which is based on caricature. shows the mass culture in which the female body is consumed as a sexual spectacle. The criticism upon commercial eroticism is suggested by a back turned musician watching the scene of sexual spectacle with distance. Chapter IV deals with two works, and . The circus, one of the most popular Parisien urbain entertainment in those days, is the metaphor of the mass society absorbed in commercial spectacles. The relation between the artist who creates the illusion and the public who indulges in the illusion is suggested. shows the involuntary commercial entertainment through the alienation of the circus musicians. As opposed to the view of , watching the performer from the spectator s place, watches the crowd and actors in the performer s, that is, the artist s viewpoint. Thus the passiveness of the mass culture consumers absorbed in the illusion are contrasted with the briskness of mass culture producers. the pierrot in the foreground is an image representing the painter. The artist, as an interpreter of the society, expresses that the scene he presents is not a record of reality, but the internalized and objectified experience. The view Seurat adopted toward the mass society is, as the back-turned lone person featured in his later works suggests, is that of one who is deliberately alienated from the bourgeois society. He is the cool-headed interpreter. The clown pictured in is the self-portrait symbolizing such attitude of the artist. Seurat, unlike the impressionists, didn t represented the mass culture s spectacle as a instant experience. He tried to present the explanation of the social mechanism creating the illusion of the mass culture through a general system. |
0.86663 | Country Profile: Wine Sector in the Czech Republic Growth in the sector is driven by increasing popularity of Wine among the young urban working population in the country.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Venezuela The slow growth of Wine sector in Venezuela is mainly due to weak economic conditions and increased taxes on alcoholic beverages.
The report package World Wine Markets to 2021 offers the most up-to-date industry data on the actual market situation, and future outlook for wines in the world.
The report package Wine Markets in Africa to 2021 offers the most up-to-date industry data on the actual market situation, and future outlook for wines in different African countries.
Country Profile: Spirits Sector in Finland The Spirits sector in Finland is affected by high tax on alcohol and shifting consumer preference towards drinks with less alcohol by volume (ABV).
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Indonesia Growth in the sector is attributed to the popularity of Wine among the Indonesian consumers, especially Red Wine The sector is led by the Still Wine market in value terms, while Fortified Wine is expected to register the fastest value growth during 2016-2021.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Romania Increasing purchasing power coupled with low tax on alcoholic beverages is driving the Romanian Wine Sector.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Slovakia Growing demand for quality wines on the back of rising disposable incomes, and increasing preference for Wine among youngsters is driving the growth of the sector.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Turkey In 2016, the Turkish Wine sector accounted for 2.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in the Philippines The Wine sector in the Philippines accounted for a volume share of 0.
Country Profile: Spirits Sector in Belgium The Spirits sector in Belgium is driven by improving economic activity, and the subsequent rise in disposable incomes.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in New Zealand The New Zealand Wine sector accounted for a volume share of 2.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Mexico The sector is driven by growing wine drinking culture in Mexico.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Norway Norway accounted for a volume share of 0.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Peru The Wine sector in Peru accounted for a volume share of 0.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Singapore The Singaporean Wine sector is led by the Still Wine market, which is the largest in both value and volume terms, while the Sparkling Wine market is forecast to register the fastest growth during 2016-2021.
Country Profile: Spirits Sector in Singapore The Singaporean Spirits sector is led by the Brandy market, which is the largest in both value and volume terms, while the Tequila & Mezcal market is forecast to register the fastest growth during 2016-2021.
Country Profile: Spirits Sector in Slovakia The Spirits sector in Slovakia accounted for a volume share of 1.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Finland The Finnish Wine sector is led by the Still Wine market in both value and volume terms, while Fortified Wine market is expected to register the fastest growth in value terms during 2016-2021.
Country Profile: Wine Sector in Colombia Growth in the sector is driven by increasing disposable income of consumers, and availability of wide range of imported wines in Colombia. |
0.999997 | Dexterous: Squirrels have advantage on all dexterity saves.
Scent: Squirrels have advantage on all wisdom checks related to their sense of smell.
Bite. Melee Weapon Attack: +3 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target. Hit: 1 piercing damage.
A species of rodent found in almost any clime or terrain. These statistics can be used for gray squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, woodchucks, prairie dogs, and marmots (among others).
Flying squirrels use the same statistics as regular squirrels, but have a glide speed of 30 ft. in addition to ground and climbing. Using their wing flaps, flying squirrels can glide at a ratio of 2 feet horizontally for every 1 foot vertically. In other words, a flying squirrel which starts out 50 feet above the ground can glide to a distance 100 feet before touching ground. While gliding, a flying squirrel cannot take any other action. |
0.973474 | Design based on the image of a spread falcon maintains harmony with the beautiful forest environment.
These forest cottages help guests to relax with the soft feeling of polar pine and Finnish wood furniture.
This is a primal space where guests can enjoy the fresh vitality of nature and relax in forest surroundings. |
0.999886 | Carpet Cleaning Florida – In a few words, explain what this site is about.
TruClean Carpet Tile and Grout Cleaning has been operating for many years to offer the best quality Floor Care Offerings at a cost effective and respectable price tag. TruClean takes great delight about it’s exceptional carpet and tile cleaning product reviews throughout the Tampa, Clearwater, Seminole and Saint Petersburg areas.
Contact true clean today to obtain your free estimate. Ask regarding our enzyme treatment options for control of dog and cat and also any other smells. We are experts in flood or emergency water removal or extraction in addition to upholstery cleaning to bring your furniture back to its best days.
The post Gulfport appeared first on TruClean Floor Care – Carpet , Tile and Grout Cleaning Services – Seminole FL.
The post Seminole appeared first on TruClean Floor Care – Carpet , Tile and Grout Cleaning Services – Seminole FL. |
0.974958 | For other uses, see Flywheel (disambiguation).
Smoothing the power output of an energy source. For example, flywheels are used in reciprocating engines because the active torque from the individual pistons is intermittent.
Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of an energy source. This is achieved by collecting energy in a flywheel over time and then releasing it quickly, at rates that exceed the abilities of the energy source.
Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to a maximum revolution rate of a few thousand RPM. High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ magnetic bearings, enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1 kHz).
Carbon-composite flywheel batteries have recently been manufactured and are proving to be viable in real-world tests on mainstream cars. Additionally, their disposal is more eco-friendly than traditional lithium ion batteries.
Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston, and returns it to the piston to compress a fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars. In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass.
A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed the abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time when it is needed. For example, flywheels are used in power hammers and riveting machines.
The principle of the flywheel is found in the Neolithic spindle and the potter's wheel, as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity.
The mechanical flywheel, used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine and, essentially, to allow lifting water from far greater depths (up to 200 metres), was first employed by Ibn Bassal (fl. 1038–1075), of Al-Andalus.
The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist Lynn White, recorded in the De diversibus artibus (On various arts) of the German artisan Theophilus Presbyter (ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines.
In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion.
A flywheel with variable moment of inertia, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci.
is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to torque applied on a spinning object (i.e. the higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied).
When calculating with SI units, the units would be for mass, kilograms; for radius, meters; and for angular velocity, radians per second and the resulting energy would be in joules.
Increasing amounts of rotation energy can be stored in the flywheel until the rotor shatters. This happens when the hoop stress within the rotor exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of the rotor material.
is the angular velocity of the cylinder.
Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children’s toys. Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum. Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems.
The efficiency of a flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel’s rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store.
In this context, using lead for a flywheel in a child’s toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its burst velocity because the limit in this case is the pulling-power of the child. In other applications, such as an automobile, the flywheel operates at a specified angular velocity and is constrained by the space it must fit in, so the goal is to maximize the stored energy per unit volume. The material selection therefore depends on the application.
The table below contains calculated values for materials and comments on their viability for flywheel applications. CFRP stands for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, and GFRP stands for glass-fiber reinforced polymer.
The table below shows calculated values for mass, radius, and angular velocity for storing 500 J. The carbon-fiber flywheel is by far the most efficient; however, it also has the largest radius. In applications (like in an automobile) where the volume is constrained, a carbon-fiber flywheel might not be the best option.
For comparison, the energy density of petrol (gasoline) is 44.4 MJ/kg or 12.3 kWh/kg.
could be called the specific tensile strength. The flywheel material with the highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one reason why carbon fiber is a material of interest.
Assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone.
A shaftless flywheel eliminates the annulus holes, shaft or hub. It has higher energy density than conventional design. But the flywheel requires specialized magnetic bearing and control system.
the density. Typical flywheel has a shape factor of 0.3. Better designs, such as the shaftless flywheel, have a shape factor close to 0.6, the theoretical limit is about 1.
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^ Li, Xiaojun; Anvari, Bahar; Palazzolo, Alan; Wang, Zhiyang; Toliyat, Hamid (2018-08-14). "A Utility Scale Flywheel Energy Storage System with a Shaftless, Hubless, High Strength Steel Rotor". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 65 (8): 6667–6675. doi:10.1109/TIE.2017.2772205.
^ Li, Xiaojun; Palazzolo, Alan (2018-05-07). "Multi-Input–Multi-Output Control of a Utility-Scale, Shaftless Energy Storage Flywheel With a Five-Degrees-of-Freedom Combination Magnetic Bearing". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 140 (10): 101008. doi:10.1115/1.4039857. ISSN 0022-0434.
Look up flywheel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Flywheel batteries on Interesting Thing of the Day. |
0.946802 | Pontic Greek (ποντιακά, pontiaká) is a Greek dialect originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, the Eastern Turkish/Caucasus province of Kars, southern Georgia and today mainly in northern Greece. Its speakers are referred to as Pontic Greeks or Pontian Greeks.
The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from Ionic Greek via Koine and Byzantine Greek, and contains influences from Georgian, Russian, Turkish and Armenian. The Ophitic variant of Pontic Greek in eastern Turkey has been identified as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek.
Pontic Greek is an endangered Indo-European language spoken by about 778,000 people worldwide. However, only 200,000–300,000 are considered active speakers. Although it is mainly spoken in Northern Greece, it is also spoken in Turkey, Russia, Armenia, Georgia and Kazakhstan and by the Pontic diaspora. The language was brought to Greece in the 1920s after the expulsion of the Christian Pontic Greeks from their homeland during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. However, it is still spoken in pockets of the Pontus today, mostly by Pontic Greek Muslims in the eastern districts of Trabzon Province. Pontic Greek is considered a dialect of the same language as modern Greek, although reportedly, the speakers of each do not fully understand each other. It is primarily written in the Greek script, while in Turkey and Ukraine the Latin script is used more frequently.
Pontic Greek is classified as an Indo-European, Greek language of the Attic-Ionic branch.
Historically the speakers of Pontic Greek called it Romeyka (or Romeika, Greek: Ρωμαίικα), which, in a more general sense, is also a historical and colloquial term for Modern Greek as a whole. The term "Pontic" originated in scholarly usage, but it has been adopted as a mark of identity by Pontic Greeks living in Greece.
Similarly, in Turkish, the language is called Rumca (pronounced [ˈɾumd͡ʒa]), derived from the Turkish word Rum, denoting ethnic Greeks living in Turkey in general; the term also includes other Greek speakers in Turkey such as those from Istanbul or Imbros (Gökçeada) who speak a language close to Standard Modern Greek.
Today's Pontic speakers living in Turkey call their language Romeyka, Rumca or Rumcika.
Similar to most modern Greek dialects, Pontic Greek is mainly derived from Koine Greek, which was spoken in the Hellenistic and Roman times between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. Following the Seljuk invasion of Asia Minor during the 11th century AD, Pontus became isolated from many of the regions of the Byzantine Empire. The Pontians remained somewhat isolated from the mainland Greeks, causing Pontic Greek to develope separately and distinctly from the rest of the mainland Greek. However, the language has also been influenced by the nearby Persian, Caucasian and Turkish languages.
the inland subgroup (Chaldiot) in Chaldia (around Argyroupolis [Gümüşhane] and Kanin in Pontic), its vicinity (Kelkit, Baibourt, etc.), and around Kotyora (Ordu).
Speakers of Chaldiot were the most numerous. In phonology, some varieties of Pontic are reported to demonstrate vowel harmony, a well-known feature of Turkish (Mirambel 1965).
the Northern group (Mariupol Greek or Rumeíka), originally spoken in Crimea, but now principally in Mariupol, where the majority of Crimean Pontic Greeks of the Rumaiic subgroup now live. Other Pontic Greeks speak Crimean Tatar as their mother tongue, and are classified as "Urums". There are approximately half a dozen dialects of Crimean (Mariupolitan) Pontic Greek spoken.
Soviet Rumaiic, a Soviet variant of the Pontic Greek language spoken by the Pontic Greek population of the Soviet Union.
The inhabitants of the Of valley who had converted to Islam in the 17th century remained in Turkey and have partly retained the Pontic language until today. Their dialect, which forms part of the Trapezountiac subgroup, is called "Ophitic" by linguists, but speakers generally call it Romeyka. As few as 5,000 people are reported to speak it. There are however estimates that show the real number of the speakers as considerably higher. Speakers of Ophitic/Romeyka are concentrated in the eastern districts of Trabzon province: Çaykara (Katohor), Dernekpazarı (Kondu), Sürmene (Sourmena) and Köprübaşı (Göneşera). Although less widespread, it is still spoken in some remote villages of the Of-district itself. It is also spoken in the western İkizdere (Dipotamos) district of Rize province. Historically the dialect was spoken in a wider area, stretching further east to the port town of Athina (Pazar).
Ophitic has retained the infinitive, which is present in Ancient Greek but has been lost in other variants of Modern Greek; it has therefore been characterized as "archaic" (even in relation to other Pontic dialects) and as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek.
A very similar dialect is spoken by descendants of Christians from the Of valley (especially from Kondu) now living in Greece in the village of Nea Trapezounta, Pieria, (Central Macedonia), with about 400 speakers.
Though Pontic was originally spoken on the southern shores of the Black Sea, from the 18th and 19th century and on substantial numbers migrated into the northern and eastern shores, into the Russian Empire. Pontic is still spoken by large numbers of people in Ukraine, mainly in Mariupol, but also in other parts of Ukraine such as the Odessa and Donetsk region, in Russia (around Stavropol) and Georgia. The language enjoyed some use as a literary medium in the 1930s, including a school grammar (Topkharas 1998 ).
After the massacres of the 1910s, the majority of speakers remaining in Asia Minor were subject to the Treaty of Lausanne population exchange, and were resettled in Greece (mainly northern Greece). A second wave of migration occurred in the early 1990s, this time from countries of the former Soviet Union.
In Greece, Pontic is now many times used only emblematically rather than as a medium of communication due to the mixing of Pontic and other Greeks.
Kars: Multiple villages and provincial capital.
In Greece, Pontic has no official status, like all other Greek dialects.
Historically, Pontic Greek was the de facto language of the Greek minority in the USSR, although in the Πανσυνδεσμιακή Σύσκεψη (Pansyndesmiakí Sýskepsi, All-Union Conference) of 1926, organised by the Greek-Soviet intelligentsia, it was decided that Demotic should be the official language of the community.
Later revival of Greek identity in the Soviet Union and post-Communist Russia saw a renewed division on the issue of Rumaiic versus Demotic. A new attempt to preserve a sense of ethnic Rumaiic identity started in the mid-1980s. The Ukrainian scholar Andriy Biletsky created a new Slavonic alphabet, but though a number of writers and poets make use of this alphabet, the population of the region rarely uses it.
The language has a rich oral tradition and folklore and Pontic songs are particularly popular in Greece. There is also some limited production of modern literature in Pontic, including poetry collections (among the most renowned writers is Kostas Diamantidis), novels, and translated Asterix comic albums. The youth often speak standard Greek as their first language. The use of Pontic has been maintained more by speakers in North America than it has in Greece.
Pontic, in Greece, is written in the Greek alphabet, with diacritics: σ̌ ζ̌ ξ̌ ψ̌ for /ʃ ʒ kʃ pʃ/, α̈ ο̈ for [æ ø] (phonological /ia io/). Pontic, in Turkey, is written in the Latin alphabet following Turkish conventions. In Russia, it is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. In early Soviet times, Pontic was written in the Greek alphabet phonetically, as shown below, using digraphs instead of diacritics; [æ ø] were written out as ια, ιο.
The following are features of Pontic Greek which have been retained from early forms of Greek, in contrast to the developments of Modern Greek.
Preservation of the ancient pronunciation of 'η' as 'ε' (κέπιν = κήπιον, κλέφτες = κλέπτης, συνέλικος = συνήλικος, νύφε = νύ(μ)φη, έγκα = ἤνεγκον, έτον = ἦτον, έκουσα = ἤκουσα etc.).
Preservation of the ancient pronunciation 'ω' as 'o' where Koine Greek received it as 'ου' (ζωμίν = ζουμί, καρβώνι, ρωθώνι etc.).
Preservation of the Ionic consonant pair 'σπ' instead of Koine 'σφ' (σποντύλιν, σπἰγγω, σπιντόνα).
Preservation of the termination of feminine compound adjectives in -ος (η άλαλος, η άνοστος, η έμορφος).
The declension of masculine nouns from singular, nominative termination '-ον' to genitive '-ονος' (ο νέον → τη νέονος, ο πάππον → τη πάππονος, ο λύκον → τη λύκονος, ο Τούρκον → τη Τούρκονος etc.).
The ancient accenting of nouns in vocative form: άδελφε, Νίκολα, Μάρια.
The second aorist form in -ον (ανάμνον, μείνον, κόψον, πίσον, ράψον, σβήσον).
The middle voice verb termination in -ούμαι (ανακατούμαι, σκοτούμαι, στεφανούμαι).
The passive voice aorist termination in -θα (anc. -θην): εγαπέθα, εκοιμέθα, εστάθα etc.
The imperative form of passive aorist in -θετε (anc -θητι): εγαπέθετε, εκοιμέθετε, εστάθετε.
The sporadic use of infinitives (εποθανείναι, μαθείναι, κόψ'ναι, ράψ'ναι, χαρίσ'ναι, αγαπέθειν, κοιμεθείν).
The sporadic use of 'ας' in the place of 'να': δός με ας τρόω.
Pontic temeteron ("ours") from Ancient Greek ton hemeteron in contrast to Modern Greek ton […] mas.
^ a b c d "Pontic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pontic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Topicalisation in Pontic Greek".
^ "Pontic | Ethnologue". ethnologue.
^ a b c Özkan, Hakan (2013). "The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 37 (1): 130–150. doi:10.1179/0307013112z.00000000023.
^ PontosWorld. "Development of the Pontic Greek Dialect". pontosworld.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
^ "The Pontic Dialect: A Corrupt Version of Ancient Greek The Odyssey of the Pontic Greeks". heinonline.org. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
^ Mackridge, Peter (1987). "Greek-Speaking Moslems of North-East Turkey: Prolegomena to a Study of the Ophitic Sub-Dialect of Pontic". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 11 (1): 115–137. doi:10.1179/030701387790203037.
^ Asan, Omer (2000) . Pontos Kültürü [Pontos Culture] (in Turkish) (2nd ed.). Istambul: Belge Yayınları. ISBN 975-344-220-3.
^ Özkan, H. (2013). Blume, Horst D.; Lienau, Cay (eds.). Muslimisch-Pontisch und die Sprachgemeinschaft des Pontisch-Griechischen im heutigen Trabzon [Muslim-Pontic and the language community of Pontic Greek in today's Trabzon]. Choregia – Münstersche Griechenland-Studien. 11. Lienau, C. pp. 115–137. ISBN 978-3-934017-15-3.
^ "The cost of language, Pontiaka trebizond Greek". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ a b "Against all odds: archaic Greek in a modern world | University of Cambridge". Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ a b Jason and the argot: land where Greek's ancient language survives, The Independent, Monday, 3 January 2011.
^ Anthi Revythiadou and Vasileios Spyropoulos (2009): "Οφίτικη Ποντιακή: Έρευνα γλωσσικής καταγραφής με έμφαση στη διαχρονία και συγχρονία της διαλέκτου" [Ophitic Pontic: A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect] "www.latsis-foundation.org" (PDF) (in Greek). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
^ a b "Romeika - Pontic Greek (tr)". Karalahana.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
^ "News and Events: Endangered language opens window on to past". University of Cambridge. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
^ "Pontic Greek (Trabzon Of dialect) - Turkish Dictionary (tr)". Karalahana.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
^ Asterix in Pontic Greek Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pontic.
Mark Janse, "Aspects of Pontic grammar", a Review Article of Drettas (1997). The paper summarizes the high points of the book. |
0.948276 | Which celebrities do most benevolent actions?
Over the years Barack Obanna has lived in the White House, she has devoted more than $ 1 million to good work and about 54% to support children. He also spent $ 2 million in his capital in 2017 on creating summer jobs in Chicago. |
0.999889 | Brand name with a creative take on the word "solar".
Xolara has only six characters and three syllables. Successful brands using three syllable names include Santander, Vodafone and Delicious.
Xolara.com is a dot com domain. Dot com domains are the most sought after top-level-domain in the world, famously used by websites like youtube.com. When most people think of a website, they think of a dot com. |
0.974145 | If you were asked to name the top two or three things that matter most when assembling a home entertainment system, what would you say? For most of us it would be a late-model HDTV (or video projector) with a huge screen and a great sound system. No quibbles with the TV part, but what exactly do we mean by a "great sound system"?
Many ingredients go into a system that produces lifelike sound, but nothing is more important than the speakers themselves. You can have the best Blu-ray player and AV receiver in the world, but if the speakers are poorly designed, it's all for naught.
Frequency response describes the range of audible frequencies the speaker can reproduce between 20 Hz (deep bass) and 20 kHz (a piercingly high frequency), which is considered the range of human hearing. In reality, our hearing does not typically extend up to 20 kHz (especially as we get older), and bass frequencies below 30 Hz tend to be felt more than heard.
The most meaningful ratings include a plus/minus deviation (±3 dB is typical), which indicates how far the sound deviates from a neutral or "flat" response; the lower the number the better, although in practice, speaker placement and room acoustics greatly affect what you hear. Still, the number at the lower end of the range gives you an idea of how low the speaker can play. For example, a rating of 50Hz - 20kHz ±3 dB means you will need to add a separate subwoofer if you want to reproduce the deepest bass.
Sensitivity describes nothing about the sound itself but will give you an idea of how efficient a speaker is — that is, how loud it will play when fed a standard test signal and measured at a specific distance (usually 1 meter). Sound-pressure level (volume) is expressed in decibels: the higher the number, the higher the efficiency. Numbers in the mid-80s are typical, while anything over 90 dB is considered excellent.
Impedance sheds no light on sound quality but tells how much strain the speaker places on an amplifier. The lower the number, the more strain; most speakers are rated at 8 ohms, which is considered an easy "load." If you come across 4-ohm speakers, just make sure the amplifier driving them can handle the extra load (most good quality amps can).
Which Speaker Materials Are Best?
As far as materials go, if a speaker is well designed it doesn't matter whether its tweeter, midrange driver and woofer are made of aluminum, titanium, Kevlar, pick-your-exotic-material or treated paper. Any of these materials can be used to build an excellent-sounding speaker.
Do instruments and voices sound natural, or are they muffled or shrill? With movies, is the dialogue intelligible?
Is the overall sound balanced? You'll miss out on a lot of wonderful detail in the midrange — where voices and most instruments fall — with "boomy" speakers that over-emphasize the bass (a common pitfall).
Do you feel like you've been transported to another space — a concert hall or the location of a movie scene? The better the speakers, the more convincing the illusion. Even a good stereo pair will produce sound that extends beyond the speakers, creating a sound stage that is wide and deep.
Most important: Trust your instincts. You'll know good sound when you hear it!
A trained home tech pro with audio and video installation and calibration experience will be able to help you get the most out of your speaker purchase, from selection to room layout and installation. To find a qualified professional in your area, click here. |
0.999915 | Roleplay: Living the Vocaloid Life!
The Vocaloids are forced to live together when all but Hatsune Miku's house are burned down mysteriously. Could it be the Utaus fault? Or was it something else? They'll have to find out!
Kaito just watched him and sighed. "what ever" he muttered sitting on the stairs.
"Look i was there for her before you was alright?!,so move out the damn way before i throw you down these steps Kaito!" he pushed past him and proceeded up the steps.
"no you wont i will" kaito said grabing him. "or i'll throw you down these stairs and we'll see how lucky you are" he said.
"just to see how she reacts is thrilling..she usually isnt screaming,she just struggles...but this time something was already bothering her.." grinning he began to walk up the steps."i want to find out."
"you idiot, why did you do that?" he said to him walking over. "you know what shes scared about... i dont know why you take joy in knowing peoples fear but i wont get into it"
As he let her go she got up and looked at akaito,as she looked around she picked up a vase and threw it at him,it hit him in the head and she ran up the steps into one of the many rooms Miku had in her house.
"huh...?" kaito said looking around and ran hearing where the noise is. "hey what the hel are you doing?!" he yelled at him. "let her go!" he said.
Dragging her closer to the basement door he knew how much she didnt like the basement at all,clawing and scratching at things she tried to stop herself from being dragged down there."AHHHH!" she screamed.
Kaito sighed and herd some cometion and noices akatio wassnt around. "geez..." he said knowing he was doing something stupid and got up looking around hopeing to find him. maybe talk to him, all he needed right now was to laugh about something.
After coming out of the recording studio she walked past the living room,noticing Akaito wasnt on the couch she looked around,he scared her and she jumped falling on the floor,then he began to pull her closer to him.
Kaito just sat in the liveing room and turned on the tv and sighed knowing that she diddnt want to talk to him right now and just kept flipping threw channals. |
0.963043 | Saudi Arabia was removed in over a match-fixing attempt, 39 along with his two assistant referees, compatriots Mohammed Al-Abakry and Abdulah Al-Shalwai. If only he knew". Archived from the original on Retrieved "Qatar World Cup organizers ready to fight for 2022".
Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998. A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities. It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 fifa Confederations Cup. The stadium was commissioned in November 2017. Archived from the original on Retrieved "2018 fifa World Cup to be played in 11 Host Cities". 36 Officiating Main article: 2018 fifa World Cup officials On, fifa released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches. Archived (PDF) from the original on "2018 fifa World Cup Statistical Kit Referees" (PDF). At an estimated cost of over.2 billion, it was the most expensive World Cup. 220 The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and "people of Asian or Afro-Caribbean descent" travelling to Russia of "racist or homophobic intimidation, hooligan violence and anti-British hostility". Retrieved "Match report Play-off for third place Belgium v England" (PDF). Archived from the original on Retrieved Osborne, Samuel. |
0.99999 | Who'll yell the first "Hello!"?
As Dad says, "Look who's here!
We're glad you're home again!"
I'll find my peace of mind! |
0.999851 | 'No collusion'? I managed Russia operations at CIA. Read between the lines.
Former Chief Executive Officer at Kaiser Permanente, Inc.
IsoRay, Inc. is a medical technology company, which engages in the development, manufacture, and sale of isotope-based medical products and devices. The company focuses on the treatment of cancer and other malignant diseases. Its core product is Cesium-131, a radioisotope for the treatment of malignant tumors. The company was founded by Lance A. Bray in 1983 and is headquartered in Richland, WA.
Atomstroyexport CJSC operates as a engineering company, which engages in the construction of nuclear power facilities in the Russian Federation and internationally. The company was founded on March 25, 1998 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russian Federation.
Otkritie Bank OJSC provides commercial banking services. It operates business model as it is able to combine traditional banking services with investment products and insurance solutions marketed by its sister companies. The firm offers deposit solutions, including traditional fixed rate deposits and higher yield complex products with investment component. The company was founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russia.
Garsdale Services Investment Ltd. operates as investment holdings company. The company is headquartered in British Virgin Islands.
Mostotrest PJSC engages in the construction of transport infrastructure assets. The company involves in the construction and overhaul of road; rail and city bridges and highways; tunnels; complex transport interchanges; and other engineering constructions. It operates through the following segments: Construction and Services. The Construction segment includes Mostotrest and OOO TransStroyMekhanizatsia. The Services segment covers Mostotrest-Service and united toll systems. The company was founded on January 25, 1930 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russia.
Irkut Corp. manufactures and sales of military and civil aircrafts. Its activities also include research and development works for military and civil aircrafts. The company operates through the following business segments: SU-30 Program, YAK-130 Program, MC-21 Program, and Cooperation. The SU-30 Program segment engages in the development, manufacturing and distribution of SU-30 aircrafts, components, and service equipment. The YAK-130 Program segment is involved in development, manufacturing, and distribution of YAK-130 aircrafts components and service equipment. The MC-21 Program segment operates through the development of a new civil aircraft with silicon wing. The Cooperation segment includes products which are developed and manufactured in cooperation with Airbus. Irkut Corp was founded on October 13, 1992 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russia.
Rostelecom Long-Distance & Intl Telecommunications Co. PJSC engages in the provision of communication services, data transmission, internet, pay television, video private network, data center services, and radio communication services. Its communication services include local, intra-zone, long-distance domestic and international fixed-line telephone services, and mobile services. The company was founded on September 23, 1993 and is headquartered in Moscow, Russia.
This web site is not endorsed by, directly affiliated with, maintained, authorized, or sponsored by Government of Russia. The use of any trade name or trademark is for identification and reference purposes only and does not imply any association with the trademark holder. The Presence of Government of Russia's profile does not indicate a business or promotional relationship of any kind between RelSci and Government of Russia. |
0.986614 | how might we expand pcs energy's product offerings into the mobile space?
PCS Energy is the fastest growing, locally owned and operated solar company in Los Angeles. The company focuses on three main fields: affordable solar energy, LED lighting that drastically reduces energy consumption, and EV charging for clean transportation.
PCS Energy was my freelance client, and I led end-to-end product design as well as branding efforts to increase its offerings and introduce a mobile experience.
Though PCS had already in place a robust desktop web app (dashboard experience) that allowed customers to track their solar energy in different locations, the company lacked a mobile alternative with similar functionality. I led this transition, communicating key stats like expected energy ratio, instantaneous power, and a historical graph of kilowatts per hour generated in the mobile design.
PCS Energy's core user demographic is older in age and tends to be unfamiliar with most new technologies, either categorized as the late majority or laggards in the product adoption curve.
Users are typically financially wealthier, have little experience with mobile apps (more familiar with desktop), and hold a number of real estate properties with solar panels installed. As a result, the main experience of the app was designed to be highly legible with big numbers and bold, contrasting graphics and simple in functionality (only to consume data by location). Having this user in mind was helpful in guiding the designs.
The solar energy business is highly competitive, and while price plays a significant role in guiding customer decisions in the past, recent studies from the SEIA, or Solar Energy Industry Association, has indicated that price has significantly dropped with the growth of the industry.
Therefore, with price having little effect in a utilities market, having a robust mobile experience allows PCS to truly stand out from its competition.
The main challenge for PCS mobile was to filter out what types of information was appropriate in a mobile view. I used the current desktop dashboard as reference, which was outdated by today's visual standards. The interface was clunky, and many of the visual elements exceeded more than 5 years. In addition, navigation was almost non-existent and functionality was limited to quickly viewing key statistics. Once the user logged in, because there was so much screen real-estate, the user had little to interact with or filter through.
Picking what types of information and in what form to convey it were the most challenging aspects for PCS mobile. Like with many apps, the desktop experience provided a holistic, overall picture, showcasing an abundance of information. The web app has it all. The mobile experience had to channel the same energy, but in the form of quick, light interactions, something more consumable and for on-the-go.
I also had to become familiar with solar energy basics, such as instantaneous power (how much the panel is generating right now) and PV system (photovoltaic system).
As a result, the main goal in creating a mobile dashboard experience for PCS Energy was to allow customers to quickly and lightly access their solar information. For this reason, the UX flow that I designed was extremely simple, with functionality mainly centered around consumption. Not much is there to do in the app, and other functionality is limited to filtering through different locations, contacting customer support, and logging out. The app is not designed for onboarding or for new customers, but instead for those already signed up with PCS.
The visual design of this mobile project also captures the essence of "clean energy" by using the color blue, while communicating a motif of the sun with the radial icon in the login and loading screen. I also used big, bold drop shadows to create a break between key sections, large numbers for the "PV Size" section to indicate importance, and 3D icons for the weather to contrast the flatness of the rest of the interface.
I went through many different versions of color, at first starting with green to convey clean, "eco-friendly" energy, as well as a warmer hue of pink and red to convey energy and the sun. I eventually landed on a blue palette to color the app, one to match its original navy branding, and two, to communicate a sense of ease and serenity that blue tends to communicate.
All in all, this PCS Energy project sharpened my skills in data visualization and in filtering what types of information to communicate. It also helped me communicate my design decisions to my client and hone in on my project management skills as I had to meet strict deadlines. |
0.99999 | Philippines' seasons: What are Amihan and Habagat?
In the Philippines, Amihan and Habagat refer to the two kinds of winds and seasons that occur in the country every year.
Amihan is known as the Northeast monsoon while Habagat is known as the Southwest monsoon.
A monsoon is a seasonal rain and wind pattern. "Monsoon" is from the Arabic word, "mawsim" which means season.
A switch in wind direction is the primary indicator for the change between one monsoon to the other. It usually takes place during nighttime.
At some periods, the two monsoons switch several times before settling into a pattern for the season. Amihan and Habagat are also characters in Philippine mythology.
Amihan is the Filipino term of Northeast monsoon, which is a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia and China and blows down to Southeast Asia. This season is characterized with slight to moderate rainfall and a prevailing cold wind that affects east of the Philippines. The monsoon commonly occurs from October to late March, although occurrence may vary every year.
High peak season in the Philippines is during the amihan season since it brings the best weather conditions. The air is cool, there is less rain, and humidity is low, plus the sunshine is less threatening. Northeast monsoon contributes to colder Christmas nights which gives a better ambience fit for the festive season.
If you're up for a vacation during this season, it is best to pack warmer clothes for the cool evenings along with your tropical outfits.
Habagat, on the other hand, is the southwest wind characterized by frequent heavy rainfall and humid weather. During Southwest monsoon or hanging Habagat, the high-pressure area is at the Australian continent, and the low-pressure area is at North China, Mongolia, and Siberia. The gusty winds from the west and excessive rainfall often turn to dangerous typhoons.
While the rain may ease farmers to irrigate the rice fields, the heavy rainfall may trigger floods, landslides, and potentially endanger residents living near riverbanks. The typhoons that habagat brings, unfortunately, cause millions, sometimes billions, worth of reconstruction damage and kill hundreds of Filipinos.
The southwest monsoon affects the country from late June to October (occurrence may also vary each year). Low season in the Philippines occurs during the habagat season because of frequent rainfall and high humidity. A series of flash floods and landslides are regular incidents during this season. If you're planning to take a vacation during this time, you may want to bring rainwear with you.
In the Philippines, Amihan and Habagat are also known as characters in Filipino legends. Habagat is known as the Southwest Wind, god of wind, and god of rain who rules the kingdom of silver and gold called Himpapawiran (sky). Amihan is the personification of Northeast Wind.
In this mythical story, Habagat saw the beautiful Amihan and fell inlove with her. To win her heart, he entered a contest of speed and force against other gods of winds. After defeating them all, even his fiercest rival: Buhawi (typhoon), he brought his beloved with him to Himpapawiran where they rule the kingdom together.
In another legend, specifically a creation story, Amihan is a god who turned into a bird and stopped the war between Bathala, the god of the Sky, and Aman Sinaya, the god of the Sea. Amihan also saved the first humans, Malakas (strong) and Maganda (beautiful) by pecking the bamboos they were born in. The god then flew Malakas and Maganda to one of the islands where they settled and populated the Earth.
Most pictures used for this article are from Patrice Laborda, the picture Flood in Philippines is from Wikimedia Commons and the dual stamp image courtesy of Philippine Postal Corporation A.K.A PHLPost.
If you want to know more about Amihan and Habagat, take a look at some of our references below. |
0.999928 | This food is designed for those dogs that have specific dietary needs, such as low fat, low bone and low purine. It is therefore suitable for dogs that suffer from pancreatitis, colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. It is also great for dogs that need to lose some weight!
My dog loves this and it's a good product for her pancreatitis.
Really great food for my dog. |
0.961111 | Where do I go to manage AT&T Smart Limits for my account?
To manage Smart Limits on your account, follow these instructions: 1.
Answer Click Manage AT&T Smart Limits for Wireless.
You cannot access Smart Limits for Wireless on the MyWireless App at this time. Please visit att.com/myWireless to log in to your account. Click on the ‘Manage AT&T Smart Limits for Wireless’ link under Quick Links at center right of page.
We hope to offer Smart Limits for Wireless account management through the MyWireless App in the future. Stay tuned for more information.
I'm not sure if this has been posted yet, or if maybe I'm just the last to know, but I wanted to let everyone know that Smart Limits will not work with iPhones. It will limit neither phone nor data usage.
ATT - We customers need a service that will effectively limit the services offered on iPhones. Talk minutes, text limits, and data limits need to be controlled seperately.
I agree. This feature isn't doing me any good on my daughter's iPhone at all. She gave her mobile number and her Facebook profile information out to her classmates and Smart Limits isn't doing a remotely decent job of restricting her access.
I am fighting a completely losing battle. I blocked 30 numbers but she still receives incoming text messages and incoming phone calls from the numbers on the list anyway. As soon as I add a number to the blocked list, suddenly new numbers pop up like mushrooms in her call log. The kids will just simply put down their cell phones and walk over to their parents' landline or use a friend's or sibling's phone to circumvent the block. So I had to finally block *ALL* outgoing phone calls with the exception of 15 numbers so that at least she couldn't return calls from all these people. Almost immediately, the kids bypassed this by switching to mobile Skype and Facebook chat, plus video chat on something called Oovoo. Now I can't see a printout of the people she's talking to any more and her data consumption has gone through the roof since she got the iPhone. I have the phone set to be blocked more than it is active, but she still seems to be able to use Wi-Fi to bypass all browsing restrictions.
It is cruel and ironic that I have had to resort to these harsh measures. I actually got her the iPhone as a reward for her outstanding behavior and scholastic achievement. Instead it has destroyed the peace in our household. My daughter is a straight-A gifted honors student with a 98 average in all subjects and ranks in the 99th percentile of the state on standardized tests. However, all the years she invested in her studies are in danger of falling to pieces. Her classmates' parents apparently ignore the round-the-clock abuse of their children's smartphones, using the devices as electronic babysitters. Trying to inject the slightest bit of common sense has made me look like some kind of obsessive villain. All I ever wanted was to keep our home relatively free of outside distractions so she can maintain her excellent study habits.
To sum it up, I'm angry that I have to spend this much time policing my child's use of her smartphone. I thought Smart Limits would allow me some control, but when it comes to the iPhone, it has definitely proven a less-than-adequate feature and certainly isn't worth the additional charge on an already overinflated phone bill. AT&T needs to go back to the drawing board with this feature in order to justify the expense and the effort involved in using Smart Limits.
Yes, why won't Smart Limits work with the iPhone? Apparently it used to, but it looks like AT&T stopped keeping up with the OS updates ... is there an app out there that will maybe do what AT&Ts Smart Limits doesn't?
If the WiFi on the iPhone is being abused at home, go into you wireless router settings and do various restrictions there.
Disconnecting the router won't help because they still have access via the 3G network. I am also disgusted that Smart Limits does not work on the iphone. It was a wonderful tool with a non-smart phone.
The iphone is like teenager "crack" and our daughter's grades are dropping because she can't self-regulate as she should.
Our only alternative now seem to be to suspend service and that inconveniences us when we can't reach her.
Obviously you don't have teenagers!
REALLY???? This is how an AT&T employee replies to one of their "valued" customers? How about a proper response that actually shows that AT&T gives some small regard to thier customers - something like "We are sorry for the inconvenience. We would like very much to accomodate our customers' needs and we hope to have this feature back in the near future". That would be a proper, RESPECTFUL response, but i am learning that is so not AT&Ts MO.
AT&T is the one that put this Community Support Forum up. Did they think they would not get requests and complaints from customers as well as questions? DId they not train their employees on what proper customer support actually is? We have been with AT&T for over 6 years (why so long, i am beginning to wonder) and in the past usually didn't get this kind of rude response but it seems to be changing into the norm lately.
By the way. my Smart Limits feature also suddenly disappeared off my MyWireless login since we got the iphone for that line, but of course they continue to charge me. Looking like a refund coming my way.
Please get it together AT&T. Customers experiences with you have increasingly become very disappointing.
It has been absolutely unhelpful! Att needs to fix the smart limit issues with the iphone - otherwise you should have the smart limits program for free because its literally useless if it doesnt work on the iphone. AT&T is happy to sell our teenagers an iphone and we have to be the parents to keep watch over their content and usage - we cannot be constantly with those teenagers. Please tell the smart limits developers that they need to get to work on this functionality of the iphone and its ability to bypass every restriction.
I have found out the hard way that smart limits does not work for iphone data although the att sales people told us it would. After calling ATT about this issue and explaining that we were mislead by the sales people about the smart limits working for the iphone data usage the only answer I got was I had 30 days to return the phone and I could pay for more data. So now IM stuck paying for a phone with a feature I was LIED to about from an ATT sales person.
Children do not belong having iphones to begin with. Get them a crappy nokia or Samsung, they can get a iphone when they have a job and can pay for it. Just my 2cents. |
0.999959 | What types of investments are used by the Financial REITs to earn money for their shareholders?
Financial REITs invest in several types of financial assets, such as mortgage backed securities (MBS), as well as originating mortgages, and some companies engage in raising money for private and public companies and lending through structured financings.
How do you differentiate between the stocks in the Financial REIT group?
I always take a fundamental approach to my analysis, and also contrast the companies by valuation and the composition of their portfolios. Dividend coverage, as well, is very important to the choice of stocks in this group. Not all Financial REITs should be treated equally by investors. In the MBS area, for example, I think the sub-prime market is going to outperform the prime market, as it is not as interest rate sensitive as the prime market. For the structured finance group, interest rate increases are not much of a risk, but credit risk is important, if a borrower were to default on a loan.
Taxable earnings is what drives the dividend for a Financial REIT stock. For GAAP earnings, companies delay the recognition of income, whereas with taxable income, gains are recognized up front. Trends in taxable earnings are the signal for changes in the dividend. (REITs are required to pay out 90% of their taxable earnings as dividends to their shareholders). |
0.950711 | Stop a host by shutting down the computer that the host runs on. Before shutting down the computer, you must stop all cloud servers on the host.
If necessary, move the database copies to another host.
This task is useful when you must shut down the computer to perform updates.
Stop all database copies and cloud servers on the host.
When you restart the computer, you must restart the cloud servers and database copies on the host. |
0.999996 | Article Summary: "Water is most essential for countering climate change..."
Water is both essential and hazardous to life. We tend to populate nearer to rivers and lakes contrary to arid and semi-arid environments. However, flooding also results in the destruction of property and loss of life. Although there have been attempts to control the weather, as by filling the atmosphere with chemicals to cause more rain, flooding from one hurricane can be enough to fill billions of swimming pools. Simply put, the atmosphere is too large for us to control its natural effects. It is also chemically complex. Although hydrogen and oxygen combine as fuel whereby water becomes a byproduct, the procedure is of a high temperature energy that can also result in hydrogen bonding with nitrogen in the atmosphere for more greenhouse effect, and with oxygen of the upper ozone layer that shields us from too much ultraviolet light from the sun in preventing sunburn and cancer instead of our bodies using it only to produce vitamin D.
What has been more successful is beaver-engineering. The Romans built a huge empire along with an elaborate structure of miles and miles of mostly underground aqueducts and reservoirs. The construction of the Grand Coulee dam in the state of Washington provides electricity along with a prosperous farming community. Countless dams and reservoirs are likewise beneficial here and there. Extracting water from more humid air to allow more natural flow along with water usage in arid regions could also be effective.
More beaver-engineering could indeed be beneficial. Dust from the Sahara Desert of Africa reaching Florida since the 1970s has attributed to the destruction of corral reefs. The Sahara Desert is more than three thousand miles from near the Red Sea to near the Atlantic Ocean. It is the most arid region of Earth's surface, but there are underground flows of water from the Atlas Mountains, and other mountainous areas, that provide flourishing oasis here and there.
The main population of Egypt has flourished beside the Nile River, but the Nile Valley could become flooded by the rise of sea levels from global warming. Storing water in the Sahara Desert part of Egypt, similar to the Roman aqueducts and underground reservoirs, could be an effective counter. Moreover, although the desert is hot and dry, sunlight and dry trade winds blowing southwest towards the equator are plentiful for the developmental use of solar energy. They could be used to tunnel into the desert whereby water could be collected, transported and stored with more efficiently with productive use, as for underground-greenhouse-gardens protected from the sandy wind of the desert. Sturdy dome structures atop the soil could also counter the destructiveness of the wind.
Algeria, with its populated area bordering the Mediterranean Sea, has invested in solar energy of sunlight and wind. It also supplies Europe with a large amount of natural gas. Although the natural gas can pollute the atmosphere with both too much hydrogen and carbon, it would not be a pollutant if used in a confined manner. If controlled with underground use, the hydrogen and carbon of the natural gas combined with nitrogen and oxygen of air could be converted to water and a fertilized form of nitrogen for plant growth. The plant growth, in turn, would resupply the atmosphere with oxygen and nitrogen. Moreover, although excess hydrogen in the atmosphere can contribute to global warming, hydrogen can also be converted to helium, which is already done for commercial purposes. Helium used for solar-powered-blimps could transport water to desert greenhouses and transport products from those greenhouses to wherever needed.
Such investments in the future could pay for themselves in the present. Economic wealth is essentially product; money is merely a means of credit to facilitate such investment. More food, water and livable environment could result in a fair distribution of wealth for the promotion of peace and prosperity. The investment could be shared, as in analogy to a stock exchange, whereby the elderly could receive a retirement income. If there are fewer products in the future, then inflation reduces retirement income whereby our grandchildren become more in debt instead of having products aplenty to spend their money on. Prosperity is thus achieved by investing in the future, whether by free enterprise or by government. The latter could be more effective for environmental concern in the sense water along with air is essential to life but too plentiful for economic value, and is thus an economic burden to industrial pollution. Politically, there is the need to overcome "me first".
I had many thoughts and ideas. Writing and research has enabled me to formulate them constructively. They include physics, economics and climate change. |
0.999901 | Here is a piece of advice for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert: Take a few hours off over the weekend, before the game determining who comes in third in the World Cup, and read Ami Gluska's book, "Eshkol, ten pkuda!" (literally, "Eshkol, give an order"; the book is due to be published this month as "The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Government, Armed Forces and Defense Policy 1963-1967," by Routledge).
The book describes the background to the Six-Day War and there is no better account of the deterioration and weakness of the leadership that led Israel into a war it did not want. Then as now, a "civilian" leadership contended with an activist army, which amassed forces and sought to exploit the opportunity to deliver a crushing blow to the Egyptian troops that were concentrated in Sinai.
The prime minister, Levi Eshkol, tried to prevent the confrontation and to attract international support, but failed to stop the escalation. Every new provocation by then Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser further undermined Eshkol's ability to hold his own against the army. The end of the story, as everyone knows, is that Eshkol lost the defense portfolio to Moshe Dayan and Israel went to war, savaged Egypt, Jordan and Syria, and seized the "territories" from them. Since then the debate over whether this was good or bad for the Jews has not stopped.
This week Olmert and Defense Minister Amir Peretz found themselves in Eshkol's shoes. Like him, they are trying to stop an escalation that no one wants - a large-scale military operation in the style of Operation Defensive Shield in the West Bank in 2002, which will bring the Israel Defense Forces back into the heart of Gaza's towns and the refugee camps, in order to deliver a death blow to the military wing of Hamas and to undermine the movement's civilian government. All those in the know say the two men oppose an operation of this kind, which will also entail an extensive call-up of reserve units. But the events are pointing in the opposite direction.
Olmert has one important advantage over Eshkol: He does not face a united front put up by the defense establishment. He is exploiting for his benefit the rivalry between the head of the Shin Bet security service, Yuval Diskin, and the chief of staff, Dan Halutz. The two had a falling out during the disengagement operation last year. The background was the army's insistence on giving the Shin Bet a marginal role in the operation. Attempts at mediation and compromise failed and Ariel Sharon, prime minister at the time, did not make enough of an effort to douse the flames before they erupted into a personal clash, which has since expanded to encompass also a quarrel between Diskin and the director of Military Intelligence, Major General Amos Yadlin.
These disputes are allowing Olmert to pursue a divide-and-rule policy between the senior figures in the defense establishment. In the security cabinet meeting on Wednesday it was plain, and not for the first time, that he is leaning on Diskin, who proposed moving at a slower pace than that recommended by the chief of staff. The defense minister is also "listening very attentively" to the opinions and recommendations of the Shin Bet chief.
The prime minister this week made two important decisions. The first was to remain steadfast in his opposition to conducting negotiations with the kidnappers of Corporal Gilad Shalit and to freeing prisoners in return for his release. On Monday Olmert rejected the kidnappers' ultimatum. He was right in his assessment that they would "blink first" and not damage the bargaining chip they hold. The Palestinian response was to fire a Qassam rocket into Ashkelon on Tuesday, 13 hours after the ultimatum expired. Benjamin Netanyahu's warning of years ago against "Katyushas falling on Ashkelon" was abruptly realized.
The rocket, which landed in a schoolyard, led the political echelon to drop its inhibitions, which the previous week prompted it to veto an IDF initiative for a ground operation in the northern part of the Gaza Strip. Shortly after the Ashkelon incident, Olmert delivered a militant speech against Hamas at the Independence Day party thrown by the United States ambassador, Richard Jones, in which he threatened "unparalleled and far-reaching consequences."
The following day the prime minister and defense minister authorized the entry of extensive ground forces into the northern sector, the site of three Israeli settlements - Elei Sinai, Nisanit and Dugit - until the pullout last summer. Preventing the launching of Qassam rockets has become the major thrust of Operation Summer Rains, with the return of Corporal Shalit relegated to second place. The Qassams have dislodged the soldier.
The management of the campaign in the south this week dominated the prime minister's agenda. The "business as usual" pose disappeared. The convergence plan in the West Bank, about which Olmert spoke ardently just last week, was also no longer men tioned in his speeches. Olmert is holding the button that controls the height of the flames and slowly turning it rightward. The result is gradual escalation, which depends on the initiative of the Palestinian side. Military history - in Vietnam, for example - shows that this kind of "trickling" of military might ensures the control of the political echelon, but not a victory on the field of battle.
People who attended meetings and consultations with the prime minister this week lauded his behavior: "He is cool-headed, knows what he is up against, expresses himself well and is not afraid of anyone." Cool-headedness and self-control are important, but are not the goal. The end result is what counts, and from that point of view there is nothing to boast about where Operation Summer Rains is concerned, because it has not yet accomplished anything. It has not brought Shalit home and it has not stopped the Qassams.
On Tuesday morning, between the expiration of the kidnappers' ultimatum and the landing of the Qassam rocket in Ashkelon, the prime minister made his first visit to the front. In honor of the event he wore a light-blue shirt with an open collar, leaving his jacket and tie in the car. The first rule of image advisors is always that leaders must never be photographed with soldiers wearing a suit and tie. George Bush follows this rule in Iraq, and Israeli leaders since David Ben-Gurion have always followed it. During the next event, not long afterward, Olmert was back in his familiar garb: dark brown suit, white shirt, orange tie.
The prime minister's tour of the frontline began in Sderot, which he had avoided since the elections. He explained that a well-publicized visit to the Qassam-battered town would encourage the Palestinians to welcome him with a volley of rockets, and so he snuck in secretly.
The mayor, Eli Moyal, and the heads of the local regional councils thought they had been invited to meet with the director general of the Prime Minister's Office, but that was just a cover story. Olmert and Peretz were waiting for them in the town's community center, next to the swimming pool. Moyal, Olmert's outspoken rival, greeted him with sycophantic remarks about his concern for employment in Sderot when Olmert was minister of industry and trade and minister of finance. And then came the sting, when Moyal asked: Would you have shown such concern for Sderot even without the kidnapping of the soldier? The defense minister, who lives close to the Sderot community center, replied that the operation had been planned in advance.
Olmert took a moralizing stance: In Jerusalem there was a time when we had two suicide bombings a week, he reminded Moyal, and the role of elected officials is to spread calm, not to speak in the name of the irate public. Moyal has come down hard on Olmert in the past few weeks, attacking him on every radio talk show for not visiting Sderot. Olmert's aides noted ahead of the visit that Moyal would continue to jab at the prime minister even after he came to Sderot - and they were right, of course. The headlines that emerged from Sderot mocked Olmert's diversionary ruse.
From Sderot Olmert proceeded to the headquarters of the Gaza Division, where a test of leadership awaited him. He sat at the head of a long U-shaped table and listened to presentations about the operational activity. In front of him was a laptop, so he could better grasp the material. At the end of the meeting he was asked to explain to the commanders why he was not issuing the order for them to charge the enemy. Olmert replied with the well-known comment, made by Moshe Dayan in the Sinai War of 1956, when Dayan was chief of staff: "I would rather restrain galloping horses than whip lazy mules." I have exceptional praise for the activity you have done, Olmert said - keep initiating and we will decide.
Members of Olmert's retinue noted the different approaches among the officers. The brigade commanders sounded hungry for action, as did the chief of staff. The GOC Southern Command, Yoav Galant, seemed to be in the middle, with a more balanced approach. Maybe that is because of the many years he spent as Sharon's military secretary, which exposed him directly to the considerations of the political echelon vis-a-vis the confrontation with the Palestinians.
The prime minister and the defense minister this week presented a uniform stance. This is not a passionate summer fling, but a convergence of interests. They have no desire for a deterioration that will bring the right-wing parties into a "national emergency government against terrorism" and bury the realignment plan for good.
The consideration that is guiding Olmert in his management of the war, as he explained to the security cabinet, is to preserve international legitimization for Israel's moves. And to do that, it is important to avoid, as far as possible, killing Palestinian civilians who are not engaged in terrorism and to take the humanitarian side into consideration. His position has solid backing in the security cabinet, which is displaying a "civil" approach. The activist extreme is occupied by Public Security Minister Avi Dichter, who is urging "a total cessation of the firing of Qassams." The members of the security cabinet discerned the differences of approach between Dichter and Yuval Diskin, his former deputy and now his successor as Shin Bet chief.
In the meantime, Israel is enjoying freedom of maneuver. The Palestinian Qassams are of far less interest to the international community than the missiles launched his week by North Korea. The urgent United Nations reports about a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip are not getting headlines. The U.S. position, as it is understood in Jerusalem, shows an interesting distinction: The administration wants Israel to avoid harming the population in Gaza, so as not to arouse European and Arab criticism, but will be happy with an Israeli blow that will topple Hamas. Hamas' victory in the Palestinian Authority elections wrecked Bush's doctrine of Arab democracy and was taken as a personal affront to the president.
Operation Summer Rains is creating an opportunity to eliminate that problem; just as in 1967, the final decision to go to war was made in the wake of an American message. The head of the Mossad espionage agency at the time, Meir Amit, made a last-minute visit to Washington and reported on his return to Jerusalem, that "the Americans would welcome an operation, if we succeeded in smashing Nasser." His report removed Levi Eshkol's final hesitation. |
0.999814 | Another level of communication, or expression, is our feelings and emotions.
How do you respond to your feelings when you are feeling them?
Do you notice your feelings at all?
Some feelings may be more comfortable to feel than others, such as happiness, or a feeling of love or being loved. I find it quite easy to feel content, for example. Other feelings, such as anger, sadness, or jealousy can often be harder to discern because we may believe that it isn’t ok to feel those things. This can lead to a more general sense of feeling “upset” and maybe not even knowing why. Paying attention to our feelings as they arise, by listening and honoring their message (their communication) to us can help guide us to getting to know ourselves better, from what we need, to what works for us, and what needs to be expressed.
The body has another level of communication that is more recently being understood and respected as a message of health.The aches and pains of our body can give us great insight into our physical needs. For example, if you spend a day traveling by air or car and sitting for a long period of time in one place, the next day you might notice feeling some aches and tightness in the body from that lack of mobility the day before. A natural response to this “information” would be to move around, maybe go for a walk or do some light stretching to give the body what it needs to feel good. Discomfort in the body is more often a sign to pay attention to something that needs tweaking, rather than a sign we need to take some pain relievers and continue doing what we’ve been doing. |
0.979098 | What to do when gardening becomes too difficult?
It is hard to imagine as a young gardener - when one has boundless energy and strength, can garden from dawn till dusk, is able to wield mattocks for hours in the creation of new borders, and can push laden barrows of compost from one end of one's plot to the other - that one day you'll be reduced to pointing with a walking stick to where you want a plant to be put in or a weed pulled out, and having someone else do it for you!
This, however, can be the unfortunate fate of those of us who suffer from severe arthritis. In my own case, the condition has worsened greatly over the past six months, and has caused me to ponder on exactly how one can manage a large garden when one is basically prevented from doing even the most simple of outdoor activities! These thoughts are also relevant to ageing gardeners in general, if one plans to stay in one's own home for some time to come.
Growing plants that need a lot less maintenance is obviously the major consideration, and I have decided to eliminate some specimens that need a lot of pruning - including some of the larger Salvia cultivars, beautiful as they are. I now look to plants that hold their shape throughout the year without needing cutting back. Once I would have considered such plants 'boring' but now they are worth their weight in gold to me and I wish I had planted more Camellia in my youth, for example!
I have also given up growing most of the little herbaceous perennials, the ones so cherished during my cottage garden years. They need too much attention in dividing, deadheading and so on, and often don't thrive that well in our Sydney climate in any case, needing to be replaced every few years if you want to keep having them in your garden. I now look to bigger, bolder masses of plants from warm climates that thrive here instead of having single specimens of many different plants from unsuitable climates, and I think my garden looks better for this. The use of effective mulch to reduce the need to weed has also never been so foremost in my mind. This can really make a huge difference for those unable to bend down to pluck out weeds anymore! I have found cane mulch to be the most useful substance for my borders.
The use of a raised bench to pot up cuttings and seedlings has been a very practical aid. It's hard to believe now that I always used to do these activities at ground level! For other tasks, the addition of long handles to any conventional garden tool can be very helpful. Long-handled pruners are great for pruning without having to plunge precariously into borders, and a long-handled, lightweight chipping hoe can come in very handy for getting out weeds that do pop up. The picker-upper devices that are sold in mobility shops to pick up things off the floor when you can't bend are marvellous for picking up prunings and can even pull out some weeds! I believe that it is possible to get a similar tool actually meant for disabled gardeners, with the same sort of trigger-type lever at the handle. Another handy device is my large, long-handled dustpan, which enables me to remove debris after sweeping the paths without having to bend over! On the other hand, one of most helpful tool for me over the past few months has been a short-handled tool (called a 'forged hoe cultivator', pictured above) with a blade placed at 90 degrees to the handle and a fork at the same angle on the other side, that can cultivate the soil quite effectively even when used sitting down, now that I cannot dig with a spade.
When I planned my current garden 20 years ago, I incorporated a set of terraces with retaining walls, up which I used to be able to bound in a single leap in order to get into the borders they contained. With such leaps now out of the question, a sturdy plastic set comprising two steps has proved a most efficient way of me to get into my borders. Another wonderful aid is the garden kneeler/seat, with handles to enable one to get up and down with ease. Much can be achieved comfortably sitting or kneeling on this device.
My most treasured help has come from those who have done the gardening for me over the past few months: my husband, Andrew (creator of this website), who does all the hard work of mowing, the pruning of hedges and topiary, the mulching up our many prunings, and the digging our heavy clay soil; and my wonderful gardener, Julie. Julie (in previous years assisted by her twin sister, Dianne) has helped me in the garden borders for the past five years since I was diagnosed with arthritis, patiently and carefully following my endless lists of instructions, and always providing a cheerful and positive energy in my garden on the days of her visits. Without her help, my garden would now be a complete shambles.
I am having a hip replacement this week - so I won't be blogging for a little while. But everyone assures me I will ultimately be able to return to gardening with gusto. Wish me luck!
All the very best, Deirdre. I do hope you"re back to all the gardening you want to do soon. I love your beautifully written blogs.
You won"t know yourself with a new hip !! Back in the garden soon - your garden is so pretty ! I have just been pruning roses and a huge Smoke bush so I am also thinking about some low maintenance new plants. All the best !!
Always wanted a large garden, but now, after two hip replacements, am pleased I have a smaller, manageable one. My shed, with potting bench, and kneeler, are invaluable. I"m planting more begonias, of all types - they are easy to grow and maintain. My large garden beds have been divided by stepping stones, for easy access to plants. Thanks for the Cultivate web site - didn"t know it existed. Glad the op is over and you can look forward to gardening with renewed vigour.
I wish you all the very best. We are very fortunate we live in this time when these ops can be done by our amazing doctors. Your back garden looks beautiful. Thank you for your interesting blogs and your helpful and inspiring information.
Can so relate to the first paragraph....that was me, out in the garden the whole day when younger! Now it"s an hour or two, and I have to come in for a break! Managing your life around arthritis sure has it"s challenges! Hope the op goes well. Am sure it will. I had partial knee replacement and had pain relief pretty well instantly! Best wishes Serena.
Here"s to a speedy recovery! I have a 20yo lumbar disk injury, much worse in the past 5, so I pay for any heavier garden work! I have raised benches for cuttings, orchids, zygo & epicactus, made from besser blocks & lengths of the galvanised fencing that was popular around schools & as front fences, all materials picked up from council cleanup, as well as a neatly folding plastic topped cafe table for pottng that I can easily moved around the garden. Where there is a will there is a way!
Best wishes for a speedy recovery Deidre. I had a new hip 2 years ago, wonderful it is, titanium with a ceramic head :-) Only advice I have to offer is make sure that you have some pain pills that are stronger than just paracetamol for the first week or so when you leave hospital. I left hospital on day 5 without the pain med back-up - too gung ho by half!
Take care Deirdre, we will be looking forward to your next posting, wether a post op update or another of your wonderful gardening insight. Looking forward to a new hipy hipy shaking Deirdre for spring!
Wishing you a speedy and rejuvenating recovery Deirdre! Now it s time to organise your photos and cross stitch some flowers.. While you wait to be able to bound about your garden again.
Just read an interesting article Deidre and thought of you whilst doing so - you might like to put it on your bucket List ;-) http://www.wellbeing.com.au/article/Retreats/London"s-secret-garden_1286?page=1 Best wishes again and enjoy the rest.
A new hip! What a blessing. You won"t know yourself! I"m also struggling with gardening in old age and found your blog so inspiring as always. So far I have a knee replacement which, while infinitely better than the real knee, is quite restrictive, and I can"t get down to weed or plant. Casual hired help seems to be hard to get in my area. I"ve had to adjust my definition of gardening, and am considering learning to love the exuberant weeds that grow through the cane mulch. Get well soon!
Only just read your blog; usually I read it as soon as it has arrived! Hopefully you will now be recovering from your operation and doing the boring but essential physio by now. A good friend of mine had a hip replacement five years ago at 45 and it has made an amazing difference. We cycle together regularly so it must be working very well. Wishing you all the best for a speedy recovery and back to enjoying your garden again soon. Thank you for sharing your wealth of knowledge with us all. |
0.981716 | By Gary L. Geipel Gary L. Geipel is an analyst at the University of Arizona.
AMONG the enemies of socialism, computing once ranked high. In 1953, a philosophical journal in Stalinist Russia described cybernetics, the mathematical analysis on which much of computer-science theory is based, as ``one of those pseudosciences which are generated by contemporary imperialism and are doomed to failure even before the downfall of imperialism.'' The power of computers to influence decisionmaking was seen as a threat to Marxism-Leninism. Even when fears subsided, poor management and barriers to innovation left the USSR and its East European allies lagging behind the West in the development of advanced electronics. While the US boasts more than 150 personal computers per thousand citizens, the USSR has yet to deploy one PC per thousand.
The realization among socialist leaders that their policies failed to create dynamic, high-tech-driven economies explains the wave of reform and free-market experimentation throughout the Soviet bloc. Information technology is now seen as socialism's savior rather than its adversary. Several factors may allow Western business to encourage and benefit from this sentiment.
First, socialists are disenchanted with the joint R&D and computer trade that exist in their own Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. CMEA still Lacks good scientific communication, currency convertibility, and effective supply contracts. Soviet-bloc computer shortages will not ease in the foreseeable future, and Eastern Europe looks westward.
Most socialist countries have amended their laws to ease Western participation in joint ventures. Although the socialist countries have managed to train computer scientists and programmers, these people flock to lucrative jobs in Austria or West Germany. East European authorities hope that joint ventures on their soil will help stem this tide. It is now possible for foreign firms to own 100 percent of a subsidiary operating in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, or Poland.
Tax laws have been changed to allow greater repatriation of profits to the West. In Hungary these laws are particularly generous to computer firms. Hungary also promises to enforce copyright laws, the flouting of which has deterred Western software vendors.
Western restrictions on the export of sensitive technology are becoming less severe - the result of reduced US-Soviet tensions and pressure from business and academia. This year, the US government has approved the sale to the Soviet bloc of IBM PC/AT-type computers, and lower-level versions of the IBM PS/2 and the Apple Macintosh.
Soviet-bloc use of data services will remain limited for some time by three factors: Their cost is high, the bloc has a poor infrastructure for data communications, and Western strategic concerns regarding East-bloc access to sensitive information are far from resolved.
Similar issues dampen the enthusiasm of Western manufacturers. Socialist enterprises do not have access to the Western hard currency required for large-scale computer buying, and governments facing shortages on every front find that they have insufficient resources to close the computer gap. While joint ventures remain an alternative, Western firms question the permanence of reforms and the financial viability of operating in countries where it is difficult to take profits in hard currency.
Those are short-term concerns. If anything guarantees Eastern Europe's economic reforms, it is the perception that those trends are essential to socialism's technological development. By exploring the Soviet bloc's untapped market for information technology, Western manufacturers can get in on the ground floor of that market and help seed the future spread of free enterprise and democracy. It is no coincidence that the most dynamic, market-oriented firms in Eastern Europe are also the most computerized. PCs once assisted Poland's Solidarity trade union to publish underground newspapers. Now Solidarity - and the PC - are above ground. The computer is both a beneficiary and a driving force behind perestroika and glasnost throughout Eastern Europe. |
0.999993 | Parents to do & Not to do?
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Kidz Gurukul provides a safe and nurturing “home away from home” where baby can explore and make new discoveries. Young children learn through play, and our Early Foundations. Baby care program is designed to provide baby with the skills that serve as building blocks for a lifetime of learning. Learning is a big part of our baby care; Kids will be actively thinking and problem solving as they attempt to stack blocks. Our Great Places for Babies program provides a warm, welcoming environment where your baby can grow from a bundle of joy to a bundle of curiosity. Your baby’s primary caregiver is a nurturing child development professional who is focused on creating experiences and opportunities that invite exploration and support the rapid and important development that is occurring in a child’s first year. More than just daycare, at Kidz Gurukul we are focused on keeping your baby happy, engaged, and secure.
We personalize care for each child based on his or her unique schedule, nutritional guidelines, and any other special attention if he/she requires. Warm and nurturing interactions with caregivers, days spent in a home-like environment for learning, individualized attention and experiences, and meaningful partnerships with parents. Children aged 1 – 10 years can avail our Day care facility. KID’Z GURUKUL Daycare offers a home-like environment equipped with trained staff to take care of children with love and compassion. We realize that individuality is paramount to childcare thus, our aim is to bring an enjoyable, safe and well-balanced inclusive environment for children.
Kidz Gurukul is a company which has been into Preschool Industry for the past many years and having many units across the country.
Managed By Estingo Network Pvt. Ltd. |
0.999735 | Vitamins are very essential for our body and health in general. There is a huge need for us to fill in the proper daily needs of various vitamins in order for our body to function properly. One vitamin that is essential for the body is the vitamin D. This particular vitamin is essential in strengthening the immunity and the bones. Nevertheless, new findings show that the deficiency of this vitamin may be interconnected with weight gain or even obesity. Give this article a read to know what the effects of vitamin D for weight loss are. Worry less, because you will learn a lot from reading this. So sit back, relax, and enjoy the read!
Vitamin D: What is this?
1 Vitamin D: What is this?
2 Vitamin D: How is it related to weight gain?
3 Vitamin D for Weight Loss: Is it really beneficial?
4 Ways to Increase the Levels of Vitamin D for Weight Loss?
Vitamin D is what they also call as the sunshine vitamin as it is being synthesized when the body is exposed to the sunlight. Furthermore, it is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is stored in the fat cells. Not just that, this vitamin is also beneficial in maintaining a healthy weight.
Some of the major forms of the vitamin D are vitamin D3 or calciferol and vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol. The vitamin D2 is being added to various food sources and is actually man-made. On the other hand, the vitamin D3 is being synthesized in the skin when gets exposure from the sun.
As what is said earlier, vitamin D is beneficial in strengthening the bones and the immunity. Nevertheless, there is various research that suggests the deficiency of it may be in connection with weight gain or obesity. In fact, there are some dieters who find it hard to lose weight even though they are in a strict diet plan.
Vitamin D: How is it related to weight gain?
The connection between the lack of vitamin D and obesity or weight gain is still in its emerging stage. Nonetheless, there are enough researches that hypothesize obese individuals are really lacking with vitamin D and vice versa.
In the actual fact, one scientist suggests that the lack of vitamin D in the body was 35 percent higher in obese people and is 24 percent higher in those who are overweight. Furthermore, another study suggests that women who use vitamin D supplements have a significant reduction in the body fat mass.
Therefore, it is clear that those who are overweight and obese have a tendency to have vitamin D deficiency. Mainly because of the lack of sun exposure and less consumption of foods that are rich in vitamin D. nevertheless, more solid studies are still needed to confirm the precise mechanism of how the lack of vitamin D lead to overweight or obesity.
But will take vitamin D for weight loss may lead to weight loss? Continue reading to know!
Vitamin D for Weight Loss: Is it really beneficial?
Various studies show that increasing the consumption of vitamin D may lead to weight loss. The one4 study suggests by American scientists suggest that women who take 30 ng/ml or more of vitamin D have a lower weight than those who have lower dosage. Furthermore, another study from the Tehran University of Med. Sciences also found out that there is a significant reduction in the weight of women participant due to the increase in the vitamin D intake.
Thus, if you are able to manage in getting vitamin D in your system, you will be able to increase the chances of losing excess weight.
Ways to Increase the Levels of Vitamin D for Weight Loss?
Eat vitamin D-rich foods. This is ought to be the second best option in increasing the levels of vitamin D in the body. A lot of foods are rich in vitamin D, and is a must-have in the daily diet.
Sun Exposure. This is very important if you want to increase the levels of vitamin D in the body. In order to acquire this, you may get up early in the morning and go for a jog or walk. The fresh air will also be beneficial in healing the body and keeping you fit.
Vitamin D supplement. If you are not capable of doing the aforementioned ways, you may try taking some vitamin D supplements. With this, you will see some significant changes in the energy levels, have better sleep and memory, and feel less fatigued. Nevertheless, you should talk to your doctor first before you take some.
There is no denying that vitamin D is really beneficial in losing weight. So, if you want to level up your intake of vitamin D, follow the ways that you learned in this article!
Treatments For Edema: Are These Really Effective? |
0.961866 | What Is Inflection in Speech?
How you say something is actually more important than what you are actually saying. The actual statistic is five times more important. This is what makes inflection such a crucial part of effective speech. Inflection is the practice of inserting emphasis to your words. There are a few different kinds of inflection and these are also influenced by cultural trends and the vocal habits that communities develop.
There are four main types of inflection. They are rising, falling, rising circumflex and falling circumflex. Falling inflections end most sentences with a note of authority and finality. We use rising inflections to express doubt, suggest an unfinished idea or ask a yes or no question. The circumflex types of inflection include opposing up and down patterns and are used to tell the listener that the speaker is taking a pause but is not yet done.
The use of inflections extends to more than just the ends of questions or orders. Using a rising inflection too much can make you seem like a weak, indecisive or immature person and also tends to irritate your listener. Use of a falling inflection is a subtle way of asking for more information or feedback. Circumflex inflections are used to express contrasts or corrections. Exaggerated inflections are used in speech and theater to express suspense, fear or uncertainly.
Vocal habits are trends or styles that appear in the linguistic community from time to time. A recent example is the increased use of rising inflections when making statements or suggestions. This is a symptom of the "valley girl" kind of slang that was also punctuated with outbursts of "you know" or "whatever" in a falling inflection. These kinds of changes can also apply to changing levels of social etiquette and personal relationships.
Inflections can also affect syntax and words. The extra letters that we add to verbs, nouns and adjectives depending on their different grammatical functions are also inflections. Plural nouns, adjectives in the superlative and different verb conjugations are all examples of grammatical inflection. These are usually understood to be rules of written language, but they are equally important to speech. |
0.999999 | Input text: the ground is visible. it is grass. a garage. a car is -6 feet in front of the garage. it faces back. a man is left of the car. he faces back. a cart is left of the man. it faces left. a small tv is 2 feet in the cart. it faces left. a suitcase is in front of the cart. it faces southwest. 1st large tan box is 1 feet left of and 2 feet behind the cart. 2nd large brown box is .4 feet in the 1st box. it is upside down. it faces southwest. a 4 feet tall boy is -13.5 feet in front of and -2 feet left of and -18.6 feet above the garage.
And where am I supposed to put the car now? |
0.662473 | US consul, was born in 1793 or 1794, most likely in Alexandria, Virginia, the eldest son of a prominent Virginia family headed by Captain George and Mrs Jane H Slacum. While little is known about young George's childhood or education, his father was a well-regarded and quite wealthy merchant. Captain Slacum died at age 54 on 14 October 1810, leaving his widow Jane to care for the family, and leaving his seven slaves to his eldest son, George W.
Between 1810 and 1818, George W Slacum moved to New York and established a commercial trading house. In the spring of 1818, he travelled to the frontier states of Kentucky and Missouri to explore business opportunities, bearing letters of introduction from well-known East Coast families. On 23 February 1819, seeking a different career, Slacum applied for the position of US consul at Glasgow. Despite letters of recommendation from Supreme Court Justice Bushrod Washington (nephew of George Washington) and Edmond Jennings Lee (uncle of Robert E Lee), Slacum was denied the post. A subsequent application, in February 1821, for the post of commercial agent at Havana was also refused.
On 19 April 1824, Slacum was finally appointed to the post of US consul at Buenos Aires, where his tenure proved controversial. Although Slacum was, at first, warmly welcomed by the long-serving and highly-regarded US chargé d'affaires in Buenos Aires, John M Forbes, they subsequently clashed repeatedly and publicly. Nevertheless, after Forbes's death in June 1831, Slacum took possession of his official papers and sought to assume the role of US diplomatic representative arguing that he was the sole US government agent in Buenos Aires. Shortly afterwards, Slacum strongly protested to Argentine Foreign Minister Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, in an exchange which became intemperate, over the seizure in July 1831 of three American vessels accused of sealing without a license by Louis VERNET, appointed Political and Military Commandant of the Falkland/Malvinas Islands by the Argentine government. Slacum did so because the US government contested the right of Vernet and the Argentine government to restrict or regulate US sealing, whaling or fishing in and around the Islands.
In late November 1831, Commander Silas DUNCAN (USS Lexington) arrived in the River Plate, referred to his duty to protect US citizens and commerce, and asked Slacum about the US ships captured by Vernet. Slacum replied that he thought it advisable to 'call that protection into requisition,' characterizing Vernet's seizure of the vessels as 'violent and illegal.' Duncan then sailed for the Islands, arriving at the Argentine settlement in the Islands on 28 December. He raided the storehouses, recovered the American cargos seized by Vernet, spiked the settlement's cannon, set fire to the powder, and arrested Vernet's director of seal fisheries, Mathew BRISBANE, and six other subordinates of Vernet. Duncan also induced most of the settlers to leave on the Lexington. Duncan released the settlers in Montevideo, and handed his seven prisoners to his superior Commodore Rodgers in Rio de Janiero. After receiving notification from the government of Buenos Aires that Vernet and his subordinates had acted under its authority, Rodgers released the prisoners in Buenos Aires in April 1832.
After what the Lexington had done became known in Buenos Aires, the Argentine government withdrew recognition from Slacum as consul. Later, Slacum took refuge in the house of the newly arrived US Chargé Francis Baylies to avoid arrest by the Argentine police, after they discovered that he was going to fight a duel. When Baylies abandoned his negotiations with the Argentines over the Lexington affair, and asked for his passports, he appointed Slacum private secretary and part of the 'diplomatic family.' Baylies did this to give Slacum diplomatic immunity in order to protect him from the Buenos Aires police and possibly from an attempted civil suit for slander by Vernet. Slacum left Buenos Aires with Baylies and his staff on the US frigate Warren. This however, did not end his career in the US consular service. He served as US consul at Río de Janeiro, starting in 1837, and then declined a subsequent appointment as US consul at Acapulco, Mexico in 1852.
George W Slacum passed away after a long illness on 9 March 1861 at the age of 67 in his sister's home at Covington, Kentucky. |
0.971381 | What is the “best” second language?
I am a big advocate of language learning and I think you should whatever language interests you. The languages I study, Japanese, Esperanto, Sanskrit, and Toki Pona, were all chosen because they interest me. However, you might want to know which languages allow you to communicate with the most people.
This is the first time I’ve heard of ‘Toki Pona’, and I was surprised to find out it was a constructed language.
If I had more time I’d love to try learning a bunch of languages but with limited time I’ve decided to continue focusing on Japanese for a bit longer. |
0.923118 | Travelling to Germany whether for business or pleasure should be an enjoyable time. Germany is one of the most interesting countries in the Western Europe, and there are a myriad of reasons for this. It goes without saying that travelling in German cities allows tourists to be glad about not only its technological advancements, but also its natural sceneries as well as its rich culture and history. You possibly think of beer, lederhosen and Castle. Maybe pretzels and sausages too. But there’s so much more to travel around Germany.
From the international ‘center of the world’ vibe of Berlin — a city that can be anything you want it to be — to the beer halls of Bavaria, Germany has unbelievable things for every type of traveller: cultural and foodie travellers will love the museums, wine regions, and with knowledge built tourism routes; outside enthusiast will find plenty of hiking, lakes and nature to travel around; and history buff will find Germany’s antique castles and current stories equally convincing.
Top places to visit are Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfurt, Heidelberg and Dresden. Each city in Germany has its own unique style, influenced by its European history and the surrounding region.
It is the most historical destination Europe has to offer from the high mountains in the South, which are in Bavaria, and the beautiful green landscape that goes from central Germany to the coast of the Baltic Sea, your travel will not be dissatisfaction. Most of Germany looks like a state packed with small villages, old towns, and railways that will remind you of the historical importance Germany had in Europe’s history.
Many of the cities have very extraordinary surprise for those travellers who enjoy trying different food and drink. Top quality German food can be found in each region which has its own unique style. Most range from light salads to whole steak meals. German’s foods are also accompanied by world famous beers and wines that are homemade in the state. All these famous cuisines and drinks will ensure your travels to Germany end in a culinary experience of a lifetime.
Food, accent and language, traditional dress, and more vary from one part of the country to another. That’s why it’s important to travel around different parts of the country on your tour. Every time you come, you will love it. It is a country where tourists can feel safer roaming around the streets.
In modern times, Germany is an industrial powerhouse. Many of the world’s most well-known car makers, VW, and BMW are made in this country and Frankfurt is the biggest-business district housing all of It’s major banks.
The transportation in German countries is excellent. Not only does the country delight any foreigner with its monumental buildings, beautiful sandy fine beaches, and centuries of interesting history, dramatic rivers and spectacular countryside, but they sure know how to party too. German Cities and towns are full of traditions and festival, that happen all year around. A great place for cultural fairs and festivals, and travellers will often find themselves in the midst of an exciting event in either own of the major cities or a smaller town. One of the biggest and most celebrated festivals is Oktoberfest, which attracts millions of visitors each year. It takes place in Munich each September.
It offers all travellers a unique experience. In any of German cities a relaxing holiday can be enjoyed at any time of the year. The hospitality of the German people adds to the tourism importance of Germany. |
0.960316 | In the previous post, I explained that my 2014 and 2015 demos were exploring the same rendering method, which basically is a simple combination of heightmap, vertical voxels, and standard perspective calculations. The way you perform heightmap tessellation (chunking the surface into contiguous small parts) can bring bonus features, such as simple z-index compliance if you can easily bind traversal order and distance to viewer, and variable LOD if you can handle multiple tessellations with different degree of precision. One elegant (and compact) way to achieve both these goals is to use recursive tessellation, in which the surface is recursively divided into smaller parts, using a unique geometric formula.
When preparing my 2014 entry, I knew the canonical recursive tessellation scheme used in computer graphics was the well-known quadtree, but I wanted something more exotic for my use. What if each node didn't transform into 4 subnodes, but 7, one at the center, and the 6 others spread evenly around it ? Sure the surface of the juxtaposed subnodes isn't the same as the parent's (hexagons are not rep-tiles), but if you find the correct geometric transformation, all the nodes at a particular depth are perfectly contiguous. Turns out the resulting shape is well known to mathematicians under the name of "Gosper island". This island is fractal by construction, which means that, even if its surface is finite, you'd better have good shoes and some lembas if you intend to walk the coastal path (math nerd joke).
The generated heightmap is a tree that you traverse using standard tree-traversal algorithms, and for which depth is bound to LOD, which thus enables variable LOD applied to distance.
The recursive surface is naturally island-shaped (hence the name), which was consistent with the use I intended.
Given the camera angle, and the geometric distribution of the subnodes, you can determine the order in which you must traverse the list of subnodes to go from farthest to nearest, which seems to solve the z-index problem.
As you go down one depth level, the granularity is multiplied by 1/√7 ≈ 0.38 , which is not as smooth a progression as for the quadtree (0.5).
Due to the nature of the transformation, subzones are not convex, which makes the previously described z-index algorithm nothing more than a heuristic, and produces visual glitches where parts of the terrain are not rendered in the proper order and wrongly overlap over closer zones.
Colors were poor, framerate was awful, glitches were outrageous, but it still managed to reach 6th place. In next post I'll explain how I put exotism aside for js1k 2015 and went back to good ol' quadtrees. |
0.999995 | We're looking for a designer to help define the user model and create the user interface for a new search mobile app.
Develop high level and/or detailed storyboards, mockups, and prototypes to effectively communicate interaction and design ideas. Gauge the usability of new and existing features, working with user research, product management and engineering teams, making constructive suggestions for change.
- Demonstrated experience in designing usable mobile interfaces.
- Ability to sketch, wireframe, and create prototypes.
- Ability to work within design patterns and brand guidelines.
- Excellent communication and teamwork skills.
- Experience working with user researchers, and related data to inform and shape projects. |
0.926621 | The job of a manager or team leader is difficult and demanding, regardless of the field or industry he or she works in, as setting an example for your team and managing their resources in the most productive way requires a lot of planning, skills and experience. Meetings have always been a regular part of conducting a business, whether the firm has 3 employees or it is a large company with over 3, 000 workers, just as communication has always been the corner stone of any successful business relationship. In order for managers and team leaders to run effective meetings, they first need to understand the role and importance of them. One of the biggest role of a meeting is to determine the goals of the particular team and to plan the strategy for achieving those goals. To that extent, in order to clearly and productively determine the team's objective and the role of each and every member into reaching it, managers and team leaders must know how to run a meeting effectively.
Bad and unproductive meetings are the main reason for reduced productivity, low morale and wasted time in any kind of organisation, which makes the importance of running effective meetings obvious. Through them employees can communicate among each other, as well as with their leader, sharing the status of their tasks and combining their results, so that the objective can be quickly and smoothly reached. However, the significance of managers knowing how to run a meeting goes far beyond productive planning and completion of tasks. Meetings, when conducted the right way, can be empowering, boosting the morale of the employees and giving them the opportunity to communicate efficiently and within a set up frame that does not allow ineffective digressions. Moreover, good and useful meetings develop work skills, as well as leadership skills, which can only bring further benefits to the organisation. At the opposite end, bad meetings not only waste the time of both employees and managers, but can also confuse workers with regard to their tasks and future steps. Non productive pitfalls of meetings may include lack of focus, lack of preparation from both sides and poor communication skills, which make the receiving of message difficult.
All things considered, effective meetings are highly important for the productivity of a business and the smoothness of its operations, providing a constructive framework for employees and managers to communicate, set up goals, divide tasks and share the development of their work, coming together and assembling the results in the end, in order to achieve their specified goal. Consequently, it is essential for a team leader or a manager to know how to run a meeting efficiently and how to engage employees, so that all the aspects and issues in the agenda be resolved competently. These aspects are generally available for all types of business and organisations, regardless of size or field of operations.
For more resources about effective meetings or about how to run a meeting, please review this link http://7keysolutions.com/. |
0.989933 | What should I consider when acquiring or evaluating health insurance?
Health insurance protects you from both the smaller out-of-pocket costs of health care and large medical bills that major illness can bring.
If your employer offers a range of coverage, carefully evaluate the alternatives so that you select the policy that best fits your and your family's needs. I hate to remind you, but as your generation ages, it will become a more active user of the health care delivery system, so it's particularly important to select the coverage that's right for you.
If you are self-employed, check with local business associations or trade associations that offer health insurance to their members at group rates.
Make sure that children who are in college or recently out of the nest have adequate health insurance coverage.
If you plan to retire before Medicare kicks in, plan in advance to secure coverage during the interregnum.
Examine any medical bills you receive for accuracy. Even though you may not be paying the bill, it is incumbent upon all of us to make sure we're not being overcharged. |
0.999998 | How should I create a personal development plan for my life and career?
I have been feeling stuck in life for a while now. I am a psychiatrist. I spend all my days improving lives and helping people deal with different issues but I do not feel like I am where I want to be in life. I have bought books on how to grow as a person and ways to better yourself but I still feel the same. A friend of mine suggested I create a personal development plan. I thought this was a great idea but the problem is that I do not know how to do it.
Define your personal goals What are some of the goals you would like to achieve? Which ones are most important and would they make your life more meaningful? Your answer to this question will act as a guide on what you can do to make desirable improvements in your life.
Set a Deadline For each of the goals you have listed, set a deadline of when you want to achieve it. When setting deadlines, you need to be realistic. Do not assign little time to a complex project that requires a lot of time to execute. This will only cause frustration.
Identify Your Strengths and Weaknesses It is very important for you to identify what you are good at and your weak areas. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses enables you to know where you might need help and where you will be able to cope on your own when working towards your goals.
You need to identify the habits that will make it difficult for you to achieve your goals and which ones will make it easier for you. For example, if you plan on achieving your goals in the next 50 years, you need to stop habits like smoking, unhealthy eating and not exercising that might affect your health and wellbeing. Also, identify good habits that favor your goals and work on them even more.
The intention is great but the action is what gets the job down. Therefore, when you are done listing your goals and you have created a plan, you need to come up with an action plan. List some of the things you will do on a daily, monthly or weekly basis that will enable you to get closer to your goal. Do this consistently. Before you know it, you will have achieved your goal.
A personal development plan is a very effective tool for success. The reason most people become unmotivated with life is because they have nothing to look forward to. They get comfortable in their daily routines and forget to take steps to improve themselves. With a development plan, this does not happen because you are constantly working on your goals. There are several things you need to include in a development plan to make it work in your favor. First and foremost, you need to include your goals. It can be career related or concerning any other part of your life you need to change. Next, write down why the goals are important to you. What does achieving the goal mean to you?Lastly, come up with steps on how to achieve the goal and start implementing your plan. I would advise you to start with small goals to test whether or not your plan works. Once, you have achieved the small goals, start working on the bigger goals.
From my experience, I know that personal development plan is effective when we understand where we want to move. I have motivated some people to improve lives as they do not find fulfillment in their life. Simple things are the main reasons that block most of them to get to the place where they are supposed to be. One of the common things is comparison. When you compare yourself to other individuals, you get it wrong. We work differently and we can never be the same. As you follow the plan, be keen to allow external pressure to influence your move. |
0.998227 | What Does a "Wedge" Mean in an Economic Context?
In an economic context, a "wedge" is the gap between the price paid by the buyer (i..e price to the consumer or demand price" and price received by the seller (i.e. price to the producer or supply price) in an exchange. In a free market, there is no wedge since all payments from the buyer do go directly to the seller of a product, but a wedge can exist, for example, in markets where a tax is paid to a third party. In such cases, the wedge exists in the amount of the tax (per unit) and represents the distance between the demand and supply curves at the equilibrium quantity in the market with the tax. |
0.931242 | The 1961 Formula One season was the 15th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1961 World Championship of Drivers and the 1961 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, which were contested concurrently from 14 May to 8 October over an eight race series. The season also included numerous non-championship races for Formula One cars.
Phil Hill of Ferrari won his only Drivers' Championship after his teammate and rival Wolfgang von Trips was killed at the Italian Grand Prix, the penultimate race of the season. Ferrari won its first F1 manufacturers' title.
The first year of the 1.5-litre formula was dominated by a well-prepared Ferrari team. Only Stirling Moss, in an outdated Lotus, was able to beat the Ferraris on two tracks where his skills offset the Ferrari power advantage. Giancarlo Baghetti in a privately entered Ferrari won the French Grand Prix on his championship debut, the only driver to have done so other than Nino Farina, winner of the first F1 World Championship race. Baghetti had also won his only two previous Formula One races, the non-championship events at Syracuse and Naples, but the French race was his only win in the World Championship. The contest for the championship between Ferrari's leading drivers, Phil Hill and Wolfgang von Trips, ended in tragedy when von Trips collided with Jim Clark at Monza, killing the Ferrari driver and 14 spectators. Hill went on to win the championship, the first American to do so. With the change of formula and the introduction of the United States Grand Prix, the Indianapolis 500 was dropped from the championship.
The number of points awarded to a race winner was increased to nine for the World Championship of Drivers.
Besides von Trips, two other drivers died during this season: Briton Shane Summers during the non-championship Silver City Trophy event at Brands Hatch, and Italian Giulio Cabianca during a test at the Modena Autodrome.
The following eight races counted towards the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.
The Moroccan Grand Prix, originally supposed to be run on 29 October as the last race of the year, was cancelled for the third year in a row for monetary reasons.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1961 FIA World Championship.
Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, only the best five results from the eight races were retained.
* Hill's 3rd-place finish (4 points) at Nürburgring was excluded from the final standings because only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship this year. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points actually scored.
Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, a manufacturer only received points for its highest placed car and only the best five results from the eight races were retained.
Other Formula One races also held in 1961, which did not count towards the World Championship.
^ radnor redivivus (2006-01-11). "RADNORIAN: Mrs Louise Bryden-Brown". Tredelyn.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
^ a b c d Whitelock, Mark. One and a Half Litre Grand Prix Racing, 1961–65: Low Power, High Tech. pp. 15, 34. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit is the venue of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix, and of the Spa 24 Hours and 1000 km Spa endurance races. It is home to the all Volkswagen club event,25 Hours of Spa and it is one of the most challenging race tracks in the world, mainly due to its fast and twisty nature. Spa is a circuit of many racing drivers and fans. Despite its name, the circuit is not in Spa but lies in the vicinity of the town of Francorchamps within the boundaries of the municipality of Stavelot, with a part in the boundaries of Malmedy. Designed in 1920 by Jules de Thier and Henri Langlois Van Ophem, the track was intended to have hosted its inaugural race in August 1921, however this event had to be cancelled as there was only one entrant. The first car race was held at the circuit in 1922, the circuit was first used for Grand Prix racing in 1925. The old Spa circuit was essentially a speed course with drivers managing higher average speeds than on other race tracks, until 2000, it was possible to travel over the race track when it was still a public road.
Near Malmedy, the Masta straight began, which was interrupted by the fast Masta Kink between farm houses before arriving at the town of Stavelot. Before 1970, there were no safety modifications of any kind done to the circuit, former Formula One racing driver and team owner Jackie Oliver was quoted as saying if you went off the road, you didnt know what you were going to hit. The old Spa circuit was unique in that speeds were high with hardly any let-up at all for 3–4 minutes. This made it a difficult mental challenge, because most of the corners were taken at 180+ mph and were not quite flat- every corner was as important as the one before it. If a driver lifted just that bit more, whole seconds. Even the slightest error of any kind was punished very harshly in more ways than one, but this reality worked inversely- huge advantages could be gained if a driver came out of a corner slightly faster. When Armco crash barriers were added to the track in 1970, deaths became less frequent there but the track was still notorious for other factors.
Paul Richard Richie Ginther was a racecar driver from the United States. During a varied career, the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix saw Ginther take Hondas first Grand Prix victory, Ginther competed in 54 World Championship Formula One Grand Prix races, and numerous other non-Championship F1 events. After finishing school, in 1948 Richie Ginther followed in his fathers footsteps and went to work for Douglas Aircraft, initially in the tool and die shop. In his spare time he helped Phill Hill to repair and race his collection of old cars and hot rods, Ginther made his own race debut at Pebble Beach in 1951, driving a Ford-engined MG T-type sports car. However, Ginthers own career was put on hold shortly after when he was drafted for two national service during the Korean War. During this time he received training and experience working in aircraft and engine mechanics, on emergence from the military Phil Hill requested that Ginther join him, principally as a riding mechanic, in driving a privately entered 4.
1-liter Ferrari in the 1953 Carrera Panamericana. The pair ran high in the rankings until Hill lost control, both Ginther and Hill were unharmed and returned in 1954 to take second place, beaten only by the works Ferrari of Umberto Maglioli. 1954 was the year that Richie Ginther returned to race driving himself and his results were impressive enough that the following year VW and Porsche dealer John von Neumann hired him to drive a Porsche in domestic competitions. When von Neumann started dealing in Ferrari cars in 1956 Ginther got the chance to drive these and this and his choice of Ferrari mounts brought him to the attention of the East Coast Ferrari franchise-holder, three-time 24 Hours of Le Mans-winner Luigi Chinetti. Aside from importing Ferrari road cars, Chinetti operated a race team, soon to metamorphose into Ferraris official motorsport presence in North America. That June he won a 15 lap GT race at the new Lime Rock Park, by the end of the year Ginther had captured the Pacific Coast Sports Car Championship outright.
James Clark, Jr OBE, known as Jim Clark, was a British Formula One racing driver from Scotland, who won two World Championships, in 1963 and 1965. Clark was a driver who competed in sports cars, touring cars and in the Indianapolis 500. He was particularly associated with the Lotus marque and he was killed in a Formula Two motor racing accident in Hockenheim, Germany in 1968. At the time of his death, he had won more Grand Prix races, in 2009, The Times placed Clark at the top of a list of the greatest-ever Formula One drivers. James Clark Jr was born into a family at Kilmany House Farm, the youngest child of five. In 1942 the family moved to Edington Mains Farm, near Duns, Berwickshire, on 16 June 1956, in his very first event, he was behind the wheel of a DKW sonderklasse at Crimond, Scotland. By 1958, Clark was driving for the local Border Reivers team, racing Jaguar D-types and Porsches in national events, on Boxing Day 1958, Clark raced against the man who would launch him to superstardom.
Driving a Lotus Elite, he finished second to Colin Chapman in a 10-lap GT race at Brands Hatch, in 1959 he drove a Lotus Elite, finishing tenth at Le Mans partnered with John Whitmore, and the ex-Bruce Halford Lister Jaguar, winning the Boness Hill Climb. Chapman was sufficiently impressed to give Clark a ride in one of his Formula Junior cars, in March 1960, the first race for the newly introduced Formula Junior took place at Goodwood. The winner was J. Clark, from J. Surtees with T. Taylor third. Clark had made an earlier FJ appearance in a race at Brands Hatch on Boxing Day,1959, driving a Gemini-B. M. C. for Graham Warner of the Chequered Flag garage. Jim Clark made his F1 Grand Prix debut, part-way through the season, Lotus had lost Surtees, as he had gone to the Isle of Man to do some serious motorcycle racing, so they had Ireland and Clark, the last-named being an acceptable substitute. He retired on lap 49 with final drive failure, Clark was quoted as saying in a 1964 interview, I was driving scared stiff pretty much all through the race, even though he finished 5th and scored his first points finish.
The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, near Zandvoort, the Netherlands, from 1948 to 1985. The town of Zandvoort is situated in the dunes of Hollands North Sea coastline half an hour west from the Dutch capital of Amsterdam, and the circuit itself is located right next to the beach. There were minor races on a circuit in the town in the 1930s. This was linked to other roads which were used to coastal defence positions. The first race took place in 1948, under the title of the Zandvoort Grand Prix and it was won by Thailands Prince Bira in an old Maserati. The race was won by Louis Rosier in 1950 and 1951. 1952 was the year the Dutch Grand Prix was part of the third Formula One World Championship, the 1956 and 1957 races were cancelled because of apparent lack of money, which was indirectly caused by the 1956-1957 Suez Crisis. The 1958 was won by Moss in a Vanwall,1959 saw Swede Jo Bonnier win his only Formula One championship event and 1960 saw Dan Gurney have an accident and a spectator was killed, the race was won by Jack Brabham in a Cooper.
From 1963 to 1965 saw Briton Jim Clark win all three events, and 1967 saw the introduction of the Lotus 49 with its brand new Ford-Cosworth DFV engine. The DFV won on its debut with Clark driving, this became the most successful. 1970, saw the 49s successor, the 72 - which was just as advanced a design as the 49 had been 3 years earlier - win comprehensively with Jochen Rindt behind the wheel. The car, with Courage still in it, caught fire,1971 saw Jacky Ickx win in a Ferrari after a spirited battle with Mexican Pedro Rodriguez in a BRM in rain-soaked conditions. There was no 1972 race, however and it was originally on that years calendar, but the drivers refused to race at Zandvoort, because the facilities and conditions of the circuit were out-of-date with Grand Prix racing at that time. Zandvoort had been modified during its absence from the Grand Prix calendar. It had been lined with Armco and the cars were protected from the sand dunes, new pits were built, and the circuit saw a chicane placed before Bosuit, the very high-speed corner that went into the pit-straight.
Wolfgang Alexander Albert Eduard Maximilian Reichsgraf Berghe von Trips was a German racing driver. He was the son of a noble Rhineland family, Von Trips was born in Cologne, Germany. Von Trips had diabetes during his career and he always had high sugar snacks during the races to compensate for his blood and he participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grand Prix races, debuting on 2 September 1956. He won two races, secured one position, achieved six podiums, and scored a total of 56 championship points. He sustained a concussion when he spun off track at the Nürburgring during trial runs for a car race held in May 1957. The following August he was fifth at Porto in the 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix, won by Stirling Moss in a Vanwall, von Trips completed 49 laps and was one lap behind at the finish. Moss was more than five minutes ahead of Mike Hawthorn, who finished second in a Ferrari, in July 1960 von Trips was victorious in a Formula Two event in a Ferrari, with a newly introduced engine in the rear.
The race was in Stuttgart and was called the Solitude Formula Two Grand Prix and it was a 20-lap event with the winner averaging 102.21 m. p. h. over 142 miles. He won the Targa Florio, 10-lap 448 mile race, in May 1961, Von Trips achieved an average speed of 64.26 mph in his Ferrari with Olivier Gendebien of Belgium as his co-driver. Von Trips and Phil Hill traded the lead at Spa, Belgium during the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix, Hill led most of the way in front of a crowd of 100,000 people. Ferraris captured the first four places at the conclusion with von Trips finishing second. The Formula One World Championship driver competition at this juncture in 1961 was led by Hill with 19 points followed by von Trips with 18, at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, his Ferrari collided with Jim Clarks Lotus. His car became airborne and crashed into a barrier, fatally throwing von Trips from the car. Clark described the accident, Von Trips and I were racing along the straightaway and were nearing one of the banked curves and we were about 100 metres from the beginning of the curve.
Dottore Giuseppe Antonio “Nino” Farina, was an Italian racing driver and was the first official Formula One World Champion, gaining the title in 1950. He was the Italian Champion in 1937,1938 and 1939, during his thirty-year racing career he suffered a series of accidents. Born in Turin, Farina was the son of Giovanni Carlo Farina who founded the Stabilimenti Farina coachbuilder, Giuseppe began driving a two-cylinder Temperino, at the age of just nine. He became a Doctor of Political Science, he excelled at skiing, football. He cut short a career as an officer with the Italian army to fulfil a different ambition. While still at university Farina purchased his first car, a second-hand Alfa Romeo, while trying to beat his father, he crashed, breaking his shoulder and receiving facial cuts, establishing a trend that continued throughout his crash-prone career. It was Nuvolari who to some extent, guided Farina’s early career, in 1935, he raced for the factory Maserati team, showing enough promise to impress Enzo Ferrari, who recruited him to drive for Scuderia Ferrari, the team that ran the works-supported Alfa Romeos.
It was in an Alfa Romeo 8C that he finished second in the Mille Miglia and he made mistakes aplenty, but kept coming back for more and became a Grand Prix winner, when he won the 1937 Grand Prix of Naples. Although he was noted for his style and intelligence, he had a petulant streak. He was involved in two fatal accidents, the first was during the 1936 Grand Prix de Deauville, when he tried to pass Marcel Lehoux for second. Farina’s Alfa Romeo 8C collided with Lehoux’s ERA, causing the ERA to overturn, Lehoux was thrown out, received a fractured skull and died in hospital, while Farina escaped with minor injuries. Two seasons later, during the 1938 Gran Premio di Tripoli, the cars to collided and overturned. Farina survived without injuries, but Hartmann died the following day. In 1938, the official Alfa Romeo team, Alfa Corse, returned to motor sport and Farina was a member. Driving the new Alfa Romeo 158 Voiturette in 1939, he won the Grand Prix d’Anvers, Coppa Ciano, the following year, he won the Tripoli Grand Prix and finished second in the Mille Miglia for the third time. |
0.999999 | Who were the Moors and what was their role in Spain? Tarik ibn Zeyad was a Moor who was instrumental in conquering Spain and honored by having the Rock of Gibraltar named after him.
The fact that people of African descent, or specifically the Moors were in western Europe from 710 AD until the late 1400's is indisputable. It is noteworthy that these Moors were in Europe as conquerors and served as a "civilizing force," as opposed to being enslaved by the Europeans. The Moors had a tremendously positive impact on European cultural, socio-economic and political institutions.
In his work, "The Moor: Light of Europe's Dark Age," Wayne B. Chandler offers the following definition of the Moors: "Although the term Moor has been put to diverse use, its roots are still traceable. Circa 46 B. C., the Roman army entered West Africa where they encountered black Africans whom they called "˜Maures' from the Greek adjective mauros, meaning dark or black." Traditionally, the Moors were the African people who occupied northwest Africa, or present-day Morocco and Mauritania. These same African people became converts to Islam in the seventh century and have since been mistakenly identified by western European scholars as Arabs, Mohammedans, Saracens, etc. W. E. B Dubois in his work, "The World and Africa," wrote on this subject, "The Arabs brought the new religion of Mohammed into North Africa. During the seventh century, they did not migrate in great numbers. Spain was conquered not by Arabs, but by armies of Berbers and Negroids led by Arabs." The truth is that the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain and Portugal, was an African not an Arab conquest. The conquest of Spain and Portugal in the eighth century, and later the greater part of western Europe, was orchestrated by the Arabs who conquered North Africa; but the actual conquest was carried out by African adherents of Islam.
The Rock of Gibraltar is named for the Moor, Tarik ibn Zeyad. In 711 AD, Musa-ibn-Nusair commanded his leading Moorish general, Tarik ibn Zeyad to assemble an army of seven thousand men and ordered them to conquer Spain in the name of Islam. In that same year, General Tarik ibn Zeyad and his men, most of whom were Moors and Berbers, landed at the edge of an escarpment known then as "Mons Calpe." Since King Roderick and most of his military forces were engaged in a battle with the Basques in the north of Spain, Tarik ibn Zeyad and his army had little opposition as they conquered all the small towns in close proximity to Mons Calpe. When King Roderick heard of the invasion of Spain by the Moors, he amassed an army six times that of Tarik ibn Zeyad's and moved south to defend his kingdom. The two forces met in a fierce battle that lasted for an entire week. Greatly outnumbered, the Moors began to lose faith, but their leader, Tarik ibn Zeyad, was resolute and ordered them forward. King Roderick and his forces were routed and Roderick was killed in the fierce fighting. J. C. deGraft-Johnson describes the fight in his work, "African Glory:"
"The conflict was a bloody one, but Tarik was victorious and soon became master of Spain.... Tarik left a garrison at the foot of Mons Calpe, which the Africans renamed in a compliment to their general, Gebel Tarik "" the Hill of Tarik "" a name that was subsequently corrupted by the Spaniards into Gibraltar. "
Gibraltar continued under Moorish dominion for over seven centuries, but was taken by Spain for a period of 24 years in the early 14th century. It was not until 1472 that the Spaniards finally re-captured The Rock. It remained a Spanish possession until the beginning of the 18th century when it fell to a combined Anglo-Dutch force. The Treaty of Utrecht ceded The Rock to the "Crown of Great Britain" in perpetuity.
The Moorish civilization enlightened Europe and brought it out of the dark ages to usher in the Renaissance period. The roots of European culture can be traced back to the Moors whose civilization was not only artistic, scientific and commercial, but also incredibly tolerant of other races and cultures. Many of the Moors' cultural and intellectual influences are still in evidence today. The Rock of Gibraltar owes its name to a man of valor, Tarik ibn Zeyad, a man of extraordinary courage and a true leader.
What Is Buffalo Most Famous For?
What Are Some Activities For Children In The Albuquerque, New Mexico Region?
What Is The Nightlife Like In Athens, Georgia? |
0.999998 | Below is text I copied from someone else's post on another thread. What happened in that thread is that people found quibbles with each of them. Without getting into the merits of the quibbles, my point is about the way evidence in favor of an anti-female bias is treated relative to evidence in favor of a pro-female bias. It seems like there are a lot of posters on the board who weighted the sum total of these papers as zero without reading them because they read a few negative comments about them. But then they take evidence about hiring preferences and run with it as far as they can take it, discrediting any accomplishment of any female economist. There are gender issues in economics. In multiple directions. I am not calling people sexist if all they are saying is that they don't like gender equity hiring. But there are a lot of really sexist comments that people make following up on that assertion. Here is the text from the other thread: - Milkman et al (2013), pretended to be students asking faculty for mentorship or advise meetings, "faculty were significantly more responsive to "white males" than to all other categories of students, collectively, particularly in higher-paying disciplines and private institutions"
I want to be clear that I believe there are a lot of sexists out there. With that said, the literature on this topic is terrible. You mention Milkman et al (2013): "Milkman et al (2013), pretended to be students asking faculty for mentorship or advise meetings, "faculty were significantly more responsive to "white males" than to all other categories of students, collectively, particularly in higher-paying disciplines and private institutions"" Based on that, you might think that white women got fewer responses than white men, and that women got fewer responses than men overall. I'd encourage you to look at their actual data, especially Figure 3. If you look closely, you can see that women got MORE responses than men and white women got MORE responses than white men. (That is clear when you see women did better than men in public schools in each racial condition, and that public schools are 69% of their sample.) They buried one of the key facts and wrote the paper in such a way that the casual reader thinks they found discrimination against women. More than half the papers I've looked into in this area torture the data until it gives the right answer. Because of that, I have no faith in papers that show discrimination against women. (Discrimination against Asians is well established) I say this DESPITE believing there are lots of sexists in econ and finance. |
0.963458 | Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 - January 29, 1963) was an American poet, arguably the most recognized American poet of the twentieth century. Frost came of age during a time when modernism was the dominant movement in American and European literature. Yet, distinct from his contemporaries, Frost was a staunchly un-modern poet. He relied on the same poetic tropes that had been in use in English since poetry's inception: Rhyme, meter, and formalized stanzas, wryly dismissing free verse by claiming, "I'd just as soon play tennis with the net down."
Modernist poetry largely abandoned conventional poetic forms as obsolete. Frost powerfully demonstrated that they were not by composing verse that combined a clearly modern sensibility with traditional poetic structures. Accordingly, Frost has had as much or even more influence on present-day poetry—which has seen a resurgence in formalism—than many poets in his own time.
Frost endured much personal hardship, and his verse drama, "A Masque of Mercy" (1947), based on the story of Jonah, presents a deeply felt, largely orthodox, religious perspective, suggesting that man with his limited outlook must always bear with events and act mercifully, for action that complies with God's will can entail salvation. "Nothing can make injustice just but mercy," he wrote.
Frost's enduring legacy goes beyond his strictly literary contribution. He gave voice to American, and particularly New England virtues.
Although widely associated with New England, Robert Frost was born in San Francisco to Isabelle Moodie, of Scottish birth, and William Prescott Frost, Jr., a descendant of a Devonshire Frost, who had sailed to New Hampshire in 1634. His father was a former teacher turned newspaper man, a hard drinker, a gambler, and a harsh disciplinarian, who fought to succeed in politics for as long as his health allowed.
Frost lived in California until he was 11. After the death of his father, he moved with his mother and sister to eastern Massachusetts near his paternal grandparents.An indifferent student in his youth, he took seriously to his studies and graduated from Lawrence High School as valedictorian and class poet in 1892. He also absorbed New England's distinctive speech patterns, taciturn character types, and regional customs. He attended Dartmouth College where he was a member of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity, and from 1897 to 1899, and Harvard University where he studied philology without completing his degree. Eventually, after purchasing a farm in Derry, New Hampshire, he became known for his wry voice that was both rural and personal.
Frost was married to Elinor Miriam White and they had six children. In March 1894, The Independent in Lawrence, Massachusetts published Frost's poem, "My Butterfly: An Elegy," his first published work, which earned him $15. At this time, Frost made an important decision, deciding to devote his time to poetry instead of teaching. The Frosts made another important decision at this time: Robert wanted to move to Vancouver, his wife to England; the toss of a coin selected England.
So in 1912, Frost sold his farm and moved to England, to the Gloucestershire village of Dymock, to become a full-time poet. His first book of poetry, A Boy's Will, was published the next year. In England, he made some crucial contacts including Edward Thomas (a member of the group known as the Dymock poets), T.E. Hulme, and Ezra Pound, who was the first American to write a (favorable) review of Frost's work. Frost returned to America in 1915, bought a farm in Franconia, New Hampshire, and launched a career of writing, teaching, and lecturing. From 1916 to 1938, he was an English professor at Amherst College, where he encouraged his writing students to bring the sound of the human voice to their craft.
He recited his work, "The Gift Outright," at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961 and represented the United States on several official missions. He also became known for poems that include an interplay of voices, such as "Death of the Hired Man." Other highly acclaimed poems include "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," "Mending Wall," "Nothing Gold Can Stay," "Birches," "After Apple Picking," "The Pasture," "Fire and Ice," "The Road Not Taken," and "Directive." His pastoral descriptions of apple trees and stone walls, and flinty poetic persona, typified the modern image of rural New England.
Frost's personal life was plagued with grief and loss. His father died of tuberculosis in 1885, when Frost was 11, leaving the family with just $8. Frost's mother died of cancer in 1900. In 1920, Frost had to commit his younger sister, Jeanie, to a mental hospital, where she died nine years later. Mental illness apparently ran in Frost's family, as both he and his mother suffered from depression, and his daughter Irma was committed to a mental hospital in 1947. Frost's wife, Elinor, also experienced bouts of depression.
Elinor and Robert Frost had six children: son Elliot (1896-1904, died of cholera), daughter Lesley Frost Ballantine (1899-1983), son Carol (1902-1940, committed suicide), daughter Irma (1903-?), daughter Marjorie (1905-1934, died as a result of puerperal fever after childbirth), and daughter Elinor Bettina (died three days after birth in 1907). Only Lesley and Irma outlived their father. Frost's wife, who had heart problems throughout her life, developed breast cancer in 1937, and died of heart failure in 1938.
Many critics recognize a dark and pessimistic tone in some of Frost's poetry, with notes of despair, isolation, and endurance of hardship suggesting the personal turmoil of the poet.
During his later years he spent summers in Ripton, Vermont and participated in the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference at Middlebury College. On his death on January 29, 1963, Robert Frost was buried in the Old Bennington Cemetery, in Bennington, Vermont.
Frost has always been a difficult figure to categorize in American poetry. His life spans the extent of the Modern Period. His contemporaries included Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and William Carlos Williams, yet he shares none of their radicalism. From his first book of poems to the end of his career, Frost wrote in strict rhyme and measure.
His adherence to form during a time when most poets were turning to free verse or experimentalism made him one of the most accessible poets of his generation, and likely counts a great deal for his enduring popularity. It is easy to mistake Frost's formalism for simplicity or anachronism. Dedicated readers know, however, that beneath his traditional-sounding verses there is a distinctly modern thinker writing with tremendous acuity.
A common perception of Frost has been that of an old man on a porch, whittling some woodwork, and perhaps smoking a corncob pipe, who leans over from his rocking chair as people pass by and chides them to take the road less traveled. He has often been short-changed as being simply, "a wise old man who writes in rhymes." But Frost, in private life, was a man in striking contrast to the image of wise old farmer that had made him so popular, and he was not at all content to simply echo hollow commonsense. As he writes in his aphoristic essay, "The Figure a Poem Makes,"
A school boy may be defined as one who can tell you what he knows in the order in which he learned it.
into a new order with not so much as a ligature clinging to it of the old place where it was organic.
Much of the wisdom that Frost gathered organically—"sticking to his boots like burrs" as one of his favorite turns of phrase puts it—may have been gathered from rustic life and may seem good old-fashioned commonsense. But Frost was an exacting artist, and he took nothing that he learned at face value; never would he stoop to being a school-boy poet (similar to the sedate, pedagogical poets of the Victorian era, whom he despised) writing poems that simply expounded truisms without any ring of truth.
This technique is apparent in Frost's best poems, where colloquial expressions that ring with commonplace tones emerge out of the gridwork of the rigid meter. Most of the other poets of the modern period (and most poets of the twentieth century on, for that matter) have cast off meter, thinking that it will inevitably force the poet to write with a stiff, antiquated tone. Yet Frost, at his best, proves his motto that "Poetry is the renewal of words forever and ever," by renewing traditional poetic forms with the fresh sentence-sounds of American speech. Consider for instance these lines from his famous poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening:"
And forced the underbrush, and that was all.
Frost at his best is able to write poems that, although transparently poetic and rhymed, sound strikingly conversational to the ear. Another example of his constant experimentation with the place of American speech in formal poetry (a concern remarkably similar to that of his contemporary William Carlos Williams), are Frost's numerous dialogue poems, which tend to take on the form of abstruse philosophical arguments carried across several voices, in sharp departure from his more familiar nature poems. The effect of his poetry in total is decidedly modern, and Frost's greatest poems are indebted as much to the twentieth century New England he lived and wrote in as to the generations of metrical poets he venerated in his obeisance to forms.
Robert Frost held an anomalous place in twentieth century literature, joining aspects of the modernist temperament with standard poetic forms. His work reflects pastoral aspects of Thomas Hardy and William Wordsworth, the introspection and familiar imagery of Emily Dickinson, and typically New England characteristics of self-reliance and sense of place found in the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Russell Lowell, and John Greenleaf Whittier. But Frost's irony and ambiguity, his skepticism and honesty reflect a distinctly modern awareness.
Frost was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four times: In 1924, 1931, 1937 and 1943. Frost was also the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1958-59, a position renamed as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry, or simply Poet Laureate, in 1986.
Frost received honorary degrees from Harvard University, Bates College, Oxford, and Cambridge universities; and he was the first person to receive two honorary degrees from Dartmouth College. During his life, the Robert Frost Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia and the main library of Amherst College were named after him. In 1971, the Robert Frost Middle School in Rockville, Maryland was also named after him.
This page was last modified on 20 November 2013, at 17:00. |
0.999834 | "His [Marty's] group, known as the Pinheads, was already set up. Nearby, Jennifer also waited, nervously checking her watch. As he [Marty] raced onto the stage, she let out a noisy sigh of relief and Marty winked at her. / A fat man, also glancing meaningfully at his watch, stared intently at Marty. / "Are you ready?" he asked coldly. / Marty nodded. His guitar, amp and microphone were already set up for him. Sitting quickly, Marty took a deep breath and tuned up in the shortest amount of time possible. Then, grasping the microphone, he looked toward the dance committee and spoke with a voice that rang with confidence. / "All right," he said. "We're the Pinheads, and we're gonna rock 'n' roll!" / The band kicked into a hot number, Marty's fingers dancing across the strings and frets in a complicated lead line. Keyboard, bass and drums followed, embellished his thematic figures, hit the rhythm harder, preparing for the transition into Marty's first variation. / "Fine," a metallic voice called out. "That's enough, thank you." / Marty could hardly believe his ears. In fact, he continued to play even as the rest of the Pinhead sound dribbled away into confused silence. / "Thank you," the fat man repeated. "May we hear the next group, please?" / Marty came down off the stage in a daze. Had he gone through an afternoon of hell for this?"
The Pinheads was a band, consisting of Marty McFly, Paul, Lee, and Bobby.
Note: The following section is considered non-canon or is disputed in canonicity.
The band was formed when the three original members, Marty, Lee, and Paul, were in elementary school.
In 1979, Douglas J. Needles moved to Hill Valley from Bakersville, and bought his way into the band with his his mother's money. Since Doug couldn't play his guitar and he was a showoff, Lee and Paul told Marty they didn't want him in the band. Doug overheard this and started his own band. This furthered Doug's grudge against Marty.
Bobby joined the band in 1985, after Marty got his truck, when the four of them went on a camping trip. In the original timeline, when Marty didn't own the truck, they took a bus to the campsite instead.
Non-canon or disputable information ends here.
They auditioned for the Battle of the Bands on Friday, October 25, 1985 in front of three adults and one student in the Hill Valley High School gymnasium. Their audition song was a hard rock version of "The Power of Love", but the head judge told them to stop after playing just a short time, saying they were "too darn loud".
After failing the audition, his girlfriend Jennifer tried to convince Marty to send a tape of his band's music to a record company called R & G Records, but Marty doubted that he could take another rejection.
In 1986, in an alternate timeline, Marty McFly spray painted "Marty and The Pinheads" in an alley near Courthouse Square.
In 1991, Marty and the Pinheads threw a free concert in front of the Courthouse; however, only a few people showed up. It ended suddenly due to one of Emmett Brown's malfunctioning inventions.
The Pinheads were portrayed by Michael J. Fox (guitar), Paul Hanson (bass guitar, who was Fox's guitar coach for the movie and actually played Michael's guitar solo in this scene), Lee Brownfield and Robert DeLapp.
Their characters weren't named in the credits of the film, but in the comic Back to the Future: Who Is Marty McFly? they were named Paul, Lee, and Bobby after their actors.
The judge who stopped The Pinheads was played by Huey Lewis. This is ironic, since the song that The Pinheads were playing is a hard rock version of The Power of Love, a song released by Huey Lewis and the News.
It has been theorized that Mr. Strickland shut the band down due to Marty's attitude. However this is unlikely as Strickland, while unyielding on discipline, isn't that petty.
In a scene cut from the movie, but reinstated by George Gipe for the novelization, Marty was at the desk in his room after dinner, putting his band's tape cassette into a yellow envelope for mailing, but changing his mind and throwing it in the waste basket before going to bed. This explains the yellow envelope Marty was holding, and was prepared to mail, when he discovered that his living room had changed after returning to 1985.
In the novelization, The Pinheads' audition takes place at Hill Valley's YMCA building rather than the school gymnasium.
Issue 12: "How Needles Got Here"
Issue 13: "Who Is Marty McFly? Part 1"
Futurepedia is a FANDOM Movies Community. |
0.949291 | We report a high degree of heterogeneity in the expression of the Hoxd11 and Hoxd13 genes. We analyzed single-limb bud cell transcriptomes and show that Hox genes are expressed in specific combinations that appear to match particular cell types. In cells giving rise to digits, we find that the expression of the five relevant Hoxd genes (Hoxd9 to Hoxd13) is unbalanced, despite their control by known global enhancers. We also report that specific combinatorial expression follows a pseudo-time sequence, which is established based on the transcriptional diversity of limb progenitors.
Our observations reveal the existence of distinct combinations of Hoxd genes at the single-cell level during limb development. In addition, we document that the increasing combinatorial expression of Hoxd genes in this developing structure is associated with specific transcriptional signatures and that these signatures illustrate a temporal progression in the differentiation of these cells.
Limb morphogenesis is controlled by several key transcription factors, amongst them members of the Hox gene family, in particular genes from the HoxA and HoxD clusters. During early limb development, the posterior Hoxd genes are expressed in precise, partly overlapping domains , which will pre-figure the various parts of the future appendices, i.e., the hands and feet (autopods) and the more proximally located arm (stylopod) and forearm (zeugopod) segments. Recently, it was shown that the expression of five genes (from Hoxd9 to Hoxd13) in presumptive digits is under the control of the same set of enhancer elements, located in the gene desert centromeric to the cluster itself [2–4] (Fig. 1a). However, their global expression patterns display some differences, with a broader expression of Hoxd13 within the presumptive digit 1 (the thumb), whereas Hoxd9 to Hoxd12 transcripts were found only in presumptive digits 2 to 5 (Fig. 1a). This difference is likely due to the existence of a quantitative collinearity [5, 6], whereby a gradual increase in the amount of steady-state mRNA levels is observed from Hoxd9, expressed at the weakest level, to the robust transcription of Hoxd13, the latter being located on the side of the corresponding enhancers.
Chromatin interactions between Hox genes and their enhancers in single cells showed variability [4, 7, 8], and super-resolution microscopy confirmed that the HoxD gene cluster can display a variety of structural conformations in future autopod cells . This heterogeneity is difficult to integrate with chromosome conformation datasets produced at this locus, since the latter approach reflects the averaged behaviors of a cellular population. Consequently, a higher variability can be expected in cell-specific Hox gene transcriptions, when compared to the apparently rather homogenous expression profiles previously reported [6, 8].
Moreover, while genetic approaches have revealed the critical function of these genes during limb outgrowth and patterning, the homogeneous or heterogeneous impact of mutations at the cellular level is more difficult to evaluate. The ablation of Hoxd13 alone leads to a morphological effect in digits weaker than when a simultaneous deletion of Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 is achieved [10–12], suggesting that Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 functionally cooperate during digit development. However, how this cooperation occurs at the cellular level is unknown.
One potential cause for transcriptional heterogeneity may involve a competition between the various promoters located in-cis and the global enhancers driving transcription in digits . It was indeed recently reported that the HoxD cluster lies between two large topologically associating domains (TADs) [14, 15] each of them containing series of enhancer elements with distinct specificities [3, 7]. The TAD located centromeric to HoxD (C-DOM) contains several enhancers specific for autopod (digit) cells, whereas T-DOM, the TAD located telomeric to HoxD, hosts a series of enhancers specific for the future arm and forearm cells. While genes located at either extremity of the cluster respond to their neighboring TAD, those genes located at a central position in the cluster such as Hoxd9, Hoxd10, or Hoxd11 are targeted successively by enhancers belonging to the two different TADs. Initially, in future forearm cells, they respond to T-DOM regulation, whereas in a subsequent phase, in future digit cells, they respond to C-DOM enhancers , which may lead to an even greater heterogeneity in transcript distribution. In order to try and evaluate the heterogeneity in Hoxd transcript distribution during limb development, we produced single-limb cell transcriptomes of different origins, to see whether the apparently homogenous Hox gene transcriptional program as observed upon large-scale analyses could be observed at the cellular level as well. Here, we report that Hoxd gene transcripts are present in various combinations in different limb cells. We discuss the impact of these results upon our understanding of how Hoxd genes are regulated and how their global functions are achieved in these structures.
In order to document the expression pattern of Hoxd13 at the single-cell level, embryonic day (E) 12.5 limb sections were use in RNA-FISH experiments (Fig. 1b). As expected, we observed a high expression specificity in presumptive digit cells in the distal part of the forelimb, with the highest transcript levels in cells located at the boundary between the digital and the interdigital compartments, while lower levels were scored in interdigital mesenchyme. Signal was detected neither within the digital compartment nor in more proximal parts of the limb (Fig. 1b). However, a high heterogeneity in gene expression was recorded, with stippled signal pattern contrasting with the broader expression domain previously described by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). As a consequence, we asked whether all cells expressing Hoxd13 would also contain Hoxd11 transcripts, knowing that both genes are under the same regulatory control in these distal cells [2, 17]. We micro-dissected autopod tissue to obtain a single-cell suspension and performed double fluorescent RNA labelling. The single-cell preparation was then analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and revealed that only a minority of cells was in fact expressing Hoxd11 and/or Hoxd13 (Fig. 1c). Amongst positive cells, the largest fraction was Hoxd13 positive and negative for Hoxd11 (d13+d11−; 53%), whereas double positive cells (d13+d11+) represented 38% only and 9% of the cells contained Hoxd11 mRNAs alone (d11+) (Fig. 1c).
Because a substantial number of cells did not express any Hoxd genes, we enriched for the positive fraction using a mouse line containing a GFP reporter sequence knocked in Hoxd11. In these mice, GFP was produced in those cells where Hoxd11 had been transcribed (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). We monitored the fluorescence at E12.5 and observed a pattern recapitulating Hoxd11 endogenous expression (Fig. 1d). E12.5 limb cells from these animals were FACS-sorted using the GFP (Fig. 1e) and, under these conditions, the double labelling of GFP-positive cells increased to more than a third of the cells (Fig. 1f). However, amongst the positive cells, the ratio between the three Hoxd-positive populations (Hoxd13 only, Hoxd11 only, and double positive) was roughly the same as before (37%, 7%, and 55%, respectively). To confirm the presence of these different populations, we performed Hoxd13 RNA-FISH on sections from Hoxd11::GFP E12.5 forelimbs (Fig. 1g) and observed a high variability in GFP levels (Fig. 1h). We found that high levels of Hoxd13 were observed in cells with either little or no Hoxd11 activity (Fig. 1i), yet the majority of cells displayed high signals for both Hoxd11 and Hoxd13, suggesting that in these cells the two genes were regulated in a similar manner.
To quantify a potential correlation between Hoxd11 and Hoxd13 expression levels in these GFP-positive cells, we binned Hoxd11-positive cells in three categories: negative cells (d11neg, orange), cells expressing at low levels (d11low, red), and cells expressing at high levels (d11hi, gray; Fig. 1j, left panel). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that higher Hoxd13 levels were clearly observed in the d11hi population, indicating that in single cells, whenever both genes are expressed, they tend to respond to enhancers with the same efficiency (Fig. 1j). To relate these latter results with the level of GFP observed by microscopy (Fig. 1i), we monitored the levels of GFP in single cells and found a correlation between abundant Hoxd11 mRNAs, on the one hand, and higher levels of the GFP protein, on the other hand (Fig. 1j, right panel). Altogether, these results suggested that some cellular heterogeneity exists with respect to Hoxd gene transcription in presumptive digit cells, with the possibility for sub-populations of cells to selectively express either one or two genes. Overall, these observations contrasted with the view that all limb cells transcribe all posterior Hoxd genes, a view conveyed by the global analysis of expression patterns by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and accentuated by schematics published to summarize these expression domains (e.g., ).
To have a wider view of this cellular heterogeneity by expanding the analysis to all Hox genes, as well as to see whether it depends on the position and fate of various limb cells, we performed single-cell RNA-seq. Because of its potential to detect as little as single-digit input spike-in molecules, we used the Fluidigm microfluidics C1 captures to obtain the maximal intensity of transcript detection . We enriched for cells expressing at least one Hoxd gene by using only the GFP-positive cells sorted by flow cytometry from the Hoxd1I::GFP mouse E12.5 forelimbs (see Fig. 1d–f). After capture, the cells were sequenced at very high depth to reach the finest sensitivity of gene detection, with an average of about 8.7 M reads per cell (Additional file 2: Fig. S2).
The analysis of these transcriptomes showed that autopod and zeugopod cells portray distinct transcriptional signatures, as observed with a machine learning algorithm that reduces dimensionality (t-SNE). In this plot representation, we saw little intermingling only between autopod and zeugopod cells (Fig. 2a, b). To ensure that the single-cell signatures were specific to the two populations, we performed a differential expression analysis between the distal and proximal limbs. As shown in the MA plot, we found that genes specific to one or the other populations were indeed known markers of the two tissues (Fig. 2c and Additional file 3: Table S1). In fact, most of the autopod-specific genes are part of a tight interactive network established through weighted aggregation of known interactions (Fig. 2d and Additional file 4: Fig. S3), thus confirming the high level of gene detection in our single cells (Fig. 2d and Additional file 2: Fig. S2).
To visualize the relative mRNA contributions from all Hoxd genes, we plotted their cumulative expressions with color-coded single cell (Fig. 2e and Additional file 5: Fig. S4). While the distribution of absolute levels mirrored quite well the pattern previously established using other approaches [4, 6], we observed again a selectivity in expression, which also applied to Hoxd12, Hoxd11, and Hoxd10. Of note, amongst autopod cells positive either for Hoxd13 and/or for Hoxd11, we identified similar proportions as before, with the majority of cells expressing both Hoxd11 and Hoxd13, 40% containing Hoxd13 mRNAs only and 10% with Hoxd11 mRNAs only.
To assess the potential covariances between the five Hoxd genes important for limb development (from Hoxd9 to Hoxd13), we classified by Spearman’s rank correlation the genes that covaried with at least one of the Hoxd genes. A hierarchical clustering from these 76 genes showed a clear segregation between Hoxd11/Hoxd13, on the one hand, and Hoxd9, Hoxd10, and Hoxd12, on the other hand (Fig. 2f). While Hoxd9, Hoxd10, and Hoxd12 were closely associated in either the presence or the absence of their mRNAs, Hoxd11 and Hoxd13 were part of two different sub-clusters associated with different set of genes, suggesting that the cell-specific expression of combinations of Hoxd genes may have some biological relevance.
Therefore, despite their shared tissue-specific regulatory landscapes, Hoxd genes are not systematically expressed together in the same cells. A discretization of the expression levels allowed us to score the various mRNA combinations observed either in autopod (Fig. 3a) or in zeugopod (Additional file 6: Fig. S5) single cells. In the autopod, the largest population was composed of cells expressing Hoxd13 only, followed by a population expressing both Hoxd11 and Hoxd13 and then by an unexpected pool of cells with only Hoxd10 and Hoxd13 mRNAs. Cells containing three or more distinct Hoxd mRNAs were a minority and only 11% of cells expressed four genes, from Hoxd10 to Hoxd13. We asked whether these unambiguous associations were random or coupled with specific gene signatures by performing a T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) on all autopod and zeugopod cells. We observed that groups of cells containing different combinations of Hoxd mRNAs tend to segregate, suggesting that their differences in gene expression is not restricted to Hoxd genes only (Fig. 3c).
We then performed separate tSNE for autopod and zeugopod cells by clustering cells according to their Hoxd combinatorial patterns (Fig. 3d) and observed that some combinations tend to cluster together. This effect was particularly clear in autopod cells whenever a sufficient number of cells (> 5) were plotted and we noticed that the transcriptional diversity increased along the second dimension of the tSNE, when a higher diversity of Hoxd mRNAs was scored in the same cells. In zeugopod cells, groups of cells also segregated, though not as distinctly, suggesting a more homogeneous distribution of Hoxd mRNAs. These results suggested that sub-populations of autopod cells transcribe various combinations of Hoxd genes.
To more precisely assess this apparent cellular selectivity in Hoxd gene expression, we determined whether particular cell clusters were at a specific phase of the cell cycle. While most cells with G2 scores were observed either with Hoxd13 mRNAs only or with four posterior Hoxd genes active, we did not detect any significant difference associated with a specific combination of mRNAs (Additional file 6: Fig. S5). We next performed a differential gene expression analysis to assess the degree of relationship between the six main cellular groups (Fig. 4a–c). Most of the differentially expressed genes (343 genes, Additional file 7: Table S2 and Additional file 8: Fig. S6) were scored between cells expressing only Hoxd13 and cells expressing either three (Hoxd11–Hoxd13) or four (Hoxd10 to Hoxd13) genes (Fig. 4a). Amongst these differentially expressed genes, many displayed strong autopod expression, including Jag1, which is downregulated in the absence of the HOX13 proteins . Out of 31 genes differentially expressed between cells containing either Hoxd13 and Hoxd11 mRNAs or Hoxd10, Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 mRNAs, only eight were specific to these two combinations, i.e., Smarcc1, Mrps17, Snrpd2, Supt6, Tax1bp1, Rab5c, Ncbp2, and Map3k7.
Noteworthy, the clustering of expressed transcripts showed a hierarchical organization with a progression from those cells expressing Hoxd13 only to two, then three, and finally four Hoxd genes (Fig. 4c). As some of these genes were previously identified either as HOX protein targets (e.g., Ppp2ca ) or being part of a Hox functional pathways (e.g., Uty [22, 23] or Hoxa11os [24, 25]), we assessed whether specific target genes could be associated with particular combinations of Hoxd mRNAs. We generated a supervised clustering showing the covariance of known target genes in a Spearman correlation matrix (Fig. 4d, e). When the 199 cells originating from both the autopod and the zeugopod were considered, we found a clear partition of target gene mRNAs into two groups corresponding to the nature of Hoxd mRNAs present (Fig. 4d). The presence of Hoxd9 and Hoxd10 mRNAs aggregated with targets genes such as Hand2 and Sfrp1, whereas Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 were co-expressed with different target genes such as Ppp2ca and Bmp2/4. Finally, the highest clustering across all cells was observed between Hoxd12, Hoxd13, Dach1, and Lhx9, thus revealing a robust link between these genes.
When only autopod cells were considered, we observed two groups, with Hoxd9 and Hoxd10 transcripts in one cluster, while the more centromeric genes Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 were transcribed in the other (Fig. 4e). As the former group did not express any of those genes typically upregulated in distal cells (Hoxd12 and Hoxd13), we wondered whether such differences in transcript distribution may reflect various stages in the progression of distal limb cells towards their final fates. We thus implemented a measure of cellular pseudo-age, a strategy that evaluates a temporal hierarchy amongst single cells based on their respective transcriptomes. This approach allows to plot cells along a linearized axis to infer whether the combination alignments observed in the tSNE may correlate with a modulation of the time component [26–28].
We performed such a pseudo-time analysis on the single cells isolated from both the autopod and zeugopod and found that cells indeed spread along the pseudo-temporal axis that was linearized through a diffusion map (Fig. 5a, b). This was also the case when we plotted cells originating from a single female embryo, which illustrates that the maturation is not due to cells coming from embryos at slightly different developmental stages (Additional file 9: Fig. S7). In these maps, while zeugopod cells did not distribute well along a temporal frame (Fig. 5b), the autopod cells were much better aligned (Fig. 5a). As illustrated with gene expression clustering (Fig. 4a–c), specific combinations are distributed along the temporal axis in a way related to the various combinations of Hoxd mRNAs, with the Hoxd13-only cells at one extremity of the axis and the Hoxd10 to Hoxd13 combination at the other extremity (Fig. 5c, d). Altogether, this clustering analysis showed that different combinations of Hoxd gene mRNAs may affect distinct groups of target genes. Of note, it also revealed a preference for mRNA combinations involving neighbor genes, thus emphasizing the importance of genes’ respective positions for their co-regulation.
During the early stages of limb growth and patterning, limb bud cells absolutely require the expression of Hox genes originating from two distinct clusters, HoxA and HoxD [29, 30]. Here, we describe the single-cell combinatorial expression of Hoxd genes found in cells sorted out by using a Hoxd11::GFP mouse strain. Albeit some cells tend to show higher level of Hoxa genes whenever the levels of Hoxd transcripts were low, this was not the general rule. The fact that we did not score many Hoxa mRNA-positive cells after the enrichment for Hoxd gene expression (Additional file 5: Fig. S4) may however reflect a compensatory mechanism whereby a strong global expression of one cluster would result in the weak transcription of the other. Distinct cellular content for either Hoxd or Hoxa mRNAs could account for the different phenotypic effects of inactivating these genes upon limb morphology, as exemplified by Hoxd13 and Hoxa13 [18, 29, 30]. A more comprehensive single-limb cell sequencing strategy will likely fix this issue.
Our data show that Hoxd quantitative (or “reverse”) collinearity [5, 6] ought to be considered at a global level since it results in fact from a sum of combinatorial expression of various genes in different cells. We emphasized that in autopod cells, the most frequently expressed gene is Hoxd13, as was expected from previous studies where it was described that this gene is expressed at the highest level, due to its position at the extremity of the gene cluster, i.e., on the centromeric side of a strong TAD boundary [6, 7]. Apart from Hoxd13, other Hoxd genes were more sparsely activated, indicating either a stochastic process or a functional requirement for specific mRNA combinations in different cell types. This heterogeneous cellular situation raises two separate questions; the first concerns the underlying regulatory mechanism, whereas the second has to do with a potential functional significance of these different mRNA combinations.
We had previously shown that the regulation of posterior Hoxd genes in the distal limb bud was not implemented exactly in the same manner for all genes. In particular, Hoxd13 is the only gene to be expressed in presumptive thumb cells, the other Hoxd mRNAs being excluded from this very digit [6, 32]. Also, the deletion of the Hoxd13 locus lead to the upregulation of Hoxd12 in thumb cells, yet not of the other remaining genes, suggesting that this thumb-specific expression was associated with the final and most 5′position of the gene on the cluster . The recent identification, in the posterior part of the HoxD cluster, of an unusually high density of bound CTCF molecules may cause this transcriptional selectivity through the use of various sites, taking advantage of their distinct orientations [4, 7, 33].
In this view, the particular orientations of CTCF-binding sites may allow for the transient stabilization of various loop conformations, for example after extrusion driven by the cohesin complex [34, 35]. Accordingly, distinct combinations of posterior Hoxd mRNAs could reflect the formation of specific loop extrusion patterns, in any single cell, as a choice between a fixed number of possibilities determined by the presence of bound CTCF, with some conformations being favored over others. Of note, we found that the cohesin-loading factor Nipbl is strongly downregulated in cells from the Hoxd13 group when compared to cells expressing the full combination (Hoxd10 to Hoxd13). Mutations in this gene have been found in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome who have notably a clinodactyly of the fifth finger. Also, a recent report showed that mice heterozygotes for Nipbl display polydactyly and that lower dose of Hoxd11 to Hoxd13 in these mice could further enhance this phenotype .
Other chromatin regulators were found enriched in this list of genes including Jag1, Brd7, Jmjd6, Phf8, Ddb1, Hdac1, Swi5, Smarcc1, Smarce1, Hmgb3, Dnm3os, Cbx1, and Lmnb1 (Additional file 3: Table S1). The product of the latter gene has been associated with the architecture of large domains of inactive chromatin (LADs; ), where the HoxD cluster is not located . Since reduced levels of Lmnb1 gene product have been shown to be associated with reduced expression of polycomb target genes, including the posterior Hoxd genes , its increased expression in those cells containing mRNAs from Hoxd10 to Hoxd13 may reflect a global change in chromatin configuration [37, 40–42]. How would this change relate to a more permissive expression of Hoxd genes, as a cause or as a consequence, remains to be established.
The analysis of single-cell transcriptomes revealed an unexpected hierarchical progression of Hoxd gene expression, from cells expressing a single posterior gene (Hoxd13) to the full combination, from Hoxd10 to Hoxd13. This global transcriptional sequence was inferred from a pseudo-time approach, a method whereby a temporal progression of cells is deduced based on their transcript patterns [26, 28]. We tested this hypothesis using diffusion pseudo-time and found that autopod cells are much more subject to align along a developmental trajectory. This specificity may be associated to the particular way Hoxd genes are regulated in distal limb buds, with a rapid and strong activation of Hoxd13 due to its leading position in the cluster favoring privileged contacts with the various enhancers [2, 43]. It is possible that the recruitment of additional Hoxd genes located nearby may be more progressive, along with local epigenetic modifications, which could be inherited from one cell to its daughter cells. In this view, the number of Hoxd genes expressed would increase along with mitotic divisions leading to the hierarchical progression observed.
Additive cellular or emerging functions?
The second question relates to the potential different functions that limb bud cells may display by carrying distinct combinations of Hoxd mRNAs. The question here is to discriminate between two views of the genotype-phenotype relationship during limb bud development; in a first scenario, each cell would express a determined combination of Hoxd mRNAs, for example in response either to its topological position within the growing limb or to its own “regulatory history,” i.e., the regulations at work in its ancestor cells. In a second scenario, a balanced distribution of cells expressing various Hoxd mRNAs could result from a stochastic distribution of a fixed set of various chromatin architectures . In the former context, the resulting limb phenotype would derive from the additive effect of every single cell, providing one out of the possible sets of information delivered by the various transcriptomes associated. In the second framework, the phenotype would derive from the random mixture of multiple cells expressing distinct transcriptomes with a given balance fixed by the choice of one possible chromatin conformations. Under physiological conditions, these various combinations may allow for differential responses to signaling molecules to generate cellular diversity at the time digit patterns are being established across the limb. It remains to be seen how such potential modulations in the responses to signaling pathways may integrate a theoretical framework whereby digit formation may be an emerging property of the this cellular system [45, 46].
Genetic approaches cannot easily discriminate between these alternatives. In previous studies where the functions of Hoxd genes during limb development were aimed to be assessed separately, various combinations of multiple gene inactivation were used. In most cases however, this consistently led to limited phenotypes due to a fair level of redundancy, particularly amongst Hoxd and Hoxa genes, preventing precise functions to be attributed to specific (groups of) Hox genes (see refs in ). However, the use of multiple gene inactivation revealed that the transcription of Hoxd11 and Hoxd12 contributed functionally and thus added to the mere presence of Hoxd13 transcripts, even though autopods double mutant for Hoxd13 and Hoxa13 would no longer grow and develop digits [12, 29, 43]. This is coherent with our data suggesting that the specific presence of Hoxd11 or Hoxd12 mRNAs is associated with distinct transcriptomes containing additional key regulators of cell fate and chromatin remodeling genes.
Therefore, part of the limb phenotypes observed in Hoxd multiple mutant alleles may result from the different response of a sub-group of cells, which would be differentially impacted by the loss of a given gene. For example, cells that express only Hoxd13 or a combination of Hoxd13 and Hoxd10 mRNAs may not be sensitive to the absence of Hoxd11 transcripts in the corresponding mutant stock. Our results thus stress the necessity to keep in mind the cellular heterogeneity of transcriptional programs even in instances where WISH patterns seem to reveal homogenous distributions of transcripts. In this context, transcript patterns at the single-cell level can help solve the interpretation of genetically deficient phenotypes, even though the co-regulation of Hoxd genes and the functional redundancy of their products make this statement difficult to apply to the present work.
Our results reveal the existence of distinct combinations of Hoxd genes at the single-cell level during limb development. In addition, we document that the increasing combinatorial expression of Hoxd genes in this tissue is associated with specific transcriptional signatures and that these signatures illustrate a time progression in the differentiation of these cells. While this cellular heterogeneity in the combinations of Hox mRNAs may help in understanding the complex transcriptional regulation of these neighbor genes, it will have to be considered when considering the phenotypic outcome of functional studies where one or several such genes were inactivated. Also, further analysis at different developmental stages may enable the reconstruction of the cell fate trajectories and the state transitions that causes the cellular heterogeneity of the early limb bud tissue.
Forelimb tissue samples were isolated from Hoxd11::GFP heterozygous animals at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) with day E0.5 being noon on the day of the vaginal plug. The cloning steps for the generation of the Hoxd11 transgenic mice is described in (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Briefly, the knock-in was done by introducing a bi-cistronic cassette along with an IRES sequence. Hoxd11 was inactivated by the insertion of a TauGFP sequence in a frame into the coding sequence. The BamH1 site was used for insertion of the IRES cassette. The cassette was introduced as a single-copy knock-in (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The GFP signal detected in this mouse stock reflects the endogenous distribution of Hoxd11 transcription.
E12.5 forelimbs were micro-dissected and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 3 h. Then, the limbs were treated with sucrose at 5, 10, and 15% and then frozen in OCT. Twenty-five-micrometer cryostat sections were dried for 30 min, post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, and quenched with 0.6% H2O2 in methanol for 20 min. Slides were then processed using the Ventana Discovery xT with the RiboMap kit. The pre-treatment was performed with mild heating in CC2 for 12 min, followed by protease3 (Ventana, Roche) for 20 min at room temperature. Finally, the sections were hybridized using automated system (Ventana) with a Hoxd13 probe diluted 1:1000 in ribohyde at 64 °C for 6 h. Three washes of 8 min in 2× SSC followed at hybridization temperature (64 °C). Slides were incubated with anti-DIG POD (Roche Diagnostics) for 1 h at 37 °C in BSA 1% followed by a 10-min revelation with TSA substrate (Perkin Elmer) and 10 min DAPI. Slides were mounted in ProLong fluorogold. Images were acquired using a B/W CCD ORCA ER B7W Hamamatsu camera associated with an inverted Olympus IX81 microscope. The image stacks with a 2-μm step were saved as TIFF stacks. Image reconstruction and deconvolution were performed using FIJI (NIH, ImageJ v1.47q) and Huygens Remote Manager (Scientific Volume Imaging, version 3.0.3).
Double in situ hybridization in single cells for RNA flow cytometry was performed using PrimeFlow RNA (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) reagents following the manufacturer’s protocols. Cell viability was assessed by live/dead fixable dead cell, violet (ThermoFischer; L34955). Hsp90ab RNA probe (a gene expressed ubiquitously) served as a positive control. Hoxd11 and Hoxd13 RNA probes were used for the actual analysis. Cell staining was analyzed on a FACS Astrios located at the EPFL flow cytometry platform. Data analysis was performed by using FlowJoX (Treestar, Ashland, OR). The labelling and flow cytometry were performed on dissociated cells from eight forelimbs obtained from four different animals pooled together.
Pools of embryonic forelimbs obtained from eight embryos at stage E12.5 were dissociated into a single-cell suspension using collagenase from Sigma (collagenase type XI) at 37 °C for 15 min with 10 s trituration. Cells were then filtered on a cell strainer to get rid of clumps. Single cells were then resuspended in FACS solution (10% FCS in PBS with 2 mM EDTA). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed using the MoFlow ASTRIOS EQ cell sorter with a 100-μm nozzle. Through flow cytometry analysis performed using FlowJo (FlowJo LLC ©), we detected 1,602,844 cells positive for GFP in the autopod tissue and 235,000 simply negative. In the zeugopod tissue, 1,527,167 cells were positive, whereas 1,296,068 were negative giving thus a total of 87% GFP-positive autopod cells and 54% positive zeugopod cells.
To control for the differences between cells positive for the GFP protein and the absence—or low levels—of Hoxd11, we monitored the expression of Gfp mRNA using RNAscope technology (ACD, 320851). Cells were fixed and placed directly on slides following the manufacturer instructions. We used a probe against Gfp mRNA (#400281, C1, as designed by ACD) to assess the number of cells positive for the mRNA after being sorted, based on their fluorescence that reflects only the protein levels of GFP. Images were acquired as five Z stacks on an Axiocam (Zeiss) microscope using a 100X Plan-Neofluar × 100/1.30 Oil objective. 2D projections of the multiple planes were then transformed in mask to count Gfp levels per cells. Automated counting using MATLAB scored 90 positive cells for Gfp mRNA out of 115 cells analyzed (78%).
Dissociated single cells were obtained from eight Hoxd11::GFP forelimbs micro-dissected at E12.5 from four littermate embryos. Cells with the highest level of GFP fluorescence (top 20%) were sorted using an Astrios cell sorter with a 100-μm nozzle. Seventy-five-base pair large reads were uniquely mapped to the latest Mus musculus reference genome (mm10) and the ERCC sequences using bowtie2 in a local mode. Raw counts for the annotated ENSEMBL mouse genes (GRCm38) and the ERCC were obtained using the RNA-seq module of the HTSstation portal . The raw counts are summarized in (Additional file 10: Table S3). All single-cell RNA-seq data can be found in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository under accession number GSE114748.
Those counts were used to filter out some low-quality cells based on the following criteria: total number of reads mapped > 250, number of genes “expressed” > 2000 (“expressed” = with count > 0), and percent of reads mapped to spike-in sequences < 25%. A total of 199 cells was retained (123 zeugopods and 76 autopods cells). As a control, the positive correlation of expression (Loess regression curve) between the Hoxd11 and the Gfp RNAs is shown (Additional file 11: Fig. S8), tested by Spearman correlation with r = 0.69 in autopod cells and r = 0.49 in zeugopod cells. The Gfp was detected > 4 uniquely mapped reads in 84% of the cells (183 out of 199). Genes expressed at low levels were also removed from the rest of the analysis, and only genes present (raw count > 0) in at least 10% of either the 76 autopods or the 123 zeugopods cells were retained. Hox genes were manually added if they did not satisfy these criteria. A total of 10,948 genes remained. ERCC with null counts through the remaining cells were also excluded from the rest of the analysis. Additional file 12: Table S4 summarizes those criteria (see also Additional file 2: Fig. S2).
Raw counts were normalized with spike-in counts using the R package scran (methods used computeSpikeFactors and normalize version 1.0.4) (http://bioconductor.org/packages/scran/). Prior to normalization, size factors were mean-centered to their batch of origin. An additional normalization step was also applied in order to correct for a potential gene length bias. Additional file 13: Table S5 compiles all the normalized values.
HoxD groups were defined per cell and were composed by Hoxd genes with a minimum normalized expression of 5 when count represented at least 5% of the most expressed Hoxd genes in the cell. The differential gene expression analysis was performed with the R package limma (version 3.28.21) . Genes with a minimum absolute log fold change of 2 and a BH-adjusted p value less than 0.01 (false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%) were considered differentially expressed.
The tSNE were computed using the package Rtsne (version 0.13) with the following parameters: two dimensions and a perplexity of 30, a maximum of iterations of 3000, and a seed set at 42. The top highly variable genes (HVG) that were used to plot the tSNE in Fig. 3c, d were selected using the trendVar & decomposeVar methods of the R package scran (version 1.0.4) (http://bioconductor.org/packages/scran/).
Diffusion maps are tools to analyze single-cell differentiation data. It implements a distance metric relevant to how differentiation data is generated biologically, as cells follow noisy diffusion-like dynamics in the course of taking several differentiation lineage paths . The distances between cells reflect the transition probability based on several paths of random walks between the cells . The analysis was performed using the R package destiny (http://bioconductor.org/packages/destiny).
The network shown in Fig. 2 was built using weighted interaction networks from various sources of data and is able to process user data into such networks using a system that distinguishes between three different types of user-defined data in its import procedures: real- and binary-valued interaction networks, e.g., physical interaction networks; real-valued gene profile datasets, e.g., multi-sample microarray expression datasets; and binary-valued gene profile datasets . The network shown in Fig. 4 is a summary network of differentially expressed genes that was made with the R package Igraph (version 1.1.2; http://igraph.org).
We thank B. Mangeat for his help with the Fluidigm C1 capture, Jessica Dessimoz for her help with the RNA-FISH procedure, and J. Faget and R. Colisson for their help with the RNA prime flow labelling and flow cytometry analysis. We thank J. Zakany for the help with the production of the knocked in mouse strain and E. Klingler, L. Beccari, and other members of the Duboule laboratories for the discussions. We also thank P. Schwalie and A. Necsulea for their help in the early steps of the single-cell RNA-seq analysis. Cell sorting was performed at the EPFL Flow Cytometry Core Facility.
This work was supported by funds from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale (EPFL, Lausanne), the University of Geneva, the Swiss National Research Fund (No. 310030B_138662), and the European Research Council grants SystemHox (No 232790) and RegulHox (No 588029) (to D.D.), as well as the SNF Ambizione grant PZ00P3_174032 (to P.J.F.). Funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.
The datasets generated and analyzed for this study are available in the GEO repository under accession number GSE114748.
PJF and DD conceived and designed the study. PJF carried out the experiments. PJF and ML analyzed the single-cell RNA-seq data. PJF and QLG performed the diffusion pseudo-time analysis. BM and JC generated and maintained the Hoxd11:GFP mouse line. PJF and DD wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
All experiments were performed in agreement with the Swiss law on animal protection (LPA), under license No GE 81/14 (to DD). |
0.942849 | Where is the climate headed? If the world proceeds on a "business as usual" path, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will likely be more than 700 ppm by 2100, and they will still be rising. This is nearly double the current level and much more than double the preindustrial level of 280 ppm . State-of-the-art climate models suggest that this will result in an increase of about 3.5oF in global temperatures over the next century. This would be a rate of climate change not seen on the planet for at least the last 10,000 years. It is the combined threat of elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases and this unprecedented rate of increase that causes great concern.
Even if the rate of emissions is slowed enough to limit atmospheric concentrations to about 550 ppm, or roughly double the preindustrial level, the U.S. could experience temperature increases of 5o F to 10o F. These warmer temperatures would lead to soil drying in some regions, with drying estimated at 10 percent to 30 percent for the United States during the summer growing season. |
0.784478 | STAFFORD, HUMPHREY, Earl of Devon (1439–1469), born in 1439, was only son of William Stafford of Hooke, Dorset, and Southwick, Hampshire, by his wife Catherine (d. 1480), daughter of Sir John Chediock. The family came originally from Staffordshire, and was a branch of that to which the Dukes of Buckingham and Barons Stafford belonged. Humphrey's great-grandfather, Sir Humphrey Stafford (d. 1413), of Hooke and Southwick, was father of Humphrey's grandfather, also Sir Humphrey Stafford, called ‘of the silver hand,’ and also of John Stafford, archbishop of Canterbury. But the latter's legitimacy has been questioned, although he is usually described as the earl of Devon's great-uncle (see pedigree in Hutchins's Dorset, ii. 179). On his father's death, 28 Oct. 1449, he succeeded to his estates, being then ten years old, and in 1461 he succeeded to those of his cousin Humphrey, son of Sir John Stafford. He early adopted the Yorkist cause, and fought at the battle of Towton on 29 March 1461, being knighted by Edward IV on the field. Further honours followed in the same year; he was made high steward of the duchy of Cornwall (15 June), constable of Bristol and keeper of Kingswood and Gillingham forests (26 July), and joint-commissioner of array in Dorset, Wiltshire, and Somerset (12 Aug.). From 26 July 1461 to 28 Feb. 1462–3 he was summoned to parliament by writ as Baron Stafford of Southwick, and on 24 April 1464 he was created baron with that title by patent. On 20 Oct. 1462 he was made commissioner of array to raise forces in view of an expected Scottish invasion (Hoare, Wiltshire, vi. 157). On 11 Nov. 1464 he was appointed keeper of Dartmoor, and on 20 March 1464–5 constable of Bridgwater Castle. In the following year he was selected by the bishop of Salisbury to settle the disputes between the citizens of Salisbury (ib. p. 169), and on 8 June following was appointed to deliver the great seal to George Neville [q. v.], archbishop of York (Rymer, Fœdera, xi. 578). In May 1468 he was made commissioner to treat for peace with Francis, duke of Brittany, and on 3 July following was again a commissioner for array. According to Warkworth, early in 1469 he instigated the execution of Henry Courtenay, seventh earl of Devon, hoping to get the earldom for himself (Warkworth, Chron. p. 6). In the same year he was sworn of the privy council, and on 7 May was created Earl of Devon. On 12 July, however, he was one of the ‘ceducious persones’ whose ‘covetous rule and gydynge’ were denounced by the commons in a bill of articles presented by Clarence to the king (printed in Warkworth, Chron. pp. 46–7). In the same month he was sent with seven thousand archers to oppose Robin of Redesdale [q. v.] at Edgecote. He quarrelled, however, with William Herbert, first earl of Pembroke [q. v.], and retired with all his troops (Warkworth, p. 7), with the result that Pembroke was defeated. Edward IV thereupon ordered the sheriffs of Devonshire and Somerset to put him to death as soon as he was captured. He was apprehended by some commoners of Somerset, and beheaded at Bridgwater on 17 Aug. 1469. He was buried in Glastonbury Abbey, and his will was proved on 29 Feb. 1469–70.
By his wife Isabel, daughter of Sir John Bere or Barre, he left no issue. His widow married Sir Thomas Bourchier, son of Henry, first earl of Essex [q. v.], and, dying on 1 March 1488–9, was buried in the parish church at Ware, where there is an inscription to her memory. |
0.999992 | Statement for a Research: http://assignmenthelp24.com/help-with-writing-a-thesis-statement-for-a-research/.
about in this article? I'd really like to be a part of community where I can get feedback from other experienced individuals that share the same interest. |
0.99743 | This article is about the politician. For the poet, see Jon Silkin.
John Ernest Silkin, PC (18 March 1923 – 26 April 1987) was an English left-wing Labour politician and solicitor.
He was the third son of Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin, and a younger brother of Samuel Silkin, Baron Silkin of Dulwich. He was educated at Dulwich College, the University of Wales and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Silkin served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve from 1942 to 1946. He was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in 1943, serving in the East Indies Fleet, Eastern Fleet and Pacific Fleet aboard HMS King George V and HMS Formidable, and ashore at Anderson, Ceylon (FECB). He was later promoted lieutenant. He was demobilised in 1946 and returned to Cambridge.
Silkin was admitted as a solicitor in 1950 and worked for his father's law practice in London.
He contested the seat of St Marylebone for the Labour Party at the 1950 general election, West Woolwich in 1951 and South Nottingham in 1959. He served as a councillor in the Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone (1962–63) and was elected to the House of Commons for the first time in July 1963. He served as the Labour Member of Parliament for Deptford (1963–74) and for Lewisham, Deptford (1974–87).
He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1966. He served as a Government Chief Whip (1966–69) and as the deputy leader of the House of Commons (1968–69). He was appointed as the Minister of Public Buildings and Works (1969–70) and the Minister for Planning and Local Government in the Department for the Environment (1974–76). He served as the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1976–79).
In opposition, Silkin was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1980 Labour leadership election following the resignation of James Callaghan and in the deputy leadership election in 1981. He served as Opposition Spokesman on Industry (1979–80), Shadow Leader of the House of Commons (1980–83), Shadow Defence Secretary (1981–83) and the Dairy Industry Arbitrator (1986–87).
Silkin's publication Changing Battlefields: The Challenge to the Labour Party appeared posthumously. His papers were given to the Churchill Archives Centre by his widow in February 1990. These cover his Parliamentary and Ministerial career, as well as his other public interests, such as the Channel Tunnel, the European Economic Community and the dairy industry. There is material of particular interest concerning his relationship with his Constituency Labour Party in Deptford and on the Labour Party Leadership and Deputy Leadership Elections in 1980 and 1981.
He was married to the actress Rosamund John from 1950 until his death in 1987. Their son Rory L. F. Silkin was born in 1954. |
0.999794 | On December 29th the sports section of the BBC News website published a story titled “Nicolas Anelka: West Brom striker defends goal celebration“.
The article opens with amplification of Anelka’s reactions to the criticism levelled against him as a result of his having used what is widely regarded as a neo-Nazi salute during a live-televised football match the previous day.
Anelka made the “quenelle” gesture – described as an inverted Nazi salute.
“Of course, I am neither racist nor anti-Semitic and I fully assume my gesture,” Anelka, 34, tweeted.
“The French government is trying to ban comedian Dieudonne M’bala M’bala’s shows over his use of the gesture and Anelka confirmed he did it in support of the performer.
The BBC’s claim that the concerns of the French government are confined to Anelka’s friend’s “use of the gesture” of course whitewashes the fact that the ‘comedian’ who has made a career out of antisemitism has a long history of brushes with the French authorities because of hate speech and racial incitement.
“Nevertheless, on the eve of Anelka’s celebration, French Home Office minister Manuel Valls had indicated that he was looking at ways to ban Dieudonné’s ‘shows and public meetings’ after the comedian’s latest anti-semitic tirade, which had been directed at journalist Patrick Cohen.
Quote-unquote: ‘when I hear him [Cohen], I tell myself, you know, gas chambers…too bad’.
If Anelka’s quenelle was indeed nothing but a show of solidarity with a friend who’d found himself embroiled in trouble, it’s just as well we know what kind of trouble that is; and it’s not as if Dieudonné had no ‘previous’ in that department.
He’s been found guilty of incitement to racial hatred on several occasions, his first condemnation coming in November 2007 after making the following comment: ‘All of them [Jews] are slave-straders who’ve moved into banking, show-business and, today, terrorist action’.
The BBC article also amplifies the uninformed reaction of Anelka’s club’s manager.
“Albion caretaker manager Keith Downing said Anelka was “totally surprised” by the furore, despite the French government announcing on Friday that it was studying legal options to ban performances by Dieudonne.
Given that the target audience of this report is for the most part unlikely to be well versed on the subject of antisemitic trends in some of the darker corners of French social media and considering that this offensive trend appears to be spreading in the sporting world, it is especially regrettable that BBC Sport has wasted the opportunity to adequately clarify the background to the controversy surrounding Anelka’s action to BBC audiences, instead opting to amplify assorted excuses and downplay the antisemitism of Anelka’s racist friend.
But it is not just writers at the BBC’s Sport department who is apparently afflicted with the inability to recognise antisemitism when it stares them in the face. On December 30th the Tweet below was sent from the BBC News Magazine account.
The Tweet promotes an article appearing on the BBC News website under the title “Who, What, Why: What is the quenelle gesture?” which describes the gesture’s inventor as having run an “anti-Zionist” campaign in the 2009 European elections and apparently seeks to perpetuate the myth that antisemitism is only to be found on the far-Right of the political map.
“Dieudonne instead inverts this to argue, as we heard in the 1930’s, and again more recently, that a powerful Jewish lobby is now “controlling” the system.
It is distinctly disturbing that – once again – the BBC cannot find similar clarity of perspective on the subject of antisemitism.
If your wage as a footballer is €1.2m I suggest you are part of the ‘system’. Nice try. |
0.973246 | Ravens score just as high as big-brained chimps on cognitive tests.
One of the ravens tested for self-control in the research, giving some major side eye.
Crows, ravens, and other corvids are sometimes called feathered apes. Like primates, these birds form social groups, use tools, solve puzzles, recognize faces, and enjoy a good joke (especially if it's at the expense of cats). Now a group of researchers has shown in a series of tests that corvids exhibit the same levels of self-control that chimps do when faced with a task that requires them to forgo a quick reward in favor of a bigger one that comes later.
The researchers published a fascinating description of their work in Royal Society Open Science, and their paper challenges a long-held belief that both absolute and relative brain volume correlate with intelligence. No longer will humans and our ape cohorts be able to claim that we're smart just because our brains are big. Instead, say the researchers, it's more likely that intelligence stems from neural complexity, whether that's numbers of neurons or connections between them.
To measure corvid intelligence, the researchers used a common test of self-control called the "cylinder task." It's been used on many animals, including humans, and it's one of the most basic ways to assess higher reason. As the researchers write, the test "requires deciding among options of differing values in relation to a temporal dimension." In other words, it requires the animal to make decisions based on an understanding of time.
The animal is presented with an opaque cylinder that has openings on either side. An experimenter shows the animal that he or she is placing a tasty morsel of food inside the cylinder—in the case of corvids, the food is usually a bit of slightly rotted meat (delicious if you're a scavenger!). Once the animal is used to the idea of getting food from the openings on the sides of the cylinder, the experimenter switches it out for a transparent cylinder. Now the animal has to make a decision. Should it go for the "fast" reward by trying to grab the food through the transparent material of the cylinder? Or should it use what is has learned and continue to use the side openings? (The animal has to be familiar with transparent material before the test.) An animal with little self-control will go for the fast bite despite what it has already learned about how the cylinder works. The animal with self-control will assess the situation and realize it has to go around to the side of the cylinder and stick its head inside to get the treat. The second choice takes longer, but it's a lot more rewarding than smacking your face against plastic.
The researchers tested groups of ravens, jackdaws, and New Caledonian crows using the cylinder task and found that they performed just as well as apes when presented with the same task. These birds' brains may be smaller and structured very differently from mammal brains, but they seem to think like us in many ways. Without self-control, argues animal researcher William Roberts, animals remain "stuck in time," unable to make decisions that require future plans. Like apes, corvids are aware that delayed gratification is sometimes a good thing.
The paper is also a partial reproduction of a previous study about the evolution of self-control in a range of species including apes and non-corvid birds. The previous study concluded that apes out-performed birds because absolute brain size—and brain size relative to body size—were correlated with intelligence. Except, as the researchers on this new study point out, the original study did not test corvids, known to be among the most intelligent birds.
The Corvus species performed on a similar level to the great apes, despite vastly smaller absolute brain sizes. A chimpanzee brain is roughly 26 times larger than a raven's; nevertheless, both species achieve 100% success. The jackdaws were more successful than either the bonobos or gorillas, despite a brain 70–94 times smaller. Clearly, absolute brain size is no overall predictor of motor self-regulation across a wider range of animal taxa.
That said, ravens do have the largest absolute brain volume of any corvid. So size might matter within a given genus. Ultimately, however, this kind of study demonstrates why reproducibility is one of the most important parts of the scientific process. If these researchers hadn't reproduced the previous study, we never would have learned that brain size isn't the only thing that makes animals smart. |
0.990459 | Why is Ski pronounced without the "k" sound? Like "Shee"
I even checked my dictionary, and it appears to be the only word that starts with "sk" that doesn't pronounce the "k".
I know-isn't it weird?! A lot of words are pronunced differently to what they look like, or to what you would expect. Some words keep the pronunciation from their root word or from the language they originally came from. Like "computer" for example. The pronunciation in German is just like the English one, even though theoretically it should be pronunced more like "kompoota". The word "ski" has Indo-European roots and comes from "skei" to split. There is also the norwegian version which means "snowshoe".
This is one of the reasons why learning a new langauge is never boring, there is always something new to discover, something unexpected.
I guess in the case of "ski" it's acutally easier to say "shee" rather than "ski", it just flows better. |
0.999754 | Do VPNs provide sufficient protection over public wireless networks?
I know that VPNs are the standard way to secure communication between a remote user and their primary network, but I've never felt entirely comfortable relying on them when using an open wireless network, like at a coffee shop or airport. Even though I know the connection is encrypted, the fact that it can easily be sniffed makes me too nervous to connect to any important systems.
Is that fear unfounded, or is it a good idea to avoid transmitting sensitive information over the air, even when it's encrypted?
I guess the bottom line is, would you feel comfortable logging into your bank's website from a coffee shop, as long as it was tunneled through a VPN? (For the sake of simplicity, assume that the VPN is properly configured, physical security isn't an issue, etc... the scope of this question is just the VPN's role).
With due considerations to the recent developments in terms of PPTP based VPN connections that lead to compromise of data, usage of Wifi under a VPN is still highly secure for a number of reasons.
Firstly, if you're a casual user who's performing Internet Banking, the practical overhead of performing the exploit procedure and then the decryption of the captured data is quite significant. No local coffee shop hacker would do it, and professionals wouldn't be interested in spending his time on you.
Keep the sessions inside your VPN connection them self encrypted. ie. Don't use HTTP, use certified HTTPS, replace FTP by SFTP, etc.
VPNs are over-rated as per me. A good SSH tunnel configured properly works as a lower cost and light weight, easy to deploy solution for encryption. Plus you channel it through your rented server and if you have the need and resources you could for example, setup any custom modifications of the encryption procedure. I'm not encouraging obscurity, just saying you don't have to limit yourself to the current textbook compliance procedures and thus use infamous but more secure encryption techniques.
My point being, for banking, the chances of an attacker being able to break through a VPN encryption, then say a SSH tunnel and then finally your HTTPS web page traffic is extremely improbable, even for highly confidential EOW data.
And even then, banking sessions generally last for a few minutes at max. Apart from certain broken information, there would be no way in any practical banking system with even basic security to use that in order to steal money from you or hack you.
Yes, as long as good ciphers and protocols are used. However, the most popular VPN solution, PPTP with MS-CHAPv2 (Windows compatible PPTP), is considered insecure since a few days ago.
I'd recommend using OpenVPN with AES-256 and certificate authentication.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged encryption wifi vpn or ask your own question.
On public WiFi, how does a VPN/tunnel protect me more than secure protocols?
How much information/access could the owner of the router and Internet connection have (using his Wi-Fi with his permission)—and how to stop it?
What level of anonymity do VPNs provide?
Are open wireless networks unencrypted?
How does my internet look over a public wifi connection?
Could free VPNs with public credentials be decrypted by ISP? |
0.999862 | What is the meaning of the English word… MOTIONLESS?
1. The lion was motionless except for his tail swaying slowly back and forth.
2. They stood motionless as they watched the terrible fire.
3. He was motionless for such a long time I began to wonder if he was made of stone. |
0.986367 | Where Web 2.0 is focused on people, the Semantic Web is focused on machines. The Web requires a human operator, using computer systems to perform the tasks required to find, search and aggregate its information. It's impossible for a computer to do these tasks without human guidance because Web pages are specifically designed for human readers.
The Semantic Web is a project that aims to change that by presenting Web page data in such a way that it is understood by computers, enabling machines to do the searching, aggregating and combining of the Web's information — without a human operator.
Who Invented the Semantic Web?
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee is credited with the invention of the World Wide Web, when in 1980 he a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. In 1994 he founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Berners-Lee is also the motivation behind the idea of a Semantic Web where the idea was to turn the Web into a single repository of information instead of a vast collection of Web sites and pages.
The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web where information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.
The Semantic Web is the next "big deal" for the Web.
The Semantic Web is an evolving development of the World Wide Web which derives from World Wide Web Consortium director Sir Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange.
computer cannot accomplish the same tasks without human direction because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that is understandable by computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, sharing, and combining information on the web.
Semantic web is an effort to enhance current web so that computers can process the information presented on WWW, interpret and connect it, to help humans to find required knowledge.
The Semantic Web is a project that aims to change that by presenting Web page data in such a way that it is understood by computers, enabling machines to do the searching,aggregating and combining of the Web's information — without a human operator. |
0.991396 | Located in the region of Walloon in the Belgian province of Hainaut is the city of Mons, also known as Bergen to the Dutch and German. As with most large cities in Belgium, Mons comprises several smaller towns and communities of old, including Havre, Hyon, Obourg, Mesvin, Nouvelles, Saint-Denis, and Spiennes, to name a few. The city has been in existence since the Middle Ages, and many pieces of evidence from this time still remain. As the city grew, more architecture was added throughout the different eras, and the city is now rich with historic buildings from some very significant moments in history.
As one might imagine, the places of interest are plenty in Mons, Belgium. There are several attractions that many travel guides proclaim as the places to see, including the Grand Palace, City Hall, the collegiate church of Sainte-Waudru, and the Spanish House. Several eras of architecture are represented, including Gothic and baroque. There are also dozens of museums that showcase art by masters, and excellent musical centers. Culture is alive and well in Mons. Visitors are encouraged to plan trips around one of the numerous festivals that the city hosts, especially the Ducasse, which takes place on annually on Trinity Sunday.
Travel to the city of Mons, Belgium is made easy with the proximity of several airports. Travelers can arrive by daily flights to Brussels South Charleroi Airport, located about thirty-seven kilometers from the city center. Lille Airport is another nearby airport that services travelers to the area. Once there, buses and trains carry travelers to the city with regular schedules. The city also has a reliable public transportation system for sightseeing inside the town, including buses and a rail system. Taxis are also plentiful for any trips that are too far for walking distance, and bicycling is another popular way to tour the city. |
0.671266 | Born in São Paulo in 1950, Paulo Bellinati is one of Brazil's most accomplished contemporary guitarists. He studied classical guitar with Isaias Sávio and graduated from the Conservatory Dramático e Musical of São Paulo. From 1975 to 1980, Bellinati lived in Switzerland, continuing his musical studies at the Conservatory of Geneva and teaching at the Conservatory of Lausanne. He also performed with his own group in many European jazz festivals including the Montreux Jazz Festival, the Ozone Jazz in Neuchâtel, and the Festival du Bois de La Batîe in Geneva. Bellinati's active international career has taken him to Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Besides performing solo concerts and giving master classes in many international guitar festivals, he also tours with the American bassist Steve Swallow, the Brazilian singer Mônica Salmaso, the Brazilian flutist Antonio Carrasqueira, and some top European musicians including Renaud Garcia-Fons, Jean-Louis Matinier, Lucilla Galeazzi, and Antonio Placer. He has both recorded and performed with these and other important artists including Carla Bley, Gal Costa, Leila Pinheiro, João Bosco, Cesar Camargo Mariano, Edu Lobo, Chico Buarque, and Pau Brasil group. In 1994, he won the prestigious Prêmio Sharp, Brazil's equivalent of a Grammy, for arranging the selections on Gal Costa's CD "O Sorriso do Gato de Alice". Aside from being a performer and arranger, Bellinati is also a respected musical scholar. He rediscovered, transcribed and recorded the music of the great Brazilian guitarist-composer Annibal Augusto Sardinha (Garoto). His landmark recording "The Guitar Works of Garoto", and two-volume edition of Garoto's works have received international critical acclaim and recognition for their historical significance. The CD also received a 5-star rating from CD Review. As a composer, and multi-instrumentalist, Bellinati has written guitar solos, guitar and voice arrangements, guitar duos, trios, and quartets. Many of these works have been recorded on his albums "Guitares du Brésil", "Serenata", and "Lira Brasileira". "Afro-Sambas" with vocalist Mônica Salmaso features Paulo's arrangements of the complete afro-sambas by composers Baden Powell and Vinícius de Moraes, and was finalist for the 1997 Prêmio Sharp awards. Paulo Bellinati draws from the rich tradition of Brazil, and most of his compositions are written over Brazilian musical styles such as Lundu, Modinha, Schottisch, Choro, Seresta, Maxixe, Jongo, Samba, Baião, Maracatu, Frevo, and Xaxado. He has developed a contemporary approach to Brazilian folklore, enhancing traditional forms with modern compositional techniques and harmonies. His works have been recorded and performed by many important guitarists, including John Williams, The Los Angeles Guitar Quartet, Costas Cotsiolis, Quaternaglia, Badi Assad, The Assad Brothers, Cristina Azuma, Shinichi Fukuda, and Carlos Barbosa Lima. In 1988, Paulo Bellinati won first prize for composition with his solo guitar piece Jongo, at the 8th Carrefour Mondial de la Guitare in Martinique. In 1996, John Williams recorded Jongo (two guitars version) for his album "The Mantis and the Moon". In 1998 and 2000, The Los Angeles Guitar Quartet recorded two of Bellinati's pieces: A Furiosa and Baião de Gude on the albums L.A.G.Q. and Air & Ground. In 1998 Paulo Bellinati recorded his first video in the US, the Brazilian Guitar Virtuoso Video, performing and discussing his compositions. The video was produced and distributed worldwide by Mel Bay Publications. His most recent project, Paulo Bellinati plays Antonio Carlos Jobim, is another Mel Bay video/DVD released in 2002, which includes Bellinati's arrangements of some of the masterpieces of the great Brazilian composer Antonio Carlos Jobim. |
0.993777 | How do I attach a install a heavy ceiling fan so it won't fly or fall off?
If you have access over the light (an attic, for example) this is what I'd do. Leave the existing electrical box in place that the old light attached to. Watch for wires and drill a 1/2 inch hole or remove the knock out in the center of the box at the top. Get the appropriate length of 1/8" running pipe thread; these come in lengths from 1/2" up to 3'. At the bottom of the rod in the box, attach a spreader bar with a threaded hole already in it to accept the 1/8" pipe thread of the rod. It may be in the fan/light kit or you might have to buy it from a light shop. Attach the spreader bar to the two screws in the box with the rod sticking up through the box into the attic.
Go up into the attic and place 2 - 2x4s, on edge, with the rod between them. Screw a plywood scab over the top into the 2x4s to keep them together and put the washer on top of the scab. Fasten these 2x4s across the ceiling joists or truss bottom cord. You will notice that the fan has a steel safety wire to help support it as well. This wire should be fastened to the 2x4s for safety. Now the weight of the fan is supported by the joists or truss. This will hold a very heavy fan.
If you have to make a large hole around the box, you can install a rosette around the box later. They come in a variety of sizes and designs, giving an easy fix to a messy hole. |
0.987353 | This article is about the Interstate highway in Colorado and Nebraska. For the Interstate highway in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, see Interstate 76 (Ohio–New Jersey). For the 1997 video game, see Interstate '76.
Interstate 76 (I-76) is an Interstate Highway that runs from Interstate 70 in Arvada, Colorado (near Denver) to an intersection with Interstate 80 near Big Springs, Nebraska. All but 3 miles of the road's route is in Colorado.
Interstate 76 begins at an interchange with I-70 in Arvada. From I-70, the freeway heads east to an exit at SH 95, known as Sheridan Boulevard. The route heads northeastward across US 287, known as Federal Boulevard, to an interchange with I-25. Running roughly parallel to the nearby Clear Creek, I-76 meets another interchange, with Interstate 270 in North Washington, Colorado, where the Clear Creek joins the South Platte River, which is crossed by I-76. After an interchange at SH 224, I-76 joins US 85 and US 6 at Brighton Boulevard. Past Derby, US 85 veers away from I-76 at Dayton Way. The combined routes of US 6 and I-76 head northeastward, crossing SH 2, named Sable Boulevard, before meeting an exit at E-470, a toll road. Past E-470, the freeway exits the Denver-Aurora metropolitan area.
Passing just west of Barr Lake, the freeway heads northeastward east of Brighton. Near Lochbuie, the freeway crosses SH 7 before crossing into Weld County. I-76 meets SH 52 in Hudson, the next city along the freeway. Past Hudson, the combined routes of US 6 and I-76 turn slightly eastward into Keenesburg, which is served by a business loop (I-76 BUS). I-76 then turns northeast and east into Roggen, where it meets County Road 73. The highway heads away from the farmland it was formerly running through and traverses a large grassland area. Just south of the Empire Reservoir, the freeway turns back east, crossing into Morgan County within circular fields. Heading east, I-76 heads into Wiggins, near which I-76 joins US 34. The three combined routes head east through farms.
The freeway heads east toward Fort Morgan, spawning another business loop that carries US 34 away from I-76. The freeway heads east into Fort Morgan, meeting SH 52, now running again near the South Platte River. Still running between the South Platte River to the north and its business loop to the south, I-76 heads just north of Brush, where it meets a cloverleaf interchange with SH 71. US 34 veers away from the business loop as I-76 turns back east, crossing over the business loop, which does not terminate at the freeway. I-76 BUS carries US 6 toward Hillrose. Bypassing that city, I-76 traverses northeast into Washington County, with farms to the north along the river and grasslands to the south. Passing the Prewitt Reservoir, the freeway heads into Logan County. Heading northeasterly, the route crosses SH 63, which serves Atwood. I-76 BUS then enters Sterling, which is near I-76. The business loops turns abruptly east within the city, carrying US 6. US 6 continues past the interchange with the business route.
In Nebraska, I-76 stretches just over three miles (5 km). It is signed as a north–south direction as opposed to the east–west designation in Colorado. Its entire route is located in Deuel County, parallel to the South Platte River and U.S. Highway 138. Its only interchange is at Interstate 80, numbered exit 102 based on I-80's mileage.
Until 1975, both the western segment of Interstate 76 and a portion of the eastern Interstate 76 were signed as Interstate 80S. In July 1976, the already-completed route, I-80S, was renumbered to I-76 in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) policy to remove the letter suffixes from Interstate routes and to avoid the confusion of this route with Interstate 80. This prompted the replacement of around 500 signs in eliminating I-80S. The number, "76", has an association with 1876, the year Colorado was admitted as a state.
^ a b c d e Colorado Department of Transportation. "The History of I-76 in Colorado". Colorado Department of Transportation.
^ a b "Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book" (PDF). Nebraska Department of Roads. 2015. p. 190. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
^ Microsoft; Nokia (March 3, 2011). "I-76 in Colorado" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 76 (Colorado–Nebraska). |
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Retrieved b Kondolojy, Amanda (June 11, 2013).
You need to do some other things, try to steal the ball, try to play good defense, try to be effective.Click to View Full Image, chris Bosh #1 of the Miami Heat reacts in the fourth quarter after picking up his fifth foul against the San Antonio Spurs during Game Seven.(buzzer sounds) Game over!Miami became the sixth team to win consecutive NBA championships, joining the.San Antonio Spurs edit Main article: 201213 San Antonio Spurs season This was the San Antonio Spurs' fifth appearance in the NBA Finals, attempting to win their fifth NBA championship in team history.Spurs fined 250,000 for 'disservice'."espn Deportes Exclusive Presentation of NBA Finals".Green.( Chris Bosh blocks shot) blocked by Bosh!
The Heat has pulled off a comeback from down 3-1 before.
9 10 In 2010, Spurs president of basketball and head coach Gregg Popovich made a congratulatory phone call to Heat president Pat Riley for signing LeBron James and Chris Bosh to play with Dwyane Wade.
A b David Stern stumbles again in his failed culture war against the Spurs, fines franchise 250K "Gregg Popovich credits Pat Riley for building 'Big.
This series has been a lot about what we bring up here in our minds, too, and we got to be better up there.Miami Heat edit Main article: 201213 Miami Heat season This was the Miami Heat's fourth appearance in the NBA Finals and the third appearance for three straight years, attempting to win their third NBA championship.Chris Bosh was able to collect a key offensive rebound before passing to Ray Allen, who stepped backward and made a three-point basket from the right corner with.2 left to send the game into overtime."NBA Finals: Heat against Spurs".With Josh Richardson (sprained left shoulder) questionable for Game 5, Spoelstra said hes open to playing others who have had reduced roles like Tyler Johnson and Wayne Ellington more.Manu Ginóbili, making his first start of the season, had a strong performance with 24 points and 10 assists."Gregg Popovich congratulated Pat Riley on landing the Big Three The Basketball Jones Blogs m". |
0.98666 | Caballero makes how much a year? For this question we spent 30 hours on research (Wikipedia, Youtube, we read books in libraries, etc) to review the post.
:How tall is Caballero – 1,81m.
A knight (/na?t/) is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the Monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback. Since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to the country.Historically, the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France, the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth', s Historia Regum Britanniae (", History of the Kings of Britain", ), written in the 1130s. Sir Thomas Malory', s Le Morte d', Arthur (", The Death of Arthur", ), written in 1485, was important in defining the ideal of chivalry which is essential to the modern concept of the knight as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith, loyalty, courage, and honour. Furthermore, Geoffroi de Charny', s ", Book of Chivalry", expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a Knights life. During the Renaissance, the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature, growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes', Don Quixote. This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes', world. In the late medieval period, new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many nations.Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have become the subject of legend, others have disappeared into obscurity. Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries, such as the English Order of the Garter, the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim, and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement.Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier and related terms (see Etymology section below). The special prestige given to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world, and the Greek hippeus (??????) and the Roman eques of Classical Antiquity. |
0.90433 | Greater Sudbury Time zone: EDT - Eastern Daylight Time.
When DST ends, the time zone in Greater Sudbury will return to EST (Eastern Standard Time).
Afghanistan - Kabul Kabul is 8 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Albania - Tirane Tirane is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Algeria - Algiers Algiers is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
American Samoa - Pago Pago Pago Pago is 7 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Andorra - Andorra La Vella Andorra La Vella is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Angola - Luanda Luanda is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Anguilla - The Valley There is no time difference between The Valley and Greater Sudbury.
Antigua and Barbuda - Saint Johns There is no time difference between Saint Johns and Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Buenos Aires - La Plata La Plata is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Buenos Aires - Mar del Plata Mar del Plata is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Mendoza - Mendoza Mendoza is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Salta - Salta Salta is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Santa Fe - Rosario Rosario is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Argentina - Tucuman - Tucuman Tucuman is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Armenia - Yerevan Yerevan is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Aruba - Oranjestad There is no time difference between Oranjestad and Greater Sudbury.
Australia - ACT - Canberra Canberra is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Christmas Island - The Settlement The Settlement is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Lord Howe Island - Lord Howe Island Lord Howe Island is 14 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - New South Wales - Sydney Sydney is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Northern Territory - Darwin Darwin is 13 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Queensland - Brisbane Brisbane is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - South Australia - Adelaide Adelaide is 13 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Tasmania - Hobart Hobart is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Victoria - Melbourne Melbourne is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Australia - Western Australia - Perth Perth is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Austria - Salzburg Salzburg is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Austria - Vienna Vienna is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Azerbaijan - Baku Baku is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bahamas - Nassau There is no time difference between Nassau and Greater Sudbury.
Bahrain - Manama Manama is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bangladesh - Chittagong Chittagong is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bangladesh - Dhaka Dhaka is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bangladesh - Khulna Khulna is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Barbados - Bridgetown There is no time difference between Bridgetown and Greater Sudbury.
Belarus - Minsk Minsk is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Belgium - Brussels Brussels is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Belize - Belmopan Belmopan is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Benin - Porto Novo Porto Novo is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bermuda - Hamilton (Bermuda) Hamilton (Bermuda) is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bhutan - Thimphu Thimphu is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bolivia - La Paz There is no time difference between La Paz and Greater Sudbury.
Bosnia Herzegovina - Sarajevo Sarajevo is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Botswana - Gaborone Gaborone is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Acre - Rio Branco Rio Branco is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Amazonas - Manaus There is no time difference between Manaus and Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Bahia - Salvador Salvador is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Distrito Federal - Brasilia Brasilia is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Pernambuco - Fernando de Noronha Fernando de Noronha is 2 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Pernambuco - Recife Recife is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre Porto Alegre is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Brazil - Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo Sao Paulo is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
British Virgin Islands - Tortola - Road Town There is no time difference between Road Town and Greater Sudbury.
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan Bandar Seri Begawan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Bulgaria - Sofia Sofia is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou Ouagadougou is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Burundi - Bujumbura Bujumbura is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cambodia - Phnom Penh Phnom Penh is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cameroon - Yaounde Yaounde is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Alberta - Calgary Calgary is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Alberta - Edmonton Edmonton is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - British Columbia - Surrey Surrey is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - British Columbia - Vancouver Vancouver is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - British Columbia - Victoria Victoria is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Manitoba - Winnipeg Winnipeg is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - New Brunswick - Saint John Saint John is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador - St. Johns St. Johns is 1 hour, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Northwest Territories - Yellowknife Yellowknife is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Nova Scotia - Halifax Halifax is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Nunavut Territory - Iqaluit There is no time difference between Iqaluit and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Brampton There is no time difference between Brampton and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Hamilton (Canada) There is no time difference between Hamilton (Canada) and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - London (Canada) There is no time difference between London (Canada) and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Markham There is no time difference between Markham and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Mississauga There is no time difference between Mississauga and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Ottawa There is no time difference between Ottawa and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Toronto There is no time difference between Toronto and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Ontario - Windsor There is no time difference between Windsor and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Pr.Edward I - Charlottetown Charlottetown is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Quebec - Gatineau There is no time difference between Gatineau and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Quebec - Laval There is no time difference between Laval and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Quebec - Longueuil There is no time difference between Longueuil and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Quebec - Montreal There is no time difference between Montreal and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Quebec - Quebec There is no time difference between Quebec and Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Saskatchewan - Regina Regina is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Saskatchewan - Saskatoon Saskatoon is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Canada - Yukon Territory - Whitehorse Whitehorse is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Cape Verde - Praia Praia is 3 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cayman Islands - George Town(Cayman Islands) George Town(Cayman Islands) is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Central African Republic - Bangui Bangui is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Chad - Ndjamena Ndjamena is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Chile - Easter Island Easter Island is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Chile - Santiago There is no time difference between Santiago and Greater Sudbury.
China - Beijing Municipality - Beijing Beijing is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Chongqing Municipality - Chongqing Chongqing is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Fujian - Foochow Foochow is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Gansu - Lanchow Lanchow is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Guangdong - Shenzhen Shenzhen is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Guizhou - Guiyang Guiyang is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Hebei - Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Hebei - Tangshan Tangshan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Heilongjiang - Harbin Harbin is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Heilongjiang - Qiqihar Qiqihar is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Henan - Luoyang Luoyang is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Henan - Zhengzhou Zhengzhou is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Hubei - Wuhan Wuhan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Hunan - Changsha Changsha is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Inner Mongolia - Baotou Baotou is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Jiangxi - Nanchang Nanchang is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Jilin - Changchun Changchun is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Jilin - Jilin Jilin is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Liaoning - Anshan Anshan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Liaoning - Dalian Dalian is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Liaoning - Fushun Fushun is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Liaoning - Jinzhou Jinzhou is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Macau - Macau Macau is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shaanxi - Sian Sian is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shandong - Jinan Jinan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shandong - Tsingtao Tsingtao is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shandong - Zibo Zibo is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shanghai Municipality - Shanghai Shanghai is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Shanxi - Taiyuan Taiyuan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Sichuan - Chengdu Chengdu is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Tianjin Municipality - Tianjin Tianjin is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Tibet - Lhasa Lhasa is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Yunnan - Kunming Kunming is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
China - Zhejiang - Hangzhou Hangzhou is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Colombia - Bogota Bogota is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Colombia - Cali Cali is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Colombia - Medellin Medellin is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Comoros - Moroni Moroni is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Congo - Brazzaville Brazzaville is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Congo Dem. Rep. - Kinshasa Kinshasa is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Congo Dem. Rep. - Lubumbashi Lubumbashi is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cook Islands - Rarotonga Rarotonga is 6 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Costa Rica - San Jose (Costa Rica) San Jose (Costa Rica) is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Cote dIvoire - Abidjan Abidjan is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cote dIvoire - Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Croatia - Zagreb Zagreb is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Cuba - Havana There is no time difference between Havana and Greater Sudbury.
Curacao - Willemstad There is no time difference between Willemstad and Greater Sudbury.
Cyprus - Nicosia Nicosia is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Czech Republic - Prague Prague is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Denmark - Copenhagen Copenhagen is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Djibouti - Djibouti Djibouti is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Dominica - Roseau There is no time difference between Roseau and Greater Sudbury.
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo There is no time difference between Santo Domingo and Greater Sudbury.
Ecuador - Galapagos Islands Galapagos Islands is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Ecuador - Guayaquil Guayaquil is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Ecuador - Quito Quito is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Egypt - Al Jizah Al Jizah is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Egypt - Alexandria Alexandria is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Egypt - Cairo Cairo is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
El Salvador - San Salvador San Salvador is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
El Salvador - Santa Ana Santa Ana is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo Malabo is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Eritrea - Asmara Asmara is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Estonia - Tallinn Tallinn is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Falkland Islands - Stanley Stanley is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Faroe Islands - Faroe Islands - Torshavn Torshavn is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Fiji - Suva Suva is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Finland - Helsinki Helsinki is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
France - Nice Nice is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
France - Paris Paris is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
France - Corsica - Bastia Bastia is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
French Guiana - Cayenne Cayenne is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
French Polynesia - Gambier Islands Gambier Islands is 5 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
French Polynesia - Marquesas Islands - Taiohae Taiohae is 5 hours, 30 minutes behind Greater Sudbury.
French Polynesia - Tahiti - Papeete Papeete is 6 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
French Southern Territories - Port-aux-Francais Port-aux-Francais is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Gabon - Libreville Libreville is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Gambia - Banjul Banjul is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Gaza Strip - Gaza Gaza is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Georgia - Tbilisi Tbilisi is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - Baden-Wurttemberg - Stuttgart Stuttgart is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - Bavaria - Munich Munich is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - Berlin - Berlin Berlin is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - Hamburg - Hamburg Hamburg is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - Hesse - Frankfurt Frankfurt is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Germany - North Rhine-Westphalia - Dusseldorf Dusseldorf is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Ghana - Accra Accra is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Gibraltar - Gibraltar Gibraltar is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Greece - Athens Athens is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Greenland - Nuuk Nuuk is 2 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Grenada - Saint Georges There is no time difference between Saint Georges and Greater Sudbury.
Guadeloupe - Basse-Terre There is no time difference between Basse-Terre and Greater Sudbury.
Guatemala - Guatemala Guatemala is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Guinea - Conakry Conakry is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Guinea Bissau - Bissau Bissau is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Guyana - Georgetown There is no time difference between Georgetown and Greater Sudbury.
Haiti - Port-au-Prince There is no time difference between Port-au-Prince and Greater Sudbury.
Honduras - Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Hong Kong - Hong Kong Hong Kong is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Hong Kong - Kowloon Kowloon is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Hungary - Budapest Budapest is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iceland - Reykjavik Reykjavik is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Andhra Pradesh - Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Bihar - Patna Patna is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Chandigarh - Chandigarh Chandigarh is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Delhi - New Delhi New Delhi is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Gujarat - Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Gujarat - Surat Surat is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Gujarat - Vadodara Vadodara is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Karnataka - Bangalore Bangalore is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Madhya Pradesh - Indore Indore is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Maharashtra - Mumbai Mumbai is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Maharashtra - Nagpur Nagpur is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Maharashtra - Pune Pune is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Orissa - Bhubaneshwar Bhubaneshwar is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Punjab - Ludhiana Ludhiana is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Rajasthan - Jaipur Jaipur is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Tamil Nadu - Chennai Chennai is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Telangana - Hyderabad Hyderabad is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Agra Agra is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur Kanpur is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow Lucknow is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - Uttar Pradesh - Varanasi Varanasi is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
India - West Bengal - Kolkata Kolkata is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Bali - Denpasar Denpasar is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Bali - Singaraja Singaraja is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Bandung Bandung is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Jakarta Jakarta is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Malang Malang is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Semarang Semarang is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Surabaya Surabaya is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Java - Surakarta Surakarta is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Kalimantan - Balikpapan Balikpapan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Lombok - Mataram Mataram is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Papua - Jayapura Jayapura is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Sumatra - Medan Medan is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - Sumatra - Palembang Palembang is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Indonesia - East Nusa Tenggara - Kupang Kupang is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iran - Esfahan Esfahan is 8 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iran - Tehran Tehran is 8 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iran - Yazd Yazd is 8 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iraq - Baghdad Baghdad is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Iraq - Basra Basra is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Ireland - Dublin Dublin is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Israel - Jerusalem Jerusalem is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Israel - Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Italy - Milan Milan is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Italy - Naples Naples is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Italy - Rome Rome is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Italy - Turin Turin is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Italy - Venice Venice is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Jamaica - Kingston (Jamaica) Kingston (Jamaica) is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Fukuoka Fukuoka is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Hiroshima Hiroshima is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Kawasaki Kawasaki is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Kitakyushu Kitakyushu is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Kobe Kobe is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Kyoto Kyoto is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Nagoya Nagoya is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Okayama Okayama is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Osaka Osaka is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Sapporo Sapporo is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Sendai Sendai is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Tokyo Tokyo is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Japan - Yokohama Yokohama is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Jordan - Amman Amman is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kazakhstan - Almaty Almaty is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kazakhstan - Aqtau Aqtau is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kazakhstan - Aqtobe Aqtobe is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kazakhstan - Astana Astana is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kenya - Nairobi Nairobi is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kiribati - Tarawa Tarawa is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kiribati - Christmas Islands - Kiritimati Kiritimati is 18 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kiribati - Phoenix Islands - Rawaki Rawaki is 17 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kosovo - Pristina Pristina is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kuwait - Kuwait City Kuwait City is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Bishkek is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Laos - Vientiane Vientiane is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Latvia - Riga Riga is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Lebanon - Beirut Beirut is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Lesotho - Maseru Maseru is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Liberia - Monrovia Monrovia is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Libya - Tripoli Tripoli is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Liechtenstein - Vaduz Vaduz is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Lithuania - Kaunas Kaunas is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Lithuania - Vilnius Vilnius is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Luxembourg - Luxembourg Luxembourg is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Macedonia - Skopje Skopje is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Madagascar - Antananarivo Antananarivo is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Malawi - Lilongwe Lilongwe is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Maldives - Male Male is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mali - Bamako Bamako is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Malta - Valletta Valletta is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Marshall Islands - Majuro Majuro is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Martinique - Fort-de-France There is no time difference between Fort-de-France and Greater Sudbury.
Mauritania - Nouakchott Nouakchott is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mauritius - Port Louis Port Louis is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mayotte - Mamoutzou Mamoutzou is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Aguascalientes - Aguascalientes Aguascalientes is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Baja California - Mexicali Mexicali is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Baja California - Tijuana Tijuana is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Chihuahua - Chihuahua Chihuahua is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Federal District - Mexico City Mexico City is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Guanajuato - Leon Leon is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Guerrero - Acapulco Acapulco is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Jalisco - Guadalajara Guadalajara is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Nuevo Leon - Monterrey Monterrey is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Quintana Roo - Cancun Cancun is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - San Luis Potosi - San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Sinaloa - Mazatlan Mazatlan is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Veracruz - Veracruz Veracruz is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Mexico - Yucatan - Merida Merida is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Micronesia - Pohnpei - Palikir Palikir is 15 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Moldova - Kishinev Kishinev is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Monaco - Monaco Monaco is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mongolia - Choibalsan Choibalsan is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mongolia - Hovd Hovd is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar Ulaanbaatar is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Montenegro - Podgorica Podgorica is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Montserrat - Brades There is no time difference between Brades and Greater Sudbury.
Morocco - Casablanca Casablanca is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Morocco - Rabat Rabat is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Morocco - Tangier Tangier is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Mozambique - Maputo Maputo is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Myanmar - Yangon Yangon is 10 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Namibia - Windhoek Windhoek is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nauru - Yaren Yaren is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nepal - Kathmandu Kathmandu is 9 hours, 45 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Netherlands - Amsterdam Amsterdam is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Netherlands - Rotterdam Rotterdam is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
New Caledonia - New Caledonia - Noumea Noumea is 15 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
New Zealand - Auckland Auckland is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
New Zealand - Chatham Island Chatham Island is 16 hours, 45 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
New Zealand - Christchurch Christchurch is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
New Zealand - Wellington Wellington is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nicaragua - Managua Managua is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Niger - Niamey Niamey is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nigeria - Abuja Abuja is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nigeria - Kano Nigeria Kano Nigeria is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Nigeria - Lagos Lagos is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Niue - Alofi Alofi is 7 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Norfolk Island - Kingston Kingston is 15 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
North Korea - Pyongyang Pyongyang is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Norway - Oslo Oslo is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Oman - Muscat Muscat is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Faisalabad Faisalabad is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Islamabad Islamabad is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Karachi Karachi is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Lahore Lahore is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Peshawar Peshawar is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pakistan - Sialkot Sialkot is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Palau - Koror Koror is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Panama - Panama Panama is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby Port Moresby is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Paraguay - Asuncion There is no time difference between Asuncion and Greater Sudbury.
Peru - Lima - Lima Lima is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
Philippines - Cebu City Cebu City is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Philippines - Manila Manila is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Pitcairn Islands - Adamstown Adamstown is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Gdansk Gdansk is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Krakow Krakow is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Lodz Lodz is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Poznan Poznan is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Szczecin Szczecin is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Warsaw Warsaw is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Poland - Wroclaw Wroclaw is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Portugal - Azores Azores is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Portugal - Lisbon Lisbon is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Portugal - Porto Porto is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Portugal - Madeira - Funchal Funchal is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Puerto Rico - San Juan There is no time difference between San Juan and Greater Sudbury.
Qatar - Doha Doha is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Reunion (French) - Saint-Denis Saint-Denis is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Romania - Bucharest Bucharest is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Anadyr Anadyr is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Kaliningrad Kaliningrad is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Kazan Kazan is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Moscow Moscow is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Murmansk Murmansk is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Novgorod Novgorod is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Omsk Omsk is 10 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Perm Perm is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Saint-Petersburg Saint-Petersburg is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Samara Samara is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Sochi Sochi is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Ufa Ufa is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Vladivostok Vladivostok is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Russia - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is 15 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Rwanda - Kigali Kigali is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre There is no time difference between Basseterre and Greater Sudbury.
Saint Lucia - Castries There is no time difference between Castries and Greater Sudbury.
Saint Vincent Grenadines - Kingstown There is no time difference between Kingstown and Greater Sudbury.
Samoa - Apia Apia is 17 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
San Marino - San Marino San Marino is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome Sao Tome is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Saudi Arabia - Jeddah Jeddah is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Saudi Arabia - Mecca Mecca is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh Riyadh is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Senegal - Dakar Dakar is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Serbia - Belgrade Belgrade is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Seychelles - Victoria (Seychelles) Victoria (Seychelles) is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Sierra Leone - Freetown Freetown is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Singapore - Singapore Singapore is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Slovakia - Bratislava Bratislava is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Slovenia - Ljubljana Ljubljana is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Solomon Islands - Honiara Honiara is 15 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Somalia - Mogadishu Mogadishu is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Africa - Cape Town Cape Town is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Africa - Durban Durban is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Africa - Johannesburg Johannesburg is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Africa - Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Africa - Pretoria Pretoria is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Korea - Busan Busan is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Korea - Incheon Incheon is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Korea - Seoul Seoul is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Korea - Taegu Taegu is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
South Sudan - Juba Juba is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - Cordoba Cordoba is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - La Coruna La Coruna is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - Madrid Madrid is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - Barcelona - Barcelona Barcelona is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - Canary Islands - Las Palmas Las Palmas is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Spain - Majorca - Palma Palma is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Sri Lanka - Colombo Colombo is 9 hours, 30 minutes ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Sudan - Khartoum Khartoum is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Suriname - Paramaribo Paramaribo is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
eSwatini - Mbabane Mbabane is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Sweden - Stockholm Stockholm is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Switzerland - Basel Basel is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Switzerland - Bern Bern is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Switzerland - Geneva Geneva is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Switzerland - Lausanne Lausanne is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Switzerland - Zurich Zurich is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Syria - Damascus Damascus is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Taiwan - Kaohsiung Kaohsiung is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Taiwan - Taipei Taipei is 12 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tajikistan - Dushanbe Dushanbe is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tanzania - Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tanzania - Dodoma Dodoma is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Thailand - Bangkok Bangkok is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Thailand - Khon Kaen Khon Kaen is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Timor Leste - Dili Dili is 13 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Togo - Lome Lome is 4 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tokelau - Tokelau - Fakaofo Fakaofo is 18 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tonga - Nukualofa Nukualofa is 17 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Trinidad and Tobago - Port of Spain There is no time difference between Port of Spain and Greater Sudbury.
Tunisia - Tunis Tunis is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Turkey - Ankara Ankara is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Turkey - Istanbul Istanbul is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Turkey - Izmir Izmir is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat Ashgabat is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Tuvalu - Funafuti Funafuti is 16 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UAE - Abu Dhabi - Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UAE - Dubai - Dubai Dubai is 8 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Uganda - Kampala Kampala is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - England - Birmingham (UK) Birmingham (UK) is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - England - Liverpool Liverpool is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - England - London London is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - England - Southampton Southampton is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - Northern Ireland - Belfast Belfast is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - Scotland - Edinburgh Edinburgh is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - Scotland - Glasgow Glasgow is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
UK - Wales - Cardiff Cardiff is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Ukraine - Kiev Kiev is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Ukraine - Odesa Odesa is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Uruguay - Montevideo Montevideo is 1 hour ahead of Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alabama - Birmingham (US) Birmingham (US) is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alabama - Mobile Mobile is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alabama - Montgomery Montgomery is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Adak Adak is 5 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Anchorage Anchorage is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Fairbanks Fairbanks is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Juneau Juneau is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Nome Nome is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Alaska - Unalaska Unalaska is 4 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Arizona - Mesa Mesa is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Arizona - Phoenix Phoenix is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Arizona - Tucson Tucson is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Arkansas - Little Rock Little Rock is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Anaheim Anaheim is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Fresno Fresno is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Long Beach Long Beach is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Los Angeles Los Angeles is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Oakland Oakland is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Riverside Riverside is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Sacramento Sacramento is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - San Bernardino San Bernardino is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - San Diego San Diego is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - San Francisco San Francisco is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - San Jose San Jose is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - California - Stockton Stockton is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Colorado - Aurora Aurora is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Colorado - Denver Denver is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Connecticut - Hartford There is no time difference between Hartford and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Delaware - Dover There is no time difference between Dover and Greater Sudbury.
USA - District of Columbia - Washington DC There is no time difference between Washington DC and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - Jacksonville There is no time difference between Jacksonville and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - Miami There is no time difference between Miami and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - Orlando There is no time difference between Orlando and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - Pensacola Pensacola is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - St. Petersburg There is no time difference between St. Petersburg and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Florida - Tampa There is no time difference between Tampa and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Georgia - Atlanta There is no time difference between Atlanta and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Hawaii - Honolulu Honolulu is 6 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Idaho - Boise Boise is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Illinois - Chicago Chicago is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Indiana - Indianapolis There is no time difference between Indianapolis and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Iowa - Des Moines Des Moines is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Kansas - Topeka Topeka is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Kansas - Wichita Wichita is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Kentucky - Frankfort There is no time difference between Frankfort and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Kentucky - Lexington-Fayette There is no time difference between Lexington-Fayette and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Kentucky - Louisville There is no time difference between Louisville and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Louisiana - Baton Rouge Baton Rouge is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Louisiana - New Orleans New Orleans is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Maine - Augusta There is no time difference between Augusta and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Mariana Islands - Guam Guam is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
USA - Maryland - Baltimore There is no time difference between Baltimore and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Massachusetts - Boston There is no time difference between Boston and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Michigan - Detroit There is no time difference between Detroit and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Minnesota - Minneapolis Minneapolis is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Minnesota - Saint Paul Saint Paul is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Mississippi - Jackson Jackson is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Missouri - Jefferson City Jefferson City is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Missouri - Kansas City Kansas City is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Missouri - St. Louis St. Louis is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Montana - Billings Billings is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Montana - Helena Helena is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Nevada - Carson City Carson City is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Nevada - Las Vegas Las Vegas is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Hampshire - Concord There is no time difference between Concord and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Jersey - Jersey City There is no time difference between Jersey City and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Jersey - Newark There is no time difference between Newark and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Jersey - Trenton There is no time difference between Trenton and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Mexico - Albuquerque Albuquerque is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - New Mexico - Santa Fe Santa Fe is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - New York - Albany There is no time difference between Albany and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New York - Buffalo There is no time difference between Buffalo and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New York - New York There is no time difference between New York and Greater Sudbury.
USA - New York - Rochester There is no time difference between Rochester and Greater Sudbury.
USA - North Carolina - Charlotte There is no time difference between Charlotte and Greater Sudbury.
USA - North Carolina - Raleigh There is no time difference between Raleigh and Greater Sudbury.
USA - North Dakota - Bismarck Bismarck is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Northern Mariana Islands - Saipan Saipan is 14 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
USA - Ohio - Akron There is no time difference between Akron and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Ohio - Cincinnati There is no time difference between Cincinnati and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Ohio - Cleveland There is no time difference between Cleveland and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Ohio - Columbus There is no time difference between Columbus and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Ohio - Toledo There is no time difference between Toledo and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Oklahoma - Oklahoma City Oklahoma City is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Oregon - Portland Portland is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Oregon - Salem Salem is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Pennsylvania - Harrisburg There is no time difference between Harrisburg and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Pennsylvania - Philadelphia There is no time difference between Philadelphia and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Pennsylvania - Pittsburgh There is no time difference between Pittsburgh and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Rhode Island - Providence There is no time difference between Providence and Greater Sudbury.
USA - South Carolina - Columbia There is no time difference between Columbia and Greater Sudbury.
USA - South Dakota - Pierre Pierre is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - South Dakota - Sioux Falls Sioux Falls is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Tennessee - Knoxville There is no time difference between Knoxville and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Tennessee - Memphis Memphis is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Tennessee - Nashville Nashville is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - Arlington Arlington is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - Austin Austin is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - Dallas Dallas is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - El Paso El Paso is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - Fort Worth Fort Worth is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - Houston Houston is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Texas - San Antonio San Antonio is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Utah - Salt Lake City Salt Lake City is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Vermont - Montpelier There is no time difference between Montpelier and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Virginia - Norfolk There is no time difference between Norfolk and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Virginia - Richmond There is no time difference between Richmond and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Virginia - Virginia Beach There is no time difference between Virginia Beach and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Washington - Seattle Seattle is 3 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - West Virginia - Charleston There is no time difference between Charleston and Greater Sudbury.
USA - Wisconsin - Madison Madison is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Wisconsin - Milwaukee Milwaukee is 1 hour behind Greater Sudbury.
USA - Wyoming - Cheyenne Cheyenne is 2 hours behind Greater Sudbury.
Uzbekistan - Tashkent Tashkent is 9 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Vanuatu - Port Vila Port Vila is 15 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Vatican City State - Vatican City Vatican City is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Venezuela - Caracas There is no time difference between Caracas and Greater Sudbury.
Vietnam - Hanoi Hanoi is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh is 11 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
West Bank - Bethlehem Bethlehem is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Western Sahara - El Aaiun El Aaiun is 5 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Yemen - Aden Aden is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Yemen - Sana Sana is 7 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Zambia - Lusaka Lusaka is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury.
Zimbabwe - Harare Harare is 6 hours ahead of Greater Sudbury. |
0.917071 | In "Titanic" Slavitt uses middle to informal diction. His choice of language is simple and uncomplicated, as is the poem itself. He poses questions in the opening lines instead of simply stating, Everyone loves the Titanic. This serves to ask the reader if he or she would buy a ticket to the doomed ship. While the speaker of the poem does ask a question, the speaker's words are not informal enough to sound like a conversation.
The word "crossing" in the second line has two meanings. The denotative meaning would be the actual crossing of the ocean by the ship. However crossing also has a connotative meaning. When people die it is sometimes called crossing over. So the connotative meaning of the word crossing is death. The same is true for the word down in the fourth line. The denotative meaning would be the physical downward sinking of the ship and again the connotative meaning of going down would be death.
In lines five and six, Slavitt lists the things that the passengers die with: "people, friends, servants, well fed, with music, with lights!" The quick listing of these luxuries (followed by "Ah!") sweeps one up in the romance of the famed elegance of the trip and its prestige, almost overshadowing the impending doom. The phrase "the world, shocked, mourns, as it ought to do and almost never does" somewhat dismisses the mourning of the world as obligatory and without true emotion. Giving our grandchildren a good cry is almost humorous in its lack of passion. Eventually, the passengers meet their fate in the water, "which really isnt so bad, after all." The description of the speaker's death is very detached-he is simply musing on his situation. The repetition of the phrase "We all go" refers again to death. This means that we all must die at one point, and the death of those on the Titanic was respectable and prestigious.
The mood of the poem should be morose, as it concerns a great tragedy; however, it is wistful and almost lighthearted. The tone is rather happy and celebratory. The question, "Who does not love the Titanic?" shows that the speaker loves the ship. The two exclamation points in the sixth line, "with lights! Ah!" enforce the festive tone.
In the poem "Titanic" Slavitt uses different images in order to appeal to our senses that allows the poem to have more depth. Some of the senses Slavitt uses are: sight, hearing, touch, and another that is not a sense, but gives an image which is feelings.
The first line of the poem displays the word love which evokes emotional feelings. I know that emotional feelings are not one of our five senses, but feelings of love do inflict an image.
The second and third line describes how, if people got a chance to ride again, who would not jump at that opportunity, and I feel that this is evoking sight and emotions because they are not only visualizing the opportunity, but their emotions are also being activated when thinking of how they would feel if the opportunity arose.
The next 4th, 5th, and 6th lines activate sensations of sight, and hearing. I say this because of the phrase: "crowds of people, friends, servants, well fed, with music, with lights! Ah!" This evokes these emotions in myself because I'm thinking of the music and visualizing what is taking place.
The 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th line evokes feelings as well as sight. When reading about the mourning people and how there are no books for the grandchildren to read to "give them a good cry" I visualize all of this, but it also evokes feelings of sadness for the people lost.
The next three lines, 11-13, evokes feelings of touch and hearing. I say this because the "cold water is anesthetic" involves touch. We all know how cold water feels and what happens if you are in it too long, which makes us think about this as we read this passage. The phrase "cries on all sides" activates hearing. We can only imagine all of the cries that were taking place.
The last line activates sight, "we all go: only a few, first-class."
Metaphors: "The cold water is anesthetic and very quick," comparing the temperature of the water to anesthetic makes the story of the poem more personal. We all at some time in life have experienced cold water and anesthetic. We know both anesthetic and cold water numbs your body.
Personification: I am going out on a limb here with this one. Who does not love the Titanic? love is a human characteristic and the titanic is an object. The author is connecting peoples love for this non-human object, the titanic. And the cries on all sides must be a comfort crying is a human characteristic and all sides, which I believe means the different classes of people- rich, poor, and middle class- that are on the boat. |
0.999803 | I once read an article in which the psyche of a new-born baby was likened to that of someone who is falling in love for the first time in Paris, every single day. In other words, as a baby one has to cope with almost continual sensory and emotional overload: every experience is new, every object is mysterious and every interaction with another human being is potentially revelatory, or ecstatic, or heartbreaking. As M Jr reaches her first birthday, I often wonder what she is thinking or how she feels, and because, like most people, I can't remember any further back in my own lifetime than when I was three or four years old, whatever I come up with can amount to little more than speculation.
The kind of people who can - or who claim that they can - remember what it was like to be a baby are often prodigies; or rather, prodigies often claim that they can remember what it was like to be a baby, and I wonder if this doesn't have something to do with language. For while the whole 'falling in love for the first time in Paris' thing probably settles down a little once we learn to walk and talk - which even for ordinary folk happens when we are about a year old - we do not acquire a sophisticated enough grasp of language to describe what we are doing until a good while later: quite possibly, you could argue, at around the point we begin to retain the memories that will stay with us for the rest of our lives.
If you try to describe what you are doing as you read this blog post, for example, you might say something like, 'I am sitting at my computer, with a cup of tea on the desk and my mobile phone next to it. It's a sunny day outside and the post has just landed on the doormat.' Ask a four year old to describe what they are doing and you might hear something like this: 'I'm bored. I'm playing with a cuddly toy. I'm bored again. I want to eat an ice cream. I fell over. It hurts. I'm bored again. I want to eat another ice cream,' etc etc. Attempting to put yourself in the place of a baby, however, is a lot harder both for you and for the baby. The impressions themselves might be: 'Bright light! Strange funny coloured object! Tastes weird! Where's mummy? Strange funny coloured food! Yuck! Spit it out! Cry!' and so on. The thing is, though, babies do not yet posses even such a basic vocabulary as this, so even if, for example, they know roughly what a cat is and recognise it as such when they see one, they haven't yet learned a word to assign to it, and it is my theory that until this happens, their memory of seeing the cat, or of stroking it or hearing it purr, is perhaps less likely to attach itself to their synapses in such a way that that memory will still be there in six years' or even six minutes' time.
The other day at her grandparents' house, M Jr climbed the staircase to the first floor and made her way into otoh-san's study, where the two of us kept an eye on her as she crawled around and investigated the various objects there: a stereo, a mosquito repelling gizmo, an alarm clock, some old newspapers, an empty cassette case and so on. To you or I, an empty cassette case would be nothing more than a hunk of plastic - and an out-of-date hunk of plastic at that - but to M Jr it is a thing of wonder: it is hard, partly smooth and partly textured, half black and half transparent; it makes an impressively loud noise if you bang it against something or drop it on the floor, and if you can prise it open, it essentially becomes another object altogether with a completely different shape. Perhaps the only mundane thing about it is that it doesn't taste of anything, although that certainly didn't stop M Jr from coating it with drool (in the same way that dogs have a highly developed sense of smell, so a baby's mouth is more sensitive relative to their eyes and hands, hence M Jr's tendency to give pretty much any new object an exploratory chew, where the rest of us would instead pick it up and look at it).
As a parent, one aspires to creating a stimulating environment for one's child, and to providing them with as many and varied experiences as possible, but it seems to me that - up to a point, at least - a baby would be sufficiently stimulated even if he or she was in a completely empty room with white walls, a white floor, a white ceiling and no furniture. Well, OK, I suppose they would at least need an old, empty cassette case to keep themselves occupied, but you get the idea. By the same token, it appears to be possible to create a child prodigy simply by bombarding them with stimuli and forcing them to work, study and practice as much as possible whatever skills you want them to be good at. A recent TV programme here in Japan followed a few such parents, one of whom has her son complete listening tests in Japanese and English simultaneously, while another plays recordings of history lectures and works of literature to her daughters at double the normal speed. Regardless of how they may be developing emotionally, these children do indeed seem to be benefitting from their parents' zeal, and to embody the theory that so long as they are brought up in the correct environment - or rather, in a particular kind of environment - any child has the potential to excel.
I couldn't help feeling as I watched the programme, though, that raising a prodigy requires a huge amount of effort on the part of both parent and child, and more to the point, that such effort is way beyond a lazy git like me (I'm not going to accuse her of being a lazy git in print, but Mrs M freely admitted to feeling the same way). The fact is, even bringing up a contented and comparatively problem-free daughter leaves Mrs M in particular in an almost permanent state of exhaustion. Even though I am at work for most of the day, and even though Mrs M is the one who gets out of bed in the small hours to give M Jr her bottle of milk, I too am tired most of the time. Much as I would like to play classical music to M Jr, or read to her from Wikipedia, or teach her English using flashcards, puzzles and CDs, it's as much as I can do to look on and say, 'Is that interesting?' when she's waving an old cassette case around, or 'Do you like Michael Buble, then?' when we're listening to music in the car, or 'That's a cute doggy, isn't it?' when the next-door neighbour's pet poodle walks past.
This isn't to say that I find child rearing boring. On the contrary, this last year has been wonderful, and inspiring, and moving, and has more than lived up to my expectations of what it would be like to become a father. It is an endless joy to at least try and see the world through M Jr's eyes, to watch her acquire new skills and express new emotions: she can now, for example, crawl, stand up, hold her own baby bottle, drink through a straw, pick up food and put it in her mouth, smile, laugh, cry, play jokes, do impersonations, wave bye-bye, shake her head, bow (she is half-Japanese, after all), open doors, press the buttons on a remote control and point it at the television, recognise herself in a mirror, recognise herself in photographs, rub her eyes when she's tired, point, clap her hands (something that happened so spontaneously I can only assume it is a natural human instinct, not something that is taught or copied), dance, climb stairs, climb onto tables, climb out of chairs, blow raspberries, undo zips, undo velcro and turn the pages of book.
Indeed, and while M Jr has yet to utter any words that might be recognisable as such, she seems to have inherited the Muzuhashi family's love of them (as well as her dad being a blogger who once earned his living writing lame gags for low-budget TV shows, her paternal grandmother was a librarian and her paternal grandfather an antiquarian bookseller), and when Mrs M took her to an event at the local library, one of the volunteers reading books to the children noticed that M Jr was more absorbed in what was going on than anyone else, and advised us to nurture this interest. Thanks to friend of ours whose kids have grown out of them, we have inherited a library of English language children's books, and while M Jr is often more interested in chewing the pages or attempting to rip them out altogether, she does seem to enjoy following a story, and to be interested in books on a purely aesthetic level.
While we have yet to sit M Jr at a piano and make her read the sheet music to Beethoven's fifth symphony, she also seems to be musically inclined, and will wiggle her hips to anything even remotely rhythmic or tuneful, inlcuding the warning bell at a level crossing and the jingle our washing machine plays when it reaches the end of its cycle. She turns all kinds of objects into wind instruments, including, so far, the plastic case for a thermometer, a tug boat bath toy she received as a Christmas present, an empty cardboard box and the plastic lid to her baby bottle: the sound she produces often resembles the voice of Darth Vader more than it does music, but she seems to enjoy the reverberative acoustics.
If anything sets M Jr apart from other babies, though, it is her sleeping habits. LIke most parents we were careful to have her sleep on her back when she was born, but it wasn't long before she had learned to roll over from back to front and front to back again. Not only that, but she soon developed a fondness for moving about in her sleep, to the extent that every night, Mrs M now covers the entire bedroom floor with mattresses and duvets, and when I go to bed an hour or so later, or when one of us wakes up in the night, or when we get up the next morning, M Jr can be literally anywhere in the room: snuggling up against her mum, lying at my feet, leaning against the wall or halfway into a cupboard, and rather than lying on her back facing the ceiling, she is just as likely to be lying on her front with her backside in the air, on her side with her legs stretched out as if she has dreamt of being in a running race, or crammed into a corner of the room in a confusion of bed sheets and cuddly toys (speaking of which, she has already found her Linus-like security blanket, namely a fluffy toy bunny with a Union Jack bow around its neck - okah-san has already bought a second, identical bunny just in case we lose the first one).
Of course, as well as behaving differently from other babies, M Jr also looks different. Not massively different, mind you, but while most new borns resemble bug-eyed, hairy-eared little aliens regardless of their background, the older they get the more genetics come into play, and in M Jr's case this manifests itself most obviously in a) her head and b) her hair. A typical Japanese head is flatter at the both the front and the back, where Westerners have longer noses and rounder skulls. A typical Asian baby, meanwhile, has a full head of jet-black hair, while a Western one's is thin and wispy. Then again, most of the strangers who come up and coo over M Jr - and there are a lot, believe me - know that she's mixed race simply by looking at her mum and dad.
Among a total of around 1500 students at the five different junior high schools where I currently teach, probably five - and certainly no more than ten - are foreign or mixed-race, a situation that was mirrored in the small country town where I was brought up. Until I went to university as a twenty-three year old, my experience of meeting people from different racial backgrounds was limited to the waiting staff at the local Indian restaurant. In the same way, when I walk down the street where I now live, I stick out like an alfalfa sandwich in an Angus Steak House, and when I walk M Jr down the street in her pram or in her Ergo Baby sling, so does she - the only difference being that people are much less likely to smile at me and tell me that I'm cute.
It will be interesting to see how M Jr copes with her celebrity status as she grows up, but for the moment we are thoroughly enjoying parenthood, and looking forward to being bombarded with requests for presents when she learns to talk and turns two this time next year. |
0.999978 | I just want to record money that comes in and money that goes out. How do I do this?
The simplest way to record money that comes in is to use the "Deposit Book" facility.
The simplest way to record money that goes out is to use the "Cheque Book" facility. |
0.999992 | 1. I used sox to split each input wave file into individual phonemes based on the forced alignment output. Then, I tried decoding each phoneme against its neighboring phonemes. The decoding output matched the expected phonemes only 12 out of 41 times for the exemplar recordings in the phrase "Approach the teaching of pronunciation with more confidence"
The accuracy for that method of edit distance scoring was 12/41 (29%) -- This naive approach didn't work well.
2. I used sox to split each input wave file into three phonemes based on the forced alignment output and position of the phoneme. If a phoneme is at beginning of its word, I used a grammar like: (current phone) (next) (next2next) and if it is middle phoneme: (previous) (current) (next) and if it is at the end: (previous2previous) (previous) (current) and supplied neighboring phones for the current phone and fixed the other two.
The accuracy was 19/41 (46.2%) -- better because of more contextual information.
The accuracy for this method of edit distance scoring was 30/41 (73.2%) -- the more contextual information provided, better the accuracy.
Here is some sample output, written both one below the other to have a comparison of phonemes.
In this case, both are forced outputs. So, if someone skips or inserts something during phrase recording, it may not work well. We need to think a method to solve this. Will a separate pass decoder grammar to test for whole word or syllable insertions and deletions work?
1. We are trying to combine acoustic standard scores (and duration) from forced alignment with an edit distance scoring grammar, which was reported to have better correspondence with human expert phonologists.
2. Complete a basic demo of the pronunciation evaluation without edit distance scoring from exemplar recordings using conversion of phoneme acoustic scores and durations to normally distributed scores, and then using those to derive their means and standard deviations, so we can produce per-phoneme acoustic and duration standard scores for new uploaded recordings.
3. Finalize the method for mispronunciation detection at phoneme and word level.
in order to test the new code's performance, tests similar to those in and where performed, with similar results in both resource utilization and it's ability to generate pronunciations for previously unseen words.
Having integrated the model training procedure into a simplified application, combined with the dictionary alignment code, the next step would be to create the evaluation code in order to avoid using phonetisaurus evaluate python script. Further steps include the writing of the necessary code to load the WFST binary model in java code, and convert it to the java's implementation of openFST , .
Porting phonetisaurus many-to-many alignment python script to C++.
Using OpenGrm NGram Library for the encoding of joint multigram language models as WFST.
Porting openFST to java: Part 1.
Porting openFST to java: Part 2.
2. I put some exemplar recordings for three phrases the project mentor had collected at http://talknicer.net/~ronanki/Datasets/ in each subdirectory there for each of the three phrases. The description of the phrases is at http://talknicer.net/~ronanki/Datasets/files/phrases.txt.
1. Write and test audio upload and pronunciation evaluation for per-phoneme standard scores.
If the phone is not as expected phoneme, check that phone in the list of neighboring phonemes of the expected phoneme.
d. Then, we can run sphinx3_align with this outcome against the same wav file to check whether the acoustic scores actually indicate a better match.
3. As an alternative to the above, I used sox to split each input wave file in to individual phoneme wav files using the forced alignment phone labels, and then used a separate recognition pass on each tiny speech segment. Now, I am writing separate grammar files for the neighboring phonemes for each phoneme. Once I complete them, I will check the output using decoder for each phoneme segment. This should provide for more accurate assessment of mispronunciations.
4. I will update the wiki here at https://cmusphinx.github.io/wiki/pronunciation_evaluation with my current tasks and milestones.
This article will review the OpenGrm NGram Library and its usage for language modeling in ASR. OpenGrm makes use of functionality in the openFST library to create, access and manipulate n-gram language models and it can be used as the language model training toolkit for integrating phonetisaurus' model training procedures into a simplified application.
Next step is to count n-grams from an input corpus, converted in FAR format. It produces an n-gram model in the FST format. By using the switch --order the maximum length n-gram to count can be chosen.
The evaluation results above are, as expected, almost identical with those produced by the phonetisaurus' procedures and the use of MITLM toolkit instead of OpenGrm.
I. H. Witten, T. C. Bell, "The zero-frequency problem: Estimating the probabilities of novel events in adaptive text compression", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 37 (4), pp. 1085–1094, 1991.
B. Carpenter, "Scaling high-order character language models to gigabytes", Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Software, pp. 86–99, 2005.
H. Ney, U. Essen, R. Kneser, "On structuring probabilistic dependences in stochastic language modeling", Computer Speech and Language 8, pp. 1–38, 1994.
S. M. Katz, "Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recogniser", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 35 (3), pp. 400–401, 1987.
R. Kneser, H. Ney, "Improved backing-off for m-gram language modeling", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). pp. 181–184, 1995. |
0.994318 | summary: Its christmas time so I need to get away from everything for some relaxation - lets walk 150kms!
A challenging trip from the North of Kosciuszko National Park, to the summit of Australias tallest mountain. This trek is mostly track walking, but with some amazing views across the Kosciuszko main range and rolling grounds. Dont be mistaken though, this trek is a challenge, so be prepared.
Departing from Wollongong or Sydney, head for Cooma via Canberra. From Cooma follow the Snowy Mountains Hwy to Kiandra and then to Cabramurra. From here, find the Tooma Road for approximately 18kms to Round Mountain car park on Tooma Road.
First full day of hiking is pretty simple track work. We leave Round Mountain area heading south along Round Mountain fire trail. The first point of interest will be Dershkos Hut which is a good spot to stop for a late lunch [GR 55H 621700 5999399], with views of the great Mount Jagungal.
After lunch, continue along Grey Mare fire trail towards Grey Mare hut. If you have time, you can continue on to the hut, or find somewhere to stop after Strumbo Hill. There should be plenty of creek access along here, and fire wood!
Another big day today, so rise early. Continue on to Grey Mare hut, which might be a good thing to do before breakfast. Then heading East towards Valentine Hut. If you have time, check out Valentine Falls [GR 55H 622830 5989396] while you are here.
Then continue heading South towards the infamous Schlink Pass. Before we get to the pass, and our turn off from the main trail, we go past the track junction with Munyang road which houses Orange Hut. Not sure what state it is in, but may be worth a few minutes detour to check it out.
Continuing South, we go past Schlink Hut (aka. The Schlink Hilton) and then on to the pass itself [GR 55H 624462 5983127]. At the pass, we turn off the main trail and head towards Dicky Cooper Bogong which is the rocky outcrop you see to the West of this location. We dont need to summit the peak, so finding an easy trail around to the South West would be ideal from here, and locating a good camp for the night.
You may want to grab as much water as you can from the Dicky Cooper Creek before leaving the main trail, it might be hard to come by tonight.
Slightly less distance to cover today since we are now on the Main Range, and walking will be a little more difficult. Always remeber to grab water when you can - on the top of the range it may be difficult to find water until the end of today.
Todays walk will be one of many summits. We continue along the main range and take in the following locations, Consett Stephen Pass, Mount Tate, Man Bluff, Mount Anderson, Mount Anton and Mount Twynam.
It is around Mount Twynam [GR 55H 617912 5971616] that we will look for a camp site. We are within spitting distance of Mount Kosciuszko now, so take care not to setup camp that might impact any of the glacial run off lakes here.
Today is the big day, we are doing a round trip to Mount Kosciuszko and back. If you want to leave your pack here, it will make for a lighter day of travel, since we are knocking out some kms today!
We start by rounding the top of Blue Lake, and down on to the Main Range walking track - BEWARE - there may be people here!
From here you simply meander along with the man made track to the West as you see the peak of Kosciuszko slowly rise ahead of you.
It will take some time to get to Kosciuszko [GR 55H 613185 5964726], but keep an eye on the clock as you do need to get back before dark.
If you feel energetic, you can continue around the loop track from the summit which will take you via some toilets, and eventually the Charlotte Pass lookout. It is longer, but its a beautiful walk if the weather is good.
Eventually though, we will return to our starting point and then continue back tracking to an area around Man Bluff [GR 55H 620850 5975449] for our camp tonight.
Today we continue back tracking, and get back onto the main fire trail at Schlink Pass. Continue to the North visiting familiar locations as we get back to Valentine Trail, Valentine Hut and eventually find a location for our camp tonight. If you can, try and push on past Valentine Hut to make the subsequent days easier.
Today is another challenge! If you are not up to it - lets face it, we've walked 100kms already, you can bypass the summiting of Jagungal and head back along Round Mountain Trail, or the slightly harder Farm Ridge Trail back to Round Mountain. Or if you are up to it, follow Grey Mare fire trail all the way to the intersection with the Tumut river [GR 55H 623269 5998431], and start the ascent of Mount Jagungal.
A night on the summit of Jagungal will not be easy, but well worth it for the amazing sunset views you will be provided with.
Today is the last day of this trip. Depending on where you spent last night, you may need to descend Mount Jagungal first to Round Mountain Fire Trail, and then continue to the North where you will eventually return to the car park - and hopefully some nice cool beverages!
Download GPX data for LEG-01. |
0.999951 | "Here is what to do if you want to get a lift from a Vogon: forget it. They are one of the most unpleasant races in the Galaxy. Not actually evil, but bad-tempered, bureaucratic, officious and callous. They wouldn't even lift a finger to save their own grandmothers from the Ravenous Bugblatter Beast of Traal without orders - signed in triplicate, sent in, sent back, queried, lost, found, subjected to public inquiry, lost again, and finally buried in soft peat for three months and recycled as firelighters. The best way to get a drink out of a Vogon is to stick your finger down his throat, and the best way to irritate him is to feed his grandmother to the Ravenous Bugblatter Beast of Traal. On no account should you allow a Vogon to read poetry at you."
In the book, the vogons were responsible for Earth's destruction. The cause was simple: the planet was in the route of the new intergalactic autobahn. This is the typical vogon's way of life: too many races and several planets were destroyed to ease the intergalactic traffic.
Given two reference points that the new road must cross in a straight line and the coordinates and population of each planet in the spacial sector, write a program that generates a building report for the vogons.
The first line of the input contains the coordinates X1, Y1, X2, Y2 (-10.000 ≤ Xi, Yi ≤ 10.000) of the two reference points P1 and P2, separated by a single space. The coordinates are integers and the distance unit is the light-year.
The second line contains the number N (1 ≤ N ≤ 1.000) of the planets that belong to the spatial sector that the road crosses. The next N lines consist in the coordinates X and Y (-10.000 ≤ X, Y ≤ 10.000) and the number (in billions) of inhabitants H (1 ≤ H ≤ 100.000) of each planet. These values are integers separated by a single space.
The printed report has several lines. The first line contains the message "Relatorio Vogon #35987-2". The follow line must be the message "Distancia entre referencias: d anos-luz", where d is the distance between the two reference points, in light-years, with two decimal places.
In the next line must be printed the message "Setor Oeste:" and, in the next two lines, the messages "P planeta(s)" and "H bilhao(oes) de habitante(s)", where P is the number of the planets located in the left from the road (when traveled from first to second reference point) and H is the total of inhabitants from these planets. In the same way, must be printed three similar messages in reference to the "Setor Leste", the right side of the road.
Finally, must be printed, in the last line, the message "Casualidades: P planeta(s)", where P is the number of planets that were in the road line and, naturally, have to be destroyed by the vogons. |
0.999372 | What is a Currency Option Bond?
A currency option bond is a security that offers returns in multiple currencies. The holder of a currency option bond can choose the currency in which they would like to be paid. The feature extends to both the coupon payments and the principal paymentPrincipal PaymentA principal payment is a payment towards the total principal amount of a loan that is owed. In other words, a principal payment is a payment made on a loan that reduces the remaining loan amount due..
An American manufacturer issues a 5-year USD/GBP bond. Each bond is issued at $100 and is repaid $100 or £80. The annual coupon is $5 or £4. The currency option bond gives the bondholder the right to receive the principal and interest payments in either USD or GBP.
The USD depreciates against the GBP from $1 = £0.80 to $1 = £0.75. An investor holding the 5% USD/GBP bond specified above would prefer to receive his interest payments in GBP. An investor would rather receive £4 (which is now worth $5.55) than $5. If the exchange rate remains unchanged until maturity, the investor would ask to be reimbursed £80 (worth $106.67).
The USD appreciates against the GBP from $1 = £0.80 to $1 = £0.85. An investor holding the 5% USD/GBP bond specified above would prefer to receive his interest payments in USD. An investor would rather receive $5 than £4 (which is now worth $4.71). If this exchange rate remains unchanged until maturity, the investor would ask to be reimbursed $100.
A currency option bond allows investors to hedge against exchange rate risk. To compensate for the reduced risk, the interest rateInterest RateAn interest rate refers to the amount charged by a lender to a borrower for any form of debt given, generally expressed as a percentage of the principal. The asset borrowed can be in the form of cash, large assets such as vehicle or building, or just consumer goods. on a currency option bond is always lower than the interest rate on any of the single currency bonds that make up the currency option bond. For example, the American manufacturer analyzed in the example above must be paying an interest rate greater than 5% on both its 5-year USD bond and its 5-year GBP bond.
An investor sacrifices the higher return of a single currency bond but gains the ability to hedge against exchange rate risk. In practice, the currency option bonds available to retail investors come with short maturity durations (usually limited to a few months).
The value of a 5-year 5% USD/GBP bond at $1 = £0.80 depends on the value of a straight 5-year 5% USD bond and the value of an option to swap a 5-year 5% GBP bond at a fixed exchange rate of $1 = £0.80.
The value of a 5-year 5% USD/GBP bond at $1 = £0.80 is the sum of the value of a straight bond and the value of a currency option.
An American manufacturer issues a 1-year 5% USD/GBP currency option bond at $1 = £0.80. The bond is sold for $100 and pays an interest of $5 or £4. The current exchange rate is $1 = £0.80. If the USD appreciates, an investor would prefer the principal to be reimbursed in USD, and if the USD depreciates, an investor would prefer the principal to be reimbursed in GBP.
A 1-year USD bond provides a return of 8% and a 1-year GBP bond gives a return of 9%. A 1-year put USD at $1 = £0.80 is priced at $0.01. The currency option bond specified can be replicated by a straight 1-year USD bond redeemed at $100 with a 5% interest rate plus an option to exchange $105 for £84.
Callable BondCallable BondA callable bond (redeemable bond) is a type of bond that provides the issuer of the bond with the right, but not the obligation, to redeem the bond before its maturity date. The callable bond is a bond with an embedded call option. These bonds generally come with certain restrictions on the call option.
Forex Trading – How to Trade the Forex MarketForex Trading - How to Trade the Forex MarketForex trading allows users to capitalize on appreciation and depreciation of different currencies. Forex trading involves buying and selling currency pairs based on each currency's relative value to the other currency that makes up the pair. |
0.996833 | This has been an exceptionally frustrating semester for me. If possible, I try not to make a major issue out of student behavior during class. However, this semester there has been so much rude behavior in many of my classes that I have felt no choice but to step in and try to put a new calm to the environment for the good of the class as a whole.
There is one student in particular who has been on my mind lately for constant illogical, irrelevant, and irreverent comments before, during, after, and outside of class. This student has about a 33% attendance record. I would say the student shows up to class maybe 1 out of 3 days a week, and when in class often times argues that the pace of the class is too fast, sleeps during about 80% of the class, and then afterwards tries to set up an appointment with me for tutoring on the missed material.
I have another class immediately after this class, and so I never have time to talk to this student for the length of time it would take to get through all of the circular arguments that always arise. So, I ask the student to e-mail me with a time to set up an appointment to discuss what to do. However, from this particular student's perspective, I come off as an uncaring instructor because I never stay after class to address student concerns.
Usually I wouldn't let this bother me, especially coming from an argumentative student with a poor attendance record who sleeps through class. However, the other day before class, my students were sitting out in the hallway. This student was actually early for once. The scene was the way it has been before almost every class this semester. The instructor who teaches in the room before me always holds the students over by at least 2 minutes. I never say anything because I understand that it is a calculus class and sometimes the extra time is needed to explain the more complex problems.
But then my student pipes up with, "Well, the only reason this instructor holds her students over is because she cares about them!" Wow. I knew it was a direct attack on me and the fact that this student actually believes that I am an uncaring instructor because I never hold the class after. I want to reiterate, I have another class immediately after this class, and so I must walk to another building within an 8 minute period. With 2 minutes to pack up, 4 minutes to walk to the other building, and 2 minutes to unpack, that leaves me no time to chat. Does this really make me uncaring?
In fact, this is the only student who gives me any trouble about this issue at all. When needed, some of the other students who don't have another class immediately after have even offered to erase the board for me so that I would have more time to walk to my next class. Those students make me feel good. So, to these students, I applaud you for your respect, understanding, and compassion toward me. I really appreciate it. But this student, the one with the awful complaints, makes me feel heart-broken.
Here's an example of why: The day that this student made the comment, we were reviewing material for the final exam. A week beforehand, I had given the students a review sheet and asked them complete it at home. One student came back and asked me to do a problem for the entire class. I did. So, on the day of the actual review, I didn't want to do the same problem again because I had already done it once the the week before. This student went off the handle and said, 'If you actually cared about your students, you would take the time to review the problem whether you have done it in class already or not!' By the way, within 5 minutes of this disruption, the student was sound asleep in the back of the class.
Now here's the kicker — the student not only fell asleep during class, but also left about two minutes early. And ironically, after all of the complaints about not holding students over, right when it was time to leave, one student said, 'Well, I really was hoping we would have gotten to #29 today." So, since I knew it was a short problem, I actually took kept the class over and did the problem anyway. But this student didn't see that because the student slept through the class and left early. Although I'm not sure that seeing this would have improved this student's perception of me anyway. But all I know is that I have tried my best.
However, the problem is that this one student could potentially ruin my career (or at least make my life miserable) by complaining to the right person at the right time. And I know exactly what will happen, someone will be called in to investigate the complaint against me, I will have to sit it hours upon hours of meetings and possibly fill out lots of statements and reports. It has happened to me in the past and it took 3 months to clear the complaints against me. And then all of this extra work to try to defend myself against one student's unwarranted complaints takes a toll on me and I become a miserable, uncaring wretch. Personally, I find this a little ironic.
So, my question is, 'What can we as educators do to reach out to these students?' The students with a high truancy rate who sleep during class, and then complain that the instructor was the reason that they couldn't and didn't learn the material. What can we do?
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Ramblings on May 1, 2011 by Jon Oaks. |
0.923745 | How does everyone deal with Lead Paint, not known? I have a ton of people wanting to rent and they have little one's. I know that the house was built in 1920, so the possibility for lead is there. I don't want to spend the money replacing the woodwork, it beautiful Victorian wood. Thanks!
There may be tips you could find out there on the web to help read them but for the most part I am with you about them being tricky to read. This is one of the main reasons I use tenant screening services to do all that for me. I use http://myrental.com/ all the time and have never been let down by their services. One of the main reasons I like them is becuase they can do all the reports and come up with a Tenant Score, which you may find helpful. They take the credit reports and add in all the other reports and then generate the Tenant Score, which I guess is kind of like reading the report for you with other stuff added in. Then you take that score and compare it to the chart and see whether or not the said applicant is recommended or not. |
0.948116 | Scattered over the prairie in northern Montana, close to the mountains, are many great rocks--boulders which thousands of years ago, when the great ice-sheet covered northern North America, were carried from the mountains out over the prairie by the ice and left there when it melted. Around most of these great boulders the buffalo used to walk from time to time, rubbing against the rough surface of the rock to scratch themselves, as a cow rubs itself against a post or as a horse rolls on the ground--for the pleasant feeling that the rubbing of the skin gives it. As the buffalo walked around these boulders their hoofs loosened the soil, and this loosened soil--the dust--was blown away by the constant winds of summer. So, around most of these boulders, much of the soil is gone, leaving a deep trench, at the bottom of which are stones and gravel, too large to be moved by the wind. This story explains how these rocks came to be like that: Once Old Man was crossing a river and the stream was deep, so that he was carried away by the current, and lost his bow and arrows and other weapons. When he got to the shore he began to look about for something to use in making a bow and arrows, for he was hungry and wanted to kill some food.
He took the first wood he could find and made a bow and arrows and a handle for his knife. When he had finished these things he started on his way. Presently, as he looked over a hill he saw down below him a bear digging roots. Old Man thought he would have some fun with the bear, and he called out aloud, "He has no tail." Then he dodged back out of sight. The bear looked all about, but saw no one, and again began to dig roots. Then Old Man again peeped over the hill and saw the bear at work, and again called out, "He has no tail." This time the bear looked up more quickly, but Old Man dodged down, and the bear did not see him, and pretty soon went on with his digging. Four times Old Man did this, calling the bear names, but the fourth time the bear was on the watch and saw Old Man, and started after him. Old Man ran away as hard as he could, but the bear followed fast. Presently, Old Man tried to shoot the bear with his arrows, but they were made of bad wood and would not fly well, and if they hit the bear, they just broke off. All his weapons failed him, and now the bear was close to him. Just in front was a great rock, and when Old Man came to that, he dodged behind it and ran around to the other side, and the bear followed him.
They kept running around the rock for a long time and wore a deep trail about it, and because Old Man could turn more quickly, he kept just ahead of the bear. Old Man kept calling to the animals to help him, but no one came. He was almost out of breath, and the bear was close to him, when Old Man saw lying on the ground a bull's horn. He picked it up and held it on his head and turned around and bellowed loudly, and the bear was frightened and turned around and ran away as hard as he could. Then Old Man leaned up against the rock, and breathed hard for a long time, but at last he got his wind back. He said to the rock, "This is the way you rocks shall always be after this, with a big hole all around you." By this time he was pretty tired and thirsty, and he thought he would go down to the river and drink. When he got to the edge of the water he got down on his knees to drink, and there before him in the water he saw bullberries, great bunches of them. He said to himself, "I will dive in and get those bull-berries"; and he took off his moccasins and clothing and dived in, but he could not find the bullberries, and presently he came up. He looked into the water again, and again saw the bullberries. He said to himself, "Those bullberries must be very deep down."
He went along the shore looking for a heavy stone that would take him down into the deep water where the bullberries were, and when he found one he tied the stone to his neck and again dived in. This time he sank to the bottom, for the stone carried him down. He felt about with his hands trying to reach the bullberries, but could feel nothing and began to drown. He tried to get free from the stone, but that was hard to do; yet at last he broke the string and came to the top of the water. He was almost dead, and it took him a long time to get to the shore, and when he got there he crawled up on to the bank and lay down to rest and get his breath. As he lay there on his back, he saw above him the thick growing bullberries whose reflections he had seen in the water. He said to himself, "And I was almost drowned for these." Then he took a stick and with it began to beat the bullberry bushes. He said to the bushes, "After this, the people shall beat you in this way when they want to gather berries." The Blackfeet women, when gathering bullberries, spread robes under the bushes and beat the branches with sticks, knocking off the berries, which fall on the robes. |
0.997372 | How drivers can be a great defensive driver.
Every time you get on the road, you face very different and unique situations that require their own specific courses of action. This is why it is essential to practice defensive driving. With the implementation of a few very simple driving tips, you can become a safer driver each and every time you get behind the wheel.
Defensive drivers not only take the necessary time to process their surroundings while on the road, they take measures to educate themselves about their vehicle, traffic laws, and safe driving techniques. Make sure that you can recognize hazards and avoid collisions through constant awareness and proactive measures.
Lots of drivers are in the habit of looking directly in front of them and no further. This, however, is a bad habit. A good defensive driver should be looking all around them and as far as ahead as they can. This way, they can see traffic ahead, an accident, and know when to change lanes effectively, leaving plenty of time for moving and stopping.
It can seem like a challenge to leave plenty of room between yourself and the vehicle in front of you when you’re in a rush, however, this is one of the best practices to get into. Maintaining proper distance while driving is even more important than maintaining a safe speed.
You may be tempted to get into heated conversations, check your smartphone, look at your smartwatch, and fiddle with the radio while driving, but distractions can be dangerous. Good drivers avoid getting distracted at all costs, whether that’s putting the phone in the trunk or turning the radio off. |
0.999459 | Cathay General Bancorp is the holding company for Cathay Bank, a California state-chartered commercial bank. The bank offers checking, savings, and time deposits, and makes commercial, real estate, personal, home improvement, automobile, and other installment and term loans. The bank invests available funds in other interest-earning assets, such as Unites States (U.S. )Treasury securities; U.S. government agency securities, state and municipal securities; mortgage-backed securities; asset-backed securities; corporate bonds; and other security investments. It also provides letters of credit; wire transfers; forward currency spot and forward contracts; traveler's checks; safe deposit; night deposit; social security payment deposit; collection; bank-by-mail; drive-up and walk-up windows; automatic teller machines; Internet banking services, and other customary bank services. The company was founded in 1990 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA.
Cathay General Bancorp operates as the holding company for Cathay Bank that offers various commercial banking products and services to individuals, professionals, and small to medium-sized businesses in the United States. It offers various deposit products, including passbook accounts, checking accounts, money market deposit accounts, certificates of deposits, individual retirement accounts, and public funds deposits. The company's loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans, commercial loans, small business administration loans, residential mortgage loans, real estate construction loans, and home equity lines of credit, as well as installment loans to individuals for automobile, household, and other consumer expenditures. In addition, it provides letters of credit, wire transfers, forward currency spot and forward contracts, traveler's checks, safe deposit, night deposit, social security payment deposit, collection, bank-by-mail, drive-up and walk-up windows, automatic teller machines, Internet banking, investment, and other customary bank services, as well as securities and insurance products. The company operates 22 branches in southern California; 12 branches in northern California; 12 branches in New York State; 3 branches in Washington State; 3 branches in Illinois; 2 branches in Texas; and 1 each branch in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Nevada, and Hong Kong, as well as 2 representative offices in Shanghai, China and Taipei, Taiwan. Cathay General Bancorp was founded in 1990 and is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. |
0.999891 | Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. launched the next generation Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear 3100 Platform for smartwatches. The platform is based on a new ultra-low power system architecture designed to deliver a rich interactive mode, new personalized experiences, and extended battery life. The official launch, at an event in San Francisco, was supported by Google, who discussed the evolution of the Wear OS by Google software platform. The launch also included the announcement of the first Snapdragon Wear 3100 customers.
The new coprocessor, the Qualcomm QCC1110, has been designed from the ground up and is at the heart of the Snapdragon Wear 3100 platform. It is incredibly small at ~21mm2, is optimized for ultra-low power operation, and acts as a powerful companion to the main processor, re-defining audio, display, and sensor experiences for next-generation smartwatches. The co-processor also integrates a deep learning engine for custom workloads, such as keyword detection, and is extensible over time.
Additionally, the Snapdragon Wear 3100 platform includes a new wearable power management sub-system (PMW3100) to support lower power and higher integration, brings in a new DSP framework to support next-generation sensor processing in an open execution environment, and implements a new dual-display architecture to support the hierarchical approach. The 4G LTE modem, proven in mobile applications, and which has already shipped over one billion units, is paired with new high-performance Gallium Arsenide power amplifiers, which helps to increase power efficiency in smartwatches.
The Snapdragon Wear 3100 platform comes in three variants targeting Bluetooth and Wi-Fi tethered smartwatches, GPS-based tethered smartwatches, and 4G LTE connected smartwatches. The platform is in mass production and shipping today. |
0.998371 | I've been reading "A Great and Shining Road," by John Williams. It tells the story of the development of the transcontinental railroad, and has much detail in the beginning about the development of rail transportation in the U.S., as it started on the east coast.
The parallels to the last decade of development of fiber networks is remarkable. There was fierce opposition to the railroads from the entrenched canal and toll road owners and operators. It was difficult to get financing for the newfangled railroads because wealthy investors did not want to take any risks; they wanted to stick with the tried and true "old" transportation systems.
Fiber is the transportation system of the 21st century, but it is still seen as a risky investment by many. How is it a transportation system? Here is just one example: music. Music used to require physical roads to deliver records/CDs to customers. Today, music is *transported* by fiber networks directly to customers.
If you substitute the cable and phone companies for the toll road/canal owners of the railroad era, there is an amazing overlap in the issues of economic development, entrenched interests, investment capital, and community infrastructure.
In the end, railroads unleashed a long period of rapid economic growth, but the railroad visionaries had to overcome resistance from many sectors of the government and the economy. |
0.978449 | Why Use oc Over kubectl?
Kubernetes' command line interface (CLI), kubectl, is used to run commands against any Kubernetes cluster. Because OpenShift Container Platform runs on top of a Kubernetes cluster, a copy of kubectl is also included with oc, OpenShift Container Platform’s command line interface (CLI).
Although there are several similarities between these two clients, this guide’s aim is to clarify the main reasons and scenarios for using one over the other.
Resources such as DeploymentConfigs, BuildConfigs, Routes, ImageStreams, and ImageStreamTags are specific to OpenShift distributions, and not available in standard Kubernetes.
The oc binary offers a built-in login command which allows authentication. See developer authentication and configuring authentication for more information.
For example, the additional command new-app makes it easier to get new applications started using existing source code or pre-built images.
The kubectl binary is provided as a means to support existing workflows and scripts for new OpenShift Container Platform users coming from a standard Kubernetes environment. Existing users of kubectl can continue to use the binary with no changes to the API, but should consider upgrading to oc in order to gain the added functionality mentioned in the previous section.
Because oc is built on top of kubectl, converting a kubectl binary to oc is as simple as changing the binary’s name from kubectl to oc. |
0.955206 | Approve a Voting Rights Amendment to the Constitution, granting all the right to vote; craft a unitary voting system for federal, state and local elections, guaranteeing an honest and efficient count.
“The vote” is a human right. It is seen as an American right. In a democracy there is nothing more fundamental than having the right to vote.
And yet the right to vote is not a fundamental right in our Constitution. Some liberals argue that the fundamental right to vote for every American citizen is implied in the Constitution, based on Supreme Court precedent. Yet when I ask them about the denial of voting representation in Congress to District of Columbia citizens, or about the denial of ex-felons’ voting rights in most states, many liberals concede that the current structure of our Constitution limits the ability of the courts and Congress to adequately address important voting-rights issues.
Our voting system’s foundation is built on the sand of states’ rights and local control. We have fifty states, 3,141 counties and 7,800 different local election jurisdictions. All separate and unequal.
In four states, if you’re an ex-felon you’re barred from voting for life. There are 5 million Americans (including 1.8 million African-Americans, mostly in Southern states–where 55 percent of African- Americans live) who have paid their debt to society but are prohibited from voting. At the same time, in Maine and Vermont you can vote even if you’re in jail.
We need to build our voting system on a rock–the rock of adding a Voting Rights Amendment to the US Constitution. The amendment I have proposed in each of the last several Congresses (HJR 28) would provide the American people with a citizenship right to vote. It would also give Congress the authority to craft a unitary voting system for federal, state and local elections–one that guarantees all votes will be counted in a complete, fair, free and efficient manner.
Democrats have been made so defensive by right-wing Republicans’ constant stream of absurd amendments–anti-gay, antichoice, anti-flag “desecration”–that we’ve developed a negative rationale and posture about the Constitution: It’s fine just the way it is. But fights over “rights” and constitutional amendments are where elections are being won and lost. And when Democrats don’t fight for common laws, defending human rights, we’re just reaffirming states’ rights and local control, both of which are inherently separate and unequal.
Building a more perfect union by turning human rights into American rights–that’s what Democrats should be fighting for. Let’s wage this fight one issue at a time, rolling out a sort of second Bill of Rights. After the Voting Rights Amendment, we might add public education and equal-quality healthcare to every American’s citizenship rights. An equal rights for women amendment. An affordable-housing amendment. A clean, safe and sustainable environment amendment. A fair taxes amendment. A full-employment amendment. An amendment for direct election of the American President and Vice President.
Fighting for human and constitutional rights is a theme, and a strategy, that could keep Democrats together for the next fifty years, election after election. It’s time to begin a lofty fight to add the right to vote to the Constitution–and paint a truer picture of most Republicans as undemocratic. It’s time to stand up and insure every American’s right to vote to have that vote fully protected and to have it fairly counted. |
0.956114 | What is a "regular" member ?
Its a pretty common paradigm tho. Smart money early, idiots last.
Get out at the peak of dot.com then into property (1999), get out ou of property in 2003/4 after making a killing and into the new share bull market etc etc. The idiots get in late and hang on until its negative.
Unfortunately tho with the global deleveraging and the massive growth in money supply and the stimulus skew, the counter cyclical nature of the two has gone and where this train crashes with the loss of what assets is conjecture and opninion, hence the gold as the last vestige of wealth rally.
Yeah the main reason I hate it is that it is pretty much useless. No one can even agree where we are on the damn things and I have yet to see anyone pull up a chart of something real which follows it close enough for it to be useful.
I think my hatred grew watching people sit around arguing about where we are in the chart without referring to anything outside the damn chart.
When you feel something is overbought get out, when you feel it oversold get in (flip for shorts). I use RSI 14 and an own developed stochastic oscillator for currencies and indices.
the charts are fine as a distillation of one's views. if you believe that property is in a bubble the chart may help you to explain your belief. the problem, and perhaps this is why tor doesn't like it, is that it is not evidence of anything. and perhaps this is why he doesn't like analogies either--because they don't provide raw data and objective evidence, they simply confirm and express one's beliefs.
so long as one manages to maintain that separation and use analogies/bubble charts in their appropriate place (as a description of one's view rather than as evidence of a phenomenon) that's fine. but i think that distinction is very difficult to maintain and often breaks down. the result of this breakdown is that what ostensibly began as a search for an answer turns into a search for a justification. one focuses less on examining the data on its own terms and focuses more on fitting the data into the accepted schema.
I can produce charts that show an index or currency is overbought or oversold using RSI and SlowStoch. I can't on property since its a gamed and manipulated bunch of numbers.
i don't know anything about technical analysis, but my very rudimentary understanding of the issue is that, if the bulk of other currency traders are using technical analysis, then it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. in that situation, the ideal model will not so much predict the movement of currency so much as it predicts the movement of other technical analysts. that's just my uninformed impression--could be entirely wrong. in many cases there is probably a strong degree of correlation between the external reality and the charts, but its still at one remove.
with housing, you simply don't have the liquidity and movement that would make technical analysis terribly useful, i am guessing. anyone remember the ridiculous extrapolated chart of housing prices that earthsta used to put up? i asked him to explain how he arrived at those numbers but i think his response was "i'm a rich day trader so stfu" or something along those lines.
using the tool proper to the job seems the wisest course.
I don't believe in Fibbonacci numbers but most do so it is a prophecy. BUT, it was once tradition when (smart) money left stocks it went to property. Now with massive money oversupply (M3) and Zirp but all on massive protection of 9:1 to 4:1 overleverage the game is up.
Techs on stocks and currencies are still OK. |
0.979911 | What is the highest mountain in Croatia?
The CROATIAN MOUNTAINS ARE PART OF THE DINARIC ALPS AND WITH A SMALL PIECE THEY FORM THE EASTERN CONTINUATION OF THE ALPS. EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE NO REALLY HIGH MOUNTAINS IN CROATIA THERE ARE MORE THAN 100 PEAKS OVER 1500 M (4921 FT). THE HIGHEST OF THESE MOUNTAINS IS DINARA AT 1831 M (6007 FT).
Dinara is located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, not far away from the Adriatic Sea. It is the symbol of the longest mountain chain in the Balkans; The Dinaric Alps, stretching from Slovenia over Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and ending in Albania.
The climate on Dinara can be really harsh with a good amount of snow during the winter. It can be climbed anytime but if you want to choose parts of the year when it is not too hot or too cold the best time to reach the top is during May and October.
Vaganski vrh – 1757 m (5764 ft), on Velebit, the largest mountain range in Croatia, located along the Adriatic Coast which begins in the northwest, near Senj and ends 145 km to the southeast.
Sveto Brdo – 1751 m (5744 ft), on Velebit mountain. |
0.99988 | DEP AI\ TMENT OF AMPLIFICATION W HEN my third daughter was an infant, I could place her against my shoulder and she would stick there like velvet. Only her eyes jumped from place to place. In a breeze, her bright-red hair might stir, but she would not. Even then, there was profundity in her repose. When my fourth daughter was an infant, I wondered if her veins were full of ants. Placing her against a shoulder was a risk both to her and to the shoulder. Impulsively, constantly, everything about her moved. Her head seemed about to revolve as it followed the bestirring world. These memories became very much alive some days ago when-one after another-I had bear cubs under my vest. Weighing three, four, 5.6 pounds, they were wild bears, and for an hour or so had been taken from their dens in Pennsylvania. They were about two months old, with fine short brown hair. When they were made to stand alone, to be photographed in the mouth of a den, they shivered. Instinc- tively, a person would be moved to hold them. Picked up by the scruff of the neck, they splayed their paws like kittens and screamed like baby bears. The cry of a baby bear is muted, like a human in- fant's heard from her crib down the hall The first cub I placed on my shoulder stayed there like a piece of velvet The shiv- ering stopped. Her bright- blue eyes looked about, not seeing much of anything. My hand, cupped against her back, all but encom- passed her rib cage, which was warm and calm. I covered her to the shoulders with a flap of down vest and zipped up my parka to hold her in place. A few months ago, after T he New Yorker pub- lished an article of mine about wild bears in New Jersey, an indirect result was an invitation to visit bears in Pennsylvania in their dens. Would I be busy on March 14th? If there had been a conflict- if, say, I had been invited to lunch on that day with the Queen of Scotland and the King of Spain-I would have gone to the cubs. Now I am writing this less as a new story about the wild bears of the Wild East than as a chaser to the ear- lier one-an informal addendum from the Pocono woods. The first den was a rock cavity in a lichen-covered sandstone outcrop near the top of a slope, a couple of hundred yards from a road in Hawley. It was on posted property of the Scrub Oak Hunting Club-dry hardwood forest underlain by laurel and patches of snow. Up in the air was Buck Alt. Not long ago, he was a dairy farmer, and now he was working for the Keystone State, with directional antennae on his wing struts angled in the direction of bears. Many bears in Pennsylvania have radios around their necks as a result of the summer trapping work of Alt's son Gary, who is a wildlife biol- ogist. In winter, Buck Alt flies the country listening to the radio, crissing and crossing until the bears come on. They come on stronger the closer to them he flies. The transmitters are not omnidirectional. Suddenly, the sound cuts out Buck looks down, chooses a landmark, approaches it again, on another vector. Gradually, he works his way in, until he is flying in ever r I l Tçj dJ - -d "Ø-::". .::oJ:::!} ...-:.::. r t I I.r '1, . 'J- .,... <'-" i &' . .., fÞ , r . r ,\.} ... J.' ::-....... < > . I w I , IIIIJ ì <<: '. . \c , ß 'þ "...... .....áíII( 1 0 . r I I I :l (., 137 tighter circles above the bear. He marks a map. He is accurate within two acres. The plane he flies is a Super Cub. The den could have served as a set for a Passion play. It was a small chamber, open on one side, with a rock across its entrance. Between the free- standing rock and the back of the cave was room for one large bear, and she was curled in a corner on a bed of leaves, her broad head plainly visible from the outside, her cubs invisible between the rock and a soft place, chuckling, suckling, in the wintertime tropics of their own mammalian heaven. Invisible they were, yes, but by no means inaudible. What biologists call chuckling sounded like starlings In a tree People walking in woods sometimes come close enough to a den to cause the mother to get up and run off, unmindful of her reputation as a fear- less defender of cubs. The cubs stop chuckling and begin to cry: possibly three, four cubs-a ward of mewling bears. The people hear the crying. They find the den and see the cubs. Sometimes they pick them up and carry them away, reporting to the state that they have saved the lives of bear cubs abandoned by their moth- J -í J : '- -..-0...:...... 'þ ,ø --? \, "., t .::;.::" ..ifiiii: . St':: v G 'I B \ l \ . '. if- j '" x" -::." :;::: '"F t.. j lli :::. . \., , . t t "I'm so glad to hear you say that I'm a real person myself" |
0.999968 | Ground squirrels have been identified as the most common vertebrate pest in agricultural areas, but they can also be pests in urban and suburban areas. There are several species of ground squirrel in California, but the California ground squirrel is the species most likely to be a pest of landscapes, gardens, and structures.
Some tree squirrel species can also be problem pests around homes and gardens where they feed on a variety of nuts and fruits, or cause damage by gnawing on cables and gaining entry into structures. While ground squirrels and some species of tree squirrels can be pests, flying squirrels are very elusive and not generally considered pests.
It is easy to distinguish the different squirrel groups from each other: when you startle a tree squirrel it will generally run up a tree, while a ground squirrel will typically retreat to an underground burrow. Ground squirrels are capable of climbing, but they are often not seen very high in trees, and tree squirrels almost never retreat into burrows on the ground.
It can be difficult to visually tell the difference between the species within the groups, especially between tree squirrels. Squirrel management requires different tactics, so it's important to identify the squirrel species correctly and be aware of any legal restrictions before beginning any management plan.
There are four species of tree squirrels in California (Table 1); two species are native and two are introduced from the eastern part of the United States. Regulations regarding management of tree squirrels are complicated, so it is extremely important to be able to identify squirrels to species level.
Douglas squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii), sometimes called chickarees, are native to California and found in coniferous forest regions of the north coastal area and along the Sierra Nevada Mountain region. These very vocal tree squirrels are not usually considered pests. However, they may become garden or home pests in more remote rural areas.
Western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus) are native and found throughout much of California, primarily in oak woodlands of the foothills and valleys and in pine-oak forests. Western gray squirrels are gray above with distinct white underparts and prominent ears. They are distinguished from the eastern gray and other squirrel species by their very long bushy tails that are primarily gray with white-frosted outer edges.
Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) were originally introduced from the eastern United States into Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, California. They are also established in areas of Calaveras and San Joaquin counties in California and may be expanding their range. They can be variable in color. As their name suggests, they have a mostly gray coat. Eastern gray squirrels can also have a reddish tint to their coats. Eastern gray squirrels are medium-sized, with relatively narrow tails and short ears as compared to western gray squirrels.
Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) were also introduced from the eastern part of the United States and are well established in most major cities of California. Fox squirrels can be identified by their grizzled yellow-brown to orange coat, tan to reddish-brown underside, and bright orange-brown ears. The fox squirrel, often incorrectly referred to as the red squirrel by residents of California, is visually distinguishable from the native western gray squirrel; the western gray squirrel is slightly larger, has silver-gray fur with creamy white underparts, and has a notably bushier tail.
California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi), sometimes referred to as just ‘ground squirrels', are native and found in almost all regions of California. They have mottled fur that is light and dark brown, gray and white on their back. Their underside is lighter with a combination of lighter browns, grays and white. They have a semi-bushy tail, which can add to confusion when distinguishing them from tree squirrels. California ground squirrels also have a white ring around each eye.
Under the California Fish and Game Code, tree squirrels are classified as game animals and their management is much more complicated than for ground squirrels.
First and foremost, it is illegal to use poison baits in the management of ANY species of tree squirrel in California, but their use is permitted for California ground squirrel management. If both ground squirrels and tree squirrels are causing damage at the same location and are in need of management, baiting would not be a recommended option, as it would be almost impossible to exclude tree squirrels from accessing poison baits.
It is also important to be aware of endangered species in your area. If you are in the range of the San Joaquin antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni) or the Mohave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis), you should not consider a baiting strategy for California ground squirrel. Instead, consider other, non-toxic options described in the UC IPM Pest Notes: Ground Squirrel. |
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