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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'output_text', 'input_text'}) and 2 missing columns ({'outputtext', 'inputtext'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/thebharatai/TheBharatAi_Datasets/Health Diagnostics in Indian Languages Dataset/Zonewise_Medical_Infrastructure_QA.csv (at revision 0675c5709da257105cccf29030bf262d0741d8dd)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1871, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 623, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2293, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2241, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
input_text: string
output_text: string
-- schema metadata --
pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 502
to
{'inputtext': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'outputtext': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1438, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1050, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 925, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1001, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1742, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1873, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'output_text', 'input_text'}) and 2 missing columns ({'outputtext', 'inputtext'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/thebharatai/TheBharatAi_Datasets/Health Diagnostics in Indian Languages Dataset/Zonewise_Medical_Infrastructure_QA.csv (at revision 0675c5709da257105cccf29030bf262d0741d8dd)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
inputtext string | outputtext string |
|---|---|
What is (are) Polycystic ovary syndrome ? | Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition in which a woman has an imbalance of female sex hormones. This may lead to changes in the menstrual cycle, cysts in the ovaries, trouble getting pregnant, and other health problems.) |
What causes Polycystic ovary syndrome ? | PCOS is linked to changes in hormone levels that make it harder for the ovaries to release fully-grown (mature) eggs. The reasons for these changes are unclear. The hormones affected are: - Estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones that help a woman's ovaries release eggs - Androgen, a male hormone that is found in small amounts in women Normally, one or more eggs are released during a woman's cycle. This is known as ovulation. In most cases, this release of eggs occurs about 2 weeks after the start of a menstrual period. In PCOS, mature eggs are not released. Instead, they stay in the ovaries with a small amount of fluid around them. There can be many of these. However, not all women with the condition will have ovaries with this appearance. These problems with the release of eggs can contribute to infertility. The other symptoms of this disorder are due to thehormoneimbalances. Most of the time, PCOS is diagnosed in women in their 20s or 30s. However, it may also affect teenage girls. The symptoms often begin when a girl's periods start. Women with this disorder often have a mother or sister who has similar symptoms.) |
What causes Noonan syndrome ? | Noonan syndrome is linked to defects in several genes. Certain proteins involved in growth and development become overactive as a result of these gene changes. Noonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition. This means only one parent has to pass down the nonworking gene for the child to have the syndrome. However, some cases may not be inherited.) |
What are the complications of Noonan syndrome ? | - Buildup of fluid in tissues of body (lymphedema, cystic hygroma) - Failure to thrive in infants - Low self-esteem - Infertility in males if both testes are undescended - Problems with the structure of the heart - Short height - Social problems due to physical symptoms) |
How to prevent Noonan syndrome ? | Couples with a family history of Noonan syndrome may want to consider genetic counseling before having children.) |
What are the symptoms of Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome ? | What are the signs and symptoms of Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the helix 90% Abnormality of the pulmonary valve 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature 90% Cafe-au-lait spot 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Hypertelorism 90% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Ptosis 90% Short stature 90% Webbed neck 90% Abnormality of coagulation 50% Abnormality of the lymphatic system 50% Abnormality of the thorax 50% Cryptorchidism 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Lisch nodules 5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Axillary freckling - Cubitus valgus - Delayed speech and language development - Depressed nasal bridge - Epicanthus - Hypoplasia of midface - Inguinal freckling - Low posterior hairline - Low-set ears - Macrocephaly - Malar flattening - Muscle weakness - Neurofibromas - Optic glioma - Pectus excavatum of inferior sternum - Posteriorly rotated ears - Prominent nasolabial fold - Pulmonic stenosis - Scoliosis - Secundum atrial septal defect - Short neck - Specific learning disability - Superior pectus carinatum - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.) |
Is Noonan syndrome inherited ? | How is Noonan syndrome inherited? Noonan syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that having one changed (mutated) copy of the responsible gene in each cell is enough to cause the condition. Each child of a person with Noonan syndrome has a 50% (1 in 2) chance to inherit the condition. In some cases, the condition is inherited from an affected parent. Because the features of the condition can vary and may be very subtle, many affected adults are diagnosed only after the birth of a more obviously affected infant. In other cases, the condition is caused by a new mutation occurring for the first time in the affected person.) |
What are the treatments for Noonan syndrome ? | How might Noonan syndrome be treated? Management generally focuses on the specific signs and symptoms present in each person. Treatments for the complications of Noonan syndrome (such as cardiovascular abnormalities) are generally standard and do not differ from treatment in the general population. Developmental disabilities are addressed by early intervention programs and individualized education strategies. Treatment for serious bleeding depends upon the specific factor deficiency or platelet abnormality. Growth hormone treatment increases growth velocity. More detailed information about treatment for Noonan syndrome can be viewed on the GeneReviews Web site.) |
How many people are affected by polycystic kidney disease ? | Polycystic kidney disease is a fairly common genetic disorder. It affects about 500,000 people in the United States. The autosomal dominant form of the disease is much more common than the autosomal recessive form. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease affects 1 in 500 to 1,000 people, while the autosomal recessive type occurs in an estimated 1 in 20,000 to 40,000 people.) |
What are the treatments for polycystic kidney disease ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of polycystic kidney disease: - Gene Review: Gene Review: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant - Gene Review: Gene Review: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive - Genetic Testing Registry: Polycystic kidney disease 2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Polycystic kidney disease 3, autosomal dominant - Genetic Testing Registry: Polycystic kidney disease, adult type - Genetic Testing Registry: Polycystic kidney disease, infantile type - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Polycystic kidney disease These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care) |
What is (are) Noonan syndrome ? | Noonan syndrome is a disease that can be passed down through families (inherited). It causes many parts of the body to develop abnormally.) |
What are the symptoms of Noonan syndrome ? | What are the signs and symptoms of Noonan syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Noonan syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the helix 90% Abnormality of the nipple 90% Abnormality of the palate 90% Abnormality of the pulmonary artery 90% Abnormality of the pulmonary valve 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the abdominal wall musculature 90% Cystic hygroma 90% Enlarged thorax 90% High forehead 90% Hypertelorism 90% Joint hypermobility 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Malar flattening 90% Muscle weakness 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% Pectus carinatum 90% Pectus excavatum 90% Proptosis 90% Ptosis 90% Short stature 90% Thick lower lip vermilion 90% Thickened nuchal skin fold 90% Triangular face 90% Webbed neck 90% Abnormal dermatoglyphics 50% Abnormality of coagulation 50% Abnormality of the spleen 50% Abnormality of thrombocytes 50% Arrhythmia 50% Coarse hair 50% Cryptorchidism 50% Delayed skeletal maturation 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Hepatomegaly 50% Low posterior hairline 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Scoliosis 50% Strabismus 50% Intellectual disability 25% Abnormal hair quantity 7.5% Brachydactyly syndrome 7.5% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 7.5% Hypogonadism 7.5% Lymphedema 7.5% Melanocytic nevus 7.5% Nystagmus 7.5% Radioulnar synostosis 7.5% Sensorineural hearing impairment 7.5% Abnormal bleeding - Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia - Atria septal defect - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Clinodactyly - Coarctation of aorta - Cubitus valgus - Dental malocclusion - Epicanthus - Failure to thrive in infancy - Heterogeneous - High palate - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Kyphoscoliosis - Male infertility - Myopia - Neurofibrosarcoma - Patent ductus arteriosus - Pectus excavatum of inferior sternum - Postnatal growth retardation - Pulmonic stenosis - Radial deviation of finger - Reduced factor XII activity - Reduced factor XIII activity - Shield chest - Short neck - Superior pectus carinatum - Synovitis - Ventricular septal defect - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.) |
What is (are) polycystic kidney disease ? | Polycystic kidney disease is a disorder that affects the kidneys and other organs. Clusters of fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, develop in the kidneys and interfere with their ability to filter waste products from the blood. The growth of cysts causes the kidneys to become enlarged and can lead to kidney failure. Cysts may also develop in other organs, particularly the liver. Frequent complications of polycystic kidney disease include dangerously high blood pressure (hypertension), pain in the back or sides, blood in the urine (hematuria), recurrent urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and heart valve abnormalities. Additionally, people with polycystic kidney disease have an increased risk of an abnormal bulging (an aneurysm) in a large blood vessel called the aorta or in blood vessels at the base of the brain. Aneurysms can be life-threatening if they tear or rupture. The two major forms of polycystic kidney disease are distinguished by the usual age of onset and the pattern in which it is passed through families. The autosomal dominant form (sometimes called ADPKD) has signs and symptoms that typically begin in adulthood, although cysts in the kidney are often present from birth or childhood. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease can be further divided into type 1 and type 2, depending on the genetic cause. The autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease (sometimes called ARPKD) is much rarer and is often lethal early in life. The signs and symptoms of this condition are usually apparent at birth or in early infancy.) |
What are the genetic changes related to polycystic kidney disease ? | Mutations in the PKD1, PKD2, and PKHD1 genes cause polycystic kidney disease. Mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene can cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; PKD1 gene mutations cause ADPKD type 1, and PKD2 gene mutations cause ADPKD type 2. These genes provide instructions for making proteins whose functions are not fully understood. Researchers believe that they are involved in transmitting chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. The two proteins work together to promote normal kidney development, organization, and function. Mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 gene lead to the formation of thousands of cysts, which disrupt the normal functions of the kidneys and other organs. People with mutations in the PKD2 gene, particularly women, typically have a less severe form of the disease than people with PKD1 mutations. The signs and symptoms, including a decline in kidney function, tend to appear later in adulthood in people with a PKD2 mutation. Mutations in the PKHD1 gene cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. This gene provides instructions for making a protein whose exact function is unknown; however, the protein likely transmits chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell nucleus. Researchers have not determined how mutations in the PKHD1 gene lead to the formation of numerous cysts characteristic of polycystic kidney disease. Although polycystic kidney disease is usually a genetic disorder, a small percentage of cases are not caused by gene mutations. These cases are called acquired polycystic kidney disease. This form of the disorder occurs most often in people with other types of kidney disease who have been treated for several years with hemodialysis (a procedure that filters waste products from the blood).) |
Is polycystic kidney disease inherited ? | Most cases of polycystic kidney disease have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the PKD1 or PKD2 gene in each cell. In about 90 percent of these cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. The other 10 percent of cases result from a new mutation in one of the genes and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Although one altered copy of a gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder, an additional mutation in the second copy of the PKD1 or PKD2 gene may make cysts grow faster and increase the severity of the disease. The rate at which cysts enlarge and cause a loss of kidney function varies widely, and may be influenced by mutations in other genes that have not been identified. Polycystic kidney disease also can be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. People with this form of the condition have two altered copies of the PKHD1 gene in each cell. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene.) |
What is (are) Celiac disease - nutritional considerations ? | Celiac disease is an immune disorder passed down through families. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, or sometimes oats. It may also be found in some medicines. When a person with celiac disease eats or drinks anything containing gluten, the immune system responds by damaging the lining of the intestinal tract. This affects the body's ability to absorb nutrients. Carefully following a gluten-free diet helps prevent symptoms of the disease.) |
What is (are) Celiac disease - sprue ? | Celiac disease is a condition that creates inflammation in the small intestine, and damage in the lining. This prevents important components of food from being absorbed. The damage to the lining of the intestine comes from a reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley,and possibly oats, and in food made from these ingredients.) |
What causes Celiac disease - sprue ? | The exact cause of celiac disease is unknown. The lining of the intestines have small projections contains areas called villi. These structures help absorb nutrients. When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system reacts by damaging the villi. As a result, the villi are unable absorb nutrients properly. Therefore, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food he or she eats. The disease can develop at any point in life, from infancy to late adulthood. People who have a family member with celiac disease are at greater risk for developing the disease. The disorder is most common in Caucasians and persons of European ancestry. Women are affected more often than men. People with celiac disease are more likely to have: - Autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren syndrome - Addison's disease - Down syndrome - Intestinal cancer - Intestinal lymphoma - Lactose intolerance - Thyroid disease - Type 1 diabetes) |
What are the symptoms of Celiac disease - sprue ? | The symptoms of celiac disease can be different from person to person. This can make diagnosis difficult. For example, one person may have constipation, a second may have diarrhea, and a third may have no problem with stools. Gastrointestinal symptoms include: - Abdominal pain, bloating, gas, or indigestion - Constipation - Decreased appetite (may also be increased or unchanged) - Diarrhea, either constant or off and on - Lactose intolerance (common when the person is diagnosed, usually goes away after treatment) - Nausea and vomiting - Stools that are foul smelling, oily, or and stick to the toilet when flushed - Unexplained weight loss (although people can be overweight or of normal weight) Other problems that can develop over time because the intestines do not absorb key nutrients include: - Easy bruising - Depression or anxiety - Fatigue - Growth delay in children - Hair loss - Itchy skin with a rash (dermatitis herpetiformis) - Missed menstrual periods - Mouth ulcers - Muscle cramps and joint pain - Nosebleeds - Seizures - Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet - Unexplained short height Children with celiac disease may have: - Defects in the tooth enamel and changes in tooth color - Delayed puberty - Diarrhea, constipation, fatty or foul-smelling stools, nausea, or vomiting - Irritable and fussy behavior - Poor weight gain - Slowed growth and shorter than normal height for their age) |
What are the complications of Celiac disease - sprue ? | You must carefully continue to follow the gluten-free diet. When untreated, the disease can cause life-threatening complications. Delaying diagnosis or not following the diet puts you at risk for related conditions such as: - Autoimmune disorders - Bone disease (osteoporosis, kyphoscoliosis, fractures) - Certain types of intestinal cancer - Low blood count (anemia) - Infertility or repeated miscarriage - Liver disease) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Celiac disease - sprue ? | Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of celiac disease.) |
How to prevent Celiac disease - sprue ? | Because the exact cause is unknown, there is no known way to prevent the development of celiac disease. However, being aware of the risk factors (such as having a family member with the disorder) may increase your chances of early diagnosis, treatment, and a long, healthy life.) |
What is (are) celiac disease ? | Celiac disease is a condition in which the immune system is abnormally sensitive to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder; autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Without a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet, inflammation resulting from immune system overactivity may cause a wide variety of signs and symptoms involving many parts of the body. Celiac disease can develop at any age after an individual starts eating foods containing gluten. The classic symptoms of the condition result from inflammation affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This inflammation damages the villi, which are small, finger-like projections that line the small intestine and provide a greatly increased surface area to absorb nutrients. In celiac disease, the villi become shortened and eventually flatten out. Intestinal damage causes diarrhea and poor absorption of nutrients, which may lead to weight loss. Abdominal pain, swelling (distention), and food intolerances are common in celiac disease. Inflammation associated with celiac disease may lead to an increased risk of developing certain gastrointestinal cancers such as cancers of the small intestine or esophagus. Inflammation and poor nutrient absorption may lead to problems affecting many other organs and systems of the body in affected individuals. These health problems may include iron deficiency that results in a low number of red blood cells (anemia), vitamin deficiencies, low bone mineral density (osteoporosis), itchy skin rashes (dermatitis herpetiformis), defects in the enamel of the teeth, chronic fatigue, joint pain, poor growth, delayed puberty, infertility, or repeated miscarriages. Neurological problems have also been associated with celiac disease; these include migraine headaches, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and recurrent seizures (epilepsy). Many people with celiac disease have one or more of these varied health problems but do not have gastrointestinal symptoms. This form of the condition is called nonclassic celiac disease. Researchers now believe that nonclassic celiac disease is actually more common than the classic form. Celiac disease often goes undiagnosed because many of its signs and symptoms are nonspecific, which means they may occur in many disorders. Most people who have one or more of these nonspecific health problems do not have celiac disease. On average, a diagnosis of celiac disease is not made until 6 to 10 years after symptoms begin. Some people have silent celiac disease, in which they have no symptoms of the disorder. However, people with silent celiac disease do have immune proteins in their blood (antibodies) that are common in celiac disease. They also have inflammatory damage to their small intestine that can be detected with a biopsy. In a small number of cases, celiac disease does not improve with a gluten-free diet and progresses to a condition called refractory sprue. Refractory sprue is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, poor absorption of nutrients, and an increased risk of developing a type of cancer of the immune cells called T-cell lymphoma.) |
How many people are affected by celiac disease ? | Celiac disease is a common disorder. Its prevalence has been estimated at about 1 in 100 people worldwide.) |
What are the genetic changes related to celiac disease ? | The risk of developing celiac disease is increased by certain variants of the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that play a critical role in the immune system. The HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes belong to a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. The HLA complex helps the immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins made by foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria. The proteins produced from the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes attach (bind) to each other to form a functional protein complex called an antigen-binding DQ heterodimer. This complex, which is present on the surface of certain immune system cells, attaches to protein fragments (peptides) outside the cell. If the immune system recognizes the peptides as foreign (such as viral or bacterial peptides), it triggers a response to attack the invading viruses or bacteria. Celiac disease is associated with an inappropriate immune response to a segment of the gluten protein called gliadin. This inappropriate activation of the immune system causes inflammation that damages the body's organs and tissues and leads to the signs and symptoms of celiac disease. Almost all people with celiac disease have specific variants of the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, which seem to increase the risk of an inappropriate immune response to gliadin. However, these variants are also found in 30 percent of the general population, and only 3 percent of individuals with the gene variants develop celiac disease. It appears likely that other contributors, such as environmental factors and changes in other genes, also influence the development of this complex disorder.) |
Is celiac disease inherited ? | Celiac disease tends to cluster in families. Parents, siblings, or children (first-degree relatives) of people with celiac disease have between a 4 and 15 percent chance of developing the disorder. However, the inheritance pattern is unknown.) |
What are the treatments for celiac disease ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of celiac disease: - Beth Israel Deaconess: Celiac Center - Columbia University Celiac Disease Center - Gene Review: Gene Review: Celiac Disease - Genetic Testing Registry: Celiac disease - Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Celiac Research and Treatment - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Celiac Disease Nutritional Considerations - North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition: Gluten-Free Diet Guide - University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care) |
What is (are) myasthenia gravis ? | Myasthenia gravis is a disorder that causes weakness of the skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. The weakness most often starts in the muscles around the eyes, causing drooping of the eyelids (ptosis) and difficulty coordinating eye movements, which results in blurred or double vision. In a form of the disorder called ocular myasthenia, the weakness remains confined to the eye muscles. In most people with myasthenia gravis, however, additional muscles in the face and neck are affected. Affected individuals may have unusual facial expressions, difficulty holding up the head, speech impairment (dysarthria), and chewing and swallowing problems (dysphagia) that may lead to choking, gagging, or drooling. Other muscles in the body are also affected in some people with myasthenia gravis. The muscles of the arms and legs may be involved, causing affected individuals to have changes in their gait or trouble with lifting objects, rising from a seated position, or climbing stairs. The muscle weakness tends to fluctuate over time; it typically worsens with activity and improves with rest. Weakness of the muscles in the chest wall and the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm) can cause breathing problems in some people with myasthenia gravis. About 10 percent of people with this disorder experience a potentially life-threatening complication in which these respiratory muscles weaken to the point that breathing is dangerously impaired, and the affected individual requires ventilation assistance. This respiratory failure, called a myasthenic crisis, may be triggered by stresses such as infections or reactions to medications. People can develop myasthenia gravis at any age. For reasons that are unknown, it is most commonly diagnosed in women younger than age 40 and men older than age 60. It is uncommon in children, but some infants born to women with myasthenia gravis show signs and symptoms of the disorder for the first few days or weeks of life. This temporary occurrence of symptoms is called transient neonatal myasthenia gravis.) |
What is (are) Celiac Disease ? | Celiac disease is an immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine. If you have celiac disease and eat foods with gluten, your immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is found mainly in foods but may also be in other products like medicines, vitamins and supplements, lip balm, and even the glue on stamps and envelopes. Celiac disease affects each person differently. Symptoms may occur in the digestive system, or in other parts of the body. One person might have diarrhea and abdominal pain, while another person may be irritable or depressed. Irritability is one of the most common symptoms in children. Some people have no symptoms. Celiac disease is genetic. Blood tests can help your doctor diagnose the disease. Your doctor may also need to examine a small piece of tissue from your small intestine. Treatment is a diet free of gluten. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) |
Who should get Zolmitriptan and why is it prescribed ? | Zolmitriptan is used to treat the symptoms of migraine headaches (severe throbbing headaches that sometimes are accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to sound and light). Zolmitriptan is in a class of medications called selective serotonin receptor agonists. It works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, stopping pain signals from being sent to the brain, and blocking the release of certain natural substances that cause pain, nausea, and other symptoms of migraine. Zolmitriptan does not prevent migraine attacks or reduce the number of headaches you have.) |
What to do in case of emergency or overdose of Zolmitriptan ? | In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911. Symptoms of overdose may include: - extreme drowsiness) |
What other information should I know about Zolmitriptan ? | Keep all appointments with your doctor. Your blood pressure should be checked regularly. You should keep a headache diary by writing down when you have headaches and when you take zolmitriptan. Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.) |
What are the brand names of Zolmitriptan ? | - Zomig - Zomig-ZMT) |
What other information should I know about Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray ? | Keep all appointments with your doctor. Your blood pressure should be checked regularly. You should keep a headache diary by writing down when you have headaches and when you use zolmitriptan nasal spray. Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.) |
What is (are) Gluten Sensitivity ? | Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is found mainly in foods but may also be in other products like medicines, vitamins, and supplements. People with gluten sensitivity have problems with gluten. It is different from celiac disease, an immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine. Some of the symptoms of gluten sensitivity are similar to celiac disease. They include tiredness and stomachaches. It can cause other symptoms too, including muscle cramps and leg numbness. But it does not damage the small intestine like celiac disease. Researchers are still learning more about gluten sensitivity. If your health care provider thinks you have it, he or she may suggest that you stop eating gluten to see if your symptoms go away. However, you should first be tested to rule out celiac disease. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health) |
How should Zolmitriptan be used and what is the dosage ? | Zolmitriptan comes as a tablet and an orally disintegrating tablet (tablet that dissolves quickly in the mouth) to take by mouth. It is usually taken at the first sign of a migraine headache. If your symptoms improve after you take zolmitriptan but return after 2 hours or longer, you may take a second tablet. However, if your symptoms do not improve after you take zolmitriptan, do not take a second tablet without calling your doctor. Your doctor will tell you the maximum number of tablets or orally disintegrating tablets you may take in a 24-hour period. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take zolmitriptan exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. You may take your first dose of zolmitriptan in a doctor's office or other medical facility where you can be monitored for serious reactions. If your doctor has prescribed a dose lower than 2.5 mg, you may use your fingers to break the 2.5-mg tablet on the line that divides it in half. However, you should not break or split the orally disintegrating tablet. To take the orally disintegrating tablet, use dry hands to peel back the foil packaging. Immediately take out the tablet and place it on your tongue. The tablet will quickly dissolve and can be swallowed with saliva. No water is needed to swallow disintegrating tablets. Do not open the foil packaging or remove the orally disintegrating tablet until just before you are ready to take it. Call your doctor if your headaches do not get better or occur more frequently after taking zolmitriptan. If you take zolmitriptan more often or for longer than the recommended period of time, your headaches may get worse or may occur more frequently. You should not take zolmitriptan or any other headache medication for more than 10 days per month. Call your doctor if you need to take zolmitriptan to treat more than three headaches in a 1-month period. Ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient.) |
What are the side effects or risks of Zolmitriptan ? | Zolmitriptan may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: - feeling warm or cold - drowsiness - dry mouth - nausea - heartburn - sweating - dizziness or faintness Some side effects can be serious. If you experience any of these symptoms, call your doctor immediately or get emergency medical treatment: - pain, tightness, pressure, or heaviness in the chest, throat, neck, or jaw - slow or difficult speech - weakness or numbness of an arm or leg - fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat - bloody diarrhea - sudden or severe stomach pain - paleness or blue color of the fingers and toes - shortness of breath - swelling of the eyes, face, lips, tongue, or throat - difficulty breathing or swallowing - hoarseness - rash - hives - pain, burning, or tingling in the hands or feet If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).) |
What is (are) ring chromosome 20 syndrome ? | Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is a condition that affects the normal development and function of the brain. The most common feature of this condition is recurrent seizures (epilepsy) in childhood. The seizures may occur during the day or at night during sleep. They are described as partial seizures because they affect only one area of the brain, a region called the frontal lobe. In many cases, the seizures are complex and resistant to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. Prolonged seizure episodes known as non-convulsive status epilepticus also appear to be characteristic of ring chromosome 20 syndrome. These episodes involve confusion and behavioral changes. Most people with ring chromosome 20 syndrome also have some degree of intellectual disability and behavioral difficulties. Although these problems can appear either before or after the onset of epilepsy, they tend to worsen after seizures develop. Additional features of this condition can include slow growth and short stature, a small head (microcephaly), and subtle differences in facial features. Major birth defects are rarely seen with ring chromosome 20 syndrome.) |
How many people are affected by ring chromosome 20 syndrome ? | Ring chromosome 20 syndrome appears to be a rare condition, although its prevalence is unknown. More than 60 affected individuals have been reported in the medical literature.) |
What are the genetic changes related to ring chromosome 20 syndrome ? | Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality known as a ring chromosome 20 or r(20). A ring chromosome is a circular structure that occurs when a chromosome breaks in two places and its broken ends fuse together. People with ring chromosome 20 syndrome have one copy of this abnormal chromosome in some or all of their cells. It is not well understood how the ring chromosome causes the signs and symptoms of this syndrome. In some affected individuals, genes near the ends of chromosome 20 are deleted when the ring chromosome forms. Researchers suspect that the loss of these genes may be responsible for epilepsy and other health problems. However, other affected individuals do not have gene deletions associated with the ring chromosome. In these people, the ring chromosome may change the activity of certain genes on chromosome 20, or it may be unable to copy (replicate) itself normally during cell division. Researchers are still working to determine the precise relationship between the ring chromosome 20 and the characteristic features of the syndrome.) |
Is ring chromosome 20 syndrome inherited ? | Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is almost never inherited. A ring chromosome typically occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or in early embryonic development. Often, the ring chromosome is present in only some of a person's cells. This situation is known as mosaicism. Most affected individuals have no history of the disorder in their families. However, at least one family has been reported in which a ring chromosome 20 was passed from a mother to her children.) |
What are the treatments for ring chromosome 20 syndrome ? | These resources address the diagnosis or management of ring chromosome 20 syndrome: - Genetic Testing Registry: Ring chromosome 20 syndrome - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Chromosome - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Epilepsy These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care) |
What is Phosphate salts ? | Phosphate salts refers to many different combinations of the chemical phosphate with salts and minerals. Foods high in phosphate include dairy products, whole grain cereals, nuts, and certain meats. Phosphates found in dairy products and meats seem to be more easily absorbed by the body than phosphates found in cereal grains. Cola drinks contain a lot of phosphate - so much, in fact, that they can cause too much phosphate in the blood. People use phosphate salts for medicine. Be careful not to confuse phosphate salts with substances such as organophosphates, or with tribasic sodium phosphates and tribasic potassium phosphates, which are very poisonous. Phosphate salts are taken by mouth for treating blood phosphate levels that are too low and blood calcium levels that are too high, and for preventing kidney stones. They are also taken for treating osteomalacia (often called rickets in children), a condition caused by a mineral imbalance in the body that leads to softening of the bones. Phosphate salts are also used for improving exercise performance, as an antacid for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and as a laxative for emptying the bowels before surgery. Phosphate salts and calcium are applied to sensitive teeth to reduce pain. Rectally, phosphate salts are used as a laxative to clean the bowels before surgery or intestinal tests. Healthcare providers sometimes give potassium phosphate intravenously (by IV) for treating low phosphate and high calcium levels in the blood, and for preventing low phosphate in patients who are being tube-fed.) |
How effective is Phosphate salts ? | Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. The effectiveness ratings for PHOSPHATE SALTS are as follows: Effective for... - Preparing the bowel for a medical procedure. Sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep, Visicol, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC) are FDA-approved for cleansing the colon before a colonoscopy. Over-the-counter sodium phosphate solutions and enemas may also be used for bowel cleansing before medical procedures. - Low phosphate levels in the blood. Taking sodium or potassium phosphate by mouth is effective for preventing or treating low phosphate levels in the blood. Intravenous phosphate salts may also treat low phosphate levels in the blood when used under the supervision of a physician. Likely effective for... - Constipation. Sodium phosphate is an FDA-permitted over-the-counter (OTC) ingredient for the treatment of constipation. These products are taken by mouth or used as enemas. - Indigestion. Aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate are FDA-permitted ingredients used in antacids. - High calcium levels in the blood. Taking phosphate salt (except calcium phosphate) by mouth is likely effective for treating high levels of calcium in the blood. But intravenous phosphate salts should not be used. Possibly effective for... - Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Taking potassium phosphate by mouth might help prevent calcium kidney stones from forming in patients with high urine levels of calcium. Possibly ineffective for... - Athletic performance. Some early research suggests that taking sodium phosphate by mouth four times daily for 6 days might increase athletic performance in male cyclists. However, most evidence shows that taking phosphate salts by mouth does not improve exercise performance. Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for... - Diabetes complication (diabetic ketoacidosis). Early research suggests that taking potassium phosphate intravenously (by IV) does not improve a diabetes complication in which the body produces too many blood acids called ketones. People with this condition should only be given phosphates if they have low phosphate levels. - Complications that occur upon eating in people who were previously starving (refeeding syndrome). Limited research shows that giving sodium and potassium phosphates intravenously (by IV) over 24 hours prevents refeeding syndrome when restarting nutrition in people who are severely malnourished or starved. - Sensitive teeth. - Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate phosphate salts for these uses.) |
What is (are) Substance use - amphetamines ? | Amphetamines are drugs. They can be legal or illegal. They are legal when they are prescribed by a doctor and used to treat health problems such as obesity, narcolepsy, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Amphetamines are illegal when they are used without a prescription to get high or improve performance. In this case, they are known as street, or recreational drugs, and using them can lead to addiction. This article describes this aspect of amphetamines.) |
What are the treatments for Substance use - amphetamines ? | Treatment begins with recognizing there is aproblem. Once you decide you want to do something about your drug use, the next step isto gethelp and support. Treatment programs use behavior modification techniques through counseling (talk therapy). The techniques get you to understand your behaviors and why you use amphetamines. Involving family and friends during counseling can help support you and keep you from going back to using (relapsing). If you have severe withdrawal symptoms, you may need to stay at a residential treatment program. There, your health and safety can be monitored as you recover. At this time, there is no medicine that can help reduce the use of amphetamines by blocking their effects, although scientists are researching such medicines.) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Substance use - amphetamines ? | Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you or someone you know is addicted to amphetamines and needs help to stop using. Also call if you are having withdrawal symptoms that concern you.) |
What other information should I know about Amphetamine ? | Keep all appointments with your doctor. Your doctor may order certain tests to check your body's response to amphetamine and your blood pressure. Before having any laboratory test, tell your doctor and the laboratory personnel that you are taking amphetamine. This prescription is not refillable. Be sure to schedule appointments with your doctor on a regular basis so that you do not run out of medication. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.) |
What are the brand names of Amphetamine ? | - Dyanavel XR - Evekeo) |
How should Amphetamine be used and what is the dosage ? | Amphetamine comes as an tablet (Evekeo) and as an extended-release (long-acting) suspension (Dyanavel XR) to take by mouth. The suspension is usually taken once daily in the morning with or without food. For treatment of ADHD or narcolepsy, the tablet is usually taken with or without food one to three times daily, 4 to 6 hours apart, with the first dose in the morning. For weight loss, the tablet is usually taken 30 to 60 minutes before meals. Amphetamine should not be taken in the late afternoon or evening because it may cause difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take amphetamine exactly as directed. Shake the suspension well before each use to mix the medication evenly. It is important to use an oral syringe (measuring device) to accurately measure and take your dose of the suspension. Ask your pharmacist for a device if it was not provided. Wash the oral syringe thoroughly after each use. If you or your child are taking amphetamine for ADHD, your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of amphetamine and increase your dose gradually, every 4 to 7 days, depending on the medication. Your doctor may tell you to stop taking amphetamine from time to time to see if the medication is still needed. Follow these directions carefully. If you are taking amphetamine for narcolepsy, your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of amphetamine and increase your dose gradually, not more often than once every week. Follow these directions carefully.) |
What should I do if I forget a dose of Amphetamine ? | Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.) |
What is (are) Benign positional vertigo ? | Benign positional vertigo is the most common type of vertigo. Vertigo is the feeling that you are spinning or that everything is spinning around you. It may occur when you move your head in a certain position.) |
What causes Benign positional vertigo ? | Benign positional vertigo is also called benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It is caused by a problem in the inner ear. The inner ear has fluid-filled tubes called semicircular canals. When you move, the fluid moves inside these tubes. The canals are very sensitive to any movement of the fluid. The sensation of the fluid moving in the tube tells your brain the position of your body. This helps you keep your balance. BPPV occurs when a small piece of bone-like calcium breaks free and floats inside the tube. This sends confusing messages to your brain about your body's position. BPPV has no major risk factors. But, your risk for developing BPPV may increase if you have: - Family members with BPPV - Had a prior head injury (even a slight bump to the head) - Had an inner ear infection called labyrinthitis) |
What are the symptoms of Benign positional vertigo ? | BPPV symptoms include any of the following: - Feeling like you are spinning or moving - Feeling like the world is spinning around you - Loss of balance - Nausea and vomiting - Hearing loss - Vision problems, such as a feeling that things are jumping or moving The spinning sensation: - Is usually triggered by moving your head - Often starts suddenly - Lasts a few seconds to minutes Certain positions can trigger the spinning feeling: - Rolling over in bed - Tilting your head up to look at something) |
How to diagnose Benign positional vertigo ? | Your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history. To diagnose BPPV, your provider may perform a test called the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. - Your provider holds your head in a certain position. Then you are asked to lie quickly backward over a table. - As you do this, your provider will look for abnormal eye movements and ask if you feel like you are spinning. If this test doesn't show a clear result, you may be asked to do other tests. You may have brain and nervous system (neurological) tests to rule out other causes. These may include: - Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Electronystagmography (ENG) - Head CT - Head MRI - Hearing test - Magnetic resonance angiography of the head - Warming and cooling the inner ear with water or air to test eye movements. This is called caloric stimulation.) |
What are the treatments for Benign positional vertigo ? | Your provider will teach you how to do a procedure called Epley's maneuver. It can move the small piece of calcium that is floating inside your inner ear. This treatment works best to cure BPPV. Other exercises, such as balance therapy, may help some people. Some medicines can help relieve spinning sensations: - Antihistamines - Anticholinergics - Sedative-hypnotics But, these medicines often do not work well for treating vertigo. Follow instructions on how to take care for yourself at home. To keep your symptoms from getting worse, avoid the positions that trigger it.) |
What is the outlook for Benign positional vertigo ? | BPPV is uncomfortable, but it can usually be treated with Epley's maneuver. It may come back again without warning.) |
What are the complications of Benign positional vertigo ? | People with severe vertigo may get dehydrated due to frequent vomiting.) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Benign positional vertigo ? | Call your provider if: - You develop vertigo - Treatment for vertigo doesn't work Get medical help right away if you also have symptoms such as: - Weakness - Slurred speech - Vision problems These may be signs of a more serious condition.) |
How to prevent Benign positional vertigo ? | Avoid head positions that trigger positional vertigo.) |
What is (are) Benign positional vertigo - aftercare ? | You may have seen your doctor because you've had benign positional vertigo. It is also called benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, or BPPV. BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo and the easiest to treat.) |
What is the outlook for Benign positional vertigo - aftercare ? | Your doctor may have treated your vertigo with the Epley maneuver. These are head movements that correct the inner ear problem that causes BPPV. It usually works quickly. - For the rest of the day, avoid bending over. - For several days after treatment, avoid sleeping on the side that triggers symptoms. Most of the time, treatment will cure BPPV. Sometimes vertigo may return after a few weeks. About half the time, BPPV will come back later on. If this happens, you'll need to be treated again. Your doctor may prescribe medicines that can help relieve spinning sensations. However, these medicines often do not work well for treating vertigo.) |
What is (are) Syphilis - primary ? | Syphilis is a bacterial infection that is most often spread through sexual contact.) |
What is the outlook for Syphilis - primary ? | Syphilis can be cured if it is diagnosed early and completely treated. Secondary syphilis can be cured if it is diagnosed early and treated effectively. Although it usually goes away within weeks, in some cases it may last for up to 1 year. Without treatment, up to one-third of patients will have late complications of syphilis. Late syphilis may be permanently disabling, and it may lead to death.) |
What are the complications of Syphilis - primary ? | - Cardiovascular complications (aortitis and aneurysms) - Destructive sores of skin and bones (gummas) - Neurosyphilis - Syphilitic myelopathy - a complication that involves muscle weakness and abnormal sensations - Syphilitic meningitis In addition, untreated secondary syphilis during pregnancy may spread the disease to the developing baby. This is called congenital syphilis.) |
What causes Syphilis - primary ? | Syphilis is a sexually transmitted, infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This bacterium causes infection when it gets into broken skin or mucus membranes, usually of the genitals. Syphilis is most often transmitted through sexual contact, although it also can be transmitted in other ways. Syphilis occurs worldwide, most commonly in urban areas. The number of cases is rising fastest in men who have sex with men. Young adults ages 15 to 25 are the highest-risk population. People have no natural resistance to syphilis. Because people may be unaware that they are infected with syphilis, many states require tests for syphilis before marriage. All pregnant women who receive prenatal care should be screened for syphilis to prevent the infection from passing to their newborn (congenital syphilis). Syphilis has three stages: - Primary syphilis - Secondary syphilis - Tertiary syphilis (the late phase of the illness) Secondary syphilis, tertiary syphilis, and congenital syphilis are not seen as often in the United States as they were in the past because of the availability of: - Free, government-sponsored sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics - Screening tests for syphilis - Public education about STIs - Prenatal screening) |
What are the symptoms of Syphilis - primary ? | Symptoms of primary syphilis are: - Small, painless open sore or ulcer (called a chancre) on the genitals, mouth, skin, or rectum that heals by itself in 3to 6 weeks - Enlarged lymph nodes in the area of the sore The bacteria continue to grow in the body, but there are few symptoms until the second stage. Secondary syphilis symptoms may include: - Skin rash, usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet - Sores called mucous patches in or around the mouth, vagina, or penis - Moist, warty patches (called condylomata lata) in the genitals or skin folds - Fever - General ill feeling - Loss of appetite - Muscle aches - Joint pain - Swollen lymph nodes - Vision changes - Hair loss Symptoms of tertiary syphilis depend on which organs have been affected. They vary widely and can be difficult to diagnose. Symptoms include: - Damage to the heart, causing aneurysms or valve disease - Central nervous system disorders (neurosyphilis) - Tumors of skin, bones, or liver) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Syphilis - primary ? | Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of syphilis. Contact your doctor or nurse, or get screened in an STI clinic if you have: - Had intimate contact with a person who has syphilis or any other STI - Engaged in any high-risk sexual practices, including having multiple or unknown partners or using intravenous drugs) |
What is (are) Syphilis ? | Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. It infects the genital area, lips, mouth, or anus of both men and women. You usually get syphilis from sexual contact with someone who has it. It can also pass from mother to baby during pregnancy. The early stage of syphilis usually causes a single, small, painless sore. Sometimes it causes swelling in nearby lymph nodes. If you do not treat it, syphilis usually causes a non-itchy skin rash, often on your hands and feet. Many people do not notice symptoms for years. Symptoms can go away and come back. The sores caused by syphilis make it easier to get or give someone HIV during sex. If you are pregnant, syphilis can cause birth defects, or you could lose your baby. In rare cases, syphilis causes serious health problems and even death. Syphilis is easy to cure with antibiotics if you catch it early. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading syphilis. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) |
How to diagnose Syphilis - primary ? | The doctor or nurse will examine you. Tests that may be done include: - Examination of fluid from sore - Echocardiogram, aortic angiogram, and cardiac catheterization to look at the major blood vessels and the heart - Spinal tap and examination of spinal fluid - Blood tests to screen for syphillis bacteria (RPR, VDRL, or TRUST) If the RPR, VDRL, or TRUST tests are positive, one of the following tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis: - FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody test) - MHA-TP - TP-EIA - TP-PA) |
What are the treatments for Syphilis - primary ? | Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics, such as: - Doxycycline - Penicillin G benzathine - Tetracycline (for patients who are allergic to penicillin) Length of treatment depends on how severe the syphilis is, and factors such as the patient's overall health. To treat syphilis during pregnancy, penicillin is the drug of choice. Tetracycline cannot be used for treatment because it is dangerous to the unborn baby. Erythromycin may not prevent congenital syphilis in the baby. People who are allergic to penicillin should ideally be desensitized to it, and then treated with penicillin. Several hours after getting treatment for the early stages of syphilis, people may experience the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. This process is caused by an immune reaction to the breakdown products of the infection. Symptoms and signs of this reaction include: - Chills - Fever - General ill feeling (malaise) - Headache - Joint aches - Muscle aches - Nausea - Rash These symptoms usually disappear within 24 hours. Follow-up blood tests must be done at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months to ensure that the infection is gone. Avoid sexual contact when the chancre is present. Use condoms until two follow-up tests have shown that the infection has been cured, to reduce the chance of transmitting the infection. All sexual partners of the person with syphilis should also be treated. Syphilis is extremely contagious in the primary and secondary stages.) |
How to prevent Syphilis - primary ? | If you are sexually active, practice safe sex and always use a condom. All pregnant women should be screened for syphilis.) |
What is (are) Glucose screening and tolerance tests during pregnancy ? | A glucose screening test is a routine test during pregnancy that checks a pregnant womans blood glucose (sugar) level. A glucose tolerance test is done if a glucose screening test result is higher than normal. It is used to diagnose gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (diabetes) that starts or is found during pregnancy.) |
What is (are) Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant ? | The glucose tolerance test is a lab test to check how your body breaks down sugar. Tests to screen for diabetes during pregnancy are done differently.) |
What is (are) Prediabetes ? | Prediabetes occurs when the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood is too high, but not high enough to be called diabetes. If you have prediabetes, you are at a much higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes within 10 years. It also greatly increases your risk for heart disease. Losing extra weight and getting regular exercise CAN stop prediabetes from becoming full-blown diabetes.) |
How to prevent Prediabetes ? | Your health care provider will talk with you about your condition and your risks from prediabetes. To help you prevent diabetes, your provider will likely suggest certain lifestyle changes: Eat healthy foods: This includes whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and plenty of fruits and vegetables. Watch portion sizes, and avoid sweets and fried foods. Lose weight: Just a small weight loss can make a big difference in your health. For example, your provider may suggest that you lose about 7% of your body weight. So, if you weigh 200 pounds, your goal would be to lose about 14 pounds. Your provider may suggest a diet or you can join a program to help you lose weight. Get more exercise: Aim to get at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderate exercise at least 5 days a week. This can include brisk walking, riding your bike, or swimming. You can also break up exercise into smaller sessions throughout the day. Take medicines as directed: Depending on your other risk factors, your provider may prescribe medicines to lower cholesterol or blood pressure or to help prevent diabetes.) |
What is (are) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ? | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder that occurs most often in males. This condition mainly affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. In affected individuals, a defect in an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes red blood cells to break down prematurely. This destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. The most common medical problem associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is hemolytic anemia, which occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. This type of anemia leads to paleness, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), dark urine, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a rapid heart rate. In people with glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency, hemolytic anemia is most often triggered by bacterial or viral infections or by certain drugs (such as some antibiotics and medications used to treat malaria). Hemolytic anemia can also occur after eating fava beans or inhaling pollen from fava plants (a reaction called favism). Glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency is also a significant cause of mild to severe jaundice in newborns. Many people with this disorder, however, never experience any signs or symptoms.) |
Who should get Glucagon and why is it prescribed ? | Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Glucagon is used to raise very low blood sugar. Glucagon is also used in diagnostic testing of the stomach and other digestive organs. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.) |
Are there safety concerns or special precautions about Glucagon ? | Before using glucagon, - tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to glucagon, any other drugs, or beef or pork products. - tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, including vitamins. - tell your doctor if you have ever had adrenal gland problems, blood vessel disease, malnutrition, pancreatic tumors, insulinoma, or pheochromocytoma. - tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding.) |
What are the side effects or risks of Glucagon ? | Glucagon may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: - nausea - vomiting - rash - itching If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: - difficulty breathing - loss of consciousness If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).) |
What should I know about storage and disposal of Glucagon ? | Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Once the injection dose has been mixed, discard any unused portion.) |
What to do in case of emergency or overdose of Glucagon ? | In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.) |
What other information should I know about Glucagon ? | Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.) |
What are the brand names of Glucagon ? | - GlucaGen Diagnostic Kit) |
How should Glucagon be used and what is the dosage ? | Glucagon is usually given by injection beneath the skin, in the muscle, or in the vein. It comes as a powder and liquid that will need to be mixed just before administering the dose. Instructions for mixing and giving the injection are in the package. Glucagon should be administered as soon as possible after discovering that the patient is unconscious from low blood sugar. After the injection, the patient should be turned onto the side to prevent choking if they vomit. Once the glucagon has been given, contact your doctor. It is very important that all patients have a household member who knows the symptoms of low blood sugar and how to administer glucagon. If you have low blood sugar often, keep a glucagon kit with you at all times. You should be able to recognize some of the signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (i.e., shakiness, dizziness or lightheadedness, sweating, confusion, nervousness or irritability, sudden changes in behavior or mood, headache, numbness or tingling around the mouth, weakness, pale skin, sudden hunger, clumsy or jerky movements). Try to eat or drink a food or beverage with sugar in it, such as hard candy or fruit juice, before it is necessary to administer glucagon. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your pharmacist or doctor to explain any part you or your household members do not understand. Use glucagon exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.) |
What causes Diabetes and nerve damage ? | In people with diabetes, the body's nerves can be damaged by decreased blood flow and a high blood sugar level. This condition is more likely when the blood sugar level is not well controlled. About half of people with diabetes develop nerve damage. Symptoms often do not begin until many years after diabetes has been diagnosed. Some persons who have diabetes that develops slowly already have nerve damage when they are first diagnosed.) |
What is (are) Hip joint replacement ? | Hip joint replacement is surgery to replace all or part of the hip joint with a man-made joint. The artificial joint is called a prosthesis.) |
What is the outlook for Hip joint replacement ? | Hip replacement surgery results are often excellent. Most or all of your pain and stiffness should go away. Some people may have problems with infection, loosening, or even dislocation of the new hip joint. Over time the artificial hip joint will loosen. This can happen after as long as 15 - 20 years. You may need a second replacement. Younger, more active people may wear out parts of their new hip. It may need to be replaced before the artificial hip loosens.) |
What is (are) Hip or knee replacement - after - what to ask your doctor ? | You had surgery to get a new hip or knee joint while you were in the hospital. Below are some questions you may want to ask your health care provider to help you take care of your new joint.) |
What is (are) Hip or knee replacement - before - what to ask your doctor ? | You are going to have a hip or knee joint replacement surgery to replace all or part of your hip or knee joint with an artificial device (a prosthesis). Below are some questions you may want to ask your health care provider to help you prepare for your hip or knee replacement.) |
What is (are) Hip or knee replacement - in the hospital after ? | You will stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days after having hip or knee joint replacement surgery. During that time you will recover from your anesthesia and the surgery.) |
What causes Laryngeal nerve damage ? | Injury to the laryngeal nerves is uncommon. When it does occur, it can be from: - A complication of neck or chest surgery (especially thyroid, lung, heart surgery, or cervical spine surgery) - A breathing tube in the windpipe (endotracheal tube) - A viral infection that affects the nerves - Tumors in the neck or upper chest, such as thyroid or lung cancer - Part of a neurological condition) |
What is (are) Risks of hip and knee replacement ? | All surgeries have risks for complications. Knowing what these risks are and how they apply to you is part of deciding whether or not to have surgery. You can help lower your chances of risks from surgery by planning ahead. - Choose a doctor and a hospital that provide high-quality care. - Talk with your health care provider long before your surgery. - Find out what you can do to help prevent problems during and after surgery.) |
What is (are) Anesthesia - what to ask your doctor - adult ? | You are scheduled to have a surgery or procedure. You will need to talk with your doctor about the type of anesthesia that will be best for you. Below are some questions you may want to ask your doctor.) |
What is (are) Anesthesia - what to ask your doctor - child ? | Your child is scheduled to have a surgery or procedure. You will need to talk with your child's doctor about the type of anesthesia that will be best for your child. Below are some questions you may want to ask.) |
What is (are) Anesthesia ? | If you are having surgery, your doctor will give you medicine called an anesthetic. Anesthetics reduce or prevent pain. There are three main types: - Local - numbs one small area of the body. You stay awake and alert. - Regional - blocks pain in an area of the body, such an arm or leg. A common type is epidural anesthesia, which is often used during childbirth. - General - makes you unconscious. You do not feel any pain, and you do not remember the procedure afterwards. You may also get a mild sedative to relax you. You stay awake but may not remember the procedure afterwards. Sedation can be used with or without anesthesia. The type of anesthesia or sedation you get depends on many factors. They include the procedure you are having and your current health.) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Controlling your high blood pressure ? | Call your doctor if your blood pressure goes well above your normal range. Also call your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms: - Severe headache - Irregular heartbeat or pulse - Chest pain - Sweating - Nausea or vomiting - Shortness of breath - Dizziness or lightheadedness - Pain or tingling in the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arms - Numbness or weakness in your body - Fainting - Trouble seeing - Confusion - Difficulty speaking - Other side effects that you think might be from your medicine or your blood pressure) |
What is (are) Deep vein thrombosis - discharge ? | DVT - discharge; Blood clot in the legs - discharge; Thromboembolism - discharge) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Joint swelling ? | Call your health care providerright awayif you have joint pain and swelling with a fever. Also call your health care provider if you have: - Unexplained joint swelling - Joint swelling after an injury) |
Do I need to see a doctor for Leg pain ? | Call your health care provider if: - The painful leg is swollen or red. - You have a fever. - Your pain gets worse when you walk or exercise and improves with rest. - The leg is black and blue. - The leg is cold and pale. - You are taking medicines that may be causing leg pain. DO NOT stop taking or change any of your medicines without talking to your provider. - Self-care steps do not help.) |
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