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Tags
list
11256
1
11260
null
7
4919
I need to do a regression with a non-normal DV for which no proper non-linear transformation (that I know of) exists: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7fPjE.png) It is a score ranging from 10 to 50, with a high peak at 10, a drop at 11 and a regular decline from 11 to 50. The distribution of re...
Regression on a non-normal dependent variable
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T04:36:57.507
2011-05-26T12:42:05.990
2011-05-26T06:03:45.123
2116
4754
[ "regression", "ordinal-data" ]
11257
1
null
null
4
5074
### Context: I am analysing some impact assessment data (measuring invertebrate richness in response to pollution), but they are unbalanced - there are not data for every site at sampling occasion, and there were more datapoints recorded after the impact than before the impact. I am a new user to R, and have gather...
How do I set up an unbalanced repeated measures analysis in R?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T04:38:23.123
2011-10-24T01:00:49.183
2011-07-25T22:05:14.627
930
4758
[ "r", "mixed-model", "repeated-measures" ]
11258
2
null
11253
8
null
Are you familiar with [Simpson's paradox](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox)? This would seem to be what you're observing here. Edit: I didn't answer your question :) What exactly you should do is to some degree context dependent (Are the groups meaningful? Does this represent a problem in the study desi...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T05:12:45.137
2011-05-26T05:12:45.137
null
null
26
null
11259
1
null
null
8
237
[Related to my earlier question](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/11256/regression-on-a-non-normal-dependent-variable), I need to perform regression on a skewed dependent variable (n = 500). Since the residuals weren't normally distributed, I was able to transform the DV non-linearly in a way that it now appro...
Does similarity of coefficients and p-values regardless of whether dependent variable is transformed suggest untransformed model is reliable?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T05:17:10.670
2011-09-28T15:44:29.120
2017-04-13T12:44:52.660
-1
4754
[ "regression" ]
11260
2
null
11256
7
null
The normality assumption is a convenient property of model's residuals, since it enables correct inferences about the estimated parameters and critical values of many other tests are also dependent on this assumption (therefore some corrections should be made, or you may roughly take more strict rule-of-thumb criteria,...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T05:26:42.400
2011-05-26T05:26:42.400
null
null
2645
null
11262
1
null
null
3
33
This question is motivated by a issue regarding network motifs. To determine if a (connected, induced) subgraph $H$ occurs with significantly high frequency in an input network $G$, we generate an ensemble of comparison networks similar to $G$ and count the number of occurences of $H$ in them. Thus we obtain the numb...
Methods for checking if the number of comparisons is sufficient
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T05:50:38.113
2021-11-12T22:32:35.583
2021-11-12T22:32:35.583
11887
386
[ "statistical-significance", "networks" ]
11263
1
11295
null
1
2345
I'm sure this is a pretty standard statistics question, but I'm no expert... I'm running an A/B test on my website to see if a change results in users adding more content. So there are 2 basic things I'm looking at; the # of users adding at least 1 piece of content and the total # of pieces of content added by all us...
Statistical significance when A/B test has multiple values
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T06:28:43.387
2012-11-11T21:32:33.883
null
null
4759
[ "confidence-interval", "statistical-significance", "sample-size", "chi-squared-test", "ab-test" ]
11264
2
null
11263
-1
null
Applying binomial distribution you can calculate variance out of number of events. Formula for standard deviation from binomial distribution is ``` sigma = sqrt( n * p * (1-p) ) ``` where n is number of all events and p is probability of event you observing. To be sure 95% you have to be at lest 2 sigma away from pr...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T07:27:25.430
2011-05-26T07:33:00.320
2011-05-26T07:33:00.320
4738
4738
null
11265
2
null
11246
6
null
Just to add to Frank's points and paint a somewhat finer picture: CART/RPART is indeed highly exploratory and adding a p-value is difficult. I have seen some rare cases where people tried to use bootstrapping to get such p-value but I agree with Frank that it's not worth the effort. As for combining statistical inferen...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T07:49:23.200
2011-05-26T07:49:23.200
null
null
4760
null
11266
1
11272
null
14
1031
I would like (in the distant future) to teach statistics to kids. For that matter, I'd be happy to know of software (obviously I am tending towards FOSS), or webapps, that are helpful in explaining statistical/probabilistic ideas to kids (or adults for that matter). This can be used either by the instructor, the kids,...
Software (or webapps) for teaching kids statistics or probability?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T08:32:34.833
2016-12-21T01:56:36.627
2016-12-21T01:56:36.627
22468
253
[ "probability", "references", "software", "teaching" ]
11267
2
null
11266
5
null
GGobi Help teach interactive data visualization. Including - histograms, scatter plots (2d, 3d, multi-d), with brushing/linking etc. Mostly for the teacher - less for the children (but still possible) [http://www.ggobi.org/](http://www.ggobi.org/)
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T08:34:15.173
2011-05-26T08:34:15.173
null
null
253
null
11268
2
null
11266
7
null
RcmdrPlugin.TeachingDemos: Rcmdr Teaching Demos Plug-In Extending R with Rcmdr and give demos for probability and statistics ideas. - Interactive: correlation and linear regression. - Static: power of a test, confidence interval, central limit theorem. Mostly for the teacher - less for the children [http://cran.r-p...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T08:42:20.983
2011-05-26T09:06:15.867
2011-05-26T09:06:15.867
253
253
null
11269
2
null
11266
4
null
animation: A Gallery of Animations in Statistics and Utilities to Create Animations An R package. Enables the teacher to create many animation that can be made into webapps. Great for the teacher to create a children webapp. [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/animation/index.html](http://cran.r-project.org/web/pa...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T08:43:59.467
2011-05-26T08:43:59.467
null
null
253
null
11270
1
null
null
2
265
My study is about customers’ perception of the effectiveness for a Malaysia corporate Weblog. In my study, customers’ perception of the effectiveness defined as perceived ease of use, perceived interactivity, and perceived trustworthiness; whereas the corporate Weblog defined as Weblog publishing software, Weblog comme...
How to analyse a study looking at relationship between one set of five items (predictors) and a second set of five items (outcomes)
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T10:13:55.363
2017-03-06T16:52:53.847
2017-03-06T16:52:53.847
101426
4762
[ "regression", "spearman-rho" ]
11271
2
null
11257
3
null
I believe that your scenario is generally described as one of missing data, not as an unbalanced design, which is usually reserved for cases of unequal numbers of observations between independent groups. `ezANOVA()` from the [ez package](http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ez/index.html) can handle unbalanced design...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T11:05:46.140
2011-05-26T11:05:46.140
null
null
364
null
11272
2
null
11266
3
null
[Videos](http://understandinguncertainty.org/view/videos) and [animations](http://understandinguncertainty.org/view/animations) from Understanding Uncertainty website.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:05:30.677
2011-05-26T12:05:30.677
null
null
22
null
11273
1
null
null
6
9242
In principle a simple question: What is the pull distribution? (All I could find out is that it is the error-weighted distribution of estimators around the true value.) I'd be interested in the precise mathematical definition, how, why, and when to use it, what is it expected to look like, and if both estimator values ...
What is the pull distribution?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:31:52.523
2012-04-21T19:07:03.437
2011-05-26T12:54:14.570
1512
1512
[ "distributions", "data-mining" ]
11274
2
null
11270
3
null
About your first question (using Spearman rank correlation with ordinal scales), I think you will find useful responses on this site (search for spearman, likert, ordinal or scale). About your second question: As I understand the situation, for each dimension (what you call a "section"), you have a set of five question...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:38:05.190
2011-05-26T12:38:05.190
2017-04-13T12:44:41.493
-1
930
null
11275
2
null
11256
8
null
Ordinal regression is not affected by empty cells of Y. Quantile grouping is not required unless you just want to reduce computational burden. Proportional odds or continuation ratio ordinal logistic models are likely to be able to handle the distribution of Y you plotted (with no grouping of Y).
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:42:05.990
2011-05-26T12:42:05.990
null
null
4253
null
11276
2
null
6723
7
null
Stepwise regression in the absence of penalization is frought with so many difficulties that I'm surprised people are still using it. The web has long lists of problems, starting with the extremely low probability of finding the "right" model.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:43:37.610
2011-05-26T12:43:37.610
null
null
4253
null
11277
1
11324
null
5
176
In a nutshell, here's what I have: - Annual population estimates for the State - Periodical (5 years) age, population, and basic census data per zones Here's what I want to do: - Create a simplistic model to generate the data for the missing years between the period for each zone, and have the total sums add up to...
Is there a simplistic model to disaggregate census data based on years and smaller zones?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T12:51:55.790
2011-05-27T23:41:14.597
2011-05-26T13:09:38.747
59
59
[ "estimation", "census" ]
11278
2
null
11253
7
null
I agree with JMS advice, that the answer is totally context dependent. But what you are looking at may also be considered a [moderation effect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderation_%28statistics%29). > In statistics, moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable. ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T13:45:16.910
2011-05-26T13:45:16.910
null
null
442
null
11279
2
null
11249
10
null
Although I would always recommend to use R, you could nevertheless achieve what you want with python. There is at least a package for reading [dbf files](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dbf/). Furthermore, [scipy](http://www.scipy.org/) offers a great range of functions for statistical analysis. For example the library [Sc...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T13:55:58.253
2011-05-26T13:55:58.253
null
null
442
null
11280
1
null
null
3
1653
I am new to R and some help would be of great use to me. Basically, I need to perform a GLM analysis with negative binomial errors and with fixed factors, no covariates and no random effects. My factors are of type: year (1-4), site (1-3), sex (1-2), age (1-3), with a sample size of around 5000. Currently I am fitting ...
Automatisation of GLM analysis with negative binomial errors
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T14:51:26.587
2011-05-27T09:30:47.783
2011-05-26T16:02:15.300
930
4766
[ "r", "model-selection", "generalized-linear-model" ]
11281
2
null
4753
2
null
One has to be careful about the meaning of the word sparse. Your matrix contains many zeroes and one may represent such a matrix in a sparse way (to save on storage). But since the figures represent co-occurrences these zeroes are still to be considered informative (they are not missing; they are not structurally zero)...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T15:05:23.787
2011-05-26T15:05:23.787
null
null
4767
null
11282
2
null
11280
3
null
The `stepAIC` function in MASS can perform the kinds of variable selection you are looking for. In addition, the `leaps` package appears to have similar capacities. That being said, I have not used it, so cannot speak directly on its efficacy.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T15:41:30.293
2011-05-26T15:41:30.293
null
null
656
null
11283
1
11285
null
3
270
I am running a logistic model on insurance data. I have a field agent gender which matters for a channel A (say) and doesn't matter for B. I want to put null values in case of B. The only thing I risk is exclusion by SAS (as SAS excludes every missing case by default). I heard that pairwise exclusion can solve my probl...
Pairwise exclusions
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T16:26:07.750
2011-05-27T06:45:52.127
2011-05-27T06:45:52.127
2116
1763
[ "modeling", "dataset", "sas" ]
11284
2
null
11283
4
null
There are two main types of traditional treatments of missing data. These are: 1) listwise 2) pairwise Listwise is (from what you have said) the default in SAS. It means that you exclude any observation that has missing values in any of the terms in your model. The advantage of this is that it ensures that all variable...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T16:51:15.040
2011-05-26T16:51:15.040
null
null
656
null
11285
2
null
11283
6
null
This doesn't sound like a missing data problem to me: it sounds like a question of model structure. Distilling it to its essence, it seems you have two independent categorical variables gender ($X$, say) and "channel" ($Y$) and a binary response ($Z$). Conceptually the model is $$logit(\Pr(Z=1)) = \beta_0 + \beta_1 X ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T18:11:50.257
2011-05-26T18:11:50.257
null
null
919
null
11286
2
null
10890
15
null
I agree with @Michael's description of endogeneity---this is about a problem with the variables that you include and their relationship to the variables that you do not (i.e., the stuff in the error term). Unobserved heterogeneity is typically about unobservable componenents of the effects that you are estimating. Con...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T18:19:51.773
2011-05-26T18:19:51.773
null
null
401
null
11287
2
null
11072
2
null
The $R^2$ in regression is given that name because it is the correlation between $y_i$ and $\hat{y}_i$ squared. You could calculate the correlation between $z_i$ and $\hat{z}_i$ in your case, square it, and use that as a measure of goodness-of-fit. I can't say what the statistical properties of this measure will be for...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T18:25:22.063
2011-05-26T18:25:22.063
null
null
401
null
11288
2
null
10613
35
null
Under the null hypothesis, your test statistic $T$ has the distribution $F(t)$ (e.g., standard normal). We show that the p-value $P=F(T)$ has a probability distribution $$\begin{equation*} \Pr(P < p) = \Pr(F^{-1}(P) < F^{-1}(p)) = \Pr(T < t) \equiv p; \end{equation*}$$ in other words, $P$ is distributed uniformly. This...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T18:50:27.493
2011-05-27T00:19:15.937
2011-05-27T00:19:15.937
401
401
null
11289
1
null
null
37
2603
I am looking for some probability inequalities for sums of unbounded random variables. I would really appreciate it if anyone can provide me some thoughts. My problem is to find an exponential upper bound over the probability that the sum of unbounded i.i.d. random variables, which are in fact the multiplication of two...
Probability inequalities
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T19:27:05.283
2019-10-06T16:06:34.740
2018-09-26T08:43:57.307
11887
4770
[ "probability", "mathematical-statistics", "probability-inequalities", "moment-generating-function" ]
11290
1
11314
null
10
6930
I have come across the sampling method called "Propensity Weighting Sampling/RIM", but I do not have a good idea of what these survey methods are all about. What references in the literature cover this topic?
What is a propensity weighting sampling / RIM?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T20:06:04.120
2016-07-10T21:14:22.153
2012-12-16T09:36:23.267
3826
4278
[ "sampling", "weighted-sampling" ]
11291
2
null
11236
5
null
From the [documentation for qqmath](http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/lattice/html/qqmath.html) it seems that the default behavior is to compare the empirical quantiles to those of a normal distribution. So what the QQ plot for $\sigma^2$ (which is the error variance) is telling you is that its marginal post...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T20:15:53.020
2011-05-26T20:15:53.020
null
null
26
null
11292
1
null
null
3
482
I am performing a retrospective study on patients looking at the size of their nostril (continuous variable measured in millimetres) and the need for treatment which is either conservative or surgical (this is a categorical variable). Sample size is only 15. What would be the right test to compare groups to determine i...
How to compare two groups of patients with a continuous outcome?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T21:13:05.773
2011-05-27T12:59:13.753
2011-05-27T12:59:13.753
183
4772
[ "statistical-significance" ]
11293
2
null
11253
5
null
The previous comments are all good, but with group sample sizes of 5, 7, and 11, I wouldn't trust any of their correlations as far as I could throw them. You'll need to give the overall r a wide confidence interval as well. btw Nice job on the graph.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T21:28:02.027
2011-05-26T21:28:02.027
null
null
2669
null
11294
2
null
11292
8
null
Note that the sample size is very small and it is therefore higly likely that you run into power problems if you get a nonsignificant result. Therefore, definitely report the effect size whatever the result of your test will be (i.e., the differences in nostril size between the two treatment groups, in relation to the ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T21:36:45.680
2011-05-26T21:36:45.680
null
null
442
null
11295
2
null
11263
3
null
The perspective Ralu is using is basically p is the probability of A and for the binomial he's saying you have the events A and not A which for you is B and that's your event space. Since you don't know your actual value for P(A) and assuming you don't have a good guess for it you'll want to use a conservative estimate...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-26T21:39:40.440
2011-05-26T21:39:40.440
null
null
4325
null
11296
1
null
null
20
64366
I have a table with four groups (4 BMI groups) as the independent variable (factor). I have a dependent variable that is "percent mother smoking in pregnancy". Is it permissible to use ANOVA for this or do I have to use chi-square or some other test?
Using ANOVA on percentages?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T00:39:52.903
2021-02-18T14:43:35.973
2021-02-18T14:43:35.973
11887
4774
[ "anova", "percentage" ]
11297
2
null
11296
21
null
It depends on how close the responses within different groups are to 0 or 100%. If there are a lot of extreme values (i.e. many values piled up on 0 or 100%) this will be difficult. (If you don't know the "denominators", i.e. the numbers of subjects from which the percentages are calculated, then you can't use contin...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T01:05:52.183
2011-05-27T01:05:52.183
null
null
2126
null
11298
2
null
11296
23
null
There is a difference between having a binary variable as your dependent variable and having a proportion as your dependent variable. - Binary dependent variable: This sounds like what you have. (i.e., each mother either smoked or she did not smoke) In this case I would not use ANOVA. Logistic regression with some f...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T02:23:47.557
2011-05-27T02:23:47.557
null
null
183
null
11299
1
null
null
6
170
### Context: I'm investigating behaviour in a clinical study involving children. I had both parents and teachers completing questionnaires to inform an understanding of the same underlying constructs, for example reactive aggression. At the conclusion of data collection I have parent data in all cases, n=55, and t...
Getting an average measurement based on two raters for cases where data is missing for one rater
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T04:08:42.267
2011-05-27T10:02:06.747
2011-05-27T06:25:27.220
183
4775
[ "spss", "missing-data", "data-imputation" ]
11300
1
11306
null
3
62
I have a particular semiparametric model which I'm fitting via MCMC. One of the model parameters I have "semiparametric'ed" away (say $\alpha$) is known to lie between two other parameters, $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$. Since I have a series of samples $(\theta_1^t, \theta_2^t)$ I also have a series of interval estimates ...
Summarizing samples of an interval
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T04:59:18.913
2011-05-27T09:12:29.650
null
null
26
[ "estimation" ]
11302
2
null
8903
2
null
According to [Wikipedia's article of tf-idf](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf-idf): > The term count in the given document is simply the number of times a given term appears in that document. This count is usually normalized to prevent a bias towards longer documents (which may have a higher term count regardless ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T06:31:45.607
2011-05-27T06:31:45.607
null
null
4777
null
11303
2
null
11231
2
null
The classic problem with PCR is that principal components corresponding to small eigenvalues (and hence discarded) can be significant for explaining the dependent variable. One of the solutions to this problem is to use [PLS regression](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_least_squares_regression). In PLS regression t...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T06:59:20.680
2011-05-27T06:59:20.680
null
null
2116
null
11304
2
null
11255
13
null
Disclaimer: I consider myself an experiemtal psychologist with an emphasis on experimental. Hence, I have a natural unease with designs like this. To answer your first and second question: I think for a design like this a SEM or, depending on the number of variables involved, mediation or moderation analyses is the nat...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T08:08:38.927
2011-05-27T08:08:38.927
null
null
442
null
11305
2
null
726
32
null
> "The first time I was in a statistics course, I was there to teach it" John Tukey ([link](http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~brill/Papers/life.pdf))
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T08:11:49.203
2011-05-27T08:11:49.203
null
null
74
null
11306
2
null
11300
1
null
Let's see: $$ P(\alpha) = \int P(\alpha, \theta_1, \theta_2) d\theta_1 d\theta_2 = \int P(\alpha | \theta_1, \theta_2) P(\theta_1, \theta_2) d\theta_1 d\theta_2 $$ With the good help of Monte Carlo, we can approximate this as $$ \frac{1}{n} \sum_t P(\alpha | \theta_1^t, \theta_2^t) $$ With the grid trick, you are...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T09:12:29.650
2011-05-27T09:12:29.650
null
null
4257
null
11307
2
null
11280
2
null
See also the [glmulti](http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glmulti/index.html) package on CRAN and the accompanying [JSS paper](http://www.jstatsoft.org/v34/i12/paper): `glmulti` provides a wrapper for `glm` and similar functions (`glm.nb`, etc.), automatically generating all possible models (under constraints set b...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T09:30:47.783
2011-05-27T09:30:47.783
null
null
103
null
11308
2
null
11299
4
null
The idea above sounds rather like single imputation. This is a better idea when faced with missing data than either list-wise or pair-wise deletion. However, its still not a good approach. A better approach could be multiple imputation. Essentially, you simulate from 3-10 datasets conditional on your observed data. Yo...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T10:02:06.747
2011-05-27T10:02:06.747
null
null
656
null
11309
1
null
null
2
235
I am wondering what the proper term is, for when a table like this (where values that did not occur are omitted entirely): ``` ________ _______ | Length | Count | |--------|-------| | 1 | 5 | | 3 | 2 | | 6 | 12 | |________|_______| ``` Is rewritten like this (where values that did not occur ...
What do you call adding zeros to a table of frequency counts of consecutive integers where the given integer does not occur
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T12:17:11.043
2016-04-07T11:43:22.660
2016-04-07T11:43:22.660
22228
4781
[ "data-transformation", "tables", "presentation" ]
11310
1
16875
null
6
10629
I've found critical values for the Anderson Darling test for a Normal Distribution at 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15% significance levels from various sources, including wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test) I'd really like a critic...
Critical values for Anderson-Darling test
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T13:30:12.590
2017-01-10T06:02:58.947
2011-05-27T14:02:45.477
null
4780
[ "distributions", "hypothesis-testing", "normal-distribution" ]
11311
2
null
11310
5
null
You can use simulation (this is not a new idea, it is how Gosset/Student derived the original t table (but we have faster tools than he did)). Generate a psuedo random sample from a normal distribution (or at least as close as the computer can come) of the sample size of interest and compute the Anderson Darling Statis...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T15:04:37.847
2011-05-27T15:04:37.847
null
null
4505
null
11312
2
null
11309
2
null
Mapping a set of observed value onto the observable values expected for a given variable? That is, a variable is characterized by all hypothetical values that can be observed when using it, but observed values may not reflect the full range of possible values. For example, when collecting n=100 discrete scores on a 0-...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T15:27:04.487
2011-05-27T15:27:04.487
null
null
930
null
11313
2
null
726
8
null
> "He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a rudder and compass and never knows where he may be cast." - Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519 Found [here](http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/jfox/).
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T15:30:01.647
2011-05-27T15:30:01.647
null
null
253
null
11314
2
null
11290
9
null
You may know that weighting generally aims at ensuring that a given sample is representative of its target population. If in your sample some attributes (e.g., gender, SES, type of medication) are less well represented than in the population from which the sample comes from, then we may adjust the weights of the incrim...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T16:14:16.013
2016-07-10T21:14:22.153
2016-07-10T21:14:22.153
43080
930
null
11315
1
11323
null
15
11474
So when I assume that the error terms are normally distributed in a linear regression, what does it mean for the response variable, $y$?
How does the distribution of the error term affect the distribution of the response?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T16:14:56.817
2011-05-28T23:34:21.947
2011-05-27T18:37:16.203
930
4496
[ "regression", "distributions" ]
11316
2
null
11315
19
null
The short answer is that you cannot conclude anything about the distribution of $y$, because it depends on the distribution of the $x$'s and the strength and shape of the relationship. More formally, $y$ will have a "mixture of normals" distribution, which in practice can be pretty much anything. Here are two extreme e...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T16:36:35.590
2011-05-28T02:52:27.773
2011-05-28T02:52:27.773
279
279
null
11318
2
null
11315
8
null
We invent the error term by imposing a fictitious model on real data; the distribution of the error term does not affect the distribution of the response. We often assume that the error is distributed normally and thus try to construct the model such that our estimated residuals are normally distributed. This can be di...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T16:54:10.607
2011-05-28T19:05:10.253
2011-05-28T19:05:10.253
3874
3874
null
11319
1
11332
null
4
256
I have an experiment where people click on different ads online. My measure is click counts. I end up finding that I should use models for count data such as Poisson, Quasi-Poisson, or Negative Binomial regression. Is there a standard in marketing regarding what model should be used for click counts? Thanks
Is there a standard procedure or regression model in marketing for explaining click rates on ads?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T16:57:08.000
2011-05-28T17:17:05.713
2011-05-27T20:18:44.890
930
4679
[ "poisson-distribution", "count-data" ]
11320
2
null
726
17
null
> The Earth is round. p < .05 Jacob Cohen
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T18:19:55.340
2011-05-27T18:19:55.340
null
null
686
null
11321
2
null
726
17
null
> When I see articles with lots of significance tests, I say that the statisticians are p-ing on the research. Herman Friedmann (by recollection, he said this in class)
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T18:21:27.587
2011-05-27T18:21:27.587
null
null
686
null
11322
1
28503
null
8
935
Here is a recent Google correlate query: [http://www.google.com/trends/correlate/search?e=internet+usage&t=weekly#](http://www.google.com/trends/correlate/search?e=internet+usage&t=weekly#) As you can see in the search box at that link, I entered "internet usage" and Google did the rest. It shows a value of 0.9298 as t...
What method is used in Google's correlate?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T20:07:41.690
2012-05-26T07:08:01.567
2012-05-26T07:08:01.567
5505
2775
[ "time-series", "correlation" ]
11323
2
null
11315
8
null
Maybe I'm off but I think we ought to be wondering about $f(y|\beta, X)$, which is how I read the OP. In the very simplest case of linear regression if your model is $y=X\beta + \epsilon$ then the only stochastic component in your model is the error term. As such it determines the sampling distribution of $y$. If $\eps...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T23:07:30.837
2011-05-27T23:07:30.837
null
null
26
null
11324
2
null
11277
3
null
About the simplest thing you can do is interpolate normalized counts over time and (almost) the simplest form of interpolation is linear. Specifically, suppose $y_i$ is the state population at time $i$ and $x_i$ is some other count (by age, tract, or whatever). Define $\xi_i = x_i/y_i$. Suppose $i$ is a year for whic...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-27T23:41:14.597
2011-05-27T23:41:14.597
null
null
919
null
11325
2
null
726
6
null
> Statistics' real contribution to society is primarily moral, not technical. Steve Vardeman and Max Morris
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T13:02:46.950
2012-06-20T18:18:51.487
2012-06-20T18:18:51.487
1381
2669
null
11326
2
null
11315
2
null
If you write out the response as $$\bf{y}=m+e$$ Where $\bf{m}$ is the "model" (the prediction for $\bf{y}$) and $\bf{e}$ is the "errors", then this can be re-arranged to indicate $\bf{y}-m=e$. So assigning a distribution for the errors is the same thing as indicating the ways your model is incomplete. To put it anoth...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T13:14:20.353
2011-05-28T23:34:21.947
2011-05-28T23:34:21.947
2392
2392
null
11327
1
11330
null
5
2337
We've created a survey asking students, among other things, their GPA (=weighted average of grades) and their marks in some specific courses (which count towards GPA). We wanted to see which regressors influence the GPA using a simple OLS model. Is it sensible to use a formula like this? ``` GPA ~ grade_maths + grade_s...
Dependent variable is a function of independent variables; can I sensibly include them in a regression?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T13:37:12.280
2011-05-30T08:16:18.460
2011-05-30T07:44:27.810
2116
4788
[ "regression", "least-squares" ]
11328
1
null
null
0
85
> Possible Duplicate: Wrong results using ANOVA with repeated measures Hello everybody, I did an experiment and I need to understand how to detect, by means of an ANOVA (repeated measures), the differences between males and females evaluations at stimulus level. In the experiment, participants had to evaluate 7 sti...
Detecting significant differences for each stimulus using ANOVA repeated measures
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T13:41:53.917
2011-05-28T13:41:53.917
2017-04-13T12:44:39.283
-1
4701
[ "anova", "repeated-measures", "t-test" ]
11329
1
14862
null
7
387
Suppose we have a set $S$ consisting of $p$ features, and a subset $S_+$ of the features are positive. If $Q$ is any subset of $S$, define the false positive rate as the proportion of features in $Q$ which are not positive: $$FPR[Q] = 1 - \frac{|Q \cap S_+|}{|Q|}$$ where $|\cdot|$ denotes cardinality. If $Q$ is a fun...
Inverse of false discovery rate (FDR)
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T13:56:54.953
2011-12-06T01:06:12.233
2011-05-29T01:03:15.980
3567
3567
[ "error", "multiple-comparisons" ]
11330
2
null
11327
2
null
I see no problem with fitting the regression. We do regressions because we believe that the predictors may be related to the response, you just have more knowledge to begin with. But what questions are you actually trying to answer? The fact that certain coefficients are significant is not surprising, so those were n...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T15:38:07.043
2011-05-28T15:38:07.043
null
null
4505
null
11331
1
null
null
3
1837
I asked this on the mathematics site, but now I think this is a better place. Sorry for the cross-post. Given any line graph, is there a reliable way to identify any sort of regular oscillation? Let's assume I'm charting the prevalence of different species of animals in a single location, over the span of several year...
Identifying oscillation in a time series
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T16:04:40.950
2022-08-30T19:38:44.387
2011-05-28T22:28:15.937
4792
4792
[ "time-series", "data-visualization" ]
11332
2
null
11319
4
null
You can use Poisson regression and in more general form, Poisson process when data is following a Poisson distribution. In terms of Bayesian inference, you can make your own likelihood model, and then by conjugating your Poisson prior by likelihood, derive your posterior distribution. Here I borrow an example from glm ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T17:17:05.713
2011-05-28T17:17:05.713
null
null
4581
null
11333
2
null
11248
1
null
I don't know if I am understanding correctly your question. But I guess you may use the posterior density to assess the uncertainty around point estimates like the mean. You may plot a histogram, calculate standard deviations. This is easy to do, if you have the MCMC output. Just take the values sampled (after a burnin...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T18:12:47.033
2011-05-31T22:49:06.153
2011-05-31T22:49:06.153
3058
3058
null
11334
2
null
11248
3
null
Don't use the mean of the sampled coefficients for making predictions, instead compute the predictions for logistic regression models with all of the sampled coefficient vectors and take the mean of those predictions (or better still treat the predictions for all sampled coefficient vectors as the posterior distributio...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T18:57:08.913
2011-05-28T18:57:08.913
null
null
887
null
11335
2
null
11327
4
null
Another point to consider: what enables a student to do well in one course is related to what enables him/her to do well in another. There are overarching factors (cognitive, personality, circumstances) that play some role in determining each of the individual course grades. So to use regression--to see how X1 relat...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T20:45:28.527
2011-05-29T12:07:32.897
2011-05-29T12:07:32.897
2669
2669
null
11336
1
11345
null
6
2023
I have a multinomial model estimated with the zelig package in R. Whenever I try to use the setx() command, I get an error message saying there is more than one mode. So in stead of using Zelig, I thought I would do it the hard way. I used the instructions [here](http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/dae/mlogit.htm), but I am...
Predicted probabilities from a multinomial regression model using zelig and R
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T23:03:15.690
2011-05-30T02:45:08.173
2011-05-30T02:45:08.173
183
2704
[ "r", "probability", "multinomial-distribution" ]
11337
1
11340
null
7
7941
A six-sided die is rolled 100 times. Using the normal approximation, find the probability that the face showing six turns up between 15 and 20 times. Find the probability that the sum of the face values of the 100 trials is less than 300. For the first part of the question, I did the following: $P(15 \le X \le 20) = \s...
Probability of a certain sum of values from a set of dice rolls
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-28T23:35:40.667
2011-05-31T05:07:31.587
2011-05-31T05:07:31.587
183
4401
[ "self-study", "binomial-distribution", "dice" ]
11338
2
null
11337
4
null
Due to the CLT, a sum of i.i.d. random variables is distributed: $$ \sum_{i=1}^nX_i \sim N\left(\mu =n\cdot\mu_{X_i},\sigma^2 = n\cdot\sigma^2_{X_i}\right) $$ The mean of a single dice roll ($X_i$) is 3.5 and the variance is 35/12. That should help you find the answer.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T00:02:10.430
2011-05-30T07:10:59.470
2011-05-30T07:10:59.470
2116
2310
null
11339
2
null
11331
6
null
You may want to look at spectral analysis techniques. Look at, [Shumway & Stoffer](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/144197864X) (among many other books which treat the subject) or look "Spectral analysis" in the Wikipedia for some pointers.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T07:17:39.377
2011-05-29T07:17:39.377
null
null
892
null
11340
2
null
11337
4
null
In the comments to Glen's answer you seem to have used a normal approximation `pnorm(300, 350, sqrt(3500/12))` to get 0.001707396. This is not a bad answer, though you can do better. If you used the continuity correction the continuity correction `pnorm(299.5, 350, sqrt(3500/12))` you would get `0.001553355`. I suspe...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T10:52:08.007
2011-05-29T10:52:08.007
null
null
2958
null
11341
1
null
null
4
1881
Is there a way to give (in R or Minitab or Statgraphics) a fractional factorial design like that and inspect the generators and the complete defining relation ($2^4 - 1$ relations)? ``` A B C D E F G H -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 ...
Inspect generators and defining relations of a fractional factorial design
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T12:00:36.773
2017-07-31T14:53:42.900
2017-07-31T14:53:42.900
11887
339
[ "r", "experiment-design" ]
11342
2
null
11341
3
null
Disclaimer: Not really a positive answer... Take a look at the [FrF2](http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/FrF2/index.html) package, for example: ``` des.24 <- FrF2(16,8) design.info(des.24)$aliased # look at the alias structure ``` create a randomized fractional design with 8 factors, 16 runs. To print al...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T12:25:29.513
2011-05-30T08:39:55.627
2011-05-30T08:39:55.627
930
930
null
11343
2
null
11248
3
null
I wouldn't use the means at all for the classifier. You don't need to apply "corrections" or to "smooth out" a Bayesian solution, it is the optimal one for the prior information and data that you have actually used. But the means can be useful for giving you a feel for which combinations of regressor variables are li...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T12:42:17.257
2011-05-29T12:42:17.257
null
null
2392
null
11344
2
null
11296
11
null
You need to have the raw data, so that the response variable is 0/1 (not smoke, smoke). Then you can use binary logistic regression. It is not correct to group BMI into intervals. The cutpoints are not correct, probably don't exist, and you are not officially testing whether BMI is associated with smoking. You are ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T13:18:28.267
2011-05-29T13:18:28.267
null
null
4253
null
11345
2
null
11336
3
null
The first thing to do is to construct the "linear predictors" or "logits" for each category for each prediction. So you have your model equation: $$\eta_{ir}=\sum_{j=1}^{p}X_{ij}\hat{\beta}_{jr}\;\; (i=1,\dots,m\;\; r=1,\dots,R)$$ Where for notational convenience, the above is to be understood to have $\hat{\beta}_{jR...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T15:32:53.610
2011-05-29T15:32:53.610
null
null
2392
null
11346
1
11350
null
4
1064
This is probably a pretty simple question, but I have been having some trouble interpreting the documentation for the `predict` function. I am generating a simple linear model from a data frame containing (X, Y) pairs, which I would then like to use to predict Y given new X. My code looks something like this: ``` my_lm...
Obtaining predictions from linear model
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T17:20:28.353
2011-05-29T18:13:04.837
null
null
3031
[ "r", "linear-model" ]
11347
1
11349
null
0
1471
I want to jointly estimate a very simple MV-Normal two-dimensional AR[1] process, $[x_t,y_t]=[x_{t-1},y_{t-1}]+\text{[Bivariate Gaussian error]}$, in BUGS. But the syntax has been impossible to figure out. Here's the problem part of the code: ``` ## transition model (aka random walk prior) for(i in 2:NPERIODS1){ ...
Multivariate random walks in BUGS
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T17:35:12.357
2012-07-19T06:52:44.510
2011-05-29T18:57:29.510
919
996
[ "time-series", "multivariate-analysis", "markov-chain-montecarlo", "bugs" ]
11348
2
null
11242
1
null
First: Why can't you get the raw data from the GSS? It's easily available. Fail that, you can work with ANES or with the US sample of the World Value Survey. Or raw exit poll data. If you need academic access to get the files, contact me. Second: The poly-sci way to do this is to run the Ideal or OC to construct a d-d...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T18:01:20.593
2011-05-29T18:01:20.593
null
null
996
null
11349
2
null
11347
1
null
Have you tried replacing omega[,] with omega[1:2,1:2]? I haven't got BUGS here but IIRC that's what it expects inside dmnorm.
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T18:11:00.007
2011-05-29T18:11:00.007
null
null
26
null
11350
2
null
11346
5
null
The `type` argument specifies if you want predictions of the response (the $Y$ variable) or if you want predictions for the individual terms in the model. In combination with the `terms` argument you can get predictions for some or all (default) of the terms. In your example, there is just one term in addition to the ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T18:13:04.837
2011-05-29T18:13:04.837
null
null
4376
null
11351
1
11352
null
12
6653
This is pretty hard for me to describe, but I'll try to make my problem understandable. So first you have to know that I've done a very simple linear regression so far. Before I estimated the coefficient, I watched the distribution of my $y$. It is heavy left skewed. After I estimated the model, I was quite sure to obs...
Left skewed vs. symmetric distribution observed
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T20:14:17.173
2014-03-09T16:22:20.847
2014-03-09T16:22:20.847
36515
4496
[ "regression", "residuals", "skewness" ]
11352
2
null
11351
25
null
To answer your question, let's take a very simple example. The simple regression model is given by $y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1 x_i + \epsilon_i$, where $\epsilon_i \sim N(0,\sigma^2)$. Now suppose that $x_i$ is dichotomous. If $\beta_1$ is not equal to zero, then the distribution of $y_i$ will not be normal, but actually ...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T21:06:10.660
2011-05-29T21:06:10.660
null
null
1934
null
11353
1
null
null
3
520
I have hundreds of explanatory variables and under 100 observations (saturated data set). I'd like to create a linear model in which I have two or so composite variables made up of a dozen of the explanatory variables each. How do I find the best variables to use for the composites without going through every combin...
How do I find the best model with a saturated dataset?
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-29T23:16:54.367
2011-05-31T13:35:40.367
2011-05-30T06:07:01.963
2116
4798
[ "regression", "modeling" ]
11355
2
null
11353
2
null
How about factor analysis over your variables ? That will give you the list of variables which behave similarly to give you a latent variable. Apart from this you should also run multicollinearity diagonistics to detect collinearity in your present list of 100 variables. Chances are high that many of your variables wou...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-30T07:03:04.490
2011-05-30T07:03:04.490
null
null
1763
null
11356
2
null
11353
2
null
The standard answer when determining the "best" linear combinations of variables is [principal component analysis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis). Its regression counterparts are [principal components regression](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_regression) and [partial least...
null
CC BY-SA 3.0
null
2011-05-30T07:08:04.773
2011-05-30T07:08:04.773
null
null
2116
null
11358
2
null
11327
3
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Strong exogeneity is a term related to dynamic models, i.e. when there is time-series data involved. Since you are doing one-time survey, this term does not apply. What might be the problem with the regression though is [omitted variable bias](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias). Since GPA is a weighted...
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CC BY-SA 3.0
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2011-05-30T08:16:18.460
2011-05-30T08:16:18.460
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What is the primary reason that someone would apply the square root transformation to their data? I always observe that doing this always increases the $R^2$. However, this is probably just due to centering the data. Any thoughts are appreciated!
What could be the reason for using square root transformation on data?
CC BY-SA 4.0
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2011-05-30T08:47:46.340
2020-04-25T13:16:17.543
2020-04-25T13:16:17.543
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[ "regression", "data-transformation", "variance-stabilizing" ]
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Try [Orange Canvas](http://orange.biolab.si/), it will give you option to build interactive decision tree.
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CC BY-SA 3.0
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2011-05-30T09:13:13.920
2011-05-31T06:39:19.290
2011-05-31T06:39:19.290
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