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intransigence,
even though his larger goal was to reunite the nation in peace, and accomplish
his political and social programs without useless clashes.
Hitler knew that he was playing with dynamite.
Still, it was his conviction that he was being driven not just by his National
Socialist movement, but by an inner, alm... | {
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of life itself.
II. The Unification of the State
"It will be the pride of my life," Hitler said
upon becoming Chancellor, "if I can say at the end of my days that I won back
the German worker and restored him to his rightful place in the Reich." He meant
that he intended not merely to put men back to work, but to mak... | {
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in the fatherland to be
restored, he had to feel that from now on he was to be (and to be treated) as an
equal, instead of remaining a social inferior. Under the governments of the
so-called democratic parties of both the left and the right, he had remained an
inferior; for none of them had understood that in the hiera... | {
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pursued their selfish
interests under a political system that had thrashed about incoherently since
1919.
Restoring the effectiveness of Germany's
institutions on a nationwide basis was therefore an indispensable prerequisite
to any social rebirth.
"A fish rots from the head down," says a
Russian proverb. And it was ... | {
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but by obtaining a two-thirds parliamentary
majority for the "Enabling Act" that legally amed the constitution and gave him
sweeping plenary powers for a period of four years.
Four years in power to plan, create and make
decisions. Politically, it was a revolution: Hitler's first revolution. And
completely democratic,... | {
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reactions with anxious concern.
These lines weren't written by Dr. Goebbels,
but by a stern critic of Hitler and his career. (J. Fest, Hitler, New York:
1974, p. 417.)
By February 28, 1933, less than a month after
his appointment as chancellor, Hitler had already managed to free himself of the
conservative ballast by... | {
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be present on this solemn occasion. From all around the country they
came: veterans from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 (62 years before), from
the war of 1866 against the Austrian empire (67 years before), and even from the
war of 1864 against Denmark (69 years before!). For someone on the retirement
list of 191... | {
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ministers to
pinch in Hitler "until he hollered." Now that was over. Hitler had won him over:
in front of an empty armchair and before the tombs of Prussia's greatest kings.
A year and a half later, as he lay dying, the
old Feldmarschall would believe that he was back in the time of Hohenzollern
dynasty, and in his de... | {
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not been consulted when Hitler was
named Chancellor on January 30. The old Feldmarschall had even sternly sent away
General von Hammerstein-Equord, who had come to tell Hindenburg of the General
Staff's vote of disapproval. In the weeks since, the generals had barely
tolerated the young outsider.
Keenly aware that a c... | {
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which they had for so long
been barred (and which their adversaries had put to only mediocre use). Within a
few weeks, they had succeeded in making radio their most effective tool. Each of
Hitler's major speeches was broadcast to the nation with a hitherto unknown
power.
Radio also brought the spectacle of Potsdam to
... | {
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was a grandiose theatrical stage on
which all had played their parts, even - by their very absence - the lukewarm
and Hitler's enemies on the left.
Glued to their radio sets, all Germany had
participated in the spectacle, at first fascinated, and then caught up in the
emotion of the event. The next day, Berlin newspap... | {
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the constitution Hitler needed a two thirds majority - which
meant 36 additional votes.
At first sight, this goal seemed almost
impossible. For more than a decade, the Catholic Center and Bavarian People's
parties had been outspoken critics of Hitler and his National Socialist
movement, unhesitatingly using religion a... | {
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cards.
The most difficult state to master was
Prussia, an enormous bastion (a third of Germany) stretching across the heart of
the country. Prussia truly constituted a state within the state, a special
government. In 1931 its Socialist government had held Reich Chancellor Brьning
completely in check. His humiliating d... | {
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the
Reich "was a legal edifice destined to be of great historic importance in the
development of the German Reich." He further recognized that "the dualism
existing between the Reich and Prussia" had to come to an. In his letter he even
compared Hitler to Prince Otto von Bismarck.
Although von Papen was being nudged o... | {
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to men who had Hitler's confidence.
Act Two: Each man announces acceptance of the
"Law of Unification."
Act Three: Each regional parliament proclaims
the of its own state autonomy and sovereignty.
Act Four: In each region, Hitler appoints
Reich Commissioner (or Statthalter), who is charged with carrying out the
Chan... | {
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the
constitutional rights of the regional states.
5. The Minister of the Interior will issue the
legal and administrative decrees necessary for the implementation of this law.
6. This law will become effective on the day
of its official publication.
Berlin, January 30, 1934
Von Hindenburg, Hitler, Frick
Bismarck, ... | {
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these now passй and essentially irrelevant political parties.
Not just the Socialist Party, already rejected by the people themselves, but all
the other conniving party politicians as well: the conservatives, a century
behind the times, the myopic nationalists, and the boastful Catholic centrists -
all of them agents a... | {
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than two months later, on May 17, the Social Democratic
deputies decided to approve Hitler's major address to the Reichstag on foreign
policy. It was as if they felt themselves swept along by the surge of popular
support for Hitler, even within the ranks of their own party. Along with the
National Socialist deputies, t... | {
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lumberjack who became
defense minister - and the most valiant defender of the embattled republic in
the tumultuous months immediately following the collapse of 1918 - acknowledged
honestly in 1944, when the Third Reich was already rapidly breaking down, that
the great majority of the German people still remained true t... | {
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London in June
1933, making a claim, premature to say the least, for the return to Germany of
her colonies, and calling for German economic expansion into the Ukraine! Hitler
regarded this as totally inopportune, particularly at a time when he was making
every effort to reassure his skeptics and critics abroad. After t... | {
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provided the Left with large amounts
of money, funds that were continually replenished by the contributions of
millions of union members.
Here again, well before the collapse of
party-ridden Weimar Republic, disillusion with the unions had become widespread
among the working masses. They were starving. The hundreds of... | {
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] |
completely. Everywhere one
saw dejection and privation: emaciated mothers, children wasting away in sordid
lodgings, and thousands of beggars in long sad lines.
The failure, or incapacity, of the leftist
leaders to act, not to mention their insensitivity, had stupefied the working
class. Of what use were such leaders ... | {
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historian Joachim Fest
acknowledged: "On March 20, the labor federation's executive committee addressed
a kind of declaration of loyalty to Hitler." (J. Fest, Hitler, p. 413.)
Hitler than took a bold and clever step. The
unions had always clamored to have the First of May recognized as a worker's
holiday, but the Weim... | {
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of
Berlin's great avenues, had started off towards the airfield to which Hitler had
called together all Germans. All Germany would follow the rally as it was
transmitted nationwide by radio.
By noon hundreds of thousands of workers -
Hitlerites and non-Hitlerites - were massed on the vast field. The demonstrators
obse... | {
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three months
previously. But not a single hostile voice was raised during the entire
ceremony. There was only universal acclamation.
Ceremony is the right word for it. It was an
almost magical rite. Hitler and Goebbels had no equals in the arranging of
dedicatory ceremonies of this sort. First there were popular songs... | {
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subordinate but nonetheless organic
parts of the national whole - Hitler had acted quickly to shake himself free of
the last constraints of the impotent sectarian political parties. Moreover, he
was now able to direct a cohesive labor force that was no longer split into a
thousand rivulets but flowed as a single, might... | {
"pile_set_name": [
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plans.
Unlike the other responsible - or
irresponsible - politicians of twentieth-century Europe, Hitler did not believe
that fighting for his country's economic health meant having to impassively
accept one setback after another, stand idly by while industries died, or look
on as millions of unemployed workers trampe... | {
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Germany was able to produce an artificial substitute for rubber,
"Buna." But the plans for its development and production were still stored away
in file cabinets. Only a small percentage of practical new inventions ever left
the records files.
Great public works projects were another way
to create new jobs, stimulate ... | {
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new car to be built for the millions. The production works would also
become one of Germany's most important industrial centers and employers.
During his imprisonment, Hitler had also drawn
up plans for the construction of popular housing developments and majestic
public buildings.
Some of Hitler's rough sketches sti... | {
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of hours to technical studies
from the time of his youth.
"Hitler read an endless number of books,"
explained Dr. Schacht. "He acquired a very considerable amount of knowledge and
made masterful use of it in discussions and speeches. In certain respects he was
a man endowed with genius. He had ideas that no one else w... | {
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wealth
might be marvelous, but it is also contrary to human nature. Nearly every man
desires that his labor shall improve his own condition and that of his family,
and feels that his brain, creative imagination, and persistence well deserve
their reward.
Because it disregarded these basic
psychological truths, Soviet ... | {
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would exercise the same moderation, the
same pragmatism, in the administrative as well as in the industrial sphere.
What he demanded of his co-workers, above all,
was competence and effectiveness. The great majority of Third Reich
functionaries - some 80 percent - were never enrolled in the National Socialist
party. S... | {
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by helping to invent the "Rentenmark."
He was shrewd and imaginative, and thus capable of understanding and
implementing the boldest of Hitler's plans.
Schacht's personal ambition was immense, but
this was yet another reason for Hitler to give him every possibility to rise as
high as he could. Within weeks of taking p... | {
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and fearful conservatism of the bankers. Over the next four years,
this enormous credit reserve would make miracles possible.
Soon after the initial billion-mark credit,
Schacht added another credit of 600 million in order to finance the start of
Hitler's grand program for highway construction. This Autobahn program p... | {
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of so many tens of
thousands set to work in often uninhabited regions, in marshy areas, or in the
shadows of Alpine peaks! It's hard enough for 150,000 men to leave their homes
and camp out in often rough terrain. But in addition, it was necessary, from the
outset, to insure tolerable living conditions for the columns ... | {
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moving from one construction site
to the next. And always and everywhere, labor was honored and celebrated.
Hitler personally dug the first spadeful of
earth for the first Autobahn highway, linking Frankfurt-am-Main with Darmstadt.
For the occasion, he brought along Dr. Schacht, the man whose visionary credit
wizardry... | {
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was
only one feature of a revolution that soon dramatically improved the living
standards of the Reich's rural population.
The great work of national construction rolled
along. An additional 100,000 workers quickly found employment in repairing the
nation's secondary roads. Many more were hired to work on canals, dams... | {
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thus the workers as well.
By the of 1932, in any case, the discredited
labor unions were drowning in massive debt that realistically could never be
repaid. Some of the less scrupulous union officials, sensing the oncoming
catastrophe, had begun stealing hundreds of thousands of marks from the workers
they represented.... | {
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out incompetence, overcome stagnation, and prevent arrogance or
careerism on the part of Council members.
The business enterprise paid a salary to each
Council member, just as if he were employed in the office or on the shop floor,
and had to "assume all costs resulting from the regular fulfillment of the
duties of th... | {
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abusing his power, mistreated his staff, or impugned the
honor of his subordinates; in which a staff member threatened the harmony of the
workplace by spiteful agitation; or in which a Council member misused or
published confidential business information discovered in the course of his
work.
Thirteen "Courts of Social... | {
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been achieved in an atmosphere of justice and moderation,
it nevertheless constituted a genuine social revolution.
By the of 1933, the first effects of Hitler's
revolution in the workplace were being felt. Germany had already come a long way
from the time when grimy bathrooms and squalid courtyards were the sole sanit... | {
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could go into factories - something few
men of the so-called Right would have risked in the past - and hold forth to
crowds of workers, at times in the thousands, as at the huge Siemens works. "In
contrast to the von Papens and other country gentlemen," he might tell them, "in
my youth I was a worker like you. And in m... | {
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of the People and the Reich.
The Reich Interior Ministry is authorized to
take all legal and administrative measures necessary to carry out this law.
Berlin, July 14, 1933.
Hitler, Frick
The electoral pledge given by Hitler that day
was not vain rhetoric. One national referendum followed another: in 1933, in
1934, ... | {
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regained their vigor,
and had been returned to the national community.
Hitler's popularity took on some astonishing,
indeed comical, aspects. "A brand of canned herring," Joachim Fest relates, "was
called 'Good Adolf.' Coin banks were made in the form of SA caps. Bicarbonate of
soda was recommended with the advertisin... | {
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their cooperation.
For 14 years the well-blinkered conservatives and Christian democrats of the
political center had been feeding at the trough just as greedily as their
adversaries of the left.
Thus, prior to 1933, the Social Democrats had
been generously bribed by Friedrich Flick, a super-capitalist businessman. Wit... | {
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1426,
1542
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from the United States in particular.
This indebtedness had completed their
destruction and, in 1929, precipitated Germany into a terrifying financial
crisis.
The big industrialists, for all their fat
bribes to the politicians, now found themselves impotent: their factories empty,
their workers now living as virtual ... | {
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45 percent
from 1925 to 1931. During the years 1931-1932, under Chancellor Brьning, a
Germany of unemployed workers and industrialists with half-dead factories had
been hit with 23 "emergency" decrees. This multiple overtaxing, moreover, had
proven to be completely useless, as the "International Bank of Payments" had
c... | {
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often in direct opposition to Berlin, thereby
incessantly sabotaging what limited power the central Reich government had at
that time.
The regional remnants of several centuries of
particularism were all fiercely jealous of their privileges. The Treaty of
Westphalia of 1648 had divided Germany into hundreds of Lillipu... | {
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Chancellor - there were no less than 37
different political parties competing, with a total of 7,000 candidates (14 of
them by proxy), all of them frantically seeking a piece of the parliamentary
pie. It was most strange: the more discredited the party system became, the more
democratic champions there were to be seen ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
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112,
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of will to
create Germany anew - politically, socially, financially, and economically. Now
legally and officially in power, he was sure that he could quickly convert that
cipher into a Germany more powerful than ever before.
What support did he have?
For one thing, he could count on the absolute
support of millions o... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
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} | 13,792,727 | [
880
] |
morals. Many bitter
disappointments were in store for Hitler because of them.
Hitler sensed as much. He had ordered his
party to halt recruitment of new members, and even directed that the SA - the
huge civilian paramilitary force that had carried him to power - be reduced in
size. Indeed, by 1933 SA stormtroop member... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,729 | [
1506
] |
against him and his government.
Hitler's accession to power abruptly brought
an end to government impotence. As a condition of appointing him, however,
Hindenburg had demanded that the new chancellor be hemmed in like a prisoner in
his own government. In his first government, Hitler was obliged to name four
times as m... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,737 | [
39,
465,
647,
679,
743,
756,
954,
1217,
1313,
1391,
1475,
1503,
1517
] |
to power, his popular support measurably
increased from year to year. The more intelligent and honest of his enemies have
been obliged to admit this, men such as the declared anti-Nazi historian and
professor Joachim Fest, who wrote:
For Hitler was never interested in
establishing a mere tyranny. Sheer greed for power... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,740 | [
642,
718,
759,
1065,
1113,
1332,
1483,
1497,
1527,
1637
] |
Papen, in the
Garrison church at the solemn "Day of Potsdam" ceremony.
At first, Hitler carefully cultivated
Hindenburg, the elderly First World War Feldmarschall who was fond of tradition.
Accordingly, Hitler arranged a solemn ceremony in Hindenburg's honor in Potsdam,
historic residence of the Prussian kings. This m... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,742 | [
44,
59,
251,
392,
813,
829,
880,
896,
945,
962,
1481
] |
Great. The President's old eyes were rimmed with
tears.
On that 21st day of March at Potsdam, the
octogenarian President relived the glorious past of the German monarchy. This
somber homage was his hour supreme. Hindenburg had always been a loyal servant
of the Emperor, and this reminder of his former sovereign, and o... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,744 | [
20,
683,
702,
809,
1004,
1013,
1021,
1036,
1097,
1245,
1299,
1354,
1372,
1427
] |
Second Reich,
resurrected for the occasion. Brass bands paraded around, blaring heroic marches
calculated to make their old chests swell. Here too, the scarcely camouflaged
aversion to the parvenu was softened. Hitler had tamed the aristocrats, both
born and moneyed. They would no longer stand in his way.
But it was a... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,746 | [
336,
392,
457,
662,
896,
1020,
1669,
1684
] |
their chests thrown out, they once again marched behind
their old commander, a heroic retinue worthy of a great Germanic chieftain. At
last, after fourteen years of disregard under the democratic Weimar Republic,
they once again bathed in the golden light of martial glory. Corporal Hitler was
perhaps not as contemptibl... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,748 | [
628,
682,
739,
837,
1145,
1208,
1617
] |
there.
During the dark days of the recent past, the
venerated old warrior had represented tradition and hope. Now, thanks to
Hitler's careful planning and management of this occasion, the ancient soldier
embodied the promise of great national renewal. It was, as historian Fest has
observed, "the feast of reconciliatio... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,750 | [
132,
293,
604,
606,
647,
782,
991,
1060,
1063,
1109,
1364
] |
and this would require approval by two
thirds of the parliament's members.
Hitler's party, having won 17,300,000 votes in
the elections of March 5, 1933, for the new Reichstag, held a total of 288 seats
- making it by far the largest single party. His conservative ally in the
temporary partnership, Hugenberg's German ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,752 | [
63,
82,
310,
335,
344,
349,
478,
484,
574,
583,
888,
1170,
1213
] |
seducing the Center party. Some deputies of
the smaller opposition parties also yielded.
When it came time to vote, Hitler was granted
plenary powers with a sweeping majority of 441 votes to 94: he had won not just
two thirds, but 82.44 percent of the assembly's votes. This "Enabling Act"
granted Hitler for four years... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,754 | [
261,
276,
289,
452,
519,
976,
994
] |
a bulwark of
belligerent separatism and hidebound monarchists.
Hitler's intentions were no sooner known than
several Bavarian ministers devised a plan to resurrect from retirement that old
fogy, the ex-Prince Ruprecht, heir to Bavaria's Wittelsbach throne, who in
November 1923, then as an ordinary private citizen, had... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,761 | [
70,
235,
371,
794,
813,
1075,
1163,
1559
] |
in the city that was the capital of both Prussia
and the Reich. The matter was particularly delicate because von Papen, the
aristocrat, had to remain as Reich Commissioner of Prussia. To remove him would
risk disapproval and even countermeasures by President von Hindenburg.
Hitler at that point surpassed himself in
ve... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,763 | [
633,
737,
766,
817
] |
able to devote all your energies to the government
of the Reich.
With feelings of sincere comradeship, I remain
your devoted
von Hindenburg, President of the Reich
Ex-Chancellor von Papen thus lost the only effective power he still held.
Although he remained a member of the inner circle of Hitler's government (but
fo... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,766 | [
299,
313,
331,
734,
796,
816,
973,
988,
1038,
1203,
1235,
1273,
1482
] |
numerous state governments and parliaments.
"It all went much faster than we had dared
hope," Goebbels commented with delight, and a shade of sarcasm.
Precisely one year after Hitler had become
Chancellor, a "Law for the Rebuilding of the Reich" spelled out the full extent
of the change:
1. Representation of the reg... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,768 | [
45,
93,
210,
246,
351,
353,
448,
450,
553,
565,
1588,
1602
] |
get rid of them?
III. Liquidation of the Parties
On the day in March when the deputies of the
Weimar Republic voted to relinquish their power, Hitler, standing before them in
their own parliamentary bailiwick, utterly poised in his brown shirt, did not
spare them. "It is for you, gentlemen of the Reichstag," he decla... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,771 | [
267,
310,
325,
358,
670,
738,
766,
943,
1271,
1542,
1598,
1607
] |
rough, uncitified man, of a time when men
still had backbone. Theirs was a Dionysian power, one that they would conserve
for the great challenges to come: it wouldn't be needed against the political
parties. A mere shrug of the shoulders, and those would fall apart.
It was fitting that the first to crumble was
the Soc... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,775 | [
164,
341,
345,
689,
954,
1062,
1148,
1286,
1393,
1585
] |
weeks
later, on June 22, it was officially dissolved. "No one," Fest has observed,
"expected any show of resistance on the part of the SPD." The party's initials
could more fittingly have been RIP: resquiescat in pace.
The peace would be total. Apart from a few
leftist members of the Reichstag who went into exile and ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,777 | [
54,
62,
83,
139,
150,
895,
918,
927,
1038,
1050,
1070,
1086,
1094,
1104,
1118,
1126,
1299,
1351,
1385
] |
totally inopportune, particularly at a time when he was making
every effort to reassure his skeptics and critics abroad. After this diplomatic
blunder, Hugenberg had no choice but to resign. Thus departed the once powerful
capitalist who had vowed, on January 30, to politically muzzle the newly named
Chancellor.
His d... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,780 | [
479,
627,
697,
704,
988,
1000,
1441,
1714,
1783
] |
having thrown the last shovelful of dirt on the
graves of the Weimar Republic's once mighty parties.
(J. Fest, Hitler, p. 415.)
IV. Unification of the Labor Unions
Only one significant political factor still
remained: the Marxist trade unions. For many years they had represented one of
the country's most potent forc... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,783 | [
77,
102,
127,
301,
1410
] |
support, even from the politicians, Stresemann fought
stubbornly, in spite of faltering health, to liberate the Reich. Enduring
fainting fits, and with a goiter, growing ever more enormous, knotted around his
neck like a boa constrictor, Stresemann, even as he was dying, was the only
Weimar leader who had seriously att... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,785 | [
1118,
1426,
1641
] |
hardfisted
street brawlers, many unemployed, who no longer counted economically or
socially.
Meanwhile, membership in the Marxist labor
unions had fallen off enormously: among thirteen million socialist and Communist
voters in 1932, no more than five million were union members. Indifference and
discouragement had reac... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,787 | [
539,
611,
625,
634,
769,
803,
879,
881,
906,
1027,
1351,
1366,
1389,
1402,
1701
] |
Tempelhof airfield in Berlin. Caught unprepared, but on
the whole very pleased to take advantage of the situation by throwing in their
lot with National Socialism and, what is more, to take part in a mass
demonstration the like of which even Marxist workers could scarcely imagine, the
union leadership called upon their... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,789 | [
530,
654,
1274
] |
had become a festival, a
sort of fantastic Bruegelian kermess, where middle-class burghers, generals and
workers all met and fraternized as Germans and as equals.
Night fell and Hitler appeared. His speaker's
rostrum was indeed like the prow of a giant ship. The hundreds of beacons which
had illuminated the great sea ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,791 | [
207
] |
the good fortune to
experience the enchantment of the spoken word. In Germany, the tone has always
been set by ponderous speakers, more fond of elephantine pedantry than
oratorical passion. Hitler, as a speaker, was a prodigy, the greatest orator of
his century. He possessed, above all, what the ordinary speaker lacks:... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,793 | [
473,
766,
1236,
1342,
1516
] |
and such force, or had laid out in such clear terms the
social plan he pledged to carry out on behalf of the common people.
The next day, the newspaper of the proletarian
left, the "Union Journal," reported on this mass meeting at which at least two
thirds - a million - of those attending were workers. "This May First... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,797 | [
182,
197,
305,
337,
640,
648,
762,
1009,
1102,
1128,
1578,
1605
] |
to any single
class of the nation, but to the people in its totality."
Much still remained to be done, however. So
far, Hitler had succeeded in clearing the way of obstacles to his program. Now
the time to build had arrived.
So many others had failed to tackle the many
daunting problems that were now his responsibili... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,802 | [
69,
727,
1159,
1338
] |
one after another, for lack of orders, thereby sending thousands more
unemployed into the streets. In 1932, Germany's industries were languishing,
their production reduced by half.
Yearly private investment had fallen from
three billion marks to barely 500 million. No new blood had been injected into
the industrial sy... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,805 | [
115,
600,
1133,
1414,
1828,
1848,
1859,
1860
] |
a
June bug, he proposed. Nature itself suggested the car's aerodynamic line.
Until Hitler came to power, a car was the
privilege of the rich. It was not financially within the reach of the middle
class, much less of the worker. The "Volkswagen," costing one-tenth as much as
the standard automobile of earlier years, wo... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,808 | [
56,
233,
245,
742,
949,
1022,
1055,
1107,
1280,
1315,
1355,
1629,
1650,
1652,
1685,
1694
] |
imagination, therefore, had long been
teeming with a number of ambitious projects, many of which would eventually be
realized.
Fortunately, the needed entrepreneurs,
managers and technicians were on hand. Hitler would not have to improvise.
Historian Werner Maser, although quite
anti-Hitler - like nearly all of his c... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,810 | [
330,
373,
395,
443,
450,
561,
564,
590,
614,
667,
789,
829,
854,
1197
] |
believed in the importance of
individual creative imagination and dynamism, in the need for every person of
superior ability and skill to assume responsibility.
He also recognized the importance of the
profit motive. Deprived of the prospect of having his efforts rewarded, the
person of ability often refrains from run... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,812 | [
490,
506,
1363,
1385,
1410,
1507
] |
of Third Reich
functionaries - some 80 percent - were never enrolled in the National Socialist
party. Several of Hitler's ministers, like Konstantin von Neurath and Schwerin
von Krosigk, and ambassadors to such key posts as Prague, Vienna and Ankara,
were not members of the party. But they were capable.
While Hitler k... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,815 | [
119,
352,
413,
833,
1165,
1351,
1506,
1518,
1623,
1641
] |
for Hitler to give him every possibility to rise as
high as he could. Within weeks of taking power, Hitler appointed him President
of the Reichsbank, and then, a year later, as Economics Minister as well.
Schacht couldn't be happier.
Dangerous? Of course! Doubly so, inasmuch as
Schacht was a capitalist to the core, wi... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,817 | [
219,
467,
831,
1232,
1478
] |
that this capable man
was not happy to be presiding over a central bank that lacked funds. It was not,
however, to have Luther empty the state treasury that Hitler had summoned him,
but to ask him to devise new means of financing Germany's recovery.
It was a question of imagination, but Luther's
brain was not a volcan... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,819 | [
237,
295,
358,
374,
394,
440,
647,
678,
737,
1524
] |
unemployed who had been living in misery for years; restructuring
industrial life; conceiving and establishing an organization for the effective
defense and betterment of the nation's millions of wage earners; creating a new
bureaucracy and judicial system that guaranteed the civic rights of each member
of the national... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,829 | [
181
] |
utilized. The artistically planned roadways would come together
and diverge as if they were large-scale works of art. The necessary service
stations and motor inns would be thoughtfully integrated into the overall
scheme, each facility built in harmony with the local landscape and
architectural style.
The original pla... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,831 | [
1800
] |
homes
and camp out in often rough terrain. But in addition, it was necessary, from the
outset, to insure tolerable living conditions for the columns of men who had
agreed to work by the sweat of their brows under the open sky.
In France, it was all but unthinkable in those
days for a man out of work to move even 20 ki... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,833 | [
855
] |
Darmstadt.
For the occasion, he brought along Dr. Schacht, the man whose visionary credit
wizardry had made the project possible. The official procession moved ahead,
three cars abreast in front, then six across, spanning the entire width of the
autobahn.
The Second World War would abruptly halt work
on this great con... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,835 | [
440,
747,
761,
1165
] |
been. A month's rent for a worker could not exceed 26 marks, or
about an eighth of the average wage then. Employees with more substantial
salaries paid monthly rents of up to 45 marks maximum.
Equally effective social measures were taken
in behalf of farmers, who had the lowest incomes. In 1933 alone 17,611 new farm
h... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,839 | [
13,
564,
723,
876,
1014
] |
would be loaned to the most enterprising companies. Nearly half would go
into new wages and salaries, saving the treasury an estimated three hundred
million marks in unemployment benefits. Added to the hundreds of millions in tax
receipts spurred by the business recovery, the state quickly recovered its
investment, and... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,841 | [
334,
598,
651,
733,
742,
1281
] |
his staff. He, too, would be
subject to the workplace regulations, which he was now obliged to respect no
less than the least of his employees. The law conferred the honor and
responsibility of authority on the employer only insofar as he merited it.
Every business enterprise of twenty or more
persons now acquired a "... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,849 | [
319,
336,
338,
352,
447,
1090,
1303
] |
office or on the shop floor,
and had to "assume all costs resulting from the regular fulfillment of the
duties of the Council."
The second institution established to insure
the orderly development of the new German social system was the "Labor
Commission" (Reichstreuhдnder der Arbeit), the members of which were essent... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,852 | [
40,
126,
238,
255,
257,
285,
599,
1022,
1055,
1453,
1542,
1561,
1588
] |
member misused or
published confidential business information discovered in the course of his
work.
Thirteen "Courts of Social Honor,"
corresponding to the 13 Commissions, were established. The presiding judge was
not a party hack or ideologue; he was a career jurist, above narrow interest.
The enterprise concerned pl... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,854 | [
110,
134,
347,
516,
529,
1147,
1227,
1714
] |
had already come a long way
from the time when grimy bathrooms and squalid courtyards were the sole sanitary
and recreational facilities available to workers.
Factories and shops, large and small, were
altered or transformed to conform to the strictest standards of cleanliness and
hygiene: interiors, so often dark and... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,856 | [
1630,
1651,
1922
] |
from the
same physical and moral development. At the same construction sites and in the
same barracks, Germans became conscious of what they had in common, grew to
understand one another, and discarded their old prejudices of class and caste.
After a hitch in the National Labor Service, a
young worker knew that the ri... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,860 | [
326,
419,
804,
863,
885,
982
] |
enough that the people
voted from time to time, as in the previous democratic system. In those days,
voters were rarely appealed to, and when they expressed an opinion, they were
often ill-informed and apathetic. After an election, years might go by, during
which the politicians were heedless and inaccessible, the elec... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,862 | [
1354,
1357,
1606,
1610,
1638
] |
had no fear of
such secret ballot plebiscites because the German people invariably supported
him.
From the first months of 1933, his
accomplishments were public fact, for all to see. Before end of the year,
unemployment in Germany had fallen from more than 6,000,000 to 3,374,000. Thus,
2,627,000 jobs had been created ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,792,865 | [
371,
386,
727,
792,
819,
843,
855,
867,
977,
990,
1001,
1021,
1203,
1229,
1246,
1529
] |
GRAVESEND, Brooklyn — Two NYPD police officers were placed on modified duty after failing to interview the grandmother who chased down a man who tried to run off with her grandson in Gravesend earlier this week.
Omar Dominguez, 26, was caught on camera wheeling away a 3-year-old in a stroller from the Thanksgiving Sup... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"FreeLaw"
]
} | 13,793,040 | [
838,
845,
963,
1083,
1205,
1483,
1491,
1616,
1624
] |
to all property forfeited under KRS 218A.410 vests in the Commonwealth at the time of the illegal act. As such, KRS 31.211(1) could not apply.
This concept is known as the "relation-back" doctrine. The seminal case regarding the relation-back doctrine with respect to forfeitures is United States v. Stowell, 133 U.S. 1,... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"FreeLaw",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,793,064 | [
122,
124,
172,
186,
348,
353,
426,
575,
577
] |
disbursal was unlikely since assessment of the damage was still going on.
The state is already staring at a revenue deficit of over Rs 3,000 crore in 2013-14, which is estimated to further rise to Rs 5,400 crore in the next fiscal. The Cabinet also discussed the possibilities of external borrowing to meet the package ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"Pile-CC",
"OpenWebText2"
]
} | 13,793,116 | [
609,
625,
721,
908,
953,
1023,
1103,
1115,
1118,
1132,
1135,
1147,
1150,
1178,
1181,
1195,
1201,
1208
] |
Jones on stage on October 6 and October 7 at the Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort in Michigan. This special event was recorded for a forthcoming 2018 TV special, DVD and accompanying album release. Jones is the sole remaining founding member in FOREIGNER's current lineup.the head and body and kicked”. He was sentenced to ... | {
"pile_set_name": [
"OpenWebText2",
"Pile-CC"
]
} | 13,793,163 | [
251
] |
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