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No. 3107
Oanoernlng Artlole Xv, Rouse BlllR6. 8, Aota
Regular g~aelon 47th Leglilature, lmppalng a ~ .
attip tax’upori’tranafbre cuid .dullverle’a of
ahweb or oertlfloataa of atook, ind holding:
I. l&t the aoquisltlon by a aurvlvlng
rife of’an undivided one-half lritereet In atook
formerly owned, by the oommunlty, auoh one-h&f
Lntereat~repre.sentl.ng her inbereat In the aom-
tnunlty eatate, la not subjeot to taxation under
the above memtloned Aot.
R.. l’hat the eoquleltion .by a aurvillng
&e;, aa heir et law of her deceased hunband
under ,Azhestatute of deeoent end d$s~rlbutlm,
df~‘an undivided one-half interest in atook,
repreaentlng the.husband*s lntereat in the
oomunlty, la.noiy aubjeot to taxation under the
above mentfoned dot.
.3i .,That the aoqulsltlon by the’aurvlvlng
” am l+tgsitee’yider her huabcmdra wlil,
+f.kd; of :
+ WdlvIded one-half intereat ltx atook, repre-
tqentlng thchueband*e Interest & the oommunlty,
.: la embjeot to tax&tlon under the above mention-
led &oti,‘and the tax le me&m&d by the till nunw
ber oi’iharea Leottianalerred.
m - e .-~e B - y - m - - i - - - a -:m m - - -_.. e i - ,- - -
Hcnww&ble~Oeorge H. Sheppard
Comptroller of Pub116 Aooountd
AustW ..Te-a
,T)ear Sir: ,. Oplnlbn HO;“O~4134~
Rel (a) Dpea e stook transfer tax
eoihe under AtiioIi5 XV; Rotiee
Bill 8, Aoti Regular $eai~lon,
47th Legkaleture (Art. 7047m,
Shepperd, page 2 Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes),
upon the lssuanoe of'e stook
oertlfloate to a surviving wife
to cover 1OO'slreea of atook
whloh orlglnally oonstituted e
pert of the oommunlty estate of
the deoeaaed husband and aald.
surviving wife?
(b) IS so, is *said tax computed
upon 50 share8 or upon 100 sheres?
Your letter of Meroh 26, 1942, aubiults for our
oplnl& the following question whloh we quote therefrom:
"At the time of the deeth of Texas realdent,
ha and his wife owned ln oonmnmlty 100 aheres ln a
domestlo oorporatlon. The oorporetlun took up the
original oertlfloete of lOO,ah¶res end issued to
~~ar~rvivlng wife a new oertlfloete for the 100.
Is suoh transeotlon taxable under Artlole
XV of Sousa Bill 8 of the Regular Session of the
Forty-seventh &eglsleturel IS so, is the tax
payable on SO shares or on 100 shares?"
The provisions of the Aot pertinent to thls inquiry
&e oouied from Seotlon 1, Arflile 16, es Sollowai
"There is hereby imposed end levied e tex'es
herelnefttir provided on all selea, agreements to.
.aell, or memorand@n ofsal&~, end elldelIverlea
or transfers of aharea;.or oertlfioetes of stook,
or oeFtlSloetes for right8 to stook, or oertl-
float&a of deposit representing an interest .ln
or re re.aentlng oer~lfloetes made ,texable~under
this Eeotlon In any domestlo or foreign easo-
oletlon, oompeny,.or oorporatlon, or oertlf~oetqa
of interest In any bualness oonduoted by tyuateeE
or truatees made after the effeotlve date hereof,
whether made upon or shown'by the books of the
eaaooletlon, oompeny, oorporatlan, or trustee, or
by any esalgnment ln blank or by any delivery df any
' papers or agreement or memorandumor other evldenoe
of sale or transfer or.order for or'agreement to buy,
whether.lntermedlet& or final, and whether lnvestlng c
the holder with the beneSlo$el interest-ln or ',
legal title to suoh stock or"8,ther oertlfloate .'
taxable hereunder, or with th8 posserssl~ or use
,thareof for any purpose, or ti3 seoure the Suture
payment ofmoney or the Suture transfer of any
su& '&oak, or oertlfloate, ori e&oh hundred dollars
of Saoe value or Sreotlon thereof, three (3) oents,
exoept In.oaaea where, the shares or oertlfloetes ere
Honorable George H. Sheppard, Page 3, O-413
f
issued without designated monetary v alue; ip
whloh
.-. oase _the tax ahall be at the rats of ‘three
(31 oenta for eaoh and every share.. It ahall be
the duty of the pereon or persons making or
eFSeotuatlng the sale or transfer to ppooure,
affix, and oanoel the stamps snd pay the tax
provided by this Artlole. . . . The, payment of
suoh tax shall be denoted’ by an adhesive stamp
,or stamps affixed aa Sollows~ In the oas6 of a
rale or transfer, whei-e the evldenoe of the
traqsaotlon la shown only by the books of the
aasoolatlon, oomp&ny, corporation, or trustee,
the atamp shall be plaoed upon, auoh books, and .lt
rho11 be the duty of the person making oc effeotu-
I’ sting auoh sale or transfer to prooure and fur-, .
nlah to the aasooletlon, oompany, oorpcratlan,
or truatee the requisite stamps;, and of such
aasoolatlon, oompany, oorporetlon, or trustee ~to
iSSix and oarioel ‘the same. Where the transaotlon
la effeoted by the delivery or transfer of a
oertlfloete the stamp shall be plaoed upon the
surrendered oertlfioate end oanoeled; and ln
oaaea of, an agreement to aell, or where’fhe .s$le
is effeoted by dellvepy of the oertlfloate aaalgned
ln blank, there shall be made snd delivered by the
seller to. the buyer, a bill or memorandumof auoh
Sale, to whloh the stamp provided for by this Al-MA
ole shall be affixed and oanoeled. . ..n
Alijhough traniPSera of a took, oertifloates of
stook, eta., by operetlop of law, are not expressly mado
exempt by the Stook Trenafer Tax Aot, we thlnk suoh trans-
,Sers ere not the taxable event or transaotlti designed to
be reeohed by the above quoted tax levy and arci therefoti
exoludsd, by neoeaaary lmplloetlon, from the language
used. The tax la upon “all salea, agreeinen.ta to sell, or.
memoranda of sales, and .a11 del$ver$es or transfers ‘of
” share* or, oertlfloeteti of stook” and it is “the @uty of the
person or persona making or effeotuatlng the sale or
transfer . ..to prooure, affix and oenoel the stamps and
pay the tax prqvlded~ by this &tlole.n We think this .~
language oonteinplates end presuppqsaa, aa a oondltloo to
taxability, only ohangea ln leghal or beneflolal title .~
effeoted by the affirmative eota of a party or partie
~. thereto.
Thla oonoluslon finds persuealve aup 0x-t ln
Federal end atete authorities, oonstrulng stoo R transfer
Honorable George Ii. ihepperd, page 4,..0-41 -.
,y-
tax levies subatintlally ldentloel to the above quoted.
one. We partloularly advert to deolslona of thti lnter-
mediate and final appellate oourts of New.York,: oonstru-
lng the Stook Tqensfer Tax Aot oS.thet state, from whloh
deolslona must ponsequently be deemed to heve,been.wlthln
the ~leglaletlve oognlsanoe et the time: 6l' the passage
of the lnstadt’ cot. In the. oese of Phelpd-Stoke& Estates
Ino.;’ v. Nixon, 118 N.E. ,241, the. oourt, ln holding that
a vendor’s eleotlon to pa&a title ends sue Sop .the purohase
prloe, ‘~u&n refusal df. Eurohaser to oomplete his agreement
to purohase, was .not a transfer* oontemplatt)d by the
atatute, m+de the Sollowlng pertinent oomments, after
quoting the provlslbns of the New York Aot oorreapondlng
to t,he one! herelnabove,,quoted from the Texea Aotr
‘.
?J!heee seotlons oontemplate sobthing more .
then a theoretloal ohange of tit&e. They eon-’
template some physloel. eot; the delivery of a
oertlfloete; the exeoution Andydellve’ry of a bill
of sale; an entry upon the books of the oorpora-
t1O.l. It is euoh a transfer as is referred’to
in seotlan 162 of the Personal Property Law. A~
thnsfer la defined in the Century Dlotlonary apx
‘**The oonveyanoe of the right, .tltle or, pro&
~‘ty, etlher real or personal, from one person to
another,’ elther~ by aale, by glit or otherwlse.r
‘*I, Bouvler it, 1s aald that a transfer 1s;
n*The aot by whioh the owner ‘OS a ,thlng
del.&vered it tb another person with the latent ,,
of passing the rights whloh he has 5.n the latter.*
*In Rex&ok v. Dinlel, 119 @a.~ S68-S6i,
46 S.E. 438, a transfer ‘hovers any .aot. by whloh
the owner of anythlng’dellvers’ or oonveys it 30’
another with the 4ntent to pass his righter. to the
latter. In Peerre v. Hawkins,, 62 Texi 454, a .’
transfer is said po be ‘An Aot or transaotlon bY
wk,~$,~~ property ‘of ‘one person is by him vested in:
In People ex Pel Hatoh v. Reardon, 184 ~,
N.Y. 432 77 N.E. ,970,,8 L.R.A. (NrS.) 314, .112 .
‘Am. St. &sp. 628, 6 Ann. ~Cas. 616, the .oonstltu-
tlohe<y df the Stook Transfer hot.wae ln question.
There is no definition given as, to the meanlng~ of the
word 1transfer’. But the language of Judge Vann*s
opinion seems to involve the ldee that B‘transfer
Honorable George H. Sheppard, page 5, O-41
.wlthin the meaning bf the htetute neoesaitetes
some eot, euoh ee a .sele on the pert of the
trenslerror.
“In People v. Duffy-MdoInnerney Co., 122
em. Div. 336, 337, 106 N.W. Supp. 878, the
question arose whether the issue by a oorporatlon
OS its original ahares wes a transfer. me
Appellate Dlvlsltin of the Third Department said
that the ;@ietute we8 tobb~.atrlotly oonstrued,
and that e sale or transfer otiot, exoept by
Sorbed interpretation, be held to inolude an
original issue of oertlfloetes. Wntil those
o.ertlfloe~es ere onoe Issued they~oannot .be
made the subjeot of auoh sale or traflsfer as
to bring them’wIthIn the provisions of the eot
~. .requlrIng them to pay the tax.’ In the
opinions’ of the Attorney ffeneral for September
30, 1914, it wes ‘said that where., when trustees
‘named in a will, the title to the truat propertg,
Inoludlng the stook, passes to and vests ln the
subatltuted trustees, and that suoh a passing. of
title la. not a transfer within the msaning of the
cot.1 ‘The title to the stook Immediately vesta ln
the dubetltuted trusteea, not by virtue OS any
sale or transfer within the ordinary aooepted
: meaning oft thee!. te-, but by operation of liw+*,s’
m Eleotrl0 R+a&& Share Compiny v. .State,’ aS
N.JT.S-..178; .eSSlrmed 274 N.Y. 625, 10 P.R. (~2d) &8S
(1937); it was held.that transfer to new oorporetlon,
otieeted’by oonsolldetlon understatute, of shares of stook
owned by oonsolidatlng oorporatlonsj wee not su,bJeot tom
the stodc transfer tax Imposed upon @sale or transfers”
of etook,~ alnoe the .transfer ooourred bye operatlim of law,
Andythose: ftnnvl relate to sales or transfers rlthln their
tirdlnartly~ a~&oepted waning. To the same effeot is -the
ease of R0okefMler Foundation v. State, 258 N.Y.S..812,
even though new oartlfloetes of stook,werr lsaued by the
oorpor&tim, es In the instant faotual situation. With
.,reSerenoe to the taxability~ of suoh oertlfloat es,. the
oourt said:
“The oertlfIoat&s of stook are in theelves
OnlS- evldetioe of the transfer of, t Itile. Ihe title
p&a&es even if the tiertlfloates are never’. lsaued.
It was not neoefieary to laaue these oertlfioates .
to peas tlt~le herein. The title had already ,.
. ,
Honoreble.Oeorge H. Sheppard,, .Page 6 , O-433
‘I+
passed *by operation. of law., The oor@olldatlon
had been perfeoted by. order of the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court had deolded the queatlon of
oonsolldatlon In favor of .oonsolldatlon.
“All of the neoeasary steps had been taken;
and, by virtue of the prov,lslona of sedtlons 50
and 51 of ~&tlole 7 of the Membership Oorporatfon
Law, the olaimant ‘by operation o,f lawt had be-
ooms vested with ths title to tha stook owned by
the oonsolldatIng oorpcratlons. The lmuanoe of
now orrtliloatea was not a transfir, but was
only. a step orsatIng .the evldaOa.*
~Ikew’lar, transfers “reaulti~ wholly by operation
of laws have oonslstsntly beenheld to be exampt,from the
Fedopal Stook Transfer Tax Aot. Se4 Treasury Regulation .71,
Artlole Sl, SubdIvlsIm ((1).
Oonraquantly, It 10~our opIn$on’.that if the
ohan ss In title .obourfiiqg In’tho Instant rltuatlon are of
the grppe" often~ donomInated *.trariaferr by operation of lawn,
ruoh ohanger, are not taxable.
Although fhs phrass %ranaSer~ by ‘operation of lawn
is often used, it la 6~ut keldom'dafined. .'phrrll but ono
gennera'l'defl.nltlon o$ this phrase' Is glven:.ln iords 6c
Phrases, ~158 *Ca&a .where~ ths title or right to property
.’ vests In a parson, not by. his Quvi aot or’ agraement,~ but .by
the operatlon of law, aa’ In the oare ,pf tha, devolutlon :of
title upon an a&sInIstrator or where the sstatr,of anlnte-
state is east upon .tha heir. I1 6. Wor’da & Phraaea 1083 (quot-
Ing from Burke vi Baokua; ‘61 .MInn. 174, 65 R.W. ,458). In
Terminals & Transportation Oorporatlon v* State, ,8.N.Y.S;.
(2d) $282,’a4 (at. ,Ol. lQS8 affirmed afi7, A RF, tt9.i t088,
14 R.Y.8. ,(8d) 495 (1959), bhs oourt raid &a
transfer 1s one nefSeoted by,soma positlvr, iagal rulr or
enaotment..:. . ;
, & the instant altuation’tha rlS* rboelved .an uti
divided one-half Intstirt ln the atook aa her portIon’ of bhe
oomllnlnlty. Prior to .the dlsnolutlsn of the 6ommunlt eatate
of husband and tha baneSi 3 al
title of eaoh to and. equal.
Moat usually the rake of oonvenlenoe or
oonvention; is In law, hblds In trust .
for hImself and for his w$fe, having an equitable
Honorable Qeorge H. Sheppard, page. ‘1, O-41
title. Rut regardless of ln whose name the legal title
rests, the equitable title of the spouses la equal, although
there oan be no partition of their Interests until dlasolu-
Clan of the oommmlty estate by death or dlvoroe. 23 Tex.
Jur ; 101-103. Upon the termlnetlon of the oommunlty estate
by the death of'the husband and the oonsequdnt dissolution
of the marriage, the moiety of the surviving rife In the
oommunlty estate is oonverted into and~beoomes the aepar&te
property op the wife. 23 Tex. Jbr. 102. guoh a ahange Ii
effeoted solely by the provisions of Artlola 2578, Vernonrr
Revised Ulvll Statutes of Texas (D?S), and oan in no way.‘
be elthbr altered or aided. by,tiy affirmative sots of the
husbsnd; as suoh, it 1s e ohenge effeoted by law and ls.not
subjeot to ae stook trenefer tax. Th1.s oonoluslon lr in
aooord with that reaohed by the Federal Bureau of Intgrnal
Revenue In asoertalning the taxability, under ths Federal
,Sto,ok Transfer Tex Aot, of indentloel ohanges odourrIng
under the Texas, Louisiana end Cellfornla oommunlty pro-
erty a tatutes . See 1940 O.GAI. Federal. Tix Servloe
p [ SS84 (Texas),
._~~_.. SlSl.- (CellSornla), 6064. (Loulalana~.
With referhoe to the re&InIng ÷d
one-half Infer&f Iii the etook In question, it must be
assumed from .the feotual situation presented, that’ the
surviving wife reoelved title to and beoame the ownsr of .
the same etther en legatee, under the testamentary dlaposl-
tlon of the hmband,~ or es dlatrlbutee under t@ statutes of
desoent and dlstrlbutlon. In either event titls. to thi8
stook; ,rhIoh oonitituted a pee of the oommunlty ‘estate ,~of
the~deoeased huabsid, vested In the eurvlvlng rife rather
than in the exeoutor or admInlstrator ~of ths estate bf aald
deoeased huab,end, aooording to the disposition required w
&tlole 3314; Vernonts Texas Clrll Statutes, providing, in
part, as Sollowar _ .
men h person dies', lsevl& a lawful will,
al.1 pf hIa e&ate devised or bequeathed by auoh
wl1l.j ah&l1 vest~Immedlatel.y ln the devlseea or
legateesj Andyali the estate of cluah person,. not
devleed or bequeathed, shall ‘vest immedI0tely in
his helra’et law; aubjeot however, to the pagment ’
of the debts of.@& testetory or Intestate, exoept ~
suoh es may be exempted by lau; and whenever a
person dies krtestete, 011 of hIa:eeta.te tahall
.vstit mdlately In hla heirs at law, but with .tha
'exoeptlons aforesaid shall.atlllbe .Uabls and
subjeot In their ‘hands to the payment of, the ‘debts
of the. Intestate; but upon ths lssu&noe of letters
Honorable George Ii. Sheppard, page 8, O-413
testamentery~or of admlnlstretlon upon any such ,.
: estate, the exeoutor or administrator shell have
the right to'the posaesslon of the estate ~es'lt
exlated et the death of the testator or Intestate,
with the exoeptlon aforesaid; and he shall reoover
~possesslon of and hold such estate In trust to be
disposed of ln accordance with law."
It has been~held that the legal oonsequenoe of
the above statute is to oest the legal title to property,
both reel and personal, direotly upon the heirs or
dlatrlbutees, In oases of intestacy, and upon the devisees
and legatees under a last will and testament; subject In
eeoh.oese to the payment of the debts of the deceased.
Ithes also been held that adminIstration Is not neoess,ary :
to the vestfng of title, but that title vests Immediately
upon the-death of the deoeesed, subjeot to payment of
debta, family ellowanoe, Sunerale xpenses'and expenses
of edmInistretlon,~IS and only,If an administration Is
deemed neoeasery. Rorrell.v, Ramlett, 24~S.W. (26) 531,
Rlohardson v. Vaughan, (Sup,,Ct.) 23 S.W. 640; Lean vi
Leas,,291 S,W. 340,'lS Tex. Jur. 595, 1STex. Jur; 172-173:
Artlole 2578, Vernon's Revlaed blvll~Stetutea
(1925), provides that the entire oommunlty passes to the
survlvIng apouee, fin oese pf lnteateoy, lf'there be no
childrenor their desoendants. ,When thIs~provlslon la
coupled'wlth the provlslons of ArtIole 3314, supre, it Ls
seen'thet if the husband's undivided one-half Interest In
the atodk In questcon passed by Intesteoy, the wife obfelned
tltle~thereto solely through the oomblned effeot .eC these :
two articles. Here too .our oonolusion la ln eocond ntth
that reached by the Federal and New York oSSlolela 9x
oonstruIng theirrespective statutes. See C.C.H. %deral
Tax Servloe, 1 6384 (Texas Intestaoy law); 6162 [@elIfoE&
Intesteoy law ! : Opinion of the Tax CommIssIon of Ne.wYe&,
August'21,, 1940 (Texas intestaoy law).
However, if the husband's undivided one-half
interest passed to the wife, not by Intestaoy, but rather
by virtue of e testamentary Instrument, executed by the
husband, the transSer,was not effected by law. Although .-
Article 3314 would operate In 'this .sltuatlon to vest title
In the wife immediately upon the death of the hsuband, this
artiole would not be the sole operative faotor Involved in
the ~trensfer, since an a'ffirmatlve eot of the husband, the
executionof the will, would have been necessary ~io,oall
the statute into operation and such a transfer would have
Honorable George H..Sheppard,;page 9,
%
‘been sffeoted thrOu& the oombined effeot o+ the statute
and the hfflPmatlve ao,tlon of the hujband. &I war aald by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue with rsfersnoe to the
Federal statute, "where stook 1s dlaposed oi by general br
speolflo provlslotr~. in the will of a' deoedent, the tranrfer
of'legal title thereto does not result wholly by operation (
of law but la.brought about through an lot of the part1413
and ruoh trmfar to the beneflolarlea.la rrubjeot to the
atamp tax. . . . * 1940 O.O.H. Federal Tax servloo ( 616&
Noreovoc, In tlila event the meaaure of the tax 1. the full
number of sharer trwferrsd, alnoe prior to the huaband@r
death neither spouse oaed a ahare outright, but laoh had
a tie-half undivided intereat ln saoh.ahare. 8.0In , looord
19lrq a.C.R Feder,al Tax Servloe, I 8064 (Loulalana oonmunltf
propertr) .~
In our oplnlon No. 0-4129 we held tiat.a. &obk
trarjafer bax looru+I), xmder thla Aot,. upori a' tramfer or atook
from an idmiqlstrator to the'helra at law; and l.n our o in-
ion No. O-5620 we 'tiled that, although auoh a fax ia no e
qolleotlble on wanaiers of rtook from a deoodent 'to the
admlnlatratop or sxeou.tor of the eatate, thwtax ia ool-
leotible Ii auoh pe~ronalrspreaeatatlve is also a legate8
OP dl&itrlbutee~and ~~oelvea rhares.or atook a8 ruob ‘Them
op$nlona reauited from a.regrettable failure proper~l~ to.
appraolate the full.~effeot oi the provlalons ~elatlng to
the lmmedlate vesting of title .to 8took patssing to helrr 0~
dlatx$buteea under Artlole SS14, aupra, and from a mlafaksn .
bsllef'that l 'transfer OS title fron’the Qord+ to the
adminlatratop and thanoe frm the latter~to the heir@ or
distributeerr Is neoeaaary under,Texar kiwi Aooovdln &rW
otirruled‘our o lnlor.No. O-4189 ln ltr antL*aty an!I OUP
oplnlon No. O-S kt90 ln ao far as,lt-la inoonsllrtant with,
tbla‘.op'Snlnion~ The portion oi opLnlon No.O-3590 holdlng.that
the tramfee of atook iporn a deoedent to h&r sreoutor oc
admlnlstra$or 1s not taxable Is oorraot ln ita raault, but
1s baaed'on untariabld preml~a~. No tax 8oUl’d 8oorUe hem
beoauts~ano trannfsr by operation of law wothamiaa;
would ooour* Upon be death of 'tie .owner, hlr atook, eb
kr~tantl,~beo~mar the'propetiy OS hlr ,helCa or legeteerr
rf setjok oertllloater:rhould iOr owe rearix~~Slrue to the
exeoutor or admlnlatrator, no tai would lo o r ue ~eo a ~tw,'
ln faot, the rdpz%rrent#lve reoelved neither legal nor
equltable title fy” ,&ha reemlng tr’ansfer.
In o\iti opinion No. O-4319 we held, titer alla,
that if a huabend~valldly~oonvaysd i&IO sharea of atook,~
forming a'part of hlr aeparate property, to the. oommunlty,
a stook tranarer tax la payable only on 500 rharea, on the
Ronorable George H. Shepptird, page 10, O-41
f
theory that the wife receives such shares while the
husbend’retalns the remainder. This portion of Oplnlon
O-4512 overlooked that fact that neither spouse om’an-
entire share during ooverture since each possessed but an
undlvlded one-half interest Ln the total shares owned by
the oommnlty. Since this portion of opinion No. O-4312
~is.dlreotly opposed to the opinion herein expressed dnd
is oontrary to the conclusion reached by-the Federal tax
offlolafs ln 1940 C.C.H. Federal Tai Sei~loe, 1 6064, the
oplnlo~ la overruled ln so far as it ‘la lnoonslstent with
this opinion.
Consequently, you are respeotfully advls~d’thatt
(a~) The aoqulsltlon by the survlvlng.rife~of an
imdlvided one-half interest in the stock, representing her
interest In the oommunity estate, 1s not subjeot $0 ~.
ta%atlon under the Texas Stook Transfer Tax Aot.
(b,). The acquisition by the survlvlng wife, aa
heir 'at law of her deceased husband under the statute of
d6soent ana distribution, of an undlvlded one-half ln-
tierest. ln the stook, representing the husband’s interest
in.the ~oommunlty, is not subject to taxation under the
above mentioned Aot.
(0) T& aoqulsltlon by the survlvlng. rife; as
le&atee. under her husband's will, of an undivided ona+alf
:lnterest ln the stook, representing the husband's interest
$.n the oommmlty, 1s subjeot 'to taxation under the above"'~
mentioned Aot, and the tax la measured by the full ntiber
of shares so transferred.
Trusting’ that the foregolng,fully answers, your
lnqulry, we are
Very truly yours
ATTORNEY
GRN- OF T&AS
BY
R. Dean Moorhead
RDN:GO/og Assistant
.I .This oplnlon has been oonsldered in oonferenoe;
approved a@ ordered recorded. Sep. 4, 1942.
s/Gerald C. Manna
Gerald C. Mann
Attorney General of Texas .
|
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:
or
+;:;> CT,
..*;.
I,, ~,.lx..maklnghis,final monthly report of .+ .&+ .. ~"1:*
_:;:.-)
.~,,collebtlonsafter his term.p_i,._~~fiBe,.has
Y.--i.
.., :
* sexp*ed~l~" \,* .;:;<*LL-
.,'7. _ :,--.L*
.*‘l&
'~"'~;.E*'~,Jjl;-....,
._.. .5x65 S$A .cl
,,‘..s !:;-fimjrD yc;;f s;>.fi : :
i'>'.--.~,-&~ :.
I.;;.%,
-% J~,yc:.y.*?.
i::"'j.?T~It'...is ,..T.?
. i.Lyc.*,
r i -i.
&par&t. .~~~ hour questldn g&%&g; -,,;ii, .: '.
: :T
' ":'..lies
iiithe fadt'th&the clerical &xpenses Bought bye _"
the outgoing Tax Assessor-Collectorare"to be Incurred
@&$ a.fter.h@ term:of
_,,;._,_,.,
,-J,!~.
..,_.,office
,,,,_ ~~ ,t;ts
._,, ,erplred.
:~; *::.t::: I ". y
+I .::.. Article'3902, Revised Statut&;~ &'a&nde~~"'$ro-
,b. vldes for the appointmentof deputies, assistants or
;'l.: clerks for county officers, includingassessors~and
collectorsof taxes. Section (b) of Article 38gg,,Re-
vised Statutes, as amended, provides that each county
officer who receives a salary as compensationfor his
services shall be entitled and permitted to charge to
his county all reasonable expenses necessary ln the
proper and legal conduct of his office. These Articles'
are applicable to the county offices of Grayson County.
,.. *.
c
Hon. R. Canon, page 2
This right to such expenses att&hes beckase~ltIs lnci-
dent to, and a necessary part of the emolumentsand re-
muneratlonsof such office. ~~However, It ls well settled
that such a right begins when the officer takes his oath
of office and ends when the term of offlce~ends, whether
by expirationof tlak, death;tieslgnatloti norabolition
of the office by law. Graves vsI Dullen~fClvllAppeals)
115 S. W. 1177. .Thisgoes not mean that one ls'not en-
titled to recelveeqenses for services rtidered~durlng
the holding of an ,offl~ce even thou&h paid after.theterm
of the offlce.3.s over) but It Is clearly manifest that
the expenses are incident to the title to the office and
not to the mere performance of official duties. 34 Texas
Jur&=i 513.' As a consequence,before the outgoing Tax
Assessor-Coll&ztortiouJd recover ln a claim for such
expensks;the wkild-&ve,to show that the expenseswere
incurred dur+g the.holdlngof the office, a fact which
he could not pro&. $;;i ~j:$
: : ,~':ti
ihe ca
se ~ofTarrant County, et &, vs.
Smith, 81 S. W;.(2d),537;error refused; smith, after v
had gone o~t:qf~oSPlqeas Sheriff, sought to have the
county allow.hlm the amount he had paid a former deputy
to make up his final report to the county. The court dls-
posed of his claim as fOllows:
~',"There‘aias'no"~uthorlty'vestedin the
sheriff to ?etaln a'deputy to make up, after ::
the sheriff's tern-of office had expired, a
flual report and to pay@atdeputya salary
out of
bel&to
.feei'ofoffice which otherwisewould
TarPant'Countgi.:Dlscussion.of.the
polnij.I9'qupecassaky.,"
: :1"::'.;:~
::.:~,.:.
'."__
~.
:_
The facts lii;he S$lk'iase &d .thosikti~ar&here conslder-
lng are substantiallythe aame.~ The fact ~that,anex-
sheriff was the claimant ln that case an&an ex-assessor
.andcollector of ~taxesIs the claimant ln this case Is
~~3%mat&ial.~--The
~:bf
both claw. .Iis&n@
,:,
,, rule
_-'_,..:of law
J. , itippliesto the legality
: .,,
;:;:, " :..,
y:':~ _,_:
_:
In vlei&f.%he forego&& soti question Is
answered ,$nthe negative. ...
Hon. R. Canon, page 3
j SUMMARP
.The~&unty avditor of Grayson
County cannot legally approve payment
of claims allowed by order of the Com-
:missioners!court for clerical ex-
penses Incurred by Tax Assessor-Collect-
or In maklng,hls final monthly report of
collectlons~after his term.of office has
expired. '.
.
..~
Verytrulyyours
,ATTORN??XGENERAL
OFTEXAS
Assistant
mxi:rt *
., _'
APPROVED:
.-
APPROVEiOP~O~ C&IMI%'@h~,
BY l?wB;cha1rnlan
, .i
: I .~
i. :. (
|
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NUMBER 13-15-00253-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
TH|§TEENTH DlSTR|CT O§ T§XAS
CORPUS CHR|ST| - ED|NBURG
~./
lN RE ERwlN BuRLEY ,_~-'" \
§:l_
On Petition f_or Writ of Mandamus.
MEMoRANouM or=lNloN
,‘./
,.
- Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Longoria . ` ;_ _
Memorandum Opinlon Per Curiam1 \ '
Relator, Erwin Bur|ey, proceeding pro se, filed a petition for writ of mandamus in
. '; ` 1
the above cause on June 3, 2015, seeking to compel the trial court to rule on relator's
petition for Writ of habeas corpus Relator alleges that his petition for w_rit of habeas
corpus was received by the Nueces County_Clerk on llllarch 17, 2015, but the trial court
has refused to issue a ruling thereon.
1 See TEx. R APP. P. 52 8(d) (“ When denying relief the court may hand down an opinion but' ls not
required to do so. ";) TEx. R. APP. P 47. 4 (distinguishing opinions and memorandum opinions).
r § _ \':`>\<;:»@ Y¥NK%MQ.B
C,of~l\'\i\l\)€ d
To be entitled to mandamus relief, the relator must show: (1) that he has no
./adequate remedy at |aw, and (Z)t{at what he seeks to compel is a ministerial act. /n re '
State ex rel. Weeks, 391 S.W.3d 11],} 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (orig. proceeding). |f
the relator fails-ito meet both of these requirements, then the petition for writ of mandamus
should be denied. State ex re/. Young v. Sixth Jud. Dist. Ct. of App. at Texarkana, 236
S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (orig. proceeding). lt is relator's burden tov
properly request and show entitlement to mandamus_relief. Barnes v. `State, 832 S.W.2d
424, 426 (Tex. App.-Houston [1 st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (~“Even a pro se applicant
for a writ of mandamus must show himself_entitled to the extraordinary relief he seeks.").
ln addition to other requirements, relator must include a statement of factssupport_eg by
citaB to “competent evidence included in the appendix or record," and must also
provide “a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate
citaticB_to_autborities and to the appendix or record ” See generally TEX. R APP. §. 52. 3.
ln this regard, it' is clearthat relator must furnish an appendix or record sufficient to support
the claim for mandamus relief. See id. R. 52. 3(k) (specifying the required contents for the
appendix); R. 52. 7(a) (specifying the required contents for the record).
§ The Court, having examined and fully considered the petition for writ of mandamus
and the applicable law, is of the opinion that relator has not met his burden to obtain
§ mandamus relief. See State ex re/. Young, 236 S.W.3d at 210. For instance, relator has
not provided an appendix or record in support of his claim for mandamus relief. See TEx.
R. APP. P. 52.3(k), 52.7(a). Accordingly, we deny the petition'for writ of mandamus. See
\_
id. Rl 52.8(a).
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g 4..,:' z d l ' OFFICIAL NOTICE FROM COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
» v ' PO. BOX12308 CAPlTOL_-. STAT!ON, AUSTIN TEXAM
'or-'.FiciAL susmess
__sTATE o_§ TexAs
" ‘ _ mqu FRc`>`M ziP`cobE 18101
BURLEY ERW|N , _WR363,010'-02
On this day, the ._-app|
_ 1 ' `. d _ef Habeas Corpus hasl bé_en received
andpresented~'to»zthe'-C'ourt_'.' 6 ,__1 1
15 *. -Abei:Acbs'i'a, Clerk
VLOZ_ 60 TN` SZLLQSLOOO
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8120,;014 WNATE US6 ` ~. ., ggo;¥ "B’ ‘Au?z?o 2§06;
auRLEY, ERwlN " ° """E°"WW§?G§, d%U-bz
"without written orderi the applicatior`i fi:'>r
§§
Abe| Acosta Clerk
This is to advise t`§.iat the Couyhhas deni'
writ of habeas corbus
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I N T H E C O U R T O F A P P E A L S A T N A S H V I L L E
FILED
S T A T E O F T E N N E S S E E , ) C / A N o . 0 1 A 0 1 - 9 8 1 0 - J V - 0 0 5 6 4
August 2, 1999
D E P A R T M E N T O F C H I L D R E N ’ S ) D A V I D S O N C O U N T Y
S E R V I C E S ) C i r c u i t N o s :
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
) 9 7 1 9 - 3 9 0 6 4
Appellate Court Clerk
P e t i t i o n e r - A p p e l l e e ) 9 7 1 9 - 3 9 0 6 5
) 9 7 1 9 - 3 9 1 8 2
v . )
)
J A M E S B O S T I C K O S B O R N E )
)
R e s p o n d e n t - A p p e l l a n t )
)
I N T H E M A T T E R O F : )
S H E R R Y M O N E T H E N D R E N )
A P P E A L E D F R O M T H E J U V E N I L E C O U R T O F D A V I D S O N C O U N T Y
T H E H O N O R A B L E B E T T Y A D A M S - G R E E N , J U D G E
T h o m a s H . M i l l e r
P . O . B o x 6 8 1 6 6 2
F r a n k l i n , T N 3 7 0 6 8 - 1 6 6 2
A t t o r n e y f o r R e s p o n d e n t - A p p e l l a n t
P a u l G . S u m m e r s
A T T O R N E Y G E N E R A L A N D R E P O R T E R
D o u g l a s E a r l D i m o n d
A S S I S T A N T A T T O R N E Y G E N E R A L
G e n e r a l C i v i l D i v i s i o n
C o r d e l l H u l l B u i l d i n g , 2 n d F l o o r
4 2 5 F i f t h A v e n u e N o r t h
N a s h v i l l e , T N 3 7 2 4 3 - 0 4 9 9
A t t o r n e y s f o r P e t i t i o n e r - A p p e l l e e
A F F I R M E D A N D R E M A N D E D
H o u s t o n M . G o d d a r d , P r e s i d i n g J u d g e
C O N C U R :
F R A N K S , J .
S U S A N O , J .
O P I N I O N
Goddard, P.J.
T h i s c a s e i n v o l v e s a p e t i t i o n f o r t e r m i n a t i o n o f
p a r e n t a l r i g h t s . T h e R e s p o n d e n t / A p p e l l a n t , J a m e s B o s t i c k
O s b o r n e , a p p e a l s f r o m a n o r d e r o f t h e J u v e n i l e C o u r t o f D a v i d s o n
C o u n t y t e r m i n a t i n g h i s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s a s t h e b i o l o g i c a l f a t h e r
o f S h e r r y M o n e t H e n d r e n . W e a f f i r m t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e T r i a l
C o u r t .
O n D e c e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 9 7 , t h e S t a t e o f T e n n e s s e e ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f C h i l d r e n ’ s S e r v i c e s , t h e P e t i t i o n e r / A p p e l l e e ,
o b t a i n e d c u s t o d y o f B a r b a r a a n d W i l l i e H e n d r e n ’ s t h r e e c h i l d r e n :
S h e r r y M o n e t H e n d r e n , R i c k y D o n n e i l H e n d r e n , a n d S h a n t a M o n i q u e
H e n d r e n . A l t h o u g h M r . H e n d r e n i s l i s t e d a s t h e f a t h e r o n e a c h
c h i l d ’ s b i r t h c e r t i f i c a t e , D C S d i s c o v e r e d d u r i n g i t s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t M r . O s b o r n e m i g h t b e t h e b i o l o g i c a l f a t h e r o f
S h e r r y H e n d r e n a n d t h a t M i c h a e l P a t t e r s o n m i g h t b e t h e b i o l o g i c a l
f a t h e r o f R i c k y a n d S h a n t a H e n d r e n . A f t e r t h i s d i s c o v e r y , D C S
s o u g h t t o n o t i f y M r . O s b o r n e a n d M r . P a t t e r s o n o f i t s p e t i t i o n t o
t e r m i n a t e t h e p a r e n t a l r i g h t s t o t h e t h r e e c h i l d r e n . T h i s a p p e a l
c o n c e r n s o n l y t h e t e r m i n a t i o n o f M r . O s b o r n e ’ s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s t o
S h e r r y M o n e t H e n d r e n , w h o w a s a l m o s t t w e l v e y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e
o f t h e t r i a l .
2
M r . O s b o r n e p r e s e n t s t h r e e i s s u e s , w h i c h w e r e s t a t e ,
f o r o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n :
1 . W h e t h e r t h e c o u r t e r r e d i n
f i n d i n g t h a t h e w i l l f u l l y a b a n d o n e d
h i s d a u g h t e r ;
2 . W h e t h e r t h e c o u r t e r r e d i n
t e r m i n a t i n g h i s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s
b a s e d u p o n p e r s i s t e n c e o f
c o n d i t i o n s d a n g e r o u s t o h i s
d a u g h t e r ; a n d
3 . W h e t h e r t h e c o u r t e r r e d i n
f i n d i n g t h a t t e r m i n a t i o n o f h i s
p a r e n t a l r i g h t s w a s i n t h e b e s t
i n t e r e s t o f h i s d a u g h t e r .
A f t e r M s . K a t i e F i n n e y , a D C S c a s e m a n a g e r , d e t e r m i n e d
t h a t M r . O s b o r n e w a s i n c a r c e r a t e d , s h e s e n t h i m a l e t t e r i n M a y
1 9 9 8 i n q u i r i n g w h e t h e r h e i s S h e r r y ’ s f a t h e r . I n J u n e 1 9 9 8 , M r .
O s b o r n e , w h o w a s s e r v i n g a s e n t e n c e f o r b u r g l a r y , r e s p o n d e d t h a t
h e i s i n d e e d h e r f a t h e r . O n J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 9 8 , D C S f i l e d a p e t i t i o n
t o t e r m i n a t e M r . O s b o r n e ’ s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s .
T h e D C S p e t i t i o n s t a t e d t h a t u n d e r T e n n e s s e e C o d e
A n n o t a t e d § § 3 6 - 1 - 1 0 2 ( 1 ) ( A ) ( i ) a n d 3 6 - 1 - 1 0 2 ( 1 ) ( A ) ( i v ) , M r .
O s b o r n e h a d w i l l f u l l y a b a n d o n e d h i s d a u g h t e r a n d t h a t t e r m i n a t i o n
o f M r . O s b o r n e ’ s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s w a s i n h i s d a u g h t e r ’ s b e s t
i n t e r e s t .
3
O n O c t o b e r 9 , 1 9 9 8 , D C S f i l e d a n a m e n d e d p e t i t i o n w h i c h
s t a t e d t h a t M r . O s b o r n e w a s i n c a r c e r a t e d a t t h e t i m e t h e p e t i t i o n
w a s f i l e d a n d s t a t e d t h a t M r . O s b o r n e h a d f a i l e d t o v i s i t o r
s u p p o r t h i s d a u g h t e r i n t h e f o u r m o n t h s p r e c e d i n g h i s
i n c a r c e r a t i o n o r e n g a g e d i n c o n d u c t p r i o r t o h i s i n c a r c e r a t i o n
t h a t s h o w e d w a n t o n d i s r e g a r d f o r h i s d a u g h t e r ’ s w e l f a r e .
I n e a r l y O c t o b e r 1 9 9 8 , M s . F i n n e y v i s i t e d M r . O s b o r n e
t o d i s c u s s h i s d a u g h t e r a n d h e r s i b l i n g s . A c c o r d i n g t o M s .
F i n n e y ’ s t e s t i m o n y , M r . O s b o r n e w a s n o t o p p o s e d t o t h e
t e r m i n a t i o n o f h i s p a r e n t a l r i g h t s i f h i s d a u g h t e r c o u l d r e m a i n
w i t h h e r s i b l i n g s . A l t h o u g h M r . O s b o r n e s t a t e d t h a t h e w o u l d
l i k e t o s e e h i s d a u g h t e r , M s . F i n n e y s t a t e d t h a t h e n e v e r
r e q u e s t e d a v i s i t .
A t t h e t r i a l on October 12, 1998, Mr. Osborne testified
that he was participating in a behavior modification program
called “Lifelines” while in jail and that the program had made a
profound impact on his life. He testified that he was scheduled
to be released from jail on November 2, 1998 and then go to a
halfway house for three months. He further stated that he hoped
to rear his daughter and her two siblings, although he was not
their father, but he did not know when he could provide a home
for them. He was uncertain as to what his relationship with his
4
wife and young son would be since he had had no contact with them
in seven months.
Mr. Osborne admitted that there was a period of
approximately four years of Sherry’s life that he lost total
contact with her. Mr. Osborne never legitimated Sherry as his
child, although she is aware that he is her father, and he never
paid child support for his daughter.
Ms. Finney of DCS testified that Mr. Osborne could not
be considered as a placement for children until he had been sober
at least one year. Ms. Finney further testified that termination
of Mr. Osborne’s parental rights was in Sherry’s best interest
and that Sherry, who was almost twelve years old at the time,
needed a permanent, stable home to prepare her for her teenage
years.
Mr. Steve Walker, Sherry’s guardian ad litem, stated to
the Trial Court that Sherry was willing to live with her father
if her two siblings could live with them. If that was not
possible, then Sherry preferred to be placed in a home along with
her brother and sister.
5
On October 13, 1998, the Trial Court filed a decree of
guardianship and thus, terminated Mr. Osborne’s parental rights.
The Trial Court concluded that Mr. Osborne had willfully
abandoned his daughter for more than four consecutive months
preceding the filing of this petition to terminate his parental
rights by not visiting during that period of time. Furthermore,
the Trial Court found that Mr. Osborne was
incarcerated during all or part of the four months
immediately preceding the filing of the petition and
willfully failed to visit or support or make reasonable
payments toward the support of the child for four
consecutive months immediately preceding such
incarceration OR has engaged in conduct prior to
incarceration which exhibits a wanton disregard for the
welfare of the child.
That pursuant to T.C.A. 36-1-113(g)(3)(A), the
said children have been removed from Defendant parents
for more than six (6) months and the conditions which
led to removal or other conditions which in all
reasonable probability would cause the children to be
subjected to further abuse or neglect and which,
therefore, prevent the children’s return to the care of
the Defendants still persists; that there is little
likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an
early date so that the children can be returned to the
Defendants in the near future; and the continuation of
the legal parent and child relationship greatly
diminishes the children’s chances of early integration
into a stable and permanent home.
First, Mr. Osborne argues that he did not willfully
abandon his daughter. He explains that he was incarcerated in
December 1997 on a burglary conviction when his daughter was
placed in DCS custody. Mr. Osborne contends that although DCS
did not know that he was Sherry's father until March 1998, it did
not contact him until May 1998 and did not speak with him until
6
October 1998. Mr. Osborne maintains that before meeting with Ms.
Finney from DCS the week before the trial in October 1998, "he
had no meaningful way to inform DCS that he desired visitation
with [Sherry]." He asserts that before he was incarcerated he
saw Sherry "frequently" and had a "good relationship" with her.
Furthermore, Mr. Osborne argues that he had no income
during his incarceration, and thus, was unable to pay child
support. Consequently, his failure to pay child support was not
willful. Moreover, Mr. Osborne contends that the State did not
show by clear and convincing evidence that his conduct before his
incarceration exhibited a "wanton disregard" for his daughter's
welfare. Although Mr. Osborne admits to a long history of drug
abuse, he maintains that such abuse or a criminal conviction does
not constitute "wanton disregard" for a child's welfare.
Next, Mr. Osborne argues that the court erred by
finding that dangerous conditions to his daughter would likely
persist. Mr. Osborne maintains that he has undergone a "life-
changing" behavior modification program while incarcerated and no
longer uses drugs. He further contends that there are no
allegations of abuse or neglect against him because at the time
his daughter was removed from her home, she was living with her
mother.
7
Mr. Osborne further argues that termination of his
parental rights is not in the best interest of his daughter. He
asserts that DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to “reunite”
him with his daughter, with whom he had a good relationship.
The State argues that the Trial Court properly
terminated Mr. Osborne's parental rights for abandonment. The
State maintains that Mr. Osborne was incarcerated in the four
months preceding the filing of the petition on June 30, 1998 to
terminate his parental rights. While the State concedes that Mr.
Osborne's options for visitation were limited, it maintains that
he did not contact his daughter or request a visit with her until
the week before the trial, which was several months after he
learned of the State's efforts to locate him. The State
maintains that these facts constitute a willful failure to visit
under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-101(1)(A)1.
The State further argues that Mr. Osborne abandoned his
daughter pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iv) in the four months before his incarceration. It
maintains that Mr. Osborne paid no child support, instead
spending all his paycheck on crack cocaine, and had no more than
"token visitation" with his daughter. It argues that after five
1
Although the State refers to Tennessee Code Annnotated § 36-1-101(1)(A)
in its brief, the section that refers to a willful failure to visit is § 36-1-
102(1)(A).
8
years of no contact, Mr. Osborne saw his daughter on some
Saturdays during the eight months before his incarceration and
even then, was out of contact with her for as long as a month.
Moreover, the State asserts that Mr. Osborne's drug
abuse and criminal conduct constitute "wanton disregard" for his
daughter's welfare, citing In re Shipley, an unreported opinion
of this Court, filed in Knoxville on September 29, 1997 (finding
that the father’s criminal conduct and drug abuse showed a wanton
disregard for the welfare of his children). The State contends
that Mr. Osborne has demonstrated by past performance that he
could remain sober only while incarcerated, and when released,
retreats to a life of drug abuse. The State maintains that Mr.
Osborne, who claimed to be in recovery while incarcerated, had
one month remaining to serve in jail and an additional three
months in a halfway house before he would be free. The State
also notes that DCS would not consider placing Mr. Osborne’s
daughter with him until he had demonstrated a year of sobriety.
The State contends that the termination of Mr.
Osborne's parental rights was in the best interest of his
daughter. It explains that Mr. Osborne was unable to provide a
home for his daughter, had not maintained regular contact or
visitation with her, had paid no child support during her
lifetime, and had a chronic drug abuse problem.
9
Finally, the State argues that Mr. Osborne’s argument
that DCS did not make reasonable efforts to “reunite” his
daughter with him is without merit. Although the State lists
numerous reasons why this argument is without merit, it asserts
primarily that its mandate to “reunify” families does not apply
to putative parents such as Mr. Osborne, who has not established
a familial relationship to which his daughter could have
returned.
In accordance with Rule 13(d) of the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure, this Court reviews a Trial Court's decision
to terminate parental rights de novo upon the record, with a
presumption of correctness of the findings of fact by the Trial
Court unless the preponderance of evidence is otherwise.
However, no presumption of correctness attaches to a lower
court's decisions regarding questions of law. Ganzevoort v.
Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997).
The decision to terminate parental rights must be
established by “clear and convincing evidence.” See State
Department of Human Services v. Defriece, 937 S.W.2d 954, 960
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(c)
provides in relevant part:
Termination of parental or guardianship
rights must be based upon:
1 0
(1) A finding by the court by clear and
convincing evidence that the grounds for
termination or [sic] parental or guardianship
rights have been established; and
(2) That termination of the parent’s or
guardian’s rights is in the best interests of the
child.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A) (Supp.
1997)2 provides the possible grounds for termination of parental
rights:
Termination of parental or guardianship
rights may be based upon any of the following
grounds:
* * * *
The child has been removed from the home of
the parent or guardian by order of a court for a
period of six (6) months and:
(i) The conditions which led to the child’s
removal or other conditions which in all reason-
able probability would cause the child to be
subjected to further abuse or neglect and which,
therefore, prevent the child’s return to the
care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still
persist;
(ii) There is little likelihood that these
conditions will be remedied at an early date so
that the child can be returned to the
parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near future; and
(iii) The continuation of the parent or
guardian and child relationship greatly diminishes
the child’s chances of early integration into a
stable and permanent home.
2
This statute was amended with an effective date of July 1, 1998. The
State filed its petition for termination of parental rights on June 30, 1998.
The 1998 amendment substituted “Initiation of termination” for “termination”;
in (g)(3)(A)(i), “safe” was inserted preceding “return”; in (g)(3)(A)(ii)
“safely” was inserted preceding “returned”; in (g)(3)(A)(iii) “safe” was
inserted preceding “stable.” See Amendments, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113
(Supp. 1998).
1 1
Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) and 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iv) provide in relevant part:
“Abandonment” means, for purposes of
terminating the parental or guardian rights of
parent(s) or guardian(s) of a child to that child in
order to make that child available for adoption, that:
(i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months
immediately preceding the filing of a proceeding or
pleading to terminate the parental rights of the
parent(s) or guardian(s) of the child who is the
subject of the petition for termination of parental
rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s)
either have willfully failed to visit or have willfully
failed to support or make reasonable payments toward
the support of the child;
* * * *
(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the
time of the institution of an action or proceeding to
declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent
or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of
the four (4) months immediately preceding the
institution of such action or proceeding, and either
has willfully failed to visit or has willfully failed
to support or make reasonable payments toward the
support of the child for four (4) consecutive months
immediately preceding such parent’s or guardian’s
incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in
conduct prior to incarceration which exhibits a wanton
disregard for the welfare of the child.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(h) (Supp.
1997)3 provides the following regarding the best interest of
a child:
In determining whether termination of parental or
guardianship rights is in the best interest of the
child pursuant to this part, the court shall consider,
but is not limited to, the following:
3
This statute was amended with an effective date of July 1, 1998. The
State filed its petition for termination of parental rights on June 30, 1998.
The 1998 amendment added a new (h) and redesignated the former (h)-(p) as
present (i)-(q); in present (i)(1) inserted “safe and” following “it”; in
present (i)(7) inserted “in a safe and stable manner” following “child” and in
present (i)(8) inserted “safe and stable” preceding “care.” See Amendments,
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (Supp. 1998).
1 2
(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such
an adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions
as to make it in the child’s best interest to be in the
home of the parent or guardian;
(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to
effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by
available social services agencies for such duration of
time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
possible;
(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained
regular visitation or other contact with the child;
(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has
otherwise been established between the parent or
guardian and the child;
(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical
environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional,
psychological and medical condition;
(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other
person residing with the parent or guardian, has shown
brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological
abuse, or neglect toward other children in the family
or household;
(7) Whether the physical environment of the
parent’s or guardian’s home is healthy and safe,
whether there is criminal activity in the home, or
whether there is such use of alcohol or controlled
substances as may render the parent or guardian
consistently unable to care for the child;
(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental
and/or emotional status would be detrimental to the
child or prevent the parent or guardian from
effectively providing care and supervision for the
child; or
(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child
support consistent with the child support guidelines
promulgated by the department pursuant to
§ 36-5-101.
This Court must determine whether the evidence in the
record preponderates against the Trial Court’s findings of fact
supporting termination. The State argues that the primary
evidence of Mr. Osborne’s "wanton disregard" for the welfare of
his daughter is his criminal conduct and drug abuse prior to his
incarceration.
1 3
During his testimony, Mr. Osborne acknowledged that
twelve years ago he had been convicted of burglary and that he is
currently serving a sentence for burglary. He also admitted that
he had abused drugs since the age of twelve and began using
cocaine when he was fifteen or sixteen years old, thus admitting
to abusing drugs for approximately twenty-seven years. Mr.
Osborne testified that except for periods of incarceration, the
longest period of time that he has been free from drugs is sixty
days. He testified that he did not think that abusing drugs
indicated abuse or neglect for a child’s welfare.
Furthermore, Mr. Osborne admitted that he never
legitimated Sherry, never paid child support, and had no home to
provide for his daughter, although he had completed a parenting
class and had participated in a behavior modification course
called “Lifelines” while incarcerated.
We are of the opinion that the evidence in the record
does not preponderate against the Trial Court’s findings of fact.
Mr. Osborne admitted to chronic drug abuse and criminal conduct
and admitted that he had no home to provide for his daughter.
During his daughter’s life, Mr. Osborne never provided support
for her, and his relationship with her was sporadic at best. Mr.
Osborne’s daughter has experienced a disturbing childhood, so her
placement into a stable, permanent home as soon as possible is
1 4
critical as she enters adolescence. Therefore, we agree with the
Trial Court that termination of Mr. Osborne’s parental rights is
in the best interest of his daughter.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Trial
Court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed to Mr. Osborne.
This case is remanded to the Trial Court for enforcement of the
judgment and collection of costs below.
_______________________________
Houston M. Goddard, P.J.
CONCUR:
________________________________
Herschel P. Franks, J.
________________________________
Charles D. Susano, Jr., J.
1 5
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