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National Ski Association : A national or regional entity which is a member of or is recogni sed by FIS as the entity governing FIS' sport in that nation or region.
National -Level Athlete : Athletes who compete in sport at the national level, a s defined by each National Anti -Doping Organisation, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
National Olympic Committee : The organisation recognised by the International Olympic Committee.
The term National Olympic Committee shall also include the National Sport Confederation in those countries where the National Sport Confederation assumes typical National Olympic Commit tee responsibilities in the anti -doping area.
No Fault or Negligence : The Athlete or other Person's establishing that he or she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or suspected even with the exercise of utmost caution, that he or she had Used or been administered the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or otherwise violated an anti -doping rule .
Except in the case of a Protected Person or Recreational Athlete , for any violation of Article 2.1, the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered the Athlete’s system .
No Significant Fault or Negligence : The Athlete or other Person's establishing that any Fault or Negligence , when viewed in the totality of the circumstances and taking into account the criteria for No Fault or Negligence , was not significant in relationship to the anti -doping rule violation.
Except in the case of a Protected Person or Recreational Athlete , for any violation of Article 2.1, the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered the Athlete’s system.
Operational Independence : This means that (1) FIS Council members, staff members, commission members, consultants and officials of the Anti-Doping Organisation with responsibility for Results Management or its affiliates (e.g., member federation or confederation), as well as any Person involved in the investigat ion and pre -adjudication of the matter cannot be appointed as members and/or clerks (to the extent that such clerk is involved in the deliberation process and/or drafting of any decision) of hearing panels of that Anti-Doping Organisation with responsibili ty for Results Management and (2) hearing panels shall be in a position to conduct the hearing and decision -making process without interference from the Anti-Doping Organisation or any third party.
The objective is to ensure that members of the hearing pan el or individuals otherwise involved in the decision of the hearing panel, are not involved in the investigation of, or decisions to proceed with, the case.
Out-of-Competition : Any period which is not In-Competition .
Participant : Any Athlete or Athlete Support Person .
FIS Anti -Doping Rules page 76 Edition January 2021 Person : A natural Person or an organisation or other entity.
Possession : The actual, physical Possession , or the constructive Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has exclusive control or intends to exercise control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists); provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control ove r the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it.
Provided, however, there shall be no anti -doping rule violation based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti -doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person never intended to have Possession and has renounced Possession by explicitly declaring it to an Anti-Doping Organisation .
Notwithstanding anythi ng to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method constitutes Possession by the Person who makes the purchase.79 Prohibited List : The List identifying the Prohib ited Substances and Prohibited Methods .
Prohibited Method : Any method so described on the Prohibited List .
Prohibited Substance : Any substance, or class of substances, so described on the Prohibited List .
Protected Person : An Athlete or other natural Person who at the time of the anti -doping rule violation: (i) has not reached the age of sixteen (16) years; (ii) has not reached the age of eighteen (18) years and is not included in any Registered Testing Pool and has never competed in any International Event in an open category; or (iii) for reasons other than age has been determined to lack legal capacity under applicable national legislation.80 Provisional Hearing : For purposes of Article 7.4.3, an expedited abbreviated hearing occu rring prior to a hearing under Article 8 that provides the Athlete with notice and an opportunity to be heard in either written or oral form.81 Provisional Suspension : See Consequences of Anti -Doping Rule Violations above.
79 [Comment to Possession: Under this definition, anabolic steroids found in an Athlete's car would constitute a violation unles s the Athlete establishes that someone else used the car; in that event, FIS must establish that, even though the Athlete did not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew about the anabolic steroids and intended to have control over them.
Similarly, in the example of anabolic steroids found in a home medicine cabinet under the joint control of an Athlete and spouse, FIS must establish that the Athlete knew the anabolic steroids were in the cabinet and that the Athlete intended to exercise control over them.
The act of purchasing a Prohibited Substance alone constitutes Possession, even where, for example, the product does not arrive, is received by someone else, or is sent to a third -party address.]
80 [Comment to Protected Person: The Code treats Protected Persons differently than other Athletes or Persons in certain circumstances based on the understanding that, below a c ertain age or intellectual capacity, an Athlete or other Person may not possess the mental capacity to understand and appreciate the prohibitions against conduct contained in the Code.
This would include, for example, a Paralympic Athlete with a documented lack of legal capacity due to an intellectual impairment.
The term “open category” is meant to exclude competition that is limited to junior or age group categories.]
81 [Comment to Provisional Hearing : A Provisional Hearing is only a preliminary proceeding which may not involve a full review of the facts of the case.
Following a Provisional Hearing, the Athlete remains entitled to a subsequent full hearing on the merits of the case.
By contrast, an “expedited hearing” , as that term is used in Article 7.4.3, is a full hearing on the merits conducted on an expedited time schedule.]
FIS Anti -Doping Rules page 77 Edition January 2021 Publicly Disclose : See Consequences of Anti -Doping Rule Violations above.
Recreational Athlete : A natural Person who is so defined by the relevant National Anti -Doping Organi sation ; provided, however, the term shall not include any Person who, within the five (5) years prior to committing any anti -doping rule violation, has been an International -Level Athlete (as defined by each International Federation consistent with the Internati onal Standard for Testing and Investigations) or National -Level Athlete (as defined by each National Anti -Doping Organi sation consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations), has represented any country in an International Event in an open category or has been included within any Registered Testing Pool or other whereabouts information pool maintained by any International Federation or Natio nal Anti -Doping Organi sation .82 Regional Anti -Doping Organisation : A regional entity designated by member countries to coordinate and manage delegated areas of their national anti -doping program mes, which may include the adoption and implementation of anti -doping rules, the planning and collection of Samples , the management of resul ts, the review of TUEs , the conduct of hearings, and the conduct of Educational programs at a regional level.
Registered Testing Pool : The pool of highest -priority Athletes established separately at the international level by International Federations and at the national level by National Anti -Doping Organisations, who are subject to focused In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part of that International Federation's or National Anti -Doping Organisation 's test distribution plan and therefore ar e required to provide whereabouts information as provided in Article 5.
5 and the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Results Management : The process encompassing the timeframe between notification as per Article 5 of the International Standard for Results Management , or in certain cases (e.g., Atypical Finding , Athlete Biological Passport , whereabouts failure), such pre -notification steps expressly provided for in Article 5 of the International Standard for Results Management , through the charge until the final resolution of the matter, including the end of the hearing process at first instance or on appeal (if an appeal was lodged).
Sampl e or Specimen : Any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping Control .83 Signatories : Those entities accepting the Code and agreeing to implement the Code , as provided in Article 23 of the Code .
Specified Method : See Article 4.2.2.
Specified Substance : See Article 4.2.2.
Strict Liability : The rule which provides that under Article 2.1 and Article 2.2, it is not necessary that intent, Fault , Negligence , or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be 82 [Comment to Recreational Athlete: The term “open category” is meant to exclude competition that is limited to junior or age group categories.]
83 [Comment to Sample or Specimen: It has sometimes been claimed that the collection of blood Samples violates the tenets of certain religious or cultural groups.
It has been determined that there is no basis for any such claim.]
FIS Anti -Doping Rules page 78 Edition January 2021 demonstrated by the Anti-Doping Organisation in order to establish an anti -doping rule violation.
Substance of Abuse : See Article 4.2.
3.
Substantial Assistance : For purposes of Article 10.
7.1, a Person providing Substantial Assistance must: (1) fully disclose in a signed written statement or recorded interview all information he or she possesses in relation to anti -doping rule violations or other proceeding described in Article 10.7.1.1 , and (2) fully cooperate with the investigation a nd adjudication of any case or matter related to that information, including, for example, presenting testimony at a hearing if requested to do so by an Anti-Doping Organisation or hearing panel.
Further, the information provided must be credible and must comprise an important part of any case or proceeding which is initiated or, if no case or proceeding is initiated, must have provided a sufficient basis on which a case or proceeding could have been brought.
Tampering : Intentional conduct which subverts t he Doping Control process but which would not otherwise be included in the definition of Prohibited Methods .
Tampering shall include, without limitation, offering or accepting a bribe to perform or fail to perform an act, preventing the collection of a Sample , affecting or making impossible the analysis of a Sample , falsifying documents submitted to an Anti-Doping Organi sation or TUE committee or hearing panel, procuring false testimony from witnesses, committing any other fraudulent act upon the Anti-Doping Organi sation or hearing body to affect Results Management or the imposition of Consequences , and any other similar i ntentional interference or Attempted interference with any aspect of Doping Control .84 Target Testing : Selection of specific Athletes for Testing based on criteria set forth in the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Team Sport : A sport in which the substitution of players is permitted during a Competition .
Technical Document : A document adopted and published by WADA from time to time containing mandatory technical requirements on specific anti -doping topics as set forth in an International Standard .
Testing : The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory.
Testing Pool: The tier below the Registered Testing Pool which includes Athletes from whom some whereabouts information is required in order to locate and Test the Athlete Out -of-Competition .
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE): A Therapeutic Use Exemption allows an Athlete with a medical condition to Use a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method , but only if the 84 [Comment to Tampering: For example, this Article would prohibit altering identification numbers on a Doping Control form during Testing, breaking the B bottle at the time of B Sample analysis, altering a Sample by the addition of a foreign substance, or intimidating or attempting to intimidate a potential witness or a witness who has provided testimony or information in the Doping Control process.
Tampering includes misconduct which occurs during the Results Management process.
See Article 10.9.3.3.
However, actions taken as part of a Person's legitimate defense to an anti -doping rule violation charge shall not be considered Tampering.
Offensive conduct towards a Doping Control official or other Person involved in Doping Control which does not otherwise constitute Tampering shall be a ddressed in the disciplinary rules of sport organi sations.]
FIS Anti -Doping Rules page 79 Edition January 2021 conditions set out in Article 4.4 and the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions are met.
Trafficking : Selling, giving, transporting, sending, del ivering or distributing (or Possessing for any such purpose) a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method (either physically or by any electronic or other means) by an Athlete , Athlete Support Person or any other Person subject to the authority of an Anti-Doping Organisation to any third party; provided, however, this definition shall not include the actions of bona fide medical personnel involving a Prohibited Substance Used for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification, and shall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate such Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance sport performance.
UNESCO Convention : The International Convention against Doping in Sport adopted by the 33rd session of the UNESCO General Conference on 19 October, 2005 including any and all amendments adopted by the States Par ties to the Convention and the Conference of Parties to the International Convention against Doping in Sport.
Use: The utilisation, application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method .
WADA : The World Anti -Doping Agency.
Without Prejudice Agreement : For purposes of Articles 10.7.1.1 and 10.8.2, a written agreement between an Anti-Doping Organi sation and an Athlete or other Person that allows the Athlete or other Person to provide information to the Anti-Doping Organi sation in a defined time -limited setting with the understanding that, if an agreement for Substantial Assistance or a case resolution agreement is not finalized, the information provided by the Athlete or other Person in this particular setting may not be used by the Anti-Doping Organi sation against the Athlete or other Person in any Results Management proceeding under the Code , and that the information provided by the Anti-Doping Organi sation in this particular setting may not be used by the Athlete or other Person against the Anti-Doping Organi sation in any Results Management proceeding under the Code .
Such an agreement shall not preclude the Anti-Doping Organi sation , Athlete or other Person from using any information or evidence gathered from any source other th an during the specific time -limited setting described in the agreement.
World Anti -Doping Agency Athlete Biological Passport Operating Guidelines Version 9.0 July 2023 ABP Operating Guidelines – Version 9.0 – July 2023 Page 2/91 Table of C ontent s Content 3 Part 1: Introduction and Objectives 4 1.1.
Introduction to the Athlete Biological Passport 4 1.2.
Objectives 4 Part 2: Modules, Management and Administration 6 2.1.
Modules 6 2.2.
Resources, Partner Roles and Responsibilities 8 2.3.
ABP Manage ment and Administration 11 2.4.
Passport Custody and Sharing 16 Part 3: Mandatory Protocols 19 3.1.
Scope 19 3.2.
Collection, Storage and Transport of Blood Athlete Biological Passport Samples (ISTI Annex I) 20 3.3.
Analytical Requirement for the Hematological Module of the Athlete Biological Passport 25 3.4.
Laboratory Guidelines – Analytical Requirements for the Endocrine Module of the Athlete Biological Passport 31 3.5.
Laboratory Guidelines - Quantification of Endogenous Steroids in Blood for the Athlete Biological P assport 41 3.6.
Measurement and Reporting of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (EAAS) Markers of the Urinary Steroid Profile 48 3.7.
Results Management Requirements and Procedures for the Athlete Biological Passport (ISRM Annex C) 58 3.8.
Athlete Passport Management Unit Requirements and Procedures 66 Part 4: Collaboration Agreement Template 84 ABP Operating Guidelines – Version 9.0 – July 2023 Page 3/91 Content This document is divided into four parts.
Part One provides background and context for the creation of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) , introduces the Hematological , Steroidal , and Endocrine Modules of the Passport and explains the role of the ABP Operating Guidelines in supporting Anti -Doping Organizations (ADOs).
Part Two describes the Modules and expl ains the principles for the implementation of the ABP by an ADO .
Part Three contains Annexes of the International Standard for Results Manage ment (ISRM), the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI) in connection with Technical Documen ts and Laboratory Guidelines that specify mandatory protocols to be followed by ADOs, Laboratories, and Athlete Passport Management Units (APMUs ) in order to run an ABP program.
Part Four includes a template agreement developed by WADA for the sharing of Passport information between multiple ADOs (supported by ADAMS).
[For the purpose of these Guidelines, Code definitions are in Italics .
International Standard definitions are Underlined.]
ABP Operating Guidelines – Version 9.0 – July 2023 Page 4/91 Part 1: Introduction and Objectives 1.1.
Introduction to the Athlete Biological Passport The term “athlete biological passport” was first proposed in the early 2000s by the scientific community when monitoring of select hematological variables ( Markers of blood doping) was identified as a means to define an individual’s hematological profile.
In conjunction with several stakeholders and medical experts, the World Anti -Doping Agency (WADA) began to further develop, harmoni ze and validate the utility of within -individual serial monitoring of biological parameters to identify physiological patterns of doping.
The result was a formal operating Guideline and mandatory Standards formalizing the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), first published in 2009, which concerned exclusively the Hematological Module.
In 2014, the initial system was complemented with the Steroidal Module, which aims to establish longitudinal profiles of an Athlete’s steroid variables in urine Samples .
Additional steroid variables measured in blood (serum) Samples were added in 2023 to complement the urine steroid profile.
The Endocrine Module was also added in 2023 to monitor Markers of human Growth Hormone (hGH) .
The framework proposed in these Guidelines builds on existing anti -doping infrastructure to promote harmonization amongst ABP Programs, to facilitate the exchange and mutual recognition of relevant information between stakeholders involved in the ABP process and, consequently, to enhance efficiencies in the operation of Anti -Doping Activities .
These Guidelines provide a harmonized process for the Hematological , Steroidal and Endocrine Modules of the ABP , which follow similar administrative procedures and utilize WADA’s Anti-Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS) .
As with all Guidelines, this document is subject to ongoing review to ensure it continues to reflect best practice moving forward.
WADA encourages feedback on this document and recommends stakeholders to consult WADA’s website (http://www.wada -ama.org ) for the latest version.
1.2.
Objectives The principal objectives of integrating the ABP into the larger framework of a robust anti -doping program are the following: a) The ABP can be used to flag Athletes and Samples requiring further attention through intelligent, timely interpretation of Passport data, which can lead to an Anti -Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) through establishment of the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolite or Marker in an Athlete’s Sample according to World Anti -Doping Code ( Code ) Article 2.1.
The ABP provides valuable information that can be used to direct Target Testing , Sample storage and further analysis of previously collected Samples more effectively.
The ABP Operating Guidelines – Version 9.0 – July 2023 Page 5/91 ABP can notably be used as a complement to Analytical Testing Procedures to further refine and strengthen overall anti -doping strategies: • For the Hematological Module, this could be, for example, by directing Testing for Agents Affecting Erythropoiesis (AAEs) or homologous blood transfusion (HBT).
• For the Steroidal Module, thi s could be, for example, the use of Gas Chromatography -Combustion- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC /C/IRMS) to detect endogenous steroids administered exogenously , or for the analysis of steroid esters on atypical Samples targeted by using the ABP.