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@@ -28,29 +28,19 @@ configs:
28
  data_files:
29
  - split: train
30
  path: all-modality_ambiguity.json
31
- ---
32
 
33
- <div align="center">
34
 
35
  # TRIAD: Benchmarking Omni-Modal Ambiguity in Multimodal Large Language Models
36
 
37
- </div>
38
-
39
- [![Task](https://img.shields.io/badge/Task-Multimodal%20QA-blue)](#recommended-evaluation-protocol)
40
- [![Modalities](https://img.shields.io/badge/Modalities-Text%20%2B%20Image%20%2B%20Audio-purple)](#data-format)
41
- [![Languages](https://img.shields.io/badge/Languages-English%20%7C%20Chinese-green)](#dataset-statistics)
42
- [![Size](https://img.shields.io/badge/Size-327%20Items-orange)](#dataset-statistics)
43
- [![Review](https://img.shields.io/badge/Review-Anonymous-lightgrey)](#double-blind-review-notice)
44
 
45
  **TRIAD** is a diagnostic benchmark for evaluating whether omni-modal models can resolve ambiguity by jointly integrating **text**, **image**, and **audio**.
46
 
47
- ---
48
  ## Overview
49
 
50
  TRIAD targets a failure mode common in multimodal evaluation: a model may appear to solve a multimodal task while actually relying on only one dominant modality. In TRIAD, each example is constructed so that the full tri-modal input is needed to identify the intended answer.
51
 
52
- <div align="center">
53
-
54
  | | |
55
  | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
56
  | **Task** | Multiple-choice tri-modal question answering |
@@ -62,9 +52,6 @@ TRIAD targets a failure mode common in multimodal evaluation: a model may appear
62
  | **Primary use** | Held-out diagnostic evaluation |
63
  | **Review status** | Anonymous version for double-blind review |
64
 
65
- </div>
66
-
67
- ---
68
  ## Table of Contents
69
 
70
  - [Overview](#overview)
@@ -84,22 +71,16 @@ TRIAD targets a failure mode common in multimodal evaluation: a model may appear
84
  - [Maintenance](#maintenance)
85
  - [Double-blind Review Notice](#double-blind-review-notice)
86
 
87
- ---
88
  ## What Makes TRIAD Different?
89
 
90
  TRIAD is designed around **tri-modal irreducibility**.
91
 
92
- <div align="center">
93
-
94
-
95
  | Input condition | Expected property |
96
  | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
97
  | **Text + Image + Audio** | The intended answer should be identifiable. |
98
  | **Any two modalities** | The answer should remain underdetermined or less well supported. |
99
  | **Any single modality** | Multiple options should remain plausible. |
100
 
101
- </div>
102
-
103
  The benchmark emphasizes audio cues that cannot be fully captured by a transcript, including:
104
 
105
  - prosody and intonation;
@@ -108,7 +89,6 @@ The benchmark emphasizes audio cues that cannot be fully captured by a transcrip
108
  - environmental sound;
109
  - symbolic sound such as alarms, ringtones, and bells.
110
 
111
- ---
112
  ## Repository Layout
113
 
114
  ```text
@@ -127,9 +107,9 @@ TRIAD/
127
  │ └── statistics.json
128
  └── all-modality_ambiguity.json
129
  ```
 
130
  > The exact layout may vary across release versions, but every item contains relative paths to its image and audio files.
131
 
132
- ---
133
  ## Data Format
134
 
135
  Each item is stored as a JSON object.
@@ -164,7 +144,6 @@ Each item is stored as a JSON object.
164
 
165
  <details>
166
  <summary><strong>Field description</strong></summary>
167
-
168
  | Field | Type | Description |
169
  | ------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
170
  | `id` | string | Unique item identifier. Items with the same prefix belong to the same scenario group. |
@@ -182,23 +161,21 @@ Each item is stored as a JSON object.
182
  | `category.modal_category.image` | string | Image ambiguity category. |
183
  | `category.modal_category.audio` | string | Audio ambiguity category. |
184
 
 
185
  </details>
186
 
187
- ---
188
  ## Loading the Dataset
189
 
190
- ### Load JSONL metadata
191
 
192
  ```python
193
  import json
194
  from pathlib import Path
195
 
196
- data_path = Path("data/triad.jsonl")
197
 
198
- items = []
199
  with data_path.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
200
- for line in f:
201
- items.append(json.loads(line))
202
 
203
  print(len(items))
204
  print(items[0]["question"])
@@ -212,8 +189,8 @@ from pathlib import Path
212
  root = Path(".")
213
  item = items[0]
214
 
215
- image_path = root / item["image"]
216
- audio_path = root / item["audio"]
217
 
218
  print(image_path)
219
  print(audio_path)
@@ -224,29 +201,20 @@ print(audio_path)
224
  ```python
225
  from datasets import load_dataset
226
 
227
- dataset = load_dataset("json", data_files="data/triad.jsonl")
228
  print(dataset["train"][0])
229
  ```
230
 
231
- ---
232
  ## Dataset Statistics
233
 
234
- <div align="center">
235
-
236
-
237
  | Statistic | Value |
238
  | ------------------------- | ----: |
239
  | Number of items | 327 |
240
  | Number of scenario groups | 86 |
241
  | Average group size | 3.8 |
242
 
243
- </div>
244
-
245
  ### Group-size Distribution
246
 
247
- <div align="center">
248
-
249
-
250
  | Group size | Number of groups |
251
  | ---------: | ---------------: |
252
  | 2 | 23 |
@@ -254,22 +222,14 @@ print(dataset["train"][0])
254
  | 4 | 42 |
255
  | 8 | 10 |
256
 
257
- </div>
258
-
259
  ### Ambiguity-level Distribution
260
 
261
- <div align="center">
262
-
263
-
264
  | Ambiguity level | Number of items |
265
  | --------------- | --------------: |
266
  | `single_modal` | 230 |
267
  | `dual_modal` | 59 |
268
  | `tri_modal` | 38 |
269
 
270
- </div>
271
-
272
- ---
273
  ## Ambiguity Taxonomy
274
 
275
  Every item receives one leaf-level ambiguity label for each modality.
@@ -307,14 +267,10 @@ Every item receives one leaf-level ambiguity label for each modality.
307
  | **Environmental** | 34 | Background sounds that change interpretation of the scene. |
308
  | **Symbolic** | 20 | Non-linguistic auditory symbols such as alarms, bells, ringtones, or notifications. |
309
 
310
- ---
311
  ## Recommended Evaluation Protocol
312
 
313
  The standard TRIAD evaluation provides the model with:
314
 
315
- <div align="center">
316
-
317
-
318
  | Component | Included in standard evaluation |
319
  | --------------- | ------------------------------- |
320
  | Textual context | Yes |
@@ -323,8 +279,6 @@ The standard TRIAD evaluation provides the model with:
323
  | Question | Yes |
324
  | Answer options | Yes |
325
 
326
- </div>
327
-
328
  The model should output exactly one option key.
329
 
330
  ### Modality Conditions
@@ -364,7 +318,6 @@ Answer with a single option key.
364
  | Item-level accuracy | Standard accuracy over all items. |
365
  | Group-level accuracy | Accuracy aggregated over scenario groups to reduce over-counting of sister examples. |
366
 
367
- ---
368
  ## Intended Uses
369
 
370
  TRIAD is intended for:
@@ -376,7 +329,6 @@ TRIAD is intended for:
376
  - comparing full-modality performance with modality-ablated settings;
377
  - analyzing which ambiguity types are hardest for different model families.
378
 
379
- ---
380
  ## Out-of-Scope Uses
381
 
382
  TRIAD is **not** intended for:
@@ -393,7 +345,6 @@ TRIAD is **not** intended for:
393
 
394
  > TRIAD is small and diagnostic by design. It should not be treated as a representative sample of real-world multimodal interactions.
395
 
396
- ---
397
  ## Data Collection and Annotation
398
 
399
  TRIAD was constructed by designing everyday scenarios in which text, image, and audio jointly determine the intended answer.
@@ -409,51 +360,44 @@ Each item is annotated with:
409
 
410
  Items were reviewed to reduce degenerate cases where the answer can be determined from only one or two modalities.
411
 
412
- ---
413
  ## Responsible AI Considerations
414
 
415
  <details open>
416
  <summary><strong>Privacy</strong></summary>
417
-
418
-
419
  The dataset is designed to avoid personally identifying information. Audio clips and images should not be used for identifying real individuals, voice matching, face recognition, or impersonation.
420
 
 
421
  </details>
422
 
423
  <details open>
424
  <summary><strong>Audio-specific risks</strong></summary>
425
-
426
-
427
  Because the dataset includes audio, it should not be used for biometric speaker recognition, voice cloning, speaker profiling, or identity inference. Audio is included only for evaluating multimodal reasoning.
428
 
 
429
  </details>
430
 
431
  <details open>
432
  <summary><strong>Sensitive content</strong></summary>
433
-
434
-
435
  The dataset avoids content involving violence, privacy violations, or sensitive personal information. Any remaining potentially sensitive cases should be treated as diagnostic examples only.
436
 
 
437
  </details>
438
 
439
  <details open>
440
  <summary><strong>Bias and limitations</strong></summary>
441
-
442
-
443
  TRIAD is a small diagnostic benchmark. Its examples are intentionally constructed around ambiguity and may not reflect the natural distribution of everyday multimodal data.
444
 
 
445
  Model performance on TRIAD should therefore be interpreted as a measure of ambiguity-resolution ability rather than general multimodal competence.
446
 
447
  The dataset contains English, Chinese, and mixed-language examples. Results may vary across languages and model families.
448
 
449
  </details>
450
 
451
- ---
452
  ## Licensing
453
 
454
  The license metadata is set to `MIT`.
455
 
456
- ---
457
  ## Citation
458
 
459
  Citation information will be added after the double-blind review period.
@@ -467,14 +411,12 @@ Citation information will be added after the double-blind review period.
467
  }
468
  ```
469
 
470
- ---
471
  ## Maintenance
472
 
473
  The dataset will be versioned. Errata, corrected annotations, and future extensions will be documented in the repository release history.
474
 
475
  For the anonymous review version, contact information is withheld to preserve double-blind review. A public maintainer contact will be added after the review period.
476
 
477
- ---
478
  ## Double-blind Review Notice
479
 
480
  This repository is prepared for anonymous peer review. Please do not infer author identity from repository ownership, commit metadata, or temporary hosting information. Any non-anonymous information will be added after the review period.
 
28
  data_files:
29
  - split: train
30
  path: all-modality_ambiguity.json
 
31
 
32
+ ---
33
 
34
  # TRIAD: Benchmarking Omni-Modal Ambiguity in Multimodal Large Language Models
35
 
36
+ [![Task](https://img.shields.io/badge/Task-Multimodal%20QA-blue)](#recommended-evaluation-protocol) [![Modalities](https://img.shields.io/badge/Modalities-Text%20%2B%20Image%20%2B%20Audio-purple)](#data-format) [![Languages](https://img.shields.io/badge/Languages-English%20%7C%20Chinese-green)](#dataset-statistics) [![Size](https://img.shields.io/badge/Size-327%20Items-orange)](#dataset-statistics) [![Review](https://img.shields.io/badge/Review-Anonymous-lightgrey)](#double-blind-review-notice)
 
 
 
 
 
 
37
 
38
  **TRIAD** is a diagnostic benchmark for evaluating whether omni-modal models can resolve ambiguity by jointly integrating **text**, **image**, and **audio**.
39
 
 
40
  ## Overview
41
 
42
  TRIAD targets a failure mode common in multimodal evaluation: a model may appear to solve a multimodal task while actually relying on only one dominant modality. In TRIAD, each example is constructed so that the full tri-modal input is needed to identify the intended answer.
43
 
 
 
44
  | | |
45
  | ------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
46
  | **Task** | Multiple-choice tri-modal question answering |
 
52
  | **Primary use** | Held-out diagnostic evaluation |
53
  | **Review status** | Anonymous version for double-blind review |
54
 
 
 
 
55
  ## Table of Contents
56
 
57
  - [Overview](#overview)
 
71
  - [Maintenance](#maintenance)
72
  - [Double-blind Review Notice](#double-blind-review-notice)
73
 
 
74
  ## What Makes TRIAD Different?
75
 
76
  TRIAD is designed around **tri-modal irreducibility**.
77
 
 
 
 
78
  | Input condition | Expected property |
79
  | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
80
  | **Text + Image + Audio** | The intended answer should be identifiable. |
81
  | **Any two modalities** | The answer should remain underdetermined or less well supported. |
82
  | **Any single modality** | Multiple options should remain plausible. |
83
 
 
 
84
  The benchmark emphasizes audio cues that cannot be fully captured by a transcript, including:
85
 
86
  - prosody and intonation;
 
89
  - environmental sound;
90
  - symbolic sound such as alarms, ringtones, and bells.
91
 
 
92
  ## Repository Layout
93
 
94
  ```text
 
107
  │ └── statistics.json
108
  └── all-modality_ambiguity.json
109
  ```
110
+
111
  > The exact layout may vary across release versions, but every item contains relative paths to its image and audio files.
112
 
 
113
  ## Data Format
114
 
115
  Each item is stored as a JSON object.
 
144
 
145
  <details>
146
  <summary><strong>Field description</strong></summary>
 
147
  | Field | Type | Description |
148
  | ------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
149
  | `id` | string | Unique item identifier. Items with the same prefix belong to the same scenario group. |
 
161
  | `category.modal_category.image` | string | Image ambiguity category. |
162
  | `category.modal_category.audio` | string | Audio ambiguity category. |
163
 
164
+
165
  </details>
166
 
 
167
  ## Loading the Dataset
168
 
169
+ ### Load JSON metadata
170
 
171
  ```python
172
  import json
173
  from pathlib import Path
174
 
175
+ data_path = Path("all-modality_ambiguity.json")
176
 
 
177
  with data_path.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
178
+ items = json.load(f)
 
179
 
180
  print(len(items))
181
  print(items[0]["question"])
 
189
  root = Path(".")
190
  item = items[0]
191
 
192
+ image_path = root / item["image"].replace("./", "")
193
+ audio_path = root / item["audio"].replace("./", "")
194
 
195
  print(image_path)
196
  print(audio_path)
 
201
  ```python
202
  from datasets import load_dataset
203
 
204
+ dataset = load_dataset("json", data_files="all-modality_ambiguity.json")
205
  print(dataset["train"][0])
206
  ```
207
 
 
208
  ## Dataset Statistics
209
 
 
 
 
210
  | Statistic | Value |
211
  | ------------------------- | ----: |
212
  | Number of items | 327 |
213
  | Number of scenario groups | 86 |
214
  | Average group size | 3.8 |
215
 
 
 
216
  ### Group-size Distribution
217
 
 
 
 
218
  | Group size | Number of groups |
219
  | ---------: | ---------------: |
220
  | 2 | 23 |
 
222
  | 4 | 42 |
223
  | 8 | 10 |
224
 
 
 
225
  ### Ambiguity-level Distribution
226
 
 
 
 
227
  | Ambiguity level | Number of items |
228
  | --------------- | --------------: |
229
  | `single_modal` | 230 |
230
  | `dual_modal` | 59 |
231
  | `tri_modal` | 38 |
232
 
 
 
 
233
  ## Ambiguity Taxonomy
234
 
235
  Every item receives one leaf-level ambiguity label for each modality.
 
267
  | **Environmental** | 34 | Background sounds that change interpretation of the scene. |
268
  | **Symbolic** | 20 | Non-linguistic auditory symbols such as alarms, bells, ringtones, or notifications. |
269
 
 
270
  ## Recommended Evaluation Protocol
271
 
272
  The standard TRIAD evaluation provides the model with:
273
 
 
 
 
274
  | Component | Included in standard evaluation |
275
  | --------------- | ------------------------------- |
276
  | Textual context | Yes |
 
279
  | Question | Yes |
280
  | Answer options | Yes |
281
 
 
 
282
  The model should output exactly one option key.
283
 
284
  ### Modality Conditions
 
318
  | Item-level accuracy | Standard accuracy over all items. |
319
  | Group-level accuracy | Accuracy aggregated over scenario groups to reduce over-counting of sister examples. |
320
 
 
321
  ## Intended Uses
322
 
323
  TRIAD is intended for:
 
329
  - comparing full-modality performance with modality-ablated settings;
330
  - analyzing which ambiguity types are hardest for different model families.
331
 
 
332
  ## Out-of-Scope Uses
333
 
334
  TRIAD is **not** intended for:
 
345
 
346
  > TRIAD is small and diagnostic by design. It should not be treated as a representative sample of real-world multimodal interactions.
347
 
 
348
  ## Data Collection and Annotation
349
 
350
  TRIAD was constructed by designing everyday scenarios in which text, image, and audio jointly determine the intended answer.
 
360
 
361
  Items were reviewed to reduce degenerate cases where the answer can be determined from only one or two modalities.
362
 
 
363
  ## Responsible AI Considerations
364
 
365
  <details open>
366
  <summary><strong>Privacy</strong></summary>
 
 
367
  The dataset is designed to avoid personally identifying information. Audio clips and images should not be used for identifying real individuals, voice matching, face recognition, or impersonation.
368
 
369
+
370
  </details>
371
 
372
  <details open>
373
  <summary><strong>Audio-specific risks</strong></summary>
 
 
374
  Because the dataset includes audio, it should not be used for biometric speaker recognition, voice cloning, speaker profiling, or identity inference. Audio is included only for evaluating multimodal reasoning.
375
 
376
+
377
  </details>
378
 
379
  <details open>
380
  <summary><strong>Sensitive content</strong></summary>
 
 
381
  The dataset avoids content involving violence, privacy violations, or sensitive personal information. Any remaining potentially sensitive cases should be treated as diagnostic examples only.
382
 
383
+
384
  </details>
385
 
386
  <details open>
387
  <summary><strong>Bias and limitations</strong></summary>
 
 
388
  TRIAD is a small diagnostic benchmark. Its examples are intentionally constructed around ambiguity and may not reflect the natural distribution of everyday multimodal data.
389
 
390
+
391
  Model performance on TRIAD should therefore be interpreted as a measure of ambiguity-resolution ability rather than general multimodal competence.
392
 
393
  The dataset contains English, Chinese, and mixed-language examples. Results may vary across languages and model families.
394
 
395
  </details>
396
 
 
397
  ## Licensing
398
 
399
  The license metadata is set to `MIT`.
400
 
 
401
  ## Citation
402
 
403
  Citation information will be added after the double-blind review period.
 
411
  }
412
  ```
413
 
 
414
  ## Maintenance
415
 
416
  The dataset will be versioned. Errata, corrected annotations, and future extensions will be documented in the repository release history.
417
 
418
  For the anonymous review version, contact information is withheld to preserve double-blind review. A public maintainer contact will be added after the review period.
419
 
 
420
  ## Double-blind Review Notice
421
 
422
  This repository is prepared for anonymous peer review. Please do not infer author identity from repository ownership, commit metadata, or temporary hosting information. Any non-anonymous information will be added after the review period.