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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Polysemous Words
Polysemous Words is a large-scale collection of contextual examples for 200 common polysemous English words. Each word in this dataset has multiple, distinct senses and appears across a wide variety of natural web text contexts, making the dataset ideal for research in word sense induction (WSI), word sense disambiguation (WSD), and probing the contextual understanding capabilities of large language models (LLMs).
Dataset Overview
This dataset is built from the 350B variant of the FineWeb-Edu corpus, a large-scale, high-quality web crawl dataset recently used in training state-of-the-art LLMs.
We focus on 200 polysemous English words selected for their frequency and semantic diversity. The initial list was generated using ChatGPT, then refined through manual inspection to ensure each word has multiple distinct meanings.
For each target word:
- The FineWeb-Edu corpus was filtered to retain only samples containing a surface-form match (the full word without regards to capitalization).
- The final dataset contains over 470 million contextual examples, totaling about 3 TB of raw text.
- Data is organized by word, allowing easy per-word processing or analysis.
📍 Dataset URL: https://huggingface.co/datasets/tsivakar/polysemous-words
Format
Each target word has its own subdirectory (e.g., bank/, file/, rock/), which contains parquet files in the following structure:
polysemy-words/
├── bank/
│ └── part_0.parquet
│ └── part_1.parquet
│ └── ...
├── spring/
│ └── part_0.parquet
│ └── part_1.parquet
│ └── ...
...
Words and Meanings
Below are some of the polysemous words included in the dataset along with a few of their common meanings.
Note: The listed meanings are illustrative and not exhaustive.
| Word | Common Meanings |
|---|---|
| anchor | ship device, TV host |
| arch | structure, shape |
| ball | toy, formal dance |
| bank | financial institution, riverbank |
| bar | metal rod, pub, law |
| barge | large boat, to intrude forcefully |
| bark | tree covering, dog sound |
| barrel | container, gun part |
| base | foundation, military station |
| bass | low sound, fish |
| bat | animal, sports equipment |
| beam | light ray, structural support |
| bell | alarm, object |
| bill | invoice, legislation, bird part |
| bit | small amount, drill part |
| blade | knife, fan part |
| block | building unit, obstruction |
| board | wood piece, group of people |
| bob | move, hairstyle |
| bolt | fastener, lightning, run |
| boot | footwear, computer start |
| bowl | dish, game |
| brace | support, dental tool |
| bracket | support, tournament pairing, punctuation |
| break | pause, damage, opportunity |
| bridge | structure over a gap, dental appliance, card game |
| brush | tool, contact |
| buckle | belt fastener, collapse |
| bug | insect, flaw |
| bump | hit, swell, encounter |
| cab | taxi, truck front |
| cap | hat, limit |
| case | container, situation |
| cell | organism unit, prison room |
| chain | series, store, restraint |
| channel | TV station, path, focus |
| charge | fee, accusation, power |
| check | verify, bill |
| chip | snack, fragment, electronics |
| circuit | route, electrical path, competition |
| clasp | fastener, grasp |
| clip | fastener, cut, short video |
| club | weapon, group |
| coach | bus, trainer |
| coil | spiral, electrical unit |
| cone | ice cream, shape, tree part |
| cord | string, power line |
| court | legal body, romantic pursuit, sports arena |
| cover | protection, song remake |
| crack | split, joke, sound |
| crane | machine, bird, gesture |
| crash | collision, failure |
| crust | bread edge, outer Earth layer |
| current | flow, present time |
| cushion | pillow, buffer |
| cut | incision, reduction |
| dart | game, quick move |
| date | fruit, calendar day, romantic outing |
| deck | card set, boat surface |
| dial | watch face, to call |
| disc | object, spinal part, media format |
| dish | plate, gossip |
| draft | breeze, plan |
| drill | tool, military routine |
| drive | urge, journey, storage |
| drum | musical instrument, container, cylindrical object |
| fair | event, just, appearance |
| fan | cooling device, enthusiast |
| file | document, tool |
| flap | cover, disturbance |
| foil | metal sheet, contrast |
| fork | utensil, divide |
| frame | structure, deception, part of a video |
| glass | material, cup |
| grill | cooking device, question intensely |
| gum | mouth tissue, candy |
| handle | grip, deal with |
| head | body part, leader, top |
| hook | metal curve, attention-grabbing start |
| hoop | ring for sports, clothing accessory |
| horn | instrument, animal part |
| hose | tube, clothing |
| jacket | clothing, book cover |
| jam | fruit spread, traffic, musical session |
| jug | container, slang for prison |
| key | lock opener, essential, piano part |
| knot | tangle, speed unit |
| ladder | climbing tool, hierarchy |
| lap | body part, circuit |
| latch | door fastener, to catch or attach |
| leaf | plant part, page |
| letter | alphabet, mail |
| light | illumination, not heavy |
| line | rope, queue, text |
| lock | fastener, hairpiece, canal mechanism |
| log | record, tree part |
| mark | score, target, impression |
| mask | disguise, cover |
| match | competition, pair |
| mine | possession, excavation |
| mint | plant, coin factory, condition |
| mold | shape, fungus |
| mouse | animal, computer device |
| mug | drinking vessel, face, robbery |
| nail | finger, metal fastener |
| net | mesh, gain after expenses |
| note | music, message |
| nut | snack, crazy person, mechanical fastener |
| organ | body part, instrument |
| pad | cushion, notepad, landing zone |
| paddle | boat tool, game controller |
| pan | cookware, criticize |
| panel | flat board, discussion group, control surface |
| parcel | package, land unit |
| patch | fabric piece, software fix, area of land |
| pen | writing tool, enclosure |
| pencil | writing tool, hairstyle |
| pitch | throw, field, tone |
| plane | aircraft, level |
| plant | factory, living organism |
| plate | dish, tectonic plate, serving |
| plateau | flatland, leveling off |
| plug | stopper, endorsement, power connection |
| point | location, score, idea |
| pole | rod or beam, North/South geographical point, electoral position |
| pool | water body, resource sharing |
| port | harbor, wine, computer socket |
| post | mail, job, pole |
| pot | container, weed, jackpot |
| press | media, apply pressure |
| punch | strike, beverage |
| race | competition, ethnicity |
| rack | storage, torture device |
| reel | film roll, stagger |
| ribbon | fabric strip, award |
| ring | jewelry, sound |
| rock | stone, music genre |
| roller | tool, skater, coaster part |
| rope | cord, hang |
| row | line, argument, paddle action |
| saw | tool, proverb |
| scale | measure, skin |
| score | points, music, scar |
| screen | display, filter |
| seal | animal, official stamp |
| shed | small building, to discard or lose |
| shell | covering, projectile |
| shop | store, workshop |
| shovel | tool, move effortfully |
| sink | basin, submerge |
| skirt | clothing, avoid |
| slide | move, playground, image frame |
| slip | small mistake, clothing, fall |
| socket | joint, outlet |
| space | outer universe, room |
| spade | tool, playing card suit |
| spike | nail, rise, shoe |
| spool | cylinder for winding, to unwind/print data |
| spray | liquid burst, paint |
| spring | coil, season, leap |
| stall | booth or stand, engine failure, delay tactic |
| stamp | mail, mark, stomp |
| stand | furniture, posture, resistance |
| stem | plant part, stop, origin |
| stick | branch, adhere |
| stock | inventory, finance |
| strap | band, punish |
| string | cord, sequence |
| stud | fastener, horse, attractive person |
| suit | clothing, legal case, match |
| swing | motion, seat, change |
| tack | pin, approach |
| tank | military vehicle, container, fail badly |
| tap | faucet, gentle hit, phone interception |
| tape | adhesive, audio medium |
| tent | shelter, taut shape |
| tie | clothing, equality, connect |
| tile | flooring, game piece |
| tin | metal, container |
| tip | end, advice, gratuity |
| tire | rubber wheel, exhaust |
| tooth | mouth part, tool edge |
| track | path, music piece, follow |
| train | vehicle, to teach |
| tray | serving dish, data storage |
| trip | journey, stumble |
| trunk | tree, luggage, elephant nose |
| tub | container, bath |
| tube | pipe, transport, TV |
| valve | control device, heart part |
| vent | opening, express |
| view | sight, opinion |
| volume | sound level, book, quantity |
| watch | observe, timepiece |
| wave | hand motion, ocean, physics |
| well | water source, state of being |
| wheel | circular device, control |
| wire | metal thread, communication |
| yard | length, outdoor area |
| zip | fastener, speed |
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