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23418ca6f54e3f46da9d2c2b60d98ad5343019690d179a6b6553dcc7d7a2e9c8 | NoKo doesn’t care. | null | Aum 23 (Frank Aum, senior expert on Northeast Asia @ the U.S. Institute of Peace, JD from UC Berkeley, 10-5-2023, “Is There any Chance North Korea Will Ever Give Up Its Nuclear Weapons?” United States Institute of Peace – USIP, , accessed 10-27-2023) | all data including No Ko ’s hostile relationship with the U S and So Ko dilapidated conventional military cost-effective nature of nuc s versus conventional prestige provided other countries being toppled after giving up nuc s strength of nuc deterrent , and the fearful nature of the regime sug... | all the data points over many decades including No Ko ’s hostile relationship with the U S and So Ko dilapidated state of No Ko ’s conventional military cost-effective nature of investing in nuc s versus conventional military assets prestige provided by being one of only nine countri... | data points many decades No Ko ’s hostile U S So Ko dilapidated No Ko ’s conventional nuc s conventional military assets prestige one with nuc s toppled giving up nuc s incomparable strength nuc s deterrent fearful No Ko not disarm short medium long-term No Ko not abandon nuc s | ['**edited for language', '', 'However, all the data points over many decades — including North Korea’s hostile relationship with the United States and South Korea, its experience of U.S. carpet-bombing during the Korean War, the constant threat of a U.S. nuclear attack, the dilapidated state of North Korea’s conventio... | [
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cf2183f8876de40f4c0bf35d86872678391dc43adff2ee958ffc1ee5a88ba4a3 | Uncertainty alone checks. | null | Lewis 18, PhD, a senior vice president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (James Andrew, 1-1-2018, “Rethinking Cybersecurity: Strategy, Mass Effect, and States”, pg. 29, ) | Uncertainty about attribution combined with uncertainty about effectiveness creates caution the U S made a major effort to improve attribution and has succeeded to where no opponent can be confident this may produce cyber deterrence opponents appear likely to overestimate the risk of retal | This upper bound on cyber attack is affected by the likelihood of attribution Uncertainty about attribution capabilities particularly American capabilities, combined with uncertainty about the effectiveness of cyber attack, creates caution . Public expressions of uncertainty about attribution are not shared by opponen... | upper bound attribution Uncertainty attribution capabilities American effectiveness caution uncertainty not shared by opponents know major effort to improve its attribution capabilities succeeded no opponent can be confident about anonymity cyber deterrence avoided reluctant to cross it fear cannot control seven count... | ['This upper bound on cyber attack is affected by the likelihood of attribution. If an attacker was confident that it could avoid having the attack attributed to it, the risk of retaliation would be reduced, making some attacks more attractive. Uncertainty about attribution capabilities, particularly American capabilit... | [
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dd892bb75f9219a6ddc79f4e71358d9882d94291d590508b030e7cf56dd999ba | The OLC merely provides advice without dictating a policy to adopt. | null | Bernard W. Bell 19, Faculty Professor of Law and Herbert Hannoch Scholar at Rutgers School of Law–Newark, J.D. from Stanford Law School, “Office of Legal Counsel Opinions: Advice Or Law?”, Administrative & Regulatory Law News, Vol. 44, No. 4, Summer 2019, accessed via HeinOnline | OLC opinions might seem to qualify as policy critical is formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] only documents that provide guidance to the public qualify as policy OLC opinions advise agencies, not the general public OLC construes the Constitution statutes would rarely be ones OLC can be said to “administer.” | OLC opinions might seem to qualify as statements of policy the critical aspect of both categories is their “ formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] by the agency only documents that provide guidance to the public qualify as statements of policy or interpretations OLC opinions are issued to advise agencies, not the general publi... | formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] provide guidance to the public advise agencies, not the general public construes the Constitution rarely be ones OLC can be said to “administer.” | ['OLC opinions might seem to qualify as statements of policy or interpretation. But the critical aspect of both categories of documents is their “formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] by the agency for the guidance of the public.” See Attorney General’s Manual, supra, at 22 (emphasis added).', 'Though FOIA’s affirmative disclos... | [
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06f8f638714b522c2bf10a18405a424ac93872999824cccfc09e5a50b64e0d7d | Y’all better quiet down…vote negative to endorse a Transfeminist-of-color epistemology that refuses cis-white IR in the making because the girls are tired, and you should be too. Only leaning into transfeminism-of-color can carve out space for modes of theorization that genuinely subtend to the endurance of otherwise w... | null | Weerawardhana 18, writer, political and international affairs analyst, academic, educator, human rights activist, has held teaching and research positions in several countries including France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, sixteen years of experience in research, media engagements and consultancies with high... | caveat on theorizing is warranted Transfeminist-of-color discourse developed by Black and Brown Trans women inspired by Black of-color and Indigenous thought is lived outside white Trans sphere which has pride in tower latter does not correspond to lived experiences Transmisogynoir that kills Transfeminism of color is... | At this stage, a crucial caveat on theorizing is warranted . In my lived experience as Trans woman of color navigating hostile spaces in the politics/IR academy, in my political engagements and in shaping the priorities of my international activism, my guiding principles stem from a Transfeminist-of-color discourse ,... | null | ['At this stage, a crucial caveat on theorizing is warranted. In my lived experience as Trans woman of color navigating hostile spaces in the politics/IR academy, in my political engagements as an elected officer of a British political party, and in shaping the priorities of my international activism, my guiding princi... | [
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08982fdcb674ed05daf125163a2afb0ab2e591231cb2f7f3840533af82579e2e | Only warming causes extinction | null | McDonald 19, writer and geography PhD student at University of Oxford studying the intersection of grassroots movements and energy transition. (Samuel Miller, 1-4-2019, “Deathly Salvation,” The Trouble, ) | nuclear exchange does not result in apocalyptic loss of life . Nuclear winter is based on shaky science . There’s no reliable model that can determine how many megatons would make humans extinct . Nations have already detonated 2,476 nuc s . humans can survive war even a nuclear one . Humans cannot recover from runawa... | nuclear exchange does not inevitably result in apocalyptic loss of life . Nuclear winter is based on shaky science . There’s no reliable model that can determine how many megatons would decimate agriculture or make humans extinct . Nations have already detonated 2,476 nuc lear device s . humans can survive and recov... | apocalyptic loss of life Nuclear winter shaky science no reliable model how many megatons decimate agriculture extinct 2,476 nuc lear device s survive recover from nuclear one cannot recover runaway climate change not inevitable extinction event six degrees of warming is | ['A devastating fact of climate collapse is that there may be a silver lining to the mushroom cloud. First, it should be noted that a nuclear exchange does not inevitably result in apocalyptic loss of life. Nuclear winter—the idea that firestorms would make the earth uninhabitable—is based on shaky science. There’s no ... | [
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21b3cf7d85e690adeacb8873e9d1ef00e861c804fd5e0c941a3725cd3ccd13e4 | 4. Each new launch increases the risk of collision---there’s a risk they make the problem worse---flips try-or-die. | null | Korey Haynes 18. Staff writer. “Despite concerns, space junk continues to clutter Earth orbit”. 12/17/2018. | hardware is partnered, meaning each launch responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris the majority is derelict more cluttered space becomes, the greater risk | Much of the hardware we launch is partnered, meaning each launch can be responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris working the majority is derelict Some objects in orbit are moving at up to 17,000 miles per hour we’ve also become more reliant on growing numbers of satellites The more cluttered space becomes, t... | each launch multiple pieces of orbital debris reliant on growing numbers of satellites more cluttered space becomes, the greater risk | ['Even when Sputnik launched in 1957, it wasn’t alone. The shiny ball was accompanied by its core stage and payload fairing, both of which tumbled around Earth in nearby orbits. Much of the hardware we launch is similarly partnered, meaning each launch can be responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris. Much of t... | [
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4f536ccc2e0dda344cc0c48d1f7407f4d578461ca5d8e939c7012ad7f3a43b00 | 4. ‘Rights’ and ‘duties’ correlate, are legally enforceable, and constitute personhood. | null | Solaiman ’17 [S. M. Solaiman; 2017; Law Professor at the University of Wollongong; Artificial Intelligence & Law, “Legal personality of robots, corporations, idols and chimpanzees: a quest for legitimacy,” vol. 25] | word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged A right provides an option to its holder to do or not to do a certain act existence is a question of law , Duties are responsibilities comman... | The word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations between persons. It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged not to breach such relations A right provides an option to its holder to do or not to do a certain act the existence of a... | word legal relations interconnected legally enforceable claims obliged option question of law exercise conscious choice responsibilities commanded by law remedy ascription of personhood correspond right of another consistently recognised correlative judicially recognised any being substances attributes | ['The word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations between persons. It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged not to breach such relations (Corbin 1920). A legal person who knows that he/she has a certain right should be able to a... | [
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201f0d7b86d88986b324427863110fa5d22504d3af773f74d8315366b1cad8e2 | GOP rhetoric is irrelevant unless Biden chooses to embrace their agenda | null | Bochen Han 22, U.S. Correspondent for the South China Morning Post, 11/1/22, “US’ hard-line policy on China likely to hold whoever wins midterm elections, say analysts,” https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3197926/hard-line-us-policy-china-likely-hold-whoever-wins-midterm-elections-analysts | Despite Biden following through to the China challenge Republicans could advocate unrealistically aggressive policies , banking on looking tougher To override veto, Republicans need two-thirds unlikely to materialise Republicans would only be able to urge Biden to stand firm rather than dictate it | Despite Biden following through with commitment to the China challenge , “some Republicans could advocate unrealistically aggressive policies , banking on looking tougher than Democrats To override a presidential veto, Republicans would need a two-thirds majority a prospect unlikely to materialise . Short of holding a... | advocate unrealistically aggressive policies unlikely to materialise only be able to urge rather than dictate it | ['Despite Biden following through with his commitment to the China challenge, “some Republicans could choose to advocate for unrealistically aggressive policies, banking on looking tougher than Democrats because the Biden administration will want to avoid outright brinkmanship,” Ashton said.', 'To override a presidenti... | [
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96004dd9ec76d39231893735632d38d56a26303557ee056e72e46e22163e5a92 | No readiness internal link—troops will work without pay. | null | Shane 23—(reporter). Leo Shane III. September 7, 2023. “Military pay could be a casualty of looming government shutdown”. Military Times. . | Even if money is not available troops will still be required to man their posts even as their pay is withheld because of a lack of funding | Adam Smith said the military could be among the hardest hit government institutions by a shutdown. Even if money is not available for all military operations, troops (and some Defense Department civilians) will still be required to continue man ning their posts even as their pay is withheld because of a lack of approv... | not available man | ['', 'On Wednesday, House Armed Services Committee ranking member Adam Smith, D-Wash., at the annual Defense News Conference said the military could be among the hardest hit government institutions by a shutdown. Even if money is not available for all military operations, troops (and some Defense Department civilians) ... | [
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9cef3ed14b629eee759ddae1afacf5fd69eb55f54bd5ebcb5f42d9b43c7fda65 | Uranium from nukes is the only way to solve fast enough – current solutions take 15 years! | null | Haley Zaremba 24 writer and journalist based in Mexico City. She has extensive experience writing and editing environmental features, travel pieces, local news in the Bay Area, and music/culture reviews. “Uranium Prices Soar As World Turns to Nuclear Power,” Oil Price, 2/1/2024, https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/... | nuc energy set to triple increasing uranium demand but current production insufficient There’s a supply deficit global sector struggling to responsibly source uranium demand stirring up problems lion’s share out of Russia undermining the West’s efforts to sanction the Kremlin Biden seeking domestic production But new ... | nuc lear energy capacity is set to triple by 2050, increasing uranium demand significantly, but current production levels are insufficient The US seeking to ramp up domestic uranium production amidst concerns about dependency on Russian exports There’s just one problem the world might not have enough uranium productio... | insufficient the world might not have enough uranium production capacity to keep up with a nuclear power boom There’s a supply deficit source sanction new mines take 15 years | ['Global nuclear energy capacity is set to triple by 2050, increasing uranium demand significantly, but current production levels are insufficient.', 'The US and other countries are seeking to ramp up domestic uranium production amidst concerns about dependency on Russian exports.', 'Uranium prices are rising, and the ... | [
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99fdd9d0c6b06da603f54f4ab79e63182dc6b717fb0f339a07568813f06bb870 | Outweighs other risks categorically---even at 1% probability. | null | Emile P. Torres 22, holds a master's degree in neuroscience from Brandeis University, PhD candidate at Leibniz Universität Hannover, in Germany, former Affiliate Scholar at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and former Visiting Scholar at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University o... | artificial superintelligence smarter than any human in every cognitive domain plausible default outcome is existential catastrophe Even if probability low total annihilation yield sky-high risk. ASI obliterate entire biosphere risk not just issue of whether humanity survives but all life | a serious threat comes from artificial intelligence there are risks arising from the possibility of algorithms that exceed human levels of general intelligence An artificial superintelligence would by definition be smarter than any possible human being in every cognitive domain of interest such as abstract reasoning,... | serious threat exceed human levels general intelligence superintelligence any possible human being every cognitive domain of interest most significant event in human history more clever destroy us? plausible default outcome existential catastrophe Even if the probability low probability total annihilation would yield ... | ['Yet another serious threat comes from artificial intelligence, or AI. In the near-term, AI systems like those sold by IBM, Microsoft, Amazon and other tech giants could\xa0\xa0due to gender and racial biases. According to a paper co-authored by\xa0, the former Google employee who\xa0\xa0"after criticizing its approac... | [
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64c3ca581d2af38e9fe1c2f167df4e0dd0afeda90fca049d78ab4b76183dd4ec | Aff guts the economy—chilling | null | Nachbar ’19 [Thomas Nachbar, Professor, Law, University of Virginia, “Book Review: Heroes and Villains of Antitrust,” THE ANTITRUST SOURCE, 6—19, LN] | because antitrust applies to all industries , a practice outlawed for one industry would be outlawed for all firms in all industries , or be interpreted as such by risk-averse firms and risk-averse lawyers antitrust is accompanied by substantial risk to markets Mistaken inferences 'are costly they chill conduct | if antitrust law outlawed a practice, there is no potential for the market to correct--the practice once outlawed would remain outlawed because antitrust law applies to all industries , a practice outlawed for one firm or industry would be outlawed for all firms in all industries , or be interpreted as such by risk-a... | all industries one firm or industry all firms in all industries interpreted as such risk-averse firms risk-averse lawyers treble damages substantial risk inferences especially costly chill the very conduct | ['', 'That regulatory skepticism had a particular salience for antitrust law, which itself is designed to maintain a particular balance between private and government action in markets. n53 Since Adam Smith, the argument of so-called free-market intellectuals has not been that markets are perfect but rather that they ... | [
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7b3dcdd77c42dce6910684f705506cd22519345df6ae3828661b0905c8a85300 | 2---Social pressures will force any state that creates legal duties for AI to also award corresponding legal rights. | null | Anat Lior 20, Teaching Fellow @ Yale, J.S.D. Candidate at Yale Law School, Resident Fellow with the School’s Information Society Project, holds a masters’ degree from Reichman University, “AI Entities as AI Agents: Artificial Intelligence Liability and the AI Respondeat Superior Analogy”, Mitchell Hamline Law Review: V... | report states nothing about granting AI rights but only obligations is obligations leads to existence of rights hard to impose obligations without rights lead to slippery slope imposing obligations inevitably lead to assigning rights society may unintentionally reward rights | the report does not display favoritism towards one solution over another it merely tries to provide a general futuristic picture of what instruments of legislation attempt to regulate robots in a liability context the report states nothing about granting AI rights but rather only talks about their obligations . The pr... | rights obligations The problem with this argument usually leads to the parallel existence of rights hard impose obligations granting rights on the other slippery slope inevitably lead to also assigning them rights unintentionally reward the latter rights did not want them to have . | ['However, it is important to note that the EU report does not display favoritism towards one solution over another; it merely tries to provide a general futuristic picture of what instruments of legislation the EU can consider in attempting to regulate robots in a liability context. 151 Furthermore, the report states ... | [
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06180e7e59c50277a7103ae476254a40be45d96cc9b81a447c573fe7390fb61a | It’ll be closely controlled with safeguards. | null | Eva Hamrud 21, Ph.D. expected in 2023 from King’s College London, M.Sc. from Imperial College London, B.A. from the University of Cambridge; Science Alert, “AI Is Not Actually an Existential Threat to Humanity, Scientists Say,” 4/11/2021, https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-why-ai-is-not-an-existential-threat-to-humani... | There was consensus that it is not a threat ' general AI ' is not on horizon. We not know how and it's unclear how much progress is needed AI are constrained by a layer of systems for safeguard which may not be modified by the machines anything would be tested and have redundant checks ." unlikely to be a threat | There was an 82 percent consensus that it is not a n existential threat . The AI that currently exists is called 'narrow' or ' weak ' AI a ' general AI ' is not on the horizon. We simply do not know how to make a general adaptable intelligence, and it's unclear how much more progress is needed "professionally designe... | 82 percent consensus not existential threat currently weak general AI not not know adaptable unclear more progress AI systems well constrained layer operating systems safeguard not be accessed modified other thoroughly tested redundant safety checks unlikely be existential threat | ['To address this concern we asked 11 experts in AI and Computer Science\xa0\xa0There was an\xa082 percent consensus\xa0that it is not an existential threat. Here is what we found out.', 'How close are we to making AI that is more intelligent than us?', "The AI that currently exists is called\xa0'narrow' or 'weak' AI. ... | [
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27997660a8f7cf84b3ec5516b9c3195c4b3ce03176616de15cc9f0b3764b4754 | Resolutions are imitated globally and aggregate the voice of Congress. | null | Posner ’8 [Eric Posner and Jacob Gersen; December; Law Professors at the University of Chicago; Stanford Law Review, “Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice,” vol. 61] | states imitate other s that enjoy great prestige the larger point is when an institution expresses views about a topic informational benefits can be dramatic The congressional resolution aggregates members in a larger global debate about a moral fact . If one thinks Congress voted sincerely then one should be inclined... | states imitate other state s that enjoy great er international prestige the larger point is when an institution expresses its views about a topic the informational benefits can sometimes be dramatic The congressional resolution aggregates the votes of members the congressional resolution can be treated as one vote i... | other s great er international prestige views about a topic sometimes be dramatic aggregates one vote larger global debate particular moral fact voted sincerely independent sources of information | ['An initial puzzle concerns the moral status of the Declaration itself. If the Declaration merely embodied universal or widely held moral views, then it is not clear what the Declaration adds to this prior moral consensus. Writing down our moral views on a piece of paper should not make them any stronger. On the other... | [
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cc7db6c870dedf2497d30c476ab624fd9d636718cf099fd4a27fe0e1586487f8 | The CP creates an intra-branch conflict that results in court expansion AND later overturn and enactment of the plan | null | Dr. Jonathan B. Baker 10, Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, J.D. from Harvard and Ph.D. in Economics from Stanford University, “Preserving a Political Bargain: The Political Economy of the Non-Interventionist Challenge to Monopolization Enforcement”, Antitrust Law Journal, Volume... | Suppose F T C decided against in high-profile case and Court reversed that Such fuel a controversy outside antitrust actors frame Court as coddling monopolists looking out for big business If the decision created debate , other institutions respond by undoing its result after composition of Court changes when Court r... | Suppose that the F T C decided against Intel in the high-profile monopolization case and the Supreme Court reversed that decision after an appellate review. Suppose further that the Court places a thumb on the scales to favor defendants Such a decision could fuel a political controversy both within and outside the ant... | F T C decided against high-profile reversed that decision thumb on the scales favor defendants fuel a political controversy within outside coddling monopolists narrow interests big business come to fruition created such a debate respond undoing its result composition of the Court run afoul popular politics political b... | ['Suppose that the Federal Trade Commission decided against Intel in the high-profile monopolization case it filed in late 2009,178 and the Supreme Court reversed that decision after an appellate review. Suppose further that the Court, building on recent decisions such as Trinko, wrote a broad and aggressively non-inte... | [
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74e94c29988447ca67a045d3c472aa254ea850e11a450ba6dc3f6a6d0134b313 | Russia not revisionist | null | Lukin 2022 [Alexander Lukin – Professor and Head of Department of International Relations at HSE University. “Russia and the Changes of World Order,” A RESTLESS EMBRACE OF THE PAST? The Conference on Russia Papers 2022, , ///k-ng] | Moscow’s actions in Ukraine were not a well-planned step for restoring the Soviet Union but rather reactive counterpunches aimed at neutralizing Western encroachments neither Russia nor China are revisionist states that deliberately undermine universal rules both are motivated by pragmatic reasons The world, needs som... | . Thus, Moscow’s actions in Ukraine , as well as previously in Georgia, were not a well-planned step in its alleged strategy for restoring the Soviet Union or creating a Russian world as the majority of Western analysts claim, but rather reactive counterpunches aimed at neutralizing Western encroachments on its tradit... | null | ['Russia is attempting to drive the enemy from its borders, demonstrating that any further encroachment would be costly. In this struggle, both Russia and the West view international law as only part of the “myth.” In fact, at issue here is the geopolitical incursion of the West, one that Russia is attempting to fend o... | [
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ef8a7916ea12d66302c1b14d788d4a6efb4da52a6a1470940eccb78a20350a2a | Mergers are the bedrock of innovation in the pharmaceutical sector – gains in data concentration generate new products and superior asset depth withstands downswings in drug development. | null | Choy ’17 [Michael and Michael Ringel; July 24; Senior Partners of the Boston Consulting Group, and leaders of its research and product development topic; Stat News, “A new wave of pharma mergers could put innovative drugs in the pipeline,” ] | wave of pharm mergers on horizon pharma flush with cash mergers have many impacts the most important effect on r and d innovation data analysis showed mergers drive productivity significantly mergers can be catalysts for addressing the cost of failure Mergers bring best science also trigger reviews that to take a fres... | Anew wave of pharm aceutical industry mergers on the horizon U.S. pharma ceutical companies flush with cash big mergers could have many impacts the most important would be the effect on r esearch and d evelopment productivity and innovation with its data-driven approach systematic data analysis showed that mergers ... | pharm aceutical industry the horizon pharma ceutical companies with cash big mergers many impacts most important r esearch and d evelopment productivity innovation systematic data analysis showed drive productivity up significantly mergers catalysts research and development high cost failure Mergers best combined sci... | ['Anew wave of pharmaceutical industry mergers may be on the horizon, driven in part by the $1.3 trillion in overseas cash that U.S. corporations currently hold. If policymakers\xa0\xa0on repatriation of these funds,\xa0\xa0that U.S. pharmaceutical companies would be flush with cash and could likely spend a meaningful ... | [
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81ae0ee2118e9b997fd1add098ecbfbf724ebb57b6cb6c6eeb0db786fd60ebc3 | The plan breaks up Big Ag and prevents them from monopolizing co-operatives—that solves consolidation and labor. | null | Kelloway 20—(*BA in political science from Carleton College; **JD from Duke University, published in the Berkeley Business Law Journal, Harvard Law & Policy Review, and Nebraska Law Review; ***JD from Pennsylvania State University). *Claire Kelloway, **Sandeep Vaheesan, ***Zachary Burley. September 2020. “Redeeming the... | Addressing consolidation will help co-ops compete , policymakers also need to ensure that coop s maintain democratic functions to maintain tax and legal privileges . regulators should block or undo mergers that exceed a certain market share . also set overall caps subject to a justification defense Vertical inte... | The coop erative business model is founded on the principles of democratic governance, but many co-ops have fallen short of this in the face of increasingly monopolized competition and supply chains throughout the economy. Addressing market consolidation will help co-ops compete on a more level playing field , polic... | coop principles fallen short of this increasingly monopolized competition market consolidation compete coop s healthy democratic functions tax and legal privileges Antitrust laws countervailing power coop s • Deconsolidate agribusiness bright-line rules block undo overall caps business justification defense fair means... | ['', 'The cooperative business model is founded on the principles of democratic governance, but it is clear that many co-ops have fallen short of this traditional principle, especially in the face of increasingly monopolized competition and supply chains throughout the economy.76 Addressing market consolidation will he... | [
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71a712e14f3d20ff2a28993fc5789dfd75d3a6c15385d3be0d8cc78a7c039002 | Turns the case --- disengagement creates a nuclear industry monopoly on Congressional budgets. | null | King 23 [Jonathan, co-chair of the board of directors of Mass Peace Action and has published numerous articles on the influence of the military-industrial complex on U.S foreign policy., Is Withdrawing From Treaties the Nuclear Weapons Industry’s Business Plan?, 2-6-23, https://truthout.org/articles/is-withdrawing-from... | price tag undermine civilian economy lives lost from heath care pandemic responses inadequate housing polluted water not included in the NDAA Congress tacked on $40 billion to the 2023 NDAA bringing it up to well over 50 percent of the entire congressional discretionary budget . couldn’t find $5 billion for universal ... | even if the weapons are never used $2 trillion price tag undermine the civilian economy lives lost from inadequate heath care and pandemic responses , from inadequate housing , from polluted water , will not be included in the NDAA ) costs. Congress tacked on $40 billion to the 2023 NDAA , bringing it up to well over... | never used civilian economy inadequate heath care pandemic responses inadequate housing polluted water NDAA $40 billion 50 percent of the entire congressional discretionary budget $5 billion universal vaccination major factor economic inequality treaties nuclear war nuclear winter billions more . great human tragedy ... | ['However, even if the weapons are never used, their $2 trillion price tag will undermine the civilian economy. The lives lost from inadequate heath care and pandemic responses, from inadequate housing, from polluted water, will not be included in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) costs. But as Dr. Martin L... | [
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ad3d8e533333c7dad1c317b393717358e56ba2f6e54703c90b44c7d6aff6d94b | Perm do both – affirm abolition as dis-epistemology as a framework for Marxist movements – the net benefit is the abolition of carceral logics which are key to prevent the re-expansion of incarceration onto vulnerable populations | null | Simoun Magsalin 22 Abolitionist Organizer, “Against Carceral Communism, For Abolition Communism!” Hater’s Café, 3/26/2022, | socialist cops are not bad is mistaken that police can have a proletarian character when policing and incarceration were established to cement the rule of capital over proletarians already infused with carcerality “who polices?” the CPP and NPA a young man Batman was ordered to defect and was recaptured It mattered li... | While the abolitionists exclaim “ACAB! All Cops Are Bad,” the pitiful spectacle of the carceral communists would instead amend “ACAB” with drivel saying, “it’s ACCAB, All Capitalist Cops Are Bad.” They continue, “ socialist cops are not bad because they are proletarian in character and protect the proletarian State.” ... | Such convolution is mistaken in its belief that police can somehow have a proletarian character when historically the institutions of policing and incarceration were established to cement the rule of capital over proletarians . Not to mention that the notion that “socialist” cops protect the common good against crimin... | ['While the anarchists and abolitionists exclaim “ACAB! All Cops Are Bad,” the pitiful spectacle of the carceral communists would instead amend “ACAB” with drivel saying, “it’s ACCAB, All Capitalist Cops Are Bad.” They continue, “socialist cops are not bad because they are proletarian in character and protect the prole... | [
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98ddbf49c8b17a703e82218275fc76b47d38d9bbd0b1f0d6e9248a28345e07ac | Counterplan solves the AFF while maintaining primary and extended deterrence: | null | ANKIT PANDA AND VIPIN NARANG, 2/22/2021 (Ankit Panda is the Stanton Senior Fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Vipin Narang is associate professor of political science and member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “SOLE PURPO... | If the sole purpose of U.S. nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear attacks, then the president could threaten nuclear first use in a crisis to deter an adversary leaving a wider scope of employment, including first use Instead of constraining use, option 2 explains to allies and adversaries the role of nuclear weapons a... | Sole Purpose 2: The sole purpose of the U.S. nuclear arsenal is to deter nuclear attacks against the U S and its allies. The second sole purpose formulation, , leaves the matter open . If the sole purpose of U.S. nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear attacks, then the president could threaten nuclear first use in a cris... | leaves the matter open could threaten nuclear first use in a crisis to deter an adversary leaving a wider scope of employment, weapons and nuclear threats is limited to nuclear deterrence broader use options the second formulation may square the circle meaningfully de-emphasize the role of nuclear weapons without unde... | ['Consider the three following alternative sole purpose declarations: Sole Purpose 1: The sole purpose of the U.S. nuclear arsenal is to deter — and, if necessary, to retaliate against — a nuclear attack against the United States and its allies. Sole Purpose 2: The sole purpose of the U.S. nuclear arsenal is to deter n... | [
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0a7da19c75cb9870036bedcacfe527757c518e93ab380078e44d570d2adbbda0 | Their focus on urgent bodies privileges abstraction and critical distance that recreates insecurity – materiality not reducible to discourse | null | Hudson 15 – PhD, Professor of International Relations and Director of the Centre for Africa Studies at the University of the Free State (Heidi, “(Re)framing the Relationship between Discourse and Materiality in Feminist Security Studies and Feminist IPE,” POLITICS & GENDER, 11.2 | feminists theorizing the everyday may represent a dead end What value does theorizing have in war-affected contexts where immediate need is paramount ? there is an implicit hierarchy when it comes to critical tradition privileging the discursive less attention paid to materialities of insecurity thinking about our bod... | feminists theorizing the mundane or everyday may well represent a dead end if bread-and-butter issues related to security are ignored What value does feminist theorizing have in war-affected contexts where meeting immediate need s is paramount ? At what point does the theorizing of the body under such circumstances b... | dead end immediate need s paramount intellectual fetishes distinct privileging of the discursive less attention paid to materialities of insecurity language” remains the star of the show A subtle hierarchy is imposed There are clearly limits to discursive analysis | ['', 'While feminists usually try to ground the meanings that they study, theorizing the mundane or the everyday may very well represent a detour —or even a dead end—if bread-and-butter issues related to the security and economic well-being of ordinary women and men are ignored. What value does feminist theorizing (eve... | [
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3feab79b045fecfd9639b85f567854e931df8177e8ae55afce6aa6616f2a72db | Infrastructure will pass but continued “good faith” negotiations over the social spending bill are key | null | Burgess Everett et. al 10/27, Burgess Everett is the co-congressional bureau chief for POLITICO, specializing in the Senate since 2013, Heather Caygle is a Congress reporter for POLITICO, Sarah Ferris covers the House for POLITICO’s Congress team, focusing on the Democratic caucus, “Liberal frustration imperils quick D... | good faith negotiations about spending bill are enough to unstick the infrastructure bill Sinema making progress president made very clear vote on infrastructure bill Democrats in pretty good shape tax was out of the mix continue to be optimistic on pathways closing the gaps Democrats are confident about climate it a... | " good faith " negotiations about a climate and social spending bill are enough to unstick the infrastructure bill Sinema said she's making progress president has made that very clear a vote on the infrastructure bill Democrats in pretty good shape There is no bad decision We have to choose Efforts to lower drug ... | good faith unstick progress infrastructure good shape limited optimistic confident Manchin Sinema fall | ['Manchin argued that "good faith" negotiations about a forthcoming climate and social spending bill are enough to unstick the Senate’s infrastructure bill. Sinema said she\'s "doing great, making progress."', '“The president has made that very clear: He wants to move forward. And we owe it to the president to move for... | [
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047897272f90df5439107ea04c157e7b9fb21e4eeb141146e490135e760c0191 | The US can do it alone. | null | Ansdell ’10 (Megan; is a graduate student at the George Washington University Elliot School of International Affairs, focusing on space policy; Active Space Debris Removal: Needs, Implications, and Recommendations for Today’s Geopolitical Environment; ; accessed 8/29/19; MSCOTT/Julia) | certain pieces of space debris are more dangerous than others study found that annually removing as few as five of these objects will significantly stabilize the future space debris environment the threat posed by space debris could be significantly reduced by annually removing several large pieces from critical orbit... | Effectiveness of Debris Removal NASA study that simulated active debris removal over the next 200 years showed that certain pieces of space debris are more dangerous than others in that they are more likely to cause debris-creating collisions The study found that annually removing as few as five of these objects will ... | certain pieces of space debris are more dangerous than others annually removing as few as five of these objects will significantly stabilize the future space debris environment threat posed by space debris could be significantly reduced by annually removing several large pieces from critical orbits would make effectiv... | ['Effectiveness of Debris Removal', 'A recent NASA study that simulated active debris removal over the next 200 years showed that certain pieces of space debris are more dangerous than others, in that they are more likely to cause debris-creating collisions (Liou and Johnson 2007). These more dangerous objects have mas... | [
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7704c70f7e6d3372a6734dee1295aeaf751157fd5adadbf35c53559b1f2a4a67 | Their faith in some ethereal social order is cruelly optimistic and will inevitably reproduce black ressentiment and anti-blackness – only recognizing blackness as the metaphysical foil of the Political through a nihilistic refusal of their redemptive project can create a space for black life | null | Warren 15 (Calvin L Warren, Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University, Spring 2015, “Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope,” CR: The New Centennial Review Volume 15 Number 1, modified) gz | the Politics of hope preserve metaphysical structures that sustain black suffering , perfection , betterment , struggle , work and utopian futurity are instruments that will never obviate suffering these place relief in a “not-yet-but (maybe)-to-come-social order” that can do little to keep struggling it mirrors black... | the Politics of hope preserve metaphysical structures that sustain black suffering . This preservation amounts to an exploitation of hope —when the Political colonizes the spiritual principle of hope and puts it in the service of extending the “will to power” of an anti- black organization of existence . The Politics ... | preserve metaphysical structures that sustain black suffering exploitation of hope the Political colonizes the spiritual principle of hope anti- black organization of existence bound up with metaphysical violence masquerades as a “solution” Temporal linearity perfection betterment struggle work utopian futurity never ... | ['Throughout this essay, I have argued that the Politics of hope preserve metaphysical structures that sustain black suffering. This preservation amounts to an exploitation of hope—when the Political colonizes the spiritual principle of hope and puts it in the service of extending the “will to power” of an anti-black [... | [
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3eb3949980165fd5ae0755b9e4d5ea9d0c2014c279c28735a4bd6134ea81e989 | Innovation critiques of the CWS are wrong---the plan causes inconsistent application and ignores current rapid pace of innovation. | null | Abbott ’21 [Alden; 4/2/21; Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center, J.D. from Harvard Law School, former General Council for the FTC; Tracy Miller; Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago, Senior Policy Research Editor at the Mercatus Center; "Antitrust Should Stay Focused on Consumer Welfare," https://... | consumer welfare Critics argue the s tandard should be ditched Before the 70s big is bad poorly understood economic effects we see the c w s in response to economic and legal scholarship revealing size and share manifest efficiency in a bipartisan approach Critics endorse regulation , new rulemaking, and legislation T... | Although competition policy can be improved, promoting consumer welfare should continue to guide antitrust enforcement in the U nited S tates Critics claim antitrust is being neglected as competition weakens that failure to enforce antitrust allows unchecked abuses — not just by digital platforms , but by powerful fir... | competition policy consumer welfare guide U S neglected competition weakens unchecked abuses digital platforms powerful firms goal consumer welfare c w s Supreme Court big is bad poorly understood c onsumer w elfare s tandard economic legal scholarship size market share efficiency granted greater leeway aggressive com... | ['Politicians and policy analysts have expressed concern about the growing size and impact of large digital-platform companies such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Apple. Some are advocating more aggressive antitrust enforcement or major changes to the law. Although competition policy can be improved, promoting consum... | [
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9cd862833d4fcca8339fb8b938742b52483ed9f180b4f1513f8101520cdaa226 | It’s defined in U.S. code. | null | U.S. Code ’90 [U.S. Code; November 29; Title 28 of United States legal code; Legal Information Institute, “28 U.S. Code § 3002 – Definitions,” ] | “ U S means a Federal corporation | “ U nited S tates” means a Federal corporation 2NC – AT: Subjectivity Shift | U S Federal | ['(15) “United States” means—', '(A) a Federal corporation;', '(B) an agency, department, commission, board, or other entity of the\xa0; or', '(C) an instrumentality of the\xa0.', '2NC – AT: Subjectivity Shift'] | [
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7db56abdeb53f4e9f9beb09566cab130bd67734178387b40e881900e75c9002b | Plank 5 solves warming. | null | Jamie Kwong 23. fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. "How Climate Change Challenges the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 7-10-2023. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/07/10/how-climate-change-challenges-u.s.-nuclear-deterrent-pub-90... | the U S should mitigate and adapt to these challenges DOD conduct in- depth assessments of how and when climate change could impact all U.S. nuclear bases and facilities DOD should devote resources to monitoring and modeling climate change DOD should expand climate monitoring investments incorporate climate modeling ... | Given the high-stakes nature of the nuclear enterprise, the U nited S tates should undertake concerted efforts to better prepare for, mitigate , and adapt to these challenges . The following recommendations describe actions the DOD and other key stakeholders can take at the installation, system, and broader deterrent ... | mitigate challenges depth assessments nuclear bases facilities resource decisionmaking and planning Modernization efforts additional resources monitoring modeling climate change climate monitoring investments building expertise climate modeling Establishing DOD develop robust local relationships department prepared ad... | ['RECOMMENDATIONS', 'The analysis presented here highlights potential ways in which climate change could impact the U.S. nuclear triad. Given the high-stakes nature of the nuclear enterprise, the United States should undertake concerted efforts to better prepare for, mitigate, and adapt to these challenges. The followi... | [
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de398f09005b4dc4ae85808ddc250396f5b1ba7b36c07bee7e23d130ec50ef9e | That causes extinction. | null | OnPassive. 2020. ONPASSIVE is an AI Technology Company that builds fully autonomous SaaS products. “The AI Revolution: Our Immortality or Extinction – Part 1”. OnPassive. 5-24-20. https://onpassive.com/blog/the-ai-revolution-our-immortality-or-extinction-part-1/ | Artificial superintelligence capable of solving every problem stop CO2 emissions by creating way to generate energy Then build innovative way to remove extra CO2 from atmosphere diseases? No problem health and medicine revolutionized advancement in Nanotech transform garbage into meat and distribute across the world u... | Equipped with superintelligence and all the technology superintelligence would know how to build, Artificial superintelligence would be capable of solving every problem in humanity. Global warming? Artificial superintelligence could first stop CO2 emissions by creating a much better way to generate energy without usin... | null | ['What AI Could Do For Us Equipped with superintelligence and all the technology superintelligence would know how to build, Artificial superintelligence would be capable of solving every problem in humanity. Global warming? Artificial superintelligence could first stop CO2 emissions by creating a much better way to gen... | [
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a9532013d8da83db806be69ad452eef4ee003bf13d4b79846bb0fc9580dd50af | 3. China won’t escalate---strategic vulnerabilities and economic interests dissuade | null | Blaxland 21 [John Blaxland, Professor, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, “China does not want war, at least not yet. It’s playing the long game,” 05-04-21, The Conversation, ] | Scholars identified flash points including Korea E C S S C S Taiwan , but war is not likely ambiguity served US well, providing assurance to Taiwan while discouraging PRC from invading China is avoiding open war actions speak louder China’s actions have avoided crossing threshold into open war refusing to present a “ ... | Talk of war has become louder but drumbeat ” has been heard for some time now China does not want war It’s playing the long game and its evident intentions have become more unnerving Scholars have identified four flash points for a possible conflict with China, including Korea , the E ast C hina S ea, the S outh C hin... | drumbeat some time now not want war long game flash points Korea E C S S C S Taiwan war not likely assurance discouraging PRC from invading actions avoided crossing the threshold open war nail US “hammer” vulnerable borders 14 countries economic concerns Japanese US Eu industrial investments overwhelmingly dependent e... | ['Talk of war has become louder in recent days, but the “drumbeat” has been heard for some time now as China’s military capabilities have grown. China does not want war, at least not yet. It’s playing the long game and its evident intentions have become more unnerving.', 'Scholars like Brendan Taylor have identified fo... | [
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2b3a86266289b8d494123b42968c358ccf5a48224e566d6180adc3fc07653c95 | Plank 6 solves terminal to LIO. | null | Richard N. Haass & Charles A. Kupchan 21. *President of the Council on Foreign Relations. Former Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State and a close advisor to Secretary of State Colin Powell. *Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University, a Senior Fellow at the Council on F... | global concert of major powers Fashioning major-power consensus on international norms advancing shared approaches to crises to preserve peace in a multipolar world China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, and the United States relying on dialogue to build consensus | The best vehicle for promoting stability in the twenty-first century is a global concert of major powers A concert’s inclusivity means that it puts at the table the geopolitically influential and powerful states that need to be there A concert’s informality means that it eschews binding and enforceable procedures and ... | global concert of major powers Fashioning major-power consensus on international norms advancing shared approaches to crises to preserve peace in a multipolar world China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, and the United States dialogue to build consensus sponsoring terrorists | ['The best vehicle for promoting stability in the twenty-first century is a global concert of major powers. As the history of the nineteenth-century Concert of Europe demonstrated—its members were the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria—a steering group of leading countries can curb the geopolitical an... | [
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947394076f5ba5a8e5f4877ebb176ddd762136be7c50a6494e0609b59d2b3cb6 | Verification without categorical prohibition fails to assuage concerns | null | Hornung 22 [Jeffrey W. Hornung, senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, former associate professor for the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, PhD political science, George Washington University, MA international relations, Japan studies, Johns Hopkins University-School of Advanced In... | reluctance stem from a misunderstanding that GBIRMs are nuclear-armed Even if the U S refrained from deploying nuclear if the public believed were nuclear capable or left open the door it would be politically difficult to obtain consent to host particularly if info op s push | Despite Japan being a close U.S. ally, there are reasons to believe Japan would oppose hosting U.S. GBIRMs From the start, Japanese officials were vocal in their opposition to the U.S. INF Treaty withdrawal , with the foreign minister calling it “extremely regrettable” and the chief cabinet secretary and foreign press... | Japan would oppose hosting vocal opposition INF Treaty withdrawal Despite negative comments host nonnuclear missiles reluctance stem from political awareness misunderstanding GBIRMs nuclear-armed Even if U S refrained from deploying nuclear capabilities if public believed nuclear capable or left open the door politica... | ['Comments on the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty or Hosting U.S. GBIRMs', 'Despite Japan being a close U.S. ally, there are reasons to believe Japan would oppose hosting U.S. GBIRMs. From the start, Japanese officials were vocal in their opposition to the U.S. INF Treaty withdrawal, with the foreign minister ... | [
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711b363380df891c4cda512e9fc778336f999f863773214e8f357bedfc5ae931 | Devolved state authority is uniform, not pre-empted, and solves case without federal enforcement. | null | Zimmerman 9—(Professor of Political Science, University of Albany). Joseph F. Zimmerman. September 5, 2009. “Congressional Devolution of Powers and Preemption of State Regulatory Powers: Countervailing Trends”. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. . Ac... | Congress is free to devolve its powers to states national legislature may turn over a specified responsibility to the states, return authority in a new field exempt from preemption a uniform state law . the McCarran Ferguson Act exempt state regulation from the antitrust statutes devolving the power to regulate Cong... | Congress is free to devolve its domestic powers to states There are nine types of devolution statutes with savings clauses in preemption acts the most common type. a national legislature may devolve its legislative executive and administrative powers to one or more territorial governmental units. Each devolution stat... | devolve its domestic powers to states savings clauses national legislature legislative executive administrative powers turn over specified regulatory responsibility intent not to preempt new completely preempted field uniform state law insurance reversed this decision McCarran Ferguson Act from the antitrust statutes ... | ['', 'Congress is free to devolve its domestic powers to states with the exception of coinage and in 1789 enacted the first statute devolving powers to state, and in 1790 enacted the first two of 615 preemption statutes removing regulatory powers from the states. There are nine types of devolution statutes with savings... | [
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49ef45b61172ba85cd72423fbc1cd11a7c00c749a5775afbffb473f1059a11ff | ‘Devaluation’ is a crucial first step. | null | Nick Ritchie 14. Senior Lecturer in International Security at the Department of Politics, University of York. PhD at the University of Bradford. “Waiting for Kant: Devaluing and Delegitimizing Nuclear Weapons.” International Affairs, Volume 90, Number 3. | deep devaluing qualitative changes in nuclear doctrine posture practice restrict nuclear deterrence move towards disarmament steps are pragmatic interim measures not a substitute for end goal n f u weaken political force of nuclear weapons diminish imacy of nuclear war-fighting change conceptions of nuclear deterrence... | collective purpose deep devaluing qualitative changes in nuclear doctrine posture practice that restrict compass of nuclear deterrence significant diminution of value of nuclear weapons in national security to move nuclear-armed states towards disarmament steps are pragmatic interim practical measures pending nuclear ... | deep devaluing significant diminution towards disarmament practical measures not a substitute n f u explicit and implicit threats nuclear war-fighting n f u residual deterrent value strictly defined existential military threats first essential step n f u considered legitimate delegitimization must start n f u state-ce... | ['This collective purpose can be labelled ‘deep’ devaluing: qualitative changes in nuclear doctrine, posture and practice that restrict the compass of nuclear deterrence; a shift in practices of nuclear deterrence towards the ‘weaponless’ end of the deterrence spectrum; and a significant diminution of the value of nucl... | [
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adda004b5192c7308b95b361669ebb26804100e08ef6cb97f5b2121b85478033 | The DOJ is already prepared to engage in more antitrust litigation over SEP’s---tradeoffs inevitable. | null | Love 21, *Bruce Love, writer at the National Law Journal; (June 15th, 2021, “As DOJ Confirms a Change in Antitrust Patent
Policy, Lawyers Prepare for Shifting Demand”, https://www.mckoolsmith.com/assets/htmldocuments/2021%2006%2016%20As%20DOJ%20Confirms%20a%20Change%20in%20Anittrust%20Patent%20Policyk%20Lawyers%20Prep... | The Justice Department confirmed it is looking to develop new policies surrounding standard-essential patents the government might be walking back the relaxed approach implemented under Trump A spokesperson confirmed it will change its policy on SEPs and antitrust A greater focus on SEPs might mean more litigation | The Justice Department has confirmed it is looking to develop new policies surrounding how standard-essential patents might be used as tools for anticompetitive practices The policy change was hinted during an online event in late May when Richard Powers gave an indication that the government might be walking back the... | new policies standard-essential patents anticompetitive practices walking back relaxed approach Trump administration change its policy SEPs antitrust behavior shied away That’s set to change taken its foot off the gas weren’t busy antitrust greater focus more litigation | ['The Justice Department has confirmed it is looking to develop new policies surrounding how standard-essential patents might be used as tools for anticompetitive practices. The change in policy will mean big business for law firms that can combine highly technical IP advice with their antitrust and litigation practice... | [
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26bfd69ac1ad46975ebed9a4407d03bc2be890e26313702ab753b52b8333558e | Congress is in recess until after the midterms---normal means for the plan is post-election | null | Jeff Carlson 9-29, writer for Thomson Reuters, 9/29/22, “Congress Expected to Recess Until Mid-November,” https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/news/congress-expected-to-recess-until-mid-november/ | House will be out six weeks starting October 1 Senate to follow to campaign for midterm | The House will be out for six weeks starting October 1 the Senate is expected to follow to allow members to campaign for midterm | six weeks starting October 1 | ['The House of Representatives will be out for six weeks starting October 1 and the Senate is expected to follow suit in order to allow members to campaign for November’s midterm elections.'] | [
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7938a66afb40d39b419a967f597f599aa83f3bf02693962e421de921aeeafb0a | Neuro-symbolic models enable human reasoning. | null | Chehreghani ’22 [Mostafa Haghir; September 14; PhD, Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Professor, Computer Engineering Software, Amirkabir University of Technology; Arxiv, “The Embeddings World and Artificial General Intelligence,” https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06569] | n n consists of input output and hidden layers. Each layer takes output of previous layer as input generates embedding enormously improves learning depicts neuro-symbolic AI improve reasoning studies show neuro-symbolic models outperform deep models reasons for success is embeddings make it easy to reason | algorithms for speech natural language processing and analysis are based on computing embeddings for input object s we can pre-train them using general objective function shows example of a n n that consists of the input layer output layer and hidden layers. Each layer takes the output of its previous layer as input g... | speech language analysis input s pre-train general n n input output hidden output previous embedding pre-trained enormously efficiency learning strength neuro-symbolic symbolic learning reasoning d l manipulate reason Recent studies reasoning neuro-symbolic outperform neuro-symbolic embeddings capture easy reason | ['4.4 Learning and reasoning', 'State of the art algorithms for learning and reasoning in different domains, including speech recognition [9, 28] natural language processing [12, 16] and graph data analysis [21, 4, 2], are based on computing embeddings for input objects. Instead of computing these embeddings when solvi... | [
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] | 21 | ndtceda | Kansas-Park-Semrick-Aff-6%20-%20Texas-Round4.docx | Kansas | PaSe | 1,642,492,800 | https://api.opencaselist.com/v1/download?path=ndtceda21/Kansas/PaSe/Kansas-Park-Semrick-Aff-6%2520-%2520Texas-Round4.docx | 171,060 |
5976009ca1feaf8539718b023e7825731c3132cc7a45802ae507f7d37586befd | Not binding. | null | Christine S. Wilson 21, Commissioner at the Federal Trade Commission, 6-9-21, “Hey, I’ve Seen This One: Warnings for Competition Rulemaking at the FTC,” https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/1591666/wilson_statement_back_to_the_future_of_rulemaking.pdf | vertical merger guidelines provide a cautionary tale of agency inaction The old version was issued in 84 and there had been consensus they required an update Pitofsky said his guiding principle was to ignore guidelines the FTC and courts disregard guidelines | it took a relatively short period to draft new vertical merger guidelines creating guidelines can be completed quickly But guidelines provide a cautionary tale of agency inaction . The old version was issued in 19 84 , and there had been broad consensus for years that they required an update Pitofsky said his guidin... | vertical merger guidelines quickly agency inaction 19 84 broad consensus update guiding principle challenge disregard guidelines | ['Second, yes, it took a relatively short period to draft and finalize our new vertical merger guidelines. Draft vertical merger guidelines were announced and released on January 10, 2020.20 After workshops and a short extension of the comment period, the final guidelines were released only six months later in June 202... | [
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] | 21 | ndtceda | Northwestern-Deo-Fridman-Aff-FullerTown-Octas.docx | Northwestern | DeFr | 1,623,222,000 | https://api.opencaselist.com/v1/download?path=ndtceda21/Northwestern/DeFr/Northwestern-Deo-Fridman-Aff-FullerTown-Octas.docx | 212,306 |
23bb9d3dfab9dd09e5ad30b1ef7b0cea238f3f70abca1ecc76a26d0cecee27bf | 4. But the plan solves, aggressive nuclear postures wrecks trust. | null | Trevor McCrisken & Maxwell Downman 19. McCrisken is Associate Professor of US Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. “‘Peace through Strength’: Europe and NATO Deterrence beyond the US Nuclear Posture Review.” International Affairs, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 277–295. | NPR damaged NATO cohesion Although NATO resilient and has experience in bridging varying perspectives finding it difficult to persuade Europe to support ‘peace through strength’ uneasy about nuclear deterrence to non-nuclear threats revive unresolved discussions that could undermine the deterrent restraint could reb... | changes to US nuclear policy following the NPR have complicated NATO dynamics and damaged NATO cohesion deepen transatlantic divisions While US n uclear policy clearly represents an attempt to bolster deterrence it may have unintended consequences Such conclusions are felt even more keenly in view of the President’s ... | NPR damaged NATO cohesion divisions attempt deterrence unintended consequences view adversarial behaviour continues to be resilient long experience in bridging US and varying European perspectives finding Europe nuclear issues uneasy about proposals to expand nuclear deterrence to cover non-nuclear threats control esc... | ['Conclusion This article has shown that changes to US nuclear policy following the NPR have complicated NATO dynamics and damaged NATO cohesion on nuclear issues. There is a real risk that the US ‘peace through strength’ approach will continue to deepen transatlantic divisions and the existing arms control crisis. Whi... | [
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0fcd862e8d241fc8759aaa97eaec55123c7afd3ea0281779708ffdd014d82c3a | No Iran prolif----multiple checks | null | Mark Fitzpatrick 20. Associate Fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1-17-2020. "Is Iran building the bomb?" The Article. https://www.thearticle.com/is-iran-building-the-bomb. | Iran has not restarted its nuc program Commentators assume based on Iran’s retreat from enrichment limits Iran is keeping a foot in abiding by inspection requirements Iran will produce enough in two years not different than the JCPOA better than 2013 Iran is not interested in an atomic bomb alarmist assessments will f... | Iran has not restarted its nuc lear weapons program me Commentators assume so, based on Iran’s decision January to retreat from the enrichment limits in the 2015 nuclear deal Others wrongly conclude Tehran has abandoned the deal Iran is still keeping a foot in the accord, abiding by crucial inspection requirements Wha... | restarted its nuc lear weapons program me enrichment limits keeping a foot in hedging strategy matter of conjecture so-called break-out period less than two years significantly different not interested in developing an atomic bomb alarmist assessments to get everything right the first time tricky task fit in the nos... | ['No, Iran has not restarted its nuclear weapons programme. Commentators such as the New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman blithely assume so, based on Iran’s decision on 5 January to retreat from the enrichment limits in the 2015 nuclear deal, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Others wrongly ... | [
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01879cf7dc66a0844e5d6936caf827bf1204d5281ca41f401fdd03e945a049d0 | Any neg argument that says using institutional channels is intrinsically colonial turns their k --- that places a violent and forced choice onto Indigenous people for failing to be perfectly decolonial. | null | Johnson 17 (Taylor Johnson, James Madison University, Spring 2017 Tension and complexity in decolonial advocacy: A rhetorical analysis of situated approach in western Shoshone, Bikinian, and Hawaiian resistance to militarized colonialism, Masters Thesis, JKS) | indigenous decolonial advocates must make choices about how to employ or reject colonial tools and about who to address and what to demand as they use those chosen tools recognizing complex realities serves to destabilize notions of decolonial advocacy as always either perfectly escaping from colonial knowledge struct... | Western Shoshone advocates both called on the U.S. government to comply with the Treaty of Ruby Valley and enacted sovereignty with Nevada Desert Experience protesters at the Nevada Test Site, regardless of the government’s failure to comply. Bikinian repatriation advocates both demanded the acknowledgment and fulfill... | null | ['The cases this project has analyzed demonstrate the necessity of embracing a multi-layered approach to decolonial rhetoric. The protesters in each of these cases employed consummatory, instrumental, and coalitional approaches, rather than just 1 or 2 of them. Western Shoshone advocates both called on the U.S. governm... | [
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1fcad01c425a72834e9ed8713f0e5ee9e2256c3259c89008c49e7f78752138f4 | Capitalism can in no way explain slavery. Slavery is dependent on symbolic value that structures the libidinal economy | null | Wilderson 10 (Frank B. III, “Red, White, & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pg. ix-x) **we reject author’s use of ableist language | Marx tell us the worker acts as a free agent in contrast to the slave, If workers can also buy a slave. proletariat stands in the same relationship” to civil society due to their ability to own Black flesh European civil society’s decision not to hunt for slaves in the lands of White people or in prisons was a bad bus... | Marx goes on to tell us that whether the worker saves, hoards, or squanders his money on drink, he “ acts as a free agent ” and so “learns to control himself, in contrast to the slave, who needs a master.” worker standing in the same relationship to the sellers of goods as any other buyer, simply because his use-value... | Marx goes on to tell us that whether the worker saves, hoards, or squanders his money on drink, he “ acts as a free agent ” and so “learns to control himself, in contrast to the slave, who needs a master.” worker standing in the same relationship to the sellers of goods as any other buyer, simply because his use-value... | ['Also an indict of marx/cap K in general', 'Marx goes on to tell us that whether the worker saves, hoards, or squanders his money on drink, he “acts as a free agent” and so “learns to control himself, in contrast to the slave, who needs a master.” It is sad, in a funny sort of way, to think of a worker standing in the... | [
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"worker standing in the same relationship to the sellers of goods as any other buyer, simply because his us... | 21 | ndtceda | Michigan-Harrington-McGraw-Neg-3-%20Harvard-Round2.docx | Michigan | HaMc | 1,262,332,800 | https://api.opencaselist.com/v1/download?path=ndtceda21/Michigan/HaMc/Michigan-Harrington-McGraw-Neg-3-%2520Harvard-Round2.docx | 180,275 |
7d2ac5c790d12ad9ca9e435c97de63be04d3059b8f8b41394ce8c04196cf3fcc | Business Confidence low | null | Laurent Belsie 1-20, Staff Writer at CS Monitor, 1-20-22, “A ‘Biden boom’? Inflation makes economy feel like a bust to many.,” CS Monitor, https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2022/0120/A-Biden-boom-Inflation-makes-economy-feel-like-a-bust-to-many | Inflation undercut the economy inflation threaten growth by eroding business confidence Americans make decisions that exacerbate inflation tight monetary conditions result in a recession The surge is undeniable sentiment is lower now than during spring 2020 In a survey of CEOs inflation was the No. 2 challenge after s... | the public is skeptical Inflation is on a tear and is beginning to undercut the thriving economy Biden inherited inflation threaten economic growth by eroding consumer and business confidence if Americans expect it to last they will make purchasing decisions that exacerbate inflation and complicate the Fed’s effor... | skeptical tear undercut thriving economy economic growth consumer business confidence purchasing decisions inflation Fed’s efforts it behind curve counteract inflation slow economy recession surge prices undeniable core inflation measures price surge ratcheting up lower now spring 2020 pandemic began Conference Board ... | ['It’s the kind of record any president would envy. Economic growth in 2021 is forecast to have reached a 38-year high. Jobs are being added at a historic pace. The administration – and some others – are calling it the “Biden boom.”', 'But the American public is skeptical. After one year in office, President Joe Biden’... | [
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"... | 21 | ndtceda | Northwestern-Park-Stamenkovic-Diez%20Aff-Texas-Round3.docx | Northwestern | PaSt | 1,642,665,600 | https://api.opencaselist.com/v1/download?path=ndtceda21/Northwestern/PaSt/Northwestern-Park-Stamenkovic-Diez%2520Aff-Texas-Round3.docx | 208,886 |
927db9ec7def8ee175dac0622026577324e47b9eef83a24a2a1449058923eebf | States won’t model U.S. NFU and it won’t bolster the nonproliferation regime | null | John R. Harvey 19, retired Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for nuclear, chemical, and biological defense programs, 7/5/19, “ASSESSING THE RISKS OF A NUCLEAR ‘NO FIRST USE’ POLICY,” https://warontherocks.com/2019/07/assessing-the-risks-of-a-nuclear-no-first-use-policy/ | Some argue such policy would set an example and cause adversaries to follow this is unlikely adversaries acquired nuc s to offset U.S. conventional capabilities n f u would have less impact because other countries wouldn’t follow Would U.S n f u cause countries to cooperate toward a strengthened nonprolif regime No ev... | Some argue such a policy would set an example and cause nuclear adversaries to follow America’s lead. this would allow the U.S. conventional juggernaut to win wars absent the threat of nuclear use. But this outcome is unlikely several nuclear adversaries have acquired nuc lear weapon s precisely to offset superior U.... | set an example unlikely nuc s precisely to offset superior U.S. conventional capabilities n f u other countries wouldn’t follow suit n f u more inclined to cooperate nonprolif No evidence exists actually spur prolif N A M U S This is unlikely enormous progress done little | ['Some argue that adopting such a policy would set an example and cause nuclear adversaries to follow America’s lead. If promises were kept, this would allow the U.S. conventional juggernaut to win wars absent the threat of nuclear use. But this outcome is unlikely. Indeed, several nuclear adversaries have acquired, or... | [
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c6ca7f3399e9453402912df409eedc0621a3e35ff1fde228d2eda091c705b568 | 2---Unsustainable growth---profit at all costs cannot be reconciled with finite resources | null | Louis J. Kotzé 22, Faculty of Law, North-West University, with; Sam Adelman; 9/8/22, “Environmental Law and the Unsustainability of Sustainable Development: A Tale of Disenchantment and of Hope,” Law and Critique, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-022-09323-4 | Covid and climate exposed limitati ons of sustainable development its neoliberal mindset contribute to socio-ecological crisis exacerbating inequalities repeatedly generating economic crises and habitat destruction based on the false promise that endless growth is possible on a finite planet where the human footprint ... | Sustainable development is central to the current global development vision (Guruswamy 2010). It also acts both as a pivotal point of orientation of environmental law and policy, and as a Grundnorm that anchors and orientates global environmental governance It was originally conceived as a ‘discourse of resistance, fu... | Sustainable development current global development vision sustainable development perverse ideological paradigm Neoliberalism Covid climate sustainable development socio-ecological crisis systemic inequalities repeatedly generating economic crises habitat destruction central contradiction economic growth ecological su... | ['Sustainable development is central to the current global development vision (Guruswamy 2010). It also acts both as a pivotal point of orientation of environmental law and policy, and as a Grundnorm that anchors and orientates global environmental governance (Kim and Bosselmann 2013). Sustainable development emerged i... | [
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