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23418ca6f54e3f46da9d2c2b60d98ad5343019690d179a6b6553dcc7d7a2e9c8 | NoKo doesn’t care. | null | Aum 23 (Frank Aum, senior expert on Northeast Asia @ the U.S. Institute of Peace, JD from UC Berkeley, 10-5-2023, “Is There any Chance North Korea Will Ever Give Up Its Nuclear Weapons?” United States Institute of Peace – USIP, , accessed 10-27-2023) | all data including No Ko ’s hostile relationship with the U S and So Ko dilapidated conventional military cost-effective nature of nuc s versus conventional prestige provided other countries being toppled after giving up nuc s strength of nuc deterrent , and the fearful nature of the regime sug... | all the data points over many decades including No Ko ’s hostile relationship with the U S and So Ko dilapidated state of No Ko ’s conventional military cost-effective nature of investing in nuc s versus conventional military assets prestige provided by being one of only nine countri... | data points many decades No Ko ’s hostile U S So Ko dilapidated No Ko ’s conventional nuc s conventional military assets prestige one with nuc s toppled giving up nuc s incomparable strength nuc s deterrent fearful No Ko not disarm short medium long-term No Ko not abandon nuc s | ['**edited for language', '', 'However, all the data points over many decades — including North Korea’s hostile relationship with the United States and South Korea, its experience of U.S. carpet-bombing during the Korean War, the constant threat of a U.S. nuclear attack, the dilapidated state of North Korea’s conventio... | [
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cf2183f8876de40f4c0bf35d86872678391dc43adff2ee958ffc1ee5a88ba4a3 | Uncertainty alone checks. | null | Lewis 18, PhD, a senior vice president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). (James Andrew, 1-1-2018, “Rethinking Cybersecurity: Strategy, Mass Effect, and States”, pg. 29, ) | Uncertainty about attribution combined with uncertainty about effectiveness creates caution the U S made a major effort to improve attribution and has succeeded to where no opponent can be confident this may produce cyber deterrence opponents appear likely to overestimate the risk of retal | This upper bound on cyber attack is affected by the likelihood of attribution Uncertainty about attribution capabilities particularly American capabilities, combined with uncertainty about the effectiveness of cyber attack, creates caution . Public expressions of uncertainty about attribution are not shared by opponen... | upper bound attribution Uncertainty attribution capabilities American effectiveness caution uncertainty not shared by opponents know major effort to improve its attribution capabilities succeeded no opponent can be confident about anonymity cyber deterrence avoided reluctant to cross it fear cannot control seven count... | ['This upper bound on cyber attack is affected by the likelihood of attribution. If an attacker was confident that it could avoid having the attack attributed to it, the risk of retaliation would be reduced, making some attacks more attractive. Uncertainty about attribution capabilities, particularly American capabilit... | [
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dd892bb75f9219a6ddc79f4e71358d9882d94291d590508b030e7cf56dd999ba | The OLC merely provides advice without dictating a policy to adopt. | null | Bernard W. Bell 19, Faculty Professor of Law and Herbert Hannoch Scholar at Rutgers School of Law–Newark, J.D. from Stanford Law School, “Office of Legal Counsel Opinions: Advice Or Law?”, Administrative & Regulatory Law News, Vol. 44, No. 4, Summer 2019, accessed via HeinOnline | OLC opinions might seem to qualify as policy critical is formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] only documents that provide guidance to the public qualify as policy OLC opinions advise agencies, not the general public OLC construes the Constitution statutes would rarely be ones OLC can be said to “administer.” | OLC opinions might seem to qualify as statements of policy the critical aspect of both categories is their “ formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] by the agency only documents that provide guidance to the public qualify as statements of policy or interpretations OLC opinions are issued to advise agencies, not the general publi... | formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] provide guidance to the public advise agencies, not the general public construes the Constitution rarely be ones OLC can be said to “administer.” | ['OLC opinions might seem to qualify as statements of policy or interpretation. But the critical aspect of both categories of documents is their “formulat[ion] and adopt[ion] by the agency for the guidance of the public.” See Attorney General’s Manual, supra, at 22 (emphasis added).', 'Though FOIA’s affirmative disclos... | [
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06f8f638714b522c2bf10a18405a424ac93872999824cccfc09e5a50b64e0d7d | Y’all better quiet down…vote negative to endorse a Transfeminist-of-color epistemology that refuses cis-white IR in the making because the girls are tired, and you should be too. Only leaning into transfeminism-of-color can carve out space for modes of theorization that genuinely subtend to the endurance of otherwise w... | null | Weerawardhana 18, writer, political and international affairs analyst, academic, educator, human rights activist, has held teaching and research positions in several countries including France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, sixteen years of experience in research, media engagements and consultancies with high... | caveat on theorizing is warranted Transfeminist-of-color discourse developed by Black and Brown Trans women inspired by Black of-color and Indigenous thought is lived outside white Trans sphere which has pride in tower latter does not correspond to lived experiences Transmisogynoir that kills Transfeminism of color is... | At this stage, a crucial caveat on theorizing is warranted . In my lived experience as Trans woman of color navigating hostile spaces in the politics/IR academy, in my political engagements and in shaping the priorities of my international activism, my guiding principles stem from a Transfeminist-of-color discourse ,... | null | ['At this stage, a crucial caveat on theorizing is warranted. In my lived experience as Trans woman of color navigating hostile spaces in the politics/IR academy, in my political engagements as an elected officer of a British political party, and in shaping the priorities of my international activism, my guiding princi... | [
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08982fdcb674ed05daf125163a2afb0ab2e591231cb2f7f3840533af82579e2e | Only warming causes extinction | null | McDonald 19, writer and geography PhD student at University of Oxford studying the intersection of grassroots movements and energy transition. (Samuel Miller, 1-4-2019, “Deathly Salvation,” The Trouble, ) | nuclear exchange does not result in apocalyptic loss of life . Nuclear winter is based on shaky science . There’s no reliable model that can determine how many megatons would make humans extinct . Nations have already detonated 2,476 nuc s . humans can survive war even a nuclear one . Humans cannot recover from runawa... | nuclear exchange does not inevitably result in apocalyptic loss of life . Nuclear winter is based on shaky science . There’s no reliable model that can determine how many megatons would decimate agriculture or make humans extinct . Nations have already detonated 2,476 nuc lear device s . humans can survive and recov... | apocalyptic loss of life Nuclear winter shaky science no reliable model how many megatons decimate agriculture extinct 2,476 nuc lear device s survive recover from nuclear one cannot recover runaway climate change not inevitable extinction event six degrees of warming is | ['A devastating fact of climate collapse is that there may be a silver lining to the mushroom cloud. First, it should be noted that a nuclear exchange does not inevitably result in apocalyptic loss of life. Nuclear winter—the idea that firestorms would make the earth uninhabitable—is based on shaky science. There’s no ... | [
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21b3cf7d85e690adeacb8873e9d1ef00e861c804fd5e0c941a3725cd3ccd13e4 | 4. Each new launch increases the risk of collision---there’s a risk they make the problem worse---flips try-or-die. | null | Korey Haynes 18. Staff writer. “Despite concerns, space junk continues to clutter Earth orbit”. 12/17/2018. | hardware is partnered, meaning each launch responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris the majority is derelict more cluttered space becomes, the greater risk | Much of the hardware we launch is partnered, meaning each launch can be responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris working the majority is derelict Some objects in orbit are moving at up to 17,000 miles per hour we’ve also become more reliant on growing numbers of satellites The more cluttered space becomes, t... | each launch multiple pieces of orbital debris reliant on growing numbers of satellites more cluttered space becomes, the greater risk | ['Even when Sputnik launched in 1957, it wasn’t alone. The shiny ball was accompanied by its core stage and payload fairing, both of which tumbled around Earth in nearby orbits. Much of the hardware we launch is similarly partnered, meaning each launch can be responsible for multiple pieces of orbital debris. Much of t... | [
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4f536ccc2e0dda344cc0c48d1f7407f4d578461ca5d8e939c7012ad7f3a43b00 | 4. ‘Rights’ and ‘duties’ correlate, are legally enforceable, and constitute personhood. | null | Solaiman ’17 [S. M. Solaiman; 2017; Law Professor at the University of Wollongong; Artificial Intelligence & Law, “Legal personality of robots, corporations, idols and chimpanzees: a quest for legitimacy,” vol. 25] | word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged A right provides an option to its holder to do or not to do a certain act existence is a question of law , Duties are responsibilities comman... | The word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations between persons. It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged not to breach such relations A right provides an option to its holder to do or not to do a certain act the existence of a... | word legal relations interconnected legally enforceable claims obliged option question of law exercise conscious choice responsibilities commanded by law remedy ascription of personhood correspond right of another consistently recognised correlative judicially recognised any being substances attributes | ['The word ‘rights’ used in describing personality connotes legal relations between persons. It is interconnected with duties and it contains legally enforceable claims against others who are obliged not to breach such relations (Corbin 1920). A legal person who knows that he/she has a certain right should be able to a... | [
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201f0d7b86d88986b324427863110fa5d22504d3af773f74d8315366b1cad8e2 | GOP rhetoric is irrelevant unless Biden chooses to embrace their agenda | null | Bochen Han 22, U.S. Correspondent for the South China Morning Post, 11/1/22, “US’ hard-line policy on China likely to hold whoever wins midterm elections, say analysts,” https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3197926/hard-line-us-policy-china-likely-hold-whoever-wins-midterm-elections-analysts | Despite Biden following through to the China challenge Republicans could advocate unrealistically aggressive policies , banking on looking tougher To override veto, Republicans need two-thirds unlikely to materialise Republicans would only be able to urge Biden to stand firm rather than dictate it | Despite Biden following through with commitment to the China challenge , “some Republicans could advocate unrealistically aggressive policies , banking on looking tougher than Democrats To override a presidential veto, Republicans would need a two-thirds majority a prospect unlikely to materialise . Short of holding a... | advocate unrealistically aggressive policies unlikely to materialise only be able to urge rather than dictate it | ['Despite Biden following through with his commitment to the China challenge, “some Republicans could choose to advocate for unrealistically aggressive policies, banking on looking tougher than Democrats because the Biden administration will want to avoid outright brinkmanship,” Ashton said.', 'To override a presidenti... | [
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96004dd9ec76d39231893735632d38d56a26303557ee056e72e46e22163e5a92 | No readiness internal link—troops will work without pay. | null | Shane 23—(reporter). Leo Shane III. September 7, 2023. “Military pay could be a casualty of looming government shutdown”. Military Times. . | Even if money is not available troops will still be required to man their posts even as their pay is withheld because of a lack of funding | Adam Smith said the military could be among the hardest hit government institutions by a shutdown. Even if money is not available for all military operations, troops (and some Defense Department civilians) will still be required to continue man ning their posts even as their pay is withheld because of a lack of approv... | not available man | ['', 'On Wednesday, House Armed Services Committee ranking member Adam Smith, D-Wash., at the annual Defense News Conference said the military could be among the hardest hit government institutions by a shutdown. Even if money is not available for all military operations, troops (and some Defense Department civilians) ... | [
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