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Moreover, simple combinations that ignore correlations between forecast errors often dominate more refined combination schemes aimed at estimating the theoretically optimal combination weights. In this chapter we analyze theoretically the factors that determine the advantages from combining forecasts (for example, the degree of correlation between forecast errors and the relative size of the individual models' forecast error variances). Although the reasons for the success of simple combination schemes are poorly understood, we discuss several possibilities related to model misspecification, instability (non-stationarities) and estimation error in situations where the number of models is large relative to the available sample size. 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['Chapter 4 Forecast Combinations']
["Forecast combinations have frequently been found in empirical studies to produce better forecasts on average than methods based on the ex ante best individual forecasting model. Moreover, simple combinations that ignore correlations between forecast errors often dominate more refined combination schemes aimed at estimating the theoretically optimal combination weights. In this chapter we analyze theoretically the factors that determine the advantages from combining forecasts (for example, the degree of correlation between forecast errors and the relative size of the individual models' forecast error variances). Although the reasons for the success of simple combination schemes are poorly understood, we discuss several possibilities related to model misspecification, instability (non-stationarities) and estimation error in situations where the number of models is large relative to the available sample size. We discuss the role of combinations under asymmetric loss and consider combinations of point, interval and probability forecasts."]
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3A1831634104.jsonld
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['Chapter 2 Forecasting and Decision Theory']
["When forecasts of the future value of some variable, or the probability of some event, are used for purposes of ex ante planning or decision making, then the preferences, opportunities and constraints of the decision maker will all enter into the ex post evaluation of a forecast, and the ex post comparison of alternative forecasts. After a presenting a brief review of early work in the area of forecasting and decision theory, this chapter formally examines the manner in which the features of an agent's decision problem combine to generate an appropriate decision-based loss function for that agent's use in forecast evaluation. Decision-based loss functions are shown to exhibit certain necessary properties, and the relationship between the functional form of a decision-based loss function and the functional form of the agent's underlying utility function is characterized. In particular, the standard squared-error loss function is shown to imply highly restrictive and not particularly realistic properties on underlying preferences, which are not justified by the use of a standard local quadratic approximation. A class of more realistic loss functions (“location-dependent loss functions”) is proposed."]
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3A1831634104.jsonld
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['Chapter 2 Forecasting and Decision Theory']
["When forecasts of the future value of some variable, or the probability of some event, are used for purposes of ex ante planning or decision making, then the preferences, opportunities and constraints of the decision maker will all enter into the ex post evaluation of a forecast, and the ex post comparison of alternative forecasts. After a presenting a brief review of early work in the area of forecasting and decision theory, this chapter formally examines the manner in which the features of an agent's decision problem combine to generate an appropriate decision-based loss function for that agent's use in forecast evaluation. Decision-based loss functions are shown to exhibit certain necessary properties, and the relationship between the functional form of a decision-based loss function and the functional form of the agent's underlying utility function is characterized. In particular, the standard squared-error loss function is shown to imply highly restrictive and not particularly realistic properties on underlying preferences, which are not justified by the use of a standard local quadratic approximation. A class of more realistic loss functions (“location-dependent loss functions”) is proposed."]
['2006']
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16
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The Bayesian approach in general requires explicit formulation of a model, and conditioning on known quantities, in order to draw inferences about unknown ones. In Bayesian forecasting, one simply takes a subset of the unknown quantities to be future values of some variables of interest. This chapter presents the principles of Bayesian forecasting, and describes recent advances in computational capabilities for applying them that have dramatically expanded the scope of applicability of the Bayesian approach. 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['Chapter 1 Bayesian Forecasting']
['Bayesian forecasting is a natural product of a Bayesian approach to inference. The Bayesian approach in general requires explicit formulation of a model, and conditioning on known quantities, in order to draw inferences about unknown ones. In Bayesian forecasting, one simply takes a subset of the unknown quantities to be future values of some variables of interest. This chapter presents the principles of Bayesian forecasting, and describes recent advances in computational capabilities for applying them that have dramatically expanded the scope of applicability of the Bayesian approach. It describes historical developments and the analytic compromises that were necessary prior to recent developments, the application of the new procedures in a variety of examples, and reports on two long-term Bayesian forecasting exercises.']
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['Chapter 1 Bayesian Forecasting']
['Bayesian forecasting is a natural product of a Bayesian approach to inference. The Bayesian approach in general requires explicit formulation of a model, and conditioning on known quantities, in order to draw inferences about unknown ones. In Bayesian forecasting, one simply takes a subset of the unknown quantities to be future values of some variables of interest. This chapter presents the principles of Bayesian forecasting, and describes recent advances in computational capabilities for applying them that have dramatically expanded the scope of applicability of the Bayesian approach. It describes historical developments and the analytic compromises that were necessary prior to recent developments, the application of the new procedures in a variety of examples, and reports on two long-term Bayesian forecasting exercises.']
['2006']
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['Prognose', 'Theorie', 'Wirtschaft', 'Ökonometrie', 'Prognoseverfahren']
19
3A1831634155.jsonld
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['Author Index']
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3A1831634155.jsonld
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3A183163418X.jsonld
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3A183163418X.jsonld
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19
3A1831634198.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083769617", "(ppn)1831634198", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0692(06)02025-3" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "\u00c9ducation", "(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Besch\u00e4ftigung, Arbeitsmarkt", "HECS", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)pae", "(classificationName=loc)LC66", "Wages ; Effect of education on", "Finance", "(classificationName=ddc)338.4/7370973", "Finances", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414623)85.04 - Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen", "Salaires, Effets de l'\u00e9ducation sur les", "Education", "Aspect \u00e9conomique", "\u00c9tats-Unis", "student loans", "Wages", "Effect of education on", "Education ; Finance", "Bildungs\u00f6konomie", "higher education financing", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "income contingent loans", "Education ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)370.973", "Economic aspects", "United States", "(classificationName=ddc)338.47370973" ], "title": "Chapter 25 Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms", "abstract": "It is well known that higher education financing involves uncertainty and risk with respect to students' future economic fortunes, and an unwillingness of banks to provide loans because of the absence of collateral. It follows that without government intervention there will be both socially sub-optimal and regressive outcomes with respect to the provision of higher education. The historically most common response to this market failure \u2013 a government guarantee to repay student loans to banks in the event of default \u2013 is associated with significant problems. Income contingent loans offer a possible solution. Since the late 1980s ICLs have been adopted in, or recommended for, a significant and growing number of countries, and it is this important international policy reform that has motivated the chapter. An ICL provides students with finance for tuition and/or income support, its critical and defining characteristic being that the collection of the debt depends on the borrowers' future capacity to pay. ICL have two major insurance advantages for borrowers over more typical arrangements: default protection and consumption smoothing. With reference to countries with both successful and unsuccessful ICL, the chapter illustrates that the operational and design features of such schemes are of fundamental importance with respect to their potential efficacy. It also seems to be the case that in many institutional and political environments there is not yet the administrative sophistication to make ICLs viable, although for reasons documented this is unlikely to be the case for the vast majority of OECD countries. For one country, Australia, there is now a significant amount of research into the consequences of an ICL, and the evidence is explored in some detail. 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['Chapter 25 Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms']
["It is well known that higher education financing involves uncertainty and risk with respect to students' future economic fortunes, and an unwillingness of banks to provide loans because of the absence of collateral. It follows that without government intervention there will be both socially sub-optimal and regressive outcomes with respect to the provision of higher education. The historically most common response to this market failure – a government guarantee to repay student loans to banks in the event of default – is associated with significant problems. Income contingent loans offer a possible solution. Since the late 1980s ICLs have been adopted in, or recommended for, a significant and growing number of countries, and it is this important international policy reform that has motivated the chapter. An ICL provides students with finance for tuition and/or income support, its critical and defining characteristic being that the collection of the debt depends on the borrowers' future capacity to pay. ICL have two major insurance advantages for borrowers over more typical arrangements: default protection and consumption smoothing. With reference to countries with both successful and unsuccessful ICL, the chapter illustrates that the operational and design features of such schemes are of fundamental importance with respect to their potential efficacy. It also seems to be the case that in many institutional and political environments there is not yet the administrative sophistication to make ICLs viable, although for reasons documented this is unlikely to be the case for the vast majority of OECD countries. For one country, Australia, there is now a significant amount of research into the consequences of an ICL, and the evidence is explored in some detail. The investigation into the Australian experience helps in the development of a research agenda."]
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['Chapter 25 Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms']
["It is well known that higher education financing involves uncertainty and risk with respect to students' future economic fortunes, and an unwillingness of banks to provide loans because of the absence of collateral. It follows that without government intervention there will be both socially sub-optimal and regressive outcomes with respect to the provision of higher education. The historically most common response to this market failure – a government guarantee to repay student loans to banks in the event of default – is associated with significant problems. Income contingent loans offer a possible solution. Since the late 1980s ICLs have been adopted in, or recommended for, a significant and growing number of countries, and it is this important international policy reform that has motivated the chapter. An ICL provides students with finance for tuition and/or income support, its critical and defining characteristic being that the collection of the debt depends on the borrowers' future capacity to pay. ICL have two major insurance advantages for borrowers over more typical arrangements: default protection and consumption smoothing. With reference to countries with both successful and unsuccessful ICL, the chapter illustrates that the operational and design features of such schemes are of fundamental importance with respect to their potential efficacy. It also seems to be the case that in many institutional and political environments there is not yet the administrative sophistication to make ICLs viable, although for reasons documented this is unlikely to be the case for the vast majority of OECD countries. For one country, Australia, there is now a significant amount of research into the consequences of an ICL, and the evidence is explored in some detail. The investigation into the Australian experience helps in the development of a research agenda."]
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19
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['Chapter 24 US Higher Education Finance']
['We review basic facts about higher education finance in the United States and analytical, empirical and policy issues in that realm. Examining trends in higher education finance, we demonstrate growth in the share of revenues provided by government up to about 1980, with a steady decline thereafter. Student financial aid, a feature of growing importance, is awarded to students on the basis both of financial need and academic (and other) merit, with merit influencing not only total amounts of aid received but also the “quality” of aid packages, as indexed by the fraction of aid in the form of grants rather than loans or work. Although nearly two-thirds of American high school graduates now attend some form of post-secondary education, both whether and where they attend are importantly influenced by family background. Among students who score well on aptitude tests in high school, 95% of those from affluent family backgrounds attend college immediately following graduation, while only about 75% of those from low SES backgrounds do. High-income students are also more likely to attend private universities and colleges than are lower-income students, who are particularly likely to attend community colleges. Much more attention has been devoted to examining the demand for higher education than to explaining its supply. We review a number of topics on the supply side, including the state of evidence concerning the pricing and output levels of government financed and of nonprofit institutions as well as concerning the impact of government financial aid policies on institutional pricing and aid decisions. An important analytical and empirical challenge in studying higher education supply is the fact that institutional enrollment levels are regulated by selective admissions as well as by price.']
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20
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['Chapter 24 US Higher Education Finance']
['We review basic facts about higher education finance in the United States and analytical, empirical and policy issues in that realm. Examining trends in higher education finance, we demonstrate growth in the share of revenues provided by government up to about 1980, with a steady decline thereafter. Student financial aid, a feature of growing importance, is awarded to students on the basis both of financial need and academic (and other) merit, with merit influencing not only total amounts of aid received but also the “quality” of aid packages, as indexed by the fraction of aid in the form of grants rather than loans or work. Although nearly two-thirds of American high school graduates now attend some form of post-secondary education, both whether and where they attend are importantly influenced by family background. Among students who score well on aptitude tests in high school, 95% of those from affluent family backgrounds attend college immediately following graduation, while only about 75% of those from low SES backgrounds do. High-income students are also more likely to attend private universities and colleges than are lower-income students, who are particularly likely to attend community colleges. Much more attention has been devoted to examining the demand for higher education than to explaining its supply. We review a number of topics on the supply side, including the state of evidence concerning the pricing and output levels of government financed and of nonprofit institutions as well as concerning the impact of government financial aid policies on institutional pricing and aid decisions. An important analytical and empirical challenge in studying higher education supply is the fact that institutional enrollment levels are regulated by selective admissions as well as by price.']
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['Chapter 22 Income and Peer Quality Sorting in Public and Private Schools']
['Any system of primary and secondary schools involves explicit or implicit mechanisms that ration not only financial but also nonfinancial inputs into education production. This chapter focuses primarily on such mechanisms as they relate to the sorting of parents and children into schools and classrooms. Three primary mechanisms are reviewed: (1) sorting that emerges through residential location choices within housing markets that are linked to schools; (2) sorting that arises from parental choices to send children to private rather than public schools; and (3) sorting within schools that results from explicit tracking policies. The equilibrium level of sorting (along parental income and child peer quality dimensions) then depends on both the specifics of how education production works and the overall characteristics of the general equilibrium environment within which schools operate. We review the theoretical as well as the related simulation-based literature in this area and suggest that much potential exists for increasing empirical relevance of the emerging models for policy analysis, particularly as a related empirical literature comes to better terms with the nature of peer effects in education production.']
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3A1831634228.jsonld
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['Chapter 22 Income and Peer Quality Sorting in Public and Private Schools']
['Any system of primary and secondary schools involves explicit or implicit mechanisms that ration not only financial but also nonfinancial inputs into education production. This chapter focuses primarily on such mechanisms as they relate to the sorting of parents and children into schools and classrooms. Three primary mechanisms are reviewed: (1) sorting that emerges through residential location choices within housing markets that are linked to schools; (2) sorting that arises from parental choices to send children to private rather than public schools; and (3) sorting within schools that results from explicit tracking policies. The equilibrium level of sorting (along parental income and child peer quality dimensions) then depends on both the specifics of how education production works and the overall characteristics of the general equilibrium environment within which schools operate. We review the theoretical as well as the related simulation-based literature in this area and suggest that much potential exists for increasing empirical relevance of the emerging models for policy analysis, particularly as a related empirical literature comes to better terms with the nature of peer effects in education production.']
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['Chapter 19 Teacher Supply']
["This chapter presents an overview of economic models of teacher supply and explains the modeling implications for both cross-section and time series econometric modeling. Specifically the literature on the determinants of teacher recruitment, turnover, mobility and re-entry into the profession are reviewed. It reviews the empirical evidence from the US, the UK on the labor supply of teachers and assesses the variation in teacher's real pay across in aggregate across 35 countries in the world. It also provides suggests for fruitful areas of future research."]
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19
3A1831634252.jsonld
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['Chapter 19 Teacher Supply']
["This chapter presents an overview of economic models of teacher supply and explains the modeling implications for both cross-section and time series econometric modeling. Specifically the literature on the determinants of teacher recruitment, turnover, mobility and re-entry into the profession are reviewed. It reviews the empirical evidence from the US, the UK on the labor supply of teachers and assesses the variation in teacher's real pay across in aggregate across 35 countries in the world. It also provides suggests for fruitful areas of future research."]
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['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
20
3A1831634260.jsonld
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['Chapter 18 Teacher Quality']
['Improving the quality of instruction is a central component to virtually all proposals to raise school quality. Unfortunately, policy recommendations often ignore existing evidence about teacher labor markets and the determinants of teacher effectiveness in the classroom. This chapter reviews research on teacher labor markets, the importance of teacher quality in the determination of student achievement, and the extent to which specific observable characteristics often related to hiring decisions and salary explain the variation in the quality of instruction. The evidence is applied to the comparison between policies that seek to raise quality by tightening the qualifications needed to enter teaching and policies that seek to raise quality by simultaneously loosening entry restrictions and introducing performance incentives for teachers and administrators.']
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3A1831634260.jsonld
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['Chapter 18 Teacher Quality']
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['Chapter 16 Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries']
["About 80% of the world's children live in developing countries. Their well-being as adults depends heavily on the education they receive. School enrollment rates have increased dramatically in developing counties since 1960, but many children still leave school at a young age and often learn little while in school. This chapter reviews recent research on the impact of education and other policies on the quantity and quality of education obtained by children in developing countries. The policies considered include not only provision of basic inputs but also policies that change the way that schools are organized. While much has been learned about how to raise enrollment rates, less is known about how to increase learning. Randomized studies offer the most promise for understanding the impact of policies on learning."]
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['Chapter 16 Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries']
["About 80% of the world's children live in developing countries. Their well-being as adults depends heavily on the education they receive. School enrollment rates have increased dramatically in developing counties since 1960, but many children still leave school at a young age and often learn little while in school. This chapter reviews recent research on the impact of education and other policies on the quantity and quality of education obtained by children in developing countries. The policies considered include not only provision of basic inputs but also policies that change the way that schools are organized. While much has been learned about how to raise enrollment rates, less is known about how to increase learning. Randomized studies offer the most promise for understanding the impact of policies on learning."]
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20
3A1831634309.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0692(06)02015-0", "(firstid)KEP:08376951X", "(ppn)1831634309" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "Bildungs\u00f6konomie", "educational standards", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414623)85.04 - Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen", "peer learning externalities", "signaling achievement", "Education ; Finance", "PISA (Program for International Student Assessment)", "Education", "student motivation", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)pae", "Finances", "high school exit exams", "academic achievement", "(classificationName=ddc)370.973", "academic climate", "(classificationName=loc)LC66", "student accountability", "Education ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Wages ; Effect of education on", "(classificationName=ddc)338.47370973", "Economic aspects", "Effect of education on", "student norms", "(classificationName=ddc)338.4/7370973", "human capital theory", "payoffs to academic achievement", "K-12 education", "peer culture", "peer effects", "United States", "Wages", "\u00c9tats-Unis", "\u00c9ducation", "homework", "secondary education", "student engagement", "(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Besch\u00e4ftigung, Arbeitsmarkt", "nerd harassment", "Aspect \u00e9conomique", "Salaires, Effets de l'\u00e9ducation sur les", "Finance" ], "title": "Chapter 15 Drinking from the Fountain of Knowledge: Student Incentive to Study and Learn \u2013 Externalities, Information Problems and Peer Pressure", "abstract": "Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to devote to learning per year and (d) Whether to disrupt or assist the learning of classmates. The thousands of studies that have applied human capital theory to the first two questions are reviewed elsewhere in this volume and the Handbook series. This chapter reviews an emerging economic literature on the effects of and determinants of student effort and cooperativeness and how putting student motivation and behavior at center of one's theoretical framework changes one's view of how schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a) investors/consumers who choose which goals (outputs) to focus on and how much effort to put into each goal and (b) workers getting instruction and guidance from their first-line supervisors, the teachers. A simple model is presented in which the behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in the system. The incentives, in turn, depend upon the cost and reliability of the information (signals) that is generated about the various inputs and outputs of the system. Our review of empirical research support many of the predictions of the model. Student effort, engagement and discipline vary a lot within schools, across schools and across nations and have significant effects on learning. Higher extrinsic rewards for learning are associated the taking of more rigorous courses, teachers setting higher standards and more time devoted to homework. Taking more rigorous courses and studying harder increase student achievement. Post-World War II trends in study effort and course rigor, for example, are positively correlated with achievement trends. Even though, greater rigor and higher standards improve learning, parents and students prefer easy teachers. They pressure tough teachers to lower standards and sign up for courses taught by easy graders. Curriculum-based external exit examinations (CBEEES) improve the signaling of academic achievement to colleges and the labor market and this increases extrinsic rewards for learning. Cross-section studies suggest that CBEEES result in greater focus on academics, more tutoring of lagging students, and higher levels of achievement. Minimum competency examinations (MCE) do not have significant effects on learning or dropout rates but they do appear to have positive effects on the reputation of high school graduates. As a result, students from MCE states earn significantly more than students from states without MCEs and the effect lasts at least eight years. Students who attend schools with studious well-behaved classmates learn more. Disruptive students generate negative production externalities and cooperative hard-working students create positive production externalities. Peer effects are also generated by the norms of student peer cultures that encourage disruptive students and harass nerds. In addition learning is poorly signaled to employers and colleges. Thus, market signals and the norms of student peer culture do not internalize the externalities that are pervasive in school settings and as a result students typically devote less effort to studying than the taxpayers who fund schools would wish.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "909-944", "isPartOf": [ "(ppn)1655662384", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080465678" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4006664-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4036229-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4112628-2" } ], "pageStart": "909", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0692(06)02015-0", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of education", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 15 Drinking from the Fountain of Knowledge: Student Incentive to Study and Learn – Externalities, Information Problems and Peer Pressure']
["Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to devote to learning per year and (d) Whether to disrupt or assist the learning of classmates. The thousands of studies that have applied human capital theory to the first two questions are reviewed elsewhere in this volume and the Handbook series. This chapter reviews an emerging economic literature on the effects of and determinants of student effort and cooperativeness and how putting student motivation and behavior at center of one's theoretical framework changes one's view of how schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a) investors/consumers who choose which goals (outputs) to focus on and how much effort to put into each goal and (b) workers getting instruction and guidance from their first-line supervisors, the teachers. A simple model is presented in which the behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in the system. The incentives, in turn, depend upon the cost and reliability of the information (signals) that is generated about the various inputs and outputs of the system. Our review of empirical research support many of the predictions of the model. Student effort, engagement and discipline vary a lot within schools, across schools and across nations and have significant effects on learning. Higher extrinsic rewards for learning are associated the taking of more rigorous courses, teachers setting higher standards and more time devoted to homework. Taking more rigorous courses and studying harder increase student achievement. Post-World War II trends in study effort and course rigor, for example, are positively correlated with achievement trends. Even though, greater rigor and higher standards improve learning, parents and students prefer easy teachers. They pressure tough teachers to lower standards and sign up for courses taught by easy graders. Curriculum-based external exit examinations (CBEEES) improve the signaling of academic achievement to colleges and the labor market and this increases extrinsic rewards for learning. Cross-section studies suggest that CBEEES result in greater focus on academics, more tutoring of lagging students, and higher levels of achievement. Minimum competency examinations (MCE) do not have significant effects on learning or dropout rates but they do appear to have positive effects on the reputation of high school graduates. As a result, students from MCE states earn significantly more than students from states without MCEs and the effect lasts at least eight years. Students who attend schools with studious well-behaved classmates learn more. Disruptive students generate negative production externalities and cooperative hard-working students create positive production externalities. Peer effects are also generated by the norms of student peer cultures that encourage disruptive students and harass nerds. In addition learning is poorly signaled to employers and colleges. Thus, market signals and the norms of student peer culture do not internalize the externalities that are pervasive in school settings and as a result students typically devote less effort to studying than the taxpayers who fund schools would wish."]
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['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
20
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The thousands of studies that have applied human capital theory to the first two questions are reviewed elsewhere in this volume and the Handbook series. This chapter reviews an emerging economic literature on the effects of and determinants of student effort and cooperativeness and how putting student motivation and behavior at center of one's theoretical framework changes one's view of how schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a) investors/consumers who choose which goals (outputs) to focus on and how much effort to put into each goal and (b) workers getting instruction and guidance from their first-line supervisors, the teachers. A simple model is presented in which the behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in the system. The incentives, in turn, depend upon the cost and reliability of the information (signals) that is generated about the various inputs and outputs of the system. Our review of empirical research support many of the predictions of the model. Student effort, engagement and discipline vary a lot within schools, across schools and across nations and have significant effects on learning. Higher extrinsic rewards for learning are associated the taking of more rigorous courses, teachers setting higher standards and more time devoted to homework. Taking more rigorous courses and studying harder increase student achievement. Post-World War II trends in study effort and course rigor, for example, are positively correlated with achievement trends. Even though, greater rigor and higher standards improve learning, parents and students prefer easy teachers. They pressure tough teachers to lower standards and sign up for courses taught by easy graders. Curriculum-based external exit examinations (CBEEES) improve the signaling of academic achievement to colleges and the labor market and this increases extrinsic rewards for learning. Cross-section studies suggest that CBEEES result in greater focus on academics, more tutoring of lagging students, and higher levels of achievement. Minimum competency examinations (MCE) do not have significant effects on learning or dropout rates but they do appear to have positive effects on the reputation of high school graduates. As a result, students from MCE states earn significantly more than students from states without MCEs and the effect lasts at least eight years. Students who attend schools with studious well-behaved classmates learn more. Disruptive students generate negative production externalities and cooperative hard-working students create positive production externalities. Peer effects are also generated by the norms of student peer cultures that encourage disruptive students and harass nerds. In addition learning is poorly signaled to employers and colleges. 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[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0692(06)02015-0', '(firstid)KEP:08376951X', '(ppn)1831634309']]
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[['Bildungsökonomie', 'educational standards', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414623)85.04 - Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen', 'peer learning externalities', 'signaling achievement', 'Education ; Finance', 'PISA (Program for International Student Assessment)', 'Education', 'student motivation', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)pae', 'Finances', 'high school exit exams', 'academic achievement', '(classificationName=ddc)370.973', 'academic climate', '(classificationName=loc)LC66', 'student accountability', 'Education ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Wages ; Effect of education on', '(classificationName=ddc)338.47370973', 'Economic aspects', 'Effect of education on', 'student norms', '(classificationName=ddc)338.4/7370973', 'human capital theory', 'payoffs to academic achievement', 'K-12 education', 'peer culture', 'peer effects', 'United States', 'Wages', 'États-Unis', 'Éducation', 'homework', 'secondary education', 'student engagement', '(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Beschäftigung, Arbeitsmarkt', 'nerd harassment', 'Aspect économique', "Salaires, Effets de l'éducation sur les", 'Finance']]
['Chapter 15 Drinking from the Fountain of Knowledge: Student Incentive to Study and Learn – Externalities, Information Problems and Peer Pressure']
["Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to devote to learning per year and (d) Whether to disrupt or assist the learning of classmates. The thousands of studies that have applied human capital theory to the first two questions are reviewed elsewhere in this volume and the Handbook series. This chapter reviews an emerging economic literature on the effects of and determinants of student effort and cooperativeness and how putting student motivation and behavior at center of one's theoretical framework changes one's view of how schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a) investors/consumers who choose which goals (outputs) to focus on and how much effort to put into each goal and (b) workers getting instruction and guidance from their first-line supervisors, the teachers. A simple model is presented in which the behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in the system. The incentives, in turn, depend upon the cost and reliability of the information (signals) that is generated about the various inputs and outputs of the system. Our review of empirical research support many of the predictions of the model. Student effort, engagement and discipline vary a lot within schools, across schools and across nations and have significant effects on learning. Higher extrinsic rewards for learning are associated the taking of more rigorous courses, teachers setting higher standards and more time devoted to homework. Taking more rigorous courses and studying harder increase student achievement. Post-World War II trends in study effort and course rigor, for example, are positively correlated with achievement trends. Even though, greater rigor and higher standards improve learning, parents and students prefer easy teachers. They pressure tough teachers to lower standards and sign up for courses taught by easy graders. Curriculum-based external exit examinations (CBEEES) improve the signaling of academic achievement to colleges and the labor market and this increases extrinsic rewards for learning. Cross-section studies suggest that CBEEES result in greater focus on academics, more tutoring of lagging students, and higher levels of achievement. Minimum competency examinations (MCE) do not have significant effects on learning or dropout rates but they do appear to have positive effects on the reputation of high school graduates. As a result, students from MCE states earn significantly more than students from states without MCEs and the effect lasts at least eight years. Students who attend schools with studious well-behaved classmates learn more. Disruptive students generate negative production externalities and cooperative hard-working students create positive production externalities. Peer effects are also generated by the norms of student peer cultures that encourage disruptive students and harass nerds. In addition learning is poorly signaled to employers and colleges. Thus, market signals and the norms of student peer culture do not internalize the externalities that are pervasive in school settings and as a result students typically devote less effort to studying than the taxpayers who fund schools would wish."]
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
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['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634309']
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
19
3A1831634392.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831634392", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0692(06)01012-9", "(firstid)KEP:083769420" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "United States", "Wages", "(classificationName=ddc)370.973", "Education", "Economics of education", "(classificationName=loc)LC66", "educational finance", "Social economics and policy", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "\u00c9ducation", "Finances", "Economic aspects", "Salaires, Effets de l'\u00e9ducation sur les", "Effect of education on", "Aspect \u00e9conomique", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414623)85.04 - Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen", "education", "(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Besch\u00e4ftigung, Arbeitsmarkt", "government policy", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)pae", "Finance", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)338.47370973", "(classificationName=rvk)QX 800", "\u00c9tats-Unis", "skill formation" ], "title": "Chapter 12 Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation", "abstract": "This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. 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['Chapter 12 Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation']
['This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.']
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['Chapter 12 Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation']
['This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.']
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3A1831634422.jsonld
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['Chapter 9 Why Has BlackWhite Skill Convergence Stopped?']
['All data sources indicate that blackwhite skill gaps diminished over most of the 20th century, but blackwhite skill gaps as measured by test scores among youth and educational attainment among young adults have remained constant or increased in absolute value since the late 1980s. I examine the potential importance of discrimination against skilled black workers, changes in black family structures, changes in black household incomes, blackwhite differences in parenting norms, and education policy as factors that may contribute to the recent stability of blackwhite skill gaps. Absent changes in public policy or the economy that facilitate investment in black children, best case scenarios suggest that even approximate blackwhite skill parity is not possible before 2050, and equally plausible scenarios imply that the blackwhite skill gap will remain quite significant throughout the 21st century.']
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['Chapter 9 Why Has BlackWhite Skill Convergence Stopped?']
['All data sources indicate that blackwhite skill gaps diminished over most of the 20th century, but blackwhite skill gaps as measured by test scores among youth and educational attainment among young adults have remained constant or increased in absolute value since the late 1980s. I examine the potential importance of discrimination against skilled black workers, changes in black family structures, changes in black household incomes, blackwhite differences in parenting norms, and education policy as factors that may contribute to the recent stability of blackwhite skill gaps. Absent changes in public policy or the economy that facilitate investment in black children, best case scenarios suggest that even approximate blackwhite skill parity is not possible before 2050, and equally plausible scenarios imply that the blackwhite skill gap will remain quite significant throughout the 21st century.']
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["We review and extend the empirical literature that seeks evidence of a wedge between the private and social returns to human capital, specifically education. This literature has two main strands. First, much of modern growth theory puts human capital at center-stage, building on older notions of human capital externalities as an engine of economic growth. Empirical support for these ideas, based on both the comparative growth of national outputs and on the geographic dispersion of wages within countries, is meager. There is a strong association between average earnings and average education across nations and regions in the U.S. that exceeds the private returns to education. However, problems of omitted variables and endogeneity inherent in spatial equilibrium models mean that this association can hardly be understood as evidence for social returns. There is no evidence from this literature that social returns are smaller than private ones, yet neither is there much to suggest that they are larger . We then turn to the literature on job market signaling, which implies that social returns to education are smaller than private returns. Consistent with our earlier conclusions, we find scant evidence of this. We construct a model of the speed of employer learning about workers' unobserved talents, and we estimate the model using panel data on young workers. We find that employer learning about productivity occurs fairly quickly after labor market entry, implying that the signaling effects of schooling are small."]
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["We review and extend the empirical literature that seeks evidence of a wedge between the private and social returns to human capital, specifically education. This literature has two main strands. First, much of modern growth theory puts human capital at center-stage, building on older notions of human capital externalities as an engine of economic growth. Empirical support for these ideas, based on both the comparative growth of national outputs and on the geographic dispersion of wages within countries, is meager. There is a strong association between average earnings and average education across nations and regions in the U.S. that exceeds the private returns to education. However, problems of omitted variables and endogeneity inherent in spatial equilibrium models mean that this association can hardly be understood as evidence for social returns. There is no evidence from this literature that social returns are smaller than private ones, yet neither is there much to suggest that they are larger . We then turn to the literature on job market signaling, which implies that social returns to education are smaller than private returns. Consistent with our earlier conclusions, we find scant evidence of this. We construct a model of the speed of employer learning about workers' unobserved talents, and we estimate the model using panel data on young workers. We find that employer learning about productivity occurs fairly quickly after labor market entry, implying that the signaling effects of schooling are small."]
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['Chapter 6 Educational Wage Premiums and the U.S. Income Distribution: A Survey']
['This chapter discusses the large literature and numerous issues regarding education-related differences in income in the U.S. Early analyses of skill-related differences compared the earnings of workers across occupations. The general consensus of these investigations was that skill premiums narrowed substantially between 1900 and 1950. The large increase in the supply of high-school graduates relative to the increased demand for skilled workers is the likely explanation. Following the 1940 Decennial Census, which collected information on educational attainment and on earned income and time worked, empirical analyses concentrated directly on education-related differences in earnings. The human capital revolution of the late 1950s/early 1960s greatly expanded the research on education and income and shifted the focus to wages. The human capital approach modeled income as endogenous and sought to understand the variation in earnings by providing a framework for estimating the returns to education and experience. Recent analyses of education and wages have built on this foundation and have been embedded in a large literature that seeks to document and understand the substantial increase in wage inequality over the last 40 years. The consensus is that increases in the demand for skill are the main culprit, though the reasons for such increases are still an open question. We use census data to document the overall increase in education-related income differences over the past 60 years for several income measures. We also document concomitant changes in enrollment and provide a preliminary analysis suggesting that enrollment has responded to the increase in educationwage premiums. We use NLSY data to document the variation in enrollment patterns for those who attend college and to show how these differences are related to pre-schooling characteristics and to post-schooling earnings. We conclude with a brief discussion of the main issues for future research raised throughout the chapter.']
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['Chapter 6 Educational Wage Premiums and the U.S. Income Distribution: A Survey']
['This chapter discusses the large literature and numerous issues regarding education-related differences in income in the U.S. Early analyses of skill-related differences compared the earnings of workers across occupations. The general consensus of these investigations was that skill premiums narrowed substantially between 1900 and 1950. The large increase in the supply of high-school graduates relative to the increased demand for skilled workers is the likely explanation. Following the 1940 Decennial Census, which collected information on educational attainment and on earned income and time worked, empirical analyses concentrated directly on education-related differences in earnings. The human capital revolution of the late 1950s/early 1960s greatly expanded the research on education and income and shifted the focus to wages. The human capital approach modeled income as endogenous and sought to understand the variation in earnings by providing a framework for estimating the returns to education and experience. Recent analyses of education and wages have built on this foundation and have been embedded in a large literature that seeks to document and understand the substantial increase in wage inequality over the last 40 years. The consensus is that increases in the demand for skill are the main culprit, though the reasons for such increases are still an open question. We use census data to document the overall increase in education-related income differences over the past 60 years for several income measures. We also document concomitant changes in enrollment and provide a preliminary analysis suggesting that enrollment has responded to the increase in educationwage premiums. We use NLSY data to document the variation in enrollment patterns for those who attend college and to show how these differences are related to pre-schooling characteristics and to post-schooling earnings. We conclude with a brief discussion of the main issues for future research raised throughout the chapter.']
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['Chapter 5 Educational Wage Premia and the Distribution of Earnings: An International Perspective']
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['Chapter 5 Educational Wage Premia and the Distribution of Earnings: An International Perspective']
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3A1831634481.jsonld
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['Chapter 4 Immigrants and Their Schooling']
['This chapter deals with several salient issues about immigrants to the US and their education. These issues include a comparison of the schooling accomplishments of immigrants compared to the native-born both contemporaneously as well as over time. These comparisons emphasize the considerable diversity in the schooling accomplishments among different immigrant sub-groups and between legal and undocumented migrants. Finally, the recent literature suggests than any concern that educational generational progress among Latino immigrants has lagged behind other immigrant groups is largely unfounded.']
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['Introduction to the Series']
['The series Handbooks in Economics is to produce Handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from recent journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.']
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19
3A1831634686.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831634686", "(firstid)KEP:083769145", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01028-2" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Economic development", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "Econometric models", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "ECONOMIC POLICY", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "Economische groei", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "Mathematical models", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 340", "pollution", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "sustainable development", "limits to growth", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "natural resources", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "environmental Kuznets curve", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum" ], "title": "Chapter 28. Economic Growth and the Environment: A Review of Theory and Empirics", "abstract": "The relationship between economic growth and the environment is, and will always remain, controversial. Some see the emergence of new pollution problems, the lack of success in dealing with global warming and the still rising population in the Third World as proof positive that humans are a short-sighted and rapacious species. Others however see the glass as half full. They note the tremendous progress made in providing urban sanitation, improvements in air quality in major cities and marvel at the continuing improvements in the human condition made possible by technological advance. The first group focuses on the remaining and often serious environmental problems of the day; the second on the long, but sometimes erratic, history of improvement in living standards. 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['Elsevier']
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['Chapter 28. Economic Growth and the Environment: A Review of Theory and Empirics']
['The relationship between economic growth and the environment is, and will always remain, controversial. Some see the emergence of new pollution problems, the lack of success in dealing with global warming and the still rising population in the Third World as proof positive that humans are a short-sighted and rapacious species. Others however see the glass as half full. They note the tremendous progress made in providing urban sanitation, improvements in air quality in major cities and marvel at the continuing improvements in the human condition made possible by technological advance. The first group focuses on the remaining and often serious environmental problems of the day; the second on the long, but sometimes erratic, history of improvement in living standards. These views are not necessarily inconsistent and growth theory offers us the tools needed to explore the link between environmental problems of today and the likelihood of their improvement tomorrow. This review articles discusses and evaluates the theoretical literature linking environmental quality to economic growth. We focus on three questions. These are: (1) what is the relationship between economic growth and the environment? (2) how can we escape the limits to growth imposed by environmental constraints? and (3) where should future research focus its efforts? For the most part, we discuss the link between industrial pollution and growth, but also show how this most recent work is related to earlier contributions on exhaustible resources and growth. While no review can settle the perennial debate over the limits to growth, this review moves the literature forward by identifying important unresolved theoretical questions, reports on the results of recent empirical work, and provides an integrative assessment of where we stand today.']
['2005']
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['']
['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634686']
['Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634708.jsonld
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[]
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['Elsevier']
[['development', 'networks', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Mathematical models', 'identification', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'social capital', 'Economische groei', 'inequality', 'Electronic books', 'growth', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Développement économique', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'Modèles économétriques', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Economic development', 'trust', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Econometric models']]
['Chapter 26. Social Capital']
['This chapter surveys research on social capital. We explore the concepts that motivate the social capital literature, efforts to formally model social capital using economic theory, the econometrics of social capital, and empirical studies of the role of social capital in various socioeconomic outcomes. While our focus is primarily on the place of social capital in economics, we do consider its broader social science context. We argue that while the social capital literature has produced many insights, a number of conceptual and statistical problems exist with the current use of social capital by social scientists. We propose some ways to strengthen the social capital literature.']
['2005']
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['national licence']
['']
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['Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634724.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083769102", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01024-5", "(ppn)1831634724" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "endogenous growth", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "Economic development", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "ECONOMIC POLICY", "spatial distributions", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "Economische groei", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "urbanization", "Econometric models", "rural\u2013urban migration", "system of cities", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "agglomeration", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "Mathematical models", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "growth models", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 340", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "dual sector models" ], "title": "Chapter 24. Urbanization and Growth", "abstract": "This chapter on urbanization and growth focuses on modeling and empirical evidence that pertain to a number of inter-related questions. Why do cities form in an economy, with so much of economic activity in countries geographically concentrated in cities? Second, how do different types of cities interact with each other in terms of trade and migration? Given the answers to these questions the chapter turns to growth issues. How does a system of cities evolve under economic and population growth; and how does urban growth intersect with, or even define national economic growth? In growth theory, endogenous growth is based on knowledge spillovers and sharing, and evidence suggests that much of that interaction must occur at the level of individual cities. In the early stages of growth, economic development is characterized by urbanization \u2013 a spatial transformation of the economy, where the population moves through migration from an agricultural, rural based existence to one where production occurs in cities of endogenous numbers and size. How do we model that transformation process and what are the key aspects of the transformation? In any static, growth, or development\u2013urbanization context, how do governance, institutions, and public policy affect city formation and sizes, which then in turn affect economic efficiency. Cities require enormous public infrastructure investments which affect urban quality of life, in particular health and safety and commuting and congestion costs. Institutions governing land markets, property rights, local government autonomy, and local financing affect the city formation process and city sizes. And national government policies concerning trade, labor policies and national investment in communications and transport infrastructure affect the shape of the urban system. A final set of questions has to do with where cities locate. What is the effect of history, of climate and of natural resource locations, including rivers and natural harbors, on the location of current urban agglomerations?", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "1543-1591", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780444520432", "(ppn)825903173", "(isbn13)9780080461144", "(isbn13)9780444508379", "(isbn13)9780444520418", "(isbn)0444520430", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2005", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3" }, "pageStart": "1543", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01024-5", "P30128": "Handbook of economic growth ; 1B", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
[]
[]
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083769102', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01024-5', '(ppn)1831634724']]
['Elsevier']
[['endogenous growth', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Economic development', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'spatial distributions', 'Modèles économétriques', 'Economische groei', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'urbanization', 'Econometric models', 'rural–urban migration', 'system of cities', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'agglomeration', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Mathematical models', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Développement économique', 'growth models', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'dual sector models']]
['Chapter 24. Urbanization and Growth']
['This chapter on urbanization and growth focuses on modeling and empirical evidence that pertain to a number of inter-related questions. Why do cities form in an economy, with so much of economic activity in countries geographically concentrated in cities? Second, how do different types of cities interact with each other in terms of trade and migration? Given the answers to these questions the chapter turns to growth issues. How does a system of cities evolve under economic and population growth; and how does urban growth intersect with, or even define national economic growth? In growth theory, endogenous growth is based on knowledge spillovers and sharing, and evidence suggests that much of that interaction must occur at the level of individual cities. In the early stages of growth, economic development is characterized by urbanization – a spatial transformation of the economy, where the population moves through migration from an agricultural, rural based existence to one where production occurs in cities of endogenous numbers and size. How do we model that transformation process and what are the key aspects of the transformation? In any static, growth, or development–urbanization context, how do governance, institutions, and public policy affect city formation and sizes, which then in turn affect economic efficiency. Cities require enormous public infrastructure investments which affect urban quality of life, in particular health and safety and commuting and congestion costs. Institutions governing land markets, property rights, local government autonomy, and local financing affect the city formation process and city sizes. And national government policies concerning trade, labor policies and national investment in communications and transport infrastructure affect the shape of the urban system. A final set of questions has to do with where cities locate. What is the effect of history, of climate and of natural resource locations, including rivers and natural harbors, on the location of current urban agglomerations?']
['2005']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
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['']
['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634724']
['Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634732.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3", "sameAs": "Wachstumstheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634732", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Wacziarg, Romain", "Alesina, Alberto", "Spolaore, Enrico" ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083769099", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01023-3", "(ppn)1831634732" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Mathematical models", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "ECONOMIC POLICY", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "Economische groei", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 340", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "Econometric models", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "Economic development" ], "title": "Chapter 23. Trade, Growth and the Size of Countries", "abstract": "Normally, economists take the size of countries as an exogenous variable. Nevertheless, the borders of countries and their size change, partially in response to economic factors such as the pattern of international trade. Conversely, the size of countries influences their economic performance and their preferences for international economic policies \u2013 for instance smaller countries have a greater stake in maintaining free trade. In this paper, we review the theory and evidence concerning a growing body of research that considers both the impact of market size on growth and the endogenous determination of country size. We argue that our understanding of economic performance and of the history of international economic integration can be greatly improved by bringing the issue of country size at the forefront of the analysis of growth.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "1499-1542", "isPartOf": [ "(ppn)825903173", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080461144", "(isbn13)9780444520418", "(isbn13)9780444520432", "(isbn13)9780444508379", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0444520430" ], "issued": "2005", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3" }, "pageStart": "1499", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01023-3", "P30128": "Handbook of economic growth ; 1B", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
[]
[]
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083769099', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01023-3', '(ppn)1831634732']]
['Elsevier']
[['Mathematical models', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'Modèles économétriques', 'Modèles mathématiques', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Economische groei', 'Développement économique', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Econometric models', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Economic development']]
['Chapter 23. Trade, Growth and the Size of Countries']
['Normally, economists take the size of countries as an exogenous variable. Nevertheless, the borders of countries and their size change, partially in response to economic factors such as the pattern of international trade. Conversely, the size of countries influences their economic performance and their preferences for international economic policies – for instance smaller countries have a greater stake in maintaining free trade. In this paper, we review the theory and evidence concerning a growing body of research that considers both the impact of market size on growth and the endogenous determination of country size. We argue that our understanding of economic performance and of the history of international economic integration can be greatly improved by bringing the issue of country size at the forefront of the analysis of growth.']
['2005']
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['Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634783.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083769048", "(ppn)1831634783", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01018-X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "ECONOMIC POLICY", "information technology", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "technology improvement", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 340", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "Electronic books", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "creative destruction", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "Economische groei", "productivity slowdowns", "Econometric models", "electricity", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "Mathematical models", "IT revolution", "Economic development", "Economic development ; Mathematical models" ], "title": "Chapter 18. General Purpose Technologies", "abstract": "A general purpose technology or GPT is a term coined to describe a new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a protracted aggregate impact. Electricity and information technology (IT) probably are the two most important GPTs so far. We analyze how the U.S. economy reacted to them. We date the Electrification era from 1894 until 1930, and the IT era from 1971 until the present. While we document some differences between the two technologies, we follow David [In: Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy (1991) 315\u2013347] and emphasize their similarities. Our main findings are: 1. Productivity growth in the two GPT eras tended to be lower than it was in other periods, with productivity slowdowns taking place at the start of the two eras and the IT era slowdown stronger than that seen during Electrification. 2. Both GPTs were widely adopted, but electricity\u2019s adoption was faster and more uniform over sectors. 3. Both improved as they were adopted, but measured by its relative price decline, IT has shown a much faster improvement than Electricity did. 4. Both have spawned innovation, but here, too, IT dominates Electricity in terms of the number of patents and trademarks issued. 5. Both were accompanied by a rise in \u201ccreative destruction\u201d and turbulence as measured by the entry and exit of firms, by mergers and takeovers, and by changing valuations on the stock exchange. In sum, Electrification spread faster than IT has been spreading, and it did so more evenly and broadly over sectors. Also, IT comprises a smaller fraction of the physical capital stock than electrified machinery did at its corresponding stage. On the other hand, IT seems to be technologically more dynamic; the ongoing spread of IT and its continuing precipitous price decline are reasons for optimism about productivity growth in the 21st century.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "1181-1224", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780080461144", "(isbn13)9780444520418", "(ppn)825903173", "(isbn13)9780444520432", "(isbn13)9780444508379", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0444520430", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article" ], "issued": "2005", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3" }, "pageStart": "1181", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01018-X", "P30128": "Handbook of economic growth ; 1B", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
[]
[]
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083769048', '(ppn)1831634783', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01018-X']]
['Elsevier']
[['ECONOMIC POLICY', 'information technology', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'technology improvement', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'Modèles économétriques', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 340', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Electronic books', 'Développement économique', 'creative destruction', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'Economische groei', 'productivity slowdowns', 'Econometric models', 'electricity', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Mathematical models', 'IT revolution', 'Economic development', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models']]
['Chapter 18. General Purpose Technologies']
['A general purpose technology or GPT is a term coined to describe a new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a protracted aggregate impact. Electricity and information technology (IT) probably are the two most important GPTs so far. We analyze how the U.S. economy reacted to them. We date the Electrification era from 1894 until 1930, and the IT era from 1971 until the present. While we document some differences between the two technologies, we follow David [In: Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy (1991) 315–347] and emphasize their similarities. Our main findings are: 1. Productivity growth in the two GPT eras tended to be lower than it was in other periods, with productivity slowdowns taking place at the start of the two eras and the IT era slowdown stronger than that seen during Electrification. 2. Both GPTs were widely adopted, but electricity’s adoption was faster and more uniform over sectors. 3. Both improved as they were adopted, but measured by its relative price decline, IT has shown a much faster improvement than Electricity did. 4. Both have spawned innovation, but here, too, IT dominates Electricity in terms of the number of patents and trademarks issued. 5. Both were accompanied by a rise in “creative destruction” and turbulence as measured by the entry and exit of firms, by mergers and takeovers, and by changing valuations on the stock exchange. In sum, Electrification spread faster than IT has been spreading, and it did so more evenly and broadly over sectors. Also, IT comprises a smaller fraction of the physical capital stock than electrified machinery did at its corresponding stage. On the other hand, IT seems to be technologically more dynamic; the ongoing spread of IT and its continuing precipitous price decline are reasons for optimism about productivity growth in the 21st century.']
['2005']
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['national licence']
['']
['gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634783']
['Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634805.jsonld
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['Chapter 16. Growth and Ideas']
['Ideas are different from nearly all other economic goods in that they are nonrivalrous. This nonrivalry implies that production possibilities are likely to be characterized by increasing returns to scale, an insight that has profound implications for economic growth. The purpose of this chapter is to explore these implications.']
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['Wachstumstheorie']
19
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['Chapter 15 National Policies and Economic Growth: A Reappraisal']
['The new growth literature, using both endogenous growth and neoclassical models, has generated strong claims for the effect of national policies on economic growth. Empirical work on policies and growth has tended to confirm these claims. This paper casts doubt on this claim for strong effects of national policies, pointing out that such effects are inconsistent with several stylized facts and seem to depend on extreme observations in growth regressions. More modest effects of policy are consistent with theoretical models that feature substitutability between the formal and informal sector, have a large share for the informal sector, or stress technological change rather than factor accumulation.']
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19
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['Chapter 13 Human Capital and Technology Diffusion']
['This paper generalizes the Nelson–Phelps catch-up model of technology diffusion. We allow for the possibility that the pattern of technology diffusion can be exponential, which would predict that nations would exhibit positive catch-up with the leader nation, or logistic, in which a country with a sufficiently small capital stock may exhibit slower total factor productivity growth than the leader nation. We derive a nonlinear specification for total factor productivity growth that nests these two specifications. We estimate this specification for a cross-section of nations from 1960 through 1995. Our results support the logistic specification, and are robust to a number of sensitivity checks. Our model also appears to predict slow total factor productivity growth well. 22 of the 27 nations that we identify as lacking the critical human capital levels needed to achieve faster total factor productivity growth than the leader nation in 1960 did achieve lower growth over the next 35 years.']
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['Chapter 8 Growth Econometrics']
['This paper provides a survey and synthesis of econometric tools that have been employed to study economic growth. While these tools range across a variety of statistical methods, they are united in the common goals of first, identifying interesting contemporaneous patterns in growth data and second, drawing inferences on long-run economic outcomes from cross-section and temporal variation in growth. We describe the main stylized facts that have motivated the development of growth econometrics, the major statistical tools that have been employed to provide structural explanations for these facts, and the primary statistical issues that arise in the study of growth data. An important aspect of the survey is attention to the limits that exist in drawing conclusions from growth data, limits that reflect model uncertainty and the general weakness of available data relative to the sorts of questions for which they are employed.']
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19
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768939", "(ppn)1831634899", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01007-5" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "factor allocation", "Economische groei", "Mathematical models", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy", "aggregate production function", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General", "Econometric models", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development", "non-convexities", "ECONOMIC POLICY", "Wachstumstheorie", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "non-aggregative growth theory", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "Handbooks and manuals", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "Technischer Fortschritt", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "Economic development", "Electronic books" ], "title": "Chapter 7 Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Economics", "abstract": "Growth theory has traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function, whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource allocation within each economy. We show extensive evidence, culled from the micro-development literature, demonstrating that the assumption of optimal resource allocation fails radically. The key fact is the enormous heterogeneity of rates of return to the same factor within a single economy, a heterogeneity that dwarfs the cross-country heterogeneity in the economy-wide average return. Prima facie , we argue, this evidence poses problems for old and new growth theories alike. We then review the literature on various causes of this misallocation. We go on to calibrate a simple model which explicitly introduces the possibility of misallocation into an otherwise standard growth model. We show that, in order to match the data, it is enough to have misallocated factors: there also needs to be important fixed costs in production. 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[['factor allocation', 'Economische groei', 'Mathematical models', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy', 'aggregate production function', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General', 'Econometric models', 'Economic development ; Mathematical models', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development', 'non-convexities', 'ECONOMIC POLICY', 'Wachstumstheorie', 'Economic development ; Econometric models', 'non-aggregative growth theory', 'ECONOMIC GROWTH', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum', 'Handbooks and manuals', '(classificationName=loc)HD75.5', 'Technischer Fortschritt', '(classificationName=ddc)338.9', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment', 'Modèles économétriques', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Développement économique', 'TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE', 'ECONOMETRIC MODELS', 'Economic development', 'Electronic books']]
['Chapter 7 Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Economics']
['Growth theory has traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function, whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource allocation within each economy. We show extensive evidence, culled from the micro-development literature, demonstrating that the assumption of optimal resource allocation fails radically. The key fact is the enormous heterogeneity of rates of return to the same factor within a single economy, a heterogeneity that dwarfs the cross-country heterogeneity in the economy-wide average return. Prima facie , we argue, this evidence poses problems for old and new growth theories alike. We then review the literature on various causes of this misallocation. We go on to calibrate a simple model which explicitly introduces the possibility of misallocation into an otherwise standard growth model. We show that, in order to match the data, it is enough to have misallocated factors: there also needs to be important fixed costs in production. We conclude by outlining the contour of a possible non-aggregate growth theory, and review the existing attempts to take such a model to the data.']
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19
3A1831634902.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831634902", "(firstid)KEP:083768920", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "distributions", "Wachstumstheorie", "development", "POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "Technischer Fortschritt", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "Economic development", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "efficiency", "property rights", "Electronic books", "growth", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development", "ECONOMIC POLICY", "institutions", "Handbooks and manuals", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "rents", "political power", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "Econometric models", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business", "conflict", "Mathematical models", "Economische groei" ], "title": "Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth", "abstract": "This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two \u201cquasi-natural experiments\u201d in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. 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['Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth']
['This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two “quasi-natural experiments” in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples.']
['2005']
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[[{'@id': 'gnd:4059252-2'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4128160-3'}]]
['gnd:4059252-2', 'gnd:4128160-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634902']
['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
19
3A1831634910.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4059252-2", "sameAs": "Technischer Fortschritt" }, { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3", "sameAs": "Wachstumstheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634910", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Azariadis, Costas", "Stachurski, John" ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768912", "(ppn)1831634910", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01005-1" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "ECONOMIC POLICY", "institutions", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Structural Adjustment", "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Business Development", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Economic development ; Econometric models", "market failure", "Economic development", "Technischer Fortschritt", "Econometric models", "Economische groei", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420372)83.31 - Wirtschaftswachstum", "Mathematical models", "world income distribution", "POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Economic Policy", "history dependence", "Electronic books", "persistent poverty", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; Economic Development", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Development ; General", "Economic development ; Mathematical models", "Handbooks and manuals", "(classificationName=ddc)338.9", "Mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques", "ECONOMETRIC MODELS", "ECONOMIC GROWTH", "(classificationName=loc)HD75.5", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Government & Business", "technology", "Wachstumstheorie" ], "title": "Chapter 5 Poverty Traps", "abstract": "This survey reviews models of self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty to persist. Some of them examine market failure in environments where the neoclassical assumptions on markets and technology break down. Other mechanisms include institutional failure which can, by itself, perpetuate self-reinforcing poverty. A common thread in all these mechanisms is their adverse impact on the acquisition of physical or human capital, and on the adoption of modern technology. The survey also reviews recent progress in the empirical poverty trap literature.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "295-384", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)0080461131", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780080461137", "(isbn13)9780444520418", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)1655602365", "(isbn)0444520414" ], "issued": "2005", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4128160-3" }, { "@id": "gnd:4059252-2" } ], "pageStart": "295", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01005-1", "P30128": "Handbook of economic growth ; 1A", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 5 Poverty Traps']
['This survey reviews models of self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty to persist. Some of them examine market failure in environments where the neoclassical assumptions on markets and technology break down. Other mechanisms include institutional failure which can, by itself, perpetuate self-reinforcing poverty. A common thread in all these mechanisms is their adverse impact on the acquisition of physical or human capital, and on the adoption of modern technology. The survey also reviews recent progress in the empirical poverty trap literature.']
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['Technischer Fortschritt', 'Wachstumstheorie']
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3A1831634945.jsonld
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['Chapter 2 Growth with Quality-Improving Innovations: An Integrated Framework']
['In this chapter we argue that the endogenous growth model with quality-improving innovations provides a framework for analyzing the determinants of long-run growth and convergence that is versatile, simple and empirically useful. Versatile, as the same framework can be used to analyze how growth interacts with development and cross-country convergence and divergence, how it interacts with industrial organization and in particular market structure, and how it interacts with organizations and institutional change. Simple, since all these aspects can be analyzed using the same elementary model. Empirically useful, as the framework generates a whole range of new microeconomic and macroeconomic predictions while it addresses empirical criticisms raised by other endogenous growth models in the literature.']
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['Chapter 1 Neoclassical Models of Endogenous Growth: The Effects of Fiscal Policy, Innovation and Fluctuations']
['Despite its role as the centerpiece of modern growth theory, the Solow model is decidedly silent on some of its basic questions: Why is average growth in per capita income so much higher now than it was 200 years ago? Why is per capita income so much higher in the member countries of the OECD than in the less developed countries (LDC) of the world? In this chapter we review the recent literature on endogenous growth. We concentrate on convex models and we restrict attention to the case in which markets are competitive. After a brief review of the basic mechanisms that produces growth, we concentrate on three topics: the impact of fiscal policies on growth, the role of innovation and the relationship between uncertainty and growth.']
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3A183163497X.jsonld
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['Author Index']
['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economics of Art and Culture , such as Abele, H., Abraham, K., Adamowicz, W., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']
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3A1831634988.jsonld
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['Acknowledgements']
['This chapter presents an acknowledgement by the author to various other people, such as Orley Ashenfelter and Alan Kruege from the Industrial Relations Section at Princeton, for the help in consistently acting to ensure the very best outcome for the major projects described in this volume.']
['2006']
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['national licence']
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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831634988']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635003.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635003", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Arrow, Kenneth J.", "Intriligator, Michael D." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768823", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01038-6", "(ppn)1831635003" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Economic aspects", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "Art", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "Culture" ], "title": "Introduction to the Series", "abstract": "The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "v", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(isbn)0080464750", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(ppn)1655602489", "(isbn)1280636653", "(isbn)0444508708" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" } ], "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01038-6", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Introduction to the Series']
['The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.']
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19
3A1831635011.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635011", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Katz, Stanley N.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01037-4", "(firstid)KEP:083768815", "(ppn)1831635011" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Culture", "culture", "arts", "Art", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "philanthropy", "foundations", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten" ], "title": "Chapter 37 Philanthropy", "abstract": "Charity on the English and early American model must be distinguished from philanthropy as it developed in America at the turn of the twentieth century. Philanthropy aims at the systemic eradication of social ills rather than, as does charity, at their amelioration. The general purpose philanthropic foundation became the standard vehicle for effecting this purpose, and made significant contributions to a variety of fields until the Great Depression, though funding for the arts was fairly limited. Much of the role of foundations was assumed by the federal government as it expanded in power and scope after World War II, often adopting the foundation modus operandi as its own. Partly as a result, foundations began to support the arts and culture, and when corporate philanthropy emerged in the 1950s it was also often aimed at the arts and culture. The National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities have been responsible since 1965 for the central government contribution to these fields. Recent changes in the foundation sector include the growth in the number of new, very well endowed foundations; the emergence of conservative foundations; a contraction in the scope of foundation funding, including fewer and smaller grants to the arts and culture; and the rising number of community and family foundations. American philanthropy is undoubtedly responsive to government policy and economic cycles, but there remains despite vicissitudes a unique affinity for philanthropy in the United States, perhaps explained in part by the relative weakness of the American state. In Europe, a different historical tradition and legal framework has given rise to different forms of support for the arts and culture, with a greater role for the state. 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['Chapter 37 Philanthropy']
['Charity on the English and early American model must be distinguished from philanthropy as it developed in America at the turn of the twentieth century. Philanthropy aims at the systemic eradication of social ills rather than, as does charity, at their amelioration. The general purpose philanthropic foundation became the standard vehicle for effecting this purpose, and made significant contributions to a variety of fields until the Great Depression, though funding for the arts was fairly limited. Much of the role of foundations was assumed by the federal government as it expanded in power and scope after World War II, often adopting the foundation modus operandi as its own. Partly as a result, foundations began to support the arts and culture, and when corporate philanthropy emerged in the 1950s it was also often aimed at the arts and culture. The National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities have been responsible since 1965 for the central government contribution to these fields. Recent changes in the foundation sector include the growth in the number of new, very well endowed foundations; the emergence of conservative foundations; a contraction in the scope of foundation funding, including fewer and smaller grants to the arts and culture; and the rising number of community and family foundations. American philanthropy is undoubtedly responsive to government policy and economic cycles, but there remains despite vicissitudes a unique affinity for philanthropy in the United States, perhaps explained in part by the relative weakness of the American state. In Europe, a different historical tradition and legal framework has given rise to different forms of support for the arts and culture, with a greater role for the state. Recent trends, however, suggest that non-American philanthropy is coming to resemble philanthropy in the United States.']
['2006']
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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635038.jsonld
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['Chapter 35 Cultural Policy: An American View']
['American cultural policy is made and executed by multiple governmental entities, with a large part of direct public expenditure coming from sub-national governments rather than the central government. Much the largest share of government support is provided by tax concessions for gifts to not-for-profit enterprises that are the predominant producers of the subsidized arts, and by tax concessions to private owners who agree to preserve their heritage buildings and sites. The multiplicity of government decision makers and the reliance on “arms-length” relations between government and not-for-profit private providers of cultural services results in cultural policy that appears to be and is incoherent, but is characteristic of American public policy in many spheres.']
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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635046.jsonld
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['Chapter 34 The Making of Cultural Policy: A European Perspective']
['No good comparable data on sizes of cultural sectors of the countries of Europe exist. Still, local and national governments of Europe spend substantial resources on culture and cultural sectors contribute significantly to employment and national income. After briefly describing special features of cultural goods and clarifying some misconceptions about the value of culture, valid and invalid arguments for subsidizing culture are discussed. Although it is easy to justify government support for preservation of heritage, this is more difficult for the performing arts. Due to changing technologies and advent of E-culture classic public-good arguments for government intervention in broadcasting and other cultural activities become less relevant. Different institutions lead to different cultural landscapes. Theories of delegation suggest delegating the judgement on artistic qualities and execution of cultural policy to an independent Arts Fund, with the Minister of Culture concentrating on formulating a mission for cultural policy and making sure it is implemented properly. Insights from the theories of local public goods and federalism are applied to the making of cultural policy in Europe. Different approaches to international cultural policy in Europe are discussed. The overview concludes with lessons for the making of cultural policy in Europe.']
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['Chapter 30 Culture in Urban and Regional Development']
['This chapter critically assesses, from an economic viewpoint, the role of the arts and culture in urban and regional development and growth. This includes the analysis of short run spending impacts, and longer term effects on location quality and creativity. In addition, the specific possibilities for using arts and cultural activities as a focal point in strategies for urban revitalization are discussed including the role of tourism, the non-market demand for arts and culture as an element in local willingness to support urban and regional development policies, questions of sustainability, etc. The reverse influence of regional economic development on the demand for and supply of culture in the region is analyzed and the location of arts and cultural industries is discussed highlighting the role of agglomeration of cultural industries.']
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19
3A1831635119.jsonld
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['Chapter 27 The Computation of Prices Indices']
['While there are no significant investment characteristics that inhibit art from being considered as an asset, a major hurdle has long been the lack of a systematic measure of its financial performance. Due to its heterogeneity (each piece is different) and its infrequency of trading (the exact same piece does not come to the market very often), the determination of changes in market value is difficult to ascertain. Two estimation methods are commonly used to construct indices. Repeat-sales regression (RSR) uses prices of individual objects traded at two distinct moments in time. If the characteristics of an object do not change (which is usually so for collectibles), the heterogeneity issue is bypassed. The basic idea of the hedonic regression (HR) method is to regress prices on various attributes of objects (dimensions, artist, subject matter, etc.) and to use the residuals of the regression which can be considered as “characteristic-free prices” to compute the price index. The chapter deals with the basics of hedonic and repeat-sales estimators, and tries to interpret in economic terms what both are trying to achieve. It also goes into some more technical details which may be useful for researchers who want to construct such indices, and gives some guidelines on how to go about collecting data, and the choice between RSR and HR that this induces. Both methods are compared using simulated returns, pointing to which method should be used given the data at hand.']
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19
3A1831635127.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635127", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Ashenfelter, Orley", "Graddy, Kathryn" ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:08376870X", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01026-X", "(ppn)1831635127" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "price fixing", "ART ; General", "Culture", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "asset returns", "price anomalies", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "auctions", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Art", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "art", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek" ], "title": "Chapter 26 Art Auctions", "abstract": "This paper contains a new review of the research of the last decade that has been designed to shed light on how the art auction system works, what it indicates about price formation, and how well it performs. We begin with a short description of the mechanics of the auction system and then organize the remainder of our discussion around two major topics. The first topic concerns how researchers have used auction prices. We begin by discussing the returns to holding art and whether certain classes of art make a better investment. We then discuss studies that have used auction prices to determine the importance of individual works of art and individual artists. We conclude this topic by discussing whether different auction houses achieve systematically different prices. The second topic focuses on studies that examine the influence of the auction mechanism on prices. We begin with a discussion of the Christie's and Sotheby's price fixing case and the role of the competitive behavior of auction houses in the determination of prices. We move on to discuss the role of experts and price estimates in auctions. We then look at whether items that fail at auction subsequently return less than items that have not failed and furthermore discuss sale rates and reserve prices. We conclude this topic by reviewing the extensive literature that has documented and tried to explain why the prices of identical objects are more likely to decline than to increase when multiple units are sold. Subsequent empirical research has tended to document declining prices even when the objects are imperfect substitutes.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "909-945", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)1655602489", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn)0080464750", "(isbn)0444508708", "(isbn)1280636653" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" } ], "pageStart": "909", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01026-X", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Elsevier North-Holland']
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['Chapter 26 Art Auctions']
["This paper contains a new review of the research of the last decade that has been designed to shed light on how the art auction system works, what it indicates about price formation, and how well it performs. We begin with a short description of the mechanics of the auction system and then organize the remainder of our discussion around two major topics. The first topic concerns how researchers have used auction prices. We begin by discussing the returns to holding art and whether certain classes of art make a better investment. We then discuss studies that have used auction prices to determine the importance of individual works of art and individual artists. We conclude this topic by discussing whether different auction houses achieve systematically different prices. The second topic focuses on studies that examine the influence of the auction mechanism on prices. We begin with a discussion of the Christie's and Sotheby's price fixing case and the role of the competitive behavior of auction houses in the determination of prices. We move on to discuss the role of experts and price estimates in auctions. We then look at whether items that fail at auction subsequently return less than items that have not failed and furthermore discuss sale rates and reserve prices. We conclude this topic by reviewing the extensive literature that has documented and tried to explain why the prices of identical objects are more likely to decline than to increase when multiple units are sold. Subsequent empirical research has tended to document declining prices even when the objects are imperfect substitutes."]
['2006']
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['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635127']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635135.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635135", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Adler, Moshe", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768696", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01025-8", "(ppn)1831635135" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "Economic aspects", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "talent", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Culture", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "stardom", "Art", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "superstars" ], "title": "Chapter 25 Stardom and Talent", "abstract": "The Economics of Superstars sets out to explain the relationship between talent and success in the arts, but there is no agreement about what this relationship is. But whatever its other features may be, superstardom means that market output is concentrated on just a few artists. Concentration always raises the question of efficiency. Superstardom may be inefficient not only because it raises prices for consumers but also because it deprives other artists of the opportunity to practice art. Artists who do not practice art lose psychic income. Because psychic income cannot be transferred from one person to another, the loss of this income may be inefficient. This chapter reviews theories of superstardom and theories about the emergence of stars. The efficiency of superstardom is discussed in terms of effects on consumers and the use of publicity rights by the star. The chapter goes on to deal with the loss of opportunities to practice art that are caused by superstardom and suggests ways to alleviate the problem. Finally the empirical literature that tests the different theories of superstardom is reviewed.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "895-906", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)1280636653", "(ppn)1655602489", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn)0080464750", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0444508708" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" } ], "pageStart": "895", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01025-8", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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[['(firstid)KEP:083768696', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01025-8', '(ppn)1831635135']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
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['Chapter 25 Stardom and Talent']
['The Economics of Superstars sets out to explain the relationship between talent and success in the arts, but there is no agreement about what this relationship is. But whatever its other features may be, superstardom means that market output is concentrated on just a few artists. Concentration always raises the question of efficiency. Superstardom may be inefficient not only because it raises prices for consumers but also because it deprives other artists of the opportunity to practice art. Artists who do not practice art lose psychic income. Because psychic income cannot be transferred from one person to another, the loss of this income may be inefficient. This chapter reviews theories of superstardom and theories about the emergence of stars. The efficiency of superstardom is discussed in terms of effects on consumers and the use of publicity rights by the star. The chapter goes on to deal with the loss of opportunities to practice art that are caused by superstardom and suggests ways to alleviate the problem. Finally the empirical literature that tests the different theories of superstardom is reviewed.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635135']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635143.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635143", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Towse, Ruth", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768688", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01024-6", "(ppn)1831635143" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "artists' training", "human capital", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Art", "Culture", "ART ; General", "Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "labour markets" ], "title": "Chapter 24 Human Capital and Artists' Labour Markets", "abstract": "It is argued that human capital theory applies only weakly to artists' decisions about investment in schooling and training and about occupational choice. However, the same can be said about the sorting model. What is lacking in cultural economics is an understanding of talent and creativity, what economic factors motivate artists and how creativity can be encouraged as part of government cultural policy. Bringing social and cultural capital into the equation do not seem to add much in the way of understanding artists' labour markets. A novel argument is made that the reproducibility of works of art in combination with copyright law alters the established view that human capital cannot be separated from labour, in this case that of the artist.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "865-894", "isPartOf": [ "(ppn)1655602489", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn)0080464750", "(isbn)1280636653", "(isbn)0444508708", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780444508706" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" } ], "pageStart": "865", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01024-6", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083768688', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01024-6', '(ppn)1831635143']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'Art ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=ddc)330', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'Kunstökonomie', "artists' training", 'human capital', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'Art', 'Culture', 'ART ; General', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'labour markets']]
["Chapter 24 Human Capital and Artists' Labour Markets"]
["It is argued that human capital theory applies only weakly to artists' decisions about investment in schooling and training and about occupational choice. However, the same can be said about the sorting model. What is lacking in cultural economics is an understanding of talent and creativity, what economic factors motivate artists and how creativity can be encouraged as part of government cultural policy. Bringing social and cultural capital into the equation do not seem to add much in the way of understanding artists' labour markets. A novel argument is made that the reproducibility of works of art in combination with copyright law alters the established view that human capital cannot be separated from labour, in this case that of the artist."]
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635143']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635151.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635151", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Wassall, Gregory H.", "Alper, Neil O." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01023-4", "(ppn)1831635151", "(firstid)KEP:08376867X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "Economic aspects", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "artists' earnings", "ART ; General", "Culture", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "Kulturwirtschaft", "artists' labor markets", "artists' careers", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Art", "artists", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750" ], "title": "Chapter 23 Artists' Careers and Their Labor Markets", "abstract": "This chapter is a continuation of ongoing work by economists and others on artists' labor markets and careers. It highlights the use of quasi-panel data obtained from census data to examine the employment and earnings of artists while comparing them to all the other professional and technical workers. It also provides a glimpse into what can be learned about artists' careers from true panel data. Quasi-panels from the seven most recent US censuses (1940\u20132000) provide a reasonably consistent set of findings in each census year. Artists are found to work fewer hours, suffer higher unemployment and earn less than members of the reference group. Over the sixty year period, disparities in unemployment and annual hours worked are found to shrink somewhat, but disparities in earnings do not. Artists earned less across all years even when only members working full-time year-round of each group are compared. The earnings of artists are found to display greater variability than those of other professional and technical workers. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 is used to examine almost twenty years in the artists' lives and provides some insights into their careers. It suggests that many people participate in the artistic labor market, but that few succeed to the point that enables them to develop a career in the arts. In part due to their relatively high educational levels, artists are found to be able to transition from forays into arts occupations to jobs in professional and managerial occupations, not into service occupations as artist \u2018mythology\u2019 might suggest. 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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01023-4', '(ppn)1831635151', '(firstid)KEP:08376867X']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
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["Chapter 23 Artists' Careers and Their Labor Markets"]
["This chapter is a continuation of ongoing work by economists and others on artists' labor markets and careers. It highlights the use of quasi-panel data obtained from census data to examine the employment and earnings of artists while comparing them to all the other professional and technical workers. It also provides a glimpse into what can be learned about artists' careers from true panel data. Quasi-panels from the seven most recent US censuses (1940–2000) provide a reasonably consistent set of findings in each census year. Artists are found to work fewer hours, suffer higher unemployment and earn less than members of the reference group. Over the sixty year period, disparities in unemployment and annual hours worked are found to shrink somewhat, but disparities in earnings do not. Artists earned less across all years even when only members working full-time year-round of each group are compared. The earnings of artists are found to display greater variability than those of other professional and technical workers. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 is used to examine almost twenty years in the artists' lives and provides some insights into their careers. It suggests that many people participate in the artistic labor market, but that few succeed to the point that enables them to develop a career in the arts. In part due to their relatively high educational levels, artists are found to be able to transition from forays into arts occupations to jobs in professional and managerial occupations, not into service occupations as artist ‘mythology’ might suggest. We find that when the artists are young and struggling to make it they do work in various service occupations that tend to provide greater work schedule flexibility."]
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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A183163516X.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768661", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01022-2", "(ppn)183163516X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "labor markets", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Economic aspects", "uncertainty", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "career", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "occupational choice", "creativity", "Culture", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "occupational risk management", "monopolistic competition", "excess supply", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Art" ], "title": "Chapter 22 Artistic Labor Markets: Contingent Work, Excess Supply and Occupational Risk Management", "abstract": "This chapter studies how and why artistic labor markets have expanded along a path of unbalanced growth. 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Employers use reputations as screening devices and signals of employability. Artists learn how to compose balanced sets of recurrent and non-recurrent hiring ties in order to secure a living as well as to increase their human capital. Considerable inequalities in amounts of work and earnings are observed, caused by the skewed distribution of talent and by joint consumption technologies that turn small differences in talent into huge earnings differentials. Inequalities may also trace back to the way a disintegrated labor market operates, since both the allocation of piecemeal work based on reputational rankings and team formation based on selective matchings magnify the power of differences in talent and work opportunity to increase inequality. 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['Chapter 22 Artistic Labor Markets: Contingent Work, Excess Supply and Occupational Risk Management']
["This chapter studies how and why artistic labor markets have expanded along a path of unbalanced growth. Long-term employment which nurtures the Baumolian cost disease persists only in large, heavily subsidized and sponsored organizations. The now dominant project-based system of production, with its functional needs for flexibility, relies on short-term assignments. Large parts of the business risk are transferred down onto the workforce in vertically disintegrated organizational settings. Artists and technical workers act mainly as contingent workers, freelancers and independent contractors; labor supply is patterned by repeated and discontinuous alternations between work and unemployment, and workers cycle between multiple jobs inside and outside the arts. Thus artistic labor markets display the main characteristics of a textbook model of imperfect monopolistic competition: excess supply of labor, unbounded differentiation of production, reputational rents, a population of small firms that has been growing as fast as the number of artists. On the supply side, the attractiveness of artistic occupations has to be balanced against the risk of failure that turns ideally non-routine jobs into ordinary or ephemeral undertakings. Learning by doing plays such a decisive role that in many artforms initial training is an imperfect filtering device. Individuals learn to manage the risks of their trade through multiple jobholding, occupational role versatility, portfolio diversification of employment ties, and income transfers from public support, social insurance and social security programs. Ironically, the study of the artists' risk management shows how rationally they behave, although artistic work may be highly idiosyncratic. Thus artists may be seen less like rational fools than like Bayesian actors. How do vertically disintegrated systems of production shape individual careers and organizational behavior? Loose employment relationships do not preclude contractual stability. Employers use reputations as screening devices and signals of employability. Artists learn how to compose balanced sets of recurrent and non-recurrent hiring ties in order to secure a living as well as to increase their human capital. Considerable inequalities in amounts of work and earnings are observed, caused by the skewed distribution of talent and by joint consumption technologies that turn small differences in talent into huge earnings differentials. Inequalities may also trace back to the way a disintegrated labor market operates, since both the allocation of piecemeal work based on reputational rankings and team formation based on selective matchings magnify the power of differences in talent and work opportunity to increase inequality. These factors should not cause the kind of permanent excess supply of labor in the arts that has been noted for decades if the occupational commitment of artists were not combined with the management of business uncertainty through overproduction of infinitely differentiated goods and services."]
['2006']
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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635208.jsonld
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[['(firstid)KEP:083768629', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01018-0', '(ppn)1831635208']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
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['Chapter 18 The Media and Advertising: A Tale of Two-Sided Markets']
["Media industries are important drivers of popular culture. A large fraction of leisure time is devoted to radio, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, and television (the illustrative example henceforth). Most advertising expenditures are incurred for these media. They are also mainly supported by advertising revenue. Early work stressed possible market failures in program duplication and catering to the Lowest Common Denominator, indicating lack of cultural diversity and quality. The business model for most media industries is underscored by advertisers' demand to reach prospective customers. This business model has important implications for performance in the market since viewer sovereignty is indirect. Viewers are attracted by programming, though they dislike the ads it carries, and advertisers want viewers as potential consumers. The two sides are coordinated by broadcasters (or “platforms”) that choose ad levels and program types, and advertising finances the programming. Competition for viewers of the demographics most desired by advertisers implies that programming choices will be biased towards the tastes of those with such demographics. The ability to use subscription pricing may help improve performance by catering to the tastes of those otherwise under-represented, though higher full prices tend to favor broadcasters at the expense of viewers and advertisers. If advertising demand is weak, program equilibrium program selection may be too extreme as broadcasters strive to avoid ruinous subscription price competition, but strong advertising demand may lead to strong competition for viewers and hence minimum differentiation (“la pensée unique”). Markets (such as newspapers) with a high proportion of ad-lovers may be served only by monopoly due to a circulation spiral: advertisers want to place ads in the paper with most readers, but readers want to buy the paper with more ads."]
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19
3A1831635216.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01017-9", "(ppn)1831635216", "(firstid)KEP:083768610" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "vertical differentiation", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "gatekeepers", "visual arts", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "non-profit organizations", "Culture", "motion picture industry", "Economic aspects", "toys and games industry", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "theaters", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "recording industry", "joint ventures", "job-matching", "creative industries", "publishing industry", "Art", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "royalties", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "option contracts", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "agglomeration", "ART ; General" ], "title": "Chapter 17 Organization of Arts and Entertainment Industries", "abstract": "The organization of the creative (arts and entertainment) industries rests on many types of contracts. These contracts govern collaborations between artists and other parties \u2013 at arm's length, or within an enterprise. These contracts' structures devolve from a few bedrock properties of creative work and creative products. Artists invest in developing their talents, presenting themselves before \u2018gatekeepers\u2019 who seek talents that can profitably be developed and marketed. Gatekeepers commonly function as agents for selecting artists and as match-makers between artists and complementary inputs. As an extension of the gatekeeping function, the participants in creative industries take part in a continuous ranking process that sets and revises the ranks of vertically differentiated talents. Real option contracts pervasively govern the sequential steps of developing a creative product. These can leave the artist an autonomous creative agent (pop musicians and record labels) or enclose artists' talents in an employment relationship (classic Hollywood studios). The transformation of the movie industry to \u2018flexible specialization\u2019 illustrates how changing basic conditions can transform the dominant form of organization. The scales of enterprise in the creative industries tend to be driven by the efficient scales with which creative goods are distributed (very large for record labels and movie studios, small for art galleries), and they tend to assort themselves into those focused on the distribution of creative goods (\u2018promoters\u2019) and those concerned with identifying and nurturing creative talents (\u2018pickers\u2019). Large enterprises also include the \u2018entertainment conglomerates\u2019 which seek synergistic gains that depend theoretically on quite special conditions; foreclosure and its avoidance may be principal motives. Non-profit enterprises dominate a number of arts activities, apparently for two interrelated reasons. These activities incur high fixed but low marginal costs, pressing them to employ two-part prices and club arrangements to ensure fixed costs' coverage. When product quality is endogenous, however, non-profit status may be necessary for the manager credibly to foreswear degrading quality once the fixed payment is in hand. 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['Chapter 17 Organization of Arts and Entertainment Industries']
["The organization of the creative (arts and entertainment) industries rests on many types of contracts. These contracts govern collaborations between artists and other parties – at arm's length, or within an enterprise. These contracts' structures devolve from a few bedrock properties of creative work and creative products. Artists invest in developing their talents, presenting themselves before ‘gatekeepers’ who seek talents that can profitably be developed and marketed. Gatekeepers commonly function as agents for selecting artists and as match-makers between artists and complementary inputs. As an extension of the gatekeeping function, the participants in creative industries take part in a continuous ranking process that sets and revises the ranks of vertically differentiated talents. Real option contracts pervasively govern the sequential steps of developing a creative product. These can leave the artist an autonomous creative agent (pop musicians and record labels) or enclose artists' talents in an employment relationship (classic Hollywood studios). The transformation of the movie industry to ‘flexible specialization’ illustrates how changing basic conditions can transform the dominant form of organization. The scales of enterprise in the creative industries tend to be driven by the efficient scales with which creative goods are distributed (very large for record labels and movie studios, small for art galleries), and they tend to assort themselves into those focused on the distribution of creative goods (‘promoters’) and those concerned with identifying and nurturing creative talents (‘pickers’). Large enterprises also include the ‘entertainment conglomerates’ which seek synergistic gains that depend theoretically on quite special conditions; foreclosure and its avoidance may be principal motives. Non-profit enterprises dominate a number of arts activities, apparently for two interrelated reasons. These activities incur high fixed but low marginal costs, pressing them to employ two-part prices and club arrangements to ensure fixed costs' coverage. When product quality is endogenous, however, non-profit status may be necessary for the manager credibly to foreswear degrading quality once the fixed payment is in hand. Non-profits supported by donation streams thus enjoy functional advantages."]
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19
3A1831635232.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635232", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Brooks, Arthur C.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768599", "(ppn)1831635232", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01015-5" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "cultural economics", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "nonprofit organizations", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Art", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Economic aspects", "performing arts firms", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "Culture", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750" ], "title": "Chapter 15 Nonprofit Firms in the Performing Arts", "abstract": "The nonprofit performing arts have received substantial attention in the cultural economics literature, and represent an interesting application for many areas of economic inquiry. This chapter surveys the relevant theory and the most prominent empirical studies on performing arts nonprofits. The chapter begins with a description of the nonprofit sector \u2013 and the role of the performing arts in this sector \u2013 around the world. I then ask why performing arts nonprofits exist, taking into account the objectives of both consumers and suppliers of performing arts services. Next, I study the production and cost conditions that these firms face, paying particular attention to issues such as product quality, product cross-subsidization, and the so-called \u201ccost disease\u201d. The issue of revenue sources and their generation follows, with a special emphasis on earned revenues, donations, and government subsidies. This discussion includes topics such as ticket pricing strategies, fundraising innovations, and the relationship between private giving and public funding. The chapter closes with suggestions for future research on the nonprofit performing arts.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "473-506", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)0080464750", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(ppn)1655602489", "(isbn)0444508708", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn)1280636653", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" } ], "pageStart": "473", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01015-5", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 15 Nonprofit Firms in the Performing Arts']
['The nonprofit performing arts have received substantial attention in the cultural economics literature, and represent an interesting application for many areas of economic inquiry. This chapter surveys the relevant theory and the most prominent empirical studies on performing arts nonprofits. The chapter begins with a description of the nonprofit sector – and the role of the performing arts in this sector – around the world. I then ask why performing arts nonprofits exist, taking into account the objectives of both consumers and suppliers of performing arts services. Next, I study the production and cost conditions that these firms face, paying particular attention to issues such as product quality, product cross-subsidization, and the so-called “cost disease”. The issue of revenue sources and their generation follows, with a special emphasis on earned revenues, donations, and government subsidies. This discussion includes topics such as ticket pricing strategies, fundraising innovations, and the relationship between private giving and public funding. The chapter closes with suggestions for future research on the nonprofit performing arts.']
['2006']
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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635232']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635240.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01014-3", "(ppn)1831635240", "(firstid)KEP:083768580" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "Economic aspects", "learning-by-consuming", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "elasticity", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "rational addiction", "firm versus industry", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "product quality", "demand", "habit formation", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "Culture", "ART ; General", "performing arts", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "pricing", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Art", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten" ], "title": "Chapter 14 Empirical Studies of Demand for the Performing Arts", "abstract": "While audience and participation surveys, as well as econometric demand studies, generally confirm that performing arts audiences are relatively elite, there are surprises. Education (despite conflicting causal interpretations) is a stronger determinant than income, but that evidence is more reliable from survey results than from econometric estimation, and arts training is often distinguished from formal education. The arts as luxury goods can only be confirmed by those rare studies controlling for the value of time, and price elasticities are often higher than expected, especially when more disaggregated data are examined. Price inelastic demand is more likely the result of low pricing strategies of non-profit arts managements rather than any inherent result of an acquired taste for the arts, while cross-price elasticity evidence is relatively weak, even within the performing arts. Arts demand cannot adequately be estimated without also considering \u201clife-style\u201d variables, or non-standard socioeconomic factors such as sexual orientation, gender and socialization processes, and even the role of age has been notably complex. Quality of arts performance or organization seems important, but the econometric results are mixed. Habit formation must be distinguished from learning-by-consuming and rational addiction in examining dynamic determinants. 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['Elsevier North-Holland']
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['Chapter 14 Empirical Studies of Demand for the Performing Arts']
['While audience and participation surveys, as well as econometric demand studies, generally confirm that performing arts audiences are relatively elite, there are surprises. Education (despite conflicting causal interpretations) is a stronger determinant than income, but that evidence is more reliable from survey results than from econometric estimation, and arts training is often distinguished from formal education. The arts as luxury goods can only be confirmed by those rare studies controlling for the value of time, and price elasticities are often higher than expected, especially when more disaggregated data are examined. Price inelastic demand is more likely the result of low pricing strategies of non-profit arts managements rather than any inherent result of an acquired taste for the arts, while cross-price elasticity evidence is relatively weak, even within the performing arts. Arts demand cannot adequately be estimated without also considering “life-style” variables, or non-standard socioeconomic factors such as sexual orientation, gender and socialization processes, and even the role of age has been notably complex. Quality of arts performance or organization seems important, but the econometric results are mixed. Habit formation must be distinguished from learning-by-consuming and rational addiction in examining dynamic determinants. Sociologists, psychologists, and marketing specialists, as well as economists, have contributed to this literature, which remains unusually enigmatic despite about forty years of increasingly sophisticated analysis.']
['2006']
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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635240']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635259.jsonld
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['Chapter 13 Culture and Economic Development']
['This chapter begins by noting that culture as an element in economic development in the Third World has been largely neglected in traditional development economics, most writers either seeing culture as an obstacle to development or ignoring it altogether. Recently a shift in thinking has occurred whereby culture is now more widely seen as being more central to the development process, especially where a human-centered rather than a goods-centered view of development is taken. A particular aspect of culture that has been seen as important has been cultural diversity; it is argued that the beneficial aspects of diversity can only be realized when they are seen within a global ethical framework. The chapter goes on to consider the destructive and constructive role of conflict in bringing about social change, and discusses the pervasive effects of globalization on the economies and cultures of the world, arguing that international integration can lead to national disintegration. Next the chapter looks at the role of tourism as a significant economic and cultural force in developing countries. Finally the essay concludes with some recommendations for policy.']
['2006']
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[[{'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635259']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635275.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635275", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Baumol, William J.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831635275", "(firstid)KEP:083768556", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01011-8" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "pricing of reproduction rights", "art dissemination", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Culture", "art preservation", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "Art", "ART ; General", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "new media", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Economic aspects", "arts financing", "artistic standards and technological progress" ], "title": "Chapter 11 The Arts in the \u201cNew Economy\u201d", "abstract": "The revolutionary growth in economic prosperity and technological change that underlie the \u201cnew economy\u201d have profoundly affected the arts. They have evidently contributed new and previously unimaginable methods of dissemination and preservation. But they have even had revolutionary effects on goals and standards. They have substantially affected training. These developments also raise profound problems for financial support and pricing. The paper characterizes these developments and suggests the nature of the relationships. It also provides a brief discussion of relevant pricing principles dealing with the trade-off between encouragement of creativity and facilitation of dissemination.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "339-358", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)1280636653", "(isbn)0444508708", "(isbn)0080464750", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(ppn)1655602489" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" } ], "pageStart": "339", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01011-8", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['oek']
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['Elsevier North-Holland']
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['Chapter 11 The Arts in the “New Economy”']
['The revolutionary growth in economic prosperity and technological change that underlie the “new economy” have profoundly affected the arts. They have evidently contributed new and previously unimaginable methods of dissemination and preservation. But they have even had revolutionary effects on goals and standards. They have substantially affected training. These developments also raise profound problems for financial support and pricing. The paper characterizes these developments and suggests the nature of the relationships. It also provides a brief discussion of relevant pricing principles dealing with the trade-off between encouragement of creativity and facilitation of dissemination.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635275']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635291.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635291", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Legros, Patrick", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01009-X", "(firstid)KEP:08376853X", "(ppn)1831635291" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "Internet", "copyright", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "intellectual protection", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "Art", "licensing", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "Economic aspects", "Culture", "appropriability" ], "title": "Chapter 9 Copyright, Art and Internet: Blessing the Curse?", "abstract": "The new technologies of digitalization and the Internet threaten the market positions of artists and intermediaries. Artists because the technology of production of works may be readily accessible and craftsmanship may no longer be a defining characteristic of art. Intermediaries because their rents are linked to entry barriers in the distribution market. This curse of new technologies may be a blessing in disguise since it also increases the possibilities of production, of distribution and the emergence of new works of art. The system of intellectual protection gives market power to artists and the economic literature has analyzed the tradeoff between the dynamic inefficiency generated by this market power and the need to preserve the incentives for creation. We review this literature and some of its recent applications to artistic, and more generally intellectual, creation. Even if artists can capture perfectly the market value of the future home production by consumers, they may favor a strong copyright regime that prevents consumers from using their home production. Intermediaries and artists may want to limit competition in order to increase the rents brought by the indivisibility of creative ideas. The preferences of artists for strong or weaker form (e.g., licensing of rights for home production) of copyright may be related to their creativity.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "285-308", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn)1280636653", "(isbn)0444508708", "(ppn)1655602489", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(isbn)0080464750", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" } ], "pageStart": "285", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01009-X", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01009-X', '(firstid)KEP:08376853X', '(ppn)1831635291']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['Internet', 'copyright', 'ART ; General', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'Kunstökonomie', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', '(classificationName=ddc)330', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', 'intellectual protection', 'Kulturwirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'Art', 'licensing', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', 'Economic aspects', 'Culture', 'appropriability']]
['Chapter 9 Copyright, Art and Internet: Blessing the Curse?']
['The new technologies of digitalization and the Internet threaten the market positions of artists and intermediaries. Artists because the technology of production of works may be readily accessible and craftsmanship may no longer be a defining characteristic of art. Intermediaries because their rents are linked to entry barriers in the distribution market. This curse of new technologies may be a blessing in disguise since it also increases the possibilities of production, of distribution and the emergence of new works of art. The system of intellectual protection gives market power to artists and the economic literature has analyzed the tradeoff between the dynamic inefficiency generated by this market power and the need to preserve the incentives for creation. We review this literature and some of its recent applications to artistic, and more generally intellectual, creation. Even if artists can capture perfectly the market value of the future home production by consumers, they may favor a strong copyright regime that prevents consumers from using their home production. Intermediaries and artists may want to limit competition in order to increase the rents brought by the indivisibility of creative ideas. The preferences of artists for strong or weaker form (e.g., licensing of rights for home production) of copyright may be related to their creativity.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635291']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635321.jsonld
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['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(ppn)1831635321', '(firstid)KEP:083768505', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01006-4']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['ART ; General', 'use value', 'Culture', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'consumption skills', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'Art', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'artistic valuation', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'tastes', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750']]
['Chapter 6 Value and the Valuation of Art in Economic and Aesthetic Theory']
['Artistic value played a minor role in classical philosophy, but moved to center stage in 18th century aesthetic theory and also played a role in moral philosophy. The value of Art and the process of its valuation has remained an indispensable subject of modern aesthetics, while economists have excluded these topics from consideration. Recent attention to “external effects” has opened new ways of interpreting artistic value in a manner consistent with economic theory. Sections 1–5 narrate historical positions in both disciplines, many of which have left their imprint on current analysis. Sec- tions 6–8 focus on the contemporary discussion of artistic values and their logic of evaluation in economics and in aesthetics.']
['2006']
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['national licence']
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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635321']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A183163533X.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163533X", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "McCain, Roger", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01005-2", "(firstid)KEP:083768491", "(ppn)183163533X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "Art", "Economic aspects", "non-economic value", "Kulturwirtschaft", "learning-by-consuming", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "creativity", "Culture", "cultural goods", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges" ], "title": "Chapter 5 Defining Cultural and Artistic Goods", "abstract": "This essay addresses the definition of artistic and cultural goods by the commonsense and pragmatic assertion that they are respectively goods that carry artistic and cultural (non-economic) values. However, these categories of non-economic value are themselves highly contested and require clarification for the definitions to be viable. The essay suggests an interpretation of the distinction of economic and non-economic values, and of non-economic cultural value, by drawing on the ideas of Nozick. For artistic value, the essay argues that creativity is a central concept, and explores the learning on creativity to be found in cognitive science. Cognitive science sees creativity as requiring both novelty and appropriateness to a particular cultural community. These insights underline some of the characteristics of markets for creative goods, including artistic goods, that cultural economists have stressed in their work independently of cognitive science. For artistic goods in particular, consumers join in the creativity of the artists, and this joint creativity enables us once again to invoke Nozick's concepts of intrinsic value and identify artistic value as a particular instance of non-economic value. The definitions are defended as coherent in the light of their consistency with economic thinking on stimulus goods and learning-by-consuming. Intellectual property is seen as overlapping but not necessary to artistic and cultural goods. 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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01005-2', '(firstid)KEP:083768491', '(ppn)183163533X']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Kunstökonomie', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'Art', 'Economic aspects', 'non-economic value', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'learning-by-consuming', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'ART ; General', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', '(classificationName=ddc)330', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', 'creativity', 'Culture', 'cultural goods', 'Art ; Economic aspects', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges']]
['Chapter 5 Defining Cultural and Artistic Goods']
["This essay addresses the definition of artistic and cultural goods by the commonsense and pragmatic assertion that they are respectively goods that carry artistic and cultural (non-economic) values. However, these categories of non-economic value are themselves highly contested and require clarification for the definitions to be viable. The essay suggests an interpretation of the distinction of economic and non-economic values, and of non-economic cultural value, by drawing on the ideas of Nozick. For artistic value, the essay argues that creativity is a central concept, and explores the learning on creativity to be found in cognitive science. Cognitive science sees creativity as requiring both novelty and appropriateness to a particular cultural community. These insights underline some of the characteristics of markets for creative goods, including artistic goods, that cultural economists have stressed in their work independently of cognitive science. For artistic goods in particular, consumers join in the creativity of the artists, and this joint creativity enables us once again to invoke Nozick's concepts of intrinsic value and identify artistic value as a particular instance of non-economic value. The definitions are defended as coherent in the light of their consistency with economic thinking on stimulus goods and learning-by-consuming. Intellectual property is seen as overlapping but not necessary to artistic and cultural goods. Nothing in this essay should be taken as final, but, rather, as a possible starting point for a substantive discussion of non-economic values in these fields."]
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163533X']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635348.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635348", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Scherer, F.M.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768483", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01004-0", "(ppn)1831635348" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "Economic aspects", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "Art ; Economic aspects", "Art", "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "music composition", "ART ; General", "feudalism", "Culture", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "music performance", "Kulturwirtschaft", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "free-lance creative activity", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "human capital" ], "title": "Chapter 4 The Evolution of Music Markets", "abstract": "This chapter traces the development of markets for music over the past several centuries. Formally organized music was at first supported primarily by churches and the nobility. Indeed, during the 18th century there was a kind of \u201carms race\u201d in which noble houses competed for prestige through the quality of their orchestras and operas. Gradually, however, the role of churches and the nobility declined and more market-oriented venues, including vibrant markets for free-lance performance and composition, became dominant. A survey of 646 musicians born between 1650 and 1849 quantifies these trends, along with the increasing tendency for composers to earn their livelihood in part by teaching in conservatories and other music schools. The same data set is tapped to show the various ways in which composers learned their musical skills. When the data are analyzed in still another way, Austria is found to be the most intensive employer of composer\u2013musicians per million population and also to have given birth to the largest number of composers relative to its population. The territory that in 1990 was Czechoslovakia was second in births; Germany was second in employment. One means by which composers derived income, especially with the ascendance of free-lance composition, was publication of their creations. The evolution of publishing technology and music copyright is traced. Gradually, as income per capita grew in the industrialized nations, audiences for musical performances broadened until by the end of the 19th century mass markets came into being. Radio and the phonograph radically transformed the ways music was enjoyed and widened the market for music even more. The electronic media in turn intensified a tendency that was already evident in the early 18th century \u2013 the ability of a few \u201csuperstars\u201d to achieve spectacular financial success.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "123-143", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780444508706", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn)0444508708", "(ppn)1655602489", "(isbn13)9780080464756", "(isbn)1280636653", "(isbn)0080464750" ], "issued": "2006", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4" } ], "pageStart": "123", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01004-0", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of art and culture", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083768483', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01004-0', '(ppn)1831635348']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Economic aspects', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'Art', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'music composition', 'ART ; General', 'feudalism', 'Culture', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'Kunstökonomie', 'music performance', 'Kulturwirtschaft', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', 'free-lance creative activity', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'human capital']]
['Chapter 4 The Evolution of Music Markets']
['This chapter traces the development of markets for music over the past several centuries. Formally organized music was at first supported primarily by churches and the nobility. Indeed, during the 18th century there was a kind of “arms race” in which noble houses competed for prestige through the quality of their orchestras and operas. Gradually, however, the role of churches and the nobility declined and more market-oriented venues, including vibrant markets for free-lance performance and composition, became dominant. A survey of 646 musicians born between 1650 and 1849 quantifies these trends, along with the increasing tendency for composers to earn their livelihood in part by teaching in conservatories and other music schools. The same data set is tapped to show the various ways in which composers learned their musical skills. When the data are analyzed in still another way, Austria is found to be the most intensive employer of composer–musicians per million population and also to have given birth to the largest number of composers relative to its population. The territory that in 1990 was Czechoslovakia was second in births; Germany was second in employment. One means by which composers derived income, especially with the ascendance of free-lance composition, was publication of their creations. The evolution of publishing technology and music copyright is traced. Gradually, as income per capita grew in the industrialized nations, audiences for musical performances broadened until by the end of the 19th century mass markets came into being. Radio and the phonograph radically transformed the ways music was enjoyed and widened the market for music even more. The electronic media in turn intensified a tendency that was already evident in the early 18th century – the ability of a few “superstars” to achieve spectacular financial success.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635348']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635356.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4268059-1", "sameAs": "Kulturwirtschaft" }, { "@id": "gnd:4315813-4", "sameAs": "Kunst\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635356", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Van Miegroet, Hans J.", "De Marchi, Neil" ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768475", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01003-9", "(ppn)1831635356" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "dealers", "ART ; General", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "Culture", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "rules vs. plays", "guilds", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "Art ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "auctions", "Kulturwirtschaft", "Art", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "Economic aspects" ], "title": "Chapter 3 The History of Art Markets", "abstract": "Treating markets as arenas where relative advantage is contested, this entry explores the emergence and evolution of Western markets for paintings, 1450\u20131750, in terms of the players, their creative moves to secure gain, and the rules they devised to maintain order. Primary markets for paintings arose as a derivative of the commission market for one-off, mainly religious paintings in places such as Florence and Bruges, in the second half of the 15th century. Demand from foreign merchants eager to obtain works in the new medium, oil, gave Bruges an edge. So did a demand for easel paintings on thin linen, and even in oil on panel, as cheap substitutes for tapestries. Variety and cost also played a role. Emulation among differently-trained artists generated novel products plus extraordinary cost reductions, and painters discovered a latent demand among the less wealthy. Some novel products were exported, as were new techniques. The retail market in Florence was limited in size and largely confined to serving a need for cheaper versions of unique, public commissions. A mass demand for paintings across the social spectrum occurred principally in Northern cities: e.g., Antwerp, and later Amsterdam, though also in Spain. Resale markets followed retail with a lag, recycled paintings being handled by second-hand clothes dealers. This sequence \u2013 commission nexus, cost-reduction and novel sorts of paintings, mass retail, then resale markets \u2013 occurred in cities across Europe. As mass markets emerged, so too did specialist dealers. A large part of the entry is devoted to detailing their creative marketing moves. There were tensions as to whether only artists might sell, but demand mostly overrode guild reluctance to relinquish control of distribution. Widespread distribution came to require efficient sales mechanisms, hence public sales and auctions. 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['Chapter 3 The History of Art Markets']
['Treating markets as arenas where relative advantage is contested, this entry explores the emergence and evolution of Western markets for paintings, 1450–1750, in terms of the players, their creative moves to secure gain, and the rules they devised to maintain order. Primary markets for paintings arose as a derivative of the commission market for one-off, mainly religious paintings in places such as Florence and Bruges, in the second half of the 15th century. Demand from foreign merchants eager to obtain works in the new medium, oil, gave Bruges an edge. So did a demand for easel paintings on thin linen, and even in oil on panel, as cheap substitutes for tapestries. Variety and cost also played a role. Emulation among differently-trained artists generated novel products plus extraordinary cost reductions, and painters discovered a latent demand among the less wealthy. Some novel products were exported, as were new techniques. The retail market in Florence was limited in size and largely confined to serving a need for cheaper versions of unique, public commissions. A mass demand for paintings across the social spectrum occurred principally in Northern cities: e.g., Antwerp, and later Amsterdam, though also in Spain. Resale markets followed retail with a lag, recycled paintings being handled by second-hand clothes dealers. This sequence – commission nexus, cost-reduction and novel sorts of paintings, mass retail, then resale markets – occurred in cities across Europe. As mass markets emerged, so too did specialist dealers. A large part of the entry is devoted to detailing their creative marketing moves. There were tensions as to whether only artists might sell, but demand mostly overrode guild reluctance to relinquish control of distribution. Widespread distribution came to require efficient sales mechanisms, hence public sales and auctions. The entry explores auction rules and techniques within the broader sequence identified above.']
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In the seventeenth century those activities were viewed suspiciously as likely to be either wasteful extravagances of the aristocracy, or dangerous distractions for the working classes. Eighteenth century economic thinkers offered more positive and thoughtful speculations. Mandeville and Galiani observed that the prices of art works were determined almost entirely on the demand side of the market, often by fashion and the search for distinction. The Enlightenment economic thinkers were intrigued by various aspects of art markets. Hume and Turgot perceived positive social benefits emerging from the arts, and they attempted to understand of what these consisted. Smith picked up some of the hints that were dropped and looked at art markets in a depth that had not been undertaken before. Like some other Enlightenment thinkers, Smith pictured the arts as being mainly about the imitation of perfection. 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['Chapter 2 Art and Culture in the History of Economic Thought']
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19
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3A1831635402.jsonld
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['Chapter 12 Inequality, poverty and welfare']
['This chapter is concerned with issues arising from the construction of ethical measures of inequality and poverty. The recent literature on measurement of inequality and poverty emphasizes the close connection between social welfare functions and ethical indices of inequality and poverty. This chapter surveys the main issues in this literature. In particular, we discuss how indices of inequality can be constructed from social welfare functions, and vice versa. Other issues include the equivalence theorems which provide the analytical foundations of the approach which declares one distribution to be more equal than another only when all “sensible” measures agree on the ranking. The chapter also discusses the measurement of mobility. Finally, the chapter describes some of the parallel issues which arise in the measurement of poverty.']
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
19
3A1831635437.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768394", "(ppn)1831635437", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80013-3" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "plurality and proportional electoral systems", "(classificationName=msc)91B14", "Welvaartseconomie", "Social choice", "Choix collectif", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)330.126", "Bem-estar econ\u00f4mico", "(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6", "\u00c9conomie du bien-\u00eatre", "(classificationName=loc)HB846.8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "political equilibrium", "Escolha (teoria econ\u00f4mica)", "(classificationName=msc)00B15", "belief and preference aggregation", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "Social choice ; Mathematical models", "Escolha social (modelos matem\u00e1ticos)", "(classificationName=msc)91B15", "Welfare economics", "Economic Theory", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 160", "constitutional quandary", "Mathematical models", "Business & Economics", "(classificationName=msc)*91-06" ], "title": "Chapter 9 Representative democracy as social choice", "abstract": "Social Choice traditionally employs the preferences of voters or agents as primitives. However, in most situations of constitutional decision-making the beliefs of the members of the electorate determine their secondary preferences or choices. Key choices in US political history, such as the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and the election of Lincoln in 1860, were conditioned by changing beliefs as regards the truth of propositions about the political universe. Preference-based models of election tend to conclude that candidates, or parties, converge to a vote-maximizing policy position at the \u201celectoral center\u201d. Empirical work suggests that such a conclusion is invalid. This chapter argues, on the contrary, that parties or candidates adopt positions that optimize, in a Nash equilibrium sense, with respect to both their beliefs over electoral response, and their beliefs over appropriate policy choices. 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['Chapter 9 Representative democracy as social choice']
['Social Choice traditionally employs the preferences of voters or agents as primitives. However, in most situations of constitutional decision-making the beliefs of the members of the electorate determine their secondary preferences or choices. Key choices in US political history, such as the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and the election of Lincoln in 1860, were conditioned by changing beliefs as regards the truth of propositions about the political universe. Preference-based models of election tend to conclude that candidates, or parties, converge to a vote-maximizing policy position at the “electoral center”. Empirical work suggests that such a conclusion is invalid. This chapter argues, on the contrary, that parties or candidates adopt positions that optimize, in a Nash equilibrium sense, with respect to both their beliefs over electoral response, and their beliefs over appropriate policy choices. The analysis indicates that political choices will be different depending on whether plurality (“first past the post”) or proportionality is used as the method of electoral representation.']
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
19
3A1831635453.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831635453", "(firstid)KEP:083768378", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80011-X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Economic Theory", "social ranking rules", "(classificationName=msc)91B14", "(classificationName=msc)*91-06", "simple majority rule", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie", "(classificationName=msc)00B15", "positionalist social decision rules", "score-based ranking rules", "(classificationName=ddc)330.126", "Welvaartseconomie", "runoff systems", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 160", "Business & Economics", "(classificationName=msc)91B15", "Welfare economics", "(classificationName=loc)HB846.8", "\u00c9conomie du bien-\u00eatre", "Mathematical models", "Social choice", "Escolha (teoria econ\u00f4mica)", "Choix collectif", "(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6", "Borda decision rule", "social decision rules", "Social choice ; Mathematical models", "Escolha social (modelos matem\u00e1ticos)", "score-based decision rules", "positionalist social ranking rules", "Borda ranking rule", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Electronic books", "Bem-estar econ\u00f4mico", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques" ], "title": "Chapter 7 Positional rules of collective decision-making", "abstract": "In this chapter, we seek to review some of the central concepts and results in the literature on positionalist voting rules, which goes back to Borda (1781) . After the introduction of the basic notation and definitions in earlier parts of the chapter, we explore in Section 3 the distinction between positionalist and non-positionalist social ranking rules and social decision rules. We define alternative notions of positionality and give several examples. Section 4 discusses the positionalist decision procedures in the context of the conditions figuring in Arrow's celebrated impossibility theorem and also in the context of the simple majority rule. In Section 5, we review the literature on the structure of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule. Some well-known axiomatic characterizations of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule are discussed here. In Section 6, we discuss some results on the structure of score-based ranking rules and score-based decision rules, which include, as special cases, the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule, respectively. This section also contains a discussion of dominance-based scoring rules and social decision rules known as runoff systems. 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['Chapter 7 Positional rules of collective decision-making']
["In this chapter, we seek to review some of the central concepts and results in the literature on positionalist voting rules, which goes back to Borda (1781) . After the introduction of the basic notation and definitions in earlier parts of the chapter, we explore in Section 3 the distinction between positionalist and non-positionalist social ranking rules and social decision rules. We define alternative notions of positionality and give several examples. Section 4 discusses the positionalist decision procedures in the context of the conditions figuring in Arrow's celebrated impossibility theorem and also in the context of the simple majority rule. In Section 5, we review the literature on the structure of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule. Some well-known axiomatic characterizations of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule are discussed here. In Section 6, we discuss some results on the structure of score-based ranking rules and score-based decision rules, which include, as special cases, the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule, respectively. This section also contains a discussion of dominance-based scoring rules and social decision rules known as runoff systems. Section 7 concludes the chapter."]
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768319", "(ppn)1831635518", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80005-4" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 160", "(classificationName=ddc)330.126", "Pareto", "\u00c9conomie du bien-\u00eatre", "Business & Economics", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie", "Choix collectif", "Electronic books", "trade-off", "Arrow", "Economic Theory", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Escolha social (modelos matem\u00e1ticos)", "impossibility", "Welvaartseconomie", "Social choice", "information", "(classificationName=msc)91B14", "(classificationName=loc)HB846.8", "Social choice ; Mathematical models", "(classificationName=msc)*91-06", "Welfare economics", "Bem-estar econ\u00f4mico", "(classificationName=msc)00B15", "Escolha (teoria econ\u00f4mica)", "(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6", "(classificationName=msc)91B15", "Mathematical models" ], "title": "Chapter 1 Impossibility theorems in the arrovian framework", "abstract": "Given a set of outcomes that affect the welfare of the members of a group, K.J. Arrow imposed the following five conditions on the ordering of the outcomes as a function of the preferences of the individual group members, and then proved that the conditions are logically inconsistent: \u2022 The social choice rule is defined for a large family of assignments of transitive orderings to individuals. \u2022 The social ordering itself is always transitive. \u2022 The social choice rule is not dictatorial. (An individual is a dictator if the social ordering ranks an outcome x strictly above another outcome y whenever that individual strictly prefers x to y .) \u2022 If everyone in the group strictly prefers outcome x to outcome y , then x should rank strictly above y in the social ordering. \u2022 The social ordering of any two outcomes depends only on the way that the individuals in the group order those same two outcomes. The chapter proves Arrow's theorem and investigates the possibility of uncovering a satisfactory social choice rule by relaxing the conditions while remaining within the Arrovian framework, which is identified by the following five characteristics: \u2022 The outcome set is unstructured. \u2022 The society is finite and fixed. \u2022 Only information about the ordering of the outcome set is used to convey information about individual welfare. \u2022 The output of the social choice process is an ordering of the outcome set. \u2022 Strategic play by individuals is not considered.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "35-94", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)0444829148", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780444829146", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(ppn)792481259" ], "issued": "2002", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4143069-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4166306-8" }, { "@id": "gnd:4022393-0" }, { "@id": "gnd:4079351-5" } ], "pageStart": "35", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80005-4", "P30128": "Handbook of social choice and welfare", "P60163": "Amsterdam [u.a.]" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 1 Impossibility theorems in the arrovian framework']
["Given a set of outcomes that affect the welfare of the members of a group, K.J. Arrow imposed the following five conditions on the ordering of the outcomes as a function of the preferences of the individual group members, and then proved that the conditions are logically inconsistent: • The social choice rule is defined for a large family of assignments of transitive orderings to individuals. • The social ordering itself is always transitive. • The social choice rule is not dictatorial. (An individual is a dictator if the social ordering ranks an outcome x strictly above another outcome y whenever that individual strictly prefers x to y .) • If everyone in the group strictly prefers outcome x to outcome y , then x should rank strictly above y in the social ordering. • The social ordering of any two outcomes depends only on the way that the individuals in the group order those same two outcomes. The chapter proves Arrow's theorem and investigates the possibility of uncovering a satisfactory social choice rule by relaxing the conditions while remaining within the Arrovian framework, which is identified by the following five characteristics: • The outcome set is unstructured. • The society is finite and fixed. • Only information about the ordering of the outcome set is used to convey information about individual welfare. • The output of the social choice process is an ordering of the outcome set. • Strategic play by individuals is not considered."]
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3A1831635526.jsonld
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['Introduction']
["Social choice theory is concerned with the evaluation of alternative methods of collective decision-making, as well as with the logical foundations of welfare economics. In turn, welfare economics is concerned with the critical scrutiny of the performance of actual and/or imaginary economic systems, as well as with the critique, design, and implementation of alternative economic policies. This being the case, the origin of social choice theory can be traced back all the way to antiquity. Indeed, as soon as multiple individuals are involved in making decisions for their common cause, one or other method of collective decision-making cannot but be invoked. As a reflection of this obvious fact, there are numerous examples in classic writings on the use and usefulness of alternative methods of collective decision-making. Without denying the importance of those pioneering contributions made by many precursors, it seems fair to say that Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values elevated social choice theory to a stage which is qualitatively different altogether."]
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19
3A1831635534.jsonld
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['Preface to the handbook']
['This chapter presents the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare in two volumes, essays on past and on-going work in social choice theory and welfare economics. The first volume consists of four parts. In Part 1 (Arrovian Impossibility Theorems), various aspects of Arrovian general impossibility theorems, illustrated by the simple majority cycle first identified by Condorcet, are expounded and evaluated. In Part 2 (Voting Schemes and Mechanisms), the operation and performance of voting schemes and cost-sharing mechanisms are examined axiomatically, and some aspects of the modem theory of incentives and mechanism design are expounded and surveyed. In Part 3 (Structure of Social Choice Rules), the positional rules of collective decision-making (the origin of which can be traced back to a seminal proposal by Borda), the game-theoretic aspects of voting in committees, and the implications of representative democracy in the theoretical arena of social choice theory are examined. In Part 4 (Welfare, Justice and Poverty), the possibility and implications of making use of interpersonal comparisons of welfare (with or without cardinal measurability) are expounded, and the status of utilitarianism as a theory of justice is critically examined.']
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
19
3A1831635607.jsonld
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['Chapter 20 Fixed-income pricing']
['This chapter surveys the literature on fixed-income pricing models, including dynamic term-structure models, and interest-rate sensitive, derivative pricing models. Our overview of conceptual approaches highlights the tradeoffs that have emerged between the complexity of the probability model for the “risk factors≓, data availability, the pricing objective, and the tractability of the resulting pricing model. Initially, we examine term-structure models that price both bonds (default-free and defaultable) and fixed-income derivatives with payoffs in terms of prices or yields on these bonds. These include affine, quadratic-Gaussian, and various stochastic volatility models of the term structure. Then we turn to models designed to price fixed-income derivatives, taking the current yield curve as an input into the pricing framework. These include models based on forward rates and the LIBOR and Swaption Market models.']
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19
3A1831635615.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768211", "(ppn)1831635615", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01028-8" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "Economics", "Economia", "Capital assets pricing model", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "Financieel management", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "\u00c9conomie politique", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "Corporations", "derivatives", "Finance", "futures", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Finances", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "Finan\u00e7as", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "Entreprises", "Corporations ; Finance", "swaps", "options forwards", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003" ], "title": "Chapter 19 Derivatives", "abstract": "The area of derivatives is arguably the most fascinating area within financial economics during the past thirty years. 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['Chapter 19 Derivatives']
['The area of derivatives is arguably the most fascinating area within financial economics during the past thirty years. This chapter reviews the evolution of derivatives contract markets and derivatives research over the past thirty years. The chapter has six complementary sections. The first contains a brief history of contract markets. The most important innovations occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, when contracts written on financial contracts were introduced. Concurrent with these important industry innovations was the development of modern-day option valuation theory, which is reviewed in the second and third sections. The key contribution is seminal theoretical framework of the Black-Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973) (“BSM≓) model. The key economic insight of their model is that a risk-free hedge can be formed between a derivatives contract and its underlying asset. This implies that contract valuation is possible under the assumption of risk-neutrality without loss of generality. The final three sections summarize the three main strands of empirical work in the derivatives area. In the first group are studies that focus on testing no-arbitrage pricing relations that link the prices of derivatives contracts with their underling asset and with each other. The second group contains studies that evaluate option empirical performance of option valuation models. The approaches used include investigating the in-sample properties of option values by examining pricing errors or patterns in implied volatilities, examining the performance of different option valuation models by simulating a trading strategy based on under- and over-pricing, and examining the informational content of the volatility implied by option prices. The final group focuses on the social costs and/or benefits that arise from derivatives trading. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the empirical work is that the BSM model is one of the most resilient in the history of financial economics.']
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19
3A1831635623.jsonld
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['Chapter 18 A survey of behavioral finance']
['Behavioral finance argues that some financial phenomena can plausibly be understood using models in which some agents are not fully rational. The field has two building blocks: limits to arbitrage , which argues that it can be difficult for rational traders to undo the dislocations caused by less rational traders; and psychology , which catalogues the kinds of deviations from full rationality we might expect to see. We discuss these two topics, and then present a number of behavioral finance applications: to the aggregate stock market, to the cross-section of average returns, to individual trading behavior, and to corporate finance. We close by assessing progress in the field and speculating about its future course.']
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19
3A1831635631.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01026-4", "(firstid)KEP:08376819X", "(ppn)1831635631" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "Economics", "bid-ask spread", "\u00c9conomie politique", "Capital assets pricing model", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "market microstructure", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "Corporations", "Entreprises", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "Economia", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "Electronic books", "dealer behavior", "Finances", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "Corporations ; Finance", "Finan\u00e7as", "non-synchronous trading", "Finance", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "Financieel management" ], "title": "Chapter 17 Microstructure and asset pricing", "abstract": "Market microstructure and asset pricing both consider the behavior and formation of prices in asset markets. Yet neither literature explicitly recognizes the importance and role of the factors so crucial to the other approach. This survey seeks to join the two literatures by surveying the work linking microstructure factors to asset price dynamics. In the short run, these dynamics involve issues such as the auto-correlation and cross-correlation structure of stocks, and our survey will examine the literature relating these correlation structures to microstructure factors such as non-synchronous trading and dealer behavior. In the longer run, issues such as liquidity and the relation of private information to asset price dynamics are important. We survey the theoretical work linking microstructure factors to long-run returns, and we consider why stock prices might be expected to reflect premia related to liquidity or informational asymmetries. We also survey the empirical literature testing these relationships. 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['Chapter 17 Microstructure and asset pricing']
['Market microstructure and asset pricing both consider the behavior and formation of prices in asset markets. Yet neither literature explicitly recognizes the importance and role of the factors so crucial to the other approach. This survey seeks to join the two literatures by surveying the work linking microstructure factors to asset price dynamics. In the short run, these dynamics involve issues such as the auto-correlation and cross-correlation structure of stocks, and our survey will examine the literature relating these correlation structures to microstructure factors such as non-synchronous trading and dealer behavior. In the longer run, issues such as liquidity and the relation of private information to asset price dynamics are important. We survey the theoretical work linking microstructure factors to long-run returns, and we consider why stock prices might be expected to reflect premia related to liquidity or informational asymmetries. We also survey the empirical literature testing these relationships. We then discuss what issues remain contentious, and we provide some guidance for future research. We hope to show in this survey that asset-pricing dynamics may be better understood by recognizing the role played by microstructure factors, and that microstructure research can be enhanced by a greater understanding of its linkages with fundamental economic variables.']
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19
3A1831635658.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01024-0", "(firstid)KEP:083768173", "(ppn)1831635658" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "momentum", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "Economia", "Finances", "Financieel management", "Finan\u00e7as", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Capital assets pricing model", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "Finance", "value effect", "size effect", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "\u00c9conomie politique", "Corporations ; Finance", "market efficiency", "Electronic books", "Corporations", "selection bias", "Economics", "Entreprises", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "anomaly" ], "title": "Chapter 15 Anomalies and market efficiency", "abstract": "Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behavior. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners. One of the interesting findings from the empirical work in this chapter is that many of the well-known anomalies in the finance literature do not hold up in different sample periods. In particular, the size effect and the value effect seem to have disappeared after the papers that highlighted them were published. At about the same time, practitioners began investment vehicles that implemented the strategies implied by the academic papers. 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['Chapter 15 Anomalies and market efficiency']
['Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behavior. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners. One of the interesting findings from the empirical work in this chapter is that many of the well-known anomalies in the finance literature do not hold up in different sample periods. In particular, the size effect and the value effect seem to have disappeared after the papers that highlighted them were published. At about the same time, practitioners began investment vehicles that implemented the strategies implied by the academic papers. The weekend effect and the dividend yield effect also seem to have lost their predictive power after the papers that made them famous were published. In these cases, however, I am not aware of any practitioners who have tried to use these anomalies as a major basis of their investment strategy. The small-firm turn-of-the-year effect became weaker in the years after it was first documented in the academic literature, although there is some evidence that it still exists. Interestingly, however, it does not seem to exist in the portfolio returns of practitioners who focus on small-capitalization firms. Likewise, the evidence that stock market returns are predictable using variables such as dividend yields or inflation is much weaker in the periods after the papers that documented these findings were published. All of these findings raise the possibility that anomalies are more apparent than real. The notoriety associated with the findings of unusual evidence tempts authors to further investigate puzzling anomalies and later to try to explain them. But even if the anomalies existed in the sample period in which they were first identified, the activities of practitioners who implement strategies to take advantage of anomalous behavior can cause the anomalies to disappear (as research findings cause the market to become more efficient).']
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19
3A1831635674.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5", "sameAs": "Corporate Finance" }, { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2", "sameAs": "Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635674", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Campbell, John Y.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768157", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01022-7", "(ppn)1831635674" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "Finan\u00e7as", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "Entreprises", "equity premium puzzle", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "Economia", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "risk-free rate puzzle", "Economics", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "intertemporal marginal rate of substitution", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "stochastic discount factor", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "equity volatility", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "Financieel management", "Finances", "Corporations", "\u00c9conomie politique", "Corporations ; Finance", "Finance", "risk aversion", "Capital assets pricing model" ], "title": "Chapter 13 Consumption-based asset pricing", "abstract": "This chapter reviews the behavior of financial asset prices in relation to consumption. The chapter lists some important stylized facts that characterize U.S. data, and relates them to recent developments in equilibrium asset pricing theory. Data from other countries are examined to see which features of the U.S. experience apply more generally. The chapter argues that to make sense of asset market behavior one needs a model in which the market price of risk is high, time-varying, and correlated with the state of the economy. Models that have this feature, including models with habit-formation in utility, heterogeneous investors, and irrational expectations, are discussed. The main focus is on stock returns and short-term real interest rates, but bond returns are also considered.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "803-887", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(ppn)1470860163", "(isbn13)9780444513632", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article" ], "issued": "2003", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5" }, { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2" } ], "pageStart": "803", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01022-7", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of finance ; 1,B: Financial markets and asset pricing", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
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['Chapter 13 Consumption-based asset pricing']
['This chapter reviews the behavior of financial asset prices in relation to consumption. The chapter lists some important stylized facts that characterize U.S. data, and relates them to recent developments in equilibrium asset pricing theory. Data from other countries are examined to see which features of the U.S. experience apply more generally. The chapter argues that to make sense of asset market behavior one needs a model in which the market price of risk is high, time-varying, and correlated with the state of the economy. Models that have this feature, including models with habit-formation in utility, heterogeneous investors, and irrational expectations, are discussed. The main focus is on stock returns and short-term real interest rates, but bond returns are also considered.']
['2003']
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['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635674']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
19
3A1831635682.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831635682", "(firstid)KEP:083768149", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01021-5" ], "publisher": "North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "Corporations", "Corporations ; Finance", "predicting returns", "volatility bounds", "Finance", "performance evaluation", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "Finances", "asset pricing", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "Financieel management", "Capital assets pricing model", "stochastic discount factor", "Economics", "\u00c9conomie politique", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Economia", "portfolio efficiency", "Entreprises", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "Finan\u00e7as", "Electronic books" ], "title": "Chapter 12 Tests of multifactor pricing models, volatility bounds and portfolio performance", "abstract": "Three concepts: stochastic discount factors, multi-beta pricing and mean-variance efficiency, are at the core of modern empirical asset pricing. This chapter reviews these paradigms and the relations among them, concentrating on conditional asset-pricing models where lagged variables serve as instruments for publicly available information. The different paradigms are associated with different empirical methods. We review the variance bounds of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) , concentrating on extensions for conditioning information. Hansen's (1982) Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is briefly reviewed as an organizing principle. Then, cross-sectional regression approaches as developed by Fama and MacBeth (1973) are reviewed and used to interpret empirical factors, such as those advocated by Fama and French (1993, 1996) . Finally, we review the multivariate regression approach, popularized in the finance literature by Gibbons (1982) and others. 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['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(ppn)1831635682', '(firstid)KEP:083768149', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01021-5']]
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['Chapter 12 Tests of multifactor pricing models, volatility bounds and portfolio performance']
["Three concepts: stochastic discount factors, multi-beta pricing and mean-variance efficiency, are at the core of modern empirical asset pricing. This chapter reviews these paradigms and the relations among them, concentrating on conditional asset-pricing models where lagged variables serve as instruments for publicly available information. The different paradigms are associated with different empirical methods. We review the variance bounds of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) , concentrating on extensions for conditioning information. Hansen's (1982) Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is briefly reviewed as an organizing principle. Then, cross-sectional regression approaches as developed by Fama and MacBeth (1973) are reviewed and used to interpret empirical factors, such as those advocated by Fama and French (1993, 1996) . Finally, we review the multivariate regression approach, popularized in the finance literature by Gibbons (1982) and others. A regression approach, with a beta pricing formulation, and a GMM approach with a stochastic discount factor formulation, may be considered competing paradigms for empirical work in asset pricing. This discussion clarifies the relations between the various approaches. Finally, we bring the models and methods together, with a review of the recent conditional performance evaluation literature, concentrating on mutual funds and pension funds."]
['2003']
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[[{'@id': 'gnd:4269795-5'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4508395-2'}]]
['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635682']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
19
3A1831635771.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01012-4", "(firstid)KEP:08376805X", "(ppn)1831635771" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Entreprises", "Corporations", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "\u00c9conomie politique", "monitoring", "Finan\u00e7as", "external finance", "(classificationName=loc)HB", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "saving\u2013investment process", "loans", "Economics", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "Economia", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "Corporations ; Finance", "securitization", "financial intermediation", "deposit insurance", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "Finance", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "Financieel management", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "Capital assets pricing model", "Finances", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "credit rationing" ], "title": "Chapter 8. Financial Intermediation", "abstract": "The savings/investment process in capitalist economies is organized around bank-like financial intermediaries (\u201cbanks\u201d), making them a central institution of economic growth. These intermediaries borrow from consumer/savers and lend to companies that need resources for investment. In contrast, in capital markets investors contract directly with firms, creating marketable securities. The prices of these securities are observable, while financial intermediaries are opaque. Why are banks so pervasive? What are their roles? Are banks inherently unstable? Must the government regulate them? In this chapter we survey the last 15 years\u2019 of theoretical and empirical research on these issues We begin with theories and evidence on the uniqueness of banks. Key issues include monitoring or evaluating borrowers, providing liquidity, combining lending and liquidity provision as a commitment mechanism, and the coexistence of banks and markets. We then examine interaction between banks and borrowers in more detail, focusing on the pros and cons of dynamic bank\u2013borrower relationships, the relationship between loan structure and monitoring, and between banking sector structure and monitoring, \u201ccredit cycles\u201d and capital constraints, and the role of \u201cnon-traditional\u201d bank activities such as equity investment. We then turn to research on banking panics and the stability of the banking system, focusing on the incidence of banking panics internationally and historically, the causes of panics, the role of bank coalitions in forestalling panics, and whether banks are inherently flawed. This leads to questions concerning government regulation of banks. Here, we focus on possible moral hazard problems emanating from deposit insurance and on the roles of bank corporate governance and capital requirements. We conclude with a summary of our current understanding and directions for future research.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "431-552", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780080495071", "(isbn13)9780444513625", "(ppn)1470858908", "(isbn)0444513620", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0080495079" ], "issued": "2003", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5" } ], "pageStart": "431", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01012-4", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of finance ; 1,A: Corporate finance", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4508395-2', 'gnd:4269795-5']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01012-4', '(firstid)KEP:08376805X', '(ppn)1831635771']]
['Elsevier']
[['Entreprises', 'Corporations', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Économie politique', 'monitoring', 'Finanças', 'external finance', '(classificationName=loc)HB', '(classificationName=rvk)QL 000', 'saving–investment process', 'loans', 'Economics', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=ddc)332', 'Economia', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance', '(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003', 'Corporations ; Finance', 'securitization', 'financial intermediation', 'deposit insurance', '(classificationName=ddc)332 22', 'Finance', 'Finanças das empresas', 'Financieel management', '(classificationName=loc)HG173', 'Capital assets pricing model', 'Finances', '(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt', 'credit rationing']]
['Chapter 8. Financial Intermediation']
['The savings/investment process in capitalist economies is organized around bank-like financial intermediaries (“banks”), making them a central institution of economic growth. These intermediaries borrow from consumer/savers and lend to companies that need resources for investment. In contrast, in capital markets investors contract directly with firms, creating marketable securities. The prices of these securities are observable, while financial intermediaries are opaque. Why are banks so pervasive? What are their roles? Are banks inherently unstable? Must the government regulate them? In this chapter we survey the last 15 years’ of theoretical and empirical research on these issues We begin with theories and evidence on the uniqueness of banks. Key issues include monitoring or evaluating borrowers, providing liquidity, combining lending and liquidity provision as a commitment mechanism, and the coexistence of banks and markets. We then examine interaction between banks and borrowers in more detail, focusing on the pros and cons of dynamic bank–borrower relationships, the relationship between loan structure and monitoring, and between banking sector structure and monitoring, “credit cycles” and capital constraints, and the role of “non-traditional” bank activities such as equity investment. We then turn to research on banking panics and the stability of the banking system, focusing on the incidence of banking panics internationally and historically, the causes of panics, the role of bank coalitions in forestalling panics, and whether banks are inherently flawed. This leads to questions concerning government regulation of banks. Here, we focus on possible moral hazard problems emanating from deposit insurance and on the roles of bank corporate governance and capital requirements. We conclude with a summary of our current understanding and directions for future research.']
['2003']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4508395-2'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4269795-5'}]]
['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635771']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
19
3A1831635798.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5", "sameAs": "Corporate Finance" }, { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2", "sameAs": "Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635798", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Tufano, Peter", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768033", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01010-0", "(ppn)1831635798" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "Economics", "financial institutions", "Corporations", "Economia", "security design", "Capital assets pricing model", "Finances", "Finance", "Financieel management", "Finan\u00e7as", "JEL classification: G2 (G23G24), O3 (O31)", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "\u00c9conomie politique", "Entreprises", "Corporations ; Finance", "(classificationName=loc)HB", "financial innovation", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "capital markets", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003" ], "title": "Chapter 6. Financial Innovation", "abstract": "Although financial innovation has been an important part of the financial landscape throughout modern economic history, it has received relatively little attention in academia. This essay surveys the existing literature on financial innovation from the disciplines of financial economics, history, law, and industrial organization. I begin by defining financial innovation and discussing problems with creating taxonomies of financial innovations. I then discuss the explanations given for the extensive amount of financial innovation we observe both today and in history, which include: (a) completing inherently incomplete markets; (b) addressing persistent agency concerns and information asymmetries; (c) minimizing transaction, search or marketing costs; (d) responding to tax and regulatory forces; (e) responding to changes in economic conditions, in particular new or newly perceived risks; and (f) capitalizing on technological developments. I review work that studies the identity of innovators, the process of diffusion of innovation, and private benefits of innovation. I illustrate these general trends with a description of a sequence of innovations that show that repeated experimentation and failure characterize the evolutionary process. As difficult as it may be to measure the private benefits to innovators, it has proven even more problematic to conclusively model or measure the social welfare benefits of financial innovation, although one can point to specific innovations that appear to enhance welfare.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "307-335", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780444513625", "(isbn)0444513620", "(isbn13)9780080495071", "(ppn)1470858908", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0080495079" ], "issued": "2003", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5" }, { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2" } ], "pageStart": "307", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01010-0", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of finance ; 1,A: Corporate finance", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
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[['(firstid)KEP:083768033', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01010-0', '(ppn)1831635798']]
['Elsevier']
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['Chapter 6. Financial Innovation']
['Although financial innovation has been an important part of the financial landscape throughout modern economic history, it has received relatively little attention in academia. This essay surveys the existing literature on financial innovation from the disciplines of financial economics, history, law, and industrial organization. I begin by defining financial innovation and discussing problems with creating taxonomies of financial innovations. I then discuss the explanations given for the extensive amount of financial innovation we observe both today and in history, which include: (a) completing inherently incomplete markets; (b) addressing persistent agency concerns and information asymmetries; (c) minimizing transaction, search or marketing costs; (d) responding to tax and regulatory forces; (e) responding to changes in economic conditions, in particular new or newly perceived risks; and (f) capitalizing on technological developments. I review work that studies the identity of innovators, the process of diffusion of innovation, and private benefits of innovation. I illustrate these general trends with a description of a sequence of innovations that show that repeated experimentation and failure characterize the evolutionary process. As difficult as it may be to measure the private benefits to innovators, it has proven even more problematic to conclusively model or measure the social welfare benefits of financial innovation, although one can point to specific innovations that appear to enhance welfare.']
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19
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Investment Banking and Securities Issuance", "abstract": "This chapter analyzes the securities issuance process, focusing on initial public offerings (IPOs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). The IPO literature documents three empirical patterns: 1) short-run underpricing; 2) long-run underperformance (although this is contentious); and 3) extreme time-series fluctuations in volume and underpricing. While the chapter mainly focuses on evidence from the USA, evidence from other countries is generally consistent with the USA patterns. A large literature explaining the short-run underpricing of IPOs exists, with asymmetric information models predominating. The SEO literature documents 1) negative announcement effects; 2) the setting of offer prices at a discount from the market price; 3) long-run underperformance; and 4) large fluctuations in volume. 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['Chapter 5. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance']
['This chapter analyzes the securities issuance process, focusing on initial public offerings (IPOs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). The IPO literature documents three empirical patterns: 1) short-run underpricing; 2) long-run underperformance (although this is contentious); and 3) extreme time-series fluctuations in volume and underpricing. While the chapter mainly focuses on evidence from the USA, evidence from other countries is generally consistent with the USA patterns. A large literature explaining the short-run underpricing of IPOs exists, with asymmetric information models predominating. The SEO literature documents 1) negative announcement effects; 2) the setting of offer prices at a discount from the market price; 3) long-run underperformance; and 4) large fluctuations in volume. In addition to long-run underperformance relative to other stocks, there is some evidence that issuers succeed at timing their equity offerings for periods when future market returns are low. When examining a large class of corporate financing activities, including equity offerings, convertible bond offerings, bond offerings, open market repurchases, stock- and cash-financed mergers and acquisitions, and dividend increases or decreases, several patterns emerge. In general, the announcement effects are negative for activities that provide cash to the firm, and positive for activities that pay cash out of the firm. Furthermore, the market generally underreacts, in that long-run abnormal returns are usually of the same sign as the announcement effect. In spite of the large expenditure of resources on analyst coverage, there is little academic work emphasizing the importance of the marketing of financial securities. Only recently have papers begun to focus on the corporate financing implications if firms face variations in the cost of external financing due to the mispricing of securities by the market.']
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19
3A183163581X.jsonld
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['Chapter 4. Financing of Corporations']
['This review evaluates the four major theories of corporate financing: (1) the Modigliani–Miller theory of capital-structure irrelevance, in which firm values and real investment decisions are unaffected by financing; (2) the trade-off theory, in which firms balance the tax advantages of borrowing against the costs of financial distress; (3) agency theories, in which financing responds to managers’ personal incentives; and (4) the pecking-order theory, in which financing adapts to mitigate problems created by differences in information. These theories are conditional, not general. It is easy to find examples of each theory at work, but otherwise difficult to distinguish the theories empirically. Large, safe firms with mostly tangible assets tend to borrow more. Firms with high profitability and valuable growth opportunities tend to borrow less. Each of these tendencies is consistent with two or more of the major theories of financing. It may be possible to devise sharper tests by exporting the theories to developing economies, where agency and information problems are more severe. Further progress in understanding corporate financing decisions will require a deeper understanding of agency issues when value-maximizing operating and investment decisions cannot be observed or verified. But managers are not just temporary agents motivated by immediate pecuniary compensation or perquisites. Managers specialize their human capital to the firm. Some recent research suggests how financing can support the co-investment of human and financial capital.']
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['Chapter 1. Corporate Governance and Control']
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3A183163595X.jsonld
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['Chapter 9. Causal inference in environmental conservation: The role of institutions']
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3A183163595X.jsonld
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['Chapter 9. Causal inference in environmental conservation: The role of institutions']
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