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} | ['gnd:4122827-3', 'gnd:4322126-9'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | ['oek'] | ['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)'] | [['(ppn)1831644460', '(firstid)KEP:083759506', '(doi)10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03012-6']] | ['North-Holland'] | [['Arbeidseconomie', '(classificationName=rvk)QV 200', 'Economie du travail', 'Electronic books', 'Labor economics', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)331', '(classificationName=rvk)QV 000', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 220', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Économie du travail', '(classificationName=loc)HD4802 .H36 1999eb', '(classificationName=loc)HD4802']] | ['Chapter 31. The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs'] | ['Policy makers view public sector-sponsored employment and training programs and other active labor market policies as tools for integrating the unemployed and economically disadvantaged into the work force. Few public sector programs have received such intensive scrutiny, and been subjected to so many different evaluation strategies. This chapter examines the impacts of active labor market policies, such as job training, job search assistance, and job subsidies, and the methods used to evaluate their effectiveness. Previous evaluations of policies in OECD countries indicate that these programs usually have at best a modest impact on participants’ labor market prospects. But at the same time, they also indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity in the impact of these programs. For some groups, a compelling case can be made that these policies generate high rates of return, while for other groups these policies have had no impact and may have been harmful. Our discussion of the methods used to evaluate these policies has more general interest. We believe that the same issues arise generally in the social sciences and are no easier to address elsewhere. As a result, a major focus of this chapter is on the methodological lessons learned from evaluating these programs. One of the most important of these lessons is that there is no inherent method of choice for conducting program evaluations. The choice between experimental and non-experimental methods or among alternative econometric estimators should be guided by the underlying economic models, the available data, and the questions being addressed. Too much emphasis has been placed on formulating alternative econometric methods for correcting for selection bias and too little given to the quality of the underlying data. Although it is expensive, obtaining better data is the only way to solve the evaluation problem in a convincing way. However, better data are not synonymous with social experiments. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.'] | ['1999'] | ['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en'] | ['national licence'] | [[{'@id': 'gnd:4122827-3'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4322126-9'}]] | ['gnd:4122827-3', 'gnd:4322126-9', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831644460'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | 19 |
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"title": "Chapter 30. The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings",
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} | ['gnd:4322126-9', 'gnd:4122827-3'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | ['oek'] | ['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)'] | [['(ppn)1831644479', '(doi)10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03011-4', '(firstid)KEP:083759492']] | ['North-Holland'] | [['Handbooks, manuals, etc', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 220', '(classificationName=rvk)QV 000', 'Arbeidseconomie', '(classificationName=loc)HD4802 .H36 1999eb', 'Economie du travail', '(classificationName=ddc)331', 'Electronic books', 'Handbooks and manuals', 'Économie du travail', '(classificationName=rvk)QV 200', '(classificationName=loc)HD4802', 'Labor economics']] | ['Chapter 30. The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings'] | ['This paper surveys the recent literature on the causal relationship between education and earnings. I focus on four areas of work: theoretical and econometric advances in modelling the causal effect of education in the presence of heterogeneous returns to schooling; recent studies that use institutional aspects of the education system to form instrumental variables estimates of the return to schooling; recent studies of the earnings and schooling of twins; and recent attempts to explicitly model sources of heterogeneity in the returns to education. Consistent with earlier surveys of the literature, I conclude that the average (or average marginal) return to education is not much below the estimate that emerges from a standard human capital earnings function fit by OLS. Evidence from the latest studies of identical twins suggests a small upward “ability” bias – on the order of 10%. A consistent finding among studies using instrumental variables based on institutional changes in the education system is that the estimated returns to schooling are 20–40% above the corresponding OLS estimates. Part of the explanation for this finding may be that marginal returns to schooling for certain subgroups – particularly relatively disadvantaged groups with low education outcomes – are higher than the average marginal returns to education in the population as a whole. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.'] | ['1999'] | ['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en'] | ['national licence'] | [[{'@id': 'gnd:4322126-9'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4122827-3'}]] | ['gnd:4122827-3', 'gnd:4322126-9', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831644479'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | 19 |
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"title": "Chapter 22 Public-sector labor markets",
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} | ['gnd:4322126-9', 'gnd:4122827-3'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | ['oek'] | ['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)'] | [['(doi)10.1016/S1573-4463(86)02008-4', '(firstid)KEP:083759328', '(ppn)1831644649']] | ['North-Holland'] | [['(classificationName=rvk)QV 000', 'Handbooks, manuals, etc', 'Economie du travail', 'Electronic books', 'Arbeidseconomie', '(classificationName=rvk)QV 200', '(classificationName=loc)HD4802', 'Handbooks and manuals', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 220', 'Labor economics', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)331', 'Économie du travail']] | ['Chapter 18 The analysis of union behavior'] | ['There is a substantial body of economic research, largely theoretical but with a recent empirical component, on the analysis of union behavior. This chapter reviews this literature selectively to place it in perspective so that analysts may begin to answer questions raised by the descriptive research on labor unions and to understand the role that unions play in the economy. It focuses on fitting the existing work into a coherent conceptual framework and on suggesting some directions for further research. The chapter presents a working definition of a labor union and describes the economic modus operandi of labor unions in the American economy. A number of examples of unions in various industries within the United States are presented in the chapter to highlight the role that market and legal/political constraints play in determining the environment within which unions operate.'] | ['1986'] | ['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en'] | ['national licence'] | [[{'@id': 'gnd:4322126-9'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4122827-3'}]] | ['gnd:4122827-3', 'gnd:4322126-9', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831644649'] | ['Arbeitsmarkttheorie', 'Arbeitsökonomie'] | 19 |
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} | [] | [] | ['oek'] | ['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)'] | [['(doi)10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06067-9', '(ppn)1831646749', '(firstid)KEP:083757252']] | ['Elsevier/North Holland'] | [['BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Econometrics', 'Ökonometrie', 'Econometrie', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Statistics', 'Leontief paradox', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)330.015195', '(classificationName=loc)HB139', 'Econometrics', '(classificationName=loc)HB139 .H363 2007', 'Electronic books', 'Économétrie', 'usefulness or truthfulness', '(classificationName=bk, id=106416332)83.00 - Volkswirtschaft: Allgemeines', '(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft', 'Economie politique', 'hypothesis testing', '(classificationName=bk, id=106417320)85.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Betriebswirtschaft', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)mat', 'Heckscher–Ohlin theory']] | ['Chapter 67 Linking the Theory with the Data: That is the Core Problem of International Economics'] | ['The greatest problem for empirical analysis is how best to allow the context to affect the inferences. Econometric theory presupposes contextual “restrictions” that can be taken as given or assigned a probability distribution. These contextual inputs are rarely available. I illustrate this point with a review of the empirical work in international economics which has focused not on properties of estimators but instead how best to link the theory with the data. I argue that the two errors we should worry about are not rejecting a true null or accepting a false null but rather taking the theory too seriously and not taking the theory seriously enough.'] | ['2007'] | ['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en'] | ['national licence'] | [''] | ['gnd:4132280-0', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831646749'] | ['Ökonometrie'] | 19 |
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