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Satellite In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit.[1] Of those, about 1,000 were operational;[2] while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km).[3] A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids,[4] a comet and the Sun. |
Place turkey legs in pan. 9. Roast legs at 350 degrees for one hour and twenty minutes. CAUTION: Do not over bake and since ovens are different, start checking on the turkey leg temperature after one hour. Turkey temperature should be 175 degrees when you take it from the oven.10. When ready, take turkey legs from oven and let rest 15 minutes to redistribute the juices. 11. Taste your broth. If it's to your liking, spoon on turkey legs. If not, add salt, pepper and a little butter and warm, then spoon over turkey legs.urkey temperature should be 175 degrees when you take it from the oven. 10. When ready, take turkey legs from oven and let rest 15 minutes to redistribute the juices. 11. Taste your broth. If it's to your liking, spoon on turkey legs. If not, add salt, pepper and a little butter and warm, then spoon over turkey legs. |
Beijing -LRB- formerly romanised as Peking -RRB- is the capital of the People 's Republic of China and the world 's third most populous city proper . It is also one of the world 's most populous capital cities . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighbouring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is an ever-changing megacity rich in history but also truly modern , exemplified in its global influence in politics , business & economy , education , history , culture , language , music , sporting , architecture , civilization , fashion , art , entertainment , innovation and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational centre . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies , and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system . The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. . The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture and art in China . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics . Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state-owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi . |
List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE) The team with the most reigns is The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray and D-Von) with eight. Edge has the most individual reigns with twelve. Two tag teams have held the titles for 365 or more days: Demolition, whose first reign set the record at 478 days and The Valiant Brothers. Demolition is also the team with the longest combined reign at 698 days, while Mr. Fuji has the longest combined reign as an individual at 932 days. |
The basic cost of a Certification application is: -- $75 for AIRS members at the Basic level (with applicable discounts, this means $65 for Premium members, $68 for Enhanced members and $72 for Standard level members). -- $225 for non-members.An examination re-take (which must be taken within 12 months of the last attempt) is: -- $40 for AIRS members.- $75 for AIRS members at the Basic level (with applicable discounts, this means $65 for Premium members, $68 for Enhanced members and $72 for Standard level members). -- $225 for non-members. An examination re-take (which must be taken within 12 months of the last attempt) is: |
By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977; there the band thanked him in person, and performed "'39" a cappella. Musically, A Day at the Races was by both fans' and critics' standards a strong effort, reaching number one in the UK and Japan, and number five in the US. The major hit on the album was "Somebody to Love", a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury, May, and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir. The song went to number two in the UK, and number thirteen in the US. The album also featured one of the band's heaviest songs, May's "Tie Your Mother Down", which became a staple of their live shows. |
Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed] |
What Can You Put on a Bee Sting to Relieve the Pain? Pets & Animals Bugs Stinging Insects Q: What Can You Put on a Bee Sting to Relieve the Pain? A: Quick Answer Web MD suggests putting a paste of baking soda and water directly on the sting site. An ice pack can also be applied to relieve pain and swelling. If the site is itchy, calamine lotion may be helpful. Continue Reading Keep Learning How Do You Know If You Are Having a Delayed Reaction to a Bee Sting? What's the Best First Aid for a Bee Sting? What Do You Do in the Event of a Bee Sting? Full Answer If possible, remove the stinger. Web MD suggests scraping a fingernail or a pair of tweezers over the site to knock the stinger out. Elevate the limb to reduce swelling. Medications like ibuprofen and antihistamines can help relieve the pain and itching. In most cases, a bee sting causes only minor discomfort for a few days. If signs of a severe allergic reaction emerge, such as hives, a swollen tongue or difficulty breathing, seek emergency medical help immediately. Learn more about Stinging Insects Sources: webmd.com Related Questions Q: How Should You Treat a Wasp Sting? A: Wasp stings generally require only treatment at home, including taking the stinger out (if present), washing the site of the sting, and applying ice to red... Full Answer >Filed Under: Stinging Insects Q: What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bee Sting Allergy? A: Symptoms of a severe bee sting allergy include a widespread rash, dizziness, swelling of the throat and difficulty breathing. Severe bee sting allergies ca... Full Answer >Filed Under: Stinging Insects Q: Do You Put Vinegar or Baking Soda on a Wasp Sting? A: Both baking soda and vinegar can provide relief from the sting of a wasp or a bee, but baking soda is the more common remedy. A thick paste of baking soda ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Stinging Insects Q: Why Does Baking Soda Help Bee Stings? A: A paste of baking soda, vinegar and water helps to neutralize the acid present in bee stings. The solution may be applied to the wound for up to 30 minutes... Full Answer >Filed Under: Insect & Animal Bites You May Also Like Q: What Is the Life Span of a Bumble Bee? Q: What Are Some Causes of Pain in the Spleen? Q: How Much Pain Can Be Expected Right After Hip Replacement Surgery? Q: When Should You Seek Medical Treatment for Stabbing Pain in the Back of the Head? Q: What Is a Homeopathic Remedy for Burning and Pain in the Urinary Tract of a Married Woman? Q: What Are Some Pain Relief Options for an Arthritic Cat? |
York College of Pennsylvania is a private, coeducational, 4-year college located in south central Pennsylvania that offers more than 50 baccalaureate majors in professional programs, the sciences, and humanities to its 4,600 full-time undergraduate students. York also offers master's programs in business, education, and nursing, along with a doctoral program in nursing practice. |
Cover the pot and bring to boil. Place your crab legs in basket (You can bend or break the legs to fit into the steamer) and steam for 5 to 7 minutes. The oven is my preferred method for cooking king crab legs. Just place the thawed king crabs single layer in a large baking pan, add about 1/8 inch water to the pan. Cover with aluminum foil and in a preheated 400 degree oven and bake for about 10 to 15 minutes. |
The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets is the name used for all of the intercollegiate athletic teams that play for the Georgia Institute of Technology, located in Atlanta, Georgia. The teams have also been nicknamed the Ramblin' Wreck, Engineers, Blacksmiths and Golden Tornado. There are eight men's and seven women's teams that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The official school colors for Georgia Tech are old gold and white. Navy blue is often used as a secondary color and for alternate jerseys while black has been used on rare occasion. The traditional rival in all sports is in-state University of Georgia. |
Stafford Loans Student Loan Borrowers Assistance > Start Here > Federal Loans > Stafford Loans Stafford Loans Did You Know?♦ Stafford loans are named after former Senator Robert Stafford from Vermont.♦ Both undergraduate and graduate students may be eligible for Stafford loans.♦ Subsidized Stafford loans are awarded on the basis of financial need. Stafford loans are for undergraduate, graduate and professional students enrolled at least half-time. As of July 1, 2010, Federal Stafford Loans are made to students only through the Direct Loan program. Stafford loans may be subsidized or unsubsidized. A subsidized loan is awarded on the basis of financial need, and the government pays the interest before repayment begins or during authorized periods of deferment. This grace period “interest subsidy” was eliminated for Direct subsidized loans made on or after July 1, 2012 and before July 1, 2014. Unsubsidized loans are not awarded on the basis of financial need, and borrowers are responsible for all interest. Interest payments for unsubsidized loans may be deferred while the borrower is in school, but any accrued interest is added to the principal of the loan (capitalized) when repayment begins. Borrowers can choose to pay interest while in school or during an authorized period of deferment to avoid capitalization. For loans made for periods of enrollment beginning on or after July 1, 2012, graduate and professional students are no longer be eligible to receive subsidized loans. Loans made prior to this date are not affected by this change. Loan Terms, Fees and Limits Interest Rates Interest Rates for Older Loans: The fixed interest rate for undergraduate Stafford loans first disbursed on or after July 1, 2016 and before July 1, 2017 is 3.76%. The rate for graduate students is 5.31%. For loans first disbursed on or after July 1, 2017 and before July 1, 2018, the fixed interest rate for undergraduate Stafford loans is 4.45%. The rate for graduate students is 6%. Older Loans: Most Stafford loans taken out before July 2006 have variable rates that are capped at 8.25%. Interest rates were gradually reduced for new Stafford subsidized loans disbursed after 2007. The rates were:6% for loans first disbursed July 1, 2008 to July 1, 20095.6% for loans first disbursed July 1, 2009 to July 1, 20104.5% for loans first disbursed July 1, 2010 to July 1, 20113.4% for loans first disbursed July 1, 2011 to July 1, 2013. Interest Rates for Newer Loans: The Department of Education web site has more information about interest rates and terms. The Project on Student Debt has an information sheet to help you understand the interest rates and other terms for federal student loans taken out July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. Loan Limits The Department of Education establishes annual and aggregate limits for the various federal loan programs. Stafford loan limits vary depending on whether you are financially dependent or independent. The total amount of Stafford loans, including both subsidized and unsubsidized, that undergraduates can borrow is $31,000 for dependent students and $57,500 for independent students. Subsidized loans can be no more than $23,000 of this aggregate amount. The higher independent student limits also apply to dependent students whose parents are unable to borrow PLUS loans. The limits vary for each year of study, depending on the length of the program and the student’s year of study. There is more information on Stafford loan limits on the Department of Education’s web site. Loan Fees In 2005, Congress passed a law that reduced Stafford loan origination fees over time. Prior to this law, the fee limits were usually 4%. The fee for FFEL Stafford loans was eliminated as of July 1, 2010, but so was the FFEL program. For all Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans for which the disbursement date is on or after July 1, 2010, the origination fee dropped to 1%. The fees have increased slightly due to the sequester. The fees vary depending on the type of loan and when it was disbursed. The loan fee for Stafford loans made on or after October 1, 2016 and before October 1, 2017 is 1.069%. The fee is the 1.066% for loans disbursed on or after October 1, 2017 and before October 1, 2018. Lenders are required to disclose the amount and method of calculating the origination fee. In addition, you should not be charged for any costs related to processing or handling applications or data required to determine your eligibility to borrow. PLUS Perkins Consolidation Loans HEAL |
Pea fiber (fibre) is a highly absorptive, low carbohydrate fiber derived from specially cleaned and processed pea hulls. Garuda offers a refined fiber (fibre) for most food applications. Benefits. With the state of our health today, the benefits of daily consumption of fiber (fibre) and a low carbohydrate diet can never be over emphasized. Garuda's pea fiber (fibre) provides benefits in many areas. Fiber (fibre) has been used in the area of weight management. It creates a feeling of fullness and satiety and naturally displaces sugar and fat calories, thereby creating a more low carbohydrate food. |
National Socialism (German: "Nationalsozialismus" ), more commonly known as Nazism ( ), is the ideology and set of practices associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party, Nazi Germany and other far-right groups. Usually characterized as a form of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism, Nazism's development was influenced by German nationalism (especially Pan-Germanism), the Völkisch movement and the anti-communist Freikorps paramilitary groups that emerged during the Weimar Republic after Germany's defeat in First World War. |
50th Anniversary The New Met When the Met opened its doors at Lincoln Center on September 16, 1966, the New York Times declared the event a “crescendo of splendor.” Read the original Times article and explore our special anniversary section celebrating five decades of Met history. Live in HD Jan 7 Verdi’s Nabucco The Met’s acclaimed global movie-theater transmissions continue with Verdi’s Nabucco, featuring the legendary Plácido Domingo in the title role and Music Director Emeritus James Levine on the podium. Opens Saturday at 6:30 pm Gounod’s Roméo et Juliette Diana Damrau and Vittorio Grigolo take the stage as Shakespeare’s classic star-crossed lovers in Gounod’s Roméo et Juliette, conducted by Gianandrea Noseda. |
English Channel Map, English Channel Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, England - World Atlas other bodies of water Some 10,000 years ago as the last Ice Age melted away, new bodies of water formed including the English Channel and Irish Sea , Great Britain and Ireland were now islands and both would eventually benefit from that process. The Roman Legions (40,000 strong) crossed the dangerous English Channel in 43 AD. Literally undefended, the Romans named this wild new province, Britannia, and for some 350 years they controlled and influenced it, until their own Empire collapsed upon itself in 410 AD. Though many invasion attempts occurred via the channel over the centuries (some successful, some not) in modern times the English Channel has helped Britain and Ireland defend themselves from outside invaders, namely the German Army during World War II. The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean , and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK ) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is today one of the busiest shipping lanes on the planet. It's approximately 350 miles long, and at its narrowest in the Strait of Dover. It's somewhat shallow, with an average depth of less than 50 meters between Dover and Calais. Completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel, a 31-mile long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connects France and England |
Sons of Anarchy is an American crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter , which aired from 2008 to 2014 . It follows the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show stars Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller , initially the vice president , who begins questioning the club and himself . Brotherhood , loyalty and redemption are constant themes . Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3 , 2008 , on cable network FX . The series 's third season attracted an average of 4.9 million weekly viewers , making it FX 's highest rated series and surpassing its other hits The Shield , Nip/Tuck and Rescue Me . The season four and five premieres were the two highest-rated telecasts in FX 's history . The sixth season aired from September 10 , 2013 , through December 10 , 2013 . The seventh and final season of the series premiered on September 9 , 2014 . The series finale premiered on December 9 , 2014 . The series explores vigilantism , government corruption and racism , and depicts an outlaw motorcycle club as an analogy for human transformation . Real life Oakland Hell 's Angel David Labrava served as a technical adviser , and also played one of the main characters , Happy Lowman , the club 's assassin . In November 2013 , Sutter indicated he was in talks with FX to make a Sons of Anarchy prequel set in the 1960s . In February 2015 , he said he would not work on the prequel , likely to be titled `` The First 9 '' , before 2017 . In November 2016 FX announced the development of a spin off series Mayans MC , centered around Latino culture , which will likely include past SOA characters in cameo roles . |
Inca Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Inca" redirects here. For a general view of Inca civilization, people and culture, see Andean civilizations. For other uses, see Inca (disambiguation). Inca Empire Tawantinsuyu ( Quechua)1438–1533The Inca Empire at its greatest extent Capital Cusco (1438–1533)Languages Quechua (official), Aymara, Puquina, Jaqi family, Muchik and scores of smaller languages. Religion Inca religion Government Divine, absolute monarchy Sapa Inca• 1438–1471 Pachacuti• 1471–1493 Túpac Inca Yupanqui• 1493–1527 Huayna Capac• 1527–1532 Huáscar• 1532–1533 Atahualpa Historical era Pre-Columbian era• Pachacuti created the Tawantinsuyu 1438• Civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa1529–1532• Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro1533• End of the last Inca resistance 1572Area• 1527 2,000,000 km 2 (770,000 sq mi)Population• 1527 est. 10,000,000Density 5/km 2 (13/sq mi)Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Cusco Governorate of New Castile Governorate of New Toledo Neo-Inca State Today part of Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Inca Empire Inca society Education · Religion · Mythology Architecture · Engineering · Roads Army · Agriculture · Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco · Inca Empire ( Civil War · Spanish conquest)Neo-Inca Statev t e The Inca Empire ( Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. "The Four Regions" [2] ), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, [3] and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century. [4] Its political and administrative structure "was the most sophisticated found among native peoples" in the Americas. [5] The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century. Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua. [6] Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. [7] The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the "son of the sun." [8]The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many features associated with civilization in the Old World. In the words of one scholar, "The Incas lacked the use of wheeled vehicles. They lacked animals to ride and draft animals that could pull wagons and plows... [They] lacked the knowledge of iron and steel... Above all, they lacked a system of writing... Despite these supposed handicaps, the Incas were still able to construct one of the greatest imperial states in human history". [9] Notable features of the Inca Empire include its monumental architecture, especially stonework, extensive road network reaching all corners of the empire, finely-woven textiles, use of knotted strings ( quipu) for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations in a difficult environment, and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor. The Incan economy has been described in contradictory ways by scholars: as "feudal, slave, socialist (here one may choose between socialist paradise or socialist tyranny)". [10] The Inca empire functioned largely without money and without markets. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers. "Taxes" consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire. The Inca rulers (who theoretically owned all the means of production) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects. [11]Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 History2.1 Antecedents2.2 Origin2.3 Kingdom of Cusco2.4 Reorganization and formation2.5 Expansion and consolidation2.6 Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest2.7 Last Incas3 Society3.1 Population3.2 Language3.3 Marriage3.4 Gender4 Religion4.1 Deities5 Economy6 Government6.1 Beliefs6.2 Organization of the empire6.2.1 Suyu6.3 Laws6.4 Administration7 Arts and technology7.1 Monumental architecture7.2 Measures, calendrics and mathematics7.3 Ceramics, precious metals and textiles7.4 Communication and medicine7.5 Coca7.6 Weapons, armor and warfare7.7 Flag8 Adaptations to altitude9 See also9.1 Important Incan archeological sites9.2 Incan-related9.3 General10 Notes11 References12 External links Etymology [ edit]The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, [2] "the four suyu ". In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case representing the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. The four suyu were: Chinchaysuyu (north), Antisuyu (east; the Amazon jungle), Qullasuyu (south) and Kuntisuyu (west). The name Tawantinsuyu was, therefore, a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces. The Spanish transliterated the name as Tahuatinsuyo or Tahuatinsuyu. The term Inka means "ruler" or "lord" in Quechua and was used to refer to the ruling class or the ruling family. [12] The Incas were a very small percentage of the total population of the empire, probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000, but ruling a population of around 10 million persons. [13] The Spanish adopted the term (transliterated as Inca in Spanish) as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than simply the ruling class. As such the name Imperio inca ("Inca Empire") referred to the nation that they encountered and subsequently conquered. History [ edit]Antecedents [ edit]The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilization. Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine", that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations. [14]The Inca Empire was preceded by two large-scale empires in the Andes: the Tiwanaku (c. 300–1100 AD), based around Lake Titicaca and the Wari or Huari (c. 600–1100 AD) centered near the present-day city of Ayacucho. The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years. Thus, many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures. [15]Carl Troll has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allows for the elaboration of the staple food chuño. Chuño, which can be stored for long periods, is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Peruvian highlands. Such link between the Inca state and chuño may be questioned as potatoes and other crops such as maize can also be dried with only sunlight. [16] Troll did also argue that llamas, the Inca's pack animal, can be found in its largest numbers in this very same region. [16] It is worth considering the maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the greatest distribution of llamas and alpacas in Pre-Hispanic America. [17] The link between the Andean biomes of puna and páramo, pastoralism and the Inca state is a matter of research. [18] As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to the Inca state-building. [18] While Troll theorized environmental influences on the Inca Empire he opposed environmental determinism arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization. [18]Origin [ edit]The Inca people were a pastoral tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century. Incan oral history tells an origin story of three caves. The center cave at Tampu T'uqu (Tambo Tocco) was named Qhapaq T'uqu ("principal niche", also spelled Capac Tocco ). The other caves were Maras T'uqu (Maras Tocco) and Sutiq T'uqu (Sutic Tocco). [19] Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. They were: Ayar Manco, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Awqa (Ayar Auca) and Ayar Uchu; and Mama Ocllo, Mama Raua, Mama Huaco and Mama Qura (Mama Cora). Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans. Manco Cápac, First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings, Probably mid-18th century. Oil on canvas. Brooklyn Museum Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would live. They traveled for a long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred llama. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him. Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained. Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they arrived, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child, Sinchi Roca. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her bolas (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla) and killed him instantly. The other people became afraid and ran away. After that, Ayar Manco became known as Manco Cápac, the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Cápac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca. [20]Kingdom of Cusco [ edit]Main article: Kingdom of Cusco Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, the Inca formed the small city-state Kingdom of Cusco (Quechua Qusqu', Qosqo ). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui, whose name literally meant "earth-shaker". The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas (modern Apurímac ). During his reign, he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the Andes mountains (roughly modern Peru and Ecuador) under Inca control. [21]Reorganization and formation [ edit]The first image of the Inca in Europe, Pedro Cieza de León, Cronica del Peru, 1553Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). [22] Pachacuti is thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or summer retreat, although it may have been an agricultural station. [23]Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects. Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully. Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest. Following conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cusco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire. Expansion and consolidation [ edit]Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo, children of the Inti Traditionally the son of the Inca ruler led the army. Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the Peruvian coast. Túpac Inca's empire stretched north into modern-day Ecuador and Colombia. Túpac Inca's son Huayna Cápac added a small portion of land to the north in modern-day Ecuador and in parts of Peru. At its height, the Inca Empire included Peru and Bolivia, most of what is now Ecuador and a large portion of what is today Chile, north of the Maule River. The advance south halted after the Battle of the Maule where they met determined resistance from the Mapuche. The empire's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was stopped by the Shuar in 1527. [24] The empire extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the Altiplano. The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote describes a method of taxation: For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute. [25]Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest [ edit]Main articles: Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Inca expansion (1438–1533)Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526. [26] It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. This approval was received as detailed in the following quote: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land." [27]When they returned to Peru in 1532, a war of brothers between the sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire. Perhaps more importantly, smallpox had spread from Central America. Pizarro did not have a formidable force. With just 168 men, one cannon, and 27 horses, he often talked his way out of potential confrontations that could have easily wiped out his party. The Spanish horsemen, fully armored, had technological superiority over the Inca forces. The traditional mode of battle in the Andes was a kind of siege warfare where large numbers of usually reluctant draftees were sent to overwhelm opponents. The Spaniards developed one of the finest military machines in the premodern world, tactics learned in their centuries-long fight against Moorish kingdoms in Iberia. Along with their tactical and material superiority, the Spaniards acquired tens of thousands of native allies who sought to end the Inca control of their territories. Their first engagement was the Battle of Puná, near present-day Guayaquil, Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532. Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops. Pizarro and some of his men, most notably a friar named Vincente de Valverde, met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue. Through an interpreter Friar Vincente read the " Requerimiento " that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King Charles I of Spain and convert to Christianity. Because of the language barrier and perhaps poor interpretation, Atahualpa became somewhat puzzled by the friar's description of Christian faith and was said to have not fully understood the envoy's intentions. After Atahualpa attempted further enquiry into the doctrines of the Christian faith, the Spanish became frustrated and impatient. They attacked the Inca's retinue and captured Atahualpa as hostage. Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him, in August 1533. [28]Last Incas [ edit]Main article: Neo-Inca State View of Machu Picchu The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, attempted to claim Cusco. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler, Túpac Amaru, Manco's son, was captured and executed. [29] This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state. After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the vertical archipelago model of agriculture. [30] Spanish colonial officials used the Inca mitacorvée labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at Potosí. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement. [ citation needed]The effects of smallpox on the Inca empire were even more devastating. Beginning in Colombia, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. [31] Other diseases, including a probable Typhus outbreak in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, and measles in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people. Society [ edit]Main articles: Inca society and Inca education Population [ edit]The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 4–37 million. Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million. In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus, knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards. [32]Language [ edit]Main article: Quechua languages The main form of communication and record-keeping in the empire were quipus, ceramics, textiles and various dialects of Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire. While Quechua had been spoken in the Andean region, including central Peru, for several centuries prior to the expansion of the Inca civilization, the dialect of Quechua the Incas imposed was an adaptation from the Kingdom of Cusco (an early form of "Southern Quechua" originally named Qhapaq Runasimi, or 'the great language of the people'), or what some historians define as the Cusco dialect. [33] [34]The language imposed by the Incas diverted from its original phonetics as some societies formed their own regional varieties. The diversity of Quechua at that point and even today does not come directly from the Incas, who were just a part of the reason for Quechua's diversity. The civilizations within the empire that had previously spoken Quechua kept their own variety distinct from the Quechua the Incas spread. Although these dialects of Quechua had a similar linguistic structure, they differed according to the region in which they were spoken. [34]Although many of the societies within the empire spoke or learned to speak Quechua, others continued to speak their original languages, such as Aymara, which remains in use in contemporary Bolivia, where it is the primary indigenous language and in various regions surrounding Bolivia. The linguistic body of the Inca Empire was thus varied. The Inca's impact outlasted their empire, as the Spanish continued the use of Quechua. [34]The Incas were not known to develop a written form of communication; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups ( qirus ). [35] These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g. : heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. [36]Marriage [ edit]In the Incan Empire, the age of marriage differed for men and women; men typically married at the age of 20, while women usually got married around 4 years earlier at the age of 16. [37] Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives, but those lower in the ranks could only take a single wife. [38] Marriages were typically within classes and resembled a more business-like agreement. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock. [37] Girls and mothers would also work around the house to keep it orderly to please the public inspectors. [39] These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa, who was the god of pregnancy. [37] It was typical for marriages to begin on a trial basis with both men and women having a say in the longevity of the marriage. If the man felt that it wouldn’t work out or if the woman wanted to return to her parent’s home the marriage would end. Once the marriage was final, the only way the two could be divorced was if they did not have a child together. [37]Maiden of Llullaillaco, the mummy of a 15-year old Inca girl Gender [ edit]The Inca called newborn infants wawa, a term that they also used for newborn animals. This term was used for all newborn beings without regard to their biological sex. Babies were not given human social status until they reached two or three years of age due to the high infant mortality rates. It was at this time that a ceremony was held called rutuchikuy in which the infant was given its first haircut, name and introduced to the extended family. Also in this ceremony, children advanced from the description of wawa to warma, a gender neutral term for a child who has not developed the language skill set. By the time children reached the age of seven, they had completed gender specific tasks and were referred to as gender specific terms, Thaski for girls and maqt’a for boys. [40]Religion [ edit]See also: Religion in the Inca Empire and Inca mythology Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha Inca myths were transmitted orally until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars claim that they were recorded on quipus, Andean knotted string records. [41]The Inca believed in reincarnation. [42] After death, the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties. The spirit of the dead, camaquen, would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required. Most Incas imagined the after world to be like that of the European notion of heaven, with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains. It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated. Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world. Those who obeyed the Inca moral code – ama suwa, ama llulla, ama quella (do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy) – "went to live in the Sun's warmth while others spent their eternal days in the cold earth". [43] The Inca nobility practiced cranial deformation. [44] They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form, thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes. The Incas made human sacrifices. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527. [45] The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as qhapaq hucha. [46]Deities [ edit]The Incas were polytheists who attempted to please many gods. These included: Viracocha, is the great creator god in Inca mythology Viracocha (also Pachacamac) – Created all living things Apu Illapu – Rain God, prayed to when they need rain Ayar Cachi – Hot-tempered God, causes earthquakes Illapa – Goddess of lightning and thunder (also Yakumama water goddess)Inti – sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco (home of the sun)Kuychi – Rainbow God, connected with fertility Mama Killa – Wife of Inti, called Moon Mother Mama Occlo – Wisdom to civilize the people, taught women to weave cloth and build houses Manco Cápac – known for his courage and sent to earth to become first king of the Incas. Taught people how to grow plants, make weapons, work together, share resources and worship the Gods. Pachamama – The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha. People give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions Quchamama – Goddess of the sea Sachamama – Means Mother Tree, goddess in the shape of a snake with two heads Yakumama – Means mother Water. Represented as a snake. When she came to earth she transformed into a great river (also Illapa). Economy [ edit]Further information: Incan agriculture, Vertical archipelago, Mit'a, and Qullqa Illustration of Inca farmers using a chakitaqlla (Andean foot plough)The Inca Empire employed central planning. The Inca Empire traded with outside regions, although they did not operate a substantial internal market economy. While axe-monies were used along the northern coast, presumably by the provincial mindaláe trading class, [47] most households in the empire lived in a traditional economy in which households were required to pay taxes, usually in the form of the mit'a corvée labor, and military obligations, [48] though barter (or trueque) was present in some areas. [49] In return, the state provided security, food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources, agricultural projects (e.g. aqueducts and terraces) to increase productivity and occasional feasts. The economy rested on the material foundations of the vertical archipelago, a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources [50] and the cultural foundation of ayni, or reciprocal exchange. [51] [52]Government [ edit]Main article: Government of the Inca Empire Beliefs [ edit]The Sapa Inca was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion. The Willaq Umu (or Chief Priest) was second to the emperor. Local religious traditions continued and in some cases such as the Oracle at Pachacamac on the Peruvian coast, were officially venerated. Following Pachacuti, the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti, who placed a high value on imperial blood; by the end of the empire, it was common to incestuously wed brother and sister. He was "son of the sun," and his people the intip churin, or "children of the sun," and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor. The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals, notably during the Inti Raymi, or "warriors' cultivation," attended by soldiers, mummified rulers, nobles, clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca. Moreover, Cusco was considered cosmologically central, loaded as it was with huacas and radiating ceque lines and geographic center of the Four Quarters; Inca Garcilaso de la Vega called it "the navel of the universe". [53] [54] [55] [56]Organization of the empire [ edit]The Inca Empire's southern border defined by the Maule or Maipo River (scholars differ). [57] Inca troops never crossed the Bío Bío River. [58]The Inca Empire was a federalist system consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four quarters, or suyu: Chinchay Suyu (NW), Anti Suyu (NE), Kunti Suyu (SW) and Qulla Suyu (SE). The four corners of these quarters met at the center, Cusco. These suyu were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent. At the time the suyu were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changed their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes. [59]Cusco was likely not organized as a wamani, or province. Rather, it was probably somewhat akin to a modern federal district, like Washington, D. C. or Mexico City. The city sat at the center of the four suyu and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion. While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages, each suyu was governed by an Apu, a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains. Both Cusco as a district and the four suyu as administrative regions were grouped into upper hanan and lower hurin divisions. As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani. However, colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list. There were likely more than 86 wamani, with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast. [60] [61] [62]Suyu [ edit]The four suyus or quarters of the empire. The most populous suyu was Chinchaysuyu, which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, it extended through much of modern Ecuador and into modern Colombia. The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu, named after the Aymara -speaking Qulla people. It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, reaching Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile. [57] Historian José Bengoa singled out Quillota as perhaps the foremost Inca settlement. [63]The second smallest suyu, Antisuyu, was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes. Its name is the root of the word "Andes." [64]Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu, located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco. [65]Laws [ edit]The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws. Customs, expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior. The state had legal force, such as through tokoyrikoq (lit. "he who sees all"), or inspectors. The highest such inspector, typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca, acted independently of the conventional hierarchy, providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence. [66]Administration [ edit]Inti, as represented by José Bernardo de Tagle of Peru Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure, such as exact duties and functions of government positions. But the basic structure can be broadly described. The top was the Sapa Inca. Below that may have been the Willaq Umu, literally the "priest who recounts", the High Priest of the Sun. [67] However, beneath the Sapa Inca also sat the Inkap rantin, who was a confidant and assistant to the Sapa Inca, perhaps similar to a Prime Minister. [68] Starting with Topa Inca Yupanqui, a "Council of the Realm" was composed of 16 nobles: 2 from hanan Cusco; 2 from hurin Cusco; 4 from Chinchaysuyu; 2 from Cuntisuyu; 4 from Collasuyu; and 2 from Antisuyu. This weighting of representation balanced the hanan and hurin divisions of the empire, both within Cusco and within the Quarters ( hanan suyukuna and hurin suyukuna ). [69]While provincial bureaucracy and government varied greatly, the basic organization was decimal. Taxpayers – male heads of household of a certain age range – were organized into corvée labor units (often doubling as military units) that formed the state's muscle as part of mit'a service. Each unit of more than 100 tax-payers were headed by a kuraka, while smaller units were headed by a kamayuq, a lower, non-hereditary status. However, while kuraka status was hereditary and typically served for life, the position of a kuraka in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a pachaka kuraka could be appointed to the position by a waranqa kuraka. Furthermore, one kuraka in each decimal level could serve as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level, so that a pachaka kuraka might also be a waranqa kuraka, in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax-payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units. [70] [71] [72]Kuraka in Charge [73] [74] Number of Taxpayers Hunu kuraka 10,000Pichkawaranqa kuraka 5,000Waranqa kuraka 1,000Pichkapachaka kuraka 500Pachaka kuraka 100Pichkachunka kamayuq 50Chunka kamayuq 10Arts and technology [ edit]Monumental architecture [ edit]We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain.“”Francisco Pizarro Architecture was the most important of the Incan arts, with textiles reflecting architectural motifs. The most notable example is Machu Picchu, which was constructed by Inca engineers. The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework. These constructs have survived for centuries, with no use of mortar to sustain them. This process was first used on a large scale by the Pucara (ca. 300 BC–AD 300) peoples to the south in Lake Titicaca and later in the city of Tiwanaku (ca. AD 400–1100) in present-day Bolivia. The rocks were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed. The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable, despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity. Measures, calendrics and mathematics [ edit]Inca tunic Tokapu. Textiles worn by the Inca elite consisting of geometric figures enclosed by rectangles or squares. There is evidence that the designs were an ideographic language [ citation needed]Quipu, 15th century. Brooklyn Museum Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts. Units included fingers, the distance from thumb to forefinger, palms, cubits and wingspans. The most basic distance unit was thatkiy or thatki, or one pace. The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the topo or tupu, measuring 6,000 thatkiy s, or about 7.7 km (4.8 mi); careful study has shown that a range of 4.0 to 6.3 km (2.5 to 3.9 mi) is likely. Next was the wamani, composed of 30 topo s (roughly 232 km or 144 mi). To measure area, 25 by 50 wingspans were used, reckoned in topo s (roughly 3,280 km 2 or 1,270 sq mi). It seems likely that distance was often interpreted as one day's walk; the distance between tambo way-stations varies widely in terms of distance, but far less in terms of time to walk that distance. [75] [76]Inca calendars were strongly tied to astronomy. Inca astronomers understood equinoxes, solstices and zenith passages, along with the Venus cycle. They could not, however, predict eclipses. The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar, as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one solar and one lunar. As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365-day solar year, those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice. Each lunar month was marked with festivals and rituals. [77] Apparently, the days of the week were not named and days were not grouped into weeks. Similarly, months were not grouped into seasons. Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes, but in terms of how far the sun had travelled or in how long it had taken to perform a task. [78]The sophistication of Inca administration, calendrics and engineering required facility with numbers. Numerical information was stored in the knots of quipu strings, allowing for compact storage of large numbers. [79] [80] These numbers were stored in base-10 digits, the same base used by the Quechua language [81] and in administrative and military units. [71] These numbers, stored in quipu, could be calculated on yupanas, grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values, perhaps functioning as an abacus. [82] Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens, seeds or pebbles between compartments of the yupana. It is likely that Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions and multiplication of integers and fractions. [83]According to mid-17th-century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo, [84] the Inca designated officials to perform accounting-related tasks. These officials were called quipo camayos. Study of khipu sample VA 42527 (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin) [85] revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the "farm account books" kept by the khipukamayuq (accountant or warehouse keeper) to facilitate the closing of accounting books. [86]Ceramics, precious metals and textiles [ edit]Camelid Conopa, 1470–1532, Brooklyn Museum, Small stone figurines, or conopas, of llamas and alpacas were the most common ritual effigies used in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia. These devotional objects were often buried in the animals' corrals to bring protection and prosperity to their owners and fertility to the herds. The cylindrical cavities in their backs were filled with offerings to the gods in the form of a mixture including animal fat, coca leaves, maize kernels and seashells. Ceramics were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals, birds, waves, felines (popular in the Chavin culture) and geometric patterns found in the Nazca style of ceramics. In a culture without a written language, ceramics portrayed the basic scenes of everyday life, including the smelting of metals, relationships and scenes of tribal warfare. The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the Cusco bottles or "aryballos". [87] Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the Larco Archaeological Museum and the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History. Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Incan empire was melted down by the conquistadors. Communication and medicine [ edit]The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings, known as Quipu, although they can no longer be decoded. Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature. [88]The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. [89] They performed successful skull surgery, by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds. Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. Survival rates were 80–90%, compared to about 30% before Inca times. [90]Coca [ edit]Coca leaves The Incas revered the coca plant as sacred/magical. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes. [91] The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves. [91] The Chasqui, messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages, chewed coca leaves for extra energy. Coca leaves were also used as an anaesthetic during surgeries... Weapons, armor and warfare [ edit]The Battle of the Maule between the Incas (right) and the Mapuches (left)The Inca army was the most powerful at that time, because they could turn an ordinary villager or farmer into a soldier. Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed. By the time the empire reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war. The Incas had no iron or steel and their weapons were not much more effective than those of their opponents. They went into battle with drums beating and trumpets blowing. Their armor included: [ citation needed]Helmets made of wood, copper, bronze, cane, or animal skin; some were adorned with feathers Round or square shields made from wood or hide Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine. The Inca weaponry included: Bronze [92] [ citation needed] or bone-tipped spears Clubs with stone and spiked metal [ citation needed] heads Woolen slings and stones Stone or copper [ citation needed] [93] headed battle-axes Bolas (stones fastened to lengths of cord) [94]Roads allowed quick movement (on foot) for the Inca army and shelters called tambo and storage silos called qullqas were built one day's travelling distance from each other, so that an army on campaign could always be fed and rested. This can be seen in names of ruins such as Ollantay Tambo, or My Lord's Storehouse. These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies (and possibly shelter) ready as they traveled. Flag [ edit]See also: Wiphala and Rainbow flag § Andean peoples and social movements Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner. However, it represented the Inca (emperor), not the empire. Francisco López de Jerez [95] wrote in 1534:... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan, con tanto concierto como turcos. (... all of them came distributed into squads, with their flags and captains commanding them, as well-ordered as Turks. )Chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote: The royal standard or banner was a small square flag, ten or twelve spans around, made of cotton or wool cloth, placed on the end of a long staff, stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air and on it each king painted his arms and emblems, for each one chose different ones, though the sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown, which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred, like a lion, an eagle and other figures. (... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña, de diez o doce palmos de ruedo, hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana, iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga, tendida y tiesa, sin que ondease al aire, y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas, porque cada uno las escogía diferentes, aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona, a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía, como un león, un águila y otras figuras.) - Bernabé Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653)Guaman Poma 's 1615 book, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags. [96] In his 1847 book A History of the Conquest of Peru, " William H. Prescott ... says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner and that the imperial standard, high above all, displayed the glittering device of the rainbow, the armorial ensign of the Incas." [97] A 1917 world flags book says the Inca "heir-apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns." [98]In modern times the rainbow flag has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia. The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag, but as an official flag of the city. The Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006) flew the Rainbow Flag in Lima 's presidential palace. However, according to Peruvian historiography, the Inca Empire never had a flag. Peruvian historian María Rostworowski said, "I bet my life, the Inca never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it". [99] Also, to the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio, the flag dates to the first decades of the 20th century, [100] and even the Congress of the Republic of Peru has determined that flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of National Academy of Peruvian History:"The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context". [100]National Academy of Peruvian History Adaptations to altitude [ edit]Sacsayhuamán, the Inca stronghold of Cusco Incas were able to adapt to their high-altitude living through successful acclimatization, which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues. For the native Inca living in the Andean highlands, this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity, and an increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and capillary beds. [101]Compared to other humans, the Incas had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger lung capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume and double the amount of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. See also [ edit]Important Incan archeological sites [ edit]Historical statesin present-day Argentinabefore 1500 [show]1500–1600 [show]1600–1700 [show]1700–1800 [show]1800–1830 [show]1830–present [show]morev t e Muisca Confederation Choquequirao Cojitambo Cusco El Fuerte de Samaipata Huánuco Pampa Huchuy Qosqo Inca-Caranqui Llaqtapata Machu Picchu Moray Ollantaytambo Oroncota Pambamarca Fortress Complex Písac Pukara of La Compañia Quispiguanca Rumicucho Sacsayhuamán Tumebamba Vilcabamba Vitcos Wanuku Pampa Incan-related [ edit]Aclla, the "chosen women"Amauta, Inca teachers Amazonas before the Inca Empire Anden, agricultural terrace Chincha culture Inca Civil War Inca cuisine Incan agriculture Incan aqueducts Incas in Central Chile Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)Paria, Bolivia Quipu, knotted cords Qullqa, Inca storehouse Religion in the Inca Empire Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Tambo Tampukancha, Inca religious site General [ edit]Muisca Confederation Ancient Peru Cultural periods of Peru Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas History of Peru History of smallpox Notes [ edit]^ Namnama, Katrina; De Guzman, Kathleen, "The Inca Empire", K12, USA, archived from the original on 27 February 2008^ a b Mc Ewan 2008, p. 221.^ Schwartz, Glenn M.; Nichols, John J. (15 August 2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.^ Moseley, Michael E. (2001), The Incas and their Ancestors, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 7^ Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson, Colonial Latin America, 7th edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2010, p. 19^ http://www.machupicchu-tours-peru.org/blog/quechua-language-incas^ "The Inca - All Empires".^ "The Inca." The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 10 Sept 2013.^ "Mc Ewan, Gordon F. (2006). The Incas: New Perspectives, New York: W. W. Norton & Co, p. 5^ La Lone, Darrell E. "The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand," p. 292. https://www.academia.edu/885136/The_Inca_as_a_nonmarket_economy_Supply_on_command_versus_supply_and_demand, accessed 10 Aug 2017^ Morris, Craig and von Hagen, Adrianna (2011), The Incas, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 48–58^ "Inca". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 93.^ Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), Encyclopedia of the Incas, New York: Rowand & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations.^ Mc Ewan, Gordon F. (2006), The Incas: New Perspectives, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, p. 65^ a b Gade, Daniel (2016). "Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases". Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time. p. 86. ISBN 978-3-319-20849-7.^ Hardoy, Jorge Henríque (1973). Pre-Colombian Cities. p. 24. ISBN 978-0802703804.^ a b c Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)". Erdkunde. 50 (4): 301–316.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 57.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 69.^ Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984). Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-521-31896-3.^ The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu.^ Weatherford, J. Mc Iver (1988). Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York: Fawcett Columbine. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-449-90496-2.^ Ernesto Salazar (1977). An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador (PDF). International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2013.^ Starn, Orin; Kirk, Carlos Iván; Degregori, Carlos Iván (1 January 2009). The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-8750-6.^ * Juan de Samano (9 October 2009). "Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526". bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Retrieved 10 October 2009.^ Somervill, Barbara (2005). Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas. Compass Point Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7565-1061-9.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 79.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 31.^ Sanderson 1992, p. 76.^ Millersville University Silent Killers of the New World Archived 3 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine.^ Mc Ewan 2008, pp. 93–96. The 10 million population estimate in the info box is a mid-range estimate of the population..^ Quechua Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.^ a b c "Origins And Diversity of Quechua".^ "Comparing chronicles and Andean visual texts. Issues for analysis" (PDF). Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena. 46, Nº 1, 2014: 91–113.^ "Royal Tocapu in Guacan Poma: An Inca Heraldic?". Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP. Nº 8, 2004: 305–323.^ a b c d Incas : lords of gold and glory. Time-Life Books. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1992. ISBN 0809498707. OCLC 25371192.^ Gouda, F. (2008). Colonial Encounters, Body Politics, and Flows of Desire. Journal of Women's History, 20 (3), 166–180.^ Gerard, K. (1997). Ancient Lives. New Moon, 4 (4), 44.^ Covey, R. Alan. 2013. Inca Gender Relations, from Household to Empire. Pearson^ Urton, Gary (6 March 2009). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77375-2.^ THE INCAS OF PERU^ "Inca moral code | Heart of the Initiate - Shamanic Retreats". www.heartoftheinitiate.com. Retrieved 2017-09-18.^ Burger, Richard L.; Salazar, Lucy C. (2004). Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09763-4.^ Davies, Nigel (February 1981). Human sacrifice: in history and today. Morrow. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-0-688-03755-0.^ Reinhard, Johan (November 1999). "A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo". National Geographic, Spanish version: 36–55.^ Salomon, Frank (1987-01-01). "A North Andean Status Trader Complex under Inka Rule". Ethnohistory. 34 (1): 63–77. doi: 10.2307/482266. JSTOR 482266.^ Earls, J. The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture. P. 1-29^ Moseley 2001, p. 44.^ Murra, John V.; Rowe, John Howland (1984-01-01). "An Interview with John V. Murra". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 64 (4): 633–653. doi: 10.2307/2514748. JSTOR 2514748.^ Maffie, J. (5 March 2013). "Pre-Columbian Philosophies". In Nuccetelli, Susana; Schutte, Ofelia; Bueno, Otávio. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-1-118-61056-5.^ Newitz, Annalee (3 January 2012), The greatest mystery of the Inca Empire was its strange economy, io9, retrieved 4 January 2012^ Willey, Gordon R. (1966). An Introduction to American Archaeology: South America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. pp. 173–175.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 86–89; 111; 154–155.^ Moseley2001, pp. 81–85.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 138-139.^ a b Dillehay, T.; Gordon, A. "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia. La frontera del estado Inca. Editorial Abya Yala. ISBN 978-9978-04-977-8.^ Bengoa 2003, p. 39.^ Rowe in Steward, Ed., p. 262^ Rowe in Steward, ed., p. 185-192^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 42–43, 86–89.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 113-114.^ Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 87.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 87–88.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 235–236.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 99.^ R. T. Zuidema, Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization. Ethnohistory, Vol. 30, No. 2. (Spring, 1983), pp. 97^ Zuidema 1983, pp. 48.^ Julien 1982, pp. 121–127.^ a b D'Altroy 2014, pp. 233–234.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 114-115.^ Julien 1982, p. 123.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 233.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 246–247.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 179-180.^ D'Altroy 2014, pp. 150–154.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 185-187.^ Neuman, William (January 2, 2016). "Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Incan Mystery". New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2016.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 183-185.^ "Supplementary Information for: Heggarty 2008". Arch.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.^ "Inca mathematics". History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-24.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 185.^ Cobo, B. (1983 [1653]). Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo. Vol. 1. Edited and preliminary study By Francisco Mateos. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 91. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas.^ Sáez-Rodríguez, A. (2012). "An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú)". Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5 (1): 62–88.^ Sáez-Rodríguez, A. (2013). "Knot numbers used as labels for identifying subject matter of a khipu". Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 6 (1): 4–19.^ Berrin, Kathleen (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.^ Mc Ewan 2008, p. 183.^ Somervill, Barbara A. (2005). Empire of the Inca. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 101–103. ISBN 0816055602.^ "Incan skull surgery". Science News.^ a b "Cocaine's use: From the Incas to the U. S." Boca Raton News. 4 April 1985. Retrieved 2 February 2014.^ Cartwright, Mark (19 May 2016). "Inca Warfare". Ancient History Encyclopedia.^ "Inca Warfare". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-09-30.^ Cartwright, Mark. "Inca Warfare". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2017.^ Francisco López de Jerez, Verdadera relación de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco, llamada la Nueva Castilla, 1534.^ Guaman Poma, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, (1615/1616), pp. 256, 286, 344, 346, 400, 434, 1077, this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book. Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373, 515, 558, 1077, 0. On pages 83, 167–171 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention, a shield, to place certain totems related to Inca leaders.^ Preble, George Henry; Charles Edward Asnis (1917). Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals... 1. N. L. Brown. p. 85.^ Mc Candless, Byron (1917). Flags of the world. National Geographic Society. p. 356.^ "¿Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo?". Terra. 19 April 2010.^ a b "La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2009.^ Frisancho, A. Roberto (2013), "Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude: Review", American Journal of Human Biology, 25 (2): 151–68, doi: 10.1002/ajhb.22367, PMID 24065360References [ edit]Library resources about Inca Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other librariesКуприенко, Сергей (2013). Источники XVI-XVII веков по истории инков: хроники, документы, письма. Kyiv: Видавець Купрієнко С.А. ISBN 978-617-7085-03-3. Bengoa, José (1 January 2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur: desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín : siglos XVI y XVII. BPR Publishers. ISBN 978-956-8303-02-0.de la Vega, Garcilaso (15 September 2006). The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Abridged. Hackett Publishing. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-1-60384-856-5. Hemming, John (2003). The Conquest of the Incas. Harvest Press. ISBN 0-15-602826-3. Mac Quarrie, Kim (2007). The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6049-7. Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Knopf. pp. 64–105. ISBN 978-0-307-27818-0. Mc Ewan, Gordon F. (26 August 2008). The Incas: New Perspectives. W. W. Norton, Incorporated. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-393-33301-5. Morales, Edmundo (1995). The guinea pig: healing, food, and ritual in the Andes. University of Arizona Press. Popenoe, Hugh; Steven R. King; Jorge Leon; Luis Sumar Kalinowski; Noel D. Vietmeyer (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-04264-X. Sanderson, Steven E. (1992). The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2021-2. D'Altroy, Terence N. (30 April 2014). The Incas. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-61059-6. Steward, Julian H., ed. (1946). The Handbook of South American Indians: The Andean Civilizations. no. 143 v. 2 Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Biodiversity Heritage Library / Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 1935. Julien, Catherine J. (1982). Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800. New York: Academic Press. Moseley, Michael Edward (2001). The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28277-9. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Inca ( category)"Guaman Poma – El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno" – A high-quality digital version of the Corónica, scanned from the original manuscript. Conquest nts.html Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922 CE). Inca Artifacts, Peru and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes. Ancient Civilizations – Inca"Ice Treasures of the Inca" National Geographic site. "The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec," poetry of an Inca emperor. Incan Religion Engineering in the Andes Mountains, lecture on Inca suspension bridges A Map and Timeline of Inca Empire events Ancient Peruvian art: contributions to the archaeology of the empire of the Incas, a four volume work from 1902 (fully available online as PDF) [ show]v t e Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures [ show]v t e Peru articles [ show]v t e Empires [ show]v t e Monarchies in the Americas Authority control GND: 4027023-3Categories: Former countries in South America Former empires States and territories established in 1438States and territories disestablished in 1533 Inca Empire Indigenous culture of the Americas Andean civilizations Post-Classic period in the Americas 16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization History of Ecuador History of Peru Inca states History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 15th century in South America16th century in South America Former empires in the Americas 15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization |
1000+ images about Nunavut, Canada on Pinterest | Snow goose, Beluga whale and Hunt's Forward Madeleine Qumuatuq says she’s trying to get by on a little over $300 a month of income support from the Nunavut government. “It’s really not enough to live on in a good way,” she says. “It’s a very stressful life.” Qumuatuq, of Pangnirtung, Nunavut, is one of 14,000 people in Nunavut who rely on income support for their daily needs. See More |
Cinder cone The rock fragments, often called cinders or scoria, are glassy and contain numerous gas bubbles "frozen" into place as magma exploded into the air and then cooled quickly.[2] Cinder cones range in size from tens to hundreds of meters tall.[2] Cinder cones are made of pyroclastic material. Many cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. During the waning stage of a cinder-cone eruption, the magma has lost most of its gas content. This gas-depleted magma does not fountain but oozes quietly into the crater or beneath the base of the cone as lava.[3] Lava rarely issues from the top (except as a fountain) because the loose, uncemented cinders are too weak to support the pressure exerted by molten rock as it rises toward the surface through the central vent.[2] Because it contains so few gas bubbles, the molten lava is denser than the bubble-rich cinders.[3] Thus, it often burrows out along the bottom of the cinder cone, lifting the less dense cinders like a cork on water, and advances outward, creating a lava flow around the cone's base.[3] When the eruption ends, a symmetrical cone of cinders sits at the center of a surrounding pad of lava.[3] If the crater is fully breached, the remaining walls form an amphitheatre or horseshoe shape around the vent. |
Alcmene | Greek mythology | Britannica.com Alcmene Greek mythology THIS ARTICLE IS A STUB. You can learn more about this topic in the related articles below. Alcmene, in Greek mythology , a mortal princess, the granddaughter of Perseus and Andromeda . She was the mother of Heracles by Zeus , who disguised himself as her husband Amphitryon and seduced her. Learn More in these related articles: Greek mythology body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th–4th century bce. In general, however, in the popular piety of the... Perseus (Greek mythology) in Greek mythology, the slayer of the Gorgon Medusa and the rescuer of Andromeda from a sea monster. Perseus was the son of Zeus and Danaë, the daughter of Acrisius of Argos. As an infant he was cast into the sea in a chest with his mother by Acrisius, to whom it had been prophesied that he... Andromeda (Greek mythology) in Greek mythology, beautiful daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiope of Joppa in Palestine (called Ethiopia) and wife of Perseus. Cassiope offended the Nereids by boasting that Andromeda was more beautiful than they, so in revenge Poseidon sent a sea monster to devastate Cepheus’... Heracles one of the most famous Greco-Roman legendary heroes. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene (see Amphitryon), granddaughter of Perseus. Zeus swore that the next son born of the Perseid house should become ruler of Greece, but by a trick of Zeus’s jealous wife, Hera, another... Zeus in ancient Greek religion, chief deity of the pantheon, a sky and weather god who was identical with the Roman god Jupiter. His name clearly comes from that of the sky god Dyaus of the ancient Hindu Rigveda. Zeus was regarded as the sender of thunder and lightning, rain, and winds, and his... Amphitryon in Greek mythology, son of Alcaeus, king of Tiryns. Having accidentally killed his uncle Electryon, king of Mycenae, Amphitryon fled with Alcmene, Electryon’s daughter, to Thebes, where he was cleansed from the guilt by Creon, his maternal uncle, king of Thebes. Alcmene refused to consummate... in Galinthias in Greek mythology, a friend (or servant) of Alcmene, the mother of Zeus’s son Heracles (Hercules). When Alcmene was in labour, Zeus’s jealous wife, Hera, sent her daughter Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to sit outside Alcmene’s bedroom with her legs crossed and held together by both hands with intertwined fingers—thus by magic delaying the delivery in order to foil Zeus’s plans... |
. Types of intubation Endoctracheal intubation- the passage of a tube throughthe nose or mouth into the trachea for maintenance of theairway during anesthesia or for maintenance of an imperiledairway. This is considered a relatively temporaryprocedure. The type of intubation used depends on thepatient's condition and on the purpose for intubation. Nasogastric intubation- the insertion of anendotracheal tube through the nose and into thestomach to relieve excess air from the stomach or toinstill nutrients or medications.. Nasotracheal intubation- (blind) the insertion ofan endotracheal tube through the nose and into thetrachea. The tube is passed without using alaryngoscope to view the glottic opening. Thistechnique may be used without hyperextension,therefore it is useful when a client or patienthas cervical spinal trauma and with patients who haveclenched teeth. Indications for this type includeintraoral operative procedures, during which the theendotracheal tube could easily be displaced or obscurethe operative site. Bleeding is not unusual afterintubation. The tubes are usually smaller than thoseused for orotracheal intubation. This can also beperformed with direct visualization with a laryngoscopicexamination. Blind intubation is only used if there areindications that the larynx can not be visualized. Orotracheal intubation- the insertion of anendotracheal tube through the mouth and into thetrachea. This type is performed much more frequentlythan nasotracheal intubation. Fiberoptic intubation- (awake)- a fiberoptic scope isused that has an eyepiece to visualize the larynx and ahandle to control the tip. It is usually 2 1/2 - 3 feetlong. It is inserted in the patient's throat and guided tothe larynx and glottic opening. The endotracheal tube isthen slid over the fiberoptic scope into the trachea. Thisprocedure is usually used when patient's are unable toflex and extend their head for any reason. Usually thepatient's throat is numbed with local anesthesics. Patients are sedated and made comfortable. Sometimesthe patient is put to sleep. If general anesthesia is usedan assistant is mandatory, because one person can notmonitor the patient, administer general anesthesia, andperform fiberoptic endoscopic examination. Tracheostomy intubation- placing a tube by incisingthe skin over the trachea and making a surgical woundin order to create an airway. For the best results it isperformed over a previously placed endotracheal tube inan operating room. However this is also performed as anurgent, life-saving procedure. Speaking tracheostomy tubes- specifically designedtracheostomy tubes that allow the ventilator-dependentclient to speak by enabling air to enter the larynx withoutcompromising the patient's or client's ventilation. Theykeep the air that is needed to ventilate the lungs separatefrom the air supply for speech. Currently, there are twotypes of designs to allow for independent voice control.a. Electro-mechanical solenoid- controls the flow froma compressed air source.b. Air compressor- it can be turned on and off tosupply regulated air to the tracheostomy tube. |
Accounting for Treasury Stock Using the Cost Method. Total treasury stock decreased by $2,500, the amount of the 500 treasury shares sold at the original cost of $5. The stockholders equity account increased by $2,300, the amount of the treasury shares sold ($2,500) less the loss to retained earnings of $200. |
The list below will help you out. It covers all the vitamins and minerals you should get, preferably from food. Calcium. Foods that have it: Milk, fortified nondairy alternatives like soy milk, yogurt, hard cheeses, fortified cereals, kale. How much you need: 1 Adults ages 19-50: 1,000 milligrams per day.hat it does: Helps your body process iron. Don't get more than this much: 10,000 micrograms per day for adults. Fiber. Foods that have it: Plant foods, including oatmeal, lentils, peas, beans, fruits, and vegetables. 1 1. |
Andy Murray avoids politics before Great Britain’s Davis Cup tie with USA | Sport | The Guardian Andy Murray avoids politics before Great Britain’s Davis Cup tie with USA • Glasgow event ‘is biggest home tie I have played and I expect it to be close’ • Jamie Murray questions Scotland’s failure to capitalise on Wimbledon 2013 Wednesday 4 March 2015 15.14 EST Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 09.37 EDT Close This article is 1 year old Picking his words more adroitly than he selected his shots in an error-strewn nightmare against the Croatian teenager Borna Coric in Dubai , Andy Murray tiptoed around nationalism, football politics and the state of Scottish tennis on the eve of Great Britain’s Davis Cup tie against the USA in Glasgow. It was a virtuoso performance – without notes. Its tone and content suggested team spirit is in good shape, even if his brother, Jamie, is struggling with a cold. However, if the British, who rolled the Americans in San Diego last year , are to beat them back to back for the first time in 110 years, that esprit de corps – driven by what will surely be overwhelming support among a sellout crowd of 7,000 in the Emirates Arena – could swing the result, starting with the singles on Friday. “I expect it to be very close,” Murray said. “It’s the biggest home tie I have played. The tickets sold out quickly, so it shows there is a passion here for the sport.” Which led on, inevitably, to brother Jamie’s comments in the Scottish Daily Mail on Wednesday, in which he lambasted local administrators for failing to build on the immense goodwill and inspiration his brother’s Wimbledon victory in 2013 has generated. “I spoke to [Jamie and our mother, Judy] about it quite a bit over Christmas,” Andy said, “but I don’t know as much as they do. I don’t spend as much time in Scotland now but I respect both of their opinions when it comes to that sort of thing.” The team captain, Leon Smith, born and raised in Glasgow, was more forthright: “It’s a no-brainer that there’s a need for indoor courts, especially north of the central belt. Andy and Jamie made really good use of the Stirling University courts. [Andy] would probably have been a great player anyway but it certainly helps if you can access courts when you’re a youngster.” Led into unrelated waters, Murray confirmed he visited Hampden Park after practice on Tuesday – only his second time in the national stadium after seeing his team Hibernian lose a Scottish Cup final – but said he would not be attending the Celtic-St Johnstone match on Wednesday night, just across the road from the tennis venue. “It was nice to go down on the pitch and see what it was like in the locker rooms,” he said of Hampden, adding when asked: “I don’t think I’ve ever been to Celtic Park. We’ve got the team dinner to look forward to, always a great evening.” Smith, denying any betrayal of personal allegiance, chipped in: “Any of my suggestions to go to Celtic Park were knocked back at the beginning of the week.” In a more serious test of his diplomacy, Murray bit when asked if playing in Scotland felt like a home tie. “This is home. This is where I grew up, this is where my family live. Except for me and my brother, they virtually all still live in Dunblane. I still have very strong ties to Dunblane for a number of reasons.” The USA captain, Jim Courier, described the Murray brothers’ return to Scotland as “a unique opportunity for us to experience the vibe that the crowd will have for him”. In an oblique reference to Andy’s support for Scottish independence, he added: “We obviously know there is a political undercurrent here, we are aware of that, and that just adds a little intrigue. It is another wrinkle, another element to this competition. We know what it means to everybody to play for their country and maybe a little bit extra special for Andy and Jamie playing here in Scotland.” On a lighter note, he said his players would not be out for revenge for the USA’s loss to Europe in the Ryder Cup at Gleneagles, adding: “Interestingly, though, Jay Berger, who is [a coach] on our tea |
Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are ionic compounds. Both are solids, where cations and anions are in a closed packed structure. Sodium and potassium are group 1 metals, which have the capability to make +1 cations.Chloride is the -1 anion made by group 7 element, chlorine.Since group 1 elements are electropositive and group seven elements are electronegative, their electronegativity difference is larger. So they form ionic bonds.odium and potassium are group 1 metals, which have the capability to make +1 cations. Chloride is the -1 anion made by group 7 element, chlorine. Since group 1 elements are electropositive and group seven elements are electronegative, their electronegativity difference is larger. So they form ionic bonds. |
Buddy Holly -LRB- born Charles Hardin Holley ; September 7 , 1936 -- February 3 , 1959 -RRB- was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll . Holley was born in Lubbock , Texas , to a musical family during the Great Depression ; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings . His style was influenced by gospel music , country music , and rhythm and blues acts , and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school . He made his first appearance on local television in 1952 , and the following year he formed the group `` Buddy and Bob '' with his friend Bob Montgomery . In 1955 , after opening for Elvis Presley , Holly decided to pursue a career in music . He opened for Presley three times that year ; his band 's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll . In October that year , when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets , Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall , who helped him get a contract with Decca Records . Holly 's recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley . Unhappy with Bradley 's control in the studio and with the sound he achieved there , Holly went to producer Norman Petty in Clovis , New Mexico , and recorded a demo of `` That 'll Be the Day '' , among other songs . Petty became the band 's manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records , which released it as a single credited to `` The Crickets '' , which became the name of Holly 's band . In September 1957 , as the band toured , `` That 'll Be the Day '' topped the US `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart and the UK Singles Chart . Its success was followed in October by another major hit , `` Peggy Sue '' . The album Chirping Crickets , released in November 1957 , reached number five on the UK Albums Chart . Holly made his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after , toured Australia and then the UK . In early 1959 , Holly assembled a new band , consisting of future country music star Waylon Jennings -LRB- bass -RRB- , famed session musician Tommy Allsup -LRB- guitar -RRB- , and Carl Bunch -LRB- drums -RRB- , and embarked on a tour of the midwestern U.S. . After a show in Clear Lake , Iowa , Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his next show , in Moorhead , Minnesota . Soon after takeoff , the plane crashed , killing Holly , Ritchie Valens , The Big Bopper , and pilot Roger Peterson in a tragedy later referred to by Don McLean as `` The Day the Music Died '' . During his short career , Holly wrote , recorded , and produced his own material . He is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars , bass , and drums . Holly was a major influence on later popular music artists , including The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , and Elton John . He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , in 1986 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of `` 100 Greatest Artists '' . |
Avatar, marketed as James Cameron's Avatar, is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron, and starring Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Sigourney Weaver. The film is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing Pandora, a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the mineral unobtanium, a room-temperature superconductor. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi – a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The film's title refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora. |
By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident. |
A disposition is a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way. It reflects the concept of personality traits. The terms dispositional belief and occurrent belief refer, in the former case, to a belief that is held in the mind but not currently being considered, and in the latter case, to a belief that is currently being considered by the mind. |
Houston -LRB- -LSB- ˈhjuːstən -RSB- -RRB- is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States . With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 sqmi , it is also the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County . Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico , it is the principal city of the Greater Houston metro area , which is the fifth-most populated MSA in the United States . Houston was founded on August 28 , 1836 , near the banks of Buffalo Bayou -LRB- now known as Allen 's Landing -RRB- and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city was named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 mi east of where the city was established . The burgeoning port and railroad industry , combined with oil discovery in 1901 , has induced continual surges in the city 's population . In the mid-20th century , Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center -- the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions -- and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment , outside of New York City , Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters than any other U.S. municipality within its city limits . The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled . Nicknamed the `` Space City '' , Houston is a global city , with strengths in business , international trade , entertainment , culture , media , fashion , science , sports , technology , education , medicine , and research . The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community . Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major metropolis in the U.S. . It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits , which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District . Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts . |
Chai (××) is a Hebrew word and symbol that means âlife.â It is spelled with the Hebrew letters Het (×) and Yud (×). Jews will often wear a Chai on a necklace, sometimes with a Star of David or Hamsa. Chai is pronounced as if you were saying âhiâ in English. Judaism is a religion that emphasizes the importance of life. |
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara -LRB- You wo n't get this life again -RRB- is a 2011 Indian comedy-drama road film directed by Zoya Akhtar and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani of Excel Entertainment . The film features an ensemble cast including Hrithik Roshan as Arjun , Abhay Deol as Kabir and Farhan Akhtar as Imraan . It also stars Katrina Kaif as Laila , Kalki Koechlin as Natasha , and Ariadna Cabrol as Nuria along with Naseeruddin Shah making a special appearance . Made on a budget of , the film was shot in Spain , India , Egypt and the United Kingdom . The story follows three friends , Arjun , Kabir , and Imraan who have been inseparable since childhood . They set off to Spain on a bachelor trip and meet Laila , who falls in love with Arjun and helps him overcome his problem of workaholism . Kabir and his fiancée experience significant misunderstanding in the meanwhile , which they soon overcome . As part of the trip , each friend chooses a dangerous sport for the group to partake . The music and score was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics by Javed Akhtar . Initially expected to hit theatres on 27 May 2011 , the release of the film was pushed back to 24 June , and once again to 15 July due to technical glitches in post-production . The film had a worldwide release in 1800 screens and was a critical and commercial success . It grossed worldwide . After its theatrical run , the film was nominated for and won several awards in various categories , including two National Film Awards . |
History of the Former Country of Yugoslavia Share By Matt Rosenberg With the fall of the Austria-Hungary empire at the end of World War I, the victors threw together a new country which was composed of more than twenty ethnic groups - Yugoslavia. Just over seventy years later that piecemeal nation disintegrated and war broke out between seven new states. This overview should help clear up some confusion about what's in place of the former Yugoslavia now. Marshal Tito was able to keep Yugoslavia unified from the formation of the country from 1945 until his death in 1980. At the end of World War II, Tito ousted the Soviet Union and was then "excommunicated" by Josef Stalin. Due to Soviet blockades and sanctions, Yugoslavia began developing trade and diplomatic relationships with western European governments, even though it was a communist country. After the death of Stalin, relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia improved. Following Tito's death in 1980, factions in Yugoslavia became agitated and demanded more autonomy. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance It was the fall of the USSR in 1991 that finally broke up the jigsaw puzzle of a state. About 250,000 were killed by wars and "ethnic cleansing" in the new countries of the former Yugoslavia. Serbia Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which led to the Austrian invasion of Serbia and World War I. Although a rogue state called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was exiled from the United Nations in 1992, Serbia and Montenegro regained recognition on the world stage in 2001 after the arrest of Slobodan Milosevic. In 2003 the country was restructured into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro Following a referendum, in June 2006, Montenegro and Serbia split to for two separate independent countries. The creation of Montenegro as an independent country resulted in Serbia losing their access to the Adriatic Sea. Kosovo The former Serbian province of Kosovo lies just south of Serbia. Past confrontations between ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and ethnic Serbs from Serbia drew world attention to the province, which is 80% Albanian. After many years of struggle, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in February 2008. Unlike Montenegro, not all the countries of the world have accepted the independence of Kosovo, most notably Serbia and Russia. Slovenia Slovenia , the most homogenous and prosperous region of the Former Yugoslavia, was the first to secede. They have their own language, are mostly Roman Catholic, have compulsory education, and a capital city (Ljubljana) which is a primate city. With a current population of approximately two million, Slovenia avoided violence due to their homogeneity. Slovenia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004. Macedonia Macedonia's claim to fame is their rocky relationship with Greece due to the use of the name Macedonia. While Macedonia was admitted to the United Nations, it was admitted under the name of "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" because Greece is strongly against the use of the ancient Greek region for any external territory. Of the two million people, about two-thirds are Macedonian and about 27% is Albanian. The capital is Skopje and key products include wheat, corn, tobacco, steel, and iron. Croatia In January 1998, Croatia finally assumed control of their entire territory, some of which had been under the control of Serbs. This also marked the end of a two-year United Nations peace keeping mission there. Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991 caused Serbia to declare war. Croatia is a boomerang-shaped country of four and a half million which has an extensive coastline on the Adriatic Sea, and it almost keeps Bosnia from having any coast at all. The capital of this Roman Catholic state is Zagreb. In 1995, Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia signed a peace agreement. Bosnia and Herzegovina The virtually landlocked "cauldron of conflict" of four million inhabitants is composed of about one-h |
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.he court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. |
What is an AC recharge and how much does it cost? Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Cars & Vehicles Auto Parts and Repairs Heating AC and Engine Cooling Air Conditioning and Coolant What is an AC recharge and how much does it cost? Flag What is an AC recharge and how much does it cost? Answer by Fatherjason Confidence votes 98It is recharging the Freon in the AC unit and depending on who does it, it runs between 150.00 and 250.00 Answer It fills the colant in the system and you should be able to get the stuff at Auto Zone for 20-30 bucks! The staff will even tell you which can and how to do it!!! :) I recommend the second answer, if you are even slightly literate you can recharge the AC system. The autozone staff will give you a can about as big as a shaving cream can that is the actual Freon. You will also need to purchase a hose to go with it, which the salesman should pointout. The hose is nothing complicated. Like a gardenhose but shorter, and has a PSI gague on it.19 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No DIY Guy 2 Contributions How do you recharge the ac? Answer: recharge your own AC . Here is a good write-up on the procedure, including risks of doing it yourself:\\n. \\nhttp://autos.yahoo.com/maintain/repairqa/fluids_heat_ai …Maine21 6 Contributions How much does it cost to get a ac recharged in a grand am? Answer . \\nno more than 60$Ldcleal 80 Contributions How much does it Cost to recharge home AC unit coolant? Answer Assuming it is R-22 which retails for about $5/ lb. and a system capacity of less than 6# with a service call less than $100, about $130. What I would suggest though, …Lynngarlock 148 Contributions What does it cost to have your cars ac evacuated and recharged?depends where you live Gerald Clay 60,882 Contributions Retired from USPS and now working as electrician. Love cars and still work on them in my spare time. Also a member of the Patriot Guard. How much does it cost to recharge coolant in 1999 Chevy Tahoe? You do not recharge coolant, you replace it. If you are referring to refrigerant in the A/C unit, then first you need to have the leak repaired. It would not need recharging u …What is the cost of having your auto ac system recharged?way to much u can do it yourself way cheaper depending on the vehical you gan get a kit and change over less than 50 bucks by yourself if u wanna keep old r12 in vehicals from …Baldfatguy 11,663 Contributions How do you recharge an AC? Buy a kit at auto parts store--comes with instructions H2045 1,826 Contributions How much does it cost to recharge a home ac unit? It is a violation of Federal law to do this without locating and fixing the leak if you need more than 15% of the units total charge. A reputable contractor will not risk the …Pot brownies 6 Contributions How much does an AC-130 cost? GO smoke some bruh!How much does a ac-130 cost? OVER $1,000The Prism Group 305,894 Contributions I AM GILGAMESH. . . . WITH A PHDHow much does it cost to recharge a car air conditioner? Very little. You can always buy a can of 134 at auto parts store & do yourself. the ports work like tire valves & you only have 2. You just plug the can in. Pop Rivet 40,354 Contributions Age 66. Retired after 45+ years in the automotive and truck mechanical repair trade How much oil is used for the ac compressor in rechargeing the ac of a 1998 Toyota truck? If you have replaced the compressor only, I would add 3 oz directly to suction port of compressor then rotate the comp by hand a few revolutions. If you have not replaced any …Answered In Uncategorized How much does an ac belt cost? Anywhere from $30 to $100. It depends on your make and model and if you choose to put it on yourself or not. Ashtray. Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Batteries How much do rechargable batteries cost? Rechargeable batteries can range anywhere from $9 to $30 depending on the voltage and quantity of batteries. I find Duracell makes the most cost effective purchase for recharg …The Prism Group 305,894 Contributions I AM GILGAMESH. . . . WITH A PHDAnswered In Chrysler How much would it cost to recharge an ac in a 1999 chrysler 300? Less than 50.00. You can even do it yourself (cans avail in auto parts stores) but the issue is why did it leak out in the first place unless it was due to a repair. Usually i …Answered In Batteries How much does it cost to make rechargeable batteries?1.43Answered In Laptops How much does having a laptop recharging for an hour cost? Matters, but wouldn't be much unless you left it on for 24/7 and you got to turn the switch off after even if theres nothing in there O. O |
WDJT-TV WDJT-TV, virtual channel 58 (UHF digital channel 46), is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Owned by Chicago-based Weigel Broadcasting, it is a sister station to Class A MeTV owned-and-operated station WBME-CD (channel 41), Racine-licensed independent station WMLW-TV (channel 49, which shares spectrum with WBME-CD), and low-powered Telemundo affiliate WYTU-LD (channel 63), which WDJT simulcasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition on its respective second, third and fourth digital subchannels to expand their reach across southeastern Wisconsin. All four stations share studios on South 60th Street in Milwaukee (near West Allis); WDJT's transmitter is located in Milwaukee's Lincoln Park (next to the transmitter belonging to ABC affiliate WISN-TV, channel 12). |
Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning in A Storm of Swords -LRB- 2000 -RRB- . Introduced in A Game of Thrones -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and a member of House Lannister , one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros . Although he first appears to be unscrupulous and amoral , he later proves to be far more complex , honorable and sympathetic . Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau on the HBO series Game of Thrones . He was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television , a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a People Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero for his performance in the show 's third season . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . |
Why You Should Never Eat Vegetable Oil or Margarine Why You Should Never Eat Vegetable Oil or Margarine Katie - Wellness Mama 510 Comments Updated: March 27, 2018 This post contains affiliate links Twitter Facebook Google+ Pinterest Reddit Aside from whole grains, vegetable oils and margarine are some of the most misunderstood and over-recommended foods in the health community. You’ve probably heard these referred to as “heart healthy oils,” a good alternative to those “artery clogging saturated fats.”These oils are supposed to help lower cholesterol and blood pressure, increase weight loss, and somehow improve overall health. Only one problem…. again, science doesn’t back these claims up!What Are Vegetable Oils/Margarine? Vegetable oils (and margarine, made from these oils) are oils extracted from seeds like the rapeseed (canola oil) soybean (soybean oil), corn, sunflower, safflower, etc. They were practically non-existent in our diets until the early 1900s when new chemical processes allowed them to be extracted. Unlike butter or coconut oil, these vegetable oils can’t be extracted just by pressing or separating naturally. They must be chemically removed, deodorized, and altered. These are some of the most chemically altered foods in our diets, yet they get promoted as healthy. Vegetable oils are found in practically every processed food, from salad dressing to mayo to conventional nuts and seeds. These oils are some of the most harmful substances you can put into your body, but more on that in a minute!How Vegetable Oils are Made Vegetable oils are manufactured in a factory, usually from genetically modified crops that have been heavily treated with pesticides. This article has fascinating videos contrasting the production of vegetable oils and butter. Take for instance, the common Canola oil, the beauty queen of the vegetable oil industry. It was developed by making a hybrid version of the rapeseed, and it was given its name in the 1980s as part of a marketing effort organized by a conference on mono-saturates. Rapeseed oil contains high amounts of the toxic erucic acid, which is poisonous to the body. Canola oil is an altered version, also called Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (LEAR) and it is commonly genetically modified and treated with high levels of pesticides. Canola (modified rapeseed oil) is produced by heating the rapeseed and processing with a petroleum solvent to extract the oil. Then another process of heat and addition of acid is used to remove nasty solids (wax) that occur during the first processing. At this point, the newly created canola oil must be treated with more chemicals to improve color and separate the different parts of the oil. Finally, since the chemical process has created a harsh smelling oil, it must be chemically deodorized to be palatable. If the vegetable oil is going to be made into shortening or margarine, is undergoes an additional process called hydrogenation to make it solid at cold temperatures. Unlike saturated fats (butter, coconut oil, etc.) vegetable oils are not naturally solid at these temperatures and must be hydrogenated to accomplish this. During this process of hydrogenation, those lovely trans fats we’ve heard so much about are created. This chart from this informative article on the history and production of canola oil shows the process in more detail: Nothing like petroleum produced, overheated, oxidized, and chemically deodorized salad dressing for dinner…. yum. (Compare that to butter… Step 1: milk cow. Step 2: let cream separate naturally. Step 3: skim off cream. Step 4: shake until it becomes butter. )History of Vegetable Oil Production and Consumption As I mentioned, vegetable oil was practically non-existent in its current form in the early 1900s. Until that time, most people got their fats from animal sources like meat, tallow, lard, butter, cream, etc. The overall amount of fat consumed has not changed much since then (it has decreased slightly) but the type has changed dramatically. In 1900 the amount of vegetable based oils that people consumed was basically none. Today, people consume, on average, about 70 lbs of vegetable oils throughout the year. (Hmm, I wonder what 70 pounds of a “food” that was previously non-existent in human consumption might do to our health? )Add to this the fact that the animals we eat are also often fed genetically modified pesticide treated seeds and grains (cows are supposed to eat grass by the way!) and the amount of omega-6 rich oils and seeds in our diets is really high!Though vegetable oil existed in the early 1900s, its use increase that much until the 1950s, when a governmental campaign was launched to convince people to eat vegetable oils and margarine and avoid “artery clogging saturated fats.”Check out the rise of Canola Oil since then (and the decline of butter): And the rise in soybean oil production and consumption: And corn oil: As an interesting correlation, check out the rates of heart disease and cancer since then. As this article notes: All one has to do is look at the statistics to know that it isn’t true. Butter consumption at the turn of the century was eighteen pounds per person per year, and the use of vegetable oils almost nonexistent. Yet cancer and heart disease were rare. Today butter consumption hovers just above four pounds per person per year while vegetable oil consumption has soared–and cancer and heart disease are endemic. Since the 1950’s these vegetable oils and their derivatives have been increasingly used in processed foods and for frying or cooking. They are marketed as healthy because they contain monounsaturated fats and some level of Omega 3 fatty acids. What’s Wrong with Vegetable Oils? There are many problems with vegetable oil consumption, and in my opinion, no amount is safe. To understand why, let’s look at a few of the biggest problems with vegetable oils: Our Bodies Aren’t Meant to Consume Them!The fat content of the human body is about 97% saturated and monounsaturated fat, with only 3 % Polyunsaturated fats. Half of that three percent is Omega-3 fats, and that balance needs to be there. Vegetable oils contain very high levels of polyunsaturated fats, and these oils have replaced many of the saturated fats in our diets since the 1950s. The body needs fats for rebuilding cells and hormone production, but it has to use the building blocks we give it. When we give it a high concentration of polyunsaturated fats instead of the ratios it needs, it has no choice but to incorporate these fats into our cells during cell repair and creation. The problem is that polyunsaturated fats are highly unstable and oxidize easily in the body (if they haven’t already oxidized during processing or by light exposure while sitting on the grocery store shelf). These oxidized fats cause inflammation and mutation in cells. In arterial cells, these mutations cause inflammation that can clog arteries. When these fats are incorporated into skin cells, their mutation causes skin cancer. (This is why people often get the most dangerous forms of skin cancer in places where they are never exposed to the sun, but that is a topic for another day! )When these oils are incorporated into cells in reproductive tissue, some evidence suggests that this can spur problems like endometriosis and PCOS. In short, the body is made up of saturated and monounsaturated fats, and it needs these for optimal health. Vegetable Oils Contain High Levels of Omega-6 Fatty Acids I’ve talked before about how the body needs Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats in balance, preferably a 1:1 ratio. Most people consume a much higher ratio of Omega-6 fats, and this can lead to problems. Vegetable oils contain a very high concentration of Omega 6 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fats, which cause an imbalance of these oils in the body. Omega 6 fats are easily oxidized with heat or light exposure. This is another reason that when these types of fats/oils are incorporated into tissue like skin cells, the heat and light from sun exposure can increase skin cancer risk. Unbalanced levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats have been linked to skin cancer and many types of cancers. As a recent article from the Institute of Natural healing explains: In one study performed at the University of Western Ontario, researchers observed the effects of ten different dietary fats ranging from most saturated to least saturated. What they found is that saturated fats produced the least number of cancers, while omega-6 polyunsaturated fats produced the most. Numerous other studies have also shown that polyunsaturated fats stimulate cancer while saturated fat does not 1 and that saturated fats do not break down to form free radicals. 2In another study, Dr. Vivienne Reeve, Ph D, Head of the Photobiology Research Group at the University of Sydney irradiated a group of mice while feeding while feeding different groups of them polyunsaturated and saturated fats. She discovered that the mice that consumed only saturated fat were totally protected from skin cancer. Those in the polyunsaturated fat group quickly developed skin cancers. Later in the study, the mice in the saturated fat group were given polyunsaturated fats. Skin cancers quickly developed. The 3% of our body that is made up of polyunsaturated fats is approximately half Omega-3 fatty acids and half Omega-6 fatty acids and our body needs this balance. Omega-3s have been shown to reduce inflammation and be protective against cancer, while too much Omega-6 fats cause inflammation and increase cancer risk. Over time, consumption of these oils high in Omega-6s and polyunsaturated fats can also lead to other problems, as the above article elaborates: The journal Epidemiology published a study called, “Margarine Intake and Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease in Men.” Authors of the study followed participants of the Framingham Heart Study for 20 years and recorded their incidence of heart attack. They also tracked both butter and margarine consumption. The researchers discovered that as margarine consumption increased… heart attacks went up. As butter consumption increased… heart attacks declined. The study also divided the data into ten year increments. What they discovered is that during the first ten years, there was little association between margarine consumption and heart attacks. However, during the second decade of follow-up, the group eating the most margarine had 77% more heart attacks than the group eating none!Hmm… saturated fats don’t cause heart disease and vegetable based fats do! Sounds like something I’ve said before. Imbalance of these fats can also cause damage to the intestines and along with processed grain consumption can set the body up for a host of food allergies and auto immune problems. Chemicals and Additives in Vegetable Oils and Fats Since vegetable oils are chemically produced, its not really surprising that they contain harmful chemicals. Most vegetable oils and their products contain BHA and BHT (Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene) which are artificial antioxidants that help prevent food from oxidizing or spoiling too quickly. These chemicals have been shown to produce potential cancer causing compounds in the body, and have also been linked to liver/kidney damage, immune problems, infertility or sterility, high cholesterol, and behavioral problems in children. Vegetable oils also contain residues of the pesticides and chemicals used in their growth and manufacture and most often come from genetically modified sources. Reproductive Problems and Problems in Children caused by Vegetable Oil Consumption Vegetable oils are extremely damaging to the reproductive system and the developing bodies of unborn babies and children. Because the reproductive system in both men and women is constantly producing and dividing new cells, there is potential for mutation and problems when these cells are made of the wrong kind of fats and are oxidized. This same thing applies to unborn babies and children, whose cells are dividing at high rates. There is more potential for mutation because there are more cells dividing. From this article: What the scientific literature does tell us is that low fat diets for children, or diets in which vegetable oils have been substituted for animal fats, result in failure to thrive–failure to grow tall and strong–as well as learning disabilities, susceptibility to infection and behavioral problems. Teenage girls who adhere to such a diet risk reproductive problems. If they do manage to conceive, their chances of giving birth to a low birth weight baby, or a baby with birth defects, are high. Excess consumption of vegetable oils also causes problems with hormone production, since hormones are dependent on certain fats for their manufacture. Vegetable oils that are hardened by hydrogenation to make shortening or margarine are especially damaging. Other Effects of Vegetable Oils on the Body Because vegetable oils oxidize easily, they deplete the body of antioxidants since the body must use these to attempt to neutralize the oxidation. People with high consumption of vegetable oils and their products are at risk for Vitamin E deficiency and other deficiencies. Vegetable oil consumption has been linked to a host of other problems, among them (from the same article above): In test animals, diets high in polyunsaturates from vegetable oils inhibit the ability to learn, especially under conditions of stress; are toxic to the liver; compromise the integrity of the immune system; depress the mental and physical growth of infants; increase levels of uric acid in the blood; cause abnormal fatty acid profiles in the adipose tissues: have been linked to mental decline and chromosomal damage and accelerate aging. Excess consumption of polyunsaturates is associated with increasing rates of cancer, heart disease and weight gain. In light of all that information, how do you sort out which oils are healthy, and which ones aren’t. Even more important, how do you know how much of each one to consume to be healthy? Oils and Fats to Avoid Vegetable Oils and their fats should be avoided completely. There are much healthier alternatives and there is no reason or need to consume these types of fats. The main culprits to watch out for are: Canola Oil Corn Oil Soybean Oil“Vegetable” oil Peanut Oil Sunflower Oil Safflower Oil Cottonseed Oil Grapeseed Oil Margarine Shortening I Can’t Believe Its Not Butter (You better believe it! )Smart Balance (Not a Smart idea! )Any fake butter or vegetable oils products There is no nutritional need for these oils and healthy fats can be found in higher amounts and better ratios in many other types of fats. This article has a great breakdown of the Polyunsaturated, Monounsaturated, and Saturated content in the above oils. While it is simple enough to avoid these oils themselves, the tougher challenge is avoiding all the foods they are in. Check out practically any processed food, and you will find at least one of these ingredients, often labeled as “partially hydrogenated corn/soybean/etc. oil” or “May contain soybean or canola oil.” These foods in particular often contain one of the above unhealthy oils: Salad Dressings Store Bought Condiments Mayo Chips Artificial Cheeses Store bought nuts and snacks Cookies Crackers Snack Foods Sauces Practically anything sold in the middle aisles of the store Oils and Fats to Use Freely There are so many wonderful and healthy fats that are beneficial to the body, so there is no reason to consume the unhealthy ones above. Fats that can be consumed freely for optimal health are: Coconut Oil – Filled with Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Lauric Acid, coconut oil is an all star of the saturated fats. Since the fat composition in cells in the body is largely saturated fat, it is important to get enough of it from healthy sources. Coconut oil does not oxidize easily at high temperatures or go rancid easily, making it a good choice for cooking and baking. It also makes a great natural moisturizer and can be substituted for butter. Meats – Meat, especially red meat, has gotten a bad rap, and unfortunately, the animals we eat have been as mistreated nutritionally as we have. Meats like grassfed beef and free range chicken has a very different nutritional profile than their feedlot counterparts. Grassfed and free range meats have higher nutrient levels, healthy forms of saturated fats and even omega-3s. If possible, consume these forms of meat. Butter – This one food is usually the one people are happiest to start using again. Butter tastes delicious, and pastured grassfed butter is an excellent source of fat soluble vitamins, healthy saturated fat and other nutrients. In contains a compound that Weston A. Price called Activator X, known to improve nutrient absorption and have preventative benefits against disease. Organic Cream – also a good source of healthy saturated fat, organic heavy cream is essentially liquid butter, and is great served whipped on top of fruit, in desserts or in cream based recipes. Olive Oil – High in monounsaturated fats and low in polyunsaturated fats, olive oil is a great oil for salad dressings, homemade mayo , and cold recipes. It shouldn’t be used for cooking since its high monounsaturated fat content makes it susceptible to oxidation at high temperatures. Palm Oil – Has a high saturated fat content and is also heat stable. Some sources claim that palm oil production often encroaches on the natural habitat of some endangered animals, though sustainable versions can be found. If in doubt, just use coconut oil. Avocados and Avocado Oil – A good source of monounsaturated fats and great on salads or in guacamole. Avocado oil is milk tasting and can be used in salad dressings. Fish – Fish are naturally high in Omega-3 fatty acids and can help improve the Omega-3/Omega-6 balance in the body. Look for sustainable wild caught sources, and stick to small fish like tuna, sardines, salmon, etc to minimize mercury. Eggs – Another all-star in the healthy fats community, eggs are loaded with vitamins, healthy fats and necessary cholesterol. Consume them daily from free range sources. Oils and Fats to Consume In Moderation Some fats are nutritious and beneficial to the body but should still be consumed in moderation if they are eaten. Many contain high levels of Omega-6 fats and can therefore mess up the balance of fats in the body. Flaxseed Oil – Though it contains a good amount of Omega-3s, it also has a lot of Omega-6s and its high Polyunsaturated fat content makes it prone to oxidation if heated. Fish oil is a much better source of Omega-3s, and in general, I don’t recommend flax oil, though it certainly is not the worst option. Walnut Oil – Also high in Omega-6 fats, but it has a great rich taste and can be safely used occasionally in dressings or desserts. It also has a slightly higher resistance to oxidation at higher temperatures than other nut oils. Macadamia Nut Oil – This is one of my favorite tasting oils, but it is expensive. It is great in salad dressings or mayo. It has a lot of monounsaturated fats and low levels of polyunsaturated fats. Nuts – Most types of nuts (remember peanuts are not nuts) are a good source of protein and healthy fats and can be eaten in moderation without problem. Just check to make sure they haven’t been cooked in vegetable oils, which is often the case. Nuts also contain phytic acid, so consuming them in excess can be problematic for tooth and bone health. What to Do With the Vegetable Oils You Have Already? If you already have some of the unhealthy vegetable oils in your house… don’t eat them! I’m not a fan of waste either, so use them up in other ways. They can be used to make homemade play dough or floor cleaner. You can also stick them in your shed for oiling tools. (Did I mention, don’t eat them! )Are you ready to throw out the vegetable oils? Still think canola oil is heart healthy? Share below!Filed Under: Health This post contains affiliate links. Click here to read my affiliate policy. Twitter Facebook Google+ Pinterest Reddit |
The Conspirator is a 2010 American mystery historical drama film directed by Robert Redford based on an original screenplay by James D. Solomon. It is the debut film of the American Film Company. The film tells the story of Mary Surratt, the only female conspirator charged in the Abraham Lincoln assassination and the first woman to be executed by the United States federal government. It stars James McAvoy, Robin Wright, Justin Long, Evan Rachel Wood, Jonathan Groff, Tom Wilkinson, Alexis Bledel, Kevin Kline, John Cullum, Toby Kebbell, and James Badge Dale. |
Raul Olivo is an actor and singer from Venezuela. His first steps in the entertainment industry made him stand out as a model in international runways for worldwide recognized brands such as Hugo Boss, Armani, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, Jockey, Polar, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Ford and Vertigo, among others. Later on, he began his acting career and had the opportunity to participate in several television productions such as "Angel Rebelde" (USA 2004), "Si me amas mata a mi marido" (Colombia 2007), "Con los hombres no hay manera" (Decisiones – Colombia 2007), Acorralada (USA 2008), "Isla Paraíso" (USA – webnovela 2008), "Todo por Amor" (USA – webnovela 2009) and "Amor Comprado" (USA – 2009). Additionally, he has participated in films such as "Tocando Fondo" (Venezuela – 2008) and "The longest minute of my life" (Madrid – 2009). |
Pulled pork Pulled pork, usually shoulder cut (sometimes referred to as mixed cuts), is commonly slow-cooked by a smoking method, though a non-barbecue method might also be employed using a slow cooker or a domestic oven. In rural areas across the United States, either a pig roast/whole hog, mixed cuts of the pig/hog, or the shoulder cut (Boston Butt) alone are commonly used, and the pork is served with or without a vinegar-based sauce.[1] Before cooking, it is common to soak the meat in brine; it provides the extra moisture needed for a long, slow cooking process. |
Huey, Dewey, and Louie Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are triplet cartoon characters created in 1937 by writer Ted Osborne and cartoonist Al Taliaferro, and are owned by The Walt Disney Company. Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the nephews of Donald Duck and the grandnephews of Scrooge McDuck. Like their uncles, the boys are anthropomorphic white ducks with yellow-orange bills and feet. They typically wear shirts and colorful baseball caps, which are sometimes used to differentiate each character. Huey, Dewey and Louie have made several animated appearances in both films and television, but comics remain their primary medium. The trio are collectively the 11th most published comic book characters in the world, and outside of the superhero genre, second only to Donald.[1] |
The Campus Plan The Campus Plan In 1876, Leland Stanford purchased 650 acres of what had been Rancho San Francisquito for a country home and began the development of his Palo Alto Stock Farm for trotting horses. In 1885, a year and a half after the death of their only child, Jane and Leland Stanford executed a deed of trust conveying the farm, along with several other parcels of land, to the trustees for the founding of the Leland Stanford Junior University. He later bought the adjoining properties totaling more than 8,000 acres. The size and varied topography of the 8,180 acres of foothills and plains that Stanford has today in the center of the San Francisco Peninsula provide a rare opportunity for comprehensive land use and resource management. About 60 percent of Stanford’s land today remains open. The Stanfords traveled widely before founding Stanford and wanted the Main Quadrangle and the Palm Drive main entrance to reflect European Beaux Arts formalism. They engaged Frederick Law Olmsted, the foremost landscape architect of the time. The Stanfords’ collaboration with Olmsted and the architectural firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge resulted in California Mission-inspired buildings of local sandstone with red-tiled roofs, surrounding a cloistered quadrangle with Memorial Church as its focus. The rectangular plan of the Main Quadrangle was designed to provide for expansion through a series of quadrangles developed laterally. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the Great Depression and World War II intervened. The university’s campus planning today, however, has returned to the original concept of quadrangles and connecting malls in its design. Today’s Campus Stanford University is located on 8,180 acres in the center of the San Francisco Peninsula. There are about 700 buildings at Stanford that incorporate more than 15 million square feet square. About 65 percent of these buildings are larger than 5,000 square feet and account for more than 15 million square feet of the total. Ninety-two percent of undergraduates live on campus, as do about 52 percent of graduate students and 37 percent of faculty members. There are 900 owner-occupied housing units for faculty on campus, as well as 650 rental units for faculty and staff. There are more than 43,000 trees on the Stanford campus, with the native California Coast Live Oak the most common. There are more than 800 different species of plants. There are 25 fountains. The Stanford campus also encompasses the 70-acre, 140-retail-store Stanford Shopping Center, built in 1955, and the 700-acre, 150-company Stanford Research Park, created in 1951. Stanford also includes a 35-acre office park in Redwood City. The main Stanford campus is located in six different governmental jurisdictions:4,017 acres in unincorporated Santa Clara2,701 acres in unincorporated San Mateo County1,161 acres in Palo Alto114 acres in Woodside111 acres in Menlo Park76 acres in Portola Valley Sustainable Stanford Stanford prioritizes sustainability in the stewardship of its lands and operations of its facilities: The Stanford Energy System Innovations program reduces campus greenhouse emission by 68 percent and decreases potable water use by 18 percent, exceeding all state, national and international greenhouse gas reduction targets. Energy retrofits save more than 48 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year—equal to about 19 percent of the university's current annual electricity consumption.65% of Stanford's electricity comes from renewable sources. The recycling program diverts 66 percent of waste from landfills. A 49% reduction in domestic water use has been achieved since FY 2001, despite the addition of more than 2.5 million gross square feet. About 38 percent of Stanford food is sustainably sourced from local farms and manufacturers or is third-party certified. Designated a Platinum-Level “Bicycle Friendly University,” Stanford boasts 13,000 bikes on campus daily, 12 miles of bike lanes and 19,000 bike parking spaces. Twelve percent of commuters bike to work. Employee drive-alone rate has been reduced from 72 percent in 2002 to 50 percent in 2016. Transit ridership is up from 8 to 26 percent. There are 24 electric vehicle-charging stations on campus. Ridership on the free Marguerite bus system increased to 3.1 million in 2015, up 24 percent from 2014. In 2015, 50 percent of employees commuted via alternative transportation. The transportation program includes the free 86-bus, 27-route Marguerite system running 23 electric buses, five diesel-electric hybrid buses and 58 vans and diesel buses; the 9,500+ member Commute Club; free transit on Caltrain, VTA, Dumbarton Express and AC Transit’s Line U; half off ACE train; Zipcar car sharing; commute planning; charter services; and a bike program. This page last modified Feb 27, 2017. |
Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army. |
I'm not sure how low you mean by low speed, but the steering wheel just angles the wheels of the car. If you are moving at a high speed, then you begin moving in that angle more quickly than at a low speed, so each angle of movement of the steering wheel translates to more movement overall. |
Sparta Township, New Jersey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Sparta Township, New Jersey Township Township of Sparta Lake Mohawk Boardwalk in Sparta Map of Sparta Township in Sussex County. Inset: Location of Sussex County highlighted in the State of New Jersey. Census Bureau map of Sparta Township, New Jersey Coordinates: 41.052354°N 74.62788°WCoordinates: 41.052354°N 74.62788°W [1] [2]Country United States State New Jersey County Sussex Incorporated April 14, 1845Government [7]• Type Faulkner Act (Council-Manager)• Body Township Council• Mayor Gilbert A. Gibbs (term ends December 31, 2017) [3] [4]• Manager William E. Close [5]• Municipal clerk Mary Coe [6]Area [1]• Total 38.965 sq mi (100.920 km 2)• Land 36.942 sq mi (95.680 km 2)• Water 2.023 sq mi (5.240 km 2) 5.19%Area rank 58th of 566 in state 5th of 24 in county [1]Elevation [8] 620 ft (190 m)Population ( 2010 Census) [9] [10] [11]• Total 19,722• Estimate (2016) [12] 18,920• Rank 131st of 566 in state 2nd of 24 in county [13]• Density 533.9/sq mi (206.1/km 2)• Density rank 441st of 566 in state 9th of 24 in county [13]Time zone Eastern (EST) ( UTC-5)• Summer ( DST) Eastern (EDT) ( UTC-4)ZIP code 07871 [14] [15]Area code (s) 973 exchanges: 726, 729 [16]FIPS code 3403769690 [1] [17] [18]GNIS feature ID 0882265 [1] [19]Website www .spartanj .org Sparta Township is a township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 19,722, [9] [10] [11] reflecting an increase of 1,642 (+9.1%) from the 18,080 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,923 (+19.3%) from the 15,157 counted in the 1990 Census. [20]Sparta was organized as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 14, 1845, from portions of Byram Township, Frankford Township, Hardyston Township and (the now-defunct) Newton Township. [21] The township was named after the existing community of Sparta, which had been settled and named years before, [22] the name likely coming from Sparta, Greece. [23] Ogdensburg borough was incorporated on February 26, 1914, from portions of Sparta Township. [21]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Overview1.2 Mining industry1.2.1 Iron1.2.2 Zinc1.2.3 Limestone1.3 Tourism2 Geography3 Geology4 Demographics4.1 Census 20104.2 Census 20005 Economy6 Government6.1 Local government6.2 Federal, state and county representation6.3 Politics7 Education7.1 Private schools8 Transportation8.1 Roads and highways8.2 Public transportation9 Emergency services9.1 Police9.2 Emergency Medical Services9.3 Fire10 Notable people11 Sources12 References13 External links History [ edit]Overview [ edit]Pre-colonial Sparta was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In the 1750s, Dutch explorers discovered red ores in the area and attempted to mine copper. No permanent settlers arrived until 1778, when Robert Ogden and his wife built their home and constructed an iron forge on lands he had acquired and "called their house and farm Sparta." [24] The first public building in Sparta was the Presbyterian Church which was incorporated in 1786. Schools were established in Ogdensburg by 1806 and in Sparta by 1812. [25]Iron, zinc, and limestone supported a mining industry for over 100 years, but today the mining operations have ceased and the township is now a residential community served by retail, professional, and service small businesses. According to the 2000 census, 65% of Sparta Township workers commute to jobs outside of the county. [ citation needed]Mining industry [ edit]Iron [ edit]Robert Ogden settled in 1778 near the present town of Ogdensburg and built an iron forge, utilizing local ore from his Ogden Mine on Sparta Mountain. The Horseshoe mine was opened in 1772 by the Englishmen Spargo and Harvey who shipped ore by horse and mule to the forges at Sparta and Hopewell. It wasn't until 1868 that the Ogden Mine Railroad began operations and made it economical to ship zinc and iron ore to Nolan's Point on Lake Hopatcong where the Morris Canal had a marine terminal that could ship ore to Newark. In 1872, the New Jersey Midland Railroad (later known as the New York, Susquehanna & Western) extended to Ogdensburg and captured the zinc ore traffic. In 1836, Henry Decker, along with Nelson Hunt and Lewis Sherman, began the manufacture of anchors at their forges in Sparta. Their success led to a small industry of forging anchors in Sparta, but by the end of the Civil War the forge industry in Sparta had come to an end. In 1889, Thomas Edison invested $3.5 million in his Edison Ore-Milling Company to build iron operations on 2,500 acres (10 km 2) of Sparta Mountain. Edison hoped to concentrate the mountain's vast quantities of low-grade ore and supply East Coast mills with raw material. At its peak Edison's operation employed 500 people, but after a 10 year effort he abandoned his attempt to compete with more economical ores from Minnesota 's Mesabi Iron Range. The availability of the cheap Minnesota ores put an end to iron mining in Sparta. [26]Zinc [ edit]In 1848 the New Jersey Zinc Company began operations at Sterling Hill. Earlier attempts to obtain iron from the mineral rich ore of the Sterling Hill failed because of manganese contamination, but zinc was recoverable and the ores at Sterling Hill were rich with it. [27]In 1856 the Passaic Zinc Company started operations at the Sterling Hill Mine and constructed large ore crushers, shipping the ores to the company's plant in Jersey City. By 1868, both iron and zinc operations were in progress at Sterling Hill, but the numerous companies and claims were embroiled in continuous legal battles, the largest of which was a 12-year dispute between the New Jersey Zinc Company and the Franklin Iron Company over rights to mixed ores, each company having purchased the right to mine zinc and iron, respectively. In 1880 the Franklin Iron Company acquired the New Jersey Zinc Company's operations at Sterling Hill mine, ending the dispute. Large scale operations began in 1897 when the claims were consolidated under the New Jersey Zinc Company and by 1900 its mill was processing 1,500 tons of ore daily. Zinc operations continued until 1986 when the Sterling Hill mine ceased operation. The Sterling Hill mine site is currently occupied by the Sterling Hill Mining Museum and is open to the public for tours. [27]Limestone [ edit]After closing his iron operations, Thomas Edison recouped his losses by opening a quarry called Limecrest near Sparta in 1919. The lime quarry fed Edison's Portland cement operations, and was in continuous operation under various owners for more than 80 years until closed in 2003. During the years of its operation the limestone quarry was an important source of employment and tax revenue for Sparta. Limestone is no longer mined, but a limited amount of granite continues to be quarried by a handful of employees. [28]Tourism [ edit]The former New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad station in Sparta, as viewed from a nearby business in November 2011. The station depot burned in an early morning fire on September 3, 2012. [29]The New Jersey Midland Railroad opened to Ogdensburg in 1872 for zinc ore traffic, but in 1882 the line was extended to Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania and a station was built at Sparta, giving tourists easy access to the many boarding houses that served summer residents from the cities. Passenger service ended in 1935, but by then Sparta was well established as a summer destination. In 1926, the Arthur D. Crane Company along with developer and designer Herbert L. Closs constructed a 600-foot (180 m) dam across the Wallkill River to form 300-acre (1.2 km 2) Lake Mohawk in 1928. [30] The private resort community created by the Crane Company consisted primarily of summer homes, but the homes began to be winterized in the 1940s and the current membership of 2,600 families are largely year-round residents. Geography [ edit]Sparta Township had a total area of 38.965 square miles (100.920 km 2 ), including 36.942 square miles (95.680 km 2) of land and 2.023 square miles (5.240 km 2) of water (5.19%). [1] [2]Lake Mohawk (with 8,092 out of the CDP's total 2010 Census population of 9,916 in the township [31]) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) split between Byram Township and Sparta Township. [32] [33] [34]Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Ackerson, Edison, Hopewell, Houses Corner, Monroe, Sparta Junction, Sussex Mills, Upper Mohawk and Woodruffs Gap. [35]The township borders the Sussex County municipalities of Andover Township, Byram Township, Franklin borough, Hardyston Township, Hopatcong borough and Lafayette Township; and Jefferson Township in Morris County. Geology [ edit]Sparta is in the Highlands which is composed of igneous and metamorphic rock. Folding and faulting occurred when a continent struck the North American plate. This is what created the mountains through Sparta and northwards. The Wisconsin Glacier created all the lakes and streams. The Franklin Marble goes though the township from Lime Crest Quarry to the New York line. Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1850 1,919 —1860 2,062 7.5%1870 2,032 −1.5%1880 2,274 11.9%1890 1,724 −24.2%1900 2,070 20.1%1910 1,579 −23.7%1920 1,017 * −35.6%1930 1,316 29.4%1940 1,729 31.4%1950 3,021 74.7%1960 6,717 122.3%1970 10,819 61.1%1980 13,333 23.2%1990 15,157 13.7%2000 18,080 19.3%2010 19,722 9.1%Est. 2016 18,920 [12] [36] −4.1%Population sources: 1850-1920 [37]1850-1870 [38] 1850 [39] 1870 [40] 1880-1890 [41] 1890-1910 [42] 1910-1930 [43] 1930-1990 [44] 2000 [45] [46] 2010 [9] [10] [11] * = Lost territory in previous decade. [21]Sparta has been noted for the high number of pilots and their families who settle in the area. In his 1994 book The Airport: Terminal Nights and Runway Days at John F. Kennedy International, James Kaplan describes the home township of an interviewee as "thickly populated, for no particular reason, with pilots, many of whom do their flying out of Kennedy. The view out [the pilot's] picture window is of trees ... The lights and noise of Manhattan, fifty miles distant, attract flight attendants, single people mostly. Pilots like the woods." [47]Census 2010 [ edit]As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 19,722 people, 6,868 households, and 5,453 families residing in the township. The population density was 533.9 per square mile (206.1/km 2 ). There were 7,423 housing units at an average density of 200.9 per square mile (77.6/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the township was 94.15% (18,569) White, 1.00% (198) Black or African American, 0.11% (22) Native American, 2.49% (491) Asian, 0.02% (4) Pacific Islander, 0.70% (139) from other races, and 1.52% (299) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.34% (1,054) of the population. [9]There were 6,868 households out of which 41.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.27. [9]In the township, the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 32.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 95.1 males. [9]The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $112,699 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,658) and the median family income was $127,669 (+/- $8,981). Males had a median income of $89,118 (+/- $5,949) versus $60,590 (+/- $5,416) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $50,115 (+/- $3,064). About 2.3% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over. [48]Census 2000 [ edit]As of the 2000 United States Census [17] there were 18,080 people, 6,225 households, and 5,029 families residing in the township. The population density was 483.5 people per square mile (186.7/km²). There were 6,590 housing units at an average density of 176.2 per square mile (68.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 96.7% White, 0.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.54% of the population. [45] [46]There were 6,225 households out of which 44.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.9% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 16.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.28. [45] [46]In the township the population was spread out with 30.6% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males. [45] [46]The median income for a household in the township was $89,835, and the median income for a family was $100,658. Males had a median income of $74,293 versus $39,349 for females. The per capita income for the township was $36,910. About 1.0% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. [45] [46]Economy [ edit]Sparta is home to many small businesses. Lake Mohawk houses many boutiques and gift shops that cater to a wide variety of shoppers. As well as these smaller businesses, Sparta home to multiple family-owned pizzerias and delis. [ citation needed]Rockaway Townsquare is located about 15 minutes away from Sparta and allows residents to find a wider variety of shops. Government [ edit]Local government [ edit]Sparta Township is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager (Plan B) form of municipal government, implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1960. [49] The five-member nonpartisan Council is elected at-large for four-year terms of office on a staggered basis with either two or three seats coming up for election every other year as part of the November general election. [7] The council chooses a Mayor and Deputy Mayor from among themselves to serve one-year terms of office. The Township Council has the responsibility for all legislative matters. The Council's responsibilities include enacting ordinances and resolutions, establishing policies, preparing the annual budget with the assistance of the Township Manager and the Treasurer, and levying taxes. Additionally, the Council makes appointments to both the policy and decision-making boards and various advisory committees in accordance with general law and Township ordinances and resolutions. The council voted to shift its municipal elections from May to November, and voters approved a 2011 referendum that ended a requirement that a runoff election be held in June in the event that no candidate received a majority of votes in the May council election. The first election in which the candidates receiving the most votes won office was held in November 2012. [50]As of 2017, members of the Sparta Township Council are Mayor Gilbert A. Gibbs (whose term of office on the council ends December 31, 2018; term as mayor ends 2017), Deputy Mayor Joshua Hertzberg (term on council ends 2017; term as deputy mayor ends 2017), Jerry J. Murphy (2016), Christine Quinn (2020) and Molly Ann Whilesmith (2018). [3] [51] [52] [53]Federal, state and county representation [ edit]Sparta Township is located in the 11th Congressional District [54] and is part of New Jersey's 24th state legislative district. [10] [55] [56] Prior to the 2010 Census, Sparta Township had been split between the 5th Congressional District and the 11th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. [57]New Jersey's Eleventh Congressional District is represented by Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R, Harding Township ). [58] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark, term ends 2021) [59] and Bob Menendez ( Paramus, 2019). [60] [61]For the 2018–2019 session ( Senate, General Assembly ), the 24th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Steve Oroho ( R, Franklin) and in the General Assembly by Parker Space (R, Wantage Township) and Harold J. Wirths (R, Hardyston Township ). [62] [63] The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy ( D, Middletown Township ). [64] The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver (D, East Orange ). [65]Sussex County is governed by a Board of Chosen Freeholders whose five members are elected at-large in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the beginning of January, the board selects a Freeholder Director and Deputy Director from among its members, with day-to-day supervision of the operation of the county delegated to a County Administrator. [66] As of 2014, Sussex County's Freeholders are Freeholder Director Richard Vohden ( R, Green Township, 2016), [67] Deputy Director Dennis J. Mudrick (R, Sparta Township, 2015), [68] Phillip R. Crabb ( R, Franklin, 2014), [69] George Graham (R, Stanhope, 2016) [70] and Gail Phoebus (R, Andover Township, 2015). [71] [66] Graham was chosen in April 2013 to fill the seat vacated by Parker Space, who had been chosen to fill a vacancy in the New Jersey General Assembly. [72] Constitutional officers elected on a countywide basis are County Clerk Jeff Parrott (R, 2016), [73] Sheriff Michael F. Strada (R, 2016) [74] and Surrogate Gary R. Chiusano (R, filling the vacancy after the resignation of Nancy Fitzgibbons). [75] [72] The County Administrator is John Eskilson. [76] [77]Politics [ edit]As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 13,647 registered voters in Sparta Township, of which 2,393 (17.5% vs. 16.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 4,854 (35.6% vs. 39.3%) were registered as Republicans and 6,387 (46.8% vs. 44.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 13 voters registered to other parties. [78] Among the township's 2010 Census population, 69.2% (vs. 65.8% in Sussex County) were registered to vote, including 97.3% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 86.5% countywide). [78] [79]In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 6,370 votes (61.6% vs. 59.4% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 3,747 votes (36.3% vs. 38.2%) and other candidates with 188 votes (1.8% vs. 2.1%), among the 10,335 ballots cast by the township's 14,177 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.9% (vs. 68.3% in Sussex County). [80] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John Mc Cain received 6,462 votes (59.9% vs. 59.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 4,171 votes (38.7% vs. 38.7%) and other candidates with 103 votes (1.0% vs. 1.5%), among the 10,781 ballots cast by the township's 13,490 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.9% (vs. 76.9% in Sussex County). [81] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 6,622 votes (65.8% vs. 63.9% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 3,311 votes (32.9% vs. 34.4%) and other candidates with 102 votes (1.0% vs. 1.3%), among the 10,070 ballots cast by the township's 12,537 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.3% (vs. 77.7% in the whole county). [82]In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 72.8% of the vote (4,431 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 24.6% (1,496 votes), and other candidates with 2.6% (159 votes), among the 6,140 ballots cast by the township's 14,360 registered voters (54 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.8%. [83] [84] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christiereceived 4,694 votes (65.2% vs. 63.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,844 votes (25.6% vs. 25.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 593 votes (8.2% vs. 9.1%) and other candidates with 37 votes (0.5% vs. 1.3%), among the 7,202 ballots cast by the township's 13,308 registered voters, yielding a 54.1% turnout (vs. 52.3% in the county). [85]Education [ edit]The Sparta Township Public School District serves students in public school from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's four schools had an enrollment of 3,697 students and 268.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.78:1. [86] Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics [87]) are Helen Morgan School [88] (pre-K - grade 2; 734 students), Alpine Elementary School [89] (grades 3-5; 838 students), Mohawk Avenue School [90] (grade 3), Sparta Middle School [91] (grades 6-8; 923) and Sparta High School [92] (grades 9-12; 1,202 students). The Sparta Education Foundation was founded in 2006 to help with budgetary issues in the Sparta school district and to bring extra funds to the public school district from concerned private citizens and groups. [93] In 2009, the Foundation provided technology money for SMART boards and projectors in Alpine and Helen Morgan schools. [94] The Board of Education office is located in the Mohawk Avenue School. Dennis Tobin is the Superintendent of Schools. Sparta is also home to Sussex County Technical School, a county-wide technical high school. [95]Private schools [ edit]The Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson is responsible for Rev. George A. Brown Elementary and Pope John XXIII High School. [96]Sparta is home of Hilltop Country Day School, a private school for students in kindergarten through eighth grade. [97]Veritas Christian Academy, a small private school, educates students in grades 9-12. [98]Transportation [ edit]Roads and highways [ edit]As of May 2010, the township had a total of 132.81 miles (213.74 km) of roadways, of which 97.07 miles (156.22 km) were maintained by the municipality, 20.05 miles (32.27 km) by Sussex County and 15.69 miles (25.25 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. [99]Public transportation [ edit]Sparta is served by the Skylands Connect bus, which provides service to Newton, Hamburg and Sussex. [100]Lakeland Bus Lines provides commuter service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan from the Sparta police station and Blue Heron Road park and rides on the Route 80 route. [101]Emergency services [ edit]Police [ edit]The Sparta Police Department is headquartered in the Municipal Building. The department is led by the Chief of Police Ernest I. Reigstad. The department purchased four new Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors, which were added to the existing pool of Crown Victoria police cruisers. A police utility vehicle was purchased for the highest ranking officer patrolling at a given time. Sparta has a dispatching center in which trained professionals deal with 911 calls 24/7, dispatching police, fire department, and EMS. [102]Emergency Medical Services [ edit]The Sparta Ambulance Squad was founded on July 11, 1947, by the Sparta VFW post #7248. Today, the squad is staffed by a combination of volunteers and paid EMTs. During the day, from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., ambulances are staffed by two paid EMTs. From 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., Volunteer crews are on call to handle emergencies. If a crew is not found in Sparta, mutual aid agreements exist between Sparta, Franklin Borough, and Ogdensberg Borough. The squad and its more than 60 members operate four ambulances (4191, 4192, 4193 and 4194) and an Emergency Response Unit (4195). Sparta Ambulance Squad's building is located at 14 Sparta Avenue. In 2013, the squad responded to 1,425 calls. [103]Fire [ edit]The Sparta Fire Department serves the township, providing firefighting services along with vehicle extrication and Haz Mat services. The department's headquarters is located at 141 Woodport Road but it also has substations on Glen Road and Sparta Stanhope Road. Notable people [ edit]See also: Category: People from Sparta Township, New Jersey. People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Sparta Township include: Greg Baty (born 1964), former NFL player. [104] [105]Mike Budnik (born 1974), former professional inline skater, and professional mixed martial arts fighter. [106]Cassidy, musician who was the lead singer for the band Antigone Rising from 1999 through 2008. [107]Deal Casino, four-member pop-rock band. [108]Frank Dolce (born 1996), actor who appeared in Sons of Tucson on television and on Broadway in the role of Michael in Billy Elliot the Musical. [109]Charles Joseph Fletcher (1922-2011), inventor and the owner and chief executive of an aeronautical equipment manufacturing and engineering company, Technology General Corporation. [110]Chris Jent (born 1970), former NBA basketball player and current coach. [111]F. Ross Johnson (born 1931), Canadian businessman and former CEO of RJR Nabisco. [112]Jordan Lawlor (born 1992), musician, who has toured with the band M83. [113]Jeff Lenosky (born 1971), US National Mountain Bike Champion and World Record Holder. [114]Sean Maguire (born 1994), football quarterback. [115]Wendy Mass (born 1967), author. [116]Dan Miller (born 1981), mixed martial artist who is a UFC Contender, CFFC Middleweight Champion and IFL Middleweight Champion. [117]Jim Miller (born 1984), mixed martial artist who is a UFC Contender, CFFC Lightweight Champio and Reality Fighting Featherweight Champion. [117]Troy Murphy (born 1980), NBA basketball player. [118]Sylvia Pressler (1934-2010), New Jersey court judge whose rulings included one allowing girls to participate in Little League Baseball. [119]Tom Raney, Comics artist known for his work on Uncanny X-Men and The Outsiders. [120]J. Allyn Rosser (born 1957), poet. [121]Jack Thomas Smith, (born 1969), horror filmmaker. [122]Tim Sweeney (born 1980), former professional baseball player who became a sports agent and participated in The Amazing Race 23. [123]Arthur Tipton (1882-1942), football player and United States Army officer. [124]Russ Van Atta (1906-1986), former Major League Baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees and the Saint Louis Browns who served as Sheriff of Sussex County and as a county freeholder. [125]Sources [ edit]Kaplan, James (1994). The Airport: Terminal Nights and Runway Days at John F. Kennedy International. New York: William Morrow and Company. Mc Cabe, Wayne T.; Gordon, Kate (1996). A Penny A View... An Album of Postcard Views... Sparta, N. J. Newton, New Jersey: Historic Preservation Alternatives. Pierson, Duane (1981). Images of Sparta. Newton, New Jersey: Minisink Press. Snell, James P. (1881). History of Sussex & Warren Counties, New Jersey with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Philadelphia, PA: Everts & Peck. Truran, William R. (2005). Sparta, NJ: Head of the Wallkill. Sparta, New Jersey: Trupower Press. References [ edit]^ a b c d e f 2010 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey County Subdivisions, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.^ a b Township Council Members, Sparta Township. Accessed June 22, 2017.^ 2017 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Accessed May 30, 2017.^ Township Manager, Sparta Township. Accessed August 2, 2016.^ Township Clerk, Sparta Township. Accessed August 2, 2016.^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 110.^ U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Township of Sparta, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 14, 2013.^ a b c d e f DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Sparta township, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ a b c d Municipalities Grouped by 2011-2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 11. Accessed January 6, 2013.^ a b c Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Sparta township, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ a b PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 - 2016 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 16, 2017.^ a b GCT-PH1 Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Sparta, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Zip Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed November 5, 2013.^ Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for Sparta, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed November 6, 2013.^ a b American Fact Finder, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.^ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed June 28, 2012.^ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.^ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ a b c Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 232. Accessed June 28, 2012.^ Snell, James P. (1881) History of Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. (Centennial ed., Harmony, NJ: Harmony Press, 1981, p. 407)^ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed October 8, 2015.^ Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. Proceedings of the centennial anniversary of the Presbyterian church at Sparta, N. J., November 23, 1886, together with a history of the village., p. 69. The Williams Company, 1887 (New York). Accessed October 8, 2015.^ About Sparta, Sparta Township. Accessed April 15, 2015.^ Staff. "A Town Marks Its Ties to Edison; Invented Separator for Ore", The New York Times, October 20, 1979. Accessed June 28, 2012.^ a b Staff. "Zinc Mine Showcases a Disappearing World", The New York Times, October 8, 1992. Accessed October 8, 2015. "In 1848, the process to extract zinc from ore was developed there. The mine was owned by the New Jersey Zinc Company, a subsidiary of Horshead Industries of New York City, until it shut for financial reasons in 1986. "^ Staff. "Limecrest Quarry changes hands", The Sparta Independent, September 26, 2012. Accessed October 8, 2015. "The quarry known as Limecrest, started by Thomas Edison more than 100 years ago, and subsequently operated by several different companies is now being run by the Braen Family. "^ Staff. "Sparta Train Station burns to rubble; The 130-year-old station was the last of 15 built by NYS&W", The Sparta Independent, September 5, 2012. Accessed April 15, 2015.^ Benko, Dawn. "Simple times at boardwalk", Daily Record (Morristown), September 5, 2002. Accessed November 6, 2013. "On March 17, 1928, the valley filled and water ran over a spillway that had been built beneath the boardwalk. "^ DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Lake Mohawk CDP, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 18, 2013.^ GCT-PH1 - Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Sussex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 19, 2013.^ 2006-2010 American Community Survey Geography for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 19, 2013.^ New Jersey: 2010 - Population and Housing Unit Counts - 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH-2-32), United States Census Bureau, August 2012. Accessed February 19, 2013.^ Locality Search, State of New Jersey. Accessed April 15, 2015.^ Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 16, 2017.^ Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed September 23, 2013.^ Raum, John O. The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1, p. 271, J. E. Potter and company, 1877. Accessed February 25, 2013. "Sparta contained in 1850 a population of 1,919; in 1860, 2,062; and in 1870, 2,032. "^ Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, p. 141. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Staff. A compendium of the ninth census, 1870, p. 260. United States Census Bureau, 1872. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Porter, Robert Percival. Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III - 51 to 75, p. 97. United States Census Bureau, 1890. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 338. Accessed August 30, 2012.^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 719. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Table 6. New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed August 9, 2016.^ a b c d e Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Sparta township, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ a b c d e DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Sparta township, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ Kaplan, James. The Airport: Terminal Nights and Runway Days at John F. Kennedy International, William Morrow, Incorporated, 1994. ISBN 9780688092474.^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Sparta township, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 28, 2012.^ "The Faulkner Act: New Jersey's Optional Municipal Charter Law", New Jersey State League of Municipalities, July 2007. Accessed November 5, 2013.^ Hardy, Fran. "Five candidates submit petitions for council seats; Both municipal and board of ed candidates will share November ballot", The Sparta Independent, September 5, 2012. Accessed February 25, 2013. "Sparta's last municipal election was in May of 2010, and subsequently the council joined the majority of Faulkner Act municipalities by voting to change their election date to November. Another change in this year's municipal vote is the elimination of the run-off election, which factored heavily in deciding the two previous council elections. In a special question which was included on the November 2011 ballot, Sparta voters opted to do away the run-off, which was held if no candidate received 50 percent plus one vote. "^ 2017 Municipal User Friendly Budget, Sparta Township. Accessed June 22, 2017.^ Sussex County, New Jersey General Election November 8, 2016, Official Results Summary Report, Sussex County, New Jersey, dated November 10, 2016. Accessed January 30, 2017.^ Sussex County General Election November 4, 2014 Summary Report Official Results, Sussex County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 10, 2014. Accessed August 1, 2016.^ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed January 6, 2013.^ 2017 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, p. 64, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 30, 2017.^ Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013.^ 2011 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, p. 64, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 22, 2015.^ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.^ About Cory Booker, United States Senate. Accessed January 26, 2015. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community. "^ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "He currently lives in Paramus and has two children, Alicia and Robert. "^ Senators of the 114th Congress from New Jersey. United States Senate. Accessed January 26, 2015. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I"^ Legislative Roster 2018-2019 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 22, 2018.^ District 24 Legislators, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 22, 2018.^ Governor Phil Murphy, State of New Jersey. Accessed January 16, 2018.^ Lieutenant Governor Oliver, State of New Jersey. Accessed January 16, 2018. "Assemblywoman Oliver has resided in the City of East Orange for over 40 years. "^ a b Sussex County Board of Chosen Freeholders, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Richard A. Vohden, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Dennis J. Mudrick, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Phillip R. Crabb, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ George Graham, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Gail Phoebus, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ a b Miller, Jennifer Jean. "George Graham Chosen as Freeholder at Sussex County Republican Convention", The Alternative Press.com, April 13, 2013. Accessed April 25, 2013. "Graham will fill the freeholder seat that New Jersey Assemblyman Parker Space left to take his new position. Space recently took the seat, which formerly belonged to Gary Chiusano, who in turn, was appointed to the spot of Sussex County Surrogate, following the retirement of Surrogate Nancy Fitzgibbons. "^ Home Page, Sussex County Clerk's Office. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Sheriff's Office, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Home Page, Sussex County Surrogate. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ County Administrator, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ Sussex County Official Directory 2014, Sussex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 28, 2014.^ a b Voter Registration Summary - Sussex, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ GCT-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ General Election November 6, 2012: District Report - Group Detail, Sussex County, New Jersey Clerk, run date November 30, 2012. Accessed February 26, 2013.^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Sussex County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ 2004 Presidential Election: Sussex County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ "Governor - Sussex County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Sussex County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.^ 2009 Governor: Sussex County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed February 25, 2013.^ District information for Sparta Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ School Data for the Sparta Township Public School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Helen Morgan School, Sparta Township Public School District. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Alpine Elementary School, Sparta Township Public School District. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Mohawk Avenue School, Sparta Township Public School District. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Sparta Middle School, Sparta Township Public School District. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Sparta High School, Sparta Township Public School District. Accessed November 10, 2014.^ Sparta Education Foundation^ Foundation helps buy technology, Sparta Independent^ Welcome to Sussex Tech!, Sussex County Technical School. Accessed June 30, 2008.^ Sussex County Schools, Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson. Accessed June 30, 2008.^ Hilltop Country Day School. Accessed July 18, 2008.^ Veritas Christian Academy. Accessed July 18, 2008.^ Sussex County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 18, 2014.^ Skylands Connect schedule, Sussex County, New Jersey, effective March 5, 2012. Accessed October 26, 2014.^ Lakeland Bus schedule, effective September 8, 2015. Accessed September 24, 2015.^ Police Department, Sparta Township. Accessed October 8, 2015.^ [1], Sparta Ambulance Squad. Accessed July 24, 2016.^ Wallace, William N. "Two Giants Receivers Dodge Major Injuries", The New York Times, October 24, 1989. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Baty, who could not beat out Cross for a job, was later cut by Tampa Bay, and now lives in Sparta, N. J. "^ NFL Historical Player Results, NFL.com, September 20, 2007.^ Coach Mike Budnik, Triton Fight Academy. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Mike was a pro skater for 11 years, played some low level pro golf, and now is fighting as a pro MMA fighter. He grew up in the north east, Brooklyn and Sparta, and still misses it to death. "^ Strauss, Robert. "Starbucks' Newest Flavor Has New Jersey Musicians", The New York Times, May 29, 2005. Accessed November 6, 2013. "'He's always looking for new and exciting things to do, so he had us play for the Starbucks people a stripped-down, acoustic version of our act,' said Cassidy, who grew up in Sparta and who now lives in rural Morris County. "^ Olivier, Bobby. "Must-hear N. J.: Deal Casino touts polished pop-rock in Asbury Park", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 13, 2015, updated May 27, 2015. Accessed October 8, 2015. "The rollicking foursome, originally of Sparta, moved to Asbury Park in early 2014 and have since become one of the area's tireless rock factions. "^ Sacharow, Fredda. "Class of 2018: Diverse, Accomplished and Largest Ever; Members of incoming class come from 40 states and more than 60 countries", Rutgers Today, September 2, 2014. Accessed October 8, 2015. "Frank Dolce of Sussex County, who is enrolling in the bachelor of fine arts program at the Mason Gross School of the Arts in New Brunswick, played the role of Michael in Billy Elliot the Musical, co-written by Elton John.... The experience allowed the Sparta resident to acquire friends from Poland, France, Austria, Finland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Korea, he says. "^ "Charles J. Fletcher Obituary", New Jersey Herald, April 22, 2011. Accessed October 8, 2015. "Charles J. Fletcher, 88, died Wednesday, April 20, 2011, at Saint Clare's Hospital, in Sussex.... He had resided in Sparta for 37 years before moving to Fredon 13 years ago. "^ Chris Jent, National Basketball Association. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Jent, a native of Sparta, N. J., graduated from The Ohio State University with a degree in communications. "^ Parker, Charles Whatley; and Greene, Barnet M. "F. Ross Johnson", Who's who in Canada:an illustrated biographical record of men and women of the time, Volume 73, p. 421, International Press Limited., 1982. ISBN 0-919339-02-6. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Residence: 210 East Mountain Road, Sparta, New Jersey 07871. "^ Sparta New Jersey Musician Embarks on World Tour, Bill Wright's Guitar Studio, November 20, 2011. Accessed December 19, 2012. "20 year old multi-instrumentalist Jordan Lawlor from Sparta, NJ, a former student of Bill Wright's Guitar Studio, has just embarked on a major world tour as guitarist, bassist, keyboardist and vocalist with the band M83 in support of their latest album Hurry Up, We're Dreaming which debuted at number 21 on the billboard charts. "^ Freud, Chris. "Smutok slides through in freeride finals at Vail Teva Games", Vail Daily, June 4, 2011. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Jeff Lenoski [ sic ], of Sparta, N. J., has been designing the freeride course at the Mountain Games for years and, each year, he tries to do something different. "^ Lanni, Patrick. "Jameis Winston suspended: Sean Maguire, former Seton Hall Prep QB, to start for Florida State", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 17, 2014. Accessed November 7, 2017. "Former Seton Hall Prep quarterback Sean Maguire, now a redshirt sophomore at reigning national champion and top-ranked Florida State, will start Saturday's game against No. 22 Clemson in place of Heisman Trophy winner Jameis Winston, who was suspended for the first half by FSU coach Jimbo Fisher after making an obscene comment on campus. Seton Hall Prep coach John Finnegan said Maguire, a Sparta native, is prepared. "^ Falkenstein, Michelle. "Jersey Footlights", The New York Times, July 4, 2004. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Wendy Mass, a writer who lives in Sparta, said she was in a library a few years ago when a book literally fell off the shelves and landed at her feet. "^ a b Mc Cullough, Andy. "Ex-Sparta High wrestlers Jim and Dan Miller make UFC a family affair", The Star-Ledger, March 26, 2010. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Day after day, Mike Miller heard his boys brawling. His two 20-something sons worked construction with him, on the job at 7 a.m., out in the sun during the summer. When work slowed, Jim and Dan tussled in basements and dumpsters, 'beating the crap out of each other,' Jim said. So Mike waited. He understood. The boys missed competition. Both had wrestled at Sparta High School. "^ Brown, Clifton. "College Basketball; The Irish Pound Rutgers To Win Eighth in a Row", The New York Times, February 15, 2001. Accessed February 25, 2013. "It was a happy homecoming for Notre Dame's star junior forward, Troy Murphy (18 points, 5 rebounds), a native of Sparta, N. J. "^ Weber, Bruce. "Judge Sylvia Pressler, Who Opened Little League to Girls, Dies at 75", The New York Times, February 17, 2010. Accessed November 6, 2013. "Sylvia B. Pressler, whose 1973 ruling as a hearings officer with the New Jersey Division on Civil Rights opened the door for girls to play Little League baseball, and who later rose to be the presiding administrative judge of the state's Appellate Division, died Monday at a family cottage in Sparta, N. J. "^ Gustines, George Gene. "IN PERSON; Pencil, Paper, Lake: At Work in Sparta", The New York Times, August 22, 2004. Accessed July 1, 2015. "SPARTA— TOM RANEY and his wife, Gina Going-Raney, are not typical residents of this conservative, largely family-centered exurb in Sussex County. "^ J. Allyn Rosser, GPC 2006-2007, Georgia Poetry Circuit, Berry College. Accessed November 6, 2013. "J. Allyn Rosser was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Sparta, New Jersey. "^ Petaloudis, Greg. "One Time Screening: Jack Thomas Smith's New Horror Movie Infliction Anthology Film Archives New York", Horror Unlimited, April 3, 2014. Accessed March 13, 2016. "Jack Thomas Smith's family moved to Sparta, New Jersey when he was a teenager. "^ Staff. "March 29-30, 2008 – Tim Sweeney Talks", Atlantic League Baseball News, March 29, 2008. Accessed November 6, 2013. "2008: Born in Denville, New Jersey and now living in Sparta — where he gives lessons at Dream Field — the former roommate of Bobby Brownlie and Val Majewski couldn't be happier to be playing close to home. 'I'm extremely, extremely excited to be a part of the Bears organization,' Sweeney told me. "^ Cullum, George Washington; and Holden, Edward Singleton. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, at West Point, N. Y., from Its Establishment, 1902, to 1890: With the Early History of the United States Military Academy, Volume 6, Part 2, p. 1197. Seemann & Peters, 1920. Accessed October 8, 2015. "Engaged in Fruit and Dairy Farming at Sparta, Sussex County, N. J. "^ Barbati, Carl via New Jersey Herald. "Barbati Column: Van Atta was a real local hero", WKOW, June 21, 2015. Accessed October 8, 2015. "But this is about Russ Van Atta, whose birthday is today and who's being honored at the ballpark before today's Sussex County Miners game.... He was living in a house in Sparta at the time, and there was a fire.... In the process, he badly injured his hand and wrist, and he would never be the same pitcher again. "External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sparta Township, New Jersey. Official website Sparta Township Public School District's 2015–16 School Report Card from the New Jersey Department of Education [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Sussex County, New Jersey, United States [ show]v t e Hudson River watershed Categories: Sparta Township, New Jersey 1845 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (council–manager)Populated places established in 1845 Townships in Sussex County, New Jersey Wallkill River |
Blood Sugar Regulation Blood Sugar Regulation Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Photo by: Andrew Gentry Most cells in the human body use the sugar called glucose as their major source of energy. Glucose molecules are broken down within cells in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, energy-rich molecules that power numerous cellular processes. Glucose molecules are delivered to cells by the circulating blood and therefore, to ensure a constant supply of glucose to cells, it is essential that blood glucose levels be maintained at relatively constant levels. Level constancy is accomplished primarily through negative feedback systems, which ensure that blood glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range of 70 to 110 milligrams (0.0024 to 0.0038 ounces) of glucose per deciliter (approximately one-fifth of a pint) of blood. Negative feedback systems are processes that sense changes in the body and activate mechanisms that reverse the changes in order to restore conditions to their normal levels. Negative feedback systems are critically important in homeostasis, the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions. Disruptions in homeostasis lead to potentially life-threatening situations. The maintenance of relatively constant blood glucose levels is essential for the health of cells and thus the health of the entire body. Major factors that can increase blood glucose levels include glucose absorption by the small intestine (after ingesting a meal) and the production of new glucose molecules by liver cells. Major factors that can decrease blood The homeostatic regulation of glucose concentrations. glucose levels include the transport of glucose into cells (for use as a source of energy or to be stored for future use) and the loss of glucose in urine (an abnormal event that occurs in diabetes mellitus). Insulin and Glucagon In a healthy person, blood glucose levels are restored to normal levels primarily through the actions of two pancreatic hormones , namely insulin and glucagon. If blood glucose levels rise (for example, during the fed or absorptive state, when a meal is digested and the nutrient molecules are being absorbed and used), the beta cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin. Insulin has several notable effects: (1) it stimulates most body cells to increase their rate of glucose uptake (transport) from the blood; (2) it increases the cellular rate of glucose utilization as an energy source; (3) it accelerates the formation of glycogen from glucose in liver and skeletal muscle cells; and (4) it stimulates fat synthesis (from glucose) in liver cells and adipose (fat) tissue. These effects collectively cause a decrease in blood glucose levels back to normal levels. If blood glucose levels fall below normal levels (for instance, during the post-absorptive or fasting state, when nutrients from a recently digested meal are no longer circulating in the blood, or during starvation), insulin secretion is inhibited and, at the same time, the alpha cells of the pancreas respond by secreting glucagon, a hormone that has several important effects: (1) it accelerates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver and skeletal muscle cells; (2) it increases the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol in adipose tissue and, consequently, the release of these substances into the blood (which cells can thus use for energy); and (3) it stimulates liver cells to increase glucose synthesis (from glycerol absorbed from the blood) and glucose release into the blood. These effects collectively cause an increase in blood glucose levels back to normal levels. In addition to insulin and glucagon, there are several other hormones that can influence blood glucose levels. The most important ones are epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone, all of which can increase blood glucose levels. Diseases and Blood Sugar Regulation Glucose levels above or below the normal range are indicative of the presence of disease states. For example, elevated glucose levels are present in diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, liver disease, and hyperthyroidism, while decreased glucose levels are present in Addison's disease, hyperinsulinism, and hypothyroidism. The most prevalent of these diseases is diabetes mellitus. There are two types of this disease: Type I (insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset) diabetes mellitus, and Type II (noninsulin-dependent or maturity-onset) diabetes mellitus. In Type I diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an erroneous attack by the body's own immune system, and thus insulin secretion is reduced to negligible levels. In Type II diabetes, insulin secretion is not reduced; however, there is a reduced sensitivity of target cells to insulin, a phenomenon known as insulin resistance. SEE ALSO Autoimmune Disease ; Digestion ; Digestive System ; Homeostasis ; Hormone ; Liver ; Pancreas ; Thyroid Gland Izak Paul Bibliography Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 2nd ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2001. HODGKIN, DOROTHY CROWFOOT (1910–1994)English chemist who won the 1964 Nobel Prize in chemistry for describing the structure of vitamin B 12 . In 1969, she completed a thirty-four-year effort to decipher the three-dimensional structure of insulin, the protein that helps people regulate blood sugar levels. |
Courts on playing cards Courts on playing cards WebLog Important note: I believe the images shown here are in the public domain (because playing cards have been around for so long, even in their present form…), so you're free to copy them and use them to whatever purpose you see fit. At least as far as I'm concerned, you're welcome to. However, do not link to the images directly on this server: rather, make your own copy of the file and upload it where you will. I'm saying this because I'm really annoyed with all the people linking to these images on this server from their MySpace profile, avatars on various webforums, etc. Kings Spades Called “David” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character. He holds a scepter in one hand, and a harp is visible below it (confirming the biblical attribution). He faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right. Hearts Called “Charles” on the French deck, probably after Charles the Great (Charlemagne) — or perhaps after French king Charles VII. He holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he also holds a sword (above his head), and both his hands are visible. Unlike the other kings, he does not have a mustache. He faces forward, a little to the left. Diamonds Called “César” on the French deck, probably after Julius Cæsar. He has no distinguishing attribute, and no visible hands. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he has an axe behind him, and one hand sticking in front of him. He faces left, and is seen in profile. Clubs Called “Alexandre” on the French deck, probably after Alexander the Great. He holds a scepter in one hand, with a shield (?) just below it. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds a sword in his hand, with an imperial orb just beside it (seemingly floating in air). He faces forward, a little to the left. Queens Spades Called “Pallas” on the French deck, possibly after the Greek goddess Athena. She faces left, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, she is the only queen with a scepter. She faces forward, a little to the right. Hearts Called “Judith” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character (or perhaps after Judith of Bavaria). She faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, she also faces forward, a little to the left (she is not reversed with respect to the French deck). Diamonds Called “Rachel” on the French deck, possibly after the biblical character. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she faces forward, a little to the left. Clubs Called “Argine” on the French deck, an anagram of latin “regina” (“queen”); some have suggested that the name may (also) be related to the Greek Argos. She is the only queen not holding a flower. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she does hold a flower like the other queens. She faces forward, a little to the left. Jacks (knaves) Spades Called “Hogier” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but perhaps after Ogier the Dane from the Song of Rolland . He has a feather in his hat. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds an unidentifiable object (initially a spear). He has a mustache. He faces right, and is seen in profile. Hearts Called “Lahire” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but may refer to Étienne “La Hire” de Vignolles, companion of arms to Joan of Arc. He faces forward, a little to the left, and his face is a little slanted to the left. On the English deck, he also holds a leaf, and has an axe behind his head. He has a mustache. He faces left, and is seen in profile. Diamonds Called “Hector” on the French deck, possibly not after the Trojan hero, but perhaps after a companion (brother?) of Lancelot. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the left. Clubs Called “Lancelot” on the French deck, probably after the Arthurian hero. He |
Alma Reville : definition of Alma Reville and synonyms of Alma Reville (English) Matthew Edward Reville (father) Lucy Somebody (mother) Alma Reville, Lady Hitchcock (14 August 1899 – 6 July 1982) was an English assistant director , screenwriter and editor . She was the second daughter of Matthew Edward and Lucy Reville ( née Somebody). [1] She is best known as the wife of Sir Alfred Hitchcock , whom she met while they were working together at Paramount 's Famous Players-Lasky studio in London , during the early 1920s. A talented editor, Alma worked on British films with directors such as Berthold Viertel and Maurice Elvey , though her main focus was her husband’s work. Cinema was the couple’s passion. She converted to Roman Catholicism before their marriage. [2] Alma was one day younger than her husband. They married on 2 December 1926 at Brompton Oratory in London ; their daughter Patricia Hitchcock was born on 7 July 1928. Alma became his collaborator and sounding board, with a keen ear for dialogue and an editor's sharp eye for scrutinising a film's final version for continuity flaws so minor they escaped Hitchcock's own notice and that of his crew. It was Reville who noticed Janet Leigh inadvertently swallowing after her character's fatal encounter with Norman Bates' mother in Psycho (1960), necessitating an alteration to the negative. She was particularly good at revising dialogue and spotting inconsistencies in his plots. Alma Reville died of natural causes at the age of 82, two years after Hitchcock's death. She had suffered from breast cancer some years before her death, but made a full recovery from the illness. Further reading Alma Hitchcock: The Woman Behind the Man by Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell and Laurent Bouzereau (Berkley, 2003) References ^ Adair, Gene. Alfred Hitchcock: Filming Our Fears. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-511967-3 External links |
What are CECs and where can I get them? What are CECs and where can I get them? September 9, 2011 Previous Article Next Article Next Article Once you qualify as a personal trainer, gym instructor or group instructor, it is expected that you register as an exercise professional with either Fitness Australia or Physical Activity Australia to show your commitment to meeting industry standards. Registration is proof of your current competency and it demonstrates a commitment to ongoing professional development. Your ongoing development involves obtaining 20 Continuing Education Credits (CECs) every two years if you choose to register with Fitness Australia or six Professional Development Points (PDPs) if you go with Physical Activity Australia. CECs and PDPs are the units used to measure continuing education, and these can be obtained through fitness workshops, courses, seminars, conventions, in-house training, higher education, etc., each worth a varying number of credits or points. And if you're wondering where to get CECs and PDPs, you don't have to look far for fitness instructors' courses. Australian Institute of Fitness has just launched its own stream of continuing education courses, so you can continue to stay qualified through your trusted provider. The face-to-face workshops take place in major cities across Australia from October 2011. As the provider who is first in fitness courses and careers, the Australian Institute of Fitness's continuing education courses will be taught by the industry's top fitness presenters, including Dr Mark Mc Kean, one of Australia's leaders in exercise science, with specialties in strength, posture and flexibility. Workshops include Advanced Ball, Fitness Research 2011 and Square Shoulders, Strong Arms. You can finddates and more details on our website. This content is not intended to be used as individual health or fitness advice divorced from that imparted by medical, health or fitness professionals. Medical clearance should always be sought before commencing an exercise regime. The Institute and the authors do no take any responsibility for accident or injury caused as a result of this information. |
Curtain, Valance, & Window Treatment Glossary & Design Tips by Swags Galore - About Curtains Curtain Decorating Tips Should I Use Natural or White? This is really a matter of personal preference, but here are a few things to consider. White is brighter, because it reflects more light, and will provide a sharper contrast with the rest of the colors in your room. It draws more attention to the window. Natural offers a warmer, softer look, and tends to more easily blend with or complement the other colors in your room. Control Light Through Fabric Selection Sheers and laces filter light without blocking it, and don't disturb your view. Natural or white cottons or blends, are translucent, and soften the light. Woven fabrics, lined curtains and insulated curtains more nearly block out the light. Achieve the lighting effect you want by selecting an appropriate fabric. Choosing Your Curtain Style! With tab curtains, you can create looks that range from country to colonial to contemporary. With tailored curtains, your look can be anything from country to traditional to formal. With a combination of top treatments and curtains, sheers or laces, an up-to-date feeling is easy to have. The most important thing is to design to please yourself! Tie Your Curtains Back! When you tie back or hold back your curtains, you allow more light to come through your windows, and visually widen them. Where you tie them back is a matter of personal preference. Tied high, in the middle, or low ... each offers a different look with different amounts of light. You may even want to change the height of your tiebacks from season to season, to change the whole feeling in your room. Change The Look and Feel of Your Room, Seasonally, With Layering! It's simple! Use any of our top treatments alone in spring or summer, and then change to a layered look in fall or winter by adding a lace or sheer panel, or matching or coordinating curtains, underneath. Solve the Drafty Window or Too Much Sunshine Problem! Our insulated curtains and shades are a perfect solution ... and they're available in a variety of styles and colors. Or, try our insulated tailored lining. Keep the heat in in colder climates, and the heat out in warmer climates! Why use lined curtains? Lined curtains offer several benefits that justify the extra expense to some people. They tend to block out more light than unlined curtains when closed. Secondly, they offer a bit more insulating value. Finally, because the lining is usually Natural or White in color, the view from the street can be made consistent from window to window, eventhough inside, different rooms have different colors. Selecting Colors For Your Window! Use as much or as little color as you feel comfortable with. Solid colors or prints are refreshing and draw attention to the window. Soft, neutral colors can complement the colors in your carpeting, furniture, or wallpaper. If the window is interesting architecturally, you may want to emphasize that feature through color selection. Don't hesitate to experiment with mixing naturals and whites, or prints, stripes and solids. Warm shades of reds and yellows will add life to a room. Cool colors ... blues or whites ... or earth tones like greens and browns ... are restful. Work toward harmony and complementarity in color selection. Glossary Austrian Valance: The Austrian Valance is a one piece valance with tails that hang down on the left and right side with an attached swag between them, most have tassels along the bottom edge. Similar in design to a 3 piece jabot set the Austrian Valance has its limitations because it�s a 1 piece design that doesn�t allow for insert valances for wide windows. Ball Fringe Trim:Small beads (such as a pompom or even beaded balls) are attached to a flat, raw edge that will be inserted into a seam before it is closed up. A more casual look. Balloon Valance:A soft fabric valance that is billowy and lush, drooping in graceful, looping folds across the top of a window. Also known as a cloud, though the shape varies slightly. Box Pleat Valance: A flat, symmetri |
. University Of Washington Professor Salary80 80 80University Of Washington Professor average salary is $172,186, median salary is $175,500 with a salary range from $95,000 to $281,004. University Of Washington Professor salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. Each salary is associated with a real job position. University Of Washington Professor salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. They are presented "as is" and updated regularly. Low95,000Average172,186Median175,500High281,004 University Of Washington Professor Jobs Total 6 University Of Washington Salaries. Sorted by Salary, page 1 Ranked By: Jobtitle Company Salary City Year Professor University Of Washington $281,004 Seattle, WA, 98060 07/01/2011Professor University Of Washington $198,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 11/01/2011Professor University Of Washington $198,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 02/01/2013Professor University Of Washington $153,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 03/01/2011Professor University Of Washington $108,108 Seattle, WA, 98060 11/01/2016Professor University Of Washington $95,000 Seattle, WA, 98060 11/01/20131Related Salary University Of Washington Salary Professor Salary Infosys Salary Tata Consultancy Services Salary Wipro Salary Apogee Medical Group, Salary Dassault Systemes Simulia Salary California State University, Northridge Salary Bnp Paribas Rcc Salary System Administrator Salary Architect Salary Technical Lead Salary Technology Architect - Us Salary Calculate how much you could earn It's FREE. Based on your input and our analysis. How we do it? All fields are required for calculation accuracy. Employer Job Title City Experience Email We will send you an email to access your personalized report. Send Me Now We won’t share your email address University Of Washington Professor salary is full-time annual starting salary. Intern, contractor and hourly pay scale vary from regular exempt employee. Compensation depends on work experience, job location, bonus, benefits and other factors. |
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British novelist, poet, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian, broadcaster, lecturer, and Christian apologist. He held academic positions at both Oxford University (Magdalen College, 1925–1954) and Cambridge University (Magdalene College, 1954–1963). He is best known for his works of fiction, especially "The Screwtape Letters", "The Chronicles of Narnia", and "The Space Trilogy", and for his non-fiction Christian apologetics, such as "Mere Christianity", "Miracles", and "The Problem of Pain". |
Expatriate An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country other than their native country.[1] In common usage, the term often refers to professionals, skilled workers, or artists taking positions outside their home country, either independently or sent abroad by their employers, who can be companies, universities, governments, or non-governmental organisations.[2] Effectively migrant workers, they usually earn more than they would at home, and more than local employees. However, the term 'expatriate' is also used for retirees and others who have chosen to live outside their native country. Historically, it has also referred to exiles.[3] |
Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. |
Patanase® (olopatadine nasal spray) is a prescription medication approved to treat sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, and nasal itching (known medically as rhinitis) caused by seasonal allergies in adults and children ages six and older. (Click Patanase Uses for more information on what it is used for, including possible off-label uses.) |
Radiologist Page Discussion (0) View source Historytools Watch8 months and 2 weeks ago Admin Careers A-ZRadiologist<addthis>Contents [ hide ]1 Radiology Salary1.1 Top Paying Industries1.2 Top Paying States1.3 Other:1.4 Top Paying Cities By State1.5 Salary Per Country2 Radiologist Job Description2.1 Radiologist Duties3 How To Become A Radiologist3.1 Other types of Radiology are the following:3.2 Military Radiology:4 How Long Does It Take To Become A Radiologist?4.1 Education Requirements4.2 Certification4.3 Licensing5 Job Outlook Radiology Salary Radiology Salaries By Percentile Percentile 10% 25% 50% 75% 90%Hourly Wage $36.07 $47.05 $62.64 $88.23 $90.00Annual Wage $75,030 $97,860 $130,280 $183,520 $187,199How much does a radiologist technician make? With an average income of nearly $350,000 a year, radiology retains its spot among the three highest paid medical specialties, according to this year's annual Medscape Physician Compensation Report. The median annual salary can range between $337,983-$449,766 per year which is $174.49-$216.23 per hour. (according to BLS Bureau of Labor and Statistics)Radiologists commonly have a busy work week, often exceeding 40 hours. On-call and night shifts may be required. A radiologist salary is even higher for those who choose a subspecialty like radiation oncology or ultrasonography. Gender also has a large influence on pay. Medscape's latest radiologist salary data suggests that male radiologists make 16.5 percent more than their female counterparts. Top Paying Industries Industry Employment % of industry employment Hourly mean wage Annual mean salary Oil and Gas Extraction 19,880 10.95 $77.43 $161,050Management 2,120 .11 $77.25 $160,680Chemical Manufacturing 270 .19 $70.32 $146,270Scientific Research and Development 500 .08 $70.09 $145,780Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies merchant Wholesalers 40 .01 $69.49 $144,540Top Paying States State Hourly mean Wage Annual mean salary # Employed Employment/1000 jobs Oklahoma $76.97 $160,090 3,820 2.49Alaska $76.46 $159,040 740 2.31Virginia $74.43 $154,810 1,100 0.30Texas $74.11 $154,160 21,580 2.04Kansas $66.69 $138,720 180 0.13Other: Vrad radiologist salary - $124,631Kaiser radiologist salary - $471,253Top Paying Cities By State State City Annual mean salary NY New York City, New York $466,912CT Stamford, Connecticut $446,307MO Peabody, Massachusetts $441,642PA Levittown, Pennsylvania $440,087AK Fairbanks, Alaska $439,310VA Alexandria, Virginia $428,813WA Seattle, Washington $425,314DE Rehoboth Beach, Delaware $415,983NH Derry, New Hampshire $415,595MN Saint Paul, Minnesota $414,817CA San Diego, California $412,576RI Narragansett, Rhode Island $412,484IL Chicago, Illinois $412,096MI Ann Arbor, Michigan $408,208OR Portland, Oregon $408,208HI Ewa Beach, Hawaii $405,487AZ Lake Havasu City, Arizona $399,266CO Boulder, Colorado $398,489MO Portland, Maine $392,657TX Houston, Texas $390,365OH Lakewood, Ohio $387,603LA Metairie, Louisiana $386,048FL Boca Raton, Florida $385,659WI Waukesha, Wisconsin $385,659GA Atlanta, Georgia $384,874OH Columbus, Ohio $383,327GA Atlanta, Georgia $382,938MO Kansas City, Missouri $382,549ID Coeur D Alene, Idaho $382,549SC Rock Hill, South Carolina $381,383NC Charlotte, North Carolina $380,994WV Wheeling, West Virginia $380,605IN Lafayette, Indiana $377,495IA Ankeny, Iowa $375,551MT Billings, Montana $370,109AL Birmingham, Alabama $368,942UT Salt Lake City, Utah $368,554OK Edmond, Oklahoma $368,165NE Bellevue, Nebraska $367,776NM Santa Fe, New Mexico $367,387TN Germantown, Tennessee $366,610AR Jonesboro, Arkansas $364,666ND West Fargo, North Dakota $362,722WY Casper, Wyoming $361,556MS Jackson, Mississippi $346,005SD Rapid City, South Dakota $336,286NJ Sayreville, New Jersey $60,739VT Rutland, Vermont $52,144KS Kansas City, Kansas $51,568Salary Per Country Country Hourly mean wage Annual mean salary USA $175 $350,000Australia $75.90 $151,795Canada $98.43 $196,855New Zealand $87.50 $175,000Arabia $146.50 $293,000India $5.73 $11,455Dubai $276.38 $552,751Malaysia $41.89 $83,779Radiologist Job Description A radiologist is a Medical Doctor (M. D.) or Doctor of Osteopathy (D. O.) who specializes in the use of medical imaging technology and radioactivity to diagnose and treat illnesses. Radiologists are among the few doctors that have relatively little contact with patients; their work is notably focused on the technological aspects of medical care, so they are responsible for keeping up-to-date with rapid advances. The therapeutic use of radiation for medical treatments has a long history. Ionizing radiation is dangerous, but it is also a powerful way to kill diseased cells, as can be seen in today's use of radiation to treat certain cancers. A radiologist's tools include X-rays, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sound wave-based ultrasound equipment. Radiologist Duties Radiologists are responsible for: Obtaining quality medical images with a technologist's help Reading and analyzing images to make diagnoses Recording imaging data and patient records Communicating with other physicians Delivering radiation therapy as part of a treatment plan Prescribing medications and consulting with patients How To Become A Radiologist Becoming a radiologist requires the completion of an undergraduate education, medical school, a year of internship, and four years of clinical residency. For those intending to practice a sub specialty like neuroradiology or pediatric radiology, the residency is followed by a few years of specialized fellowship training. The professional certification process begins during one's residency and ends more than a year after its completion. Those seeking further subspecialty certification must pass another set of board exams after finishing their fellowship. Radiologists also need to earn a state-based license before they can legally practice. There are many different types of radiology. For example, Interventional which is is a minimally invasive image-guided diagnosis and Mammography specializes in x-raying breast from different angles to check for images in finding breast cancer. Other types of Radiology are the following: Chiropractic radiologist - looks into the misalignments of joints, nerves, muscles, and organs. Especially those of the spinal area. Musculoskeletal radiologist - interpreting medical images such as bones, joints and soft tissues and diagnosing injuries and disease. Veterinary radiologist - uses X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine on in the treatment and imaging of large and small animals. Dental, oral, maxillofacial radiologist - diagnosing imaging used for examining the dental, craniofacial and adjacent structure. Nuclear Radiology - Producing images by detecting radiation from the body after radioactive material that has been administered. Military Radiology: Responsible for X-ray and equipment used in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases. Army Radiology Specialist RADIOLOGY SPECIALIST (68P)Navy Radiation Health Specialists Airforce Diagnostic Radiologist How Long Does It Take To Become A Radiologist? It takes at least 13 years of postsecondary education and clinical training to become a diagnostic radiologist. That includes a 4-year bachelor education, 4 years of medical school, a year-long internship/assistant, and 4 years of residency. Subspecialists may spend an additional year or two in a targeted fellowship for a total of 14-15 years in training. (According to NHS National Health Care Service)Education Requirements In the United States, aspiring physicians must complete four years of undergraduate education and four years of medical school, and radiologists are no exception. Typically, at the undergraduate level, students pursue a general pre-med curriculum. This means taking courses in general and organic chemistry, biology, physics, calculus, statistics, as well as some humanities. Students who plan to go directly to medical school after earning their bachelor's degree should apply to their preferred programs by the end of junior year and take the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) by the end of the summer before senior year. It is recommended that undergraduates take a full-time load to be competitive in medical school admissions. Certification Radiologists seek national certification with the American Board of Radiology (ABR) to become registered Radiologist Tech. They may become ABR-certified in radiation oncology, medical physics, diagnostic radiology, or one of the latter's subspecialties. Alternatively, radiologists may seek certification with the American Osteopathic Board of Radiology (AOBR) or American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS). To become certified with the ABR as a basic diagnostic radiologist, physicians must complete the initial certification process while they are “board eligible”—within six years of completing training. The process includes one mid-residency 'Core' exam and one post-residency Certifying Exam. Licensing State licensure is mandatory for all radiologists. Medical doctor (M. D.) licensing in the U. S. is standardized across all states and territories based on the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE). For D. O.s, the corresponding licensure exam is called the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX). When starting out one to three years of postgraduate residency training is necessary to obtain a state medical license. Keep in mind that many states limit the number of times national qualifying exams can be taken. What does that mean? Every state has its own specific guidelines, so be sure to check with the relevant agency regularly to keep abreast of updates. Job Outlook The employment outlook for radiologists is bright. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics says demand for all physicians, including radiologists, will grow 24 percent through 2020. Although radiologists have seen Medicare cuts and outsourcing in recent years, demand remains high and the aging of the American population should sustain job growth at least through the end of the decade. Detailed Radiologist salary data is available here . Zip Code: Subject: Program: Degree: Online Campus Both Authors of this article This page has been accessed 349,782 times. |
Christopher Whitelaw Pine -LRB- born August 26 , 1980 -RRB- is an American actor . He is known for his role as James T. Kirk in Star Trek -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Star Trek Into Darkness -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , and Star Trek Beyond -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . He also appeared in the films The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Just My Luck -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Smokin ' Aces -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , Bottle Shock -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Unstoppable -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , This Means War -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , Rise of the Guardians -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , Horrible Bosses 2 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Into the Woods -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Z for Zachariah -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , The Finest Hours -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , Hell or High Water -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , and Wonder Woman -LRB- 2017 -RRB- . |
The great dimaggio struck out once three times in one game on June 19th, 1942 against the Cleveland Indians. Imagine how great dimaggio was when these stiffs in the major â¦leagues strike out regularly three and four times a game. The first four hitters in the Yankee lineup, jeter, swisher, tex and a-rod are fast approaching 350 strikeouts and all four of these bums have struck out three and four times several times this year. |
Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The directorial debut of John Lasseter , Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar . Taking place in a world where anthropomorphic toys pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present , the film 's plot focuses on the relationship between Woody , an old-fashioned pullstring cowboy doll -LRB- voiced by Tom Hanks -RRB- , and Buzz Lightyear , an astronaut action figure -LRB- voiced by Tim Allen -RRB- , as they evolve from rivals competing for the affections of Andy , their owner , to friends who work together to be reunited with Andy as his family prepares to move to a new home . The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon , Andrew Stanton , Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow , based on a story by Lasseter , Pete Docter , Stanton and Joe Ranft . The film features music by Randy Newman , and was executive-produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull . Pixar , which produced short animated films to promote their computers , was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature after the success of their short film Tin Toy -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , which is told from a small toy 's perspective . Lasseter , Stanton and Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney , as they wanted the film to be edgier . After disastrous story reels , production was halted and the script was re-written , better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions '' . The studio , then consisting of a relatively small number of employees , produced the film under minor financial constraints . Released in theaters on November 22 , 1995 , Toy Story was the highest-grossing film on its opening weekend and earned over $ 373 million worldwide . The film was widely acclaimed by critics , who praised the animation 's technical innovation , the wit and thematic sophistication of the screenplay , and the performances of Hanks and Allen . It is now considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made . The film received three Academy Award nominations , including Best Original Screenplay , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award . It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' in 2005 , its first year of eligibility . In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases , Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys , video games , theme park attractions , spin-offs , merchandise , and two sequels -- Toy Story 2 -LRB- 1999 -RRB- and Toy Story 3 -LRB- 2010 -RRB- -- both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim , with a third sequel , Toy Story 4 , slated for a 2019 release . |
. Niacin / Vitamin B3Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin or nicotinic acid. Niacin has important benefits, as it helps to rid the body of toxic chemicals and it is crucial for the healthy function of numerous enzymes in the body. It promotes good digestion and healthy skin and helps protect the pancreas. Niacin is thought to help relieve acne, high blood pressure, depression and diarrhea. It is also used to lower high cholesterol. How Much Niacin Do You Need? The Recommended Dietary Allowance is 16 mg a day for adult males and 14 mg a day for adult females. Pregnant and lactating women should consume 18 mg a day. What Happens If You Don't Get Enough Niacin? A slight deficiency of vitamin B3 has side effects, such as decreasing a person's tolerance for cold because it slows down the metabolism. A severe deficiency can causes serious effects, including pellagra, a disease with symptoms that can include light sensitivity, weakness, insomnia, dermatitis, diarrhea, mental confusion and skin lesions. What Happens If You Get Too Much Vitamin B3? Excessively large doses of the vitamin may result in liver damage, skin rashes and peptic ulcers. In large amounts, niacin overdose can lead to itching, headaches and low blood pressure. Good Sources of Niacin B3 can be found in animal sources such as liver, milk, eggs, fish and chicken. Vegetable sources include broccoli, carrots, avocados and sweet potatoes, and it is also plentiful in some nuts such as peanuts. The chart below outlines the B3 content of some common foods. Good Sources of Niacin Food Serving Amount *Beef liver 3.5 oz 14.4Tuna 3 oz 11.8Peanuts 1/2 cup 10.5Salmon 3.5 oz 8.0Ground beef 3.5 oz 5.3Peanut butter 2 tbs. 4.4Potato (baked) 1 3.3Pasta 1 cup 2.3Mushrooms 1/2 cup 1.7Barley 1/2 cup 1.6Mango 1 1.5Almonds 1/2 cup 1.4Corn 1/2 cup 1.3Sweet potato 1/2 1.2* mg of Niacin More articles: Niacin Information and Benefits» Discount Vitamins » Information » Niacin (Vitamin B3) |
Ex-Army intelligence analyst jailed over refusal to testify against WikiLeaks reportedly subjected to ‘severe measures of coercion’
A top United Nations official has accused the US government of using torture against Chelsea Manning, the former Army intelligence analyst currently jailed in the US over her refusal to testify against WikiLeaks.
Nils Melzer, UN special rapporteur on torture, made the charge in a letter sent in November but only released on Tuesday.
In the missive, Melzer says Manning is being subjected to “an open-ended, progressively severe measure of coercion fulfilling all the constitutive elements of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.
Manning, who was detained on 16 May after refusing to testify before a grand jury, is currently being held at the Alexandria Detention Center in Virginia until she agrees to give evidence or until the grand jury’s term expires in November next year. She also faces fines currently running at $1,000 a day.
In the letter, Melzer writes: “The practise of coercive deprivation of liberty for civil contempt … involves the intentional infliction of progressively severe mental and emotional suffering for the purposes of coercion and intimidation at the order of judicial authorities.”
Warning that “victims of prolonged coercive confinement have demonstrated post-traumatic symptoms and other severe and persistent mental and physical health consequences”, the UN representative said Manning’s detention “is not a lawful sanction but an open-ended, progressively severe coercive measure amounting to torture & should be discontinued & abolished without delay”.
Mannings’ lawyers have argued that her detention is “for refusing to comply with a grand jury is pointless, punitive, and cruel” and warned that she is not likely to change her mind.
In a letter released in March when Manning was first sent back to jail, her lawyers warned: “Chelsea has clearly stated her moral objection to the secretive and oppressive grand jury process. We are Chelsea’s friends and fellow organizers, and we know her as a person who is fully committed to her principles.”
They warned US authorities that if they “believe that subjecting Chelsea to more punishment will change her mind, they are gravely mistaken”.
Virginia prosecutors are determined to force Manning to testify in what they hope will be an eventual trial of Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks.
Assange has been charged with conspiring with Manning to break into military computers to help her transmit a vast trove of US state secrets to the open information organization in 2010 which then published them, causing an international uproar.
Manning was subsequently sentenced to 35 years in military prison in 2011. Manning spent seven years behind bars before Barack Obama commuted her sentence in 2017. |
Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010. One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group: W1 (White-British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Any other white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any other mixed background); A1 (Asian-Indian), A2 (Asian-Pakistani), A3 (Asian-Bangladeshi), A9 (Any other Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any other black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any other). The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group, e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest: White – North European (IC1), White – South European (IC2), Black (IC3), Asian (IC4), Chinese, Japanese, or South East Asian (IC5), Middle Eastern (IC6), and Unknown (IC0). "IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications. Officers are instructed to "record the response that has been given" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of "Not Stated." |
Enterprise resource planning From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Business administration Management of a business Accounting [show]Business entities [show]Corporate governance [show]Corporate law [show]Economics [show]Finance [show]Marketing [show]Types of management [show]Organization [show]Trade [show]Business and economics portalv t e Diagram showing some typical ERP modules Enterprise resource planning ( ERP) is the integrated management of core business processes, often in real-time and mediated by software and technology. ERP is usually referred to as a category of business- management software — typically a suite of integrated applications —that an organization can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from these many business activities. ERP provides an integrated and continuously updated view of core business processes using common databases maintained by a database management system. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity —and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system share data across various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data. [1] ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions and manages connections to outside stakeholders. [2]Enterprise system software is a multibillion-dollar industry that produces components supporting a variety of business functions. IT investments have become the largest category of capital expenditure in United States-based businesses over the past [ which?] decade. Though early ERP systems focused on large enterprises, smaller enterprises increasingly use ERP systems. [3]The ERP system integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates error-free transactions and production, thereby enhancing the organization's efficiency. However, developing an ERP system differs from traditional system development. [4] ERP systems run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically using a database as an information repository. [5]Contents [ hide ]1 Origin2 Expansion3 Characteristics4 Functional areas4.1 GRP5 Components6 Best practices7 Connectivity to plant floor information8 Implementation8.1 Process preparation8.2 Configuration8.3 Two tier enterprise resource planning8.4 Customization8.5 Extensions8.6 Data migration8.7 Advantages8.8 Benefits8.9 Disadvantages9 Postmodern ERP10 See also11 References12 Bibliography13 External links Origin [ edit]The Gartner Group first used the abbreviation ERP in the 1990s [6] [7] to extend upon the capabilities of material requirements planning (MRP), and the later manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), [8] [9] as well as computer-integrated manufacturing. Without replacing these terms, ERP came to represent a larger whole that reflected the evolution of application integration beyond manufacturing. [10]Not all ERP packages developed from a manufacturing core; ERP vendors variously began assembling their packages with finance-and-accounting, maintenance, and human-resource components. By the mid-1990s ERP systems addressed all core enterprise functions. Governments and non–profit organizations also began to use ERP systems. [11]Expansion [ edit]ERP systems experienced rapid growth in the 1990s. Because of the year 2000 problem and the introduction of the euro that disrupted legacy systems, many companies took the opportunity to replace their old systems with ERP. [12]ERP systems initially focused on automating back office functions that did not directly affect customers and the public. Front office functions, such as customer relationship management (CRM), dealt directly with customers, or e-business systems such as e-commerce, e-government, e-telecom, and e-finance —or supplier relationship management (SRM) became integrated later, when the Internet simplified communicating with external parties. [ citation needed]"ERP II" was coined in 2000 in an article by Gartner Publications entitled ERP Is Dead—Long Live ERP II. [13] [14] It describes web–based software that provides real–time access to ERP systems to employees and partners (such as suppliers and customers). The ERP II role expands traditional ERP resource optimization and transaction processing. Rather than just manage buying, selling, etc.—ERP II leverages information in the resources under its management to help the enterprise collaborate with other enterprises. [15] ERP II is more flexible than the first generation ERP. Rather than confine ERP system capabilities within the organization, it goes beyond the corporate walls to interact with other systems. Enterprise application suite is an alternate name for such systems. ERP II systems are typically used to enable collaborative initiatives such as supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and business intelligence (BI) among business partner organizations through the use of various e-business technologies. [16] [17]Developers now make more effort to integrate mobile devices with the ERP system. ERP vendors are extending ERP to these devices, along with other business applications. Technical stakes of modern ERP concern integration—hardware, applications, networking, supply chains. ERP now covers more functions and roles—including decision making, stakeholders' relationships, standardization, transparency, globalization, etc. [18]Characteristics [ edit]ERP systems typically include the following characteristics: An integrated system Operates in (or near) real time A common database that supports all the applications A consistent look and feel across modules Installation of the system with elaborate application/data integration by the Information Technology (IT) department, provided the implementation is not done in small steps [19]Functional areas [ edit]An ERP system covers the following common functional areas. In many ERP systems these are called and grouped together as ERP modules: Finance & Accounting: General Ledger, Fixed Assets, payables including vouchering, matching and payment, receivables Cash Management and collections, cash management, Financial Consolidation Management Accounting: Budgeting, Costing, cost management, activity based costing Human resources: Recruiting, training, rostering, payroll, benefits, retirement and pension plans, diversity management, retirement, separation Manufacturing: Engineering, bill of materials, work orders, scheduling, capacity, workflow management, quality control, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects, manufacturing flow, product life cycle management Order Processing: Order to cash, order entry, credit checking, pricing, available to promise, inventory, shipping, sales analysis and reporting, sales commissioning. Supply chain management: Supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, product configurator, order to cash, purchasing, inventory, claim processing, warehousing (receiving, putaway, picking and packing ). Project management: Project planning, resource planning, project costing, work breakdown structure, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity management Customer relationship management: Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer contact, call center support — CRM systems are not always considered part of ERP systems but rather Business Support systems (BSS). Data services : Various "self–service" interfaces for customers, suppliers and/or employees GRP [ edit] (Government resource planning) (GRP) is ERP for public sector, and an integrated office automation system for government bodies. [20] The software structure, modularization, core algorithms and main interfaces do not differ from other ERPs, and ERP software suppliers manage to adapt its systems to government agencies. [21] [22] [23]Both system implementations, in private and public organizations, are adopted to improve productivity and overall business performance in organizations, but comparisons (private vs public) of implementations shows that the main factors influencing ERP implementation success in the public sector are cultural. [24] [25] [26]Components [ edit]Transactional database Management portal/ dashboard People Software Best practices [ edit]Most ERP systems incorporate best practices. This means the software reflects the vendor's interpretation of the most effective way to perform each business process. Systems vary in how conveniently the customer can modify these practices. [27] In addition, best practices reduced risk by 71% compared to other software implementations. [28]Use of best practices eases compliance with requirements such as IFRS, Sarbanes-Oxley, or Basel II. They can also help comply with de facto industry standards, such as electronic funds transfer. This is because the procedure can be readily codified within the ERP software, and replicated with confidence across multiple businesses who share that business requirement. [ citation needed]Connectivity to plant floor information [ edit]ERP systems connect to real–time data and transaction data in a variety of ways. These systems are typically configured by systems integrators, who bring unique knowledge on process, equipment, and vendor solutions. Direct integration —ERP systems have connectivity (communications to plant floor equipment) as part of their product offering. This requires that the vendors offer specific support for the plant floor equipment their customers operate. ERP vendors must be experts in their own products and connectivity to other vendor products, including those of their competitors. Database integration —ERP systems connect to plant floor data sources through staging tables in a database. Plant floor systems deposit the necessary information into the database. The ERP system reads the information in the table. The benefit of staging is that ERP vendors do not need to master the complexities of equipment integration. Connectivity becomes the responsibility of the systems integrator. Enterprise appliance transaction modules (EATM) —These devices communicate directly with plant floor equipment and with the ERP system via methods supported by the ERP system. EATM can employ a staging table, web services, or system–specific program interfaces ( APIs ). An EATM offers the benefit of being an off–the–shelf solution. Custom–integration solutions —Many system integrators offer custom solutions. These systems tend to have the highest level of initial integration cost, and can have a higher long term maintenance and reliability costs. Long term costs can be minimized through careful system testing and thorough documentation. Custom–integrated solutions typically run on workstation or server-class computers. Implementation [ edit]ERP's scope usually implies significant changes to staff work processes and practices. [29] Generally, three types of services are available to help implement such changes—consulting, customization, and support. [29] Implementation time depends on business size, number of modules, customization, the scope of process changes, and the readiness of the customer to take ownership for the project. Modular ERP systems can be implemented in stages. The typical project for a large enterprise takes about 14 months and requires around 150 consultants. [30] Small projects can require months; multinational and other large implementations can take years. [ citation needed] Customization can substantially increase implementation times. [30]Besides that, information processing influences various business functions e.g. some large corporations like Wal-Mart use a just in time inventory system. This reduces inventory storage and increases delivery efficiency, and requires up-to-date data. Before 2014, Walmart used a system called Inforem developed by IBM to manage replenishment. [31]Process preparation [ edit]Implementing ERP typically requires changes in existing business processes. [32] Poor understanding of needed process changes prior to starting implementation is a main reason for project failure. [33] The difficulties could be related to the system, business process, infrastructure, training, or lack of motivation. It is therefore crucial that organizations thoroughly analyze business processes before they implement ERP software. Analysis can identify opportunities for process modernization. It also enables an assessment of the alignment of current processes with those provided by the ERP system. Research indicates that risk of business process mismatch is decreased by: Linking current processes to the organization's strategy Analyzing the effectiveness of each process Understanding existing automated solutions [34] [35]ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in decentralized organizations, because they often have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies, and decision centers. [36] This may require migrating some business units before others, delaying implementation to work through the necessary changes for each unit, possibly reducing integration (e.g., linking via Master data management) or customizing the system to meet specific needs. [37]A potential disadvantage is that adopting "standard" processes can lead to a loss of competitive advantage. While this has happened, losses in one area are often offset by gains in other areas, increasing overall competitive advantage. [38] [39]Configuration [ edit]Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way the organization wants the system to work with the way it was designed to work. ERP systems typically include many settings that modify system operations. For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accounting— FIFO or LIFO —to use; whether to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel; and whether to pay for shipping costs on customer returns. [37]Two tier enterprise resource planning [ edit]Two-tier ERP software and hardware lets companies run the equivalent of two ERP systems at once: one at the corporate level and one at the division or subsidiary level. For example, a manufacturing company [ who?] uses an ERP system to manage across the organization. This company uses independent global or regional distribution, production or sales centers, and service providers to support the main company’s customers. Each independent center or subsidiary may have its own business models, workflows, and business processes. Given the realities of globalization, enterprises continuously evaluate how to optimize their regional, divisional, and product or manufacturing strategies to support strategic goals and reduce time-to-market while increasing profitability and delivering value. [40] With two-tier ERP, the regional distribution, production, or sales centers and service providers continue operating under their own business model—separate from the main company, using their own ERP systems. Since these smaller companies' processes and workflows are not tied to main company's processes and workflows, they can respond to local business requirements in multiple locations. [41]Factors that affect enterprises' adoption of two-tier ERP systems include: Manufacturing globalization, the economics of sourcing in emerging economies Potential for quicker, less costly ERP implementations at subsidiaries, based on selecting software more suited to smaller companies Extra effort, (often involving the use of Enterprise application integration [42]) is required where data must pass between two ERP systems [43] Two-tier ERP strategies give enterprises agility in responding to market demands and in aligning IT systems at a corporate level while inevitably resulting in more systems as compared to one ERP system used throughout the organization. [44]Customization [ edit]ERP systems are theoretically based on industry best practices, and their makers intend that organizations deploy them as is. [45] [46] ERP vendors do offer customers configuration options that let organizations incorporate their own business rules, but gaps in features often remain even after configuration is complete. ERP customers have several options to reconcile feature gaps, each with their own pros/cons. Technical solutions include rewriting part of the delivered software, writing a homegrown module to work within the ERP system, or interfacing to an external system. These three options constitute varying degrees of system customization—with the first being the most invasive and costly to maintain. [47] Alternatively, there are non-technical options such as changing business practices or organizational policies to better match the delivered ERP feature set. Key differences between customization and configuration include: Customization is always optional, whereas the software must always be configured before use (e.g., setting up cost/profit center structures, organizational trees, purchase approval rules, etc.). The software is designed to handle various configurations, and behaves predictably in any allowed configuration. The effect of configuration changes on system behavior and performance is predictable and is the responsibility of the ERP vendor. The effect of customization is less predictable. It is the customer's responsibility, and increases testing activities. Configuration changes survive upgrades to new software versions. Some customizations (e.g., code that uses pre–defined "hooks" that are called before/after displaying data screens) survive upgrades, though they require retesting. Other customizations (e.g., those involving changes to fundamental data structures) are overwritten during upgrades and must be re-implemented. [48]Customization advantages include that it: Improves user acceptance [49]Offers the potential to obtain competitive advantage vis-à-vis companies using only standard features Customization disadvantages include that it: Increases time and resources required to implement and maintain [47]Inhibits seamless communication between suppliers and customers who use the same ERP system uncustomized [ citation needed]Can create over reliance on customization, undermining the principles of ERP as a standardizing software platform Extensions [ edit]ERP systems can be extended with third–party software. [50] ERP vendors typically provide access to data and features through published interfaces. Extensions offer features such as: [ citation needed]Reporting, and republishing Capturing transactional data, e.g., using scanners, tills or RFIDAccess to specialized data and capabilities, such as syndicated marketing data and associated trend analytics Advanced planning and scheduling (APS)Managing facilities, and transmission in real-time Data migration [ edit]Data migration is the process of moving, copying, and restructuring data from an existing system to the ERP system. Migration is critical to implementation success and requires significant planning. Unfortunately, since migration is one of the final activities before the production phase, it often receives insufficient attention. The following steps can structure migration planning: [51]Identify data to migrate Determine migration timing Generate data templates [ clarification needed]Freeze the toolset Decide on migration-related setups [ clarification needed]Define data archiving policies and procedures Often, data migration is incomplete because some of the data in the existing system is either incompatible or not needed in the new system. As such, the existing system may need to be kept as an archived database to refer back to once the new ERP system is in place. Advantages [ edit]The most fundamental advantage of ERP is that the integration of myriad business processes saves time and expense. Management can make decisions faster and with fewer errors. Data becomes visible across the organization. Tasks that benefit from this integration include: [ citation needed]Sales forecasting, which allows inventory optimization. Chronological history of every transaction through relevant data compilation in every area of operation. Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment Revenue tracking, from invoice through cash receipt Matching purchase orders (what was ordered), inventory receipts (what arrived), and costing (what the vendor invoiced)ERP systems centralize business data, which: Eliminates the need to synchronize changes between multiple systems—consolidation of finance, marketing, sales, human resource, and manufacturing applications Brings legitimacy and transparency to each bit of statistical data Facilitates standard product naming/coding Provides a comprehensive enterprise view (no "islands of information"), making real–time information available to management anywhere, anytime to make proper decisions Protects sensitive data by consolidating multiple security systems into a single structure [52]Benefits [ edit]ERP can improve quality and efficiency of the business. By keeping a company's internal business processes running smoothly, ERP can lead to better outputs that may benefit the company, such as in customer service and manufacturing. ERP supports upper level management by providing information for decision making. ERP creates a more agile company that adapts better to change. It also makes a company more flexible and less rigidly structured so organization components operate more cohesively, enhancing the business—internally and externally. [53]ERP can improve data security. A common control system, such as the kind offered by ERP systems, allows organizations the ability to more easily ensure key company data is not compromised. [ citation needed]ERP provides increased opportunities for collaboration. Data takes many forms in the modern enterprise. Documents, files, forms, audio and video, emails. Often, each data medium has its own mechanism for allowing collaboration. ERP provides a collaborative platform that lets employees spend more time collaborating on content rather than mastering the learning curve of communicating in various formats across distributed systems. [ citation needed]Disadvantages [ edit]Customization can be problematic. Compared to the best-of-breed approach, ERP can be seen as meeting an organization’s lowest common denominator needs, forcing the organization to find workarounds to meet unique demands. [54]Re-engineering business processes to fit the ERP system may damage competitiveness or divert focus from other critical activities. ERP can cost more than less integrated or less comprehensive solutions. High ERP switching costs can increase the ERP vendor's negotiating power, which can increase support, maintenance, and upgrade expenses. Overcoming resistance to sharing sensitive information between departments can divert management attention. Integration of truly independent businesses can create unnecessary dependencies. Extensive training requirements take resources from daily operations. Harmonization of ERP systems can be a mammoth task (especially for big companies) and requires a lot of time, planning, and money. [55]Postmodern ERP [ edit] [ relevant? – discuss]The term "postmodern ERP" was coined by Gartner in 2013, when it first appeared in the paper series "Predicts 2014". [56] According to Gartner's definition of the postmodern ERP strategy, legacy, monolithic and highly customized ERP suites, in which all parts are heavily reliant on each other, should sooner or later be replaced by a mixture of both cloud-based and on-premises applications, which are more loosely coupled and can be easily exchanged if needed. The basic idea is that there should still be a core ERP solution that would cover most important business functions, while other functions will be covered by specialist software solutions that merely extend the core ERP. This concept is similar to the so-called best-of-breed approach [57] to software implementation, but it shouldn't be confused with it. While in both cases, applications that make up the whole are relatively loosely connected and quite easily interchangeable, in the case of the latter there is no ERP solution whatsoever. Instead, every business function is covered by a separate software solution. There is, however, no golden rule as to what business functions should be part of the core ERP, and what should be covered by supplementary solutions. According to Gartner, every company must define their own postmodern ERP strategy, based on company's internal and external needs, operations and processes. For example, a company may define that the core ERP solution should cover those business processes that must stay behind the firewall, and therefore, choose to leave their core ERP on-premises. At the same time, another company may decide to host the core ERP solution in the cloud and move only a few ERP modules as supplementary solutions to on-premises. The main benefits that companies will gain from implementing postmodern ERP strategy is speed and flexibility when reacting to unexpected changes in business processes or on the organizational level. [58] With the majority of applications having a relatively loose connection, it is fairly easy to replace or upgrade them whenever necessary. In addition to that, following the examples above, companies can select and combine cloud-based and on-premises solutions that are most suited for their ERP needs. The downside of postmodern ERP is that it will most likely lead to an increased number of software vendors that companies will have to manage, as well as pose additional integration challenges for the central IT. See also [ edit]List of ERP software packages Accounting software Bill of resources Business process management Business intelligence Cost accounting Cybernetics Document automation Data migration Economic planning Enterprise feedback management (EFM)Enterprise planning systems Enterprise system ERP modeling ERP system selection methodology Information technology management List of project management software Management information system Manufacturing operations management Material balance planning Operations research Service management Software as a service Visitor management systems References [ edit]^ Almajali, Dmaithan (2016). "Antecedents of ERP systems implementation success: a study on Jordanian healthcare sector". Journal of Enterprise Information Management. Emeralad. 29 (4): 549. doi: 10.1108/JEIM-03-2015-0024. Retrieved January 6, 2016.^ Radovilsky, Zinovy (2004). Bidgoli, Hossein, ed. The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.^ Rubina Adam, Paula Kotze, Alta van der Merwe. 2011. Acceptance of enterprise resource planning systems by small manufacturing Enterprises. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, edited by Runtong Zhang, José Cordeiro, Xuewei Li, Zhenji Zhang and Juliang Zhang, Sci Te Press, p. 229 - 238^ Shaul, L.; Tauber, D. (2012). "CSFs along ERP life-cycle in SMEs: a field study". Industrial Management & Data Systems. 112 (3): 360–384. doi: 10.1108/02635571211210031.^ Khosrow–Puor, Mehdi. (2006). Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management. Idea Group, Inc. p. 865.^ Info World, Heather Harreld,. "Extended ERP technology reborn in B2B". Retrieved July 20, 2016.^ "A Vision of Next Generation MRP II", Scenario S-300-339, Gartner Group, April 12, 1990 [ third-party source needed]^ Anderegg, Travis. "MRP/MRPII/ERP/ERM — Confusing Terms and Definitions for a Murkey Alphabet Soup". Retrieved September 23, 2013.^ "ERP". Retrieved October 7, 2009.^ Sheilds, Mureell G. (2005). E-Business and ERP: Rapid Implementation and Project Planning. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 9.^ Chang, SI; Guy Gable; Errol Smythe; Greg Timbrell (2000). A Delphi examination of public sector ERP implementation issues. International Conference on Information Systems. Atlanta: Association for Information Systems. pp. 494–500. Retrieved September 9, 2008.^ Thin Enterprise Resource Planning (Second ed.). Boston: Thomson Course Technology. 2006. ISBN 0-619-21663-8.^ "B. Bond, Y. Genovese, D. Miklovic, N. Wood, B. Zrimsek, N. Rayner, ERP Is Dead — Long Live ERP II; Gartner Group RAS Services, SPA-12-0420 4 October 2000" (PDF). Retrieved February 16, 2018.^ "ERP: What you need to ask before you buy". projectauditors.com. Retrieved April 23, 2014.^ "The Bryan School of Business and Economics at UNCG—Exceptional Problem Solvers" (PDF). Uncg.edu. 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(2001) John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 9-10.^ Yunliang, Xiongtao, Qing, Jing and Ning (2010) "Design of E-Government Information Management Platform Based on SOA Framework", 2010 First International Conference on Networking and Distributed Computing, Hangzhou, doi:10.1109/ICNDC.2010.42.^ Allen, Kern and Havenhand (2000) "ERP Critical Success Factors: an exploration of the contextual factors in public sector institutions", Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.^ Chang, Gable, Smythe and Timbrell (2000) "A Delphi examination of public sector ERP implementation issues" Proceedings of ICIS.^ Ebrahim, Zakareya; Irani, Zahir (2005). "E‐government adoption: architecture and barriers". Business Process Management Journal. 11 (5): 589–611. Cite Seer X 10.1.1.453.87. doi: 10.1108/14637150510619902.^ Wingreen, Maryam and Hritik (2014) "An Investigation into Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success: Evidence from Private and Public Sector Organizations", PACIS 2014/339.^ Shafqat, Enhong and Faisal (2012), "Enterprise Resource Planning - 'real blessing' or 'a blessing in disguise': an exploration of the contextual factors in public sector"^ Coelho, Cunha; Meirelles (2015). "The client-consultant relationship in the implementation of ERP in government: exploring the dynamic between power and knowledge". DGO: 140. doi: 10.1145/2757401.2757405. ISBN 9781450336000.^ Monk, Ellen and Wagner, Brett. "Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning" 3rd.ed. Course Technology Cengage Learning. Boston, Massachusetts.2009^ "Enhanced Project Success Through SAP Best Practices – International Benchmarking Study". ISBN 1-59229-031-0.^ a b "ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)". Tech-faq.com. March 5, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2015.^ a b "Critical Issues Affecting an ERP Implementation". Information Systems Management. Auerbach Publications. 1999. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.^ "Wal-Mart slow to roll out new replenishment system". Arkansas: Thecitywire.com. January 8, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2015.^ Turban et al. (2008). Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy. Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 300–343. ISBN 978-0-471-78712-9^ Brown, C.; Vessey, I. (2003). "Managing the Next Wave of Enterprise Systems: Leveraging Lessons from ERP". MIS Quarterly Executive. 2 (1).^ King. W., "Ensuring ERP implementation success," Information Systems Management, Summer 2005.^ Yusuf, Y., A. Gunasekaran, and M. Abthorpe, "Enterprise Information Systems Project Implementation: A Case Study of ERP in Rolls-Royce," International Journal of Production Economics, 87 (3), February 2004.^ Daneva, Maya; Roel Wieringa. "Requirements Engineering for Cross-organizational ERP Implementation: Undocumented Assumptions and Potential Mismatches" (PDF). University of Twente. Retrieved July 12, 2008.^ a b Thomas H. Davenport, "Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System", Harvard Business Review, July–August 1998.^ Turban et al. (2008). Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy. Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 320. ISBN 978-0-471-78712-9^ Dehning, B. and T. Stratopoulos, 'Determinants of a Sustainable Competitive Advantage Due to an IT-enabled Strategy,' Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 12, 2003^ Ferdows, K (1997). "Making the most of foreign factories". Harvard Business Review. 75 (2): 73–88.^ Gill, R. (2011). "The rise of two-tier ERP." Strategic Finance, 93 (5), 35-40, 1.^ "Technical Workflows". CEITON. Retrieved July 14, 2015.^ Montgomery, Nigel (2010). "Two-Tier ERP Suite Strategy: Considering Your Options." Gartner Group. July 28, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2012.^ Kovacs, G. L.; Paganelli, P. (2003). Teachings/MS-CEIT-Supply Chain Management/W-Selected Papers for class seminars-last/scm-pm-A planning and management infrastructure for large%2C complex%2Cdistributed projects-beyond ERP and SCM.pdf "A planning and management infrastructure for large, complex, distributed projects — beyond ERP and SCM"Check |url= value ( help) (PDF). Computers in Industry. 51 (2): 165–165. doi: 10.1016/s0166-3615 (03)00034-4.^ Kraemmerand, P.; et al. (2003). "ERP implementation: an integrated process of radical change and continuous learning". Production Planning & Control. 14 (4): 228–248.^ Vilpola, Inka Heidi (2008). "A method for improving ERP implementation success by the principles and process of user-centred design". Enterprise Information Systems. 2 (1): 47–76. doi: 10.1080/17517570701793848.^ a b Fryling, Meg (2010). "Estimating the impact of enterprise resource planning project management decisions on post-implementation maintenance costs: a case study using simulation modelling". Enterprise Information Systems. 4 (4): 391–421. Bibcode: 2010Ent IS...4..391F. doi: 10.1080/17517575.2010.519785.^ Yakovlev, I. V. (2002). "An ERP implementation and business process reengineering at a Small University". Educause Quarterly. 2: 52–57.^ Fryling, Meg (2010). Total Cost of Ownership, System Acceptance and Perceived Success of Enterprise Resource Planning Software: Simulating a Dynamic Feedback Perspective of ERP in the Higher Education Environment. Pro Quest Dissertations and Theses database. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-109-74428-6.^ Denton, Adam. "Ecount".^ Ramaswamy Nilesh V K (September 27, 2007). "Data Migration Strategy in ERP". Retrieved April 8, 2008.^ Walsh, Katherine (January 2009). "The ERP Security Challenge". CSOonline. CXO Media Inc. Retrieved January 17, 2008.^ O'Brien, James (2011). Management Information Systems (MIS). New York: Mc Graw-Hill, Irwin. p. 324.^ Young, Joanna. "AUDIO | Best-of-Breed vs. ERP: What's Best for Higher Ed Today?". The Evo LLLution. Retrieved July 14, 2015.^ "The Minefied of Harmonising ERP". Cfo-insight.com. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012.^ "Predicts 2014: The Rise of the Postmodern ERP and Enterprise Applications World". Gartner Group. Retrieved October 31, 2016.^ "Postmodern ERP Strategy Is Not a Best-of-Breed Approach". Gartner Group. Retrieved October 31, 2016.^ "5 Factors Facilitating the Transition to the Postmodern ERP Era". CIOReview. Retrieved October 31, 2016. Bibliography [ edit]Grant, David; Richard Hall; Nick Wailes; Christopher Wright (March 2006). "The false promise of technological determinism: the case of enterprise resource planning systems". New Technology, Work & Employment. 21 (1): 2–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-005X.2006.00159.x. Loh, Tee Chiat; Lenny Koh Siau Ching (September 2004). "Critical elements for a successful ERP implementation in SMEs". International Journal of Production Research. 42 (17): 3433–3455. doi: 10.1080/00207540410001671679. Shaul, Levi; Tauber Doron (September 2010). "Hierarchical examination of success factors across ERP life cycle". MCIS 2010 Proceedings. : 79. Head, Simon (2005). The New Ruthless Economy. Work and Power in the Digital Age. Oxford UP. ISBN 0-19-517983-8. Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (1992). Principles of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-93450-X. Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (1990). Les nouvelles perspectives de la production. Paris: DUNOD BORDAS. ISBN 978-2-04-019820-6. Lequeux, Jean-Louis (2008). Manager avec les ERP, Architecture Orientée Services (SOA). Paris: EDITIONS D'ORGANISATION. ISBN 978-2-212-54094-9. Clemons, Eric. K. (1986). "IS for Sustainable Competitive Advantage". Information & Management. 11 (3): 131–136. doi: 10.1016/0378-7206 (86)90010-8. Henderson, Ian ERP From the Frontline MBE ISBN 978-1-898822-05-9 Making ERP Work External links [ edit]Media related to Enterprise resource planning at Wikimedia Commons Categories: ERP software Information technology management Computer-aided engineering Enterprise resource planning terminology Business terms Production planning Business planning Supply chain management |
No, they move at light speed from the instant they exist. Think of waves of ripples on a pond produced by you dipping your finger in the water. Does the wave accelerate or does it just go at the same speed the instant it is created? It is the latter. I'm pretty sure its the same with photons, and they can be emitted in a number of ways, for example they can be created and emitted when an electron goes into a lower energy state. |
The Lee–Enfield is a bolt-action, magazine-fed, repeating rifle that was the main firearm used by the military forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth during the first half of the 20th century. It was the British Army's standard rifle from its official adoption in 1895 until 1957. . It is often referred to as the "SMLE," which is short for the common "Short Magazine Lee-Enfield" variant. |
Magna Carta Island in the River Thames goes on sale - BBC News BBC News Magna Carta Island in the River Thames goes on sale 21 July 2014 Close share panel Image copyright Sotheby's Image caption The island has 400m (437yds) of river frontage and is connected to the mainland by a small bridge An island in the River Thames in Berkshire - which may have been where the Magna Carta was sealed in 1215 - has gone on sale for nearly £4m. Magna Carta Island sits in the river opposite the Runnymede Meadow, where, according to historians, the rebellious barons camped ahead of the deal. King John and his men are thought to have gathered opposite for protection. The island comes with a Grade II-listed house, a cottage, outdoor swimming pool and mooring for a boat. A small bridge connects the 3.72 acre (1.5 hectare) island, which has a price tag of £3,950,000, to the mainland. Image copyright Sotheby's Image caption The new owner will become the custodian of a stone on which it is claimed the charter was signed A stone, on which it has been claimed the charter was signed, lies today in a specially-built Charter Room which forms part of the main house. Its walls are hung with the crest of King John and those of the 25 barons elected to keep the Magna Carta safe, including Richard de Montfichet who was the owner of the island , which was part of the Manor of Wraysbury. The house was built by George Simon Harcourt, Lord of the Manor and the Sheriff of the County in 1834. What is Magna Carta? Magna Carta - meaning Great Charter - enshrined basic freedoms and limited the King's authority. The publication has its origins in a dispute between King John and English barons and guaranteed basic freedoms and property rights to "free men" while subjecting the sovereign to the laws of the land for the first time. It is regarded as the cornerstone of liberty in the English-speaking world and the source of fundamental concepts of law, including trial by jury, protection against excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. The first document was sealed - not signed - in 1215 by King John. The final one was issued in 1300. Seventeen versions survive from the 13th Century. While the charter itself names Runnymede as the place it was sealed, the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time. Stuart Cole, from Sotheby's International Realty, said: "This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to buy a piece of world history where the rule of law was first forged. "Not only is Magna Carta Island a idyllic private island in the Thames with 402 metres of prime river frontage, it is widely acknowledged to have been the site of the signing of the Magna Carta, perhaps the most significant charter in history." Image copyright Sotheby’s Image caption In 2015, the UK is marking the anniversary of the sealing of the first "Great Charter" by King John in 1215 |
samosa. Indian savory pastries filled with curry, generally potato curry. Quite possibly the most perfect things ever created by humankind, they are a treat for all occasions and a cure for all ills. Well, except violent gastrointestinal upset due to overconsumption, and we won't do that again now will we? Needless to say, they're radtastic. |
Shooters can be shaken, stirred, blended, layered, or simply poured. Shot glasses or sherry glasses are the usual drinkware in which shooters are served. They are most commonly served at bars, and some bartenders have their own signature shooter. The ingredients of shooters vary from bartender to bartender and from region to region. |
Attack the Block is a 2011 British science fiction horror comedy film written and directed by Joe Cornish and starring Jodie Whittaker , John Boyega , Nick Frost and Luke Treadaway . It is notable for being the film debut for both Cornish , Boyega , and future Academy Award-winning composer Steven Price . The film centres on a teenage street gang who have to defend themselves from predatory alien invaders on a council estate in South London on Guy Fawkes Night . Released on 11 May 2011 , it achieved significant popularity , favourable critical reviews , and accolades internationally . Attack the Block has been listed as a cult film in the making by a significant number of websites . |
Jazz great Dave Brubeck dies in Connecticut Jazz great Dave Brubeck dies in Connecticut Dave Brubeck died Wednesday morning at Norwalk Hospital, in Norwalk, Conn. Post to Facebook Jazz great Dave Brubeck dies in Connecticut Dave Brubeck died Wednesday morning at Norwalk Hospital, in Norwalk, Conn. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/TI0RSY CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 52 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Jazz great Dave Brubeck dies in Connecticut Ann Oldenburg, USA TODAY Published 12:00 p.m. ET Dec. 5, 2012 | Updated 4:47 p.m. ET Dec. 5, 2012 x Share azz composer and pianist Dave Brubeck, whose pioneering style in pieces such as "Take Five" caught listeners' ears with exotic, challenging rhythms, has died. (Dec. 5) The jazz musician was one day shy of his 92nd birthday. American composer, pianist and jazz musician Dave Brubeck. (Photo: AP) Jazz musician Dave Brubeck died Wednesday morning at Norwalk Hospital, in Norwalk, Conn., his longtime manager-producer-conductor Russell Gloyd tells the Chicago Tribune . Brubeck, who would have turned 92 on Thursday, died of heart failure, en route to "a regular treatment with his cardiologist," said Gloyd. STORY: Brubeck defied convention A birthday party was planned in the town of Wilton, Conn., featuring his son, Darius Brubeck; Richie Cannata, sax player for Billy Joel; and Bernie Williams, former New York Yankees star. The pianist, regarded as one of the greatest of American jazz musicians, reached pop star status with recordings including Take Five and Blue Rondo a la Turk, both of which appeared on Brubeck's acclaimed 1959 album, Time Out. Both also showcased Brubeck's fondness for unusual time signatures. Take Five is in 5/4 time; Blue Rondo is in 9/8 time. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Dave Brubeck, a pioneering jazz composer and pianist, died Dec. 5 of heart failure, after being stricken while on his way to a cardiology appointment with his son. He would have turned 92 on Dec. 6. In this July 2007 file photo, Brubeck is seen rehearsing at Sirius Satellite Radio studios in New York. Richard Drew, AP According to Brubeck's website, he first began playing in nightclubs in California at the age of 14. Sony Music Entertainment Recorded with The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1959, 'Time Out' was the first jazz album to sell more than a million copies. It includes Brubeck's signature piece, 'Take Five.' Sony Music Entertainment An undated photo of Brubeck, on piano, with the other members of the quartet, Paul Desmond on saxophone, Eugene Wright on bass and Joe Morello on drums. Sony Music Entertainment Brubeck, seated, at work in the studio with his son Chris Brubeck and James Moody. Brubeck toured with three of his sons, billing themselves as 'Two Generations of Brubeck.' Jack Renner, TelArc Host Ramsey Lewis, left, with Brubeck and Dr. Billy Taylor on the 2006 television show 'Legends of Jazz with Ramsey Lewis.' Taylor died on Dec. 28, 2010. LRS Media Still performing in his late 80s, Brubeck played at the Great Night In Harlem benefit concert at the Apollo Theater in May 2008 in New York. Jim Spellman, WireImage Brubeck, seated, shares a moment with his fellow Kennedy Center honorees, from left, Grace Bumbry, Robert De Niro, Bruce Springsteen and Mel Brooks at the State Department following the Kennedy Center Honors gala dinner in December 2009. Kevin Wolf, AP Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: Replay |
About Raw Device Mapping. RDM is a mapping file in a separate VMFS volume that acts as a proxy for a raw physical storage device. The RDM allows a virtual machine to directly access and use the storage device. The RDM contains metadata for managing and redirecting disk access to the physical device. The file gives you some of the advantages of direct access to a physical device while keeping some advantages of a virtual disk in VMFS. |
The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and 68th nationally, according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report "Best Graduate Schools" edition. Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green. |
5 Ways to Get Anyone to Love Brussels Sprouts Before I became vegan, the only thing I knew about Brussels sprouts was that most people hated them. They were the vegetable most commonly shown on TV shows as being hidden under napkins or fed to the dog under the table (and then the dog would refuse them too). So I just assumed I didn’t like them either, without ever having tasted them. When I finally did try Brussels sprouts, I had cooked them myself and they were amazing. I asked my husband, who also swore he hated them yet was fighting me for the last one, and he said he had only ever had them steamed or boiled. No wonder he never liked them. Brussels sprouts get a bad rap for being a veggie that people have to be forced to eat, but it’s so unfair. These tiny cabbages are not only cute, but they are extremely healthy and really delicious when they are prepared properly. It’s high time these misunderstood sprouts got some positive publicity. With the right recipes and cooking techniques, you just might find that you love Brussels sprouts , and like me, you’ll be fighting for the last one on the plate.1. Don’t Overcook Them!No matter which way you choose to cook Brussels sprouts, the number one rule is “don’t overcook them.” Brussels sprouts contain healthy compounds called glucosinolates, but the longer sprouts are cooked, the more sulfur these compounds release. This leads to a bad smell similar to rotten eggs. When cooked properly, Brussels sprouts smell and taste delicious with a nutty tone to them. Overcooking also leads to gray, wilted leaves; you also want them to be bright green and beautiful.2. Roast for Sweetness Roasting is one of the best ways to bring out the rich sweetness of vegetables. I halve the sprouts, toss them in a little olive oil, and season them with salt and pepper. Then, I place them in a single layer on a baking sheet and roast them in a 450-degree oven for 20 – 25 minutes. The outer leaves get caramelized, golden, and crispy while the insides are tender. Once the Brussels sprouts are done, I dress them in a lemon-thyme sauce that I make with lemon zest and juice, maple syrup, tamari, olive oil, garlic, and red pepper flakes. Other fantastic recipes to try are Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Lime and Chili and Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Sherry-Maple Vinaigrette.3. Pan-Searing and Sautéing Another way of cooking Brussels sprouts is on the stove top. Pan-searing them ensures an even and crisp outer coating, because you cook the halved sprouts, cut side down, until they are browned. My favorite way to prepare sprouts by sautéing involves several ingredients I used to swear I didn’t like but now love. I halve or quarter the sprouts, depending on how big they are (the smaller ones tend to be sweeter) and saute them in olive oil infused with garlic, red pepper flakes, and sun-dried tomatoes. When the Brussels sprouts are browned and crispy, I add in quartered artichoke hearts, salty Kalamata olives, and season with salt and pepper. The dish is a medley of textures – creamy artichoke hearts, crispy Brussels sprouts, and chewy sun-dried tomatoes – and flavors. Or, try my Crispy Gnocchi with Mushrooms, Asparagus and Brussels Sprouts for an amazing and easy dinner.4. Frying for Crispiness I often advise that if you think you dislike a food, try it fried because, come on, what doesn’t taste good battered and fried? That doesn’t mean you have to deep-fry the sprouts; shallow pan-frying will do. Steam or blanch the Brussels sprouts first so you only need fry them for as long as it takes to get the outsides crispy but still have the insides be cooked and tender. Dredge the sprouts in non-dairy milk and then coat them with a combination of seasoned flour and cornmeal. Then, pan-fry the Brussels sprouts until you have golden, crispy balls of decadence. Another way I fry Brussels sprouts is to grate them, mix them with flour, flaxseed, and seasoning, and make latkes or fritters with them. Quartered Brussels sprouts are also a perfect addition to a stir-fry like these Stir-Fried Brussels Sprouts with Ginger and Curry Leaves. A fourth amazing way to fry Brussels sprouts is to separate all the leaves from the cores and quickly flash-fry them for a crispy and fun-to-eat snack. Dip them in a garlic aioli for extra eye-rolling goodness.5. Go Raw With Salads and Slaws The easiest way to avoid overcooking Brussels sprouts is to not cook them at all. Yes, you can eat them raw; after all, they are mini-cabbages. Just shred the sprouts and mix them with other greens, crunchy apples, or sweet beets for a beautiful salad or slaw. Toss it all with a zesty vinaigrette or salad dressing and you have a light and healthy meal or side dish that everyone will love. No one will even know they are eating Brussels sprouts until you tell them and watch their looks of amazement. When prepared properly and treated with care, Brussels sprouts will no longer have to sit on the sidelines while their cousins, kale and cabbage, get all the loving. Try any of these tips and recipes and I guarantee you will get anyone to love Brussels sprouts. We also highly recommend downloading our Food Monster App, which is available for both Android and i Phone, and can also be found on Instagram and Facebook. The app has more than 8,000 plant-based, allergy-friendly recipes, and subscribers gain access to ten new recipes per day. Check it out!Lead image source: Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Sherry-Maple Vinaigrette Want to read more posts like this? Sign up for our newsletter below! |
A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 64, is an opera with music by Benjamin Britten and set to a libretto adapted by the composer and Peter Pears from William Shakespeare's play, "A Midsummer Night's Dream". It was premiered on 11 June 1960 at the Aldeburgh Festival, conducted by the composer and with set and costume designs by Carl Toms. Stylistically, the work is typical of Britten, with a highly individual sound-world – not strikingly dissonant or atonal, but replete with subtly atmospheric harmonies and tone painting. The role of Oberon was composed for the countertenor Alfred Deller. Atypically for Britten, the opera did not include a leading role for his partner Pears, who instead was given the comic drag role of Flute/Thisbe. |
Bruins vs. Flyers blog | NHL.com Bruins vs. Flyers blog Is the West the best? 05.14.2010 / 3:42 PM ET Bruins coach Claude Julien was asked at his press conference if the Stanley Cup Playoff series outcomes indicate the Eastern Conference, where the sixth and seventh seeds will battle tonight to determine who will host the eighth seed in the conference final, has more parity than the Western Conference, where the top two seeds are playing in the conference final. "It’s been a pretty strange situation in our conference," Julien said. "You see the (top) teams get bumped out, some of them in the first round, some in the second round, so that just goes to show you, again, we keep using the word parity (but) you never know. I think what's going on right now, I guess in our conference this year, which was the case a few years back in the other conferences, is that the teams that are left right now really battled hard to get into the playoffs. Somehow, and as I mentioned, our team, you get into the playoffs, you're actually building some momentum getting into the playoffs and I think the three teams that are left had built momentum going in just like the Edmonton Oilers (in 2006), just creeping into the playoffs, and because they had to battle to get in, they build momentum going in and that sometimes is a good thing. So that to me is what you're seeing right now with the sixth, seventh and eighth seeds that are still alive right now." -- John McGourty Possible line changes for Bruins 05.14.2010 / 3:39 PM ET Boston Bruins coach Claude Julien shuffled his lines at Thursday's practice in an effort to get more scoring for Game 7 Friday against the Philadelphia Flyers . The Bruins were shut out for 134:11.5, between Game 4 and Game 6, until Milan Lucic scored with a minute remaining in Wednesday's 2-1 loss in Game 6. Julien also scrambled the second and third defense pairings. Here are the lines the Bruins had in practice Thursday. Remember, they didn't skate Friday morning: Boychuk and Wideman are right-hand shots. Ference and Hunwick are both left-hand shots. -- John McGourty Pressure? This is fun 05.14.2010 / 1:30 PM ET Music ranged from Lady Gaga to Journey in the Philadelphia Flyers ' dressing room this morning. Nobody seems ready to go home for the summer. Sure, there's pressure on this team to make history and win a best-of-seven series after losing the first three. But the Flyers are doing a heck of a job of not feeling it. "You have to embrace it … this is fun," forward Danny Briere said. "You've got to get up for it and be excited for it. Nobody knows what's going to happen tonight, but the one thing I know is I just want to leave it all out on the ice." The Flyers did that in Games 4, 5 and 6, which is exactly why there will be a decisive game here at TD Garden tonight. If Philadelphia finds a way again, it will be the first team since the New York Islanders in 1975 to win a series after losing the first three games. "It's an exciting time," captain Mike Richards said. "Hopefully we play well." For what it's worth, the road team is 3-0 in Game 7s this postseason. Detroit crushed the Phoenix Coyotes at Jobing.com Arena in Round 1, while the Montreal Canadiens upset both the Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Habs will play the winner of tonight's game on Sunday, which will take place in either Boston or Philadelphia. "You go on the road and you try to keep your game simple," defenseman Chris Pronger said. "You just play as hard as you can and get off to a good start. You're seeing the road teams get off to a good start and get an early lead. It kind of sets that home team back on their heels a little bit. It's up to us tonight to do that and get into the rhythm of our game." Other notes from this morning: -- The Bruins did not skate. Claude Julien was the only member of the organization to address reporters. "We didn't get in (from Philadelphia) until about 1:30 (on Thursday morning)," Julien responded when asked why his team didn't skate. "We practiced yesterday. W |
X-Men : Days of Future Past is a 2014 American superhero film based on the fictional X-Men characters that appear in Marvel Comics . Directed by Bryan Singer , it is the seventh installment of the X-Men film series and acts as a sequel to both 2006 's X-Men : The Last Stand and 2011 's X-Men : First Class . The story , inspired by the 1981 Uncanny X-Men storyline `` Days of Future Past '' by Chris Claremont and John Byrne , focuses on two time periods , with Wolverine traveling back in time to 1973 to change history and prevent an event that results in doom for both humans and mutants . The film features an ensemble cast , including Hugh Jackman , James McAvoy , Michael Fassbender , Jennifer Lawrence , Halle Berry , Anna Paquin , Ellen Page , Peter Dinklage , Ian McKellen and Patrick Stewart . Simon Kinberg wrote the screenplay from a story conceived by Jane Goldman , himself , and Matthew Vaughn . Vaughn had directed First Class and was set to return in Days of Future Past before leaving for Kingsman : The Secret Service . Thus Singer , who had directed the first two X-Men films , made his return as a director , and brought along most of the crew from those productions . With a budget of $ 200 million , principal photography began in Montreal , Quebec in April 2013 and concluded in August the same year , with additional filming and pick-ups taking place in November 2013 and February 2014 . Twelve companies handled the visual effects . X-Men : Days of Future Past premiered in New York City on May 10 , 2014 , and was theatrically released on May 23 . It became the best-reviewed film in the X-Men film series released thus far -LRB- surpassed only by Logan in 2017 -RRB- , being praised for its story , visual effects , action scenes , acting and thematic elements . During its theatrical run , the film earned over $ 747 million worldwide , making it the 6th highest grossing film of 2014 , as well as the second highest-grossing film in the series behind Deadpool . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects , making it the first X-Men film to be nominated for an Oscar . A sequel , X-Men : Apocalypse , was released on May 27 , 2016 . |
Cleopatra VII Philopator -LRB- Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ 69 -- August 12 , 30 BC -RRB- , known to history simply as Cleopatra , was the last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt , briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion . After her reign , Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire . Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty , a Greek family of Macedonian origin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great 's death during the Hellenistic period . The Ptolemies spoke Greek throughout their dynasty , and refused to speak Egyptian , which is the reason that Greek as well as Egyptian languages were used on official court documents such as the Rosetta Stone . By contrast , Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself as the reincarnation of the Egyptian goddess Isis . Cleopatra originally ruled jointly with her father Ptolemy XII Auletes , and later with her brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV , whom she married as per Egyptian custom , but eventually she became sole ruler . As queen , she consummated a liaison with Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne . She later elevated Caesarion , her son with Caesar , to co-ruler in name . After Caesar 's assassination in 44 BC , she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar 's legal heir Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus -LRB- later known as Augustus -RRB- . With Antony , she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios , and son Ptolemy Philadelphus -LRB- her unions with her brothers had produced no children -RRB- . Antony committed suicide after losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian 's forces , and Cleopatra followed suit . According to a popular belief , she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12 , 30 BC . She was outlived by Caesarion , who was declared pharaoh by his supporters , but he was soon killed on Octavian 's orders . Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus . Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and many dramatizations of incidents from her life in literature and other media , such as William Shakespeare 's tragedy Antony and Cleopatra , George Frideric Handel 's opera Giulio Cesare , George Bernard Shaw 's play Caesar and Cleopatra , Jules Massenet 's opera Cléopâtre , and the films Cleopatra -LRB- 1934 -RRB- and Cleopatra -LRB- 1963 -RRB- . |
Death. Viva la Vida, 1954. A few days before Frida Kahlo died on July 13, 1954, she wrote in her diary: I hope the exit is joyful-and I hope never to return-Frida. The official cause of death was given as pulmonary embolism, although some suspected that she died from overdose that may or may not have been accidental. |
What Is Google Adsense & How Does It Work? What Is Google Adsense & How Does It Work? What you need to know to get started with Google Adsenseby Bob Comment 20 Share Tweet Share Buffer printemail In a Hurry? Click Here to Download the PDF Version What is Adsense? Google Adsense is a CPC (cost-per-click) advertising program that allows publishers (anyone wanting to put ads on their websites) to insert a small amount of HTML into their sites and have ads appear that are targeted and relevant to the content of the site. What is Google Adsense? The good news is that Adsense is about the easiest way for bloggers or webmasters to start making money with their sites. After installing the ad code in your site, the Adsense spiders will crawl your site to see what all your pages are about. They then check their inventory of ads and put related ads next to each of your articles. This works out well for everyone as someone reading an article on gardening is much more likely to buy gardening tools than someone who is reading an article about car tires. How Does Adsense Work (for publishers)? So, how does Adsense work? Should I run adsense on my blog ? It starts with the advertisers who choose which keywords they would like to advertise on. Let’s suppose I want to advertise my new line of gardening tools that I just created. I would bid on certain keywords like “gardening, gardening tools, tillers, pulling weeds, etc”The Adsense spiders would then match my ads up with : Those specific keywords that people type into Google and display them to the top and right of the search results Websites (like yours) that display adsense ads. The adsense folks will send out Robots to crawl your site to see what all your content is about. If they find that you have content that has some of the same keywords that I (as the advertiser bid for) then my ads will show up on your site next to your article about gardening tools. For more about how Adsense works check out Google’s help page. Tomorrow we will be attempting to answer the question How Much Does Google Adsense Pay? Bob+Bob has been blogging since 2007 and earning a full time living from his blogs since early 2009. He enjoys fine dark chocolate, learning, foosball, loose-leaf tea, helping people succeed, anything God created, playing guitar, taking the scenic route, Philippians, and Chick-Fil-A. Comment 20 Share Tweet Share Buffer printemail Posted on Thursday, April 28, 2011Category: Blog Profit |
Geography of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Geography of India Continent Asia Region South Asia Indian subcontinent Coordinates 21°N 78°EArea Ranked 7th• Total 3,287,263 km 2 (1,269,219 sq mi)• Land 91%• Water 9%Coastline 7,516.6 km (4,670.6 mi)Borders Total land borders: [1] 15,106.70 km (9,386.87 mi) Bangladesh: 4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi) China (PRC): 3,488 km (2,167 mi) Pakistan: 3,323 km (2,065 mi) Nepal: 1,751 km (1,088 mi) Myanmar: 1,643 km (1,021 mi) Bhutan: 699 km (434 mi) Afghanistan: 106 km (66 mi)Highest point Kangchenjunga 8,586 m (28,169 ft)Lowest point Kuttanad −2.2 m (−7.2 ft)Longest river Ganga (or Ganges) 2,525 km (8,284,121 ft)Largest lake Wular Lake 30 to 260 km² (12 to 100 sq mi)India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' to 97°25' east longitude. [2] It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi). [3] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km (9,387 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km (4,671 mi). [1]On the south, India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean –- in particular, by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast, and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres (78 mi) to the south of India's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, some 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) southeast of the mainland, share maritime borders with Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Kanyakumari at 8°4′41″N and 77°55′230″E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland, while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island. Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier. [4] India's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles (13.8 mi; 22.2 km) from the coast baseline. [5]The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range, where the country borders China, Bhutan, and Nepal. Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range, Punjab Plains, the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes. In the far northeast, the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills, deeply forested mountainous regions, separate India from Burma. On the east, its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills, and the watershed region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. [ clarification needed]The Ganga is the longest river originating in India. The Ganga– Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern, central, and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India. Kanchanjhunga is the highest point, in the Indian state of Sikkim, is the highest point in India at 8,586 m (28,169 ft) and the world's 3rd highest peak. Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south, to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas. Contents [ hide ]1 Geological development2 Political geography3 Physiographic regions3.1 The Northern Mountains3.2 The Peninsular Plateau3.3 Indo-Gangetic plain3.4 Thar Desert3.5 Coasts4 Islands5 Bodies of water6 Wetlands7 Climate8 Geology9 Natural resources10 Antipodes11 See also12 References13 Cited sources14 Further reading Geological development [ edit]The Indian Plate Main article: Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland (ancient landmass, consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea). The Indo-Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates. About 90 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period, the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm/year (6 in/yr). [6] About 50 to 55 million years ago, in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era, the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,243 to 1,864 mi), having moved faster than any other known plate. In 2007, German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland. [7] The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. As of 2009, the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm/yr (2 in/yr), while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm/yr (0.8 in/yr). India is thus referred to as the "fastest continent". [7] This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm/yr (1.6 in/yr). Political geography [ edit]Main article: States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states (further subdivided into districts) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory (I.e., Delhi). Indian Kashmir, Lo C and LACIndia's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km (9,386.87 mi). [1]Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line, which was created in 1947 during Partition of India. Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km (2,065 mi), dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch. [1] This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Punjab. [8] Both nations delineated a Line of Control (Lo C) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir. According to India's claim, it also shares a 106 km (66 mi) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir, which is under Pakistani control. [1]India's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi). [1] West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh. [9] Before 2015, there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil. [10] These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border. [11] After the exchange, India lost roughly 40 km² (10,000 acres) to Bangladesh. [12]The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China. It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. [13] The border with Burma (Myanmar) extends up to 1,643 km (1,021 mi) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. [14] Located amidst the Himalayan range, India's border with Bhutan runs 699 km (434 mi). [1] Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States, which share the border with Bhutan. [15] The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km (1,088 mi) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India. [1] Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim are the States, which share the border with Nepal. [16] The Siliguri Corridor, narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh, connects peninsular India with the northeastern states. Physiographic regions [ edit]Topography map India can be divided into six physiographic regions. They are: Northern Mountains Peninsular Plateau Indo-Gangetic Plain Thar Desert Coastal Plains Islands The Northern Mountains [ edit]Snow leopard at Hemis National Park, Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains, consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal, Hindu Kush, and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent. These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The mountains in these ranges include some of the world's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India. Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo–Gangetic plains. These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth's great ecozones: the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. The Himalayan range is the world's highest mountain range, with its tallest peak Mt. Everest (8,848 metres [29,029 ft]) on the Nepal–China border. [17] They form India's northeastern border, separating it from northeastern Asia. They are one of the world's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km (1,600 mi), covering an area of 500,000 km 2 (190,000 sq mi). [17] The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. These states along with Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region. Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m (23,000 ft) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in Kashmir. Kanchenjunga —on the Sikkim – Nepal border—is the highest point in the area administered by India. Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot. Mt. Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m (23,000 ft), including K2, the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m (28,251 ft). K2 is just 237 m (778 ft) smaller than the 8,848 m (29,029 ft) Mount Everest. The range is about 500 km (310 mi) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier at 76 km (47 mi) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km (42 mi) rank as the world's second and third-longest glaciers outside the polar regions. [18] Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram, lies the Hindu Raj range, beyond which is the Hindu Kush range. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit, Indus and Shyok rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas. The Patkai, or Purvanchal, are situated near India's eastern border with Burma. They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas. The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks, steep slopes and deep valleys. The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas. There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai: the Patkai–Bum, the Garo – Khasi – Jaintia and the Lushai hills. The Garo–Khasi range lies in Meghalaya. Mawsynram, a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills, has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world, receiving the highest annual rainfall. [19]The Vindhyas in central India The Peninsular Plateau [ edit]The Vindhya range runs across most of central India, extending 1,050 km (650 mi). [17] The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m (980 to 1,970 ft) and rarely goes above 700 metres (2,300 ft). [17] They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains. [20] Geographically, it separates Northern India from Southern India. The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat, near its border with Madhya Pradesh, and runs east and north, almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres, and the landscape generally slopes towards the north. Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River. Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state. The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau, bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km² (735,000 mile²). It is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m (980 to 1,970 ft). The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. The surface slopes from 3,000 feet (910 m) in the west to 1,500 feet (460 m) in the east. [21] It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal. This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats. Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest. Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India, covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Its total area is approximately 65,000 km 2 (25,000 sq mi) and is made up of three smaller plateaus — the Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Kodarma plateaus. The Ranchi plateau is the largest, with an average elevation of 700 m (2,300 ft). Much of the plateau is forested, covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests. Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau. The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat. The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion. The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It extends 900 km (560 mi) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). [17] It is triangular in shape, with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers. [22] It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range, which lies to the north, and these two east-west ranges divide the Indo–Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada. The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India, running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction, extending approximately 800 km (500 mi). [23] The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana, ending near Delhi. The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu, rising to 1,722 m (5,650 ft), lying near the border with Gujarat. [24] The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system. [25] The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali–Delhi orogen. The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton, the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The range runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) [22] from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat–Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula. The average elevation is around 1,000 m (3,300 ft). [22] Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m (8,842 ft) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats. [26]Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. [27] These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal. Though not as tall as the Western Ghats, some of its peaks are over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height. [22] The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats. Arma Konda (1,680 m (5,510 ft)) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats. [28]Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh Indo-Gangetic plain [ edit]Extent of the Indo-Gangetic plain across South Asia Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal. Main article: Indo-Gangetic plain The Indo-Gangetic [29] plains, also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers, the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. They run parallel to the Himalayas, from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east, and drain most of northern and eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km 2 (270,000 sq mi). The major rivers in this region are the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries– Yamuna, Chambal, Gomti, Ghaghara, Kosi, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, and Tista —as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta, such as the Meghna. The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions: The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams. As the porosity of this belt is very high, the streams flow underground. The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km (3.7 to 9.3 mi). The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium. The underground streams reappear in this region. The region is excessively moist and thickly forested. It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife. The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains. In the Gangetic plains, it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits. The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt. It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain. The Indo-Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals. The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world's most intensely farmed areas. The main crops grown are rice and wheat, which are grown in rotation. Other important crops grown in the region include maize, sugarcane and cotton. The Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas. Thar Desert [ edit]Thar desert, Rajasthan Main article: Thar Desert The Thar Desert (also known as the deserts) is by some calculations the world's seventh largest desert, by some others the tenth. [30] It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km 2 (77,200 to 92,200 sq mi). [31] The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert. Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan, covering 61% of its geographic area. About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes, and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms, compacted salt-lake bottoms, and interdunal and fixed dune areas. Annual temperatures can range from 0 °C (32 °F) in the winter to over 50 °C (122 °F) during the summer. Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July–September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm (3.9 to 19.7 in) of precipitation. Water is scarce and occurs at great depths, ranging from 30 to 120 metres (98 to 394 ft) below the ground level. [32] Rainfall is precarious and erratic, ranging from below 120 mm (4.7 in) in the extreme west to 375 mm (14.8 in) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features. The low-lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay, calcium carbonate or gypsum. In western India, the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region (high risk) for earthquakes. The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes. [33] The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000. [34] Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring. [35]Coasts [ edit]Visakhapatnam beach view, Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh (The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 °C (86 °F), and is coupled with high levels of humidity. The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains.) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches, the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. (The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39 and 118 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km (62 and 81 mi). [36] The plains are divided into six regions—the Mahanadi delta, the southern Andhra Pradesh plain, the Krishna-Godavari deltas, the Kanyakumari coast, the Coromandel Coast, and sandy coastal). [ citation needed]The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, ranging from 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi) in width. It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region. Mostly originating in the Western Ghats, the rivers are fast-flowing, usually perennial, and empty into estuaries. Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi and Zuari. Vegetation is mostly deciduous, but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion. The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts, the Konkan and the Malabar Coast. Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast, Arabian Sea Islands [ edit]Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also: List of islands of India (The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India's two major island formations and are classified as union territories. The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km 2 (12 sq mi). They consist of twelve atolls, three reefs, and five submerged banks, with a total of about 35 islands and islets.) (The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6° and 14° north latitude and 92° and 94° east longitude. [37] They consist of 572 islands, lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanma coast running in a North-South axis for approximately 910 km. They are located 1,255 km (780 mi) from Kolkata (Calcutta) and 193 km (120 mi) from Cape Negrais in Burma. [37] The territory consists of two island groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North-South axis for around 910 km. The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 (2,382 sq mi) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 (681 sq mi). India's only active volcano, Barren Island is situated here. It last erupted in 2017. The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang. Indira Point, India's southernmost land point, is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E, and lies just 189 km (117 mi) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra, to the southeast. The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m (2,106 ft). Other significant islands in India include Diu, a former Portuguese colony; Majuli, [38] a river island of the Brahmaputra; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour; and Sriharikota, a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh. Salsette Island is India's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai (Bombay) is located. Forty-two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park. Bodies of water [ edit]Main article: Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways. [39] There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers, with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km 2 (976,000 sq mi). [22] All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds: [22]The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year. The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. [40]Bhagirathi River at Gangotri, source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ), in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. (The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km 2 (620,000 sq mi). [41] The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km 2 (420,000 sq mi). [22] The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. [40] It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal). [22] (The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains. [22] The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, China, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River) (or "Tsangpo"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, then flows west through Assam. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River. [22] [42]The Chambal, another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow. [ clarification needed]The Godavari River at Papi Hills (The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers, which include the through Godavari River, Krishna River and Kaveri River, all draining into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers constitute 20% of India's total outflow). [40]The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas. Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch, and the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait, which separates India from Sri Lanka; the Ten Degree Channel, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands; 'and the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south. Important capes include the Kanyakumari (formerly called Cape Comorin), the southern tip of mainland India; Indira Point, the southernmost point in India (on Great Nicobar Island); Rama's Bridge, and Point Calimere. The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south, respectively. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Gulf of Kutch. [43] Important lakes include Sambhar Lake, the country's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan, Vembanad Lake in Kerala, Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh, Loktak Lake in Manipur, Dal Lake in Kashmir, Chilka Lake (lagoon lake) in Orrisa, and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala. Wetlands [ edit]A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves, Tamil Nadu India's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks. The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks. [44] Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries, creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km 2 (1,722 sq mi), [45] which comprises 7% of the world's total mangrove cover. Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Sundarbans delta, the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna rivers. Parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers. [43]The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world. It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but is identified separately as the Sundarbans (Bangladesh) and the Sundarbans National Park (India). The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The area is known for its diverse fauna, being home to a large variety of species of birds, spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes. Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger. It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan. It occupies a total area of 27,900 km 2 (10,800 sq mi). [46] The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea. Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region, turning it into a large saltwater lagoon. This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh. During the monsoons, the area turn into a shallow marsh, often flooding to knee-depth. After the monsoons, the region turns dry and becomes parched. Climate [ edit]India’s Köppen climate classification map [47] is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. Main articles: Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. The nation has four seasons: winter (January–February), summer (March–May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June–September) and a post-monsoon period (October–December)'. [40]The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia.' Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot. Although the Tropic of Cancer —the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole country is considered to be tropical. [ citation needed]Temperature averages in India; units are in degree Celsius Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India. Temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during the day. The coastal regions exceed 30 °C (86 °F) coupled with high levels of humidity. In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The rain-bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low-pressure system created by the Thar Desert. The southwest monsoon splits into two arms, the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm. The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights. Further north the temperature is cooler. Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing. Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season. The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 °C (124 °F) in Phalodi, Rajasthan. The lowest was −45 °C (−49 °F) in Kashmir. Geology [ edit]Main article: Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats India's geological features are classified based on their era of formation. [48] The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states. A small part of this period is spread over western and central India. [48] The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. [48] The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity. [48] The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture. The Carboniferous system, Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas. The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan. Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt. The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo-Gangetic plains. [48] The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras. The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam. Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam. [48] The Pleistocene system is found over central India. The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes. [48] The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates. Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year. Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories: alluvial, black, red, laterite, forest, arid & desert, saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils. [49] [50] Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India, constituting 80% of the total land surface. [50] It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley. [50] Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric. [50] National Disaster Management Authority says that 60% of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8% susceptible to cyclone risks. Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. [51] These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive. [50] Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka plateau, Andhra plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis. [51] These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. [50] [51] Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil. These are generally found in Western ghats, Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall. Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus. Natural resources [ edit]Main article: Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates. Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand. India's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3/year. [52] Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres. [53] Only 35% of groundwater resources are being utilised. [53] About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country's major rivers and waterways. [39] Groundwater supplies 40% of water in India's irrigation canals. 56% of the land is arable and used for agriculture. Black soils are moisture-retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton, linseed, etc. Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations. Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content. [51]Most of India's estimated 5.4 billion barrels (860,000,000 m 3) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High, upper Assam, Cambay, the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins. [54] India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Odisha. [54] Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh. India has 400 medium-to-high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven "provinces" — the Himalayas, Sohana, Cambay, the Narmada-Tapti delta, the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (specifically the volcanic Barren Island .) [55]India is the world's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings. [56] India ranks second amongst the world's largest producers of barites and chromites. [56] The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals. India is the third-largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore. [54] [56] It is the fifth-largest producer of bauxite and crude steel, the seventh-largest of manganese ore and the eighth-largest of aluminium. [56] India has significant sources of titanium ore, diamonds and limestone. [57] India possesses 24% of the world's known and economically viable thorium, which is mined along shores of Kerala. [58] Gold had been mined in the now-defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka. [59]Antipodes [ edit]The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island, which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan. The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal, Kuchchri, and Habur. Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa, and Mokal to the eastern cape. [ citation needed]Photo Gallery Tso Moriri lake, Ladakh Valley of flowers, Uttarakhand Indo-Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills, near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi, the tallest mountain in South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island, Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also [ edit]Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References [ edit]^ a b c d e f g h "Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Home Affairs" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2018.^ India Yearbook, p. 1^ "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control.^ Manorama Yearbook 2006 (India – The Country). Malayala Manorama. 2006. p. 515. ISSN 0542-5778.^ "Territorial extent of India's waters". The International Law of the Sea and Indian Maritime Legislation. 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2006.^ Zhu, Bin; et al. Age of Initiation of the India-Asia Collision in the East-Central Himalaya (PDF). 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(direct: Final Revised Paper)^ a b c d e f g Manorama Yearbook 2006 (India – Geology). p. 521.^ "India Agronet – Soil Management". Indiagronet.com. Retrieved 18 July 2007.^ a b c d e f "Fertilizer use by crop in India". U. S. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2007.^ a b c d "Krishi World website". Krishiworld.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.^ "Water profile of India". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 20 November 2008.^ a b Jain, J. K.; Farmer, B. H.; Rush, H.; West, H. W.; Allan, J. A.; Dasgupta, B.; Boon, W. H. (May 1977). "India's Underground Water Resources". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 278 (962): 507–22. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1977.0058.^ a b c "Energy profile of India". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 20 November 2008.^ Chandrasekharam, D. "Geothermal Energy Resources of India". Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.^ a b c d "India's Contribution to the World's Mineral Production". Ministry of Mines, Government of India. Retrieved 20 November 2008.^ "India". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 16 June 2007.^ "Information and Issue Briefs – Thorium". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.^ "Death of the Kolar Gold Fields". Rediff.com. Retrieved 21 November 2008. Cited sources [ edit]India Yearbook 2007. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. Of India. 2007. ISBN 81-230-1423-6. Further reading [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of India. "The Incredible History of India's Geography", Author: Sanjeev Sanyal, Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd Allaby, M (1998). "Floods". Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3520-2.. Balfour, E (1976). Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising Indian Subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 81-7020-325-2.. Nash, JM (2002). "El Niño: Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather Maker". Warner. ISBN 0-446-52481-6.."Land and Natural Resources". Terrain. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2005. [ show]v t e Geography of India by state or territory [ show]v t e Geography of India [ show]v t e India topics [ show]v t e Life in India [ show]v t e Geography of South Asia [ show]v t e Geography of Asia Categories: Geography of India |
Pretty Little Liars The series premiered on June 8, 2010 on Freeform, formerly known as ABC Family, and ended on June 27, 2017. After an initial order of 10 episodes, ABC Family ordered an additional 12 episodes on June 28, 2010. The ratings success of the first 10 episodes prompted the book series to be extended beyond the initial eight novels.[1] Since its debut, the series has received mixed reviews from television critics, but remained a relative success for Freeform, garnering a large fandom, primarily on social media. |
Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó -LRB- -LSB- ˈbeːlɒ ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈdɛʒøː ˈblɒʃkoː -RSB- ; 20 October 1882 -- 16 August 1956 -RRB- , better known as Bela Lugosi -LRB- -LSB- ləˈgoʊsi -RSB- -LSB- ˈlugoʃi -RSB- -RRB- , was a Hungarian-American actor , famous for portraying Count Dracula in the 1931 film and for his roles in various other horror films . He had been playing small parts on the stage in his native Hungary before making his first film in 1917 , but had to leave the country after the failed Hungarian Communist Revolution of 1919 . He had roles in several films in Weimar Germany before arriving in the United States as a seaman on a merchant ship . In 1927 , he appeared as Count Dracula in a Broadway adaptation of Bram Stoker 's novel . He later appeared in the classic 1931 film Dracula by Universal Pictures . Through the 1930s , he occupied an important niche in popular horror films , with their East European setting , but his Hungarian accent limited his repertoire , and he tried unsuccessfully to avoid typecasting . Meanwhile , he was often paired with Boris Karloff , who was able to demand top billing . To his frustration , Lugosi was increasingly restricted to minor parts , kept employed by the studio principally for the sake of his name on the posters . Among his pairings with Karloff , only in The Black Cat -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , The Raven -LRB- 1935 -RRB- , and Son of Frankenstein -LRB- 1939 -RRB- did he perform major roles again , and , even in The Raven , Karloff received top billing despite Lugosi performing the lead role . By this time , Lugosi had been receiving regular medication for sciatic neuritis , and he became addicted to morphine and methadone . This drug dependence was noted by producers , and the offers eventually dwindled down to a few parts in Ed Wood 's low-budget movies , most notably Plan 9 from Outer Space . |
Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés in a contemporary rendition Born December 2, 1547 Castilleja de la Cuesta, Seville, Andalusia, Spain Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca ( 1485– December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who initiated the conquest of the Aztec Empire on behalf of Charles V , king of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor, in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Born in Medellín, Extremadura, in Castile, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba , where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (mayor) of a small town. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the latter recalling the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. Cortés returned to Spain in 1541 where he died peacefully but embittered. Because of the controversial undertakings of Cortés and the scarcity of reliable sources of information about him, it has become difficult to assert anything definitive about his personality and motivations. Early lionizing of the conquistadors did not encourage deep examination of Cortés. Later reconsideration of the conquistadors' character in the context of modern anti-colonial sentiment and greatly expanded concern for human rights, as typified by the Black Legend, also did little to expand our understanding of Cortés as an individual. As a result of these historical trends, descriptions of Cortés tend to be simplistic, and either damning or idealizing. Name While he is now often referred to as Hernán Cortéz, in his time he called himself Hernando Cortés or Fernando Cortés. In Castillian Spanish, z and s are different sounds (/s/ and /θ/, respectively). And (in Spanish ) Cortés's name has the s sound. Even so, the English pronunciation of his name is IPA : kôr-tĕzʹ (in Spanish, however, his name is pronounced IPA : [koɾˈtes]). Hernán, Hernando, and Fernando all are equally correct. The latter two were most commonly used during his life time, but the former short form has become most common in both the Spanish and English languages in modern times, and is the name by which most people know him today. Early life Cortés was born in Medellín, in the province of Extremadura, in the Kingdom of Castile in Spain in 1485. His father, Martín Cortés de Monroy, born in 1449 son of Rodrigo or Ruy Fernández de Monroy and wife María Cortés, was an infantry captain of distinguished ancestry but slender means. His mother was Catalina Pizarro Altamirano. Through his mother, Hernán was second cousin once removed of Francisco Pizarro, who later conquered the Inca empire of modern-day Peru (not to be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Cortés to conquer the Aztecs ), through her parents Diego Altamirano and wife and cousin Leonor Sánchez Pizarro Altamirano, first cousin of Pizarro's father. Through his father, Hernán was a twice distant relative of Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, the third Governor of Hispaniola. His paternal grandfather was a son of Rodrigo de Monroy y Almaraz, 5th Lord of Monroy, and wife Mencía de Orellana y Carvajal. Hernán Cortés is |
Climate of Iceland The average July temperature in the southern part of the island is 10–13 °C (50–55 °F). Warm summer days can reach 20–25 °C (68–77 °F).[5] The highest temperature recorded was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) at the Eastern fjords in 1939. Annual average sunshine hours in Reykjavík are around 1300, which is similar to towns in Scotland and Ireland.[6] |
Thailand -LRB- -LSB- ˈtaɪlænd -RSB- or -LSB- ˈtaɪlənd -RSB- ; -LSB- : wikt : ประเทศไทย , ประเทศไทย -RSB- , , -LSB- pra.tʰêːt tʰaj -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Kingdom of Thailand -LRB- -LSB- : wikt : ราชอาณาจักรไทย , ราชอาณาจักรไทย -RSB- , -LSB- râːt.t͡ɕʰa.ʔaː.naː.t͡ɕàk tʰaj -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Siam -LRB- -LSB- : wikt : สยาม , สยาม -RSB- , -LSB- sa.jǎːm -RSB- -RRB- , is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia . With a total area of approximately 513000 km2 , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country . It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world , with around 66 million people . The capital and largest city is Bangkok . Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades , the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order . Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok . It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . The Thai economy is the world 's 20th largest by GDP at PPP and the 27th largest by nominal GDP . It became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s . Manufacturing , agriculture , and tourism are leading sectors of the economy . It is considered a middle power in the region and around the world . |
Short for stock keeping unit, SKU is a unique numerical identifying number that refers to a specific stock item in a retailer's inventory or product catalog. The SKU is often used to identify the product, product size or type, and the manufacturer.In the retail industry, the SKU is a part of the backend inventory control system and enables a retailer to track a product in their inventory that may be in warehouses or in retail outlets. See also UPC.PREVIOUSskin.he SKU is often used to identify the product, product size or type, and the manufacturer. In the retail industry, the SKU is a part of the backend inventory control system and enables a retailer to track a product in their inventory that may be in warehouses or in retail outlets. See also UPC. PREVIOUSskin. |
Other platings used are OSP (organic surface protectant), immersion silver (IAg), immersion tin, electroless nickel with immersion gold coating (ENIG), electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) and direct gold plating (over nickel). Edge connectors, placed along one edge of some boards, are often nickel plated then gold plated. Another coating consideration is rapid diffusion of coating metal into Tin solder. Tin forms intermetallics such as Cu5Sn6 and Ag3Cu that dissolve into the Tin liquidus or solidus(@50C), stripping surface coating or leaving voids. |
Without going too much into how memories are created and recalled, basically there are many parts of a memory. Say that you have to remember to do the laundry today. Not only do you have the memory of what laundry is, but also the memory of having to do something later, and also the memory of having something to remember. Because laundry is so boring and you barely have to think about it, it is easily forgotten. Because we generally do stuff each day, with a few tasks differing, and since you've taken the time to realize that your day is clear and that you are free to do something, you tend to remember the feeling of having something important to do, more than the thing itself. === They talk of 'Vividness' when explaining how strong memories are stored and recalled, that basically means, the more you think about something, or link to other things, the more you will be able to remember something. |
Girlfriends was a women's magazine that provided critical coverage of culture, entertainment and world events from a lesbian perspective. It was founded by Jacob Anderson-Minshall, Diane Anderson-Minshall and Heather Findlay. It also offered relationship, health and travel advice. Published monthly from San Francisco since 1993, it was distributed nationwide by Disticor. It had the same publisher as lesbian erotica magazine "On Our Backs", but distanced itself from its pornographic counterpart by refusing to carry sexual ads. "Girlfriends" magazine ceased publication in 2006. |
By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts. |
Taq polymerase T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified[1] as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR.[2] Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR.[3] Taq's optimum temperature for activity is 75–80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72 °C.[4] |
ÂPandora relies on a Music Genome that consists of 400 musical attributes covering the qualities of melody, harmony, rhythm, form, composition and lyrics. It's a project that began in January 2000 and took 30 experts in music theory five years to complete. The Genome is based on an intricate analysis by actual humans (about 20 to 30 minutes per four-minute song) of the music of 10,000 artists from the past 100 years. |
America's Healthy Future Act The America's Healthy Future Act () was a law proposed by Democratic Senator Max Baucus of Montana, who chairs the Senate Finance Committee, on September 16, 2009. It is also colloquially known as the Baucus Health Bill, the Baucus Health Plan, or BaucusCare. Baucus initially publicly released a 223-page summary of the proposal. It started going through the Senate mark-up process on September 22. That amendment process finished Oct. 2, and was passed by the Finance Committee on October 13 by a 14 to 9 vote. An October CBO report stated that enacting the proposal would, on net, end up reducing the federal deficit by $81 billion over the 2010–2019 period. |
Yuma, Arizona Yuma is noted for its weather extremes. Of any populated place in the contiguous United States, Yuma is the driest, the sunniest, and the least humid, has the lowest frequency of precipitation and has the highest number of days per year–175–with a daily maximum temperature of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher.[11][12] |
President of the United States The President of the United States (abbreviated as POTUS (POE-tus)[note 2]) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. |
Beam me up, Scotty "Beam me up, Scotty" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series Star Trek. It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship Enterprise. |
Portuguese cuisine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Bacalhau, Portuguese dried and salted cod Despite being relatively restricted to an Atlantic sustenance, Portuguese cuisine has many Mediterranean influences. Portuguese cuisine is famous for seafood. [1] The influence of Portugal 's former colonial possessions is also notable, especially in the wide variety of spices used. These spices include piri piri (small, fiery chili peppers) and black pepper, as well as cinnamon, vanilla and saffron. Olive oil is one of the bases of Portuguese cuisine, which is used both for cooking and flavouring meals. Garlic is widely used, as are herbs, such as bay leaf and parsley. Contents [ hide ]1 Meals2 Fish and seafood3 Meat and poultry4 Vegetables and starches5 Cheese6 Alcoholic beverages6.1 Wines7 Pastries and desserts8 Influences on world cuisine8.1 Madeira wine and early American history9 See also10 References11 Further reading Meals [ edit]See also: List of Portuguese dishes A Portuguese breakfast often consists of fresh bread, with butter, ham, cheese or jam, accompanied with coffee, milk, tea or hot chocolate. A small espresso coffee (sometimes called a bica after the spout of the coffee machine) is a very popular beverage had during breakfast, which is enjoyed at home or at the many cafés that feature in towns and cities throughout Portugal. Sweet pastries are also very popular, as well as breakfast cereal, mixed with milk or yogurt and fruit. Lunch, often lasting over an hour, is served between noon and 2 o'clock or between 1 and 3 o'clock, and dinner is generally served late, around or after 8 o'clock. There are three main courses, with lunch and dinner usually including a soup. A common Portuguese soup is caldo verde, which is made with potato, shredded collard greens, and chunks of chouriço (a spicy Portuguese sausage ). Among fish recipes, salted cod ( bacalhau) dishes are pervasive. The most typical desserts are arroz doce (rice pudding decorated with cinnamon) and caramel custard. There is also a wide variety of cheeses, usually made from the milk of sheep, goats or cows. These cheeses can also contain a mixture of different kinds of milk. The most famous are queijo da serra from the region of Serra da Estrela, Queijo São Jorge from the Portuguese island of São Jorge, and Requeijão. [2] A popular pastry is the pastel de nata, a small custard tart often sprinkled with cinnamon. Fish and seafood [ edit]Bolinhos de Bacalhau Portugal is a seafaring nation with a well-developed fishing industry and this is reflected in the amount of fish and seafood eaten. The country has Europe's highest fish consumption per capita and is among the top four in the world for this indicator. [3] Fish is served grilled, boiled (including poached and simmered ), fried or deep-fried, stewed (often in clay pot cooking ), roasted, or even steamed. Foremost amongst these is bacalhau ( cod ), which is the type of fish most consumed in Portugal. [4] It is said that there are more than 365 ways to cook cod, one for every day of the year. Cod is almost always used dried and salted, because the Portuguese fishing tradition in the North Atlantic developed before the invention of refrigeration —therefore it needs to be soaked in water or sometimes milk before cooking. The simpler fish dishes are often flavoured with virgin olive oil and white wine vinegar. Portugal has been fishing and trading cod since the 15th century, and this cod trade accounts for its ubiquity in the cuisine. Other popular seafood includes fresh sardines (especially when grilled as sardinhas assadas ), octopus, squid, cuttlefish, crabs, shrimp and prawns, lobster, spiny lobster, and many other crustaceans, such as barnacles and goose barnacles, hake, horse mackerel (scad), lamprey, sea bass, scabbard (especially in Madeira ), and a great variety of other fish and shellfish, as well as molluscs, such as clams, mussels, oysters, periwinkles, and scallops. Caldeirada is a stew consisting of a variety of fish and shellfish with potatoes, tomatoes and onions. Sardines used to be preserved in brine for sale in rural areas. Later, sardine canneries developed all along the Portuguese coast. Ray fish is dried in the sun in Northern Portugal. Canned tuna is widely available in Continental Portugal. Tuna used to be plentiful in the waters of the Algarve. They were trapped in fixed nets when they passed the Portuguese southern coast to spawn in the Mediterranean, and again when they returned to the Atlantic. Portuguese writer Raul Brandão, in his book Os Pescadores, describes how the tuna was hooked from the raised net into the boats, and how the fishermen would amuse themselves riding the larger fish around the net. Fresh tuna, however, is usually eaten in Madeira and the Algarve, where tuna steaks are an important item in local cuisine. Canned sardines or tuna, served with boiled potatoes, black-eyed peas, and hard-boiled eggs, constitute a convenient meal when there is no time to prepare anything more elaborate. Meat and poultry [ edit]Bife com ovo a cavalo Portuguese Chicken Piri Piri Cured meats Eating meat and poultry on a daily basis was historically a privilege of the upper classes. Pork and beef are the most common meats in the country. Meat was a staple at the nobleman's table during the Middle Ages. A Portuguese Renaissance chronicler, Garcia de Resende, describes how an entrée at a royal banquet was composed of a whole roasted ox garnished with a circle of chickens. A common Portuguese dish, mainly eaten in winter, is cozido à portuguesa, which somewhat parallels the French pot au feu or the New England boiled dinner. Its composition depends on the cook's imagination and budget. An extensivel lavish cozido may include beef, pork, salt pork, several types of enchidos (such as cured chouriço, morcela e chouriço de sangue, linguiça, farinheira, etc. ), pig's feet, cured ham, potatoes, carrots, turnips, chickpeas, cabbage and rice. This would originally have been a favourite food of the affluent farmer, which later reached the tables of the urban bourgeoisie and typical restaurants. Tripas à moda do Porto ( tripe with white beans) is said to have originated in the 14th century, when the Castilians laid siege to Lisbon and blockaded the Tagus entrance. The Portuguese chronicler Fernão Lopes dramatically recounts how starvation spread all over the city. Food prices rose astronomically, and small boys would go to the former wheat market place in search of a few grains on the ground, which they would eagerly put in their mouths when found. Old and sick people, as well as prostitutes, or in short anybody who would not be able to aid in the city's defence, were sent out to the Castilian camp, only to be returned to Lisbon by the invaders. It was at this point that the citizens of Porto decided to organize a supply fleet that managed to slip through the river blockade. Apparently, since all available meat was sent to the capital for a while, Porto residents were limited to tripe and other organs. Others claim that it was only in 1415 that Porto deprived itself of meat to supply the expedition that conquered the city of Ceuta, in North Africa. Whatever the truth may be, since at least the 17th century, people from Porto have been known as tripeiros or tripe eaters. Another Portuguese dish with tripe is Dobrada. Nowadays, the Porto region is equally known for the toasted sandwich known as a francesinha (little French). In Alto Alentejo (North Alentejo), there is a very typical dish made with lungs, blood and liver, of either pork or lamb. It's an Easter dish, but can be seen in every season of the year. Basically, the blood is boiled and cut into little pieces as the other parts, then the secret ingredients are added. In the end, cover the plate with bread that will soak with the liquid, some people also put mint and a slice of orange as decoration. Many other meat dishes feature in Portuguese cuisine. In the Bairrada area, a famous dish is Leitão à Bairrada (roasted suckling pig ). Nearby, another dish, chanfana ( goat slowly cooked in wine) is claimed by two towns, Miranda do Corvo ("Capital da Chanfana") [5] and Vila Nova de Poiares ("Capital Universal da Chanfana"). [6] Carne de porco à alentejana, fried pork with clams, is a popular dish with a misleading name as it originated in the Algarve, not in Alentejo. Alcatra, beef marinated in red wine and garlic, then roasted, is a tradition of Terceira Island in the Azores. Alentejo is a vast agricultural province with only one sizeable fishing port, Sines; and in the past, shellfish would not have been available in the inland areas. On the other hand, all points in the Algarve are relatively close to the coast and pigs used to be fed with fish, so clams were added to the fried pork to disguise the fishy taste of the meat. Nowadays, however, nobody would dream of calling it carne de porco à Algarvia. Legend also says that the dish was developed to test Jewish converts' new Christian faith; consisting of pork and shellfish (two non- kosher items), Marranos were expected to eat the dish in public in order to prove their complete detachment from the Jewish faith. The Portuguese steak, bife, is a slice of fried beef or pork served in a wine-based sauce with fried potatoes, rice, or salad. To add a few more calories to this dish, [ citation needed] an egg, sunny-side up, may be placed on top of the meat, in which case the dish acquires a new name, bife (com um ovo) a cavalo (steak with an egg on horseback). This dish is sometimes referred to as bitoque, to demonstrate the idea that the meat only "touches" the grill twice, meaning that it does not grill for too long before being served, resulting in a rare to medium-rare cut of meat. Another variation of bife is bife a casa (house steak), which may resemble the bife a cavalo [7] or may feature embellishments, such as asparagus. [8]Iscas (fried liver) were a favourite request in old Lisbon taverns. Sometimes, they were called iscas com elas, the elas referring to sautéed potatoes. Small beef or pork steaks in a roll ( pregos or bifanas, respectively) are popular snacks, often served at beer halls with a large mug of beer. In modern days, however, when time and economy demand their toll, a prego or bifana, eaten at a snack bar counter, may constitute the lunch of a white collar worker. Espetada (meat on a skewer) is very popular in Madeira. Alheira, a yellowish sausage from Trás-os-Montes, served with fried potatoes and a fried egg, has an interesting story. In the late 15th century, King Manuel of Portugal ordered all resident Jews to convert to Christianity or leave the country. The King did not really want to expel the Jews, who constituted the economic and professional élite of the kingdom, but was forced to do so by outside pressures. So, when the deadline arrived, he announced that no ships were available for those who refused conversion—the vast majority—and had men, women and children dragged to churches for a forced mass baptism. Others were even baptized near the ships themselves, which gave birth to a concept popular at the time: baptizados em pé, literally meaning: "baptized while standing". Obviously, most Jews maintained their religion secretly, but tried to show an image of being good Christians. Since avoiding pork was a tell-tale practice in the eyes of the Inquisition, converts devised a type of sausage that would give the appearance of being made with pork, but really only contained heavily spiced game and chicken. Nowadays, however, tradition has been broken, and pork has been added to the alheiras. Jewish influence may have been a determining factor in some other practices in food preparation and eating habits. Different kinds of unleavened bread and cakes, such as the arrufadas de Coimbra, are baked throughout Continental Portugal and the Azores. In the islands, meat is often repeatedly rinsed in water to clean it of any trace of blood. After chickens are killed, they may be hung up upside down, so the blood may be drained, however, paradoxically, it can be used later for cabidela. Blood spilled on the ground is sometimes covered with dirt, as the passage in Leviticus directs Jews to do. Seafood without scales, such as morays, may be shunned in some areas. And, finally, a point is made of slaughtering animals with a very sharp knife, a practice also exhorted by rabbinical law. Poultry, easily raised around a peasant's home, was at first considered quality food. Turkeys were only eaten for Christmas or on special occasions, such as wedding receptions or banquets. Up until the 1930s, the farmers from the outskirts of Lisbon would come around Christmas time to bring herds of turkeys to the city streets for sale. Before being killed, a stiff dose of brandy was forced down the birds' throats to make the meat more tender and tasty, and hopefully to ensure a happy state of mind when the time would come for the use of a sharp knife. Poor people ate chicken almost only when they were sick. Nowadays, mass production in poultry farms makes these meats accessible to all classes. Thus bifes de Peru, turkey steaks, have become an addition to Portuguese tables. Vegetables and starches [ edit]Vegetables that are popular in Portuguese cookery include tomatoes, cabbage, and onions. There are many starchy dishes, such as feijoada, a rich bean stew with beef and pork, and açorda, a thick bread-based casserole generally flavoured with garlic, parsley, and coriander or seafood. Many dishes are served with salads usually made from tomato, lettuce, and onion flavoured with olive oil and vinegar. Potatoes and rice are also extremely common in Portuguese cuisine. Soups made from a variety of vegetables are commonly available, one of the most popular being caldo verde, made from potato purée, thinly sliced kale, and slices of chouriço. Cheese [ edit]A plate of Portuguese cheeses See also: List of Portuguese cheeses with protected status There are a wide variety of Portuguese cheeses, made from cow's, goat's or sheep's milk. Usually these are very strongly flavoured and fragrant. Traditional Portuguese cuisine does not include cheese in its recipes, so it is usually eaten on its own before or after the main dishes. In the Azores, there is a type of cheese made from cow's milk with a spicy taste, the Queijo São Jorge. Other well known cheeses with protected designation of origin, such as Queijo de Azeitão, Queijo de Castelo Branco and the Queijo da Serra da Estrela, which is very strong in flavour, can be eaten soft or more matured. Serra da Estrela is handmade from fresh sheep's milk and thistle-derived rennet. The Queijo mestiço de Tolosa, is the only [9] Portuguese cheese with protected geographical indication and it is made in the civil parish of Tolosa, in the small village of Nisa, Portalegre District, Alto Alentejo. In the Nisa area, Queijo de Nisa is the local variation. Alcoholic beverages [ edit]Wines [ edit]Main article: Portuguese wine A glass of tawny port Wine (red, white and "green") is the traditional Portuguese drink, the Rosé variety being popular in non-Portuguese markets and not particularly common in Portugal itself. Vinho Verde, termed "green" wine, is not green in colour, but a specific kind of wine, which can be red, white or rosé, and is only produced in the northwest (Minho province). The term "green wine" does not refer to the colour of the drink, but to the fact that this wine needs to be drunk "young". A green wine should be consumed as a new wine while a "maduro" wine usually can be consumed after a period of ageing. Green wines are only produced in the north of Portugal and are usually slightly sparkling. Port wine is a fortified wine of distinct flavour produced in Douro, which is normally served with desserts. Vinho da Madeira, is a regional wine produced in Madeira, similar to sherry. From the distillation of grape wastes from wine production, this is then turned into a variety of brandies (called aguardente, literally "burning water"), which are very strong tasting. Typical liqueurs, such as Licor Beirão and Ginjinha, are very popular alcoholic beverages in Portugal. In the south, particularly the Algarve, a distilled spirit called medronho, which is made from the fruit of the Strawberry tree. Pastries and desserts [ edit]Pastéis de Nata Ice cream as served in the Island of Madeira Many of the country's typical pastries were created in the Middle Ages monasteries by nuns and monks and sold as a means of supplementing their incomes. The main ingredient for these pastries was egg yolks. It is a common belief that the medieval nuns used vast quantities of egg whites to stiffen their habits, and developed endless dessert recipes to use all the surplus yolks. However, it is also known that Portugal had a big egg production, mainly between the 18th and 19th centuries, and that most of the egg whites were exported to be used as a purifier in white wine production or to iron suits. [10] The excess quantity of yolks, combined with plenty of sugar coming from the Portuguese colonies, was the inspiration for the creation of recipes made from egg yolk. The names of these desserts are usually related to monastic life and to the Catholic faith. Examples are, among others, barriga de freira (nun's belly), papos de anjo (angel's chests), and toucinho do céu (bacon from heaven). Other common ingredients in Portuguese convent confectionery are almonds, doce de chila / gila (made from squash ), wafer paper, and candied egg threads called fios de ovos. Rich egg-based desserts are very popular in Portugal and are often seasoned with spices, such as cinnamon and vanilla. The most popular are leite-creme (a dessert consisting of an egg custard -base topped with a layer of hard caramel ), arroz doce (a typical and popular rice pudding), and pudim flã. Cakes and pastries are also very popular in Portugal. Most towns have a local specialty, usually egg or cream-based pastry. Originally from Lisbon, but popular nationwide, as well as among the diaspora, are pastéis de nata. These are small, extremely rich custard tarts. Other very popular pastries found in most cafés, bakeries and pastry shops across the country are the Bola de Berlim, the Pão-de-ló, the Bolo de Arroz, and the Tentúgal pastries. Influences on world cuisine [ edit]Brazilian Feijoada Goan pork vindalho served alongside other Portuguese- Goan dishes Shrimp Tempura, Japan. The name comes from Portuguese Têmpora Pão de Castela ( Kasutera ), a specialty of Nagasaki, Japan Portugal formerly had a large empire and the cuisine has been influenced in both directions. Portuguese influences are strongly evident in Brazilian cuisine, which features its own versions of Portuguese dishes, such as feijoada and caldeirada (fish stew). Other Portuguese influences can be tasted in the Chinese territory of Macau ( Macanese cuisine) and in the Indian province of Goa, where Goan dishes, such as vindalho (a spicy curry ), show the pairing of vinegar and garlic. The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe since the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges were brought from India to Europe in the 15th century by Portuguese traders. Some Southeast Indo-European languages name the orange after Portugal, which was formerly its main source of imports. Examples are Albanianportokall, Bulgarian portokal [портокал], Greek portokali [πορτοκάλι], Persianporteghal [پرتقال], and Romanian portocală. In South Italian dialects ( Neapolitan ), the orange is named portogallo or purtualle, literally "the Portuguese ones". Related names can also be found in other languages: Turkish Portakal, Arabic al-burtuqal [البرتقال], Amharic birtukan [ቢርቱካን], and Georgian phortokhali [ფორთოხალი]. The Portuguese imported spices, such as cinnamon, now liberally used in its traditional desserts, from Asia. [ citation needed] Furthermore, the Portuguese " canja ", a chicken soup made with rice, is a popular food therapy for the sick, which shares similarities with the Asian congee, used in the same way, suggesting it may have come from the East. [ citation needed]Tea was made fashionable in Britain in the 1660s after the marriage of King Charles II to the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza, who brought her liking for tea, originally from the colony of Macau, to the court. [ citation needed]In 1543, Portuguese trade ships reached Japan and introduced refined sugar, valued there as a luxury good. Japanese lords enjoyed Portuguese confectionery so much it was remodelled in the now traditional Japanese konpeitō (candy), kasutera ( sponge cake ), and keiran somen (the Japanese version of Portuguese " fios de ovos "; this dish is also popular in Thai cuisine under the name "kanom foy tong"), [11] creating the Nanban-gashi, or "New-Style Wagashi ". During this Nanban trade period, tempura was introduced to Japan by early Portuguese missionaries. All over the world, Portuguese immigrants influenced the cuisine of their new "homelands", such as Hawaii and parts of New England. Pão doce ( Portuguese sweet bread ), malasadas, sopa de feijão (bean soup), and Portuguese sausages (such as linguiça and chouriço) are eaten regularly in the Hawaiian islands by families of all ethnicities. Similarly, the "papo seco" is a Portuguese bread roll with an open texture, which has become a staple of cafés in Jersey, where there is a substantial Portuguese community. In Australia, variants of "Portuguese-style" chicken, sold principally in fast food outlets, has become extremely popular in the last two decades. [12] Offerings include conventional chicken dishes and a variety of chicken and beef burgers. In some cases, such as "Portuguese chicken sandwiches", the dishes offered bear only a loose connection to Portuguese cuisine, usually only the use of "Piri-piri sauce" (a Portuguese sauce made with piri piri, which are small, fiery chili peppers ), and the connection is made simply as a marketing technique. [ citation needed]The Portuguese had a major influence on African cuisine. They are responsible for introducing corn in the African continent. Madeira wine and early American history [ edit]The indoors of the company Pereira D`Oliveiras of Madeira wine production and selling in Funchal, Madeira The 18th century was the "golden age" for Madeira. The wine's popularity extended from the American colonies and Brazil in the New World to Great Britain, Russia, and Northern Africa. The American colonies, in particular, were enthusiastic customers, consuming as much as a quarter of all wine produced on the island each year. Madeira was an important wine in the history of the United States of America. No wine-quality grapes could be grown among the 13 colonies, so imports were needed, with a great focus on Madeira. One of the major events on the road to revolution in which Madeira played a key role was the British seizure of John Hancock’s sloop the Liberty on May 9, 1768. Hancock's boat was seized after he had unloaded a cargo of 25 casks (3,150 gallons) of Madeira, and a dispute arose over import duties. The seizure of the Liberty caused riots to erupt among the people of Boston. Madeira was a favorite of Thomas Jefferson, and it was used to toast the Declaration of Independence. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams are also said to have appreciated the qualities of Madeira. The wine was mentioned in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography. On one occasion, Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail, of the great quantities of Madeira he consumed while a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress. A bottle of Madeira was used by visiting Captain James Server to christen the USS Constitution in 1797. Chief Justice John Marshall was also known to appreciate Madeira, as well as his cohorts on the early U. S. Supreme Court. See also [ edit]Portugal portal Food portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Portugal. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Desserts of Portugal. Broa de Avintes, a bread from Avintes Culinary arts List of Portuguese dishes References [ edit]^ "Portuguese food". baidu. Retrieved 10 October 2015.^ Queijos portugueses. Infopédia [Online]. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2013.^ (in Portuguese) PESSOA, M. F.; MENDES, B.; OLIVEIRA, J. S. CULTURAS MARINHAS EM PORTUGAL Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine ., "O consumo médio anual em produtos do mar pela população portuguesa, estima-se em cerca de 58,5 kg/ por habitante sendo, por isso, o maior consumidor em produtos marinhos da Europa e um dos quatro países a nível mundial com uma dieta à base de produtos do mar. "^ SILVA, A. J. M. (2015), The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About portuguese traditions of bacalhau, in BARATA, F. T- and ROCHA, J. M. (eds. ), Heritages and Memories from the Sea, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14–16 January 2015. University of Evora, Évora, pp. 130-143. PDF version^ Administrator. "Mas afinal...o que é a Chanfana?". www.bikeonelas.com.^ "Vila Nova de Poiares: Capital Universal da Chanfana".^ "Bife a Casa (Portuguese House Steak)". Kidbite Lunches. 16 October 2012.^ "Gloria's Restaurant Menu". Gloria's Portuguese Restaurant.^ Registed cheeses from Portugal in the DOOR database of the European Union. Retrieved 26 March 2014^ A Doçaria Conventual Portuguesa. Doces Regionais.^ Kyoto Foodie, Wagashi: Angel Hair Keiran Somen (Fios de Ovos) Where and what to eat in Kyoto, 20 December 2008^ Bird on the wing Sydney Morning Herald, 16 April 2004Further reading [ edit]SILVA, A. J. M. (2015), The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About Portuguese traditions of bacalhau, in BARATA, F. T- and ROCHA, J. M. (eds. ), Heritages and Memories from the Sea, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14–16 January 2015. University of Evora, Évora, pp. 130–143. PDF version Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn Sucher, Marcia Nelms (6th edition), Food and fun [ show]v t e Portugal articles [ show]v t e European cuisine [ show]v t e Cuisines Authority control LCCN: sh85031889 SUDOC: 028105060 BNF: cb12000586c (data) NDL: 00569167Categories: Portuguese cuisine Mediterranean cuisine |
Ned Stark Ned is portrayed by Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones,[3][4] and as a child and young adult by Sebastian Croft and Robert Aramayo respectively in the sixth season. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011. |
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