Split (1)

train · 15k rows

text stringlengths 231 473k
Guiding Light - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT The late soap journalist Christopher Schemering once wrote that soap operas are not just dramas; "they're little pockets of American history." So it's only fitting to consider that at one time, The Guiding Light,-the longest running program in broadcast history, spanning 71 years-- brought fifteen-minute bits of escapism to war-weary housewives, as their men trudged off to fight the indignities of WWII. It brought social awareness to a nation that began to think about the big picture beyond their picket fences and suburban streets. Soap opera is a truly dynamic genre that reflects life as it is lived, the quintessential American art form. Although berated and belittled, the soap opera has an illustrious lineage, with no less than the books of Charles Dickens as an inspiration. Created by the legendary, if not iron-fisted Irna Phillips, The Guiding Light began its life on January 25, 1937. Originally, the show focused on the Chicagoan suburb of Five Points, a bustling enclave of German-Jewish immigrants hoping to find their own piece of the American dream. Giving them the hope and inspiration they needed was a kindly minister named Reverend John Ruthledge (voiced by Arthur Peterson of Soap fame). The Reverend's sermons of hope and forgiveness made such an impression that a bestselling book was published of his most popular homilies. The Reverend's message could be summed up by his favorite mantra from Edwin Markum "There is a destiny that makes us brothers, none goes his way alone, all that we send into the lives of others, comes back into our own." On the desk near his window, the minister placed an old lantern, a "guiding light" to those parishioners passing in the cold, hopeless night. In the 1940's the Reverend Ruthledge enrolled as a chaplain to do his part of the war effort. However, when the production of the show moved to the west coast, Peterson refused to join them, so Irna Phillips had the minister die when his plane was shot down overseas. His "friendship lamp" went too with the production move to the town of Selby Flats, California. Reverend Matthews took over for the late Rev. Ruthledge as the center of hope and inspiration. However, by the time that the show was slated to move to television, the religious undertones of the show were virtually gone and the focus was moved yet again to the family Bauer. * Guiding Light was cancelled on April 1, 2009 and the last episode aired on September 18, 2009. moreless
Â© Sir John Elliott. Notable as one of the first English historians to work in the field of Spanish history, Elliott also played an important role as a non-Marxist member of the board of Past and Present, as well as being an early advocate of the practice of comparative history.otable as one of the first English historians to work in the field of Spanish history, Elliott also played an important role as a non-Marxist member of the board of Past and Present, as well as being an early advocate of the practice of comparative history.
All Articles \| Aloha Surf Guide \| The Official Surf Guide of Hawaii The Official Surf Guide of Hawaii Menu Leave a reply (PAPEETE, Tahiti) — Tahiti is a surfer’s paradise. Now, it’s paradise for stunt rider Robbie Maddison. Maddison, who partnered with DC Shoes, was able to fulfill a three-year dream and ride a modified-motorcycle across the waves on Tahiti’s shore. The dramatic video below shows Maddison zooming through a rainforest before trading solid ground for water. He enters the water at full speed and manages to zoom across the surface with water spraying up from behind the bike. Maddison, an X Games medalist and world-record holding athlete, speeds past surfers into an oncoming wave. It looks like he had barely enough speed to outrun the wave, but he makes it out, with his dirt bike aiming straight for shore. Maddison worked with DC to modify his dirt bike and add skis to the front and back wheels. The bike also has airbags, activated if Maddison pulls the lever, to keep the bike from sinking to the bottom of the ocean if he crashed. In the video below, you’ll see a madman take off on a sizeable wave in Tahiti on a highly-modified motorcycle. His name is Robbie Maddison, and he’s a surfer-slash-stunt-rider from Australia. “Maddo” seems to know no fear, as he’s backflipped the Tower Bridge in London, jumped the Corinth Canal in Greece, and acted as the stunt-double for Daniel Craig in James Bond films. But looking over the ledge in Tahiti, while holding onto two handlebars, is another level of madness. We caught up with Maddo to ask him, well, why? Well, let’s take it from the top. Where the hell did this idea come from? Well, I grew up surfing, and my wife is a big-time wakeboard champion, so every time we’re home in Australia we’re in boats, on the water, etc. I guess the idea originally came from—well I mean I’m obviously a motorcycle guy—but I was on the back of a boat and we were cruising along the river and I’m looking at the wake coming up the back, watching her wakeboard, and something clicked in my head. I fantasized putting skis on a bike and riding on water. It was a stupid vision at the time, but I kept toying with it, playing with designs and concepts, and eventually it became a reality. Like most people who surf in Tahiti, you don’t have a good trip unless you meet up with Raimana. We heard he was pretty crucial to pulling this off. Yeah, I’d never met him before, but he’s a nice guy, very hospitable and a great surfer. Before the stunt, the day before I got the big wave on my bike, a big swell came and Raimana towed me into the sickest waves I’ve ever experienced. I caught some wearing my full gear to get used to wearing it in the water, and he towed me into ‘em. Then right after, he towed into a couple waves and I watched him get some of the sickest barrels I’ve ever seen first-hand. I was up on the Jet Ski right in front of where the lip was hitting the water, parallel to the reef—it was just so epic. That scene will live with me forever. Having grown up in Australia on the beaches just south of Sydney, did understanding the physics of a wave and ocean dynamics help you at all? Did your past as a surfer influence how you were able to ride that bike in the surf? Yeah, 100 percent. I’ve surfed since I was 8 years old. I’ve been a surfer for like 26 years. If I wasn’t a surfer growing up there’s no way I would have ever even imagined this, not to mention have had the knowledge of how to read the wave. I was only comfortable in this scenario because I’ve spent the majority of my life dropping in on waves. Honestly, the whole way I imagined I needed to ride the wave on my bike was wrong, but after watching some footage, with my knowledge of surfing I realized I had to adjust to be up on the face of the wave—and I’m comfortable being there because I spent the majority of my life dropping in on the face of waves. If I hadn’t been a surfer at heart, I couldn’t have pulled it off. How does the perspective that we see in the photos and the video relate to what your perspective was of riding those waves in
Instant film is a type of photographic film introduced by Polaroid to be used in an instant camera -LRB- and , with accessory hardware , many other professional film cameras -RRB- . The film contains the chemicals needed for developing and fixing the photograph , and the instant camera exposes and initiates the developing process after a photo has been taken . In earlier Polaroid instant cameras the film is pulled through rollers which breaks open a pod containing a reagent that is spread between the exposed negative and receiving positive sheet . This film sandwich develops for some time after which the positive sheet is peeled away from the negative to reveal the developed photo . In 1972 , Polaroid introduced integral film , which incorporated timing and receiving layers to automatically develop and fix the photo without any intervention from the photographer . Instant film is available in sizes from 24 x -LRB- similar to 135 film -RRB- up to 50.8 x size , with the most popular film sizes for consumer snapshots being approximately 83 x -LRB- the image itself is smaller as it is surrounded by a border -RRB- . Early instant film was distributed on rolls , but later and current films are supplied in packs of 8 or 10 sheets , and single sheet films for use in large format cameras with a compatible back . Though the quality of integral instant film is not as good as conventional film , peel apart black and white film , and to a lesser extent color film approached the quality of traditional film types . Instant film was used where it was undesirable to have to wait for a roll of conventional film to be finished and processed , e.g. , documenting evidence in law enforcement , in health care and scientific applications , and producing photographs for passports and other identity documents , or simply for snapshots to be seen immediately . Some photographers use instant film for test shots , to see how a subject or setup looks before using conventional film for the final exposure . Instant film is also used by artists to achieve effects that are impossible to accomplish with traditional photography , by manipulating the emulsion during the developing process , or separating the image emulsion from the film base . Instant film has been supplanted for most purposes by digital photography , which allows the result to be viewed immediately on a display screen or printed with dye sublimation , inkjet , or laser home or professional printers . Instant film is notable for having had a wider range of film speeds available than other negative films of the same era , having been produced in ISO 4 to ISO 20,000 . Current instant film formats typically have an ISO between 100 and 1000 . Two companies manufacture instant film : Fujifilm -LRB- Instax integral film -RRB- and The Impossible Project for older Polaroid cameras -LRB- 600 , SX-70 , Spectra and 8x10 -RRB- .
Turning off your Kindle Paperwhite will help you save your battery if you are running low on it.You can also turn it off to conserve battery when not in use. To turn off your Kindle Paperwhite, see step 1.Ad.urning off your Kindle Paperwhite will help you save your battery if you are running low on it.
GM code WA5111 - white. This white automotive paint color is most commonly known as simply White. Other common color promotional names include Linen White, Corporate White, Yellow White, Frost White, and Lift White. The color formulation has been used between 1970 and 2002, primarily by GM; but also by Coca Cola, Chrysler, Northwest Airlines, Dr Pepper, Caterpillar, Clark, and 7up.
The Addams Family \| Addams Family Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Addams Family is a group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . Addams Family characters include Gomez , Morticia , Uncle Fester , Lurch , Grandmama , Wednesday and Pugsley . The Addamses are a satirical inversion of the ideal American family; an eccentric, wealthy clan who delight in the macabre and are unaware that people find them bizarre or frightening. They originally appeared as a series of single panel cartoons, published in The New Yorker between 1938 and Addams's 1988 death. They have since been adapted to other media, including television series (both live action and animated), films, video games, and a musical . Contents Addams's original cartoons were one-panel gags. The characters were undeveloped and unnamed until later versions. “ Gomez and Pugsley are enthusiastic. Morticia is even in disposition, muted, witty, sometimes deadly. Grandma Frump is foolishly good-natured. Wednesday is her mother's daughter. A closely knit family, the real head being Morticia—although each of the others is a definite character — except for Grandma, who is easily led. Many of the troubles they have as a family are due to Grandma’s fumbling, weak character. The house is a wreck, of course, but this is a house-proud family just the same and every trap door is in good repair. Money is no problem. [1] ” — Charles Addams The family appears to be a single surviving branch of the Addams clan. Many other "Addams families" exist all over the world. According to the film version, the family credo is, Sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc (pseudo-Latin: "We gladly feast on those who would subdue us"). Charles Addams was first inspired by his home town of Westfield, New Jersey, an area full of ornate Victorian mansions and archaic graveyards. [2] They live in a gloomy mansion adjacent to a cemetery and a swamp at 0001 Cemetery Lane. In The New Addams Family, the address was changed to 1313 Cemetery Lane. [3] In the Addams Family musical , first shown in Chicago in 2009, the house is located in Central Park. [4] Although they share macabre interests, the Addamses are not evil. They are a close-knit extended family. Morticia is an exemplary mother, and she and Gomez remain passionate towards each other. She calls him "Bubele", [5] to which he responds by kissing her arms, behavior Morticia can also provoke by speaking a few words in French (the meaning is not important — any French will do). The parents are supportive of their children. The family is friendly and hospitable to visitors, in some cases willing to donate large sums of money to causes, despite the visitors' horror at the Addams's peculiar lifestyle. Addams Family characters Main article: Gomez Addams Gomez Addams was the master of the Addams household and the Addams patriarch, married to Morticia and the father of Wednesday and Pugsley . In the 60's sitcom, he was Grandmama's son, but this was retconned in the 1991 film, and he became Grandmama's son-in-law instead, staying true to the comics. Also retconned in the films, he became the younger brother of Fester instead of his nephew-in-law. In the original cartoons in the New Yorker, he appeared tubby, snub-nosed and with a receding chin. In the 1960s television series, Gomez was portrayed as a naive, handsome, and successful man, although with a childlike, eccentric enthusiasm for everything he did. For instance, his personal portrait depicted him as standing gleefully on his head. Though a peaceful man, he was known to be well-versed in many types of combat; he and Morticia fenced with foils sometimes. Gomez professed endless love for his wife, Morticia. He had studied to be a lawyer, but rarely practiced, one of the running jokes being that he took great pride in losing his cases. He was also pleased with the fact that his law class had voted him the man "Least Likely to Pass the Bar". Gomez was depicted as extremely wealthy, through inheritance and extensive investments, but he seemed to have little regard for money. Althou
Texas gubernatorial election, 2018 The 2018 Texas gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Texas, concurrently with the election of Texas's Class I U.S. Senate seat, as well as other congressional, state and local elections throughout the United States and Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Greg Abbott is running for re-election to a second term in office[1] and will face Democrat Lupe Valdez, the former Sheriff of Dallas County, as well as Libertarian Mark Tippetts, a former member of the Lago Vista city council.
Apex is a street gang in Melbourne, Australia. It was formed in 2012. The founding members were part of Victoria's South Sudanese community, although the gang later became more diverse, particularly after it merged with the YCW gang. Associated with violent car-jackings and burglaries, Apex came to prominence in the national media after a brawl in Melbourne's Central Business District between it and the rival Islander 23 gang in March 2016 after the Moomba parade. This prompted a crackdown by Victoria Police. They apparently have little structure and no official colours.
Rashida Leah Jones -LRB- born February 25 , 1976 -RRB- is an American actress , comic book author , producer , singer , and screenwriter . She is known for playing Ann Perkins on NBC 's comedy Parks and Recreation , Louisa Fenn on Fox 's Boston Public and Karen Filippelli on The Office , as well as a small role in the TV show Freaks & Geeks . She has had film roles in I Love You , Man -LRB- 2009 -RRB- ; Our Idiot Brother -LRB- 2011 -RRB- ; The Social Network -LRB- 2010 -RRB- ; The Muppets -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and Celeste and Jesse Forever -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , for the last of which she also wrote the screenplay . She now plays the lead role in the TBS comedy series Angie Tribeca , and recently co-wrote the screenplay for Toy Story 4 .
As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.
In [naive set theory](_URL_0_), the set of all sets contains itself, because it is a set, so it must contain itself. However, naive set theory results in paradoxes, for example, does the set of all sets that do not contain themselves, contain itself? If it doesn't contain itself, then it must contain itself. But if it does contain itself, then it must not contain itself. This is called [Russell's paradox](_URL_2_). To deal with that, mathematicians came up with different ways to formulate set theory to prevent these kinds of paradoxes. The most popular is called [Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory](_URL_1_). It disallows this type of set construction. So, asking about the set of all sets is a bit like asking what 1 + blue is equal to.
2019 Copa América The 2019 Copa América will be the 46th edition of the Copa América, the quadrennial international men's football championship organized by South America's football ruling body CONMEBOL. It will be held in Brazil. The winner of the tournament will earn the right to compete for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup. Chile will be the defending champions.
The Mysterious Benedict Society Reynard "Reynie" Muldoon is an orphan living in the fictional city of Stonetown. Since young, he has demonstrated incredible creative-thinking skills and a great love for books, which results in him being isolated and teased at by the other orphans living in the same orphanage as him. His only comfort and company is Miss Perumal, his private tutor from India, whom he often shares the morning newspaper with. On a fateful day, the two notice an advertisement in the newspaper directed to "gifted children looking for special opportunities", prompting Reynie to take the test, which consists of many strange rounds of vigorous selection. In the process of testing, Reynie befriends George "Sticky" Washington, a timid boy with a photographic memory of words, and Kate Wetherall, a resourceful girl with tremendous physical ability and an odd habit of carrying around her things in a belted bucket. Finally, they meet Constance Contraire, a diminutive girl with a very defiant personality and a gift for wit, especially considering her minuscule size, as well as Mr. Benedict, the main devisor of the tests. Along with his two subordinates Number Two and Rhonda Kazembe, Mr. Benedict explains to the four children about a secret threat plaguing the world in the form of cryptic messages being broadcast into people's minds via television and radio. These messages, while infrequent, have been transmitted over the past few years and have aroused a sort of alarm and panic in people that they deem "the Emergency", which is in fact just an illusion by the Sender of the messages. Mr. Benedict has managed to locate the signals' source at Nomansan Island off the coast of Stonetown Harbour, in a school known as the Learning Institute for the Very Enlightened, and narrow down the Sender to the principal and founder of the school, Ledroptha Curtain. Needing evidence for his findings, Mr. Benedict enlists the four children to become his secret agents and infiltrate the Institute. With some hesitation, the four children eventually agree to become a team and name themselves "The Mysterious Benedict Society".
Human brain The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of white matter. The cortex is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex. The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes â€“ the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought, while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision. Within each lobe, cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such as language in the left and visual-spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum.
Box-spring A box-spring (or divan in some countries) is a type of bed base typically consisting of a sturdy wooden frame covered in cloth and containing springs. Usually the box-spring is placed on top of a wooden or metal bedframe that sits on the floor and acts as a brace, except in the UK where the divan is more often fitted with small casters. The box-spring is usually the same size as the much softer mattress that is placed on it. Working together, the box-spring and mattress (with optional bed frame) make up a bed. It is common to find a box-spring and mattress being used together without the support of a frame underneath, the box spring being mounted directly on casters standing on the floor.
If your doctor says you can drink some alcohol before your colonoscopy, minimize the amount you consume and do not drink red wine or other alcoholic beverages that are red or purple. The color may be confused with blood during the colonoscopy. Several hours before the exam, you are not permitted to eat or drink.
Taiwan -LRB- -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of China -LRB- ROC -RRB- , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China -LRB- officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC -RRB- to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN . The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China -LRB- ROC -RRB- was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership . In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible .
Premier League Golden Glove Čech set the record for matches without conceding a goal in a single season – with 24 – to win the inaugural award in 2005.[7] During the 2008–09 season, Edwin van der Sar surpassed Čech's previous record of 10 consecutive clean sheets by reaching 14.[8][9] During his streak, Van der Sar went 1,311 minutes without conceding a goal.[9] In the process, he broke Čech's Premier League record (1,025 minutes),[10] Steve Death's Football League record (1,103 minutes)[11] and the all-time league record in Britain (1,155 minutes) for most consecutive scoreless minutes.[12] Manchester United keeper David de Gea is the winner for the 2017–18 season.
Danielle Staub (born Beverly Ann Merrill; July 29, 1962) is an American television personality. In May 2009, she came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series "The Real Housewives of New Jersey", which documents the lives of several women residing in New Jersey. In August 2010, Staub left the series after two seasons, and will return for the series' upcoming eighth season.
Generally, if you already receive Social Security payments, at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A (Hospital Insurance). In addition, you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance). If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it.
Albany Law School is a private, independent, American Bar Association-accredited law school founded in 1851 in Albany, New York making it the oldest law school in New York. It has an affiliation agreement with University at Albany that includes shared programs. The school is located near New York's highest court, federal courts, the executive branch and the state legislature.
6th Grade Ch. 4 Sec. 2 How Minerals Form 1. Ch. 4 Sec. 2Ch. 4 Sec. 2 How MineralsHow Minerals FormForm 2. geode â¢rounded hollow rock lined w/ mineral crystals 3. crystallization â¢ process by which atoms are arranged to form material w/ crystal structure 4. 2 ways minerals can form crystallization of melted materials (magma or lava cools) crystallization of materials dissolved in water (evaporation) 5. minerals from magma factors that affect crystal size rate at which magma cools amount of gas magma contains chemical composition of magma slow cooling large crystals rapid cooling small crystals â¢ hot magma or lava cools forms crystals
List of mammals of the Philippines Elephants comprise three living species and are the largest living land animals. Three species that lived in prehistoric times used to live in the Philippines, until their extinction. One species, the Asian elephant - unknown subspecies like those on Sabah, once lived in both the Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao, though became extinct on those areas because of hunting and/or were transported back to Sabah for unknown reasons.
Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River. The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles of sewers. A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine-131 in the city's potable water.[citation needed] In 2012, the EPA's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I-131 in the nation. The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I-131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River.[citation needed]
Josh Gates â¦ engaged. Congratulations Josh! The young ladyâs name is Hallie. For those of you out there that are devastated by this news, I am still available â just saying. Not sure what the republican in the picture has to do with anything, but I have to give Gates points for style.
You feel: 1 A tingling sensation anywhere on or in the body, including the hands, feet, fingers, toes, head, face, arms, chest, back, groin, mouth, etc. 2 A pins and needles feeling, numbness, pressure, or trembling sensations on or in your arms, hands, legs, feet, head, face, or anywhere on or in the body. A paresthesia feeling anywhere on or in the body. A tingling numbness, prickly feeling anywhere on or in the body.
What is the narrator's name, gender, and age in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird? \| eNotes What is the narrator's name, gender, and age in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird? dbrooks22 \| High School Teacher \| (Level 3) Assistant Educator Posted on January 21, 2009 at 3:11 AM The narrator is Jean Louise Finch, otherwise known as Scout in the story. She is Atticus's daughter. Scout is six years old when the novel begins and is eight when it ends. However, the narrator is a much older, mature Scout. She is an adult telling the story as she remembers it as a child. Since the narrator is an adult, the reader has a better understanding of the lessons and events that Scout went through as a child. This is a technique that Harper Lee uses to get an adult's viewpoint through a child's voice. like 2 dislike 1 readerofbooks \| College Teacher \| (Level 2) Educator Emeritus Posted on August 10, 2015 at 4:08 AM The narrator of the story is Scout. Her full name is Jean Louise Finch. The story takes place from 1933-1935 when Scout was six to eight years old. What is most important to note is that she is telling the story as an adult. So, even though she is writing from a first person account, she is recounting the events as an adult. Scout is not an omniscient narrator, but she is reliable, because she is telling the story from retrospect. The time difference, unfortunately, is never given in the novel. Another important point to keep in mind is that Scout is recounting first-hand events. Not only did the events of the book take place in her life, she was at the center of it. For example, Atticus, the one who defended Tom Robinson, was her father. From this perspective, what we have is a reliable narrator who lived through the events and who is speaking from the vantage point of maturity. Sources:
Pepsin Enzyme Function \| LIVESTRONG.COM Pepsin Enzyme Function Last Updated: May 08, 2015 Kirstin Hendrickson Kirstin Hendrickson is a writer, teacher, coach, athlete and author of the textbook "Chemistry In The World." She's been teaching and writing about health, wellness and nutrition for more than 10 years. She has a Bachelor of Science in zoology, a Bachelor of Science in psychology, a Master of Science in chemistry and a doctoral degree in bioorganic chemistry. A smiling couple eating on a restaurant patio. Photo Credit monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Pepsin is an enzyme -- specifically, it's a proteolytic enzyme, meaning it helps digest proteins. Cells in the stomach secrete pepsin to help you digest the protein that you consume in food. Specialized cells in the intestine then absorb the digestion products of the protein into the bloodstream, and your cells take them up from there. Pepsin Chemistry Enzymes, like pepsin, are biological catalysts. This means that they're chemicals that help reactions in the body take place faster than they otherwise would, but they themselves aren't consumed in the reaction. Specifically, pepsin helps you digest protein. It's secreted by specialized cells in the lining of the stomach called chief cells, explains Dr. Lauralee Sherwood in her book "Human Physiology." Pepsin itself is a protein, but in contrast to the proteins that you eat and digest, pepsin has biological activity in the stomach. Protein Structure Technically, you wouldn't need pepsin to digest the protein that you eat. Proteins are made up of small building block molecules called amino acids, explain Drs. Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham in their book "Biochemistry." The bonds between amino acids -- called peptide bonds -- break when they're exposed to water and acid. Because your gastric juices are made of mostly water, and the stomach secretes acid, you have all the ingredients you need to digest protein. However, in the absence of pepsin, this reaction would be very slow. Pepsin Formation One of the body's challenges in producing pepsin is keeping it from digesting the cells where it's made. Cells are made up of mostly protein, meaning that if a cell produces pepsin, it's at risk for being digested by the pepsin. As such, your chief cells produce pepsin in an inactive precursor form, called pepsinogen, explain Drs. Garrett and Grisham. The pepsinogen is activated once it reaches the stomach, so it doesn't harm the cells that produce it. Environment All biological enzymes, pepsin included, function best in a narrow range of temperature and acidity level. Enzymes exposed to environments outside their preferred temperature or acidity -- also called pH -- range don't function. Most body enzymes function best at body temperature and neutral pH, but because pepsin functions in the stomach, it's designed by the cells to work best at very low, or acidic, pH, explain Drs. Mary Campbell and Shawn Farrell in their book "Biochemistry." Types of Bonds In actuality, pepsin can't break all the bonds in a protein molecule. There are many different types of amino acids that are bonded together to make a protein, and pepsin specializes in breaking bonds between very large amino acids. Other proteolytic enzymes, including chymotrypsin and trypsin, work on the bonds between other types of amino acids. Together, pepsin and the other proteolytic enzymes break the proteins you eat into their constituent amino acids. Related Searches THE LIVESTRONG.COM MyPlate Nutrition, Workouts & Tips GOAL Gain 2 pounds per week Gain 1.5 pounds per week Gain 1 pound per week Gain 0.5 pound per week Maintain my current weight Lose 0.5 pound per week Lose 1 pound per week Lose 1.5 pounds per week Lose 2 pounds per week GENDER
Pinecrest School-Thousand Oaks Pinecrest School-Thousand Oaks449 E Wilbur Rd , Thousand Oaks , CA91360 (805) 497-8533www.pinecrestschools.com NR (out of 10)Private Grades PK-5310 students13 students/teacher (CA avg is 21)Schools in Thousand Oaks Homes for sale in Thousand Oaks Apartments for rent in Thousand Oaks Email a link Showing school attendance zone Map Bird's Eye Test Scores by grade None See all years We do not have any test data available for this school. About this school Pinecrest School-Thousand Oaks is a private elementary school in Thousand Oaks. The principal of Pinecrest School-Thousand Oaks is Mrs. Kimberly Matthes. 310 students attend Pinecrest School-Thousand Oaks, and the student to teacher ratio is 13:1. Glenwood Elementary School is one of the nearest elementary schools. Extracurricular activities Arts Band Ceramics sculpture Chorus Computer arts Dance Drawing painting Theater drama Video film production Languages Taught Spanish Sports Baseball Basketball Cheerleading Football Golf Martial arts self defense P. E. classes Soccer Swimming Volleyball Community ratings & reviews (3 years ago)I am in love with our school! My son is wrapping up his kindergarten year and wow what a difference a year makes. He has made enormous strides academically socially emotionally and physically. I am grateful to all of his amazing teachers aides and coaches who guide him throughout the day. I appreciate the out-of-the-box thinking and learning which is a natural part of the school culture. In addition the teachers have private Instagram accounts where pictures are posted throughout the day / week; what a great portal into what is going on in each class. Using social media in this way allows me to initiate a conversation with him about his day and negates the common "I didn't do anything at school" response. Thank you Pinecrest Thousand Oaks for a great year! (3 years ago)Only speaking for the Early Childhood programs (toddler/preschool/pre-K). I was torn between three and four stars. I opted for four so here I go - PROS the kids' classrooms are inviting and age appropriate. They are heavy focused on academics at a young age. The toddler rooms are staffed with energetic teachers who seem to love being with and around the kids. They remember the kids names as they progress through the programs. The director Josie will advance your child based on skill/maturity and they are flexible about schedules. The teachers move around during extended care- good for familiarizing the kids to the teachers they may be assigned to in the future. And they have summer programs so your child can stay consistent. CONS I hate the sandbox b/c I hate sand in my kids hair. I guess it makes for a safe landing area under the jungle gym. ~20% of the teachers are not very inviting. There's one that needs some serious professional development or retire. You need to check front office paperwork twice. Sibling discount keeps decreasing. And bc this school caters to working parents there's no sense of community. This is not the fault of the school but it's a con none-the-less. (3 years ago)My daughter attended pinecrest thousand oaks for nearly two years most of pre-k and all of kindergarten. This may be a decent school for your child if they learn under standard learning techniques and do not require any special attention. if your child has behavioral or developmental conditions this school is not equiped to help them be successful. They convinced me that they would make it work but in the end they use outdated techniques of discipline and cause more harm than good by hurting my childs self esteem. after two years of constant disciplinary problems they never once suggested that i have her assessed for developmental conditions and this caused a delay of two years that she could have been receiving therapy and education that was tailored to her condition. I gave 1 star in each catagory for failing to at least recommend an assessment. (3 years ago)My Son goes to Pinecrest elementary school. I am exceedingly impressed with the school. They have a fantastic well-balanced academic program. Aside from the core subjects that you would expect to see (math reading writing etc) they also have Spanish music computer and PE everyday. The teachers are very dedicated to education and social building activities. They're also very caring especially my Son'ts 1st grade teacher. She called us just to say hi and get to know us as a family. We had an accident once and she called afterwards to find out how we're doing and to make sure everyone was alright. How nice is that? The School Director is very involved as well she knows just about every student and their parents by name. I like the small class size classes (my Son's 1st grade is <20 students). I also love the fact that before and after school care is included in the tuition - there's no surprise expenses. They offer a variety of enrichment programs on-site which is a piece of mind if your little one is well little so they don't have to go off campus with some strangers. The before and after school is open long hours - extremely helpful for working parents. (3 years ago)Great academic school from the age of 18 months. Teachers all appear to mature and have great experience. Have always felt comfortable leaving my kids in their care. (4 years ago)My daughter attends Pinecrest Child Care/Preschool. My son as well also attended Pinecrest Child Care/Preschool in Thousand Oaks CA. I truly feel that the staff and the teachers there are very sincere caring and professional. Ms. Josie and Ms. Judy does a wonderful job in running that school. This school is highly recommended. (4 years ago)We love the pre-school at Pinecrest. My daughter (now 8) first attended Pinecrest years ago and when we found out we were having another child we knew without a doubt that we would be sending him to Pinecrest. The teachers are very sweet and really care about your little ones. My son (now 3) has developed strong bonds with his teachers and they have played a big role in his development. The office staff are wonderful and very accommodating when you have a schedule change. They also provide hot meals with the tuition which is a huge plus for working parents. The Pinecrest families that we have met along through our kids are families that we will remain friends with a long time. The rooms and campus are both well maintained. Another plus they accept children starting at 18 months which is great for working parents. Because of Pinecrest my daughter entered kindergarten way ahead of other children. We can't say enough about Pinecrest and their pre-school. (4 years ago)We love Pinecrest TO. We currently have an elementary student and a prek child at the school. My husband and I work full time so we rely a lot on the school to help not only educate our lil ones but guide them on their way to being well rounded people during the week. We are always impressed with the level of education and attention our kids receive on both sides of the campus. The teachers and staff are always friendly and everyone -all the way up to the campus director -makes themselves available. We are very happy that Pinecrest is apart of our family- and our kids love it too! (4 years ago)We just moved to Thousand Oaks from out of state and were overwhelmed by the daunting task of finding a school for our son. We were turned on to Pinecrest by our Realtor and couldn't be happier. We toured the school with Stephani who made us feel so welcome and answered more questions than we realized we needed to ask. We then met with Mrs. Matthes the Campus Director she was approachable enthusiastic and knowledgeable. The campus is very spacious the curriculum challenging the calendar of events seem fresh and fun and there are so many opportunities for our son to participate in enrichment activities...robotics and video game programming wow! We feel fortunate to have found such a great school and look forward to the year ahead! (4 years ago)What I love about Pinecrest... Small class size 18-24 per class! The current director and teachers are passionate diverse and credentialed! Teachers work hard to address all learning needs and present lessons in a creative way. My kids loved the focus on engineering during the 2012-2013 year. Almost every week they designed and built a new project. Math science social studies language arts and PE are taught daily. Kids can swim for PE too!Art computers engineering music and Spanish are weekly. The extra enrichment classes are wonderful and include dance karate cooking drama robotics sports etc. With that said no school is perfect. I think Pinecrest needs to continue to update their technology. They added some i Pads this past year but still need better computers in the computer room and classrooms. The main playground needs to have some grass for kids to run on. I would also love to see a mandatory study hall after school so that when I pick my kids up at 5 30 they have their homework done! Even with these issues I can't think of another school that offers what Pinecrest does. Overall we have been extremely satisfied and my kids absolutely love it! (4 years ago)We attended this school for one semester and left. The preschool teachers seem burned out and don't appear to like children or their job which I found disheartening. The elementary school teachers were not impressive. I felt that I could probably find better teachers in the local public schools and realized that I was wasting my money. The principal and former director do not know how to evaluate children's scholastic needs which leaves the burden falling on the parents. And their choice in hiring so many teachers who do not know how to work well with young children is also disappointing. Don't waste your money here. (5 years ago)We just signed our 2013/2014 contract inspired by so many great new things going on at Pinecrest Thousand Oaks! Our kids were really excited about the implementation of Pint Size Sports for 1st-3rd graders. What a great way to get them interested in organized sports- great call PTO! We also loved the Family Science Night and look forward to many more fun family connection nights. Thanks for the hard work on behalf our your students and their families! (6 years ago)Loved this school - both of our kids were very happy there. Broke all of our hearts when we had to move out of state. (6 years ago)Great school. Advanced curriculum. New director is doing a great job. After and before school care always staffed well and included in tution. They have staff that helps you with morning drop off. Food prep is now outsourced and is healthier. They have quite a bit of extra curricular activities and a great art/music and foreign language program (standard.) As a bonus much of the tuition is tax deductible as childcare. (6 years ago)Downhill fast. We have been at Pinecrest TO for 4 years and each year the administration changes and service declines. Front office staff keeps getting reduced the principal let go and the director who did an outstanding job 'retired'. For the 2012-2013 school year the early enrollment incentive for families in the form of a monetary discount was done away with. The class size has nearly doubled in certain grades the higher grades now have to pay for their own text books and the teacher credentials are no better than the public school teachers. After school care has been reduced as well. When you pick your child up from school you'll find teenagers or 'coaches' as they call them watching your child instead of an experienced adult. Needless to say we're looking elsewhere in the area since the perks of a private school are disappearing quickly here at Pinecrest Thousand Oaks and cross comparison this school is equivalent to a middle of the road public school. Frankly most parents pay for private education because they believe they are obtaining a better education for their child. In this case it's not worth the money. (7 years ago)PC TO has a nice community feel. For the money I'm not sure it's worth it over the public schools in the area whose API scores are overall high. If the main difference between public vs. private school is a lot of homework then this school wins. Be prepared to spend 1-2 hours a night doing homework with your child as soon as they enter kindergarten. If both parents work full time it's tough to do. Personally I think grade K and 1st graders should not have so much homework as it can dampen their love of learning right from the start. Many of the teachers here do not have advanced degrees which I would expect from a private school. If teacher to student ratio is important to you which it is for us and the reason we stay then PC TO may be a good school for you. (8 years ago)N/A (9 years ago)The curriculum is advanced at this school but the draw backs include teachers that have very limited exposure to professional development opportunities. Also the Director of the school does not have a degree in Education. Students with learning disabilities or other difficulties are offered tutoring which the parents must pay for on top of tuition. There are no special education certificated teachers on staff to properly deal with learning issues. If your child is bright and you need before and after school child care the school is a perfect fit for you. However professionals at this school do not compare to professionals in the public school sector due to lack of on going innovative training appropriate degrees or credentials or both. (9 years ago)N/A (9 years ago)Excellent school for children with 2 working parents. Outstanding teachers and coaches that care a lot about the children. My daughter had the best K experience anyone could ask for. Her teacher was excellent and I knew she was well taken care of for the day. It's definately not cheap but well worth the money. My nephew went there K-6 and is currently in all honors classes in high school and still receives straight A's. See all reviews on Great Schools Overall score (based on 32 ratings & reviews)Teacher quality Principal leadership Parent involvement Nearby Elementary Schools4 Glenwood Elementary School Public K-5 381 students5 Acacia Elementary School Public K-5 367 students NR St. Paschal Baylon Elementary School Private K-8 330 students All elementary schools Middle Schools6 Colina Middle School Public 6-8 1028 students NR Ascension Lutheran Private K-8 185 students6 Redwood Middle School Public 6-8 898 students All middle schools High Schools8 Thousand Oaks High School Public 9-12 2348 students NR First Baptist Accelerated Academy Private K-12 55 students NR Conejo Valley High (Continuation) School Public 9-12 126 students All high schools
The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:
Jack Roosevelt Robinson -LRB- January 31 , 1919 -- October 24 , 1972 -RRB- was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- in the modern era . Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15 , 1947 . The Dodgers , by signing Robinson , heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s . Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . Robinson had an exceptional 10-year baseball career . He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored . Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship . In 1997 , MLB `` universally '' retired his uniform number , 42 , across all major league teams ; he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored . MLB also adopted a new annual tradition , `` Jackie Robinson Day '' , for the first time on April 15 , 2004 , on which every player on every team wears No. 42 . Robinson 's character , his use of nonviolence , and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life . He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement . Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB , and the first black vice president of a major American corporation , Chock full o'Nuts . In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . After his death in 1972 , in recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom .
The Wolfman is a 2010 American horror drama film and a remake of the 1941 film of the same name . The film is directed by Joe Johnston , with a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker and David Self , and creature make-up effects by Rick Baker and stars Benicio del Toro , Anthony Hopkins , Emily Blunt , Hugo Weaving , and Geraldine Chaplin . Baker and make-up effects supervisor Dave Elsey won the Academy Award for Best Makeup at the 83rd Academy Awards . Acclaimed director Mark Romanek was originally attached to direct the film but later dropped out due to creative differences and Joe Johnston was hired shortly after . The film was released in the United States on February 12 , 2010 , grossing $ 61 million domestically and $ 139 million worldwide against a $ 150 million budget .
Beautiful combinations tend to be things where someone is setting up a play for a while, then pays it off all at once. The sort of thing that makes you go "Ohhhh, THAT'S what he was doing!" Carlsen's style is very disciplined. He tends to play very safe, very methodical games, and simply wait for his opponents to make small missteps (which he can then punish them for). His games rarely allow such combinations, because he blocks that sort of setup as it happens and doesn't seek to set up combinations of his own.
History of South Africa Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo-Boer or South African War (1899–1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. The country became a self-governing nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa. A republican constitution was adopted.
List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Professionally, there have been a number of occurrences of 100-point games worldwide. It has only happened once in the United States, however. Wilt Chamberlain of the National Basketball Association's Philadelphia Warriors scored 100 points on March 2, 1962 against the New York Knicks during a game played at Hersheypark Arena in Hershey, Pennsylvania.[22] He made 36-of-63 field goals and 28-of-32 free throws, the latter being a particularly boggling statistic considering Chamberlain was a 51.1% free throw shooter for his career.[23]
That is a fairly broad question and as far as effects on humans it probably is just random happenstance that a plant causes us to be intoxicated or have any other effects. For example caffeine actually works as an insecticide, so the plant evolved it to deter bugs from eating it. It just happens to give us a boost of energy.
American Meaning: The name Mimi is an American baby name. In American the meaning of the name Mimi is: Resolute. Hebrew Meaning: The name Mimi is a Hebrew baby name. In Hebrew the meaning of the name Mimi is: Wished-for child; rebellion; bitter.French Meaning: The name Mimi is a French baby name. In French the meaning of the name Mimi is: Form of Williamina. Spanish Meaning: The name Mimi is a Spanish baby name.n Hebrew the meaning of the name Mimi is: Wished-for child; rebellion; bitter. French Meaning: The name Mimi is a French baby name. In French the meaning of the name Mimi is: Form of Williamina. Spanish Meaning: The name Mimi is a Spanish baby name.
Watermelon not only boosts your health esteem, but it is has excellent levels of vitamins A and C and a good level of vitamin B6. Vitamin A found in watermelon is important for optimal eye health and boosts immunity by enhancing the infection-fighting actions of white blood cells called lymphocytes.Vitamin B6 found in watermelon helps the immune system produce antibodies.Antibodies are needed to fight many diseases. Vitamin B6 helps maintain normal nerve function and form red blood cells. The body uses it to help break down proteins.itamin B6 found in watermelon helps the immune system produce antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fight many diseases. Vitamin B6 helps maintain normal nerve function and form red blood cells. The body uses it to help break down proteins.
Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include: Tender, warm, swollen joints; Joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity; Fatigue, fever and weight loss; Early rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect your smaller joints first â particularly the joints that attach your fingers to your hands and your toes to your feet.
Do not go gentle into that good night - Poems \| Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up His Morning Meditations by Jay Parini poetic forms read this poet's poems Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, South Wales. His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read. He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes, foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B. Yeats , and Edgar Allan Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh, Thomas and his older sister never learned the language, and Thomas wrote exclusively in English. Thomas was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own. He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry, impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects. He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. By December of 1932, he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time. It was during this time, in his late teens, that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems. In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse. Unlike his contemporaries, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition. Thomas describes his technique in a letter: "I make one image—though 'make' is not the right word; I let, perhaps, an image be 'made' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another, let that image contradict the first, make, of the third image bred out of the other two together, a fourth contradictory image, and let them all, within my imposed formal limits, conflict." Two years after the publication of 18 Poems, Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London. At the time, she was the mistress of painter Augustus John. Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937. Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her, the marriage was turbulent, with rumors of both having multiple affairs. About Thomas's work, Michael Schmidt writes: "There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems; in the famous and popular later poems, the magic is all show. If they have a secret it is the one we all share, partly erotic, partly elegiac. The later poems arise out of personality." In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London. He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness. To avoid the air raids, the couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC. Between 1945 and 1949, he wrote, narrated, or assisted wit
Being able to sit well in a high chair is also a sign that a baby may be ready for thicker foods.. Most babies show signs of readiness for thicker foods at 6 to 8 months of age. Choose the Right Stage 2 Foods. Until now, you've probably fed your baby cereal, veggies and fruit purees.
Home Wish List (0) My Account Shopping Cart Checkout Create an account Login$Cart: 0Toll Free: 844-855-GUNS (4867)By Brand Handguns Shotguns Rifles Mags Ammo Optics Holsters Knives Apparel Other Home » Brand » VLTORVLTORVLTOR weapon systems was founded in 2002 by Michael Mallinen in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. With the release of the original VLTOR Modstock the company quickly became successful in the AR parts industry. In 2004 VLTOR was bought out by a precision sheetmetal and CNC machining company called Abrams Airborne Manufacturing, Inc. Founded in 1965 AAMI provided the manufacturing facility and materials that led to the massive expansion VLTOR’S product line. Since then VLTOR has released many innovative products to the weapons market, such as the CASV handguard, the enhanced modstock or (EMOD) and the A5 system. Today VLTOR continues to grow their high-quality product line and provides some of the most respected weapons on the market. Sort By: Show: Product Compare (0)$49.95Vltor A5 H3 Buffer. - A5h3VLTOR A5 H3 BUFFER. - A5H3..... Add to Cart$59.36Vltor Clamp On Gas Block - Gb-2c The VLTOR Clamp On Gas Block in .750” has a low profile to ... Add to Cart$34.95Vltor E-Series Scout Mount - Sm-EVLTOR E-SERIES SCOUT MOUNT - SM-E..... Add to Cart$58.95Vltor Gas Block. Silver Set Screw. .750 - Gb-2ss The Vltor Stainless steel low profile gas block is machined... Add to Cart$80.96Vltor Improved Modular Stock - Aib-Msb The VLTOR IMOD (Improved Modular Stock) has been designed w... Add to Cart$17.95Vltor Keymod Qd Sling Mount - Km-Qdf Vltor is a leader in aftermarket accessories for the AR15... Add to Cart$395.95Vltor Lower Receiver - Vra-Ra5The VLTOR lower receiver is a multi caliber receiver for th... Add to Cart$125.95Vltor Milspec Emod Stock. Black. - Aeb-Mb VLTOR MILSPEC EMOD STOCK. BLACK. - AEB-MB..... Add to Cart$179.95Vltor Modular Upper Receiver - Mur-1a The VLTOR MUR (Modular Upper Receiver) was developed to be ... Add to Cart$49.95Vltor Receiver Extension Tube, A5 - Re-A5VLTOR RECEIVER EXTENSION TUBE, A5 - RE-A5..... Add to Cart$53.06Vltor Set Screw Gas Block - Gb-2s The VLTOR Set Screw Gas Block in .750” has a low profile to... Add to Cart Showing 1 to 11 of 11 (1 Pages)
Syndication vs. Organizational Costs Related Articles1Temporary Vs. Permanent Tax Differences for CPAs2Factors That HR Should Consider When Restructuring an Organization3Principles of Organizational Structure4Organizational Structure of Panera Bread In the world of banking and finance, many opportunities exist to invest and make a profit. One such opportunity occurs by buying a syndicated unit or specific group of investments offered by an investment firm. Companies making this type of business offer incur syndication and organizational costs that are treated differently by the IRS. Syndication Syndication is the process of selling ownership rights to a particular product or group of products. In the world of business, syndication is the issuing of interests in a partnership that owns rights to certain investment products such as oil, gas and real estate. Partnerships are identified under IRS code section 761 (a) as being “any organization through or by means of which any business, financial operation, or venture is carried on which is not a corporation, trust or estate.” Partnerships occur where an agreement exists between two or more people or entities to carry on some type of business venture. Syndication Costs Syndicating helps spread the risk of investment, reduce liability, provide tax breaks and offer the opportunity to raise more money within the group of partners. To entice partners into the fold, syndication opportunities are packaged and promoted. Costs of syndication include expenses incurred to market the syndication opportunity such as printing and design fees and the cost of advertising. Syndication fees might also include brokerage, registration and legal fees and the cost of training brokers or dealers who will be selling the purchase of the packaged syndication. Organizational Costs Organization costs are incurred separately from syndication costs and are used to organize a partnership. These costs include accounting and legal fees incurred when creating a partnership and filing required legal and regulatory documents required at federal, state and local levels. These fees might include accounting costs to set up the partnership's accounts or legal fees to prepare the partnership agreement. Organizational costs are not start-up costs. Start-up costs are incurred during the investigative period of creating the partnership and the costs required to actually set up a business such as buying equipment or paying deposits for a building lease. Differences Syndication costs involve expenses incurred with the sale or syndication of the investment. Organizational costs are incurred to create the legal partnership that owns the investments. The IRS further differentiates between the two costs. According to the IRS Code, Section 709 (b), syndication expenses cannot be amortized or deducted by the partnership. However, organization expenses might be amortized. Amortization must occur over a time of 60 months, not less. In addition, the amortization can not be claimed after the return is filed. References (2)Resources (1)About the Author Alex Burke holds a degree in environmental design and a Master of Arts in information management. She's worked as a licensed interior designer, artist, database administrator and nightclub manager. A perpetual student, Burke writes Web content on a variety of topics, including art, interior design, database design, culture, health and business. Photo Credits Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article
History of United States debt ceiling The history of United States debt ceiling deals with movements in the United States debt ceiling since it was created in 1917. Management of the United States public debt is an important part of the macroeconomics of the United States economy and finance system, and the debt ceiling is a limitation on the federal government's ability to manage the economy and finance system. The debt ceiling is also a limitation on the federal government's ability to finance government operations, and the failure of Congress to authorise an increase in the debt ceiling has resulted in crises, especially in recent years. The debt ceiling has been suspended since October 30, 2015.
The Famous Five (novel series) The Famous Five is a series of children's adventure novels written by English author Enid Blyton. The first book, Five on a Treasure Island, was published in 1942. The novels feature the adventures of a group of young children – Julian, Dick, Anne and Georgina (George) – and George's dog Timmy.
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci -LRB- -LSB- leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da -LRB- v -RRB- ˈvintʃi -RSB- ; 15 April 14522 May 1519 -RRB- , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal . Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time . Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France . Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo . Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science . Today , Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived .
Can't Help Falling in Love "Can't Help Falling in Love" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on "Plaisir d'amour",[4] a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1784). It was featured in Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts.
Types of volcanic eruptions Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the volcano Vulcano.[20] It was named so following Giuseppe Mercalli's observations of its 1888–1890 eruptions.[21] In Vulcanian eruptions, intermediate viscous magma within the volcano make it difficult for vesiculate gases to escape. Similar to Strombolian eruptions, this leads to the buildup of high gas pressure, eventually popping the cap holding the magma down and resulting in an explosive eruption. However, unlike Strombolian eruptions, ejected lava fragments are not aerodynamic; this is due to the higher viscosity of Vulcanian magma and the greater incorporation of crystalline material broken off from the former cap. They are also more explosive than their Strombolian counterparts, with eruptive columns often reaching between 5 and 10 km (3 and 6 mi) high. Lastly, Vulcanian deposits are andesitic to dacitic rather than basaltic.[20]
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn -LRB- Ordo Hermeticus Aurorae Aureae or , more commonly , The Golden Dawn -LRB- Aurora Aurea -RRB- -RRB- was an organization devoted to the study and practice of the occult , metaphysics , and paranormal activities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Known as a magical order , the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was active in Great Britain and focused its practices on theurgy and spiritual development . Many present-day concepts of ritual and magic that are at the centre of contemporary traditions , such as Wicca and Thelema , were inspired by the Golden Dawn , which became one of the largest single influences on 20th-century Western occultism . The three founders , William Robert Woodman , William Wynn Westcott , and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers , were Freemasons and members of Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia -LRB- S.R.I.A. -RRB- . Westcott appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn . The Golden Dawn system was based on hierarchy and initiation like the Masonic Lodges ; however women were admitted on an equal basis with men . The `` Golden Dawn '' was the first of three Orders , although all three are often collectively referred to as the `` Golden Dawn '' . The First Order taught esoteric philosophy based on the Hermetic Qabalah and personal development through study and awareness of the four Classical Elements as well as the basics of astrology , tarot divination , and geomancy . The Second or `` Inner '' Order , the Rosae Rubeae et Aureae Crucis -LRB- the Ruby Rose and Cross of Gold -RRB- , taught magic , including scrying , astral travel , and alchemy . The Third Order was that of the `` Secret Chiefs '' , who were said to be highly skilled ; they supposedly directed the activities of the lower two orders by spirit communication with the Chiefs of the Second Order .
A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements.Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque).he boundary current of the North Atlantic Gyre is the Gulf Stream, of the North Pacific Gyre the Kuroshio Current, of the South Atlantic Gyre the Brazil Current, of the South Pacific Gyre the East Australian Current, and of the Indian Ocean Gyre the Agulhas Current.
Shoe Eventually the modern shoe, with a sewn-on sole, was devised. Since the 17th century, most leather shoes have used a sewn-on sole. This remains the standard for finer-quality dress shoes today. Until around 1800, welted rand shoes were commonly made without differentiation for the left or right foot. Such shoes are now referred to as "straights".[24] Only gradually did the modern foot-specific shoe become standard.
Geology and geomorphology of Bear Lake Valley and upper Bear River, Utah and Idaho Geology and geomorphology of Bear Lake Valley and upper Bear River, Utah and Idaho Special Paper of the Geological Society of America By: M. C. Reheis , B. J. C. Laabs , and D. S. Kaufmanhttps://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2450 (02)Tweet Links More information: Publisher Index Page (via DOI)Download citation as: RIS \| Dublin Core Abstract Bear Lake, on the Idaho-Utah border, lies in a fault-bounded valley through which the Bear River flows en route to the Great Salt Lake. Surficial deposits in the Bear Lake drainage basin provide a geologic context for interpretation of cores from Bear Lake deposits. In addition to groundwater discharge, Bear Lake received water and sediment from its own small drainage basin and sometimes from the Bear River and its glaciated headwaters. The lake basin interacts with the river in complex ways that are modulated by climatically induced lake-level changes, by the distribution of active Quaternary faults, and by the migration of the river across its fluvial fan north of the present lake. The upper Bear River flows northward for ?? ?150 km from its headwaters in the northwestern Uinta Mountains, generally following the strike of regional Laramide and late Cenozoic structures. These structures likely also control the flow paths of groundwater that feeds Bear Lake, and groundwater-fed streams are the largest source of water when the lake is isolated from the Bear River. The present configuration of the Bear River with respect to Bear Lake Valley may not have been established until the late Pliocene. The absence of Uinta Range-derived quartzites in fluvial gravel on the crest of the Bear Lake Plateau east of Bear Lake suggests that the present headwaters were not part of the drainage basin in the late Tertiary. Newly mapped glacial deposits in the Bear River Range west of Bear Lake indicate several advances of valley glaciers that were probably coeval with glaciations in the Uinta Mountains. Much of the meltwater from these glaciers may have reached Bear Lake via groundwater pathways through infiltration in the karst terrain of the Bear River Range. At times during the Pleistocene, the Bear River flowed into Bear Lake and water level rose to the valley threshold at Nounan narrows. This threshold has been modified by aggradation, downcutting, and tectonics. Maximum lake levels have decreased from as high as 1830 m to 1806 m above sea level since the early Pleistocene due to episodic downcutting by the Bear River. The oldest exposed lacustrine sediments in Bear Lake Valley are probably of Pliocene age. Several high-lake phases during the early and middle Pleistocene were separated by episodes of fluvial incision. Threshold incision was not constant, however, because lake highstands of as much as 8 m above bedrock threshold level resulted from aggradation and possibly landsliding at least twice during the late-middle and late Pleistocene. Abandoned stream channels within the low-lying, fault-bounded region between Bear Lake and the modern Bear River show that Bear River progressively shifted northward during the Holocene. Several factors including faulting, location of the fluvial fan, and channel migration across the fluvial fan probably interacted to produce these changes in channel position. Late Quaternary slip rates on the east Bear Lake fault zone are estimated by using the water-level history of Bear Lake, assuming little or no displacement on dated deposits on the west side of the valley. Uplifted lacustrine deposits representing Pliocene to middle Pleistocene highstands of Bear Lake on the footwall block of the east Bear Lake fault zone provide dramatic evidence of long-term slip. Slip rates during the late Pleistocene increased from north to south along the east Bear Lake fault zone, consistent with the tectonic geomorphology. In addition, slip rates on the southern section of the fault zone have apparently decreased over the past 50 k.y. Copyright ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America. Additional publication details Publication type: Article Publication Subtype: Journal Article Title: Geology and geomorphology of Bear Lake Valley and upper Bear River, Utah and Idaho Series title: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America DOI: 10.1130/2009.2450 (02)Issue: 450Year Published: 2009Language: English Larger Work Type: Article Larger Work Subtype: Journal Article Larger Work Title: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America First page: 15Last page: 48
Season Three Season Three General Information Season3Number of Episodes18 [1]Aired October 9, 2015 - June 20, 2016Premiere Episode Three Queens, Two Tigers Finale Episode Spiders in a Jar Slogan Royal Cousins. Mortal Enemies. Starring Adelaide Kane as Mary Stuart Toby Regbo as Francis Torrance Coombs as Bash Celina Sinden as Greer Anna Popplewell as Lola Megan Follows as Catherine de' Medici Rachel Skarsten as Elizabeth Jonathan Keltz as Leith Ben Geurens as Gideon Blackburn Season Three of Reign premiered on October 9th of 2015. The renewal of Reign for a third season was announced by the CW on January 11th, 2015 [2] . The DVD was released on September 27, 2016. Contents [ show]Season Summary Edit Reign begins its third season with Mary and Francis realizing that they are more powerful together than apart, believing there is hope for them to move forward, leaving behind the anger and hurt. It also introduces us to another Court, that of Elizabeth, “Virgin” Queen of England. Still early in her reign, Elizabeth faces opposition on all sides, particularly from men who doubt a woman’s ability to rule. Like Mary, and Catherine de Medici, she struggles to hold onto power, and love; the women have much in common, and Mary and Elizabeth are reluctant foes, but foes nonetheless, each positioned by birth and fate to destroy all the other holds dear. Characters Edit Main Cast Edit Adelaide Kane as Mary Stuart (18/18)Megan Follows as Catherine de' Medici (18/18)Rachel Skarsten as Elizabeth I (16/18)Torrance Coombs as Bash (18/18)Toby Regbo as Francis (6/18)Celina Sinden as Greer (15/18)Anna Popplewell as Lola (17/18)Jonathan Keltz as Leith (17/18)Ben Geurens as Gideon Blackburn (13/18)Recurring Cast Edit Craig Parker as Stéphane Narcisse (18/18)Rose Williams as Claude (17/18)Spencer Mac Pherson as Charles (14/18)Alexandra Ordolis as Delphine (6/18)Charlie Carrick as Robert Dudley (15/18)Clara Pasieka as Amy Dudley (5/18)Tom Everett Scott as William (6/18)Nick Lee as Nicholas (5/18)Mark Ghanimé as Don Carlos (4/18)Nathaniel Middleton as Christophe (6/18)Dan Jeannotte as James Stuart (2/18)Guest Cast Edit Rossif Sutherland as Nostradamus (1/18)Amy Brenneman as Marie de Guise (1/18) [3]Michael Therriault as Lord Castleroy (1/18)Ben Aldridge as Antoine Navarre Saamer Usmani as Martin (2/18)John Barrowman as Munro (2/18) [4]Jordan Monaghan as Constance (1/18)Andrew Jackson as Lord Barker (1/18)Cristina Rosato as Lady Donatella (1/18)Sarah Claire Alan as Alexandra (2/18)Marie Ward as Lady Helene (1/18)William Foley as Lord Germain (1/18)Episodes Edit Three Queens, Two Tigers Betrothed Extreme Measures The Price In a Clearing Fight or Flight The Hound and the Hare Our Undoing Wedlock Bruises That Lie Succession No Way Out Strange Bedfellows To The Death Safe Passage Clans Intruders Spiders in a Jar Season Promotional Quotes Edit"Royal Cousins. Mortal Enemies. "Season Promotional Photos Edit Behind the Scenes Photos Edit Season Promotional Videos Edit Reign Season 3 Tease (HD) This Fall on The CW The CW Reign Elizabeth Cometh Trailer The CWReign Season 3 Interview Rachel Skarsten Megan My Hero The CWTrivia Edit Main article: Spoilers Filming began June 30th. [5]Elizabeth joins the series as a main character. [6]Ben Geurens joins the show as series regular. [7]The show will be going to England in this season. [8]Season Three takes place a few months after Season Two . For the first time ever, Reign will be focusing on two countries; going back and forth between France and England . Mary will be on a path of redemption and growing closer to Francis . The twisted love triangle between Lola, Catherine and Narcisse is SO not over as he "wants out of that relationship with Catherine right now…we'll see him try to break free in a way that creates some very high stakes for Catherine and we will see him circle back to Lola in a way that will feel very promising for season three. [9]"We're really excited about Season 3. You'll see more of Queen Elizabeth, more court intrigue, more backstabbing, more front stabbing, more romance and love as our queens and our kings all struggle to hold onto power and love," said Mccarthy. [10]Charles was recast with a new actor and played a major role this season. [11]Lola played a bigger role this season as Mary's friend and Narcisse's love interest. The Scottish vs. English and Catholic vs. Protestant conflicts played heavily into storylines. [12]Bash departed from the series. [13]References Edit↑ Listings - REIGN on THE CW↑ http://www.spoilertv.com/2015/01/cw-renews-8-shows.html↑ http://www.spoilertv.com/2015/07/reign-season-3-amy-brenneman-to-return.html↑ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/25/reign-john-barrowman↑ https://twitter.com/torrancecoombs/status/609186560714502144↑ http://www.eonline.com/news/633936/reign-has-finally-found-its-queen-elizabeth-in-a-fifty-shades-of-grey-star↑ http://www.spoilertv.com/2015/10/reign-season-3-ben-neurons-upped-to.html↑ http://www.ew.com/article/2015/05/14/reign-season-2-finale-preview↑ http://www.eonline.com/news/656712/warning-reign-s-finale-is-going-to-break-mary-and-francis-fans-hearts↑ http://www.ecumenicalnews.com/article/reign-season-3-news-spoilers-more-of-queen-elizabeth-court-intrigue-backstabbing-front-stabbing-and-romance-in-upcoming-third-season-29786↑ http://www.spoilertv.com/2015/06/reign-season-3-casting-2-new-characters.html↑ http://talknerdywithus.com/2015/09/28/adelaide-kane-interview/↑ Torrance Coombs photos Categories: Season Season Three Add category
How Rescale by Function works How Rescale by Function works Available with Spatial Analyst license. The Rescale by Function tool allows you to use a mathematical function (line or curve) to assign suitability values to an input raster along a continuous scale (typically 1 to 10). Rescaling is particularly useful in suitability modeling. Many times, the suitability changes continuously with the changing values of the criterion and often does so in a nonlinear manner. For example, cell locations close to existing roads may be the most preferred in a housing suitability model since the cost of getting power to those locations is cheaper. As the distance from a road increases, the cost of getting power to those locations may increase exponentially. As a result, the suitability for farther locations may decrease dramatically. Once the cost interaction is established, the exponential preferential decrease is transformed to a specified continuous suitability scale, for example, on a 1 to 10 scale. The scaled cost criterion can then be integrated with the other scaled criterion, such as slope, aspect, and distance from schools, to identify the best locations for houses. There are four main considerations when applying this tool: Understand and define the preference interaction between the phenomenon and the criterion. Select the transformation function that best captures that preference interaction (for example, Exponential increase). Optionally modify the function parameters to obtain a better fit. Define an suitability (evaluation) scale to transform the preference function values (for example, 1 to 10). The Rescale by Function tool expands your options for transforming data in a suitability model. You can use the Reclassify tool to reclassify data into categories and the Rescale by Function tool to rescale (reclassify) continuous data without creating discrete categories. The Rescale by Function tool provides a variety of functions to model suitabilities which change on a continuous scale. Since the tool rescales the input raster values onto a continuous suitability scale, there is no aggregation into categories, thus allowing you to better capture certain continuously changing preference interactions (for the example above, the cost changes as distance from the road increases). The available functions are: Exponential, Gaussian, Large, Linear, Logarithm, Logistic Decay, Logistic Growth, MSLarge, MSSmall, Near, Power, Small, and Symmetric Linear. More details on each of the individual functions are available here: The transformation functions available for Rescale by Function You can define upper and lower thresholds to give you more control over how the rescaling of the input values occurs. See The interaction of the lower and upper thresholds on the output values for more details. Essential vocabulary The following definitions are for some commonly used terms when discussing Rescale by Function. Phenomenon—The item being modeled (for example, a deer, a house, a road, or a shopping center). Preference value—A value indicating how much the phenomenon prefers the feature at a particular location. Criterion—The feature to which the phenomenon is responding (for example, slope, aspect, distance from roads, or land-use type). Suitability value—The same as preference value, except the preference is in the context of a suitability model. Evaluation scale—A relative scale to place the preference or suitability values. Generally, a cell assigned a higher evaluation value contains features that are more preferred by the phenomenon relative to the criterion being analyzed. Common evaluation scales include 1 to 10, 0 to 1, and 1 to 100. Suitability scale—The same as the evaluation scale. Continuous values—The values within a raster have a relative meaning. For example, a cell 100 meters above sea level is half as high as a cell assigned 200 meters. Examples of continuous data include elevation, ozone concentration, and suitability values. Categorical values—The values within a raster do not have relative meaning. For example, a cell with a land-use type of 4 is not half the land use as a cell assigned a type 8. Examples of categorical data include land-use type, county names, and ZIP Codes. Continuous output scale—The values within a specified range continuously increase or decrease without discrete classes. Generally, continuous values are represented by floating-point values. Transforming the data The Rescale by Function tool rescales continuous data onto a specified suitability scale, based on a mathematical function (such as Exponential, Power, and Logarithm) that you can select. Transforming the input data is conceptually a two-step process, first a transformation function is applied, then the function values are mapped to a suitability scale (typically 1 to 10). Applying the transformation function. The specified function is applied to the values that fall within the lower and upper threshold values. Rescaling the transformed data to the evaluation scale The following graph illustrates how the function values are mapped to the evaluation scale. Example of transforming the function values from the Power function onto the evaluation scale The minimum and maximum transformed function values, f (x), are rescaled to the minimum and maximum of the evaluation scale, respectively. Many of the functions are monotonic (continuously increase or decrease). As a result, the lower and upper thresholds will generally map to the minimum and maximum values on the evaluation scale, since they will be the lowest and highest f (x) values. In the previous example, the lower and upper thresholds are equal to the minimum and maximum of the input data (3,000 and 5,000, respectively). As a result, the lowest input value is assigned a 1 on a 1 to 10 evaluation scale and the maximum input value a 10. However, this does not need to be the case. For example, if the Power function is applied to the same input data (ranging from 3,000 to 5,000), and if the lower threshold is set to 3,500 and the upper threshold to 4,500, then a cell location with an input value of 3,500 will be assigned a 1 on a 1 to 10 output evaluation scale, and the input value of 4,500 will be assigned a 10. All other values will range between the two based on their transformed value. Input values below the lower threshold and above the upper threshold will be assigned to the values you specify. Example of transforming the function values from the Gaussian function on the evaluation scale Not all functions continuously increase or decrease, however, so the lowest and highest input values may not always map to the lowest and highest evaluation values. By default, in the Gaussian function, the midpoint is the value that determines the highest point of the function (the most preferred value). This is set to the midpoint of your input data. Locations with the minimum and maximum input values will produce the lowest function values, f (x), once the Gaussian function is applied. Therefore, cells with the minimum and maximum input values will be assigned a 1 in the output raster. The midpoint value produces the highest function value, f (x). As a result, cells containing input values equal to this midpoint will be assigned a value of 10 on the output raster. The Gaussian function might be useful in a suitability model for identifying the best habitat for a rare species of Masdevallia orchid. The orchid is sensitive to elevation. It grows best at an elevations around 4,000 meters. As the elevation increases from there, it quicky becomes too cold for the orchid; as the elevation decreases, it becomes too warm. When rescaling the elevation, the value of 4,000 meters is the most preferred, with other elevations (both higher and lower) being the least preferred. You can assign any input value below the lower threshold or above the upper threshold to a desired output value (within or outside the evaluation scale or to No Data) using the Value below threshold and Value above threshold parameters. The transformation function will not be applied to these locations. Defining the transformation There are two primary approaches to consider when defining a continuous transformation: Accept the defaults. The shape-controlling parameters (see description below) will be calculated to fit the function between the minimum and maximum values of the input raster. This is a data-dependent scenario since the function is fit to the data. Select the function which best models the suitability. Change the shape-controlling parameters of the function to fine-tune the shape of the function to best reflect the suitability. To make the function data independent, set the lower and upper threshold to the appropriate values to fit to the phenomenon's preference to the criterion values regardless of the input data values. The transformation function parameters Types of function parameters There are two types of parameters associated with each transformation function, parameters which control the: Shape of the function Examples of these parameters are the Base factor, Input shift, and Midpoint. These parameters define how steep the function increases or decreases, where the function evaluation begins, and the transition points within the function. Mapping of the function to the suitability evaluation scale Examples of these are the threshold parameters, such as Lower threshold and Value above threshold. General format of the function parameters Following is the general format of the parameters for each function and their characteristics: Function ( {Shape Parameter 1}, {Shape Parameter 2}, {Shape Parameter 3}, { Lower threshold }, { Value below threshold }, { Upper threshold }, { Value above threshold })For these parameters Each function consists of shape-controlling parameters and respective threshold parameters. The number of shape-controlling parameters depends on the transformation function, with most having two parameters but some having three. The threshold parameters are consistent across all functions. Default values for shape-controlling parameters are calculated using data values from the input raster. All parameters for the function are optional. The values of the Value below threshold and Value above threshold parameters can be a number (a double) or the string "No Data". All others parameters are of type double. Example of the general format of the Exponential function To demonstrate how the general format described above would apply to a specific transformation function, the following is what the parameters would be if the Transformation function was set to Exponential: Exponential ( Input shift, Base factor, Lower threshold, Value below threshold, Upper threshold, Value above threshold)The Input shift and Base factor are the shape-controlling parameters. The Lower threshold, Value below threshold, Upper threshold, and Value above threshold are threshold parameters. By default, minimum and maximum data values define the lower and upper boundaries for the function. The interaction of the parameters within the tool dialog For the Input raster parameter, the Lower threshold is set to the minimum value of that raster, the Upper threshold is set to the maximum value from it, and the shape-controlling parameters (for example, Input shift, Base factor, and Midpoint) are calculated automatically to best fit (constrain) the function between the Lower threshold and Upper threshold. There is an interaction between the threshold parameters, which control the mapping of the function values to the suitability scale, with the shape-controlling parameters that define the function curve. For example, once the defaults are determined, you can type in a larger value for the Upper threshold. The associated shape-controlling parameters will be recalculated and updated in the dialog (for example, the Input shift and Base factor ). However, if you type in a new value for one of the shape-controlling parameters (for example, a new Base factor ), the relationship to the associated threshold parameters controlling the mapping to the suitability scale is severed, and you are then in control. Using the Exponential function as an example, if you type in a new Base factor and change the Upper threshold, a new Base factor will not be automatically recalculated. The tool will use the Base factor you specified. For another example, this time using the Linear function, by default the Upper threshold is set to the maximum of Input raster. If you enter a larger value for the Upper threshold, the Maximum parameter for the Linear function will be automatically updated. However, if you type in a new Maximum value and change the Upper threshold, the Maximum will not change. Through this dialog interaction, the function by default is fit between the Lower threshold and Upper threshold, which are initially set to the minimum and maximum of the Input raster. However, you can have full control over the shape of the function and the mapping to the evaluation scale by entering your own values. If you change a function parameter and want it to return to its default value, you can select and delete the value, then click in another parameter field, which will cause the empty parameter to be recalculated back to the default value. For example, if you entered a value for the Base factor but want to return to having the function fit between the Lower threshold and Upper threshold, delete the Base factor parameter value, click in another parameter field, and a new Base factor is calculated that fits the function between the thresholds. Note: The MSSmall and MSLarge functions do not follow this interaction behavior because the two functions are dependent upon the mean and standard deviation of the input dataset. Related topics An overview of the Reclass toolset The transformation functions available for Rescale by Function The interaction of the lower and upper thresholds on the output values for Rescale by Function Feedback on this topic?
Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic F (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling.
Dangerous Liaisons is a 1988 American historical drama film based upon Christopher Hampton 's play Les liaisons dangereuses , which in turn was a theatrical adaptation of the 18th-century French novel Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos . The film was directed by Stephen Frears . The performances of Glenn Close , John Malkovich and Michelle Pfeiffer , the cinematography of Philippe Rousselot , the costume design by James Acheson , and the screenplay by Christopher Hampton , garnered critical acclaim . Swoosie Kurtz , Mildred Natwick and Peter Capaldi appeared in supporting roles , as did the young , and then-relatively unknown , actors Keanu Reeves and Uma Thurman . The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards , including Best Picture ; it won those for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Costume Design , and Best Art Direction .
Mae West - Wikiquote Mae West Jump to: navigation , search Why don't you come up sometime and see me? When I'm good, I'm very good. When I'm bad, I'm better. When you got the personality, you don't need the nudity. Goodness had nothing to do with it, dearie. Response to an exclamation, "Goodness! What lovely diamonds!" in Night After Night (1932). She later used Goodness had nothing to do with it as the title of her autobiography (1953). Why don't you come up sometime and see me? … Come on up, I'll tell your fortune. She Done Him Wrong (1933) Beulah, Peel me a grape. I'm No Angel (1933) I only like two kinds of men, domestic and imported. I'm No Angel (1933) When I'm good, I'm very good. When I'm bad, I'm better. I'm No Angel (1933) Interview in Life magazine (18 April 1969) It's not the men in your life that matters, it's the life in your men. I'm No Angel (1933) Between two evils, I generally like to pick the one I never tried before. Klondike Annie (1936) Sometimes quoted as: "When choosing between two evils, I always like to try the one I've never tried before."' A man in the house is worth two in the street. Belle of the Nineties When women go wrong, men go right after them. She Done Him Wrong One and one is two; two and two is four; and "five will get you ten" if you work it right! My Little Chickadee I feel like a million tonight. But one at a time. Myra Breckinridge To a young actor: How tall are you without your horse? Six foot, seven inches. Never mind the six feet. Let's talk about the seven inches! Myra Breckinridge I'm the kinda girl who works for Paramount by day, and Fox all night Sextette To her British lover about to climb in bed with 80-something Mae: She said that she hoped soon to be able to say what Paul Revere said — 'The British are coming'. This was the last one-liner Mae ever uttered on film. Sextette When you got the personality, you don't need the nudity. Quoted in "For Women, Monologues They Haven't Heard" by Susan Pomerance, Dramaline Publications (1985) Marriage is a fine institution, but I'm not ready for an institution. #149 in The 2,548 Best Things Anybody Ever Said (2006) by Robert Byrne Give a man a free hand and he'll run it all over you. #684 in The 2,548 Best Things Anybody Ever Said (2006) by Robert Byrne I've been in more laps than a napkin. #685 in The 2,548 Best Things Anybody Ever Said (2006) by Robert Byrne She's the kind of girl who climbed the ladder of success wrong by wrong. #832 in The 2,548 Best Things Anybody Ever Said (2006) by Robert Byrne I've always had a weakness for foreign affairs.
Arrow is an American action crime television series developed by writer/producers Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg . It is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow , a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp . It premiered in North America on The CW on October 10 , 2012 , with international broadcasting taking place in late 2012 . Primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , the series follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen -LRB- Stephen Amell -RRB- , who , five years after being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow . The series takes a new look at the Green Arrow character , as well as other characters from the DC Comics universe . Although Oliver Queen/Green Arrow had been featured in the television series Smallville from 2006 to 2011 , on the CW , the producers decided to start clean and find a new actor to portray the character . Arrow focuses on the humanity of Oliver Queen , and how he was changed by time spent shipwrecked on an island . Most episodes in the first five seasons have flashback scenes to the five years in which Oliver was missing . Arrow has received generally positive reviews from critics . The series averaged about 3.68 million viewers over the course of the first season and received several awards and multiple nominations . To promote it , a preview comic book was released before the television series began , while webisodes featuring a product tie-in with Bose were developed for the second season . The first four seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray in regions 1 , 2 and 4 ; a soundtrack was also released for the first two seasons . In October 2014 , a spin-off series set in the same universe , titled The Flash , premiered . In August 2015 , an animated spin-off , Vixen , was released , while a second live-action spin-off , Legends of Tomorrow , premiered in January 2016 , featuring a number of characters from Arrow and The Flash . On March 11 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on October 5 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a sixth season .
The other viewpoint illustrated by the rapporteur' s initial statement and shared by a number of members is to promote regulations and codes of conduct which are needed in order to establish among insurers ways of organising costs on a mutual basis providing everybody with guaranteed access to high-quality care and to counter the risk of discriminatory practices developing together with risk and client selection.
The World Boardgaming Championships is a convention held yearly since 1999 by the Boardgame Players Association. It was previously held in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, but it moved to the Seven Springs Mountain Resort in 2016. It is next scheduled for July 22–30, 2017, at Seven Springs Mountain Resort near Pittsburgh, PA. This convention replaced Avaloncon, which had been run from 1991 to 1998 by Avalon Hill.
Masherbrum (Urdu: ‎ ; formerly known as K1) is located in the Ghanche District, Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. At 7821 m it is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 9th highest in Pakistan. It was the first mapped peak in the Karakoram mountain range, hence the designation "K1".
Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered "most German", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.
Definition of italic. 1 1a : of or relating to a type style with characters that slant upward to the right (as in âthese words are italicâ) â compare romanb : of or relating to a style of slanted cursive handwriting developed in the 15th and 16th centuries. 2 2 capitalized : of or relating to ancient Italy, its peoples, or their Indo-European languages.
Amy Lou Adams -LRB- born August 20 , 1974 -RRB- is an American actress and singer . She was named one of 100 most influential people by Time magazine in 2014 and is among the highest-paid actresses in the world . She has won two Golden Globe Awards , and has been nominated for five Academy Awards and six British Academy Film Awards . Adams began her career on stage performing in dinner theater and went on to make her feature film debut in Drop Dead Gorgeous -LRB- 1999 -RRB- . After moving to Los Angeles , she made several appearances on television and in B-movies , before starring in Steven Spielberg 's 2002 biopic Catch Me If You Can . Adams 's breakthrough role came in the 2005 independent film Junebug , in which her portrayal of a young pregnant woman earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . In 2007 , she starred as a princess in the commercially successful Disney musical film Enchanted . Adams received three more Oscar nominations for her supporting roles in Doubt -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , The Fighter -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and The Master -LRB- 2012 -RRB- . She played reporter Lois Lane in the 2013 superhero film Man of Steel and a troubled con artist in David O. Russell 's film American Hustle ; for the latter , she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress . She won a second consecutive Golden Globe Award for portraying artist Margaret Keane in the comedy-drama Big Eyes -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . In 2016 , Adams reprised the role of Lois in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , and garnered acclaim for her leading roles in the science-fiction film Arrival and the crime thriller Nocturnal Animals .
What are Communism and Fascism? What are Communism and Fascism? As a socioeconomic system, communism considers all property to be communal — that is, owned by the community or by the state. This system also stresses the importance of a "classless" society, where there are no differences between the wealthy and the working classes, between men and women, or between races. While Marxist communism is the most common form of communism, there is also non-Marxist communism . As is evident by multiple definitions of fascism, there is considerable variations in what social scientists call fascism. Nevertheless we will attempt to describe what it generally means. Fascism is also a political and economic system, but its focus is on the nation state, as ruled by a dictator, and on rigid social structure. Under fascism, hyper-masculinity, youth, and even violence and militarism are held in high regard. Any "outside" idea that conflicts with the nation state is undesirable; as such, fascism often shuns conservatism, liberalism, democracy, and communism, alike, and is also generally hostile toward equality for women and different races and people. Communist Philosophy Communism can be traced back to Thomas More, a prominent English Catholic who wrote about a society based around common ownership of property in Utopia in 1516. The origin of communism is most commonly associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their 1848 book The Communist Manifesto. Marx was a critic of the Industrial Revolution and felt working classes were taken advantage of under capitalism. In the book, Marx and Engels propose a communist system, wherein property is communally owned by an atheistic, classless society, thus eliminating differences between workers ( proletariat) and wealthy elites ( bourgeosie ). They argue that achieving this state would eliminate nearly all societal problems caused by inequality and exploitation and place mankind on a higher level of progress. However, Marx and Engels never describe how such a society can be created, leaving essentially a blank slate for others to fill in. From 1917 to 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the Communist Party in Russia, establishing the structure and direction the ideology would take. His vision of a global communist state was little more than an extension of Marx's "worker's revolution." To that end, Lenin sought to influence communism and its development throughout Europe. However, internal party struggles for power led to the dismissal or exile of key leaders, such as Leon Trotsky, and left Russia's communist regime at the mercy of opportunism upon Lenin's death. Into that vacuum stepped Joseph Stalin, who eschewed theoretical matters in favor of solidifying power. The development of communism around the world was influenced after the 1930s by economic issues, especially in post-colonial territories, such as parts of Africa and Asia, and in politically unstable regions in Central and South America. Although Russia tried to take a leadership role through economic and military influence, as did China in Asia, the lack of true economic success has thus far limited the gains made by communism. Fascist Philosophy Fascism is based around the glory of the nation state. Its origins can be traced to the nationalism movements of the late 19th century. Two Frenchmen, Charles Maurras and Georges Sorel, wrote about integral nationalism and radical syndicalist action as ways to create a more organic and prosperous society. These writings influenced Italian Enrico Corradini, who postulated a rationalist-syndicalist movement, led by aristocracy and anti-democratic forces. Combined with futurism, an early 20th century doctrine of forcing change (even resorting to violence), the seeds of fascism took root in Italy at the beginning of World War I. However, fascism formed in different ways in each country, succeeding (Italy, Germany, Spain, briefly in Portugal) or failing (France) in its own way. Despite the different development processes, fascist regimes do share several characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, opposition to parliamentary democracy, conservative economic policy that favors the wealthy, contempt for political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German for “people’s community”), in which individual interests are subordinated to the good of the nation. Two other characteristics emerged in practice: the binding of corporate interests to "the national will" and outright control of media leading to widespread propaganda. This video seeks to explain the main differences between fascism and communism. Social Structure and Class Hierarchies Communists inspired by The Communist Manifesto believe class hierarchies must be abolished by the state seizing control of private property and industry, thereby abolishing the capitalist class. Likewise, they are often against other social constructs, such as rigid gender roles. Contrary to communism 's goal of a classless society, fascism upholds a strict class structure, ensuring that every member of society has a specific, unchangeable role. Often in fascist societies women are restricted to the home and child-rearing, and a certain racial or ethnic group is considered superior, with national and ethnic unity encouraged at the expense of individuality and diversity. For example, Hitler's fascist regime glorified the Aryan race and called for the extermination of Jews, Gypsies, and Poles during World War II. Moreover, other groups with actual or perceived differences, including homosexuals, the disabled, and communists, were targeted during the Holocaust. Political System Both fascism and communism are against the democratic process but with some differences. Fascism looks down upon parliamentary democracy. Fascist leaders like Hitler and Mussolini participated in electoral politics before coming to power. But after seizing power, fascist leaders tended to abolish political parties, oppose universal suffrage and became dictators and Rulersrulers for life. In communist countries, democracy might be the path to power (a communist majority is elected), but single-party rule is the prevailing tendency. Although elections may continue to be held, a country's Communist Party is often the only body eligible to place candidates on the ballot. Leadership in the party is usually based on seniority rather than merit. A central ruling committee within the party governs debate (allowing or disallowing it) and essentially establishes the "line" the party follows. Although communism preaches inclusion, the tendency is toward elitism and concentration of power within the party leadership alone. [1]Economic System Communism is based on the equal distribution of wealth. The tenet of Marxian communism was "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." Everyone in society receives an equal share of the benefits derived from labor, e.g., food and money. In order to ensure that everyone receives an equal amount, all means of production are controlled by the state. Fascism allows for private enterprise, but its economic system is focused entirely on strengthening and glorifying the state. Both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany aimed for self-sufficiency, so that each country could survive entirely without trade with other nations. See fascist corporatism. Individual Rights In both communism and fascism, individual choice or preference matter less than society as a whole. In communism, religion and private property are both abolished, the government controls all labor and wealth, and individual choices such as one's job or education tend to be dictated by the government. While private property is permitted in fascism, most other choices are also controlled to increase the strength of the state. History of Fascism and Communism in Practice The first real-world example of Marxist Communism was in Russia in 1917, when the Bolshevik Party seized control in the October Revolution. Russian leaders of the time, such as Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, were seen as examples worthy of emulation in other countries, spearheading the growth of communist parties throughout Europe. In reaction to what was seen as a growing communist menace, fascism appeared in Italy and Germany. Modern Fascism originated in Italy in the 1920s, when Benito Mussolini gained control and coined the term “fascism” to describe his form of government. The focus was on nationalism rather than inclusion in a "global communist state" that many feared would create puppets of Russia's communist party. To keep workers from seizing control of their workplaces, corporations and key economic engines were taken over by the government (nationalized), uniting business and government into monopolies. Fascism then spread throughout Europe, including to Germany beginning in 1933 with the Nazis, and Portugal in 1934. Communism spread throughout Europe and Asia, establishing a constant presence in the political debates of leading countries such as England, France, and the U. S. In China, the rise of the Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, was the result of a civil war. The "fall of China" to communism caused major concern in Europe and the U. S., one that was placed on hold with the outbreak of World War II. After the war, the Soviet Union was formed, forcibly adding several countries to its communist coalition. China became active in its Asian sphere of influence, backing North Korea against U. S.-supported South Korea in the Korean War, eventually helping its ally to remain a communist nation. Vietnam was also a test case in a war that had the U. S. playing the role of "defender of democracy" against the specter of a communist-based " domino theory ." The U. S. lost this war, and neighboring countries, Laos and Cambodia, established communist governments. Communism also found footholds in South America, Central America, and Africa. However, many of these regimes were toppled by subsequent coups or undermined by U. S. influence. One exception is Cuba, where its government was overthrown by Fidel Castro's forces in 1959 and declared allegiance to the Soviet Union; it has since remained a communist nation. Fascism was defeated in World War II, but Spain, under Francisco Franco, continued a fascist regime until the 1970s. Other fascist regimes emerged in South America and Africa, but failed to remain in power for long. The spread of communism, though extensive, was probably less successful than it could have been due to the lack of collaboration between the Soviet Union and China, each espousing a different "true communist" philosophy. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 and the economic depression of China that lasted over 50 years, added to the failure of other communist governments, led to a large-scale abandonment of communism as a political theory. Modern Examples As of 2015, China, Cuba, and North Korea are the most prominent of about a dozen communist countries (out of over 210 in the world). However, China has adopted basic capitalist practices to develop the world's fastest-growing and largest economy, Cuba has agreed to normalize relations with the U. S. (including economic development), and the "theocratic communism" of North Korea, where the Kim family is seen as god-like, may end as discussions for reunification with South Korea are in the works. No countries are currently operate under a fascist philosophy, but neo-fascists (or neo-Nazis) exist in many countries, including the U. S. Popular Communists and Fascists Noted supporters of communism in the U. S include singers Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, and Paul Robeson; activists Angela Davis and Bill Ayers; and noted spies Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs. Many people openly supported communism in the 1920s and 1930s. But the 1950s saw the rise of Senator Joe Mc Carthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), which launched hundreds of "investigations" in search of communist sympathizers. Although belief in communism is not a crime under U. S. law, and these activities ultimately found very little evidence of a communist conspiracy, a substantial number of people suffered irreparable harm to their reputations, such as those on the Hollywood blacklist . Some famous Americans and companies were involved with the fascist regimes of Europe, particularly Nazi Germany, although most later withdrew their open support. Among the best known were aviator Charles Lindbergh, newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, industrialist Henry Ford, and Joseph Kennedy (father of John F. and Ted Kennedy), . Communism and Fascism in Capitalistic Systems Many people consider capitalism, communism, and fascism to be entirely separate systems, but there are shared elements. In capitalist systems, the presence of "public domain" works, to be shared by all, follows a communist principle, as does a system of public education. Employee-owned companies follow a communist model in giving workers the same rights and privileges as owners. Lobbying is a fascist trait in capitalist systems, especially the U. S., for it allows, and even encourages, business wealth to influence legislation. This allows corporations to cement alliances with government power and supersede citizen's rights. An extension of this principle is seen in the Citizens United decision by the Supreme Court, which grants "free speech" rights to corporations. References Fascism - Encyclopædia Britannica Communism - Encyclopædia Britannica Fascism - Wikipedia Definitions of fascism - Wikipedia Communism - Wikipedia How Communism Works - How Stuff Works How Fascism Works - How Stuff Works Communism Definition - Dictionary.com Fascism Definition - Dictionary.com
Lodging or a holiday accommodation is a type of residential accommodation . People who travel and stay away from house for more than a day need lodging for sleep , rest , food , safety , shelter from cold temperatures or rain , storage of luggage and access to common household functions . Lodgings may be self-catering , in which case no food is provided , but cooking facilities are available . Lodging is done in a hotel , motel , hostel or hostal , a private home -LRB- commercial , i.e. a bed and breakfast , a guest house , a vacation rental , or non-commercially , with members of hospitality services or in the home of friends -RRB- , in a tent , caravan/camper -LRB- often on a campsite -RRB- .
The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.
War of the Worlds (2005 film) War of the Worlds was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Visual Effects (Pablo Helman), Sound Mixing (Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins), and Sound Editing, losing all to King Kong.[62] The film was nominated for six Saturn Awards,[63] and won Best Performance by a Younger Actor (Dakota Fanning).[64] The film won a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects & Foley,[65] a World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack,[66] and three VES Awards for its special effects,[67] and was nominated for three Empire Awards, three Satellite Awards, and an MTV Movie Award.
Can You Get A Tax Deduction For Work-Related Driving? Can You Get A Tax Deduction For Work-Related Driving? Tara Baukus Mello @shedrives November 7, 2014 in Auto Dear Driving for Dollars, I work in construction and got laid off during the recession. Now I’m back to work, and the new company I’m working for requires me to drive my car to various job sites. The company said I can deduct the mileage on my taxes since they don’t reimburse me for it. For my old job, I drove to the construction office and then took a work car to the job site, so this is very different from what I’m used to. Can I really deduct my mileage on my taxes? — Bernie Review car loan rates at Bankrate.com. Dear Bernie,You’ll need to speak with a tax preparer or accountant about the specifics of your situation, but the short answer is that yes, you probably can get a tax deduction for the miles you drive in your car to different construction sites. According to Jeff Schnepper, author of “How to Pay Zero Taxes,” the IRS code allows mileage deduction for driving from home to any location where you perform work on an “irregular or short-term” basis. So if the job sites you are reporting to vary from day to day or even week to week, you should be able to deduct your mileage at the standard mileage rates. Even longer-term projects that last months may be deductible, provided you can show that the location was not presented as your place of employment. If, however, your job specifies that you are to report to certain locations on a regular basis, then the mileage would be considered regular commuting expenses that are nondeductible. Mileage expenses fall under the category of miscellaneous itemized deductions on your taxes. Per IRS rules, you can only claim the amount of expenses that is more than 2 percent of your adjusted gross income. So if you earn $40,000 a year, you could deduct any mileage expenses of more than $800 annually. To help calculate your deduction, read the 2014 mileage rate schedule. Get more news, money-saving tips and expert advice by signing up for a free Bankrate newsletter. Ask the adviser If you have a car question, email it to us at Driving for Dollars. Read more Driving for Dollars columns and Bankrate auto stories. Follow her on Facebook here or on Twitter @She Drives. Bankrate’s content, including the guidance of its advice-and-expert columns and this website, is intended only to assist you with financial decisions. The content is broad in scope and does not consider your personal financial situation. Bankrate recommends that you seek the advice of advisers who are fully aware of your individual circumstances before making any final decisions or implementing any financial strategy. Please remember that your use of this website is governed by Bankrate’s Terms of Use. Related Links: The 5 most reliable car companies Can I wash a dirty car without water? Rating hands-free calling in today’s cars Related Articles:7 safe used cars for teens Top new rides for 2015Auto loan rates More On Cars: Compare car loan rates Auto calculator Tax benefits for donating your vehicle You may also like6 most dependable SUVs Top 10 check-engine light car repairs Pros & cons of taking over lease payments9 steps to getting a car loan with bad credit5 dumb car leasing mistakes to avoid7 best muscle cars of all time Related Articles When to refinance your car loan9 most reliable cars that rarely need a mechanic5 dumb car leasing mistakes to avoid7 best muscle cars of all time7 best cars for teenagers
The 1998 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 69th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League -LRB- AL -RRB- and National League -LRB- NL -RRB- , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 7 , 1998 , at Coors Field in Denver , Colorado , the home of the Colorado Rockies of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 13-8 . It was -LRB- and remains -RRB- the highest-scoring All-Star Game in MLB history . The pregame ceremony honored the United States Air Force Academy who provided the five-man color guard , flag presentations , and , at the end of country music singer Faith Hill 's performance of the U.S. National Anthem , the flyover ceremonies . Hill 's National Anthem performance was preceded by actress Gloria Reuben 's performance of The Canadian National Anthem . Twelve-year-old Elias Kurts was given the honor of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch , the first `` non-celebrity '' so honored .
Sérgio Santos Mendes (] ; born February 11, 1941) is a Brazilian musician. He has over 55 releases, and plays bossa nova heavily crossed with jazz and funk. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2012 as co-writer of the song "Real in Rio" from the animated film "Rio".
List Of Actors That Have Played Superman List Of Actors That Have Played Superman22 Oct, 2012 list 1Superman is a well-know fictional character that originated from comic books, but is now also seen in movies, television shows and video games. The character was created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932. Superman is widely regarded as an American cultural icon. His iconic red and blue suit and alter ego Clark Kent are recognized worldwide. Due to Superman’s popularity and fame many actors have played the legendary superhero in television series and movies. Below is a list of actors that have played Superman. Henry Cavill is set to be the most recent incarnation of this popular super hero having landed the role of Superman in the upcoming movie Man of Steel set to open in 2013. Brandon Routh played Superman in the 2006 movie Superman Returns. Stephen Bender starred in the same movie as the young Clark Kent. Tom Welling played a teenaged Clark Kent/ Superman in the long running television series Smallville which ran from 2001 to 2011. Dean Cain played the famous superhero from 1993 to 1997 in the television series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. Ron Ely had the privilege of being cast in the role of Superboy in a two part episode of the TV show Superboy in 1991. The first Television series of Superboy, titled The Adventures of Superboy aired in 1961 with actor Johnny Rockwell playing superboy. The subsequent television series Superboy ran from 1988 until 1992. Two separate actors played Superboy on that series during that time. John Haymes Newton starred in the show from 1988-1989. After Newton, Gerard Christopher took on the role and continued until 1992. Christopher Reeves is perhaps the most well known actor to play the character of Superman. This is due to the fact that he was casted as Superman in four movies Superman (1978), Superman II (1980), Superman III (1983), Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987). Jeff East starred as a young Clark Kent in the movie Superman. David Wilson was the star of the Television special it’s A Bird, It’s A Plane, It’s Superman TV special in 1975. The movie Superman and the Mole Men played in cinemas in 1951 with George Reeves as the super hero. He later took on the role again in the television series Adventures of Superman from 1952 until 1958. In the same television series Joel Nestler played the teenage aged version of Clark Kent. Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) were the first television series made starring the comic book character Superman. Kirk Alyn played the super hero in both these productions. Various voice actors have played the role of Superman in animated series. The first to do this was Bud Collyer. He was the voice of Superman on the original 1940’s radio program. He was also the voice of Superman in the first animated TV series from 1941 to 1943. Other actors who played the voice of superman include: Mark Harmon – The voice of Superman of in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Tim Daly – The voice of Superman/Clark Kent in Superman: the Animated Series George Newbern – The voices of Superman from the Justice League and Justice League Unlimited animated series James Denton – Voice of Superman in All Star Superman animated movie Danny Dark – Voice of Superman for twelve years, from 1973 to 1985, in each of the various incarnations of Hanna-Barbera’s animated series Super Friends. Related Articles Actors Who Have Played Batman Actors Who Have Played James Bond
London -LSB- ˈlʌndən -RSB- is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12 sqmi medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , See also : Independent city § National capitals . governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation , which administers the City of London . London is a leading global city in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism , and transportation . It is crowned as the world 's largest financial centre and has the fifth - or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world.Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared , exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output . London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth-largest city GDP in the world . A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$ 751.8 billion in 2010 , compared to US$ 764.2 billion for Paris , making them respectively the sixth - and fifth-largest in the world . A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$ 565 billion in 2008 , compared to US$ 564 billion for Paris , making them respectively the fifth - and sixth-largest in the world . The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris , whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris . London is a world cultural capital . It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London is the world 's leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city . London 's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . In 2012 , London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times . London has a diverse range of people and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region . Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population -LRB- corresponding to Greater London -RRB- was 8,673,713 , the largest of any city in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 % of the UK population . London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census . The city 's metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants , while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region -LRB- covering a large part of the south east -RRB- as 22.7 million . London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 . London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich -LRB- in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT -RRB- . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard . London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events , and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and West End theatres . The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world .
Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."
Star Wars: The Last Jedi The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 7th-highest-ever grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time. It is also the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise, and turned a net profit of over $417 million. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[11]
Needs 5 more rushing touchdowns this season to break Moe Williamsâ Kentucky record of 17 rushing touchdowns in the 1995 season. Needs just 2 more rushing touchdown to break Moe Williamsâ and Sonny Collinsâ record for most career rushing touchdowns (26) at Kentucky. Snellâs 1,988 rushing yards have him ninth on the Kentucky career rushing leaders list.
Avatar -LRB- marketed as James Cameron 's Avatar -RRB- is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed , written , produced , and co-edited by James Cameron , and starring Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . The film is set in the mid-22nd century , when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system , in order to mine the mineral unobtanium , a room-temperature superconductor . The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na ` vi -- a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora . The film 's title refers to a genetically engineered Na ` vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora . Development of Avatar began in 1994 , when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film . Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron 's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999 , but according to Cameron , the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film . Work on the language of the film 's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005 , and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006 . Avatar was officially budgeted at $ 237 million . Other estimates put the cost between $ 280 million and $ 310 million for production and at $ 150 million for promotion . The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques , and was released for traditional viewing , 3D viewing -LRB- using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats -RRB- , and for `` 4D '' experiences in select South Korean theaters . The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology . Avatar premiered in London on , 2009 , and was internationally released on and in the United States and Canada on , to positive critical reviews , with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects . During its theatrical run , the film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film of all time , as well as in the United States and Canada , surpassing Titanic , which had held those records for twelve years -LRB- and was also directed by Cameron -RRB- . It also became the first film to gross more than and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects . Following the film 's success , Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels , making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy . On April 14 , 2016 , Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels . Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed , with the sequels following in December 2020 , 2022 , and 2023 , respectively . The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020 , 2021 , 2024 and 2025 .
How Much Do You Have to Earn to File Taxes? Business & Finance Taxes Income Tax Q: How Much Do You Have to Earn to File Taxes? A: Quick Answer How much someone has to earn before being required to file a federal tax return depends on age and filing status, according to the IRS. For most taxpayers with a single filing status under 65 at the end of 2014, gross income must be at least $10,150. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Information Is Required to Check the Staus of a Federal Tax Refund? How Can You Calculate Which IRS Tax Bracket You Are In? How Do You Use an Income Tax Return Calculator? Full Answer For individuals over 65 at the end of 2014 and with a single filing status, gross income must be at least $11,700 to be required to file, notes the IRS. For head of household filing status, gross income must be at least $13,050 if under 65 and $14,600 over 65. If married and filing jointly, the limits on gross income are higher than if single. There are special rules for dependents having to file a federal tax return; these rules are detailed in Publication 501, which the IRS provides. Learn more about Income Tax Sources: irs.gov Related Questions Q: Can I Claim Single on My Taxes If I Am Married? A: According to Turbo Tax, if the taxpayer is single and never married or legally separated, the filing status of single can be claimed on the tax return. If ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Income Tax Q: What Percentage of Taxes Are Taken Out of Your Paycheck? A: The percentage of taxes taken out a paycheck depends heavily on the employee's federal, state and local tax brackets for income and filing status, as well ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Income Tax Q: How Do You Calculate Your Taxes Using Georgia Taxable Income Tables? A: To use the Georgia income tax tables to calculate your taxes, look up the bracket your Georgia taxable income falls under, and locate your tax amount under... Full Answer >Filed Under: Income Tax Q: How Much Money Can You Make Without Filing Taxes? A: According to efile.com, the amount of money a person can make without filing taxes depends on filing status and age. Dependents have a lower tax filing thr... Full Answer >Filed Under: Income Tax You May Also Like Q: Are Social Security Survivors' Benefits Taxable? Q: How Do You File Taxes for Heavy Highway Vehicle Use? Q: What Is an Alternative Minimum Tax? Q: How Do IRS Tax Tables Work? Q: Why Does the IRS Have More Than One Telephone Number? Q: What Is a Tax Identification Number?
ERA: In the States In the States In the States The ERA in the States The Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress on March 22, 1972 and sent to the states for ratification by both houses of their state legislatures. A proposed amendment becomes part of the Constitution when approved by three-fourths (38) of the 50 states. During the next five years, 35 states approved the amendment. By the Congressionally imposed deadline of June 30, 1982, however, no additional states had voted yes, and the ERA fell three states short of ratification. The 15 states that have not yet ratified the Equal Rights Amendment are Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, and Virginia. Beginning in 1995, after formulation of the " three-state strategy " for ERA ratification, ERA bills have been introduced in one or more legislative sessions in nine of the unratified states (Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma, and Virginia). The Illinois House, but not the Senate, passed an ERA ratification bill in 2003. In 2011, 2012, and 2014, the Virginia Senate passed a resolution ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment, but the House of Delegates did not release the companion bill from committee for a full vote on the House floor. Reports from the Grassroots ERA advocates in the majority of the 15 unratified states and a number of the 35 ratified states have continued to educate and organize politically to put the Equal Rights Amendment into the Constitution. Continuing updates are provided here to inform policymakers and the public about political activity that is currently happening with the Equal Rights Amendment at the state level. Click on the name of a state to to see what's going on there with the ERA. Unratified States [Further information: Diana Egozcue, VA NOW President, dclj@comcast.net ] Virginia Senate passes Equal Rights Amendment Augusta Free Press January 26, 2016 The Equal Rights Amendment cleared the floor of the Virginia Senate for the fifth time in six years. SJ 1 , sponsored by Senator Scott Surovell (D-Fairfax), passed 21-19 on Tuesday on a near-party-line vote with most Senate Republicans opposed. Speaking to the bill on the Senate floor, Senator Surovell said, “Virginia is one of 22 states that currently has gender equality in our Constitution. Section 11, Article 1 of the Constitution of Virginia currently says that ‘all people have the right to be free from government discrimination on the basis of religious conviction, race, color, sex, or national origin.’ So equal rights have been codified in our Constitution since 1971. This is something that isn’t new to Virginia. It is a Virginia value.” After the vote, Senator Mamie Locke (D-Hampton) said, “This is something that we have been fighting to advance for decades. True gender equality is not going to be achieved until we amend the U.S. Constitution, and the only way to amend the U.S. Constitution is to ratify the ERA at the state level. We are moving in the right direction. I implore my colleagues in the House to now take this up and do the right thing.” Senator Barbara Favola (D-Arlington) said, “Gender equality has been in the Virginia Constitution for 40 years, but the same cannot be said at the federal level. Various sitting Supreme Court Justices have in fact maintained that equal treatment on the basis of gender is not included in the Fourteenth Amendment. This is something that is long overdue in Virginia and nationwide.” The Virginia Senate has repeatedly moved to ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment, approving SJ 216 in 2015, SJ 78 in 2014, SJ 130 in 2012 and SJ 537 in 2011. Each of these proposals died in the House. Gov. McAuliffe rallies at Capitol alongside women’s rights activists to ratify Equal Rights Amendment Words and photos by Amy David RVA Magazine (rvamag.com) February 16, 2016 Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe joined a very lively, large crowd of women and a few men Tues
Jeepers Creepers (2001 film) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Jeepers Creepers Theatrical release poster Directed by Victor Salva Produced by Tom Luse Barry Opper Written by Victor Salva Starring Gina Philips Justin Long Jonathan Breck Eileen Brennan Music by Bennett Salvay Cinematography Don E. Faunt Le Roy Edited by Ed Marx Production company American Zoetrope [1]Distributed by United Artists Release date August 31, 2001Running time 91 minutes [2]Country United States [1]Germany [1]Language English Budget $10 million [3]Box office $59.2 million [3]Jeepers Creepers is a 2001 American-German horror film written and directed by Victor Salva. The film takes its name from the 1938 song " Jeepers Creepers ", which is featured in the film. Francis Ford Coppola executive produced, and the film stars Gina Philips, Justin Long, Jonathan Breck, and Eileen Brennan. Philips and Long play two older siblings who become the targets of a demonic creature (Breck) in rural Florida. Contents [ hide ]1 Plot2 Cast3 Production4 Reception4.1 Box office4.2 Awards5 Sequels6 See also7 References8 External links Plot [ edit]Trish Jenner and her brother Darry are traveling home from college for spring break. As they drive through the Florida countryside, an old rusty truck tries to run them off the road. The vehicle eventually passes them, and they later see the same truck parked next to an abandoned church with a man sliding what appears to be bodies wrapped in blood-stained sheets into a large pipe sticking out of the ground. The man notices Trish and Darry watching him and attempts to run them off the road a second time. After escaping, Darry convinces Trish to go back to the church and investigate. At the church, Darry hears noises coming from within the pipe and crawls inside with Trish holding on to his feet, but ends up falling in. At the bottom, he finds a dying man with stitches running down his stomach, and hundreds of other bodies sewn to the basements walls and ceiling. After Darry escapes, the two flee the scene and attempt to contact the police at a diner. At the diner, they are phoned by a strange woman who warns them that they are in danger. Confused and frightened, they ignore her warning. Later, Trish and Darry leave, with two police officers providing a security escort. As they travel, the police learn that the church has caught fire, and any evidence of bodies has been destroyed. The police are then attacked and killed by the mysterious driver, who loads their bodies into his truck. Trish and Darry stop at a reclusive old woman's house, and beg her to call the police. The woman complies until she notices the driver hiding in her yard. She attempts to kill him, but the driver kills her and reveals his inhuman face to Trish and Darry, before pursuing them once again. Trish runs the driver over with her car, but they are horrified to see a giant wing tear through his trench coat and flap in the air. They drive to the local police station, where they are approached by psychic Jezelle Gay Hartman. She reveals herself as the woman who called them at the diner and tells them the true nature of their pursuer: It is an ancient creature, known as "the Creeper", which awakens every twenty-third spring for twenty-three days to feast on human body parts, which then form parts of its own body. She also tells them that it seeks out its victims through fear, and, by smelling the fear from Trish and Darry, it has found something it likes, but she does not know what. The wounded Creeper arrives and attacks the police station. After cutting off the power, it gains entrance to the cells and eats prisoners to heal. The Creeper is swarmed by police but kills a number of them and evades capture. Trapped, Jezelle warns Trish and Darry that one of them will die a horrible death. Darry demands to know who, and Jezelle looks at Trish. The Creeper finds them, but spares Jezelle as she does not have anything it wants. The Creeper corners Trish and Darry in an upstairs interrogation room, and after sniffing and tasting them, the Creeper throws Trish aside and chooses Darry. Trish offers her life for her brother's, but the Creeper escapes out of the window and flies away with Darry. The next day, Trish is picked up by her parents, and Jezelle returns home in regret. In the Creeper's new hideout, an abandoned factory, it is revealed that the Creeper has removed the back of Darry's head and taken his eyes. Cast [ edit]Gina Philips as Patricia "Trish" Jenner Justin Long as Darius "Darry" Jenner Jonathan Breck as the Creeper / Bald Cop Patricia Belcher as Jezelle Gay Hartman Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs Eileen Brennan as the Cat Lady Jon Beshara as Trooper Robert Gideon Avis-Marie Barnes as Trooper Natasha Weston Tom Tarantini as Roach Production [ edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)Jeepers Creepers was filmed in Dunnellon, Florida in the summer of 2000. [4]Reception [ edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 45% of 108 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.1/10. The sites consensus reads: " Jeepers Creepers has a promising start. Unfortunately, the tension and suspense quickly deflates into genre cliches as the movie goes on." [5] Metacritic rated it 49/100. [6] Scott Foundas of Variety wrote that it is "the most conventional and least imaginative of the recent crop of high-class fright movies". [7] Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it "a cannier-than-average teen horror movie" that "disintegrates into a shoot-by-numbers monster hunt". [8] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has the scariest opening sequence of any horror picture in recent memory" but becomes an "amusing horror-comedy, spooky and jolting but too literally preposterous to regain its initial aura of suspense." [9] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the film starts off well but quickly degenerates into cliche. [10]Audiences polled by Cinema Score gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale. [11]Box office [ edit]Jeepers Creepers opened in 2,944 theaters and took in a US gross of $37.9 million; it later made $21.3 million internationally, making a total of $59.2 million worldwide. [3]It broke the record for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four-day gross, holding the record until the 2003 release of its sequel, Jeepers Creepers 2. [12] After the 2015 Labor Day weekend, Jeepers Creepers holds the #7 spot and the #5 spot goes to its sequel. [12] Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day, Jeepers Creepers holds the #16 spot for the Labor Day four-day weekend, with the #9 spot going to Jeepers Creepers 2. [13]Awards [ edit]Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Horror Film Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Young Actor: Justin Long Nominated: International Horror Guild Award – Best Movie [14]Nominated: 34th Sitges Film Festival - Best Film [15]Sequels [ edit]In 2003, a sequel was released, Jeepers Creepers 2. Events in the second film take place four days after the first film. The Creeper and Darry are the only characters to appear in both films, although they are not the only actors to appear in both films. In the first film, actor Tom Tarantini appears as the minor character "Austin Mc Coy" AKA "Roach" who is a car thief and regular in the Poho County jail. In the second film, he portrays "Coach Dwayne Barnes". On September 11, 2015, Jeepers Creepers 3 was officially greenlit., [16] with a planned 2017 release. [17] Victor Salva returns as director, Jonathan Breck returns as "the Creeper", [16] and Gina Philips returns as "Trish Jenner", her first screen role in five years. [17] Production was halted in 2016 until it resumed in February 2017, [18] and completed in April. The film opened for what was said would be only a one-night showing on September 26, 2017; it was then shown again October 4 and it was announced that it would air on the Sy Fy channel on October 28, with a Blu-ray /digital release on December 28, 2017. [19]See also [ edit]Jersey Devil Spring-Heeled Jack, a supernatural creature said to prowl Victorian England, from which the 'Creeper' in the film draws inspiration. [20]References [ edit]^ a b c "Jeepers Creepers". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved September 2, 2017.^ " JEEPERS CREEPERS (15)". British Board of Film Classification. June 26, 2001. Retrieved February 21, 2015.^ a b c Jeepers Creepers (2001). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-10-24.^ http://pohocounty.blogspot.com/2010/07/creeper-still-circles-his-3rd-and.html^ "Jeepers Creepers (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ "Jeepers Creepers". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ Foundas, Scott (2001-08-26). "Review: 'Jeepers Creepers ' ". Variety. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ Holden, Stephen (2001-08-31). "Jeepers Creepers (2001)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ Thomas, Kevin (2001-08-31). "Clever 'Jeepers Creepers' Pushes Too Far". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ Bradshaw, Peter (2001-10-18). "Jeepers Creepers". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-07-25.^ "Cinema Score". cinemascore.com.^ a b All Time Labor Day Weekend - Opening. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2016-05-25.^ All Time Labor Weekend - All Movies. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2016-05-25.^ "2001 International Horror Guild Awards". Horror Award.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-27.^ "Fantàstic Official Selection". Sitges Film Festival. Retrieved 2016-05-27.^ a b Mc Nary, Dave (2015-09-11). " ' Jeepers Creepers 3' in the Works From Producer Francis Ford Coppola". Variety. Retrieved 2016-08-25.^ a b Orange, B. Alan (2016-03-22). "Jeepers Creepers 3 Shooting Next Month, Gina Philips to Return as Trish?". Movie Web. Retrieved 2016-05-25.^ http://movieweb.com/jeepers-creepers-3-2017-production-start-date-victor-salva/^ http://movieweb.com/jeepers-creepers-3-2017-production-start-date-victor-salva/^ Mentioned in the directors commentary audio track, in the Jeepers Creepers DVDExternal links [ edit]Official website Jeepers Creepers on IMDb Jeepers Creepers at Box Office Mojo Jeepers Creepers at Rotten Tomatoes Preceded by American Pie 2Box office number-one films of 2001 (U. S.) September 2 Succeeded by The Musketeer [ show]v t e Jeepers Creepers [ show]v t e Films directed by Victor Salva
Greenland Greenland is the world's largest non-continental island[66] and the third largest country in North America.[67] It is between latitudes 59째 and 83째N, and longitudes 11째 and 74째W. The Atlantic Ocean borders Greenland's southeast; the Greenland Sea is to the east; the Arctic Ocean is to the north; and Baffin Bay is to the west. The nearest countries are Canada, to the west and southwest across Baffin Bay, and Iceland, east of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean. Greenland also contains the world's largest national park, and it is the largest dependent territory by area in the world, as well as the fourth largest country subdivision in the world, after Sakha Republic in Russia, Australia's state of Western Australia, and Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai, and the largest in North America.
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:
"Neonics" are insecticidal chemicals that will kill pretty much any insect including bees. The problem is with application. No one is spraying bees with insecticide (maybe some peoole are idk) but their use leaves large residual ammounts in the environment which eventually get back to the bees since they tend to get around. Neonics are used to protect crops from crop pests but guess who is pollinating thise same crops? Its the bees. So even without targeting bees with insecticides they still get adequate contact and dosage to have an effect on their health. Source: Im an entomology grad student that works on how to kill social insects (ants).
About 80 percent of students in the United States end up changing their major at least once, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. On average, college students change their major at least three times over the course of their college career. According to the UTEP Center for Institutional Evaluation, Research and Planning (CIERP), between the fall 2011 and spring 2012 semesters, 14.4 percent of UTEP undergraduate students changed majors.
Add to this record. Joseph Lawson 37th Reserve MT Royal Army Service Corps My name is Joseph Lawson. I enlisted in 1940, although I wanted to join RAF, when I told the recruiting Officer I could drive, there was only one place for me: as a driver with the RASC. After basic training, I joined the 37th Reserve MT and was sent off to North Africa to join the Middle Eastern Expeditionary Force, later to be known as the 8th Army. During my time in the Desert, I was attached to many different Regiments and Divisions: 4th Indians, New Zealand, British 10 Corps. After El Alamein, I then joined up with 1st Army for the Italian campaign, landing at Salerno, near Naples. And in Italy I stayed until 1945, eventually being de-mobbed in 1946, six years after saying goodbye to my family and friends. I am proud to say that I was a D Day Dodger! It would make me very happy to make contact with anyone who also got their "knees brown" and possibly swap some stories of leave in the Cairo souks, Alex, or Rome. In Winston's words: "Hello My Dear Desert Rat" Joseph Lawson Add to this record. Gordon Henry Rout RASC 8th Army I am trying to trace anyone who may have have known my great uncle Gordon Rout. He served in the RASC in East Africa and then in Italy. He was attached to the Eighth Army. I have recently discovered a diary he appears to written after the war in which he recounts his experiences from setting off up the Clyde in May 1942, to arriving in Egypt 9 weeks later. I would be interested to hear from anyone who has information about him as all I have are his diary, some photos and his medals which although give a good picture of the war and his experiences, I would like to know more about what he was like as a person. Catherine Starling Add to this record. Albert Stanley Dale Nottingham Regiment My father Albert Stanley Dale, who sadly is no longer with us, served in the Rats of Tobruk, Nottingham Regiment. Dad never had any photographs so I am looking for any information or photographs. All I know is that Dad served with Johnny Player who I think died. Penny Dale Add to this record. Sgt. Robert Heaton MID. Royal Artillery My Father, Robert Heaton, was in the RASC and served with the BEF in Europe and later with the Eighth Army in the Middle East (and I think in Italy) after the war he was with BAOR in Germany. I think he may have transferred regiments, as his service medals are in a box which has RA (presumably Royal Artillery) on the back. When he was first in the Army he had the prefix T before his number, by the time of his discharge the prefix was S. I think that he was a driver at first but later was a despatch rider. He has the France and Germany Star, 1939-1945 Star, Italy Star, Defence Medal and an oak leaf on a ribbon with a narrow red stripe in the centre with a narrow white stripe, then a blue, then a red on either side. I don't know if there should be a medal to go with that. I have a birthday card which he sent me with T 50124 Dvr R Heaton, H Q 5th Div, BEF on the back. I know that he was at Dunkirk and that he was home more than once on embarkation leave (he seemed to get sent back to Fulwood Barracks Preston before embarkation). Quite often I was allowed to sew new insignia on his uniform and I was very proud whenever he added a stripe, he also let me clean his buttons - as I was very young I wonder now if he got into trouble for things not done correctly but I know that he would think it worth it for the love that went into those tasks. I would love to know his full record, particularly why he was mentioned in despatches (he always said that it was for getting the General's beer through, but didn't say which General although I know that Monty was his great hero) NOTE: The medal ribbon described is for the War Medal and there should be a medal to accompany it, it is a circular medal with the kings head on the front and a lion and the date 1939-1945 on the reverse. Barbara Radway Add to this record. Cpl. Kenneth Aubrey "Scottie" Wilkins Royal Signals I am trying to put together my late fathers war history
Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad The break-up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[44] Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a "puppet ruler" depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne.[44] Siraj-ud-Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle.[44] He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished.[38][39][52]
Stanley Tucci -LRB- -LSB- ˈtuːtʃi -RSB- -LSB- ˈtuttʃi -RSB- ; born November 11 , 1960 -RRB- is an American character actor , writer , producer and film director . Tucci was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Lovely Bones -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . He won two Emmy Awards for his performances in Winchell and Monk . He was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children , for The One and Only Shrek ! .
U.S. Growers Say China's Grip on Garlic Stinks : NPR U.S. Growers Say China's Grip on Garlic Stinks Embed Embed U.S. Growers Say China's Grip on Garlic Stinks U.S. Growers Say China's Grip on Garlic Stinks Embed Embed Bill Christopher's family has been growing and packing garlic in and around Gilroy, Calif., for more than 50 years. The local industry is now challenged by cheaper imported garlic from China. Scott Horsley, NPR hide caption toggle caption Scott Horsley, NPR Mechanization has helped California garlic producers cut their labor costs. But California garlic still costs about twice as much as garlic imported from China. Scott Horsley, NPR hide caption toggle caption Scott Horsley, NPR Lindsay Mangum, NPR Chef Bernard Guillas says California-grown garlic packs more flavor than garlic imported from China. Scott Horsley, NPR hide caption toggle caption Scott Horsley, NPR With more than a billion mouths of its own to feed, China has not been a major exporter of human food to the U.S. But one item in the grocery store that is likely to come from China is garlic. That's worrisome to the California town that has become synonymous with the pungent plant. Garlic Central Gilroy, Calif., bills itself as the nation's garlic capital and hosts an annual Garlic Festival during the last week of July. Both Gilroy and garlic have come a long way since the festival began almost 30 years ago. "It was hard to have repeat dates, because you smelled like the garlic," says past festival president Gene Saakahara, who worked in a garlic plant as a college student. "We've come from the stinking rose to now a world-famous festival." This year's party features a Garlic Idol singing contest. (The prize is 1,000 gallons of gasoline.) And there's an Iron Chef-style cook off, dubbed the "Garlic Showdown." The real showdown facing the Gilroy industry, though, is with garlic growers across the ocean. Imports of cheap Chinese garlic have surged in recent years, and Americans have snapped it up to fill their growing garlic appetite. Last year, for the first time, garlic imported from China outsold garlic grown in California. Article continues after sponsorship 'Tsunami' of Chinese Garlic "This is, in essence, the second tidal wave — the real tsunami of Chinese garlic," says trade lawyer Michael Coursey, who represents California growers. The first wave came in the early 1990s, when China was found to be dumping garlic on U.S. docks below cost. China was slapped with a hefty tariff, which kept the garlic at bay for a few years. But since 2001, imports of Chinese garlic have multiplied 15-fold, while California production has shrunk. Coursey thinks garlic is just the beginning. "It isn't Airbus," Coursey says. "However, it's a paradigm of what's going to happen in agricultural trade from China in seemingly more important products, if something isn't done." Since Chinese imports first appeared in the United States, California's biggest garlic packer, Christopher Ranch, has looked for ways to cut its own costs. Garlic bulbs that used to be packed by hand are now weighed on a computer scale and sorted automatically into cartons. Sizes range from "Giant" to "Super Colossal." In a nearby shed, garlic bulbs are broken into cloves and peeled with a blast of compressed air. Customers seem to like the convenience. Peeled garlic has become the biggest seller for Christopher Ranch. And because the bulbs for processed garlic don't have to look good, they can be harvested by machine, which saves about 10 cents a pound. That's still not cheap enough to compete with Chinese garlic, which wholesales for about half the price. "They can peel garlic cheaper by hand than we can here with machines," says Managing Partner Bill Christopher. Fighting Back by Selling Safety California garlic producers continue to fight Chinese imports with tarriffs. But they are also hoping that newfound concern over tainted Chinese imports will encourage more consumers to buy American. "Between the toothpaste and the dog food and the children's toys, safety and food safety is no
An average refrigerator is made to last at least 12-14 years. Depending on the way you maintain your refrigerator, it can even run up to 17 years or more. When you care for your appliances, it shows. Regular maintenance can prolong the lifespan of your refrigerator as well as help to keep the electricity bills down.
Statute of Anne From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about copyright law. For the legislation on diplomatic immunity, see Diplomatic Privileges Act 1708. Statute of Anne Parliament of Great Britain Long title An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned. Citation 8 Ann. c. 21 or 8 Ann. c. 19 [1]Introduced by Edward Wortley Territorial extent England and Wales, Scotland, later Ireland Dates Royal assent 5 April 1710Commencement 10 April 1710Repealed 1 July 1842Other legislation Repealed by Copyright Act 1842Relates to Licensing of the Press Act 1662Status: Repealed The Statute of Anne, also known as the Copyright Act 1710 (cited either as 8 Ann. c. 21 or as 8 Ann. c. 19), [1] is an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1710, which was the first statute to provide for copyright regulated by the government and courts, rather than by private parties. Prior to the statute's enactment in 1710, copying restrictions were authorized by the Licensing of the Press Act 1662. These restrictions were enforced by the Stationers' Company, a guild of printers given the exclusive power to print—and the responsibility to censor—literary works. The censorship administered under the Licensing Act led to public protest; as the act had to be renewed at two-year intervals, authors and others sought to prevent its reauthorisation. [2] In 1694, Parliament refused to renew the Licensing Act, ending the Stationers' monopoly and press restrictions. [3]Over the next 10 years the Stationers repeatedly advocated bills to re-authorize the old licensing system, but Parliament declined to enact them. Faced with this failure, the Stationers decided to emphasise the benefits of licensing to authors rather than publishers, and the Stationers succeeded in getting Parliament to consider a new bill. This bill, which after substantial amendments was granted Royal Assent on 5 April 1710, became known as the Statute of Anne due to its passage during the reign of Queen Anne. The new law prescribed a copyright term of 14 years, with a provision for renewal for a similar term, during which only the author and the printers to whom they chose to license their works could publish the author's creations. [4] Following this, the work's copyright would expire, with the material falling into the public domain. Despite a period of instability known as the Battle of the Booksellers when the initial copyright terms under the Statute began to expire, the Statute of Anne remained in force until the Copyright Act 1842 replaced it. The statute is considered a "watershed event in Anglo-American copyright history ... transforming what had been the publishers' private law copyright into a public law grant". [5] Under the statute, copyright was for the first time vested in authors rather than publishers; it also included provisions for the public interest, such as a legal deposit scheme. The Statute was an influence on copyright law in several other nations, including the United States, and even in the 21st century is "frequently invoked by modern judges and academics as embodying the utilitarian underpinnings of copyright law". [6]Contents [ hide ]1 Background1.1 Stationers' Company1.2 Lapse of the Licensing Act1.3 Attempts at replacement2 Act2.1 Passage2.2 Text3 Aftermath3.1 Impact3.2 Battle of the Booksellers3.3 Expansion and repeal3.4 Significance4 See also5 References6 Bibliography7 External links Background [ edit]With the introduction of the printing press to England by William Caxton in 1476, [7] printed works became both more common and more economically important. As early as 1483, Richard III recognised the value of literary works by specifically exempting them from the government's protectionist legislation. [8] Over the next fifty years, the government moved further towards economic regulation, [9] abolishing the provision with the Printers and Binders Act 1534, which also banned the import of foreign works and empowered the Lord Chancellor to set maximum pricing for English books. [10] This was followed by increasing degrees of censorship. [11] A further proclamation of 1538, aiming to stop the spread of Lutheran doctrine, saw Henry VIII note that "sondry contentious and sinyster opiniones, have by wrong teachynge and naughtye bokes increaced and growen within this his realme of England", and declare that all authors and printers must allow the Privy Council or their agents to read and censor books before publication. [10]Stationers' Company [ edit]The Mark of the Stationers' Company, who held a monopoly on the right to copy from 1556 until 1695. This censorship peaked on 4 May 1557, when Mary I issued a royal warrant formally incorporating the Stationers' Company. The old method of censorship had been limited by the Second Statute of Repeal, and with Mary's increasing unpopularity the existing system was unable to cope with the number of critical works being printed. Instead, the royal warrant devolved this power to the Company. [12] This was done by decreeing that only the Company's publishers could print and distribute books. Their Wardens were given the power to enter any printing premises, destroy illegal works and imprison anyone found manufacturing them. [9] In this way the government "harnessed the self interest of the publishers to the yoke of royal incentive", guaranteeing that the Company would follow the rules due to the economic monopoly it gave their members. [13] With the abolition of the Star Chamber and Court of High Commission by the Long Parliament, the legal basis for this warrant was removed, but the Long Parliament chose to replace it with the Licensing Act 1662. [14] This provided that the Company would retain their original powers, and imposed additional restrictions on printing; King's Messengers were permitted to enter any home or business in search of illegal presses. The legislation required renewal every two years, and was regularly reapproved. [15]This was not "copyright" as is normally understood; although there was a monopoly on the right to copy, this was available to publishers, not authors, and did not exist by default; it only applied to books which had been accepted and published by the Company. [16] A member of the Company would register the book, and would then have a perpetual copyright over its printing, copying and publication, which could be leased, transferred to others or given to heirs upon the member's death. [17] The only exception to this was that, if a book was out of print for more than 6 months and the publisher ignored a warning to make it available, the copyright would be released and other publishers would be permitted to copy it. [18] Authors themselves were not particularly respected until the 18th century, and were not permitted to be members of the Company, playing no role in the development or use of its licences despite the Company's sovereign authority to decide what was published. [19] There is evidence that some authors were recognised by the Company itself to have the right to copy and the right to alter their works; these authors were uniformly the writers of uneconomical books who were underwriting their publication. [20]The Company's monopoly, censorship and failure to protect authors made the system highly unpopular; John Milton wrote Areopagitica as a result of his experiences with the Company, accusing Parliament of being deceived by "the fraud of some old patentees and monopolisers in the trade of bookselling". [21] He was not the first writer to criticise the system, with John Locke writing a formal memorandum to the MP Edward Clarke in 1693 while the Licensing Act was being renewed, complaining that the existing system restricted the free exchange of ideas and education while providing an unfair monopoly for Company members. [22] Academic Mark Rose attributes the efforts of Milton to promote the "bourgeois public sphere", along with the Glorious Revolution 's alterations to the political system and the rise of public coffee houses, as the source of growing public unhappiness with the system. [23] At the same time, this was a period in which clearly defined political parties were taking shape, and with the promise of regular elections, an environment where the public were of increasing importance to the political process. The result was a "developing public sphere [which] provided the context that enabled the collapse of traditional press controls". [2]Lapse of the Licensing Act [ edit]John Locke, whose close relationship with Edward Clarke led to the repeal of the Licensing Act. The result of this environment was the lapse of the Licensing Act. In November 1694, a committee was appointed by the Commons to see what laws were "lately expired and expiring [and] fit to be revived and continued". The Committee reported in January 1695, and suggested the renewal of the Licensing Act; this was included in the "Continuation Bill", but rejected by the House of Commons on 11 February. When it reached the House of Lords, the Lords re-included the Licensing Act, and returned the bill to the Commons. In response, a second committee was appointed - this one to produce a report indicating why the Commons disagreed with the inclusion of the Licensing Act, and chaired by Edward Clarke. This committee soon reported to the Commons, and Clarke was ordered to carry a message to the Lords requesting a conference over the Act. On 18 April 1695, Clarke met with representatives of the Lords, and they agreed to allow the Continuation Bill to pass without the renewal of the Licensing Act. [3] With this, "the Lords' decision heralded an end to a relationship that had developed throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries between the State and the Company of Stationers", [24] ending both nascent publishers' copyright and the existing system of censorship. [24]John Locke 's close relationship with Clarke, along with the respect he commanded, is seen by academics as what led to this decision. [24] Locke had spent the early 1690s campaigning against the statute, considering it "ridiculous" that the works of dead authors were held perpetually in copyright. [25] In letters to Clarke he wrote of the absurdity of the existing system, complaining primarily about the unfairness of it to authors, and " [t]he parallels between Locke's commentary and those reasons presented by the Commons to the Lords for refusing to renew the 1662 Act are striking". [26] He was assisted by a number of independent printers and booksellers, who opposed the monopolistic aspects of the Act, and introduced a petition in February 1693 that the Act prevented them from conducting their business. [25] The "developing public sphere", [2] along with the harm the existing system had caused to both major political parties, is also seen as a factor. [27]The failure to renew the Licensing Act led to confusion and both positive and negative outcomes; while the government no longer played a part in censoring publications, and the monopoly of the Company over printing was broken, there was uncertainty as to whether or not copyright was a binding legal concept without the legislation. [15] Economic chaos also resulted; with the Company now unable to enforce any monopoly, provincial towns began establishing printing presses, producing cheaper books than the London booksellers. The absence of the censorship provisions also opened Britain up as a market for internationally printed books, which were similarly cheaper than those British printers could produce. [28]Attempts at replacement [ edit]The rejection of the existing system was not done with universal approval, and there were ultimately twelve unsuccessful attempts to replace it. [29] The first was introduced to the House of Commons on 11 February 1695. A committee, again led by Clarke, was to write a "Bill for the Better Regulating of Printing and the Printing Presses". This bill was essentially a copy of the Licensing Act, but with a narrower jurisdiction; only books covering religion, history, the affairs of the state or the law would require official authorisation. [30] Four days after its introduction, the Stationers' held an emergency meeting to agree to petition the Commons - this was because the bill did not contain any reference to books as property, eliminating their monopoly on copying. Clarke also had issues with the provisions, and the debate went on until the end of the Parliamentary session, with the bill failing to pass. [31]With the end of the Parliamentary session came the first general election under the Triennial Act 1694, which required the Monarch to dissolve Parliament every 3 years, causing a general election. This led to the "golden age" of the English electorate, and allowed for the forming of two major political parties - the Whigs and Tories. At the same time, with the failure to renew the Licensing Act, a political press developed. While the Act had been in force only one official newspaper existed; the London Gazette, published by the government. After its demise, a string of newspapers sprang into being, including the Flying Post, the Evening Post and the Daily Courant. Newspapers had a strong bias towards particular parties, with the Courant and the Flying Post supporting the Whigs and the Evening Post in favour of the Tories, leading to politicians from both parties realising the importance of an efficient propaganda machine in influencing the electorate. [32] This added a new dimension to the Commons' decision to reject two new renewals of the Licensing Act in the new Parliamentary session. [27]Authors, as well as Stationers, then joined the demand for a new system of licensing. Jonathan Swift was a strong advocate for licensing, [33] and Daniel Defoe wrote on 8 November 1705 that with the absence of licensing, "One Man Studies Seven Year, to bring a finish'd Peice into the World, and a Pyrate Printer, Reprints his Copy immediately, and Sells it for a quarter of the Price ... these things call for an Act of Parliament". [34] Seeing this, the Company took the opportunity to experiment with a change to their approach and argument. Instead of lobbying because of the effect the absence of legislation was having on their trade, they lobbied on behalf of the authors, but seeking the same things. The first indication of this change in approach comes from the 1706 pamphlet by John How, a stationer, titled Reasons humbly Offer'd for a Bill for the Encouragement of Learning and the Improvement of Printing. This argued for a return to licensing, not with reference to the printers, but because without something to protect authors and guarantee them an income, "Learned men will be wholly discouraged from Propagating the most useful Parts of Knowledge and Literature". [35] Using these new tactics and the support of authors, the Company petitioned Parliament again in both 1707 and 1709 to introduce a bill providing for copyright. [33]Act [ edit]Passage [ edit]Although both bills failed, they led to media pressure that was exacerbated by both Defoe and How. Defoe's A Review, published on 3 December 1709 and demanding "a Law in the present Parliament ... for the Encouragement of Learning, Arts, and Industry, by securing the Property of Books to the Authors or Editors of them", [36] was followed by How's Some Thoughts on the Present State of Printing and Bookselling, which hoped that Parliament "might think fit to secure Property in Books by a Law". [36] This was followed by another review by Defoe on 6 December, in which he even went so far as to provide a draft text for the bill. [36] On 12 December, the Stationers submitted yet another petition asking for legislation on the issue, and the House of Commons gave three MPs – Spencer Compton, Craven Peyton and Edward Wortley – permission to form a drafting committee. On 11 January 1710, Wortley introduced this bill, titling it A Bill for the Encouragement of Learning and for Securing the Property of Copies of Books to the rightful Owners thereof. [37]The bill imposed fines on anyone who imported or traded in unlicensed or foreign books, required every book for which copyright protection was sought to be entered into the Stationers' Register, provided a legal deposit system centred around the King's Library, the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, but said nothing about limiting the term of copyright. It also specified that books were property; an emphasis on the idea that authors deserved copyright simply due to their efforts. [38] The Stationers were enthusiastic, urging Parliament to pass the bill, and it received its second reading on 9 February. A Committee of the Whole met to amend it on 21 February, with further alterations made when it was passed back to the House of Commons on 25 February. [39] Alterations during this period included minor changes, such as extending the legal deposit system to cover Sion College and the Faculty of Advocates, but also major ones, including the introduction of a limit on the length of time for which copyright would be granted. [40]Linguistic amendments were also included; the line in the preamble emphasising that authors possessed books as they would any other piece of property was dropped, and the bill moved from something designed "for Securing the Property of Copies of Books to the rightful Owners thereof" to a bill "for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies". [41] Another amendment allowed anyone to own and trade in copies of books, undermining the Stationers. [41] Other changes were made when the bill went to the House of Lords, and it was finally returned to the Commons on 5 April. The aims of the resulting statute are debated; Ronan Deazley suggests that the intent was to balance the rights of the author, publisher and public in such a way as to ensure the maximum dissemination of works, [42] while other academics argue that the bill was intended to protect the Company's monopoly or, conversely, to weaken it. Oren Bracha, writing in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal, says that when considering which of these options are correct, "the most probable answer [is] all of them". [43] Whatever the motivations, the bill was passed on 5 April 1710, and is commonly known simply as the Statute of Anne due its passage during the reign of Queen Anne. [44]Text [ edit]The Statute of Anne Consisting of 11 sections, the Statute of Anne is formally titled "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of Copies, during the Times therein mentioned". [45] The preamble for the Statute indicates the purpose of the legislation - to bring order to the book trade - saying: Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing, Reprinting, and Publishing, or causing to be Printed, Reprinted, and Published Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors or Proprietors of such Books and Writings, to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families: For Preventing therefore such Practices for the future, and for the Encouragement of Learned Men to Compose and Write useful Books; May it please Your Majesty, that it may be Enacted ... [46]The Statute then continued by stating the nature of copyright. The right granted was the right to copy; to have sole control over the printing and reprinting of books, with no provision to benefit the owner of this right after the sale. [47] This right, previously held by the Stationers' Company's members, would automatically be given to the author as soon as it was published, although they had the ability to license these rights to another person. The copyright could be gained through two stages; first, the registration of the book's publication with the Company, to prevent unintentional infringement, and second, the deposit of copies of the book at the Stationers' Company, the royal library and various universities. One restriction on copyright was a "cumbersome system" designed to prohibit unreasonably high prices for books, which limited how much authors could charge for copies. [48] There was also a prohibition on importing foreign works, with exceptions made for Latin and Greek classics. [41]Once registration had been completed and the deposits were made, the author was granted an exclusive right to control the copying of the book. Penalties for infringing this right were severe, with all infringing copies to be destroyed and large fines to be paid to both the copyright holder and the government; there was only a three-month statute of limitations on bringing a case, however. [47] This exclusive right's length was dependent on when the book had been published. If it was published after 10 April 1710, the length of copyright was 14 years; if published before that date, 21 years. [49] An author who survived until the copyright expired would be granted an additional 14-year term, and when that ran out, the works would enter the public domain. [47] Copyright under the Statute applied to Scotland and England, as well as Ireland when that country joined the union in 1800. [50]Aftermath [ edit]Impact [ edit]The Statute was initially welcomed, ushering in "stability to an insecure book trade" while providing for a "pragmatic bargain" between the rights of the author, publisher and public intended to boost public learning and the availability of knowledge. [51] The clause requiring book deposits, however, was not seen as a success. If the books were not deposited, the penalties would be severe, with a fine of £5. The number of deposits required, however, meant that it was a substantial burden; a print run might only be of 250 copies, and if they were particularly expensive to print, it could be cheaper to ignore the law. Some booksellers argued that the deposit provision only applied to registered books, and so deliberately avoided registration just to be able to minimise their liability. [52] This was further undermined by the ruling in Beckford v Hood, [53] where the Court of King's Bench confirmed that, even without registration, copyright could be enforced against infringers. [54]Another failure, identified by Bracha, is not found in what the Statute covered, but in what it did not. The Statute did not provide any means for identifying authors, did not identify what constituted authored works, and covered only "books", even while discussing "property" as a whole. Moreover, the right provided was merely that of "making and selling ... exact reprints. To a large extent, the new regime was the old stationer's privilege, except it was universalised, capped in time, and formally conferred upon authors rather than publishers". [55] The effect of the Statute on authors was also minimal. Previously, publishers would have bought the original manuscript from writers for a lump sum; with the passage of the Statute, they simply did the same thing, but with the manuscript's copyright as well. The remaining economic power of the Company also allowed them to pressure booksellers and distributors into continuing their past arrangements, meaning that even theoretically "public domain" works were, in practise, still treated as copyrighted. [55]Battle of the Booksellers [ edit]James Thomson, whose work The Seasons was the subject of Millar v Taylor. When the copyrights granted to works published before the Statute began to expire in 1731, the Stationers' Company and their publishers again began to fight to preserve the status quo. Their first port of call was Parliament, where they lobbied for new legislation to extend the length of copyright, and when this failed, they turned to the courts. Their principal argument was that copyright had not been created by the Statute of Anne; it existed beforehand, in the common law, and was perpetual. As such, even though the Statute provided for a limited term, all works remained in copyright under the common law regardless of when statutory copyright expired. [56] Starting in 1743, this began a thirty-year campaign known as the "Battle of the Booksellers". [51] They first tried going to the Court of Chancery and applying for injunctions prohibiting other publishers from printing their works, and this was initially successful. A series of legal setbacks over the next few years, however, left the law ambiguous. [57]The first major action taken to clarify the situation was Millar v Taylor. [58]Andrew Millar, a British publisher, purchased the rights to James Thomson 's The Seasons in 1729, and when the copyright term expired, a competing publisher named Robert Taylor began issuing his own reprints of the work. Millar sued, and went to the Court of King's Bench to obtain an injunction and advocate perpetual copyright at common law. [59] The jury found that the facts submitted by Millar were accurate, and asked the judges to clarify whether common law copyright existed. The first arguments were delivered on 30 June 1767, with John Dunning representing Millar and Edward Thurlow representing Taylor. A second set of arguments were submitted for Millar by William Blackstone on 7 June, and judgment was given on 20 April 1769. The final decision, written by Lord Mansfield and endorsed by Aston and Willes JJ, confirmed that there existed copyright at common law that turned "upon Principles before and independent" of the Statute of Anne, something justified because it was right "that an Author should reap the pecuniary Profits of his own Ingenuity and Labour". In other words, regardless of the Statute, there existed a perpetual copyright under the common law. [60] Yates J dissented, on the grounds that the focus on the author obscured the effect this decision would have on "the rest of mankind", which he felt would be to create a virtual monopoly, something that would harm the public and should certainly not be considered "an encouragement of the propagation of learning". [61]Although this decision was a boon to the Stationers, it was short-lived. Following Millar, the right to print The Seasons was sold to a coalition of publishers including Thomas Becket. Two Scottish printers, Alexander and John Donaldson, began publishing an unlicensed edition, and Becket successfully obtained an injunction to stop them. This decision was appealed in Donaldson v Beckett, [62] and eventually went to the House of Lords. [63] After consulting with the judges of the King's Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer of Pleas, the Lords concluded that copyright was not perpetual, and that the term permitted by the Statute of Anne was the maximum length of legal protection for publishers and authors alike. [64]Expansion and repeal [ edit]Lord North, who expanded the provisions of the Statute of Anne in 1775. Until its repeal, most extensions to copyright law were based around provisions found in the Statute of Anne. The one successful bill from the lobbying in the 1730s, which came into force on 29 September 1739, extended the provision prohibiting the import of foreign books to also prohibit the import of books that, while originally published in Britain, were being reprinted in foreign nations and then shipped to England and Wales. This was intended to stop the influx of cheap books from Ireland, and also repealed the price restrictions in the Statute of Anne. [65] Another alteration was over the legal deposit provisions of the Statute, which many booksellers found unfair. Despite an initial period of compliance, the principle of donating copies of books to certain libraries lapsed, partly due to the unwieldiness of the statute's provisions and partly because of a lack of cooperation by the publishers. In 1775 Lord North, who was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, succeeded in passing a bill that reiterated the legal deposit provisions and granted the universities perpetual copyright on their works. [66]Another range of extensions came in relation to what could be copyrighted. The Statute only referred to books, and being an Act of Parliament, it was necessary to pass further legislation to include various other types of intellectual property. The Engraving Copyright Act 1734 extended copyright to cover engravings, statutes in 1789 and 1792 involved cloth, sculptures were copyrighted in 1814 and the performance of plays and music were covered by copyright in 1833 and 1842 respectively. [50] The length of copyright was also altered; the Copyright Act 1814 set a copyright term of either 28 years, or the natural life of the author if this was longer. [67] Despite these expansions, some still felt copyright was not a strong enough regime. In 1837, Thomas Noon Talfourd introduced a bill into Parliament to expand the scope of copyright. A friend of many men of letters, Talfourd aimed to provide adequate rewards for authors and artists. He campaigned for copyright to exist for the life of the author, with an additional 60 years after that. He also proposed that existing statutes be codified under the bill, so that the case law that had arisen around the Statute of Anne was clarified. [68]Talfourd's proposals led to opposition, and he reintroduced modified versions of them year on year. Printers, publishers and booksellers were concerned about the cost implications for original works, and for reprinting works that had fallen out of copyright. [69] Many within Parliament argued that the bill failed to take into account the public interest, including Lord Macaulay, who succeeded in defeating one of Talfourd's bills in 1841. [70] The Copyright Act 1842 passed, but "fell far short of Talfourd's dream of a uniform, consistent, codified law of copyright". [71] It extended copyright to life plus seven years, and, as part of the codification clauses, repealed the Statute of Anne. [68]Significance [ edit]The Statute of Anne is traditionally seen as "a historic moment in the development of copyright", and the first statute in the world to provide for copyright. [49] Craig Joyce and Lyman Ray Patterson, writing in the Emory Law Journal, call this a "too simple understanding [that] ignores the statute's source", arguing that it is at best a derivative of the Licensing Act. Even considering this, however, the Statute of Anne was "the watershed event in Anglo-American copyright history ... transforming what had been the publishers' private law copyright into a public law grant". [5] Patterson, writing separately, does note the differences between the Licensing Act and the Statute of Anne; the question of censorship was, by 1710, out of the question, and in that regard the Statute is distinct, not providing for censorship. [72]It also marked the first time that copyright had been vested primarily in the author, rather than the publisher, and also the first time that the injurious treatment of authors by publishers was recognised; regardless of what authors signed away, the second 14-year term of copyright would automatically return to them. [73] Even in the 21st century, the Statute of Anne is "frequently invoked by modern judges and academics as embodying the utilitarian underpinnings of copyright law". [6] In Ice TV v Nine Network, [74] for example, the High Court of Australia noted that the title of the Statute "echoed explicitly the emphasis on the practical or utilitarian importance that certain seventeenth-century philosophers attached to knowledge and its encouragement in the scheme of human progress". [6] Despite "widely recognised flaws", the Act became a model copyright statute, both within the United Kingdom and internationally. [75] Christophe Geiger notes that it is "a difficult, almost impossible task" to analyse the relationship between the Statute of Anne and early French copyright law, both because it is difficult to make a direct connection, and because the ongoing debate over both has led to radically different interpretations of each nation's law. [76]Similarly, Belgium took no direct influence from the Statute or English copyright theory, but Joris Deene of the University of Ghent identifies an indirect influence "at two levels"; the criteria for what constitutes copyrightable material, which comes from the work of English theorists such as Locke and Edward Young, [77] and the underlying justification of copyright law. In Belgium, this justification is both that copyright serves the public interest, and that copyright is a "private right" that serves the interests of individual authors. Both theories were taken into account in Donaldson v Beckett, as well as in the drafting of the Statute of Anne, and Deene infers that they subsequently affected the Belgian debates over their first copyright statute. [78] In the United States, the Copyright Clause of the United States Constitution and the first Federal copyright statute, the Copyright Act of 1790, both draw on the Statute of Anne. The 1790 Act contains provisions for a 14-year term of copyright and sections that provide for authors who published their works before 1790, both of which mirror the protection offered by the Statute 80 years previously. [79]See also [ edit]Licensing of the Press Act 1662Copyright Act 1911Copyright Act 1956Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988Copyright law of the United Kingdom Common law copyright References [ edit]^ a b The act is numbered as 8 Ann. c. 21 in The Statutes of the Realm (published 1810–25), based on the original Parliament Rolls; but as 8 Ann. c. 19 in Ruffhead 's Statutes at Large (published 1763–65; and later editions), based on the copies of acts enrolled in Chancery. Both forms of citation are acceptable, and both are found in reputable secondary sources.^ a b c Rose 2009, p. 137.^ a b Deazley 2004, p. 1.^ Downie, J. A. (4 Dec 2008). "Periodicals, The Book Trade and The 'Bourgeois Public Sphere ' ". Media History. 14 (3): 262.^ a b Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 916.^ a b c Alexander 2010, p. 17.^ Streibich 1976, p. 55.^ Hauhart 1983, p. 545.^ a b Hauhart 1983, p. 546.^ a b Robinson 1991, p. 59.^ Abrams 1985, p. 1135.^ Robinson 1991, p. 60.^ Abrams 1985, p. 1136.^ Abrams 1985, p. 1137.^ a b Hauhart 1983, p. 547.^ Streibich 1976, p. 60.^ Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 914.^ Holdsworth 1920, p. 844.^ Streibich 1976, p. 59.^ Robinson 1991, p. 63.^ Rose 2009, p. 133.^ Rose 2003, p. 78.^ Rose 2009, p. 136.^ a b c Deazley 2004, p. 2.^ a b Alexander 2010, p. 19.^ Deazley 2004, p. 4.^ a b Robinson 1991, p. 66.^ Alexander 2010, p. 21.^ Rose 2009, p. 138.^ Deazley 2004, p. 7.^ Deazley 2004, p. 10.^ Deazley 2004, p. 12-13.^ a b Robinson 1991, p. 67.^ Deazley 2004, p. 32.^ Deazley 2004, p. 33.^ a b c Deazley 2004, p. 35.^ Rose 1993, p. 42.^ Deazley 2003, p. 107.^ Rose 1993, p. 43.^ Rose 1993, p. 44.^ a b c Deazley 2004, p. 41.^ Deazley 2003, p. 108.^ Bracha 2010, p. 1431-2.^ Deazley 2010, p. 793.^ Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 917.^ Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 919.^ a b c Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 920.^ Seville 2010, p. 827.^ a b Deazley 2006, p. 13.^ a b Cornish 2010, p. 22.^ a b Deazley 2006, p. 14.^ Seville 2010, p. 828.^ (1798) 7 D&E 620^ Seville 2010, p. 829.^ a b Bracha 2010, p. 1439.^ Patterson 1965, p. 245.^ Robinson 1991, p. 71.^ (1768) 4 Burr 2303^ Seville 2010, p. 822.^ Deazley 2006, p. 15.^ Deazley 2004, p. 178.^ 1 Eng. Rep. 837^ Abrams 1985, p. 1156.^ Abrams 1985, p. 1157.^ Robinson 1991, p. 69.^ Alexander 2010, p. 48-9.^ Seville 2011, p. 4.^ a b Alexander 2010, p. 92.^ Alexander 2010, p. 94-5.^ Alexander 2010, p. 96.^ Alexander 2010, p. 100.^ Patterson 1965, p. 236.^ Bracha 2010, p. 1438.^ [2009] HCA 14^ Bently 2010, p. 11.^ Geiger 2010, p. 122-3.^ Deene 2010, p. 141.^ Deene 2010, p. 142-3.^ Patterson & Joyce 2003, p. 939. Bibliography [ edit]Abrams, Howard B. (1985). "The Historical Foundation of American Copyright Law: Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright". Wayne Law Review. Wayne State University Law School. 29 (3). ISSN 0043-1621. Alexander, Isabella (2010). Copyright Law and the Public Interest in the Nineteenth Century. Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84113-786-5. Bently, Lionel (2010). The History of Copyright. Global Copyright: 300 Years Since the Statute of Anne, from 1709 to Cyberspace. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84980-831-6. Bracha, Oren (2010). "The Adventures of the Statute of Anne in the Land of Unlimited Possibilities: The Life of a Legal Transplant". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. UC Berkeley School of Law. 25 (1). ISSN 1086-3818. Cornish, William (2010). The Statute of Anne 1709–10: Its Historical Setting. Global Copyright: 300 Years Since the Statute of Anne, from 1709 to Cyberspace. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84980-831-6. Deazley, Ronan (2003). "The Myth of Copyright at Common Law". Cambridge Law Journal. Cambridge University Press. 62 (1). ISSN 0008-1973. Deazley, Ronan (2004). On the Origin of the Right to Copy. Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84113-375-1. Deazley, Ronan (2006). Rethinking Copyright: History, Theory, Language. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84720-944-3. Deazley, Ronan (2010). "The Statute of Anne and the Great Abridgement Swindle". Houston Law Review. University of Houston Law Center. 47 (4). ISSN 0018-6694. Deene, Joris (2010). The Influence of the Statute of Anne on Belgian copyright law. Global Copyright: 300 Years Since the Statute of Anne, from 1709 to Cyberspace. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84980-831-6. Geiger, Christophe (2010). The Influence (Past and Present) of the Statute of Anne in France. Global Copyright: 300 Years Since the Statute of Anne, from 1709 to Cyberspace. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84980-831-6. Hauhart, Robert C. (1983). "The Origin and Development of the British and American Patent and Copyright Laws". Whittier Law Review. Whittier Law School. 5 (1). ISSN 0195-7643. Holdsworth, William (1920). "Press Control and Copyright in the 16th and 17th Centuries". Yale Law Journal. Yale Law School. 29 (1). ISSN 0044-0094. Patterson, L. Ray; Joyce, Craig (2003). "Copyright in 1791: An Essay Concerning the Founders' View of Copyright Power Granted to Congress in Article 1. Section 8, Clause 8 of the U. S. Constitution". Emory Law Journal. Emory University School of Law. 52 (1). ISSN 0094-4076. Patterson, L. Ray (1965). "The Statute of Anne: Copyright Misconstrued". Harvard Journal on Legislation. Harvard Law School. 3 (1). ISSN 0017-808X. Robinson, A. J. K (1991). "The Evolution of Copyright, 1476–1776". Cambrian Law Review. University of Wales Press. 22 (1). ISSN 0084-8328. Rose, Mark (2009). "The Public Sphere and the Emergence of Copyright: Areopagitica, the Stationers' Company and the Statute of Anne". Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. Tulane University Law School. 12 (1). ISSN 1533-3531. Rose, Mark (2003). "Nine-Tenths of the Law: The English Copyright Debates and the Rhetoric of the Public Domain". Law and Contemporary Problems. Duke University School of Law. 66 (Spring). ISSN 0023-9186. Rose, Mark (1993). Authors and owners: the invention of copyright. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05309-0. Seville, Catherine (2011). Literary Copyright Reform in Early Victorian England: The Framing of the 1842 Copyright Act. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521174503. Seville, Catherine (2010). "The Statute of Anne: Rhetoric and Reception in the Nineteenth Century". Houston Law Review. University of Houston Law Center. 47 (4). ISSN 0018-6694. Streibich, Harold C. (1976). "The Moral Right of Ownership to Intellectual Property: Part II From the Age of Printing to the Future". University of Memphis Law Review. Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law. 7 (1). ISSN 1080-8582. External links [ edit]Images and transcription of the Statute of Anne, as published 1710the Statute of Anne on The History of Information.the entry on the Statute of Anne in William F. Patry's Copyright Law and Practice. Categories: Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1709 United Kingdom copyright law Copyright legislation Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament Library law Deposit libraries History of copyright law
The Continental involves lifting the bar from the floor to the final clean position by any method of the lifter's choosing so long as the bar is not upended and does not touch the ground. The bar may be rested on the legs, stomach, or belt. Hands may be removed and replaced.
Further information on the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient is provided on Wikipedia. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is a statistical measurement of the correlation (linear association) between two sets of values. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for two sets of values, x and y, is given by the formula: where x and y are the sample means of the two arrays of values.
The Challenger Disaster. On January 28, 1986 the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after take-off and killed seven astronauts. It was the 25th shuttle launch since NASA started service in 1981. For the first time a teacher was a member of the crew. Christa McAuliffe had won a contest against thousands of other teachers.
The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, à la the Baltic republics’ popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front’s first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.
Swedish football: A beginner’s guide to the Allsvenskan - The Local Swedish football: A beginner’s guide to the Allsvenskan The Local 2 April 2009 14:07 CEST+02:00 With the Swedish football season kicking of this weekend, Nic Townsend separates the title hopefuls from the relegation woefuls in a team by team analysis of the Allsvenskan . The first thing many newcomers to Sweden will notice about the Allsvenskan , the top tier of the country’s domestic football , is the low playing standard. Schoolboy errors and comical goals will amuse neutrals as much as they’ll frustrate fans. Like many smaller European leagues, the Allsvenskan has had its most talented players poached by other leagues and at increasingly younger ages too. Swedish clubs have also struggled in European competitions, denying the Allsvenskan its share in Champions League riches. Even many Swedes have come to prefer the leagues of England, Spain and Italy over their own, so why should foreigners be interested? Well, for one, the Allsvenskan is possibly the most even and unpredictable league in Europe. While the big competitions are increasingly dominated by the same handful of clubs, nine different teams have won the Allsvenskan Guld in the last eleven seasons. Very little separates the top teams from the bottom and often the title race goes right down until the final minutes of the final round. This season, at least six clubs can boast the right credentials to mount a serious tilt at the title, while others have every reason to believe they have a chance too after watching Kalmar’s title winning season last year. With many teams comprised of local players, playing at suburban stadiums where the fans still stand in terraces, the Allsvenskan also has a simpler down-to-earth feel compared to the bigger leagues. It will remind fans what football was like before Sky TV. So, do your research, pick a team, learn your key players and arch rivals, and get down to a game. IFK Göteborg Arguably the Manchester United of Swedish football, IFK are one of the most popular clubs in Sweden with supporter groups all over the country. They are the only club in Scandinavia with European trophies having won the UEFA Cup in 1982 and 1987. In 1995 IFK made it as far as the Champions League quarter finals beating Barcelona and Manchester United on the way. The club later went through a period of decline and financial turmoil but a title win in 2007 and a strong finish to 2008 mean Blåvitt (Blue & Whites) are back and likely to be strong contenders again this year. They can boast a squad of exciting youngsters including emerging Swedish internationals Mattias Bjärsmyr, Pontus Wernbloom and Gustav Svensson. Other key players include former Sunderland winger Tobias Hysen (son of IFK legend Glenn Hysen) and defender Karl Svensson who returns to Gothenburg after an unsuccessful stint at Glasgow Rangers. Malmö FF If IFK are Manchester United than Malmö FF are Liverpool. In 1979 Malmö lost to Nottingham Forest in the European Cup final, and to date remain the only Swedish club to progress so far in Europe’s premier club competition. A number of Swedish internationals have started their careers in the Himmelsblått (Sky Blues), the most famous being Zlatan Ibrahimovic. However like IFK, Malmö’s domestic dominance has since been broken. Last year the club finished a disappointing 9th and if manager Roland Nilsson doesn’t produce results he could soon be living off A-kassa unemployment insurance. Captain Daniel Andersson is still a regular in the Swedish squad, while Jeffrey Aubynn and Edward Ofere are also important players. AIK Along with IFK and Malmö FF, AIK round out the ‘big three’ of Swedish football. The trio easily have the largest fan bases and at present AIK are attracting the largest crowds in the Allsvenskan. With a fearsome reputation for hooliganism and universally disliked by opposition supporters, the boys from Solna are very much Sweden’s answer to Leeds United or Millwall. Nicknames include ‘gnagare’ (Rodents) and ‘råtta’ (Rat). Their derbies against fellow Stockholmers
Dean Winters He is known for his role as Ryan O'Reily on the HBO prison drama Oz, and has also appeared on such television series as Rescue Me, 30 Rock, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, as well as the character "Mayhem" in a series of Allstate Insurance commercials. Winters co-starred with Josh Duhamel in one season of the CBS Network cop drama series Battle Creek.
Antique Framed Print of The Boyhood of Raleigh by John Everett Millais Antique Framed Print of The Boyhood of Raleigh by John Everett Millais Reference: Condition: Used The Boyhood of Raleigh is a painting by John Everett Millais, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. This is a very old framed print. Warning: Last items in stock! Availability date: Send to a friend Antique Framed Print of The Boyhood of Raleigh by John Everett Millais The Boyhood of Raleigh is a painting by John Everett Millais, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. This is a very old framed print. Recipient : E-mail address of your friend * : * Required fields The minimum purchase order quantity for the product is 1 Add to cart DETAILS: Presented in a substantial glazed frame. There is a plaque on the bottom of the frame that says "The Boyhood of Raleigh - Sir John Everett Millais, P.R.A". DIMENSIONS: (approximate) Print measures - 42 cm x 33 cm. Frame measures - 58 cm x 48.5 cm. CONDITION: This is a very old print which is in fantastic condition. The frame has a few areas where the paint is chipped and falling away. There are also a few knocks and scratches. The backing is slightly loose and the paper has been torn. This deosn't effectthe print as it has been mounted on board. Reviews Write a review Antique Framed Print of The Boyhood of Raleigh by John Everett Millais The Boyhood of Raleigh is a painting by John Everett Millais, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. This is a very old framed print. Quality:
James Meredith James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is a Civil Rights Movement figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran. In 1962, he became the first African-American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi,[1] after the intervention of the federal government, an event that was a flashpoint in the Civil Rights Movement. Inspired by President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi.[2] His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans.[2]
BBC - Religions - Hinduism: Scripture Religions Scripture Last updated 2009-08-25 Hindus believe that the Vedas texts were received by scholars direct from God and passed on to the next generations by word of mouth. On this page The Vedas These are the most ancient religious texts which define truth for Hindus. They got their present form between 1200-200 BCE and were introduced to India by the Aryans. Hindus believe that the texts were received by scholars direct from God and passed on to the next generations by word of mouth. Vedic texts are sometimes called shruti, which means hearing. For hundreds, maybe even thousands of years, the texts were passed on orally. Contents of the Vedas The Vedas are made up of four compositions, and each veda in turn has four parts which are arranged chronologically. The Samhitas are the most ancient part of the Vedas, consisting of hymns of praise to God. The Brahmanas are rituals and prayers to guide the priests in their duties. The Aranyakas concern worship and meditation. The Upanishads consist of the mystical and philosophical teachings of Hinduism. The Samhitas Rig-Veda Samhita (c. 1200 BCE) is the oldest of the four vedas and consists of 1028 hymns praising the ancient gods. Yajur-Veda Samhita is used as a handbook by priests performing the vedic sacrifices. Sama-Veda Samhita consists of chants and tunes for singing at the sacrifices. Atharva-Veda Samhita (c. 900 BCE) preserves many traditions which pre-date the Aryan influence and consists of spells, charms and magical formulae. The Upanishads The Upanishads were so called because they were taught to those who sat down beside their teachers. (upa=near, ni=down, shad=sit). These texts developed from the Vedic tradition, but largely reshaped Hinduism by providing believers with philosophical knowledge. The major Upanishads were largely composed between 800-200 BCE and are partly prose, partly verse. Later Upanishads continued to be composed right down to the 16th century. Originally they were in oral form. The early Upanishads are concerned with understanding the sacrificial rites. Central to the Upanishads is the concept of brahman; the sacred power which informs reality. Whilst the priests (brahmins) had previously been the ones who, through ritual and sacrifice, had restricted access to the divine, now the knowledge of the universe was open to those of the high and middle castes willing to learn from a teacher. Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita, or "Song of the Lord" is part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, the world's longest poem. The Bhagavad Gita © Composed between 500 BCE and 100 CE, the Mahabharata is an account of the wars of the house of Bharata. It is one of the most popular Hindu texts and is known as a smriti text (the remembered tradition). This is considered by some to be of less importance than shruti (the heard text, such as the Vedas). It has, nevertheless, an important place within the Hindu tradition. The Bhagavad Gita takes the form of a dialogue between prince Arjuna and Krishna , his charioteer. Arjuna is a warrior, about to join his brothers in a war between two branches of a royal family which would involve killing many of his friends and relatives. He wants to withdraw from the battle but Krishna teaches him that he, Arjuna, must do his duty in accordance with his class and he argues that death does not destroy the soul. Krishna points out that knowledge, work and devotion are all paths to salvation and that the central value in life is that of loyalty to God. The Ramayana Composed in the same period, the Ramayana is one of India's best known tales. It tells the story of Prince Rama who was sent into exile in the forest with his wife, Sita , and his brother, Lakshamana. Sita was abducted by the evil demon Ravana but ultimately rescued by Prince Rama with the help of the Monkey God, Hanuman. The story is written in 24,000 couplets. The symbolism of the story has been widely interpreted but basically is the story of good overcoming evil. Many people have said that it is a story about dharma or duty.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.