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The dataset generation failed
Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    ValueError
Message:      Invalid string class label LJ-TTS@92bbb8c9efd1edd2ea3c65fc265a247c9028a7e5
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1537, in _prepare_split_single
                  example = self.info.features.encode_example(record) if self.info.features is not None else record
                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 2162, in encode_example
                  return encode_nested_example(self, example)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 1446, in encode_nested_example
                  {k: encode_nested_example(schema[k], obj.get(k), level=level + 1) for k in schema}
                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 1469, in encode_nested_example
                  return schema.encode_example(obj) if obj is not None else None
                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 1144, in encode_example
                  example_data = self.str2int(example_data)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 1081, in str2int
                  output = [self._strval2int(value) for value in values]
                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/features/features.py", line 1102, in _strval2int
                  raise ValueError(f"Invalid string class label {value}")
              ValueError: Invalid string class label LJ-TTS@92bbb8c9efd1edd2ea3c65fc265a247c9028a7e5
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1382, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ):
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1560, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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YAML Metadata Warning:empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card

Check out the documentation for more information.

LJ-TTS: A Paired Real and Synthetic Speech Dataset for Single-Speaker TTS Analysis

LJ-TTS is a large-scale dataset containing real human speech and synthetic speech generated by 11 state-of-the-art text-to-speech (TTS) models.
The dataset is designed to support research in speech synthesis, deepfake detection, speech analysis, and comparative evaluation of generative models under a controlled single-speaker setting.

By providing utterance-level alignment between real and synthetic samples, LJ-TTS enables fine-grained comparisons across TTS architectures, isolating synthesis differences without the confounding effect of speaker variability.
The dataset supports systematic analyses across multiple dimensions, including source attribution, phoneme-level acoustic studies, and robustness evaluations of synthetic speech detectors.


🌟 Key Features

  • Single-speaker design
    Ensures controlled comparisons without multi-speaker variation.

  • Real + Synthetic speech pairs
    Each utterance in the REAL folder has corresponding synthesized versions from all TTS systems.

  • 11 diverse TTS models
    Spanning both autoregressive and non-autoregressive architectures.

  • 1:1 alignment
    Matching filenames and transcriptions across real and synthetic speech enable:

    • deepfake detection
    • spoofing analysis
    • model source tracing
    • perceptual evaluation
    • phoneme-level studies
    • benchmarking and reproducible comparisons
  • High-quality data
    Built upon clean recordings of Linda Jonhson (LJSpeech).


πŸ“ Dataset Structure

Extract LJ-TTS.zip. Each subfolder (real data folder, plus individual TTS folders) contains audio files with identical filenames, enabling direct pairing.


πŸ“š Citation and License

If you use LJ-TTS in your work, please cite:

@misc{negroni2025ljtts,
  title        = {LJ-TTS: A Paired Real and Synthetic Speech Dataset for Single-Speaker TTS Analysis},
  author       = {Negroni, Viola and Salvi, Davide and Comanducci, Luca and Majid Wani, Taiba and Uecker, Madleen and Amerini, Irene and Tubaro, Stefano and Bestagini, Paolo},
  year         = {2025}
}


This dataset is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
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