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Borassus flabellifer, commonly known as doub palm, palmyra palm, tala or tal palm, toddy palm, lontar palm, wine palm, or ice apple, is a fan palm native to South Asia (especially in Bangladesh, East India, and South India) and Southeast Asia. It is reportedly naturalized in Socotra.
Description
Borassus flabellifer i... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 329 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
The fruit (palmyra fruit) measures to in diameter, has a black husk, and is borne in clusters. The top portion of the fruit must be cut off to reveal the sweet jelly seed sockets, translucent pale-white, similar to that of the lychee but with a milder flavor and no pit. The sweet jelly seed sockets occur in combinati... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 401 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
In northern India, the fruit is known as Taad Gola in Hindi-Urdu (ताड़ गोला / ). In Kerala it is called nonku (നൊങ്ക്) whereas in Tamil Nadu, it is called nungu (நுங்கு). In Odisha, it is called tala (ତାଳ). Ice apple in Indonesia is called buah lontar or siwalan. In Karnataka it is called "Taati Nungu"(ತಾಟಿ ನುಂಗು / ತಾಟ... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 488 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
In Thailand, there are techniques that utilize the anti-bacterial agents of some woods to keep the sap from becoming sour while tapping. After sterilization, the sap is available as a beverage called nam tan sod (น้ำตาลสด, ) or used to make an alcoholic beverage called nam tan mao (น้ำตาลเมา ). “Nam tan”, literally mea... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 445 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
In Indonesia the leaves were used in the ancient culture as paper, known as "lontar" (from Old/Modern Javanese ron tal "tal leaves") Leaves of suitable size, shape, texture, and maturity were chosen and then seasoned by boiling in salt water with turmeric powder, as a preservative. The leaves were then dried. When the... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 499 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
The palmyra tree is the official tree of Tamil Nadu. Highly respected in Tamil culture, it is called "katpaha tharu" ("celestial tree") because all its parts have a use. Panaiveriyamman, named after panai, the Tamil name for the Palmyra palm, is an ancient tree deity related to fertility linked to this palm. This deity... | Borassus flabellifer | Wikipedia | 358 | 13159812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus%20flabellifer | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants | vital_articles |
A stenotherm (from Greek στενός stenos "narrow" and θέρμη therme "heat") is a species or living organism capable of surviving only within a narrow temperature range. This specialization is often found in organisms that inhabit environments with relatively stable environments, such as deep sea environments or polar reg... | Stenotherm | Wikipedia | 215 | 13163733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotherm | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology | vital_articles |
Climate change has been a critical issue in Australia since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat, bushfires, droughts, floods, and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Climate issues include wildfires, heatwaves, cyclones, rising sea levels, and erosio... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 363 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Climate change also has diverse implications for Australia's economy, it's agriculture and public health. Projected impacts include more severe floods, droughts, and cyclones. Furthermore, Australia's population is highly concentrated in coastal areas at risk from rising sea levels, and existing pressures on water supp... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 398 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Conditions from 1885 to 1898 were generally fairly wet, though less so than in the period since 1968. The only noticeably dry years in this era were 1888 and 1897. Although some coral core data suggest that 1887 and 1890 were, with 1974, the wettest years across the continent since settlement, rainfall data for Alice S... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 364 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
The period from 1939 to 1967 began with an increase in rainfall: 1939, 1941 and 1942 were the first close-together group of relatively wet years since 1921. From 1943 to 1946, generally dry conditions returned, and the two decades from 1947 saw fluctuating rainfall. 1950, 1955 and 1956 were exceptionally wet except 195... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 445 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
The Australian Government released a report saying that up to 247,600 houses are at risk from flooding from a sea level rise of 1.1 metres. There were 39,000 buildings located within 110 metres of 'soft' erodible shorelines, at risk from a faster erosion due to sea level rise. Adaptive responses to this specific climat... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 436 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
According to the 2022 IPCC report, there has been an increase in flooding episodes and other catastrophic weather events because of global warming. These unusual weather changes in include rainfall in the north and severe droughts in the south. Less rainfall means less streamflow of water for major cities. The IPCC rec... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 507 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Former Australian Greens leader, Bob Brown said that the fires were "a sobering reminder of the need for this nation and the whole world to act and put at a priority the need to tackle climate change". The Black Saturday Royal Commission recommended that "the amount of fuel-reduction burning done on public land each ye... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 494 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Researchers claim that the exceptionally strong wildfires in 2019–2020 were impossible without the effects of climate change. More than one-fifth of Australian forests were burned in one season, which was completely unprecedented. They say that: "In the case of recent events in Australia, there is no doubt that the rec... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 390 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Summer 2013–14 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia. Both Victoria and South Australia saw record-breaking temperatures. Adelaide recorded a total of 13 days reaching 40 °C or more, 11 of which reached 42 °C or more, as well as its fifth-hottest day on record—45.1 °C on 14 January. The number of days o... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 456 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change. The Great Barrier Reef is a prime example. Over the past 20 years it has experienced unparalleled rates of bleaching. Additional... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 489 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
In 2008 the Treasurer and the Minister for Climate Change and Water released a report that concluded the economy will grow with an emissions trading scheme in place.
A report released in October 2009 by the Standing Committee on Climate Change, Water, Environment and the Arts, studying the effects of a 1-metre sea lev... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 473 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Electricity demand
Use of domestic air conditioners during severe heatwaves can double electricity demand, placing great stress on electricity generation and transmission networks, and lead to load shedding. In addition, bushfires can damage electricity lines, while repairing power poles and power line damages is ofte... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 469 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Impacts on foreign policy and national security
Several prominent reports and decision makers are concerned that climate change affects Australia’s national security. A 2023 assessment of the Australian Office of National Intelligence on the security implications of climate change (commissioned by Anthony Albanese) r... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 382 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
The CSIRO predicts that the additional results in Australia of a temperature rise of between only 1 and 2 °C will be:
Southward spread of malaria receptive zones.
Risk of dengue fever among Australians increases from 170,000 people to 0.75–1.6 million.
10% increase in diarrhoeal diseases among Aboriginal children in... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 470 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Vulnerability
The vulnerability comes from remote location where indigenous groups live, lower socio-economic status, and reliance of natural systems for economic needs. Disadvantages which are compounding Indigenous peoples vulnerability to climate change include inadequate health and educational services, limited em... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 404 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Fires and droughts in Australia, including the Northern regions, occur mostly in savannas because of current environmental changes in the region. The majority of the fire prone areas in the savanna region are owned by Aboriginal Australian communities, the traditional stewards of the land. Aboriginal Australians have t... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 400 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Indigenous people have always responded and adapted to climate change, including indigenous people of Australia. Aboriginal Australian people have existed in Australia for tens of thousands of years. Due to this continual habitation, Aboriginal Australians have observed and adapted to climatic and environmental change... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 337 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Indigenous knowledge has been passed down through the generations with the practice of oral tradition. Given the historical relationship between the land and the people and the larger ecosystem Aboriginal Australians choose to stay and adapt in similar ways to their ancestors before them. Aboriginal Australians have ob... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 469 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Emissions by the building sector are addressed by building codes, minimum energy performance standards, Commercial Building Disclosure program, state energy-saving obligations, and the National Energy Saving Initiative. Emissions by the transportation sector are addressed by reduced fuel tax credits and vehicle emissio... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 411 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
26–28% reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) until 2030 from 2005 levels. In 2022 the new Australian government officially declared the update of the targets to 43% reduction by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050.
Gases covered in reductions: Carbon dioxide (), Methane (), Nitrous oxide (), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), Pe... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 398 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
According to the IPCC's 2001 Assessment Report, no matter how much effort is put into mitigating climate change, some amount of climate change cannot be avoided. The report shared that climate change adaptation should complement mitigation efforts. Adaptation is the approach that focuses on alleviating current problems... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 408 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
National Climate Change Adaptation Programme
The Minister for Energy and Emissions Reduction has come up with the National Climate Change Adaptation Programme which aims to work with industries, scientific organisations, residents and other governments to create workable solutions. Some A$14 million over a period of f... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 457 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
The key roles of NCCARF include:
developing National Adaptation Research Plans to identify critical gaps in the information available to decision-makers
synthesising existing and emerging national and international research on climate change impacts and adaptation and developing targeted communication products
under... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 510 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
In 2010, the Rudd government decided to delay the implementation of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) until the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (ending in 2012). They cited the lack of bipartisan support for the CPRS and slow international progress on climate action as the reasons fo... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 485 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
In May 2022, the Coalition lost the federal election to the Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese. In a machinery of government change, a new Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water will be established. The new government committed to a 43% reduction in Australia's emissions by 2030 (compared to ... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 502 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
In 2012, the Coalition ran a campaign to repeal the carbon tax. Upon election victory in September 2013, Prime Minister Tony Abbott passed the Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax Repeal) Bill. In replacement of the carbon tax, Abbott introduced the Direct Action Scheme to financially reward businesses for voluntarily ... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 483 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Despite the support of a clear scientific consensus, climate change has been a divisive or controversial issue in Australian politics since the 2000s. It has sometimes been referred to as a "culture war" in the country. Conservatives have generally opposed climate mitigation policies and renewable energy, instead favou... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 437 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
The response to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season sparked protests in Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Victoria, Brisbane, Hobart, and outside the Australian High Commission in London. Prime Minister Scott Morrison was criticised for climate denial in the wake of the bushfires. Extinction Rebellion held rallies in Lon... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 507 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Brisbane
In a RCP 4.5 scenario Brisbane's temperature will be similar to that of Rockhampton today while rainfall will be closest to Gympie. The CSIRO predicts rainfall in Brisbane will fall between -23% (235 mm) and -4% (45.3 mm) annually by 2090 while temperature will rise between 4.2° and 0.9°. The number of hot da... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 461 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Sea levels are projected to rise between 0.37 cm and 0.59 cm at Williamstown (the closest covered point) by 2090. At the higher end of this scale areas in and around Melbourne would be impacted. With some of the most vulnerable areas being the Docklands development and several marinas and berths in Port Phillip. Melbou... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 377 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Hobart
By 2090 Hobart's climate will warm between 3.8° and 0.9°, rainfall will decline between 4% and 10%. The temperature pattern will be similar to Port Lincoln while rainfall will be closer to Condoblin's today in a RCP 8.5 scenario. Warm spells are likely to last longer and rainfall will trend to more intense rain ... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 502 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
In southern Victoria, there is evidence for generally wet conditions except for a much drier spell between about 3,000 and 2,100 years before the present, when it is believed Lake Corangamite fell to levels well below those observed between European settlement and the 1990s. After this dry period, Western District lake... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 495 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
By 1885, most of Australia had a network of rainfall reporting stations adequate to give a good picture of climatic variability over the continent. The exceptions were remote areas of western Tasmania, the extreme southwest of Western Australia, Cape York Peninsula, the northern Kimberley and the deserts of northwester... | Climate change in Australia | Wikipedia | 148 | 14329297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science | vital_articles |
Dromiidae is a family of crabs, often referred to as sponge crabs. They are small or medium-sized crabs which get their name from the ability to shape a living sponge into a portable shelter for themselves. A sponge crab cuts out a fragment from a sponge and trims it to its own shape using its claws. The last two pairs... | Dromiidae | Wikipedia | 333 | 11664252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromiidae | Biology and health sciences | Crabs and hermit crabs | Animals | vital_articles |
A nose is a sensory organ and respiratory structure in vertebrates. It consists of a nasal cavity inside the head, and an external nose on the face. The external nose houses the nostrils, or nares, a pair of tubes providing airflow through the nose for respiration. Where the nostrils pass through the nasal cavity they ... | Nose | Wikipedia | 483 | 11669530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null | vital_articles |
In amphibians and lungfish, the nostrils open into small sacs that, in turn, open into the forward roof of the mouth through the choanae. These sacs contain a small amount of olfactory epithelium, which, in the case of caecilians, also lines a number of neighbouring tentacles. Despite the general similarity in structur... | Nose | Wikipedia | 433 | 11669530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null | vital_articles |
The nasal cavities in mammals are both fused into one. Among most species, they are exceptionally large, typically occupying up to half the length of the skull. In some groups, however, including primates, bats, and cetaceans, the nose has been secondarily reduced, and these animals consequently have a relatively poor ... | Nose | Wikipedia | 493 | 11669530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null | vital_articles |
In the earliest vertebrates, there was only one nostril and olfactory pouch, and the nasal passage was connected to the hypophysis. The same anatomy is observed in the most primitive living vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish. In gnathostome ancestors, the olfactory apparatus gradually became paired (presumably to al... | Nose | Wikipedia | 95 | 11669530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | null | vital_articles |
In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel. Though it can be applied t... | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 498 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
However, unlike the Jacobi method, the computations for each element are generally much harder to implement in parallel, since they can have a very long critical path, and are thus most feasible for sparse matrices. Furthermore, the values at each iteration are dependent on the order of the original equations.
Gauss-S... | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 501 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
is not guaranteed and, in this case, will not occur.
An example for the equation version
Suppose given equations and a starting point .
At any step in a Gauss-Seidel iteration, solve the first equation for in terms of ; then solve the second equation for in terms of just found and the remaining ; and continue to ... | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 417 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
x = np.zeros_like(b, np.float_)
for it_count in range(1, ITERATION_LIMIT):
x_new = np.zeros_like(x, dtype=np.float_)
print(f"Iteration {it_count}: {x}")
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
s1 = np.dot(A[i, :i], x_new[:i])
s2 = np.dot(A[i, i + 1 :], x[i + 1 :])
x_new[i] = (b[i] - s1 - s2) / A... | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 220 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
System of equations:
[ 10*x1 + -1*x2 + 2*x3 + 0*x4] = [ 6]
[ -1*x1 + 11*x2 + -1*x3 + 3*x4] = [ 25]
[ 2*x1 + -1*x2 + 10*x3 + -1*x4] = [-11]
[ 0*x1 + 3*x2 + -1*x3 + 8*x4] = [ 15]
Iteration 1: [ 0. 0. 0. 0.]
Iteration 2: [ 0.6 2.32727273 -0.98727273 0.87886364]
Iteration 3: [ 1.03018182 2.... | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 461 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
function x = gauss_seidel(A, b, x, iters)
for i = 1:iters
for j = 1:size(A,1)
x(j) = (b(j) - sum(A(j,:)'.*x) + A(j,j)*x(j)) / A(j,j);
end
end
end | Gauss–Seidel method | Wikipedia | 85 | 4046824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi method (a.k.a. the Jacobi iteration method) is an iterative algorithm for determining the solutions of a strictly diagonally dominant system of linear equations. Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value is plugged in. The process is then iterated until it con... | Jacobi method | Wikipedia | 510 | 4047104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
Further, is found as
With and calculated, we estimate as :
The next iteration yields
This process is repeated until convergence (i.e., until is small). The solution after 25 iterations is
Example question 2
Suppose we are given the following linear system:
If we choose as the initial approximation, then t... | Jacobi method | Wikipedia | 508 | 4047104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
print("Solution: ")
print(x)
error = np.dot(A, x) - b
print("Error:")
print(error)
Weighted Jacobi method
The weighted Jacobi iteration uses a parameter to compute the iteration as
with being the usual choice.
From the relation , this may also be expressed as
.
Convergence in the symmetric positive definite case... | Jacobi method | Wikipedia | 135 | 4047104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20method | Mathematics | Linear algebra | null | vital_articles |
The Allahverdi Khan Bridge (), popularly known as Si-o-se-pol (), is the largest of the eleven historical bridges on the Zayanderud, the largest river of the Iranian Plateau, in Isfahan, Iran.
The bridge was built in the early 17th century to serve as both a bridge and a dam.
History
Si-o-se-pol was built between 159... | Si-o-se-pol | Wikipedia | 331 | 4048154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si-o-se-pol | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa to the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, Pandanus, is the most important, with species like Pandanus amaryllifolius and karuka (Pandanus julianettii) being im... | Pandanaceae | Wikipedia | 394 | 4050647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanaceae | Biology and health sciences | Pandanales | Plants | vital_articles |
A back-arc basin is a type of geologic basin, found at some convergent plate boundaries. Presently all back-arc basins are submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones, with many found in the western Pacific Ocean. Most of them result from tensional forces, caused by a process known as oceanic tr... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 436 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
Evidence of seafloor spreading has been seen in cores of the basin floor. The thickness of sediment that collected in the basin decreased toward the center of the basin, indicating a younger surface. The idea that thickness and age of sediment on the sea floor is related to the age of the oceanic crust was proposed by ... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 424 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
Other back-arc basins such as the Lau Basin have undergone large rift jumps and propagation events (sudden changes in relative rift motion) that have transferred spreading centers from arc-distal to more arc-proximal positions. Conversely, study of recent spreading rates appear to be relatively symmetric with perhaps s... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 473 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
The thinning of the overriding plate from back-arc rifting can lead to the formation of new oceanic crust (i.e., back-arc spreading). As the lithosphere stretches, the asthenosphere below rises to shallow depths and partially melts as a result of adiabatic decompression melting. As this melt nears the surface, spreadin... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 452 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
Pelagic clays containing iron-manganese micronodules, quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, magnetite, volcanic glass, montmorillonite, illite, smectite, foraminiferal remains, diatoms, and sponge spicules made up the uppermost stratigraphic section at each site it was found. This sediment type consisted of 4.2% of the tota... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 473 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
History of thought
With the development of plate tectonic theory, geologists thought that convergent plate margins were zones of compression, thus zones of strong extension above subduction zones (back-arc basins) were not expected. The hypothesis that some convergent plate margins were actively spreading was develope... | Back-arc basin | Wikipedia | 93 | 7059576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science | vital_articles |
Shimeji (Japanese: , or ) is a group of edible mushrooms native to East Asia, but also found in northern Europe. Hon-shimeji (Lyophyllum shimeji) is a mycorrhizal fungus and difficult to cultivate. Other species are saprotrophs, and buna-shimeji (Hypsizygus tessulatus) is now widely cultivated. Shimeji is rich in umam... | Shimeji | Wikipedia | 472 | 6905166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimeji | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants | vital_articles |
Shimeji health benefits
Shimeji mushrooms contain minerals like potassium and phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and copper. Shimeji mushrooms lower the cholesterol level of the body. This mushroom is rich in glycoprotein (HM-3A), marmorin, beta-(1-3)-glucan, hypsiziprenol, and hypsin therefore is a potential natural antican... | Shimeji | Wikipedia | 379 | 6905166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimeji | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants | vital_articles |
Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carp and salmon; worldwide production exceeded in 2002 and increases annually. Because of their high protein content, large size, rapid growth (6 to 7 months to grow to harvest size), and palatability, a number of coptodonine and oreochromine cichli... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 500 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male. Being prolific breeders, female tilapia in the ponds or tanks will result in large populations of small fish. Whole tilapia can be processed into skinless, boneless (PBO) fillets: the yield is from 30% to 37%, depending on fillet size and final trim.
Commercial ... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 495 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
The latest genome assembly is from 3 years ago, and can be seen from the name of the assembly that NMBU was also highly involved in the effort along with the University of Maryland. Nile tilapia have 22 pairs of chromosomes. 23 Linkage groups because of the sex chromosomes. About 1 billion base pairs in length, 3,010 c... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 414 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
In the beginning, breeding programs focused mainly on growth traits. Nowadays, more traits are included in the breeding goal. The tendency is to have even more traits in the future. For example, disease resistance, reproductive traits, robustness, lower emissions, feed conversion ratio (sustainability traits). New tech... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 353 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
India
The FAO has not recorded any production of farmed tilapia by India. Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), the R&D arm of Marine Products Export Development Authority, has established a facility in Vijayawada to produce mono-sex tilapia in two strains. This project involves the establishment of a satellite ... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 466 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
Although the ultimate target groups of this project are fish farmers and small householders, a wider range of beneficiaries is expected, including commercial producers, scientists and the end consumers. The RGCA will gain experience and knowledge on the development of genetic improvement programs for economically impor... | Aquaculture of tilapia | Wikipedia | 292 | 9174535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia | Technology | Aquaculture | null | vital_articles |
Taobao is a Chinese online shopping platform. It is headquartered in Hangzhou and is owned by Alibaba. According to Alexa rank, it was the eighth most-visited website globally in 2021. Taobao.com was registered on April 21, 2003 by Alibaba Cloud Computing (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
Taobao Marketplace facilitates consumer-to-... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 449 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
In 2008, Taobao established a platform rule providing that customers had the right to return clothes sold on the platform within seven days of receipt without cause, and subsequently expanded the rule to cover other commodities. This rule became an influential standard in Chinese e-commerce and in 2014 was made an indu... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 470 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
A good way to investigate a Taobao shop is by clicking the shop's rating icon. For Tmall.com shops, people click the stars to view their ratings. Taobao users usually read feedback and compare items from multiple shops. Feedback can be genuine or artificial, requiring users to make their own judgments. Feedback can be ... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 456 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
Public jury
Alibaba established its public jury (pan.taobao.com) dispute resolution system in 2012. By 2020, it was a widely-used dispute resolution tool on the main Taobao platform and was also frequently used on Xianyu (Taobao's used goods platform).
Through the public jury process, Taobao randomly selects panels o... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 484 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
Launched in 2004, Alipay () is an escrow-based online payment platform. It is the preferred payment solution for Taobao Marketplace. It is the most widely used third-party online payment solution in China. To ensure safe transactions, Alipay uses an escrow system through which payment is only released to the seller onc... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 433 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
Taobao Live
In 2018, Alibaba launched the streaming service named Alibaba Live. This service was created with the goal of allowing online retailers to market their products utilizing social shopping. This has seen significant growth in popularity and success, with the 84 stores using this service reporting $7.4 millio... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 503 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
Anti-fraud
Taobao has a five layer system for fraud detection. "Account check" is the first layer: during this stage, automatic processes examine whether the account at issue has demonstrated suspicious activity. Fraud cases deemed obvious at this layer are declined. Taobao's system can also require further informatio... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 496 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
In 2019, Taobao removed all items related to the Houston Rockets in response to the organization's general manager Daryl Morey posting a tweet about Hong Kong.
In October 2020 amid rising geopolitical tensions between Taipei and Beijing, Taobao announced that it would exit the Taiwanese market after the Taiwanese gove... | Taobao | Wikipedia | 426 | 10674423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao | Technology | E-commerce | null | vital_articles |
The Jupiter mass, also called Jovian mass, is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter. This value may refer to the mass of the planet alone, or the mass of the entire Jovian system to include the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter is by far the most massive planet in the Solar System. It is approximately ... | Jupiter mass | Wikipedia | 441 | 10686210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20mass | Physical sciences | Mass and weight | Basics and measurement | vital_articles |
Gravitational constant
The mass of Jupiter is derived from the measured value called the Jovian mass parameter, which is denoted with GMJ. The mass of Jupiter is calculated by dividing GMJ by the constant G. For celestial bodies such as Jupiter, Earth and the Sun, the value of the GM product is known to many orders of ... | Jupiter mass | Wikipedia | 299 | 10686210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20mass | Physical sciences | Mass and weight | Basics and measurement | vital_articles |
In logic and mathematics, contraposition, or transposition, refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as . The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped.
Conditional stateme... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 498 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
In practice, this equivalence can be used to make proving a statement easier. For example, if one wishes to prove that every girl in the United States (A) has brown hair (B), one can either try to directly prove by checking that all girls in the United States do indeed have brown hair, or try to prove by checking tha... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 448 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
The transposition rule may be expressed as a sequent:
where is a metalogical symbol meaning that is a syntactic consequence of in some logical system; or as a rule of inference:
where the rule is that wherever an instance of "" appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with ""; or as the statement of a tr... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 495 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
We define as equal to "", and as equal to (from this, is equal to , which is equal to just ):
This reads "It is not the case that (R is true and S is false)", which is the definition of a material conditional. We can then make this substitution:
By reverting R and S back into and , we then obtain the desired con... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 421 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
The contrapositive is "If an object does not have color, then it is not red." This follows logically from our initial statement and, like it, it is evidently true.
The inverse is "If an object is not red, then it does not have color." An object which is blue is not red, and still has color. Therefore, in this case the... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 465 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Truth
If a statement is true, then its contrapositive is true (and vice versa).
If a statement is false, then its contrapositive is false (and vice versa).
If a statement's inverse is true, then its converse is true (and vice versa).
If a statement's inverse is false, then its converse is false (and vice versa).
... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 400 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Full contraposition is the simultaneous interchange and negation of the subject and predicate, and is valid only for the type "A" and type "O" propositions of Aristotelian logic, while it is conditionally valid for "E" type propositions if a change in quantity from universal to particular is made (partial contrapositio... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 478 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Also, notice that contraposition is a method of inference which may require the use of other rules of inference. The contrapositive is the product of the method of contraposition, with different outcomes depending upon whether the contraposition is full, or partial. The successive applications of conversion and obversi... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 512 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Sufficient condition
In the proposition "If P, then Q", the occurrence of P is sufficient reason for the occurrence of Q. P, as an individual or a class, materially implicates Q, but the relation of Q to P is such that the converse proposition "If Q, then P" does not necessarily have sufficient condition. The rule of i... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 396 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Necessary and sufficient conditions can be explained by analogy in terms of the concepts and the rules of immediate inference of traditional logic. In the categorical proposition "All S is P", the subject term S is said to be distributed, that is, all members of its class are exhausted in its expression. Conversely, t... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 282 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
While most authors use the terms for the same thing, some authors distinguish transposition from contraposition. In traditional logic the reasoning process of transposition as a rule of inference is applied to categorical propositions through contraposition and obversion, a series of immediate inferences where the rule... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 469 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Proof by contrapositive
Because the contrapositive of a statement always has the same truth value (truth or falsity) as the statement itself, it can be a powerful tool for proving mathematical theorems (especially if the truth of the contrapositive is easier to establish than the truth of the statement itself). A proof... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 506 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
Logically, the validity of proof by contrapositive can be demonstrated by the use of the following truth table, where it is shown that p → q and q → p share the same truth values in all scenarios:
Difference with proof by contradiction
Proof by contradiction: Assume (for contradiction) that is true. Use this assumpt... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 493 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
In probability theory Contraposition represents an instance of Bayes' theorem which in a specific form can be expressed as:
In the equation above the conditional probability generalizes the logical statement , i.e. in addition to assigning TRUE or FALSE we can also assign any probability to the statement. The term d... | Contraposition | Wikipedia | 150 | 8556497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null | vital_articles |
A flexible shaft, often referred to as a flex shaft, is a device for transmitting rotary motion between two objects which are not fixed relative to one another. It consists of a rotating wire rope or coil which is flexible but has some torsional stiffness. It may or may not have a covering, which also bends but does no... | Flexible shaft | Wikipedia | 179 | 8559544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20shaft | Technology | Flexible components | null | vital_articles |
A nonfood crop, also known as industrial crop, is a crop grown to produce goods for manufacturing, for example fibre for clothing, rather than food for consumption.
Purpose
Industrial crops is a designation given to an enterprise that attempts to raise farm sector income, and provide economic development activities f... | Nonfood crop | Wikipedia | 132 | 8565007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfood%20crop | Technology | Basics_2 | null | vital_articles |
The Pont Alexandre III () is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. It connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with those of the Invalides and Eiffel Tower. The bridge is widely regarded as the most ornate, extravagant bridge in the city. It has been classified as a French monument historique since 1975.
Histor... | Pont Alexandre III | Wikipedia | 497 | 2936554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Alexandre%20III | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
The nymph reliefs are at the centres of the arches over the Seine, memorials to the Franco-Russian Alliance. The Nymphs of the Seine has a relief of the arms of Paris, and faces the Nymphs of the Neva with the arms of Imperial Russia. They are both executed in hammered copper over forms by Georges Récipon.
In the same... | Pont Alexandre III | Wikipedia | 123 | 2936554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Alexandre%20III | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
Films and videos
In the 1956 film Anastasia, the final battle takes place at the bridge.
The Moody Blues' first music video footage for the song “Nights in White Satin” was shot two times with two scenes throughout the middle and the ending of the song in 1967.
In the 1976 film Pardon Mon Affaire, a character drops... | Pont Alexandre III | Wikipedia | 500 | 2936554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Alexandre%20III | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
In the 2020 Netflix Original TV series Emily in Paris, Savoir, the French marketing firm where Emily works, films a perfume advertisement here with their client, Maison Lavaux.
Jung Jaehyun (NCT) was shooting a music video for his cover version of the 2017 song "I Like Me Better" by Lauv.
Maison Margiela staged their... | Pont Alexandre III | Wikipedia | 88 | 2936554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20Alexandre%20III | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
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