id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
52,889,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20saccharolyticus | Aspergillus saccharolyticus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It belongs to the group of black Aspergilli which are important industrial workhorses. A. saccharolyticus belongs to the Nigri section. The species was first described in 2008. It was isolated from under a wooden toilet seat in Denmark. The genome of A. sclerotiicarbonarius was sequenced and published in 2014 as part of the Aspergillus whole-genome sequencing project – a project dedicated to performing whole-genome sequencing of all members of the genus Aspergillus. The genome assembly size was 37.62 Mbp.
Growth and morphology
A. saccharolyticus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
References
Further reading
saccharolyticus
Fungi described in 2011
Fungus species | Aspergillus saccharolyticus | [
"Biology"
] | 214 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
52,889,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone%E2%80%93cortisol%20ratio | In human biology, the testosterone–cortisol ratio describes the ratio between testosterone, the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid, and cortisol, another steroid hormone, in the human body.
The ratio is often used as a biomarker of physiological stress in athletes during training, during athletic performance, and during recovery, and has been explored as a predictor of performance. At least among weight-lifters, the ratio tracks linearly with increases in training volume over the first year of training but the relationship breaks down after that. A lower ratio in weight-lifters just prior to performance appears to predict better performance.
The ratio has been studied as a possible biomarker for criminal aggression, but as of 2009 its usefulness was uncertain.
References
Testosterone
Athletic training
Biomarkers | Testosterone–cortisol ratio | [
"Biology"
] | 165 | [
"Biomarkers"
] |
52,890,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded%20crater | An expanded crater is a type of secondary impact crater. Large impacts often create swarms of small secondary craters from the debris that is blasted out as a consequence of the impact. Studies of a type of secondary craters, called expanded craters, have given insights into places where abundant ice may be present in the ground. Expanded craters have lost their rims, this may be because any rim that was once present has collapsed into the crater during expansion or, lost its ice, if composed of ice. Excess ice (ice in addition to what is in the pores of the ground) is widespread throughout the Martian mid-latitudes, especially in Arcadia Planitia. In this region, are many expanded secondary craters that probably form from impacts that destabilize a subsurface layer of excess ice, which subsequently sublimates. With sublimation the ice changes directly from a solid to gaseous form. In the impact, the excess ice is broken up, resulting in an increase in surface area. Ice will sublimate much more if there is more surface area. After the ice disappears into the atmosphere, dry soil material will collapse and cause the crater diameter to become larger.
Since this region still has abundant expanded craters, the area between the expanded craters would have abundant ice under the surface. If all the ice was gone, all the expanded craters would also be gone. Expanded craters are more frequent in the inner layer of a type of crater called double-layer ejecta craters (formerly called rampart craters). Double layer craters are believed to form in ice-rich ground. Research, published in 2015, mapped expanded craters in Arcadia Planitia, found in the northern mid latitudes, and the research team concluded that the ice may be tens of millions of years old. The age was determined from the age of four primary craters that produced the secondary craters that later expanded when ice sublimated. The craters were Steinheim, Gan, Domoni, and an unnamed crater with a diameter of 6 km. Based on measurements and models, the researchers calculated that at least 6000 Km3 of ice is still preserved in non-cratered portions of Arcadia Planitia. Places on Mars that display expanded craters may indicate where future colonists can find water ice.
See also
Diacria quadrangle
References
Impact craters | Expanded crater | [
"Astronomy"
] | 464 | [
"Astronomical objects",
"Impact craters"
] |
52,891,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20relocation | In the sharing economy, transfer cars, relocation cars, or driveaways are rental cars that need to be transferred back to their original branch after a one-way rental. Rental car companies have traditionally used truck and train transporters to re-position their fleet until this model was disrupted by websites which let travelers book those transfer cars for free or for a very small amount of money.
References
Car rental | Car relocation | [
"Physics"
] | 82 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
52,891,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20associations%20of%20road%20authorities | This article lists the main regional associations for road authorities from around the world. Many of these are associated with the World Road Association.
Africa
The Association des Gestionnaires et Partenaires Africains de la Route (AGEPAR) or African Road Managers and Partners Association is the association for road authorities predominantly in north and western africa.
The Association of Southern Africa National Road Agencies (ASANRA) is an association of national roads agencies or authorities in the Southern African Development Community.
Asia and Australasia
The Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia was established in 1973 as a regional body to promote and advance the science and practice of road engineering and related professions.
Europe and Asia
The Baltic Roads Association was established for the cooperation of the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Road Administrations.
The Conference of European Directors of Roads or Conférence Européenne des Directeurs des Routes is a Brussels-based organisation for the Directors of National Road Authorities in Europe.
Межправительственный совет дорожников (MSD) or Intergovernmental Council of Roads, is the road authority organisation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. MSD was founded in 1992 as the Interstate Council of Roads In 1998 the Council of Roads was given Intergovernmental organisation status. It assists in the cooperation between member road administrations in the field of design, construction, maintenance and scientific and technological policies in the road sector.
The Nordic Road Association (NVF) was established in 1935. The founding members were Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the Faroe Islands became a member in 1975.
North and South America
The Consejo de Directores de Carreteras de Iberia e Iberoamérica (DIRCAIBEA) / Board of Directors of Iberia and Latin America Roads was created in 1995. Twenty-two countries have representation in DIRCAIBEA; The two Iberian countries, Spain and Portugal, and 20 countries of the Americas and the Caribbean, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba; Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): although technically a national association of state authorities, AASHTO activities also include most Canadian provinces.
References
Civil engineering organizations
Road authorities | Regional associations of road authorities | [
"Engineering"
] | 503 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
52,892,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Digital%20Hub | The Digital Hub is a cluster of technology, digital media and internet companies in The Liberties area of Dublin, Ireland. The hub consists of almost 75 companies located in eight buildings, collectively employing 700 people. It is the largest enterprise cluster of its kind in Ireland.
History
The Irish Government founded The Digital Hub in 2003 to cater for companies involved in information technology, with Media Lab Europe—a business venture by MIT, as its anchor. By 2017, more than 200 companies have (or still are) located there, including Amazon, Etsy, Havok, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, Eventbrite, Slack, and Stripe.
In 2016 Fiach Mac Conghail, former Director of the Abbey Theatre, was appointed CEO of the Digital Hub Development Agency, the state agency which operates and promotes The Digital Hub.
In 2021 the government announced that it would wind down the Digital Hub and transfer land to the Land Development Agency. The LDA announced in 2023 it would turn th e site into a €180 million development called Pear Tree Crossing.
References
External links
thedigitalhub.com
Places in Dublin (city)
Information technology places | The Digital Hub | [
"Technology"
] | 236 | [
"Information technology",
"Information technology places"
] |
52,893,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism%20%28company%29 | Purism, SPC is an American computer technology corporation based in San Francisco, California and registered in the state of Washington.
Purism manufactures the Librem personal computing devices with a focus on software freedom, computer security, and Internet privacy. In addition to hardware, Purism also maintains PureOS, an operating system along with Librem One, a suite of software as a service based on open standards.
History
Purism was founded in 2014 with a crowdfunding campaign for the Librem 15, An attempt to manufacture an Intel-based high-end laptop for Linux with "almost no proprietary software". A second campaign funded development of a 13-inch model with hardware switches to disable the microphone and camera as a privacy feature. These hardware switches were also added to the 15-inch model.
The two campaigns raised from 1,042 initial backers, and production began at the end of 2015. In 2017 Purism announced its transition from a build to order to a build to stock order fulfillment model.
Purism reincorporated as a social purpose corporation in February 2017 and announced the change in May.
In 2023, the company was criticized for inconsistent messaging and enforcement of their refund policy, rejecting refunds for multiple customers having valid refund requests. Louis Rossmann covered Purism in two videos: the first described one customer's refund request experience and Rossmann's disdain for Purism's behavior; the second described an impassioned email addressed to Rossmann from a former Purism associate, describing the situation from their perspective with the goal of removing the critical video. Rossmann did not remove the video.
Products
PureOS
Purism manages development of PureOS, a free Linux distro based on Debian. PureOS mostly ships with software from the Debian software repository but has all software removed that violates Purism's guidelines and the GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines. PureOS was endorsed by the Free Software Foundation in December 2017. Librem laptops ship with PureOS by default and an optional Qubes OS Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive. Purism says that it is easy for Librem device owners to install alternative Linux distributions and that owners have the freedom to install any operating system that they desire.
Librem hardware
Librem has been the brand name used by Purism for all of their computer hardware products since the firm's first website in late 2014. The name is based on the French word libre for the English word free as used in the term logiciel libre for free software.
Purism devices feature hardware kill switches to allow users to shut off the camera, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular or mobile broadband modem on devices that have one (or can be purchased air gapped).
Laptops
Purism's first products were two laptop computers. Since late 2015, they have made laptops of two sizes: Librem 13 and 15, featuring a 13 and a 15-inch screen, respectively. These products ship with Purism's own operating system, PureOS, a derivative of Debian GNU/Linux, and an optional Qubes OS USB drive.
Purism does its best to remove Intel's Management Engine from its Librem laptops, considering it a security problem. Still, it was unable to completely avoid using proprietary BIOS firmware, earning criticism from the Coreboot and Libreboot projects (which are working on free firmware, but as of 2015 had not yet achieved support of the contemporary hardware that Librem uses). Since summer 2017, new Librem laptops are shipped with coreboot as their standard BIOS, and updates are available for all older models.
In July 2020, Purism announced the Librem 14, the successor of the Librem 13. The Librem 14 features a 10th generation Intel processor, and was scheduled to begin shipping in February 2021.
Comparison of laptops
Tablet: Librem 11
Purism has proposed a 2-in-1 PC, a convertible, hybrid, tablet-to-laptop computer: the Librem 11, sometimes termed Librem 10 or 12. It would have an 11-inch touchscreen in an 11.6-inch body with a detachable keyboard, and an optional docking station. Development on the device began in April 2016 and was suspended in October 2018 to focus on the Librem 5 smartphone.
Smartphone: Librem 5
The Librem 5 is Purism's first smartphone. A funding campaign for Librem 5 started on 24 August 2017, for a $599 "security and privacy focused phone". The 60-day funding campaign aimed to collect , but the goal was surpassed two weeks early and concluded with US$2,677,609.10 raised, 78% over the goal.
The phone's operating system is entirely free software: it comes with PureOS pre-installed but also supports Ubuntu Touch. On the hardware level, the baseband processor is separated and isolated from the CPU main bus, and connected via a fast USB interface instead. The phone also implements hardware kill switches for the isolated baseband processor, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, camera, and microphone. The firmware for the cellular modem on the phone is proprietary. Purism shipped the first Librem 5 phones in September 2019. A model of the Librem 5 phone with electronics claimed to be entirely assembled in the US is also available.
Release of the Librem 5 took much longer than anticipated; Purism cited product development and supply chain challenges for the multi-year product fulfillment delays.
Librem Key
The Librem Key is a hardware USB security token with many features, including integration with tamper-evident Heads Firmware. Heads help to ensure that the Librem laptop's BIOS was not altered since the last laptop boot. The Librem Key also holds a one-time password storage (3x HOTP (RFC 4226), 15 x TOTP (RFC 6238)), integrated password manager (16 entries), 40 kbit/s true random number generator, and tamper-resistant smart card. The key supports type A USB 2.0, has dimensions of , and weighs .
Librem One
Librem One is a paid subscription free-software social-networking suite launched April 30, 2019 claiming to prioritize decentralization and privacy, using repackaged open source applications. At present, services provided are: Librem Mail supporting OpenPGP standards using a K-9-based client; Librem Tunnel based on OpenVPN; Librem Social microblogging using Mastodon server and Tusky-based client software federated via the ActivityPub protocol, and Librem Chat using Element software federated via Matrix and XMPP.
See also
Linux adoption
System76
Framework Computer
Pine64
References
External links
Purism on Odysee.com
Purism on Mastodon.social
2014 establishments in California
American brands
Computer companies established in 2014
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Consumer electronics brands
Electronics companies established in 2014
Free culture movement
Home computer hardware companies
Linux
Manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Mobile phone manufacturers
Netbook manufacturers
Online retailers of the United States
Open-source hardware
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area | Purism (company) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,497 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
52,897,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-painted%20ceiling | A ceiling painted with stars frequently occurs as a design motif in a cathedral or Christian church, and replicates the Earth's sky at night. Ceilings painted with stars are often found in these buildings because of symbolic associations of stars in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In religious buildings, this decorative feature is often white or gold stars on a blue background. As well as being a decorative technique, star-painted ceilings are also associated with astrology. It has been used as a way to accurately depict the night sky such as in planetariums. Ceilings painted with stars are also a decorative feature sometimes found in houses, particularly in children's rooms.
History
Illustrations, paintings, and murals of the sky, heavens, and stars have a long history as a source of decoration. The Imperial temple in Palmyra, approximately constructed in the late 2nd century BC, is one of the earliest known examples of a religious building that features star-painted ceilings as a decorative motif. Outside of religious context, this motif has also been found in villas, and bath houses in Palmyra during this same time period.
Star-painted ceilings have also been found in caves within the Navajo region, with the majority located in the state of New Mexico. The stars painted in this area are presented as cross [x] shapes. They are painted using various pigments including red, blue, black, yellow, and green. It is believed that the ceilings in this area were painted between 1000 - 1525 AD.
Vaults in places of worship became a popular place to paint night skies throughout Europe during the 12th to 16th centuries. This motif of painted vaults, also referred to as starry vaults, is linked to Gothic architecture. An example of a chapel that features star-painted vaults is the Sainte-Chapelle, located in Paris, France. The vaults of the upper-chapel feature gold painted stars on a dark blue background. The earliest known instance of a star-painted vault related to Christianity is a baptistery at the city of Dura-Europos which is dated approximately 300 AD. The stars in the baptistery were painted white, painted over a blue background, and featured eight points.
Islamic artists began using complex geometric patterns involving stars as a form of ceiling decoration from the 9th century through to the 16th century. The shape of the stars took many forms over this period, becoming more embellished over time with complex shapes and details taking centerstage. For instance, the simple five-pointed star was favoured during the 9th century. While by the 16th century stars with 16 points were more commonly portrayed.
Into the late 20th and early 21st century, star-painted ceilings have continued to be created. However, during this period star-painted ceilings have been created more commonly on a commercial scale such as in homes and nurseries. This decorative feature takes a range of forms but has been created using gold stars on a blue ceiling, black and white, or glow in the dark paint.
Symbolism
Mithras
Ceilings that featured stars found in the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries were frequently used as a way to illustrate Mithras. During this time, the deity's cloak was painted dark blue with gold stars painted on top, decorating the cloak.
Christ
In Christianity, stars have a long history as sacred symbols. In churches, pentagrams, which are commonly used to represent stars, are painted on the ceilings of churches and cathedrals. Unlike stars which are painted solidly and have a variety of points, the pentagram is five-pointed with a hollow centre. Art historian Alva William's states that these pentacles symbolise the five wounds of Christ and is thought to “ward off evil spirits”.
The Star of David
The Star of David is a symbol used in Judaism and can be found painted on the ceilings of some synagogues. It is represented as a six-pointed hexagram and is associated with “Hebrew mysticism”. Ceilings that have the Star of David painted on the ceiling include the Sha'ar HaShamayim Synagogue (also known as the “Gate of Heaven Synagogue”). In the synagogue, a large Star of David has been painted on the ceiling with smaller stars surrounding it.
Heaven and cosmology
Stars are a recurring decorative motif in both Christianity and Judaism. However, used for decoration have several different symbolic associations depending on their depiction.
Stars individually used for decoration have several different symbolic associations in Christianity. The scholar Jodi Magness suggests that by the 6th century the central dome of churches, often located in the centre of the church, started to become recognised as a ‘heavenly’ place that was symbolically linked to cosmology. Because of this association, the centre dome is where star-painted ceilings are still often located in religious buildings. This can be seen in churches such as St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the Siena Cathedral, located in Tuscany.
Jodi Magness also states that during the 4th century Jewish places of worship represented “the Garden of Eden or Paradise, a place where heaven and earth were united”. However, during this time many of the star-studded ceilings and domes were created using mosaic tiles rather than paint. Nevertheless, this connection to heaven and symbolic use of stars can be seen continuing to be recreated into the 19th and 20th centuries, such as seen in the Grand Synagogue of Edirne. The synagogue was built in 1906 and features large vaulted ceilings covered in thousands of small painted white, gold, and black stars on a sky-blue background.
Churches and cathedrals
The depiction of heaven and the sky is a recurring decorative feature that can be found in several Christian churches, chapels, and cathedrals. These illustrations of heaven and the sky frequently feature the decorative motifs of stars. This recurring motif is associated with several different artistic and architectural movements. Stars are referred to throughout the Bible, often in symbolic connection to heaven, for example, “the stars of heaven and their constellations”. It must also be noted that this motif may take on several different meanings depending on the cultural context, time period, and the viewer.
Historians Ellen Swift and Anne Alwis claim that star-painted ceilings were painted to represent the heavens within the sphere of Christianity and illustrate a heavenly place outside the natural world. Ceilings decorated in stars have also been found in baptistries. Swift and Alwis state that star-painted ceilings associated with cosmology may have been used as a way to illustrate that the one being baptised was symbolically going to be “reborn into a new world”.
The Scrovegni Chapel is an example of a star-painted ceiling. It was painted by Giotto di Bondone and his assistants between 1303 - 1305 A.D. The work depicts scenes from the Bible, with hundreds of geometrically aligned stars mixed into the mural. The eight-pointed stars have been painted gold and cover the vibrant blue arched ceiling.
Another example of a church featuring star-painted ceilings is the Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal. The interior of the church was built during the 19th century and is an example of Gothic revival architecture. Similar to Gothic it features vaults that are decorated with gold painted stars, the gold stars cover the blue vaulted ceilings of the church.
Synagogues
Much like other religious buildings such as churches and cathedrals, a ceiling decorated in stars is a recurring motif in Synagogues. Like the Bible, the Torah also references stars, “look heavenward and count the stars”. Star-painted ceilings are often used as a decoration feature in the central section of a synagogue.
There are many examples of star-painted ceilings in synagogues, particularly in those built during the late 19th century such as the Synagogue of Modena (La Sinagoga di Modena). This synagogue was built in 1873 and is one of the largest in Italy. It features a large central dome ceiling which is painted blue and covered in golden stars. This location of the mural is significant because, as noted before, this area of the synagogue is recognised as a particularly holy place close to heaven.
Another example of star-painted ceilings as a central decorative motif in a Synagogue is the Eldridge Street Synagogue, located in New York City, which features five-pointed gold stars painted on a blue dome within the building. The dome which features these stars is well lit with natural lighting because of the multiple stain-glass windows that surround it. As a result, the golden stars reflect the light, creating the illusion that they are glowing. Another example of a synagogue that features stars painted on the ceiling is Central Synagogue, also located in New York City. Unlike the Eldridge Street Synagogue, the majority of the stars painted in this building have eight points.
Mosques
Stars have symbolic value in the Islamic faith. References to stars can be found throughout the Quran, “Behold, We have adorned the skies nearest to the earth with the beauty of stars”. As there are little to no depictions of human figures in mosques it is common for scripture and decorative features, such as stars, to fill the inside of the religious buildings.
Many of the geometric patterns featured in the ceilings of Mosques are created using mosaics. However, there are some, such as the Nasrid palace complex in Spain, that use paint to create the star polygon design. The ceiling of the Mexuar, one part of the Nasrid palace complex, was designed in the 16th century and features star polygons with eight points. This decorative mural was created using gold paint which was applied to the carved wooden ceiling.
Other Buildings
As well as being a decorative technique, star-painted ceilings have been created which accurately depict the night sky and constellation systems. While stars painted in religious contexts such as found churches, synagogues, and mosques are more widely referenced there are many instances where stars have been painted on ceilings outside of religious context throughout history. Some examples of detailed-star painted ceilings are listed below.
Grand Central Terminal
A starry mural in New York's Grand Central Terminal depicts a semi-accurate night sky. The ceiling is decorated with over 2,500 stars and illustrates a North American winter night sky around December 1 - February 28. The constellation arrangement was a replicant of the 1603 star atlas that was created by Johann Bayer. However, the mural is not a fully accurate representation of the night sky as it was painted back to front.
Rijksmuseum
The mural at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam is a contemporary example of a star-painted ceiling. The installation was painted in 2013 and consists of 47,000 painted black stars on a plain white ceiling. The six-pointed stars were hand-painted by Richard Wright and his art team over a period of two months.
Tombs
Star-painted ceilings were found in the tomb of Yintun located in Luoyang. The mural is located in the central tomb chamber and is painted on a domed ceiling. Unlike the common depiction of pointed gold stars on a blue background, the stars painted in the tomb are circular and vary in colour from white to orange. As well as stars, the mural includes depictions of animals and symbols which historian Feng Shi states represent different constellation systems.
Star-painted ceilings have also been found in dozens of ancient tombs in Korea. The collection of tombs known as the Complex of Koguryo Tombs (Goguryeo tombs) features complex constellation systems which include detailed illustrations of both the sun and lunar cycles. One of the tombs that is part of the Complex of Koguryo features the astronomical chart known as Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido (天象列次分野之圖) and is dated 1395 A.D. The mural itself features a constellation system that includes approximately 1,500 painted and engraved stars that mimic real star systems found in the night sky viewed from Korea during the Joseon dynasty.
Planetariums
Decorated ceilings have also been used in planetariums. An example of this is the Hamburg Planetarium where a large circular ceiling within the planetarium has been painted blue with star constellations and zodiac signs painted on top in gold.
Examples
The dome of Lovely Lane Methodist Church in Baltimore, designed by Stanford White, was decorated with the stars as they were thought to have appeared in the night sky on the morning of the church's dedication, 6 November 1887.
Other examples of star-painted ceilings include:
Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)
Carlisle Cathedral, England (at left)
Church of Santiago, Málaga, Spain
Saint Gertrude Church, in Darłowo, Poland
Hermitage of Santa Ana, in Xàtiva, Spain
St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków, Poland
Sainte-Chapelle, in Paris, France
Siena Cathedral, in Siena, Italy
The original ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome at Pope Sixtus IV's time was a starry "vault of Heaven," done in gold and lapis lazuli. This is attributed to Pier Matteo d'Amelia. In 1506 Pope Julius II appointed Michelangelo to repaint the ceiling with scenes from the Book of Genesis
St. Ulrich's and St. Afra's Abbey, in Bavaria, Germany
Santo Domingo de la Calzada Cathedral, in La Rioja, Spain
Toledo Cathedral, Spain
Mausoleum of the Andrássy Family, Trebišov, Slovakia
The Forum Auditorium in the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) has a ceiling which mimics the night sky. Each major star is represented by an electric light, and the constellations they form are painted and labelled around them.
See also
Arch
Atmospheric theatre
Vault (architecture)
Star chamber
References
External links and references
A YouTube which mentions starry vaults
Discussion of starry vaults
Many photos of starry vaults
Church architecture
Design
Murals | Star-painted ceiling | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,767 | [
"Design"
] |
52,897,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-time-step%20integration | In numerical analysis, multi-time-step integration, also referred to as multiple-step or asynchronous time integration, is a numerical time-integration method that uses different time-steps or time-integrators for different parts of the problem. There are different approaches to multi-time-step integration. They are based on domain decomposition and can be classified into strong (monolithic) or weak (staggered) schemes. Using different time-steps or time-integrators in the context of a weak algorithm is rather straightforward, because the numerical solvers operate independently. However, this is not the case in a strong algorithm. In the past few years a number of research articles have addressed the development of strong multi-time-step algorithms. In either case, strong or weak, the numerical accuracy and stability needs to be carefully studied. Other approaches to multi-time-step integration in the context of operator splitting methods have also been developed; i.e., multi-rate GARK method and multi-step methods for molecular dynamics simulations.
References
Numerical analysis
Applied mathematics | Multi-time-step integration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 223 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numerical analysis",
"Approximations"
] |
52,897,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20farm | A cluster farm () is a traditional western Norwegian farm settlement with multiple individual farms and with the houses of the various farms located close together, more or less irregularly in relation to one another, and so that it is difficult to see any regular pattern.
Typical examples of cluster farms include Havrå on the island of Osterøy, Agatunet in the Hardanger district, Henjum in Hermansverk, Tyssedalen in Fjaler Municipality, Osmundnes in Gloppen Municipality, Sjønstå in Fauske Municipality, and remaining parts of Larsbakken in Fjaler Municipality.
Cluster farms originated through repeated division of farms. The division was to be made fairly and so every single field plot was therefore divided. The plots of land therefore became increasingly smaller, and each user received an increasingly complex property to deal with.
References
Further reading
Landscape architecture
History of agriculture | Cluster farm | [
"Engineering"
] | 188 | [
"Landscape architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
52,897,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate%20%28statistics%29 | Univariate is a term commonly used in statistics to describe a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute. A simple example of univariate data would be the salaries of workers in industry. Like all the other data, univariate data can be visualized using graphs, images or other analysis tools after the data is measured, collected, reported, and analyzed.
Data types
Some univariate data consists of numbers (such as the height of 65 inches or the weight of 100 pounds), while others are nonnumerical (such as eye colors of brown or blue). Generally, the terms categorical univariate data and numerical univariate data are used to distinguish between these types.
Categorical univariate data
Categorical univariate data consists of non-numerical observations that may be placed in categories. It includes labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Categorical univariate data usually use either nominal or ordinal scale of measurement.
Numerical univariate data
Numerical univariate data consists of observations that are numbers. They are obtained using either interval or ratio scale of measurement. This type of univariate data can be classified even further into two subcategories: discrete and continuous. A numerical univariate data is discrete if the set of all possible values is finite or countably infinite. Discrete univariate data are usually associated with counting (such as the number of books read by a person). A numerical univariate data is continuous if the set of all possible values is an interval of numbers. Continuous univariate data are usually associated with measuring (such as the weights of people).
Data analysis and applications
Univariate analysis is the simplest form of analyzing data. Uni means "one", so the data has only one variable (univariate). Univariate data requires to analyze each variable separately. Data is gathered for the purpose of answering a question, or more specifically, a research question. Univariate data does not answer research questions about relationships between variables, but rather it is used to describe one characteristic or attribute that varies from observation to observation. Usually there are two purposes that a researcher can look for. The first one is to answer a research question with descriptive study and the second one is to get knowledge about how attribute varies with individual effect of a variable in regression analysis. There are some ways to describe patterns found in univariate data which include graphical methods, measures of central tendency and measures of variability.
Like other forms of statistics, it can be inferential or descriptive. The key fact is that only one variable is involved.
Univariate analysis can yield misleading results in cases in which multivariate analysis is more appropriate.
Measures of central tendency
Central tendency is one of the most common numerical descriptive measures. It is used to estimate the central location of the univariate data by the calculation of mean, median and mode. Each of these calculations has its own advantages and limitations. The mean has the advantage that its calculation includes each value of the data set, but it is particularly susceptible to the influence of outliers. The median is a better measure when the data set contains outliers. The mode is simple to locate.
One is not restricted to using only one of these measures of central tendency. If the data being analyzed is categorical, then the only measure of central tendency that can be used is the mode. However, if the data is numerical in nature (ordinal or interval/ratio) then the mode, median, or mean can all be used to describe the data. Using more than one of these measures provides a more accurate descriptive summary of central tendency for the univariate.
Measures of variability
A measure of variability or dispersion (deviation from the mean) of a univariate data set can reveal the shape of a univariate data distribution more sufficiently. It will provide some information about the variation among data values. The measures of variability together with the measures of central tendency give a better picture of the data than the measures of central tendency alone. The three most frequently used measures of variability are range, variance and standard deviation. The appropriateness of each measure would depend on the type of data, the shape of the distribution of data and which measure of central tendency are being used. If the data is categorical, then there is no measure of variability to report. For data that is numerical, all three measures are possible. If the distribution of data is symmetrical, then the measures of variability are usually the variance and standard deviation. However, if the data are skewed, then the measure of variability that would be appropriate for that data set is the range.
Descriptive methods
Descriptive statistics describe a sample or population. They can be part of exploratory data analysis.
The appropriate statistic depends on the level of measurement. For nominal variables, a frequency table and a listing of the mode(s) is sufficient. For ordinal variables the median can be calculated as a measure of central tendency and the range (and variations of it) as a measure of dispersion. For interval level variables, the arithmetic mean (average) and standard deviation are added to the toolbox and, for ratio level variables, we add the geometric mean and harmonic mean as measures of central tendency and the coefficient of variation as a measure of dispersion.
For interval and ratio level data, further descriptors include the variable's skewness and kurtosis.
Inferential methods
Inferential methods allow us to infer from a sample to a population. For a nominal variable a one-way chi-square (goodness of fit) test can help determine if our sample matches that of some population. For interval and ratio level data, a one-sample t-test can let us infer whether the mean in our sample matches some proposed number (typically 0). Other available tests of location include the one-sample sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Graphical methods
The most frequently used graphical illustrations for univariate data are:
Frequency distribution tables
Frequency is how many times a number occurs. The frequency of an observation in statistics tells us the number of times the observation occurs in the data. For example, in the following list of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 9, 8, 5, 1, 1, 9, 9, 0, 6, 9}, the frequency of the number 9 is 5 (because it occurs 5 times in this data set).
Bar charts
Bar chart is a graph consisting of rectangular bars. These bars actually represents number or percentage of observations of existing categories in a variable. The length or height of bars gives a visual representation of the proportional differences among categories.
Histograms
Histograms are used to estimate distribution of the data, with the frequency of values assigned to a value range called a bin.
Pie charts
Pie chart is a circle divided into portions that represent the relative frequencies or percentages of a population or a sample belonging to different categories.
Distributions
Univariate distribution is a dispersal type of a single random variable described either with a probability mass function (pmf) for discrete probability distribution, or probability density function (pdf) for continuous probability distribution. It is not to be confused with multivariate distribution.
Common discrete distributions
Uniform distribution (discrete)
Bernoulli distribution
Binomial distribution
Geometric distribution
Negative binomial distribution
Poisson distribution
Hypergeometric distribution
Zeta distribution
Common continuous distributions
Uniform distribution (continuous)
Normal distribution
Gamma distribution
Exponential distribution
Weibull distribution
Cauchy distribution
Beta distribution
See also
Univariate
Univariate distribution
Bivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
List of probability distributions
References
Mathematical terminology
Statistical data | Univariate (statistics) | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,573 | [
"Data",
"nan",
"Statistical data"
] |
54,220,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe%20rimosa | Inocybe rimosa (formerly known as Inocybe fastigiata), commonly known as straw-colored fiber head, is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s. Serious poisoning can result from consuming any quantity of the mushroom.
German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described this species in 1774. Lucien Quélet transferred it to the genus Inocybe in 1872.
The tan (or rarely whitish) cap is cone-shaped then expands, generally retaining an umbo and a darker center. Its surface is fibrous. The gills are light grayish and brown with age. The stalk is whitish, semi-fibrillose, and slightly clavate. The odour tends to be spermatic.
In Israel, the species grows under Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal.
In Israel, it is confused with edible mushrooms of the genus Tricholoma, particularly Tricholoma terreum, and Suillus granulatus, all of which grow in similar habitats. I. sororia is another similar species.
References
rimosa
Poisonous fungi
Fungi described in 1774
Fungi of Europe
Taxa named by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard
Fungus species | Inocybe rimosa | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 276 | [
"Poisonous fungi",
"Fungi",
"Toxicology",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,220,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20463 | NGC 463 is a lenticular galaxy located about 264 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan on December 16, 1871.
See also
Lenticular galaxy
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Pisces (constellation)
0463
00840
004719
Astronomical objects discovered in 1871
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan | NGC 463 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 85 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,221,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Performance%20Monitoring%20Solution | Network Performance Monitor (NPM) in Operations Management Suite, a component of Microsoft Azure, monitors network performance between office sites, data centers, clouds and applications in near real-time. It helps a network administrator locate and troubleshoot bottlenecks like network delay, data loss and availability of any network link across on-premises networks, Microsoft Azure VNets, Amazon Web Services VPCs, hybrid networks, VPNs or even public internet links.
Network Performance Monitor
Network Performance Monitor (NPM) is network monitoring from the Operations Management Suite, that monitors networks. NPM monitors the availability of connectivity and quality of connectivity between multiple locations within and across campuses, private and public clouds. It uses synthetic transactions to test for reachability and can be used on any IP network irrespective of the make and model of network routers or switches deployed.
Features
A dashboard is generated to display summarized information about the Network including Network health events, alleged unhealthy Network links, and the Subnetwork links with the most loss and most latency. Custom dashboards can also be created to find the state of the network at a point in time in history.
An interactive topology map is also generated to show the routes between Nodes. Network administrator can use it to distinguish the unhealthy path to find out the root cause of the issue.
Alerts can be configured to send e-mails to stakeholders when a threshold is reached.
Use Cases
Two on-premises networks: Monitor connectivity between two office sites which could be connected using an MPLS WAN link or VPN
Multiple sites: Monitor connectivity to a central site from multiple sites. For example, scenarios where users from multiple office locations are accessing applications hosted at a central location
Hybrid Networks: Monitor connectivity between on-premises and Azure VNets that could be connected using S2S VPN or ExpressRoute
Multiple Virtual Networks in Cloud: Monitor connectivity between multiple VNets in the same or different Azure regions. These could be peered V-Nets or V-nets connected using a VPN.
Any Cloud: Monitor connectivity between Amazon Web Services and on-premises Networks. And also between Amazon Web Services and Azure V-Nets.
Operation
It does not require any access to network devices. Microsoft Monitoring Agent (MMA) or OMS extension (valid only for Virtual machines hosted in Azure) is to be installed on the servers in the Subnetworks that are to be monitored.
OMS Agent auto downloads the Network Monitoring Intelligence Packs which spawns an NPM agent that detects the subnets it is connected to and this information is sent to OMS.
NPM Agent gets to know the list of the IP addresses of other agents from OMS.
NPM Agent IP starts active probes using Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Ping and the roundtrip time for a ping between two nodes is used to calculate network performance metrics such as packet loss and link latency. This data is pushed to OMS where it's used to create a customizable dashboard.
A video-based demo of NPM is available online.
Synthetic transactions
NPM uses synthetic transactions to test for reachability and calculate network performance metrics across the network. Tests are performed using either TCP or ICMP and users have the option of choosing between these protocols. Users must evaluate their environments and weigh the pros and cons of the protocols. The following is a summary of the differences.
TCP provides more accurate results compared to ICMP ECHO because routers and switches assign lower priority to ICMP ECHO packets compared to TCP Ping.
TCP needs configuration of network firewall and local firewall on the computers where agents are installed to allow traffic on default port 8084. Some other ports can also be chosen for this.
ICMP does not need to configure a firewall but it needs more agents to provide information about all the paths between two subnets. Consequently, the OMS agent must be installed on more machines in the subnet as compared to when TCP is used.
Timeline
February 27, 2017
NPM Solution became generally available (GA). The launch was picked up by eWeek
July 27, 2016
NPM solution was announced in the Public Preview
Operating systems supported
Windows Server
2008 SP 1 or later
Linux distributions
CentOS Linux 7
RedHat Enterprise Linux 7.2
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, 15.04, 16.04 LTS
Debian 8
SUSSUSE LinuxE Linux Server 12
Client operating systems
Windows 7 SP1 or later
Availability in regions
Network Performance Monitor is available in the following Azure regions:
Eastern US
Western Europe
South East Asia
South East Australia
West Central US
South UK
US Gov Virginia
Data collection frequency
TCP handshakes every 5 seconds, data sent every 3 minutes
References
Servers (computing)
Network performance
Network software
Computer performance | Network Performance Monitoring Solution | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 981 | [
"Network software",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Computer performance"
] |
54,221,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20466 | NGC 466 is a lenticular galaxy located about 227 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Tucana. NGC 466 was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on October 3, 1836.
Group Membership
NGC 466 is a member of a group of galaxies known as GG 019.
See also
Lenticular galaxy
NGC 7302
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Tucana
0466
4632
Astronomical objects discovered in 1836 | NGC 466 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 96 | [
"Tucana",
"Constellations"
] |
54,221,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio%20calculator%20character%20sets | Casio calculator character sets are a group of character sets used by various Casio calculators and pocket computers.
Code charts
fx-EX series
Cells with blank on it are corrupted and can never be transcribed.
fx-9860G series
Character set 0x7F
Character set 0xE5
Character set 0xE6
Character set 0xF9
Back control code.
Forward control code.
Down control code.
First from left control code.
FX-702P series
FX-730P
FX-850P, FX-880P, FX-890P, Z-1, Z-1GR
See also
Calculator character sets
References
Calculator character sets | Casio calculator character sets | [
"Mathematics"
] | 141 | [
"Calculators",
"Calculator character sets"
] |
54,221,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20491 | NGC 491 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 161 million light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Sculptor. NGC 491 was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on September 25, 1834.
See also
NGC 7001
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
Sculptor (constellation)
0491
004914
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834 | NGC 491 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 77 | [
"Constellations",
"Sculptor (constellation)"
] |
54,222,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20489 | NGC 489 is probably an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 97 million Light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pisces. NGC 489's calculated velocity is 2507 km/s. NGC 489 was discovered by German astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest on December 22, 1862.
Group Membership
NGC 489 is a member of a group of galaxies known as the NGC 524 group.
See also
Spiral galaxy
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
Pisces (constellation)
0489
4957
908
Astronomical objects discovered in 1862 | NGC 489 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 120 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,223,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20487 | NGC 487 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 250 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Cetus. NGC 487's calculated velocity is 5949 km/s. NGC 487 was discovered by American astronomer Francis Leavenworth on November 28, 1885.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
NGC 1300
NGC 491
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
Barred spiral galaxies
Cetus
0487
4958
Astronomical objects discovered in 1885 | NGC 487 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 94 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
54,223,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20480 | NGC 480 is a spiral galaxy located about 546 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Cetus. NGC 480 was discovered by American astronomer Francis Leavenworth In 1886.
See also
Barred spiral galaxy
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
NGC 1300
NGC 491
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
Cetus
0480
004845
Astronomical objects discovered in 1886
Discoveries by Francis Leavenworth | NGC 480 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 81 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
54,224,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe%20violaceocaulis | Inocybe violaceocaulis is a species of mushroom native to Western Australia. Collections had been previously classified as I. geophylla var. lilacina.
References
violaceocaulis
Fungi described in 2005
Fungi native to Australia
Fungus species | Inocybe violaceocaulis | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,224,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207016 | NGC 7016 is an elliptical galaxy located about 480 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Capricornus. NGC 7016's calculated velocity is 11,046 km/s. The galaxy has an estimated diameter of about 160 thousand light years and was discovered by American astronomer Francis Preserved Leavenworth on July 8, 1885. It is also host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 1.4 × 109 M☉.
Physical characteristics
NGC 7016 is one of two prominent radio galaxies in the galaxy cluster Abell 3744 along with the double galaxy system NGC 7018. These two galaxies form a pair in the central region of the cluster Abell 3744.
NGC 7016 is a Famaroff-Riley type I radio galaxy, with bent asymmetric jets. Lower-resolution radio data obtained from observations from the VLA, show a very long, bent extension of the jet on the left side of the galaxy which forms a tendril structure. On the counterjet side there is extreme looping, forming a feature referred to as the “swirl.” It is thought that this swril which runs into an X-ray cavity produced by NGC 7018, is the result of the jet colliding with the radio plasma from NGC 7018 and as a result of an interaction with a wake of gas left by the motion of NGC 7018 and its companion galaxy through the cluster.
See also
M87
Elliptical galaxy
NGC 7002
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
Radio galaxies
Capricornus
7016
66136
Astronomical objects discovered in 1885
Abell 3744 | NGC 7016 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 337 | [
"Capricornus",
"Constellations"
] |
54,224,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Pluggable%20Specification | Open Pluggable Specification (OPS) is a computing module plug-in format available for adding computing capability to flat panel displays.
The format was first announced by NEC, Intel, and Microsoft in 2010.
Computing modules in the OPS format are available on Intel- and ARM-based CPUs, running operating systems including Microsoft Windows and Google Android.
The main benefit of using OPS in digital signage is to reduce downtime and maintenance cost by making it extremely easy to replace the computing module in case of a failure.
Technical specification
A computing module fully enclosed in a 180mm x 119mm x 30mm box
JAE TX25 plug connector and TX24 receptacle
80-pin contacts
Supported interfaces:
Power
HDMI/DVI and DisplayPort
Audio
USB 2.0/3.0
UART
OPS control signals
Pin definition
Succession
The OPS format is planned to be succeeded by the Smart Display Module (SDM) format.
References
Display technology | Open Pluggable Specification | [
"Engineering"
] | 188 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Display technology"
] |
54,224,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Berkeley%20Software%20Distribution | The history of the Berkeley Software Distribution began in the 1970s when University of California, Berkeley received a copy of Unix. Professors and students at the university began adding software to the operating system and released it as BSD to select universities. Since it contained proprietary Unix code, it originally had to be distributed subject to AT&T licenses. The bundled software from AT&T was then rewritten and released as free software under the BSD license. However, this resulted in a lawsuit with Unix System Laboratories, the AT&T subsidiary responsible for Unix. Eventually, in the 1990s, the final versions of BSD were publicly released without any proprietary licenses, which led to many descendants of the operating system that are still maintained today.
1BSD (PDP-11)
The earliest distributions of Unix from Bell Labs in the 1970s included the source code to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend Unix. The operating system arrived at Berkeley in 1974, at the request of computer science professor Bob Fabry who had been on the program committee for the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles where Unix was first presented. A PDP-11/45 was bought to run the system, but for budgetary reasons, this machine was shared with the mathematics and statistics groups at Berkeley, who used RSTS, so that Unix only ran on the machine eight hours per day (sometimes during the day, sometimes during the night). A larger PDP-11/70 was installed at Berkeley the following year, using money from the Ingres database project.
Also in 1975, Ken Thompson took a sabbatical from Bell Labs and came to Berkeley as a visiting professor. He helped to install Version 6 Unix and started working on a Pascal implementation for the system. Graduate students Chuck Haley and Bill Joy improved Thompson's Pascal and implemented an improved text editor, ex. Other universities became interested in the software at Berkeley, and so in 1977 Joy started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD), which was released on March 9, 1978. 1BSD was an add-on to Version 6 Unix rather than a complete operating system in its own right. Some thirty copies were sent out.
2BSD (PDP-11)
The Second Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), released in May 1979, included updated versions of the 1BSD software as well as two new programs by Joy that persist on Unix systems to this day: the vi text editor (a visual version of ex) and the C shell. Some 75 copies of 2BSD were sent out by Bill Joy. A further feature was a networking package called Berknet, developed by Eric Schmidt as part of his master's thesis work, that could connect up to twenty-six computers and provided email and file transfer.
After 3BSD (see below) had come out for the VAX line of computers, new releases of 2BSD for the PDP-11 were still issued and distributed through USENIX; for example, 1982's 2.8.1BSD included a collection of fixes for performance problems in Version 7 Unix, and later releases contained ports of changes from the VAX-based releases of BSD back to the PDP-11 architecture. 2.9BSD from 1983 included code from 4.1cBSD, and was the first release that was a full OS (a modified V7 Unix) rather than a set of applications and patches.
The most recent release, 2.11BSD, was first issued in 1991.
Unlike the previous releases, it required split instruction/data space, to accommodate the ever-increasing size of its utility programs.
In the 21st century, maintenance updates from volunteers continued: patch #482 was released on September 27, 2024.
3BSD
A VAX computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the port of Unix to the VAX architecture, UNIX/32V, did not take advantage of the VAX's virtual memory capabilities. The kernel of 32V was largely rewritten by Berkeley graduate student Özalp Babaoğlu to include a virtual memory implementation, and a complete operating system including the new kernel, ports of the 2BSD utilities to the VAX, and the utilities from 32V was released as 3BSD at the end of 1979. 3BSD was also alternatively called Virtual VAX/UNIX or VMUNIX (for Virtual Memory Unix), and BSD kernel images were normally called /vmunix until 4.4BSD.
The success of 3BSD was a major factor in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) decision to fund Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), which would develop a standard Unix platform for future DARPA research in the VLSI Project.
4BSD
4BSD (November 1980) offered a number of enhancements over 3BSD, notably job control in the previously released csh, delivermail (the ancestor of sendmail), "reliable" signals, and the Curses programming library. In a 1985 review of BSD releases, John Quarterman et al., wrote:
4.1BSD
4.1BSD (June 1981) was a response to criticisms of BSD's performance relative to the dominant VAX operating system, VMS. The 4.1BSD kernel was systematically tuned up by Bill Joy until it could perform as well as VMS on several benchmarks. The release would have been called 5BSD, but after objections from AT&T the name was changed; AT&T feared confusion with AT&T's UNIX System V. Several tapes have turned up, all with a label that says 4.1BSD, yet differences between the tapes are present. The software development that would lead from 4.1BSD to 4.2BSD was funded from sources including ARPA, Order Number 4031, Contract N00039-82-C-0235 which was in effect at least from November 15, 1981 through September 30, 1983.
4.2BSD
4.2BSD (August 1983) would take over two years to implement and contained several major overhauls. Before its official release came three intermediate versions: 4.1a from April 1982 incorporated a modified version of BBN's preliminary TCP/IP implementation; 4.1b from June 1982 included the new Berkeley Fast File System, implemented by Marshall Kirk McKusick; and 4.1c in April 1983 was an interim release during the last few months of 4.2BSD's development. Back at Bell Labs, 4.1cBSD became the basis of the 8th Edition of Research Unix, and a commercially supported version was available from mt Xinu.
To guide the design of 4.2BSD, Duane Adams of DARPA formed a "steering committee" consisting of Bob Fabry, Bill Joy and Sam Leffler from UCB, Alan Nemeth and Rob Gurwitz from BBN, Dennis Ritchie from Bell Labs, Keith Lantz from Stanford, Rick Rashid from Carnegie Mellon, Bert Halstead from MIT, Dan Lynch from ISI, and Gerald J. Popek of UCLA. The committee met from April 1981 to June 1983.
Apart from the Fast File System, several features from outside contributors were accepted, including disk quotas and job control. Sun Microsystems provided testing on its Motorola 68000 machines prior to release, improving portability of the system. Sun hardware support is plainly visible in the 4.1c BSD artifacts in the CSRG ISO.
The official 4.2BSD release came in August 1983. It was notable as the first version released after the 1982 departure of Bill Joy to co-found Sun Microsystems; Mike Karels and Marshall Kirk McKusick took on leadership roles within the project from that point forward. On a lighter note, it also marked the debut of BSD's daemon mascot in a drawing by John Lasseter that appeared on the cover of the printed manuals distributed by USENIX.
4.3BSD
4.3BSD was released in June 1986. Its main changes were to improve the performance of many of the new contributions of 4.2BSD that had not been as heavily tuned as the 4.1BSD code. Prior to the release, BSD's implementation of TCP/IP had diverged considerably from BBN's official implementation. After several months of testing, DARPA determined that the 4.2BSD version was superior and would remain in 4.3BSD. (See also History of the Internet.)
After 4.3BSD, it was determined that BSD would move away from the aging VAX platform. The Power 6/32 platform (codenamed "Tahoe") developed by Computer Consoles Inc. seemed promising at the time, but was abandoned by its developers shortly thereafter. Nonetheless, the 4.3BSD-Tahoe port (June 1988) proved valuable, as it led to a separation of machine-dependent and machine-independent code in BSD which would improve the system's future portability.
Apart from portability, the CSRG worked on an implementation of the OSI network protocol stack, improvements to the kernel virtual memory system and (with Van Jacobson of LBL) new TCP/IP algorithms to accommodate the growth of the Internet.
Until then, all versions of BSD incorporated proprietary AT&T Unix code and were, therefore, subject to an AT&T software license. Source code licenses had become very expensive and several outside parties had expressed interest in a separate release of the networking code, which had been developed entirely outside AT&T and would not be subject to the licensing requirement. This led to Networking Release 1 (Net/1), which was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was freely redistributable under the terms of the BSD license. It was released in June 1989.
4.3BSD-Reno came in early 1990. It was an interim release during the early development of 4.4BSD, and its use was considered a "gamble", hence the naming after the gambling center of Reno, Nevada. This release explicitly moved towards POSIX compliance. Among the new features were an NFS implementation from the University of Guelph, a status key ("Ctrl-T") and support for the HP 9000 range of computers, originating in the University of Utah's "HPBSD" port.
In August 2006, InformationWeek magazine rated 4.3BSD as the "Greatest Software Ever Written". They commented: "BSD 4.3 represents the single biggest theoretical undergirder of the Internet."
Net/2 and legal troubles
After Net/1, BSD developer Keith Bostic proposed that more non-AT&T sections of the BSD system be released under the same license as Net/1. To this end, he started a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without using the AT&T code. For example, vi, which had been based on the original Unix version of ed, was rewritten as nvi (new vi). Within eighteen months, all of the AT&T utilities had been replaced, and it was determined that only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. These files were removed, and the result was the June 1991 release of Networking Release 2, aka Network(ing) 2 or Net/2, a nearly complete operating system that was freely distributable.
Net/2 was the basis for two separate ports of BSD to the Intel 80386 architecture: the free 386BSD by William Jolitz and the proprietary BSD/386 (later renamed BSD/OS) by Berkeley Software Design (BSDi). 386BSD itself was short-lived, but became the initial code base of the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects that were started shortly thereafter.
BSDi soon found itself in legal trouble with AT&T's Unix System Laboratories (USL) subsidiary, then the owners of the System V copyright and the Unix trademark. The USL v. BSDi lawsuit was filed in April 1992 and led to an injunction on the distribution of Net/2 until the validity of USL's copyright claims on the source could be determined.
The lawsuit slowed development of the free-software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a result systems based on the Linux kernel, which did not have such legal ambiguity, gained greater support. Although not released until 1992, development of 386BSD predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has said that if 386BSD or the GNU kernel had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux.
4.4BSD and descendants
In August 1992, 4.4BSD-Alpha was released. In June 1993, 4.4BSD-Encumbered was released only to USL licensees.
The lawsuit was settled in January 1994, largely in Berkeley's favor. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release. Marshall Kirk McKusick summarizes the lawsuit and its outcome:
In March 1994, 4.4BSD-Lite was released that no longer require a USL source license and also contained many other changes over the original 4.4BSD-Encumbered release.
The final release from Berkeley was 1995's 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2, after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD) have been maintained.
In addition, the permissive nature of the BSD license has allowed many other operating systems, both free and proprietary, to incorporate BSD code. For example, Microsoft Windows has used BSD-derived code in its implementation of TCP/IP and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's command-line networking tools since Windows 2000. Also Darwin, the system on which Apple's macOS is built, is a derivative of 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD. Various commercial Unix operating systems, such as Solaris, also contain varying amounts of BSD code.
Significant BSD descendants
BSD has been the base of a large number of operating systems. Most notable among these today are perhaps the major open source BSDs: FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD, which are all derived from 386BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite by various routes. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD started life in 1993, initially derived from 386BSD, but in 1994 migrating to a 4.4BSD-Lite code base. OpenBSD was forked in 1995 from NetBSD. A number of commercial operating systems are also partly or wholly based on BSD or its descendants, including Sun's SunOS and Apple Inc.'s macOS.
Most of the current BSD operating systems are open source and available for download, free of charge, under the BSD License, the most notable exception being macOS. They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from macOS and DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD projects generally develop the kernel and userland programs and libraries together, the source code being managed using a single central source repository.
In the past, BSD was also used as a basis for several proprietary versions of Unix, such as Sun's SunOS, Sequent's Dynix, NeXT's NeXTSTEP, DEC's Ultrix and OSF/1 AXP (now Tru64 UNIX). Parts of NeXT's software became the foundation for macOS, among the most commercially successful BSD variants in the general market.
A selection of significant Unix versions and Unix-like operating systems that descend from BSD includes:
FreeBSD, an open source general purpose operating system.
Orbis OS, Sony's fork of FreeBSD 9 is the operating system for the PS4. CellOS for the PS3 system is believed to also be a FreeBSD fork, and is known to contain FreeBSD and NetBSD code
TrueOS, GhostBSD and DesktopBSD, distributions of FreeBSD with emphasis on ease of use and user friendly interfaces for the desktop/laptop PC user.
MidnightBSD, another fork of FreeBSD
DragonFly BSD, a fork of FreeBSD to follow an alternative design, particularly related to SMP.
NextBSD, new BSD distribution derived from FreeBSD 10.1 and various macOS components.
FreeNAS a free network-attached storage server based on a minimal version of FreeBSD.
NAS4Free fork of 0.7 FreeNAS version, Network attached storage server.
Nokia IPSO (IPSO SB variant), the FreeBSD-based OS used in Nokia Firewall Appliances.
The OS for the Netflix Open Connect Appliance.
Junos, the operating system for Juniper routers, a customized version of FreeBSD, and a variety of other embedded operating systems
Isilon Systems' OneFS, the operating system used on Isilon IQ-series clustered storage systems, is a heavily customized version of FreeBSD.
NetApp's Data ONTAP, the operating system for NetApp filers, is a customized version of FreeBSD with the ONTAP architecture built on top.
m0n0wall, a FreeBSD distribution tweaked for usage as a firewall.
pfSense free open source FreeBSD based firewall/router.
OPNsense, firewall, a fork of pfSense
Coyote Point Systems EQ/OS, a hardened high-performance runtime for server load balancing.
NetBSD, an open source BSD focused on clean design and portability.
OpenBSD, a 1995 fork of NetBSD, focused on security.
Force10 FTOS, the operating system for Force 10 and Dell datacenter network switches.
Dell DNOS version 9 and above, the successor to FTOS.
NeXT NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, based on the Mach kernel and 4BSD; the ancestor of macOS
Apple Inc.'s Darwin, the core of macOS and iOS; built on the XNU kernel (part Mach, part FreeBSD, part Apple-derived code) and a userland much of which comes from FreeBSD
TrustedBSD
F5 Networks, F5 BIGIP Appliances used a BSD OS as the management OS until version 9.0 was released, which is built on top of Linux.
DEC's Ultrix, the official version of Unix for its PDP-11, VAX, and DECstation systems
Sony NEWS-OS, a BSD-based operating system for their network engineering workstations
OSF/1, a hybrid kernel based Unix developed by the Open Software Foundation, incorporating a modified Mach kernel and parts of 4BSD
Tru64 UNIX (formerly DEC OSF/1 AXP or Digital UNIX), the port of OSF/1 for DEC Alpha-based systems from DEC, Compaq and HP.
Pre-5.0 versions of Sun Microsystems SunOS, an enhanced version of 4BSD for the Sun Motorola 68k-based Sun-2 and Sun-3 systems, SPARC-based systems, and x86-based Sun386i systems (SunOS 5.0 and later versions are System V Release 4-based)
386BSD, the first open source BSD-based operating system and the ancestor of most current BSD systems
DEMOS, a Soviet BSD clone
BSD/OS, a (now defunct) proprietary BSD for PCs
See also
BSD Daemon
BSD licenses
Comparison of BSD operating systems
List of BSD operating systems
References
External links
A timeline of BSD and Research UNIX
Berkeley Software Distribution
History of free and open-source software
History of software
Software topical history overviews | History of the Berkeley Software Distribution | [
"Technology"
] | 4,178 | [
"History of software",
"History of computing"
] |
54,224,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing%20documentation | Nursing documentation is the record of nursing care that is planned and delivered to individual clients by qualified nurses or other caregivers under the direction of a qualified nurse. It contains information in accordance with the steps of the nursing process. Nursing documentation is the principal clinical information source to meet legal and professional requirements, care nurses' knowledge of nursing documentation, and is one of the most significant components in nursing care. Quality nursing documentation plays a vital role in the delivery of quality nursing care services through supporting better communication between different care team members to facilitate continuity of care and safety of the clients.
Purposes
A written record of the history, treatment, care, and response of the client while under the care of a health care provider.
A guide for reimbursement of care costs.
Evidence of care in a court of law. A legal record that can be used as evidence of events that occurred or treatments given.
Show the use of the nursing process. It contains observations by the nurses about the client's condition, care, and treatment delivered.
Provides data for quality assurance studies and shows progress toward expected outcomes.
Documentation of the nursing process
The internationally accepted nursing process consists of five steps: assessment, nursing problem/diagnosis, goal, intervention and evaluation. Nursing process model provides the theoretical framework for nursing documentation. A nurse can follow this model to assess the clinical situation of a client and record a constructive document for nursing communication.
Content
Nursing documentation mainly consists of a client's background information or nursing history referred as admission form, numerous assessment forms, nursing care plan and progress notes. These documents record the client's data captured at the relevant stages of the nursing process. The following sections describe the concept, aim, possible structure and content of these nursing documents using the example of nursing documentation in Australian residential aged care homes.
Admission
An admission form is a fundamental record in nursing documentation. It documents a client's status, reasons why the client is being admitted, and the initial instructions for that client's care. The form is completed by a nurse when a client is admitted to a health care facility.
The admission form provides the basic information to establish foundations for further nursing assessment. It usually contains the general data about a client, such as name, gender, age, birth date, address, contact, identification information (ID) and some situational descriptions about marriage, work or other background information. Based on the different nursing care provider's requirements, this form may also record family history, past medical history, history of present illness, and allergies in nursing
Assessment
The documentation of nursing assessment is the recording of the process about how a judgment was made and its related factors, in addition to the result of the judgment. It makes the process of nursing assessment visible through what is presented in the documentation content.
During nursing assessment, a nurse systematically collects, verifies, analyses and communicates a health care client's information to derive a nursing diagnosis and plan individualized nursing care for the client. Complete and accurate nursing assessment determines the accuracy of the other stages of the nursing process.
The nursing documents may contain a number of assessment forms. In an assessment form, a licensed Registered Nurse records the client's information, such as physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status (see Figure 2). The accuracy and completeness of nursing assessment determine the accuracy of care planning in the nursing process.
Nursing care plan
The nursing care plan (NCP) is a clinical document recording the nursing process, which is a systematic method of planning and providing care to clients. It was originally developed in hospitals to guide nursing students or junior nurses in providing care to client; however, the format was task-oriened rather than nursing-process-based. Nowadays, the NCP is widely used in nursing in various clinical and educational settings as a tool to direct individualized nursing care for clients.
The nurses make nursing care plans based on the assessments they have completed previously with a client. There are many ways of structuring nursing care plans in correspondence with the different needs of nursing care in different nursing specialties. For example, a nursing care plan in an Australian residential aged care home may be structured with several sections under each care domain such as pain, mobility, lifestyle, nutrition and continence. The information is recorded in free-text style, and various terms are used singly or in combination to name each of the four sections in the formats that are used by a facility during a particular period
Progress notes
A progress note is the record of nursing actions and observations in the nursing care process. It helps nurses to monitor and control the course of nursing care.
Generally, nurses record information with a common format. Nurses are likely to record details about a client's clinical status or achievements during the course of the nursing care.
Recording format
Paper-based nursing documentation
The paper-based nursing documentation has been in place for decades. Client's data are recorded in paper documents. The information in these documents needs to be integrated for sense-making in a nursing decision.
Electronic nursing documentation
Electronic nursing documentation is an electronic format of nursing documentation an increasingly used by nurses. Electronic nursing documentation systems have been implemented in health care organizations to bring in the benefits of increasing access to more complete, accurate and up-to-date data and reducing redundancy, improving communication and care service delivery.
Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation
Electronic nursing documentation systems are able to produce somewhat better quality data in comparison with paper-based systems, in certain respects depending on the characteristics of the systems and the practice of the various study settings. The common benefits of electronic documentation systems include the improvement of comprehensiveness in documenting the nursing process, the use of standardized language and the recording of specific items about particular client issues and relevance of the message. In addition, electronic systems can improve legibility, dating and signing in nursing records.
For the documentation of nursing assessment, the electronic systems significantly increased the quantity and comprehensiveness of documented assessment forms in each record. In regard to the NCP, the electronic standardized NCPs were graded with a higher total quality score than its paper-based counterpart. In addition, in comparison with the paper-based documentation systems, the electronic systems, due to their automatic functions, were able to improve the format, structure and process features of documentation quality such as legibility, signing, dating, crossing out error and space with a single line and resident identification on every page.
Paper-based documentation has been found to be inferior in comparison with electronic documentation. This is caused by the inherent nature of paper being difficult to update, time-consuming in a recording. Thus, the records are often incomplete, illegible, repetitive and missing signatures.
Electronic nursing documentation systems have the potential to improve the quality of documentation structure and format, process and content in comparison with paper-based documentation, as demonstrated in a comparative study of electronic and paper-based nursing admission forms. However, improvement in documentation quality is not necessarily to be brought about by the introduction of electronic nursing documentation system to replace paper-based documentation. For example, Wang et al. that although the electronic nursing assessment form contained more documented assessment forms, which covered a wider range of resident care needs, they did not perform better than the previous [null paper-based assessment forms according to] the quality criteria of [null completeness] and timeliness. Therefore, further work on the usage of the electronic documentation systems may focus on improving form design and usage. There is also a need for improvement in compliance with standards in order to better meet the clients' care needs.
Quality of nursing documentation
A study by the National Client Safety Agency (NPSA) found that poor standards of documentation were a contributory factor in the failure to detect clients who were clinically deteriorating. Nurses are responsible for maintaining accurate records of the care they provide and are accountable if information is incomplete and inaccurate. Thus, a quality standard is required for recording of nursing documentation.
The systematic review of nursing documentation audit studies in different settings identified the following relevant quality characteristics of nursing documentation:
Quality of documentation structure and format: relates to constructive features and physical presentation of records such as quantity, completeness, legibility, read- ability, redundancy and the use of abbreviations.
Quality of documentation process: the procedural issues of capturing client data such as nurse's signature and designation, date, chronological order, timeliness, regularity of documentation and concordance between documentation and reality.
Quality of documentation content: refers to the message from data about a care process. It is concerned with the comprehensiveness, appropriateness and the relation- ship of the five steps of the nursing process. The care issue recorded at each step is also considered.
Standardized nursing terminology
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) nursing diagnosis:
NANDA International (formerly the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) is a professional organization of nurses standardized nursing terminology that was officially founded in 1982 and develops, researches, disseminates and refines the nomenclature, criteria, and taxonomy of nursing diagnoses.
Nursing intervention classification (NIC):
The Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) is a care classification system which describes the activities that nurses perform as a part of the planning phase of the nursing process associated with the creation of a nursing care plan.
Nursing outcome classification (NOC):
The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) is a classification system which describes client outcomes sensitive to nursing intervention.
The Omaha System:
The Omaha System is a standardized health care terminology consisting of an assessment component (Problem Classification Scheme), a care plan/services component (Intervention Scheme), and an evaluation component (Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes).
International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP):
The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) is a collaborative project under the auspices of the International Council of Nurses. The ICNP provides a structured and defined vocabulary as well as a classification for nursing and a framework into which existing vocabularies and classifications can be cross-mapped to enable comparison of nursing data.
Structured documentation
Structured documentation takes the form of pre-printed guidelines for specific aspects of care and can, therefore, focus nursing care upon diagnoses, treatment aims, client outcomes and evaluations of care. It can improve client care by replacing the practice of vague, narrative style entries by nurses with cohesive and accurate information determined by the format of the care plan. The clarity of the recorded information also facilitates clinical auditing and evaluation of documentation practices through. Therefore, the introduction of structured documentation and care plans are seen as a means by which nurses can raise standards of record-keeping practice.
References
Nursing
Nursing informatics
Data collection
Documents | Nursing documentation | [
"Technology"
] | 2,144 | [
"Data collection",
"Data"
] |
54,225,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafermin | Trafermin (brand name Fiblast), also known as recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF), is a recombinant form of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) which is marketed in Japan as a topical spray for the treatment of skin ulcers. It is also currently in preregistration for the treatment of periodontitis. As a recombinant form of bFGF, trafermin is a potent agonist of the FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The drug has been marketed in Japan since June 2001.
References
External links
Trafermin - AdisInsight
Growth factors
Human proteins
Recombinant proteins | Trafermin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 165 | [
"Protein stubs",
"Biotechnology products",
"Growth factors",
"Recombinant proteins",
"Signal transduction",
"Biochemistry stubs"
] |
54,225,729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschovakis%20coding%20lemma | The Moschovakis coding lemma is a lemma from descriptive set theory involving sets of real numbers under the axiom of determinacy (the principle — incompatible with choice — that every two-player integer game is determined). The lemma was developed and named after the mathematician Yiannis N. Moschovakis.
The lemma may be expressed generally as follows:
Let be a non-selfdual pointclass closed under real quantification and , and a -well-founded relation on of rank . Let be such that . Then there is a -set which is a choice set for R, that is:
.
.
A proof runs as follows: suppose for contradiction is a minimal counterexample, and fix , , and a good universal set for the -subsets of . Easily, must be a limit ordinal. For , we say codes a -choice set provided the property (1) holds for using and property (2) holds for where we replace with . By minimality of , for all , there are -choice sets.
Now, play a game where players I, II select points and II wins when coding a -choice set for some implies codes a -choice set for some . A winning strategy for I defines a set of reals encoding -choice sets for arbitrarily large . Define then
,
which easily works. On the other hand, suppose is a winning strategy for II. From the s-m-n theorem, let be continuous such that for all , , , and ,
.
By the recursion theorem, there exists such that . A straightforward induction on for shows that
,
and
.
So let
.
References
Axioms of set theory
Determinacy
Large cardinals
Lemmas in set theory | Moschovakis coding lemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 358 | [
"Lemmas in set theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity",
"Mathematical axioms",
"Game theory",
"Determinacy",
"Axioms of set theory",
"Large cardinals",
"Lemmas",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
54,226,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20non-avian%20dinosaur%20species%20preserved%20with%20evidence%20of%20feathers | Many non-avian dinosaurs were feathered. Direct evidence of feathers exists for the following species, listed in the order currently accepted evidence was first published. In all examples, the evidence described consists of feather impressions, except those genera inferred to have had feathers based on skeletal or chemical evidence, such as the presence of quill knobs (the anchor points for wing feathers on the forelimb) or a pygostyle (the fused vertebrae at the tail tip which often supports large feathers).
Ostromia crassipes (1970; possibly avialan)
Avimimus portentosus (inferred 1987: ulnar ridge)
Sinosauropteryx prima (1996)
Fulicopus lyellii, an ichnotaxon, possible squatting Dilophosaurus or similar (1996)
Protarchaeopteryx robusta (1997)
GMV 2124 (1997)
Caudipteryx zoui (1998)
Rahonavis ostromi (inferred 1998: quill knobs; possibly avialan)
Shuvuuia deserti (1999)
Beipiaosaurus inexpectus (1999)
Sinornithosaurus millenii (1999)
Caudipteryx dongi (2000)
Caudipteryx sp. (2000)
Microraptor zhaoianus (2000)
Nomingia gobiensis (inferred 2000: pygostyle)
Psittacosaurus sp.? (2002)
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni (2002; possibly avialan)
IVPP V13476 (2003)
Yixianosaurus longimanus (2003; possibly avialan)
Dilong paradoxus (2004)
Pedopenna daohugouensis (2005; possibly avialan)
Jinfengopteryx elegans (2005)
Juravenator starki (2006)
Sinocalliopteryx gigas (2007)
Velociraptor mongoliensis (inferred 2007: quill knobs)
Epidexipteryx hui (2008; possibly avialan)
Similicaudipteryx yixianensis (inferred 2008: pygostyle)
Anchiornis huxleyi (2009; possibly avialan)
Tianyulong confuciusi? (2009)
Incisivosaurus sp. (2010)
Concavenator corcovatus? (inferred 2010: quill knobs?)
Xiaotingia zhengi (2011; possibly avialan)
Yutyrannus huali (2012)
Sciurumimus albersdoerferi (2012)
Ornithomimus edmontonicus (2012)
Ningyuansaurus wangi (2012)
Eosinopteryx brevipenna (2013; possibly avialan)
Jianchangosaurus yixianensis (2013)
Aurornis xui (2013; possibly avialan)
Changyuraptor yangi (2014)
Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus? (2014)
Citipati osmolskae (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
Conchoraptor gracilis (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
Deinocheirus mirificus (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
Yi qi (2015; possibly avialan)
Ornithomimus sp. (2015)
Zhenyuanlong suni (2015)
Dakotaraptor steini (inferred 2015: quill knobs)
Apatoraptor pennatus (inferred 2016: quill knobs)
DIP-V-15103 (2016; possibly avialan)
Jianianhualong tengi (2017)
Serikornis sungei (2017; possibly avialan)
Caihong juji (2018; possibly avialan)
Xingtianosaurus ganqi (2019)
Ambopteryx longibrachium (2019; possibly avialan)
Wulong bohaiensis (2020)
Chirostenotes pergracilis? (2020)
Dineobellator notohesperus (inferred 2020: quill knobs)
Daurlong wangi (2022)
Note that the filamentous structures in some ornithischian dinosaurs (Psittacosaurus, Tianyulong and Kulindadromeus) and the pycnofibres found in some pterosaurs may or may not be homologous with the feathers of theropods.
References
Feathered dinosaurs
Evolution of tetrapods
Feather
Dinosaurs | List of non-avian dinosaur species preserved with evidence of feathers | [
"Biology"
] | 953 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Evolution of tetrapods"
] |
54,226,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20food%20in%20Africa | Genetically modified (GM) crops have been commercially cultivated in four African countries; South Africa, Burkina Faso, Egypt and Sudan. Beginning in 1998, South Africa is the major grower of GM crops, with Burkina Faso and Egypt starting in 2008. Sudan grew GM cotton in 2012. Other countries, with the aid of international governments and foundation, are conducting trials and research on crops important for Africa. Crops under research for use in Africa include cotton, maize, cassava, cowpea, sorgum, potato, banana, sweet potato, sugar cane, coconut, squash and grape. As well as disease, insect and virus resistance some of the research projects focus on traits particularly crucial for Africa like drought resistance and biofortification.
In 2010, after nine years of talks, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) produced a draft policy on GM technology, which was sent to all 19 national governments for consultation in September 2010. Under the proposed policy, new GM crops would be scientifically assessed by COMESA. If the GM crop was deemed safe for the environmental and human health, permission would be granted for the crop to be grown in all 19 member countries, although the final decision would be left to each individual country. Kenya passed laws in 2011, and Ghana and Nigeria passed laws in 2012 which allowed the production and importation of GM crops. By 2013 Cameroon, Malawi and Uganda had approved trials of genetically altered crops. Ethiopia has also revised its biosafety laws and in 2015 was trying to source GM cotton seeds for trials.
A study investigating voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31% of products labeled GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%. 2011 studies for Uganda showed that transgenic bananas had a high potential to reduce rural poverty but that urban consumers with a relatively higher income might reject the introduction.
In 2002, Zambia cut off the flow of genetically modified food (mostly maize) from UN's World Food Programme on the basis of the Cartagena Protocol. This left the population without food aid during a famine. In December 2005 the Zambian government changed its position in the face of further famine and allowed the importation of GM maize. However, the Zambian Minister for Agriculture Mundia Sikatana insisted in 2006, that the ban on genetically modified maize remained, saying "We do not want GM (genetically modified) foods and our hope is that all of us can continue to produce non-GM foods."
References
Genetic engineering by country | Genetically modified food in Africa | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 505 | [
"Genetic engineering",
"Genetic engineering by country",
"Biotechnology by country"
] |
54,226,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism%20%28architectural%20history%29 | Realism is the name now given to an approach to architecture by British architects from the 1840s onwards, who aimed to emphasise the 'real' nature of building forms and materials in the buildings they designed. Although the use of the term in architectural history dates from the 1980s, Victorian architects and writers are recorded as using the word 'real' to describe their intentions, and ‘unreal’ to describe architecture they disapproved of.
Realism is most closely associated with Augustus Pugin and in particular with his 1841 book The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture. The message of this book was that the appearance of buildings and all their details should directly derive from their construction and use. As Pugin put it:
The effect of this message was that Gothic Revival architects responded to the then-prevalent low standards of construction by emphasising the constructional role and physical qualities of the materials they used. This meant in practice that brick and stonework replaced stucco or cement render in the design of quality buildings, and in the best cases details from eaves to door handles were especially designed to form a coherent set for each project. Realist houses, such as those designed by Pugin himself, were intended to make their essential construction method obvious through simple observation; the best example is Pugin’s rectory at Rampisham, Dorset, designed in 1845.
With the rapid spread of Pugin’s ideas through influential and prolific architects including George Gilbert Scott, George Edmund Street, and William Butterfield in the mid-nineteenth century, Realist architecture appeared in nearly every town and village in England, at least in the form of a restored (in fact, often largely rebuilt) parish church.
The architectural historian Chris Brooks first referred to Realism in his book Signs for the Times of 1984, and then again, offering the alternative 'reality', in his widely read Gothic Revival of 2000. Brooks compared Pugin’s concept of the 'real' to that of Victorian authors and painters:
In Brooks’ usage, the word also implies investing inanimate objects with real human characteristics, for example with 'honesty', an idea that was popular with late nineteenth-century arts and crafts architects. These architects sometimes believed that a realist approach to material had a "religious" approach to it comparable to that of Pugin fifty years beforehand.
Realism can be seen as a pragmatic, non-intellectualising British variant of the Functionalism or Rationalism that was developing over the same period in European architecture.
References
Architectural history | Realism (architectural history) | [
"Engineering"
] | 504 | [
"Architectural history",
"Architecture"
] |
54,226,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPartPicker | PCPartPicker is a comparison shopping website that allows users to compare prices and compatibility of computer components on different retailers online.
History
PCPartPicker was created by Philip Carmichael in 2011. The website was substantially redesigned in February 2015. As of 2023 the site provides localized currencies and links to physical stores in 38 countries. The website is funded through affiliate linking to sites such as Amazon.com. Additional functionality is available, such as providing building guides, sharing build lists, photos, and instruction, alerts for price drops, forums, and filters for automatically adjusting pre-made lists of components. They also make PC hardware reviews and custom build tutorials on their YouTube channel. They are currently located in Austin, Texas.
References
External links
Website
Comparison shopping websites
Computing websites | PCPartPicker | [
"Technology"
] | 160 | [
"Computing websites"
] |
54,227,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe%20tristis | Inocybe tristis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae native to Israel. It is poisonous.
See also
List of Inocybe species
References
tristis
Fungi described in 1930
Fungi of Western Asia
Fungus species | Inocybe tristis | [
"Biology"
] | 54 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,227,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20dorothicus | Aspergillus dorothicus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which has been isolated from soil from Tamil Nadu in India. Described by Varshney & A.K. Sarbhoy 1996, this species listed in Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.
References
dorothicus
Fungi described in 1996
Fungus species | Aspergillus dorothicus | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,227,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Art%20of%20Unit%20Testing | The Art of Unit Testing is a 2009 book by Roy Osherove which covers unit test writing for software. It's written with .NET Framework examples, but the fundamentals can be applied by any developer.
The second edition was published in 2013. It has two additional chapters, as well as reorganization and updating of chapters from the first edition. The second edition is still in print and is available at the Manning Publications website.
Reception
Reviews of both editions have been largely positive.
Slashdot book review says that "Osherove's book has something for all readers, regardless of their experience with unit testing.".
Ward Bell wrote "It just arrived and I read it in one sitting. I am so pleased that I did. I’ll quarrel with it... but do not let that deter you from rushing to buy your own copy."
References
External links
The Art of Unit Testing book site, which contains free sample chapters and additional reading and resources.
2009 non-fiction books
2013 non-fiction books
Manning Publications books | The Art of Unit Testing | [
"Technology"
] | 211 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer book stubs"
] |
54,227,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Herbrand%20Prize | The Jacques Herbrand Prize (French: Prix Jacques Herbrand) is an award given by the French Academy of Sciences to young researchers (up to 35 years) in the fields of mathematics and physics, and their non-military applications. The prize was created in 1996, and first awarded in 1998. In 2001, it was renamed the Grand Prix Jacques Herbrand . From 1998 until 2002, both a mathematics prize and a physics prize were awarded every year; from 2003 until 2021, a mathematrics prize was awarded in odd numbered years and a physics prize in even ones; in 2022, the earlier protocol was reinstated. As of 2015, winners were awarded €15,000; this sum was later increased to €20,000. The prize is named after the French logician Jacques Herbrand (1908-1931).
Recipients
1998: Loïc Merel, mathematics; Franck Ferrari, physics
1999: , mathematics; Brahim Louis, physics
2000: Albert Cohen (mathematician), mathematics; Philippe Bouyer, physics
2001: Laurent Lafforgue, mathematics; Yvan Castin, physics
2002: Christophe Breuil, mathematics; Pascal Salière, physics
2003: Wendelin Werner, mathematics
2004: Nikita Nekrasov, physics
2005: Franck Barthe, mathematics
2006: Maxime Dahan, physics
2007: Cédric Villani, mathematics
2008: Lucien Besombes, physics
2009: Artur Ávila, mathematics
2010: Julie Grollier, physics
2011: Nalini Anantharaman, mathematics
2012: Patrice Bertet, physics
2013: , mathematics
2014: Aleksandra Walczak, physics
2015: , mathematics
2016: Yasmine Amhis, physics
2017: Hugo Duminil-Copin, mathematics
2018 : Alexei Chepelianskii, physics
2019 : Nicolas Curien, mathematics
2020 : Basile Gallet, physics
2021 : Olivier Benoist, mathematics
2022 : Igor Ferrier-Barbut, mathematics, and Emmanuel Flurin, physics
2023 : Kestutis Cesnavicius, mathematics, and Vivian Poulin-Détolle, physics
See also
Herbrand Award — by the Conference on Automated Deduction, for contributions in the field of automated deduction
List of mathematics awards
List of physics awards
References
Awards of the French Academy of Sciences
Mathematics awards
Physics awards | Jacques Herbrand Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 475 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs",
"Mathematics awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
54,229,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20956 | NGC 956 is an asterism in the constellation Andromeda.
The object was found on December 23, 1831, by the British astronomer John Herschel, who originally believed the object to be an open cluster. However, an analysis in 2008 led to the conclusion that this "object" was merely a chance alignment of stars that only appear to be an open cluster.
References
External links
(English) NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
(English) SEDS
0956
Andromeda (constellation)
Open clusters | NGC 956 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 106 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,229,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyporus%20piceicola | Oxyporus piceicola is a species of white rot fungus in the family Schizoporaceae. Found in China, the crust fungus was described as new to science in 2009. The specific epithet piceicola refers to the tree genus Picea, upon which the type specimen was collected. Oxyporus piceicola is found in China. The type locality was in Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area in Jiuzhaigou County.
References
Hymenochaetales
Fungi of China
Fungi described in 2009
Taxa named by Yu-Cheng Dai
Taxa named by Bao-Kai Cui
Fungus species | Oxyporus piceicola | [
"Biology"
] | 124 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,229,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletocutis%20albocremea | Skeletocutis albocremea is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. It was reported as new to Russia in 2004.
References
Fungi described in 1982
Fungi of Europe
albocremea
Fungus species | Skeletocutis albocremea | [
"Biology"
] | 65 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,229,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletocutis%20carneogrisea | Skeletocutis carneogrisea is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. It is found in Europe, South America, and China.
References
Fungi described in 1982
Fungi of China
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of South America
carneogrisea
Fungus species | Skeletocutis carneogrisea | [
"Biology"
] | 75 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,229,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletocutis%20azorica | Skeletocutis azorica is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It has only been found in Portugal.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1977 as a member of the now-defunct genus Incrustoporia by Derek Reid. Walter Jülich transferred it to Skeletocutis in 1982.
Description
The hyphal system is monomitic, meaning it contains only generative hyphae. These hyphae have clamps and are hyaline, thin-walled, richly branched, measuring 2–3 μm in diameter. Those close to the substrate are heavily encrusted. Cystidia are absent from the hymenium. Fusoid cystidioles present in the hymenium, thin-walled, not encrusted, 9–12 by 3–4 μm, with a basal clamp. The basidia are ovoid to clavate, four-sterigmate, 9–12 by 4–5 μm, with a basal clamp. Spores are oblong-ellipsoid, slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, do not stain with Melzer's reagent, and measure 3–4 by 1.5–2 μm.
Habitat and distribution
Skeletocutis azorica is found only in the Azores of Portugal, where it causes a white rot on woody substrates of Pinus, Cryptomeria, and also on the fern Pteridium.
References
Fungi described in 1977
Fungi of Europe
azorica
Taxa named by Derek Reid
Fungus species | Skeletocutis azorica | [
"Biology"
] | 327 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,229,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebia%20centrifuga | Phlebia centrifuga is a species of crust fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was described in 1881 by Petter Karsten.
References
Fungi described in 1881
Meruliaceae
Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten
Fungus species | Phlebia centrifuga | [
"Biology"
] | 51 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,229,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePod | The HomePod is a series of smart speakers developed by Apple. Designed to work with the Apple Music subscription service, the HomePod incorporates beamforming and eight speakers and is sold in two colors: white and midnight. It is sold alongside the HomePod Mini, a smaller and less expensive variant introduced in 2020.
The first-generation HomePod was announced on June 5, 2017, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. Its planned December launch was delayed: Apple began taking orders on January 26, 2018, and released it on February 9, 2018. The HomePod received mixed reviews: it was praised for its design and sound quality compared to other speakers of its price, and criticized for lack of third-party support and high price compared to other smart speakers. The first-generation HomePod sold an estimated 1 to 3 million units through August 2018. It was discontinued on March 12, 2021.
The second-generation HomePod was announced on January 18, 2023, and released on February 3.
First generation
The HomePod has a rounded, cylindrical shape, and has a small touchscreen on its top. It has seven tweeters in its base and a four-inch woofer (Apple does not specify Hz frequency range) towards the top, as well as six microphones used for voice control and acoustic optimization. The system-on-a-chip is the Apple A8, which Apple previously included in the Apple TV HD, iPod touch (6th generation), iPad mini 4 and iPhone 6/6 Plus.
Siri can be used to control the speaker and other HomeKit devices, and can be used to conduct text messaging and voice calls from an iPhone. The HomePod mainly supports Apple's own platforms and technologies, including Apple Music, iTunes Store purchases and Match, iTunes podcasts, Beats 1 radio, and AirPlay (with limited third-party support for internet radio services iHeartRadio, Radio.com, and TuneIn). A device running iOS 11 or later is required for initial setup. HomePod can serve as a sound bar within a home entertainment system when selected through an Apple TV. The HomePod does not officially support audio-in from Bluetooth sources.
AirPlay 2 and multi-room, multi-speaker support were announced in February 2018, and released in September 2018 in iOS 12 along with additional features such as multiple named timers, Find my iPhone, Siri shortcuts, the ability to make, receive and screen phone calls directly on the HomePod, and the ability to search for songs using the lyrics. HomePod initially did not allow multiple users to use the device, but multiuser support was added with the release of iOS 13.2.
The 13.4 software update, released in March 2020, changed the OS from an iOS code base to a tvOS-based system.
Greenhouse gas emissions for production, expected use and recycling for the HomePod are estimated at 146 kg CO2e.
Reception
The HomePod received mixed reviews. The review from The Verge praised the HomePod's automatic acoustic calibration system, and felt that it sounded "noticeably richer and fuller" than competitors such as the Sonos One (described as sounding "a little empty") and Google Home Max (described as being a "bass-heavy mess"). The review from Ars Technica stated that the sound quality of the HomePod was "pretty good, rich and full for its size, better than the Sonos One but probably not $150 better, [and] a galaxy ahead of the Echo."
Its lack of support for third-party services and platforms was criticized, with Ars Technica arguing that it gave the device "intense inflexibility". Siri on the HomePod was also criticized for its limited functionality in comparison to assistants such as Alexa and Google Assistant; The Verge cited the inability to actually place phone calls from the speaker (they must be made on an iPhone and transferred to the HomePod), set multiple timers at once, or distinguish between multiple voices, and only supporting basic commands when using AirPlay, among other limitations. Multiple reminders can be used in lieu of multiple timers, albeit with less precision than a timer. All these issues have been fixed in iOS 12, released on September 17, 2018.
The Verge gave HomePod a 7.5 out of 10, writing that it "does more to make music sound better than any other speaker of this kind has ever done before", but that consumers should consider other options "unless you live entirely inside Apple's walled garden and prioritize sound quality over everything else." Wired shared similar criticisms over its lack of Siri functionality and support for third-party services, concluding that the HomePod would be of little interest to those who are not heavily invested in Apple's software and hardware ecosystem.
It was reported by some owners that the HomePod's silicone base stained oiled wooden surfaces with a white "ring" mark. Although Apple states that "it is not unusual for any speaker with a vibration-dampening silicone base to leave mild marks when placed on some wooden surfaces", and that the marks would eventually "improve" on its own, Stuart Miles (founder of the British technology blog Pocket-lint) reported that in his experience, the stain occurred after only about 20 minutes of use on a wooden surface, and that he had to sand and re-oil the surface to remove it. John Gruber criticized Apple for this abnormality, remarking that he had never seen an Apple product damage surfaces in such a manner before, and that it "seems like an issue that should have been caught during the period where HomePod was being widely tested at home by many Apple employees." Apple issued a support document suggesting to concerned users that they place the HomePod on a different surface.
Marketing and sales
To promote the HomePod, Apple released "Welcome Home", a four-minute film directed by Spike Jonze and starring FKA Twigs; commercial-length versions were also produced.
Strategy Analytics estimated that around 600,000 HomePods were sold in the first quarter of 2018, making it the 4th-best-selling smart speaker brand after Amazon, Google and Alibaba, giving Apple a 6% market share in the industry. The HomePod also had 6% market share in the United States according to a report from Consumer Intelligence Research Partners and sold an estimated 700,000 units worldwide in the second quarter of 2018. Also in the second quarter of 2018, Strategy Analytics estimated that the HomePod outsold all smart speakers that cost more than $200, giving Apple a 70% market share in premium brand smart speakers. As of mid-2018, the HomePod had sold an estimated 3 million units. Sales increased 45% in Q4 2018, with Apple selling 1.6 million units that quarter. In April 2019, Apple reduced the price to US$299; Gizmodo noted that permanent price cuts on current-generation Apple hardware are "beyond rare—they’re nearly unheard of." In March 2021, the price was reduced to £279 in the UK. As of May 2021, Apple was still reportedly selling units manufactured for the HomePod's launch stock.
Discontinuation
On March 12, 2021, Apple discontinued the HomePod, but kept the HomePod Mini. In a statement, Apple said "HomePod Mini has been a hit since its debut last fall, offering customers amazing sound, an intelligent assistant, and smart home control all for just $99. We are focusing our efforts on HomePod mini. We are discontinuing the original HomePod, it will continue to be available while supplies last through the Apple Online Store, Apple Retail Stores, and Apple Authorized Resellers. Apple will provide HomePod customers with software updates and service and support through AppleCare." In July 2024, Apple classified the HomePod as "vintage," affecting its repair eligibility at Apple Stores and authorized service providers. Apple was criticized for violating its own policies for classifying products as vintage, which its website states were discontinued "more than 5 and less than 7 years ago"; at the time, the HomePod had been discontinued for three years and four months.
Second generation
On January 18, 2023, Apple announced the second-generation HomePod in a video announcement. It runs on an Apple S7 system-in-package, first used in the Apple Watch Series 7, and includes an Apple U1 chip for ultra-wideband support, which is used for haptic and visual feedback when handing off music from an iPhone to a HomePod. Compared to the first-generation model, it has two fewer tweeters and microphones, and only supports Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) while the original supported Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac). It also supports the Thread network protocol. An April 2023 software update added sound detection for smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Externally, the second-generation model is similar to the first but slightly shorter at 6.6 inches (168 mm), and lighter at 5.16 lb (2.3 kg), and has a larger recessed touch screen panel at the top of the unit with the volume adjustment buttons permanently etched in. It can only create a stereo pair with another second-generation model.
According to YouTuber Marques Brownlee's testing, the second-generation HomePod can still leave white rings on wooden surfaces, though the issue is less pronounced than with the first-generation model.
Operating system
The HomePod runs HomePod Software, internally known as audioOS, a forked version of tvOS. It was launched alongside the release of the original HomePod, released on February 9, 2018. Though it was initially a fork of iOS, since version 13.4 in 2020, it has been a fork of tvOS. Software updates are installed automatically over-the-air, but can also be installed manually through the Home app. audioOS's main user-facing features are AirPlay 2 and Siri.
In 2021, an Apple job listing referenced a non-existent "homeOS" operating system, echoing previous Bloomberg leaks about possible future Apple products for the living room that would merge the Apple TV and HomePod.
Technical specifications
See also
Apple speakers
HomePod Mini
List of UWB-enabled devices
References
External links
Apple press release
Apple Inc. hardware
Products introduced in 2017
Smart speakers
Smart home hubs | HomePod | [
"Technology"
] | 2,126 | [
"Home automation",
"Smart home hubs"
] |
54,230,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20PHA | A cyber PHA or cyber HAZOP is a safety-oriented methodology to conduct a cybersecurity risk assessment for an industrial control system (ICS) or safety instrumented system (SIS). It is a systematic, consequence-driven approach that is based upon industry standards such as ISA 62443-3-2, ISA TR84.00.09, ISO/IEC 27005:2018, ISO 31000:2009 and NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-39.
The names, Cyber PHA or Cyber HAZOP, were given to this method because they are similar to process hazard analysis (PHA) or the hazard and operability study (HAZOP) studies that are popular in process safety management, particularly in industries that operate highly hazardous industrial processes (e.g. oil and gas, chemical, etc.).
The cyber PHA or cyber HAZOP methodology reconciles the process safety and cybersecurity approaches and requires instrumentation, operations and engineering disciplines to collaborate. Modeled on the process safety PHA/HAZOP methodology, a cyber PHA/HAZOP enables cyber hazards to be identified and analyzed in the same manner as any other process risk, and, because it can be conducted as a separate follow-on activity to a traditional HAZOP, it can be used in both existing brownfield sites and newly constructed greenfield sites without unduly meddling with well-established process safety processes.
The technique is typically used in a workshop environment that includes a facilitator and a scribe with expertise in the Cyber PHA/HAZOP process, as well as multiple subject matter experts who are familiar with the industrial process, the industrial automation and control system (IACS) and related IT systems. The workshop team typically includes representatives from operations, engineering, IT and health and safety. A multidisciplinary team is important in developing realistic threat scenarios, assessing impacts and achieving consensus on the realistic of the threat, the known vulnerabilities and existing countermeasures.
The facilitator and scribe are typically responsible for gathering and organizing all of the information required to conduct the workshop (e.g. system architecture diagrams, vulnerability assessments, and previous PHA/HAZOPs) and training the workshop team on the method, if necessary.
A worksheet is commonly used to document the cyber PHA/HAZOP assessment. Various spreadsheet templates, databases and commercial software tools have been developed to support the cyber method. The organization's risk matrix is typically integrated directly into the worksheet to facilitate assessment of severity and likelihood and to look up the resulting risk score. The workshop facilitator guides the team through the process and strives to gather all input, reach consensus and keep the process proceeding smoothly. The workshop proceeds until all zone and conduits have been assessed. The results are then consolidated and reported to the workshop team and appropriate stakeholders.
Another popular safety-oriented methodology for conducting ICS cybsersecurity risk assessments is the cyber bowtie method. Cyber bowtie is based on the proven Bow-tie diagram Bow-tie diagram technique but adapted to assess cybersecurity risk.
References
External links
Safety requires cybersecurity
Security process hazard analysis review
Cyber Security Risk Analysis for Process Control Systems Using Rings of Protection Analysis
Building Cybersecurity into a Greenfield ICS Project
Intro to Cyber PHA
Video: Cyber PHA Overview Video
Video: Cyber Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) to Assess ICS Cybersecurity Risk presentation at S4x17
Video: Consequence Based ICS Risk Management presentation at S4x19
How Secure are your Process Safety Systems?
Process Safety & Cybersecurity
Securing ICS
Safety Requires Cybersecurity
The Familial Relationship between Cybersecurity and Safety
Cybersecurity Depends on Up-to-Date Intelligence
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment
Dale Peterson Unsolicited Response Podcast: Truth or Consequences
Impact assessment
Evaluation methods
Process safety
Risk analysis methodologies
Management cybernetics | Cyber PHA | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 825 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Process safety"
] |
54,230,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Air%20Sports%20Federation | Albanian Air Sport Federation () is the governing body for the sport of Air sports in Albania and member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).It was founded in 2010 in Tirana.
Membership
Current members who are part of the Albanian Air Sports Federation:
National AeroClub of Albania (Aeronautika Shqiptare)
Aeroclub of Durres
Aeroclub of Tirana
Aeroclub of Gjirokastra
Aircadet Albania
Albanian Aeromodeling
References
External links
Air Sports
Sports organizations established in 2010
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale | Albanian Air Sports Federation | [
"Engineering"
] | 114 | [
"Fédération Aéronautique Internationale",
"Aeronautics organizations"
] |
41,318,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation%20%28elastomers%29 | Cavitation is the unstable unhindered expansion of a microscopic void in a solid elastomer under the action of tensile hydrostatic stresses. This can occur whenever the hydrostatic tension exceeds 5/6 of Young's modulus.
The cavitation phenomenon may manifest in any of the following situations:
imposed hydrostatic tensile stress acting on a pre-existing void
void pressurization due to gases that are generated due to chemical action (as in volatilization of low-molecular weight waxes or oils: 'blowpoint' for insufficiently cured rubber, or 'thermal blowout' for systems operating at very high temperature)
void pressurization due to gases that come out of solution (as in gases dissolved at high pressure)
References
Rubber properties | Cavitation (elastomers) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 158 | [
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
41,319,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Facility%20for%20Food%20Irradiation%20Technology | The International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology (IFFIT) was a research and training centre at the Institute of Atomic Research in Agriculture in Wageningen, Netherlands, sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Aims
The organisation's aim was to address food loss and food safety in developing countries by speeding up the practical introduction of the food irradiation process. They achieved this by training initiatives, research and feasibility studies.
It was founded in 1978 and was operational until 1990, and during those twelve years over four hundred key personnel from over fifty countries were trained in aspects of food irradiation, making a significant contribution to the development and use of the radiation process. The Facility also co-ordinated research into the technology, economics and implementation of food irradiation, assisted in the assessment of the feasibility of using radiation to preserve foodstuffs, and evaluated trial shipments of irradiated material.
Facilities
The Facility had a pilot plant with a cobalt-60 source whose activity was , which was stored underwater. Drums or boxes containing products were placed on rotating tables or conveyor belts, and irradiation took place by raising the source out of the pool.
Details
During IFFIT's first five years of operation, 109 scientists from 40 countries attended six training courses, five of them being general training courses on food irradiation and the sixth being a specialised course on public health aspects. IFFIT also evaluated shipments of irradiated mangoes, spices, avocado, shrimp, onions and garlic, and produced 46 reports. The publications are available on WorldCat.
One trainee noted that Professor D. A. A. Mossel (1918–2004) assisted with the training courses with what he described as "remarkably suggestive lectures and his phenomenal foreign language abilities". From 1988 onwards, Ari Brynjolfsson was director of IFFIT.
References
External links
List of publications produced by the International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology
Food preservation
International organizations based in Europe
Radiation
Wageningen
History of agriculture in the Netherlands | International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 440 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Radiation"
] |
41,319,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureWow | PureWow is an American digital media company that publishes women's lifestyle content. Acquired by Gary Vaynerchuk in 2017 as part of Gallery Media Group, PureWow tailors lifestyle topics for Millennials and Generation X, including fashion, beauty, home decor, recipes, entertainment, travel, technology, literature, wellness and money.
History
PureWow was founded by Ryan Harwood in September 2010, along with Bob Pittman's Pilot Group and the women of wowOwow Joni Evans, Mary Wells Lawrence, Whoopi Goldberg, Liz Smith, Candice Bergen, and Lesley Stahl, among others. In January 2013, PureWow hired former Real Simple editor Mary Kate McGrath as its first editor-in-chief. In August 2014, PureWow was listed as no. 352 on Inc. Magazine's 2014 list of the top 500 fastest-growing privately owned companies. In May 2015, PureWow raised $2.5 million.
In 2017, serial entrepreneur Gary Vaynerchuk and Miami Dolphins' owner Stephen Ross' venture firm, RSE Ventures, acquired PureWow to form Gallery Media Group as a creative agency and media firm. PureWow's CEO, Ryan Harwood serves as the chief executive of Gallery Media Group.
Editions
PureWow publishes national content as well as local content for New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Dallas, and the Hamptons. The company publishes content across fashion, beauty, homecare topics, technology, entertainment, books, wellness and finances. PureWow articles are distributed via its website PureWow.com, email, and over social media channels.
Reception
PureWow's executives have appeared on Fox News, Good Day New York, Today Show, New York Live, and Bloomberg TV to discuss fashion and native advertising topics. Forbes magazine highlighted PureWow's audience growth in an interview with PureWow CEO Ryan Harwood. The company's growth to four million readers earned PureWow features in Fortune's Brainstorm Tech Startup Idol, one of Paradigm Next's Featured Fridays, and Crain's New York Business.
References
Digital media
Companies based in New York (state) | PureWow | [
"Technology"
] | 450 | [
"Multimedia",
"Digital media"
] |
41,320,504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girth%20%28functional%20analysis%29 | In functional analysis, the girth of a Banach space is the infimum of lengths of centrally symmetric simple closed curves in the unit sphere of the space. Equivalently, it is twice the infimum of distances between opposite points of the sphere, as measured within the sphere.
Every finite-dimensional Banach space has a pair of opposite points on the unit sphere that achieves the minimum distance, and a centrally symmetric simple closed curve that achieves the minimum length. However, such a curve may not always exist in infinite-dimensional spaces.
The girth is always at least four, because the shortest path on the unit sphere between two opposite points cannot be shorter than the length-two line segment connecting them through the origin of the space. A Banach space for which it is exactly four is said to be flat. There exist flat Banach spaces of infinite dimension in which the girth is achieved by a minimum-length curve; an example is the space C[0,1] of continuous functions from the unit interval to the real numbers, with the sup norm. The unit sphere of such a space has the counterintuitive property that certain pairs of opposite points have the same distance within the sphere that they do in the whole space.
The girth is a continuous function on the Banach–Mazur compactum, a space whose points correspond to the normed vector spaces of a given dimension. The girth of the dual space of a normed vector space is always equal to the girth of the original space.
See also
Systolic geometry
References
Banach spaces | Girth (functional analysis) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 325 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs"
] |
41,321,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20point%20group | In geometry, a polar point group is a point group in which there is more than one point that every symmetry operation leaves unmoved. The unmoved points will constitute a line, a plane, or all of space.
While the simplest point group, C1, leaves all points invariant, most polar point groups will move some, but not all points. To describe the points which are unmoved by the symmetry operations of the point group, we draw a straight line joining two unmoved points. This line is called a polar direction. The electric polarization must be parallel to a polar direction. In polar point groups of high symmetry, the polar direction can be a unique axis of rotation, but if the symmetry operations do not allow any rotation at all, such as mirror symmetry, there can be an infinite number of such axes: in that case the only restriction on the polar direction is that it must be parallel to any mirror planes.
A point group with more than one axis of rotation or with a mirror plane perpendicular to an axis of rotation cannot be polar.
Polar crystallographic point group
Of the 32 crystallographic point groups, 10 are polar:
The space groups associated with a polar point group do not have a discrete set of possible origin points that are unambiguously determined by symmetry elements.
When materials having a polar point group crystal structure are heated or cooled, they may temporarily generate a voltage called pyroelectricity.
Molecular crystals which have symmetry described by one of the polar space groups, such as sucrose, may exhibit triboluminescence.
References
Symmetry
Crystallography
Group theory | Polar point group | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 329 | [
"Materials science",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
41,322,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20ustus | Aspergillus ustus is a microfungus and member of the division Ascomycota. It is commonly found in indoor environments and soil. Isolated cases of human infection resulting from A. ustus have been described; however the majority of these are nail infections.
Identification and taxonomy
Morphology and physiology
Colonies of A. ustus appear dull brown sometimes with a purplish to grey brown or dark brown with a yellow to brown reverse side; colonies are flat to furrowed often with a central bump. Microscopically, the fungus is characterized by elongated conidial heads with bent Hülle cells scattered throughout the pigmented mycelium. The conidia are rough-walled and spherical, ranging in color from green to yellow-brown. The vesicles range from 7–15 μm in diameter and are hemispherical to almost round. Although A. ustus is able to grow at human body temperature, other species in this group, such as A. baeticus and A. pseudoustus, require relatively low temperature for growth and thus are unlikely to cause human infection.
Secondary metabolites
Despite that A. ustus has long been recognized as a common soil-associated fungus, knowledge of its biochemistry remained poor until recently. One of the first metabolites to be isolated and characterized from this fungus, ustic acid (C11H7O7), reacts with Iron (III) chloride to form a deep purple-colored compound. Ustic acid has since been shown to occur in other fungi, notably closely related Aspergilli such as A. granulosus and A. puniceus. Aspergillus ustus produce a number of other metabolites including autocystins (and versicolourins), austalides, a sterigmatocystin-like chemical, and nidulol. Some metabolites of A. ustus have antibacterial properties. Metabolite chemistry has been shown to be useful for the taxonomy and identification of this fungus.
Phylogenetic position
Like other members of the genus Aspergillus, the A. ustus group is affiliated with the family Trichocomaceae. A phylogenetic study of Aspergillus section Usti using morphology, secondary metabolite chemistry and gene sequencing (beta-tubulin and calmodulin) revealed 21 distinct species and showed an affiliation of the section with two teleomorph genera, Emericella and Fennellia.
Ecology
Aspergillus ustus has been found on the surfaces of walls of caves and in indoor air of buildings including hospitals, soils and bat dung. A sugarcane farm in Egypt was found to host A. ustus and other species of Aspergillus section Usti. Aspergillus ustus is thought to have a world-wide distribution. Species in the A. usti group have been isolated from caves (e.g., Aspergillus baeticus was isolated from the floors of the Grotto of the Marvels cave).
Human infection
The most common clinical presentations of A. ustus infection involve onychomycosis and otitis media. It only rarely found to cause serious infection (e.g., endocarditis, pneumonia, disseminated disease), typically as an opportunist in severely immunocompromised people, often secondary to immunosuppressive chemotherapy following hematopoietic stem cells transplant. Mortality is high (50%) and survival is generally short (e.g., eight days). The apparent recent increase in serious infections coupled with the propensity of this species to resist antifungal therapy has raised concern about A. ustus as an emerging agent of opportunistic fungal infection. However, the true incidence of A. ustus infection is very difficult to estimate based on challenges and inconsistencies with identifying this agent in the clinical setting, and the patchy nature of reporting. The fungus is thought to spread through air and water, and be passed on surfaces (where spores settle).
Management and treatment
This species shows elevated resistance to antifungal drugs; however, four classes of drugs (itraconazole (a triazole), voriconazole, caspofungin and amphotericin B) demonstrate fungicidal effectiveness that is most pronounced in combination. One promising regimen combines voriconazole and caspofungin. Although disseminated infection carries a high mortality rate, the response of skin to treatment varies depending on the degree of drug susceptibility exhibited by the particular strain.
References
ustus
Fungi described in 1882
Fungus species | Aspergillus ustus | [
"Biology"
] | 959 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,322,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickr | Wickr is an American software company based in New York City. It is known for its instant messaging application of the same name. The Wickr instant messaging apps allow users to exchange end-to-end encrypted and content-expiring messages, and are designed for iOS, Android, Mac, Windows, and Linux operating systems. Wickr was acquired by Amazon Web Services (AWS) in mid-2021. The free version of the app was discontinued in December 2023.
History
Wickr was founded in 2012. Nico Sell served as the company's CEO until May 2015, who then became the co-chairman of Wickr and CEO of Wickr Foundation, a newly launched nonprofit whose seed funding was provided by the company. Mark Fields, who previously led CME's Strategic Investment Group, became the company's CEO. He remained CEO until November 2016 when he was replaced by Joel Wallenstrom, co-founder of iSec Partners, becoming the company's CEO and president.
AWS acquired the company on June 25, 2021. AWS stopped accepting new users to Wickr Me on December 31, 2022, and discontinued it on December 31, 2023.
Branding
The Wickr name and original logo were created by the Spanish artist Joan Bofill in 2012. In 2016, Daylight Design created a new logo and visual identity for the company.
Products
Wickr is known for producing secure messaging software, such as "Wickr Me". Their software received media coverage due to a security issue at a rival messaging company, Snapchat.
In 2015, the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Wickr a score of 5 out of 7 points on their "Secure Messaging Scorecard". It received points for:
Having communications encrypted in transit,
Having communications encrypted with keys the provider didn't have access to (end-to-end encryption),
Making it possible for users to independently verify their correspondent's identities,
Having past communications secure if the keys were stolen (forward secrecy), and having completed a recent independent security audit.
The missing 2 points were due to:
Its source code not being open to independent review (open source)
Its security design not being well-documented.
In 2015, Wickr published a white paper outlining the encryption protocol that they use for end-to-end encryption.
In 2015, the Electronic Frontier Foundation announced that Wickr earned four out of five stars in every applicable category for its effort to protect user privacy.
Security programs
Since its launch, Wickr has undergone regular security audits by information security organizations, which have verified Wickr's code, security, and policies. Wickr has also launched a bug bounty program that offers a reward to hackers who can find a vulnerability in the app.
In December 2016, Wickr announced 'Wickr Professional', a new business collaboration and communication product designed to couple the functionality of tools like Slack with end-to-end encryption and ephemerality.
In February 2017, Wickr opened one of its cryptographic protocols for public review on GitHub and published a paper, “The Wickr Messaging Protocol”, as an aid to those who wish to review the source code. At the time of its publication, the crypto protocol was only used in the company's enterprise product, Wickr Professional. The company said that its consumer product, Wickr Messenger, still uses another protocol and that they intend to replace this protocol with the one that they published.
Expiring messages
Initially unveiled on iOS and later on Android, the Wickr Me app allows users to set an expiration time for encrypted communications. In December 2014, Wickr released a desktop version of its secure communications platform. The release of the desktop Wickr app coincided with introducing the ability to sync messages across multiple devices, including mobile phones, tablets, and computers.
Use by elected officials related to public disclosure requirements
After McKinsey & Company was contracted by the New York State Department of Corrections in 2014, top consultants and prison officers allegedly exchanged project documents over Wickr, keeping the procedure off public oversight and record requests.
Government transparency advocates note that Maryland Governor Larry Hogan's use of Wickr destroys government records before any determination of whether they should be public can be made, under the Freedom of Information Act and state law.
Funding
In March 2014, Wickr announced its Series A funding round of $9 million led by Gilman Louie of Alsop Louie Partners. The series also included investments from Juniper Networks and the Knight Foundation.
In June 2014, Wickr announced its Series B funding round of $30 million led by Breyer Capital, including CME Group and Wargaming.
On 12 October 2021, a Vice Motherboard article revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had invested $1.6 million into Wickr via the CIA's venture capital company In-Q-Tel.
Gilman Louie is the former CEO of In-Q-Tel, and other investors, including Richard Clarke and Michael Wertheimer, also have close ties to the U.S. intelligence and national security communities. It is also known that Erik Prince, the founder of the controversial private security firm Blackwater, is one of the principal investors.
Wickr Foundation
The Wickr Foundation is a nonprofit founded by Wickr founder Nico Sell. The foundation operates a social-impact venture fund with a global mission to advance the Private Web and transform how society uses the Internet. In addition to educating the public on privacy and information security, Wickr Foundation is focused on incubating and investing in ideas that revolutionize user control and empower data ownership.
The foundation is dedicated to providing information security and privacy training to human rights activists, policy-makers, children and journalists, and leads several initiatives to raise global awareness of privacy and encourage the development of security-enhancing technologies.
See also
Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients
Internet privacy
Secure instant messaging
References
External links
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Amazon (company) acquisitions
Companies based in San Francisco
American companies established in 2012
Instant messaging clients
Privately held companies based in California | Wickr | [
"Technology"
] | 1,270 | [
"Instant messaging",
"Instant messaging clients"
] |
41,323,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization%20by%20spectral%20filtering | Spectral regularization is any of a class of regularization techniques used in machine learning to control the impact of noise and prevent overfitting. Spectral regularization can be used in a broad range of applications, from deblurring images to classifying emails into a spam folder and a non-spam folder. For instance, in the email classification example, spectral regularization can be used to reduce the impact of noise and prevent overfitting when a machine learning system is being trained on a labeled set of emails to learn how to tell a spam and a non-spam email apart.
Spectral regularization algorithms rely on methods that were originally defined and studied in the theory of ill-posed inverse problems (for instance, see) focusing on the inversion of a linear operator (or a matrix) that possibly has a bad condition number or an unbounded inverse. In this context, regularization amounts to substituting the original operator by a bounded operator called the "regularization operator" that has a condition number controlled by a regularization parameter, a classical example being Tikhonov regularization. To ensure stability, this regularization parameter is tuned based on the level of noise. The main idea behind spectral regularization is that each regularization operator can be described using spectral calculus as an appropriate filter on the eigenvalues of the operator that defines the problem, and the role of the filter is to "suppress the oscillatory behavior corresponding to small eigenvalues". Therefore, each algorithm in the class of spectral regularization algorithms is defined by a suitable filter function (which needs to be derived for that particular algorithm). Three of the most commonly used regularization algorithms for which spectral filtering is well-studied are Tikhonov regularization, Landweber iteration, and truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). As for choosing the regularization parameter, examples of candidate methods to compute this parameter include the discrepancy principle, generalized cross validation, and the L-curve criterion.
It is of note that the notion of spectral filtering studied in the context of machine learning is closely connected to the literature on function approximation (in signal processing).
Notation
The training set is defined as , where is the input matrix and is the output vector. Where applicable, the kernel function is denoted by , and the kernel matrix is denoted by which has entries and denotes the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) with kernel . The regularization parameter is denoted by .
(Note: For and , with and being Hilbert spaces, given a linear, continuous operator , assume that holds. In this setting, the direct problem would be to solve for given and the inverse problem would be to solve for given . If the solution exists, is unique and stable, the inverse problem (i.e. the problem of solving for ) is well-posed; otherwise, it is ill-posed.)
Relation to the theory of ill-posed inverse problems
The connection between the regularized least squares (RLS) estimation problem (Tikhonov regularization setting) and the theory of ill-posed inverse problems is an example of how spectral regularization algorithms are related to the theory of ill-posed inverse problems.
The RLS estimator solves
and the RKHS allows for expressing this RLS estimator as where with . The penalization term is used for controlling smoothness and preventing overfitting. Since the solution of empirical risk minimization can be written as such that , adding the penalty function amounts to the following change in the system that needs to be solved:
In this learning setting, the kernel matrix can be decomposed as , with
and are the corresponding eigenvectors. Therefore, in the initial learning setting, the following holds:
Thus, for small eigenvalues, even small perturbations in the data can lead to considerable changes in the solution. Hence, the problem is ill-conditioned, and solving this RLS problem amounts to stabilizing a possibly ill-conditioned matrix inversion problem, which is studied in the theory of ill-posed inverse problems; in both problems, a main concern is to deal with the issue of numerical stability.
Implementation of algorithms
Each algorithm in the class of spectral regularization algorithms is defined by a suitable filter function, denoted here by . If the Kernel matrix is denoted by , then should control the magnitude of the smaller eigenvalues of . In a filtering setup, the goal is to find estimators where . To do so, a scalar filter function is defined using the eigen-decomposition of the kernel matrix:
which yields
Typically, an appropriate filter function should have the following properties:
As goes to zero, .
The magnitude of the (smaller) eigenvalues of is controlled by .
While the above items give a rough characterization of the general properties of filter functions for all spectral regularization algorithms, the derivation of the filter function (and hence its exact form) varies depending on the specific regularization method that spectral filtering is applied to.
Filter function for Tikhonov regularization
In the Tikhonov regularization setting, the filter function for RLS is described below. As shown in, in this setting, . Thus,
The undesired components are filtered out using regularization:
If , then .
If , then .
The filter function for Tikhonov regularization is therefore defined as:
Filter function for Landweber iteration
The idea behind the Landweber iteration is gradient descent:
c0 := 0
for i = 1, ..., t − 1
ci := ci−1 + η(Y − Kci−1)
end
In this setting, if is larger than 's largest eigenvalue, the above iteration converges by choosing as the step-size:. The above iteration is equivalent to minimizing (i.e. the empirical risk) via gradient descent; using induction, it can be proved that at the -th iteration, the solution is given by
Thus, the appropriate filter function is defined by:
It can be shown that this filter function corresponds to a truncated power expansion of ; to see this, note that the relation , would still hold if is replaced by a matrix; thus, if (the kernel matrix), or rather , is considered, the following holds:
In this setting, the number of iterations gives the regularization parameter; roughly speaking, . If is large, overfitting may be a concern. If is small, oversmoothing may be a concern. Thus, choosing an appropriate time for early stopping of the iterations provides a regularization effect.
Filter function for TSVD
In the TSVD setting, given the eigen-decomposition and using a prescribed threshold , a regularized inverse can be formed for the kernel matrix by discarding all the eigenvalues that are smaller than this threshold.
Thus, the filter function for TSVD can be defined as
It can be shown that TSVD is equivalent to the (unsupervised) projection of the data using (kernel) Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and that it is also equivalent to minimizing the empirical risk on the projected data (without regularization). Note that the number of components kept for the projection is the only free parameter here.
References
Mathematical analysis
Inverse problems
Computer engineering | Regularization by spectral filtering | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,491 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Computer engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Inverse problems",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
41,323,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium%28III%29%20bromide | Erbium(III) bromide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula ErBr3 crystal which is highly soluble in water. It is used, like other metal bromide compounds, in water treatment, chemical analysis and for certain crystal growth applications.
References
Erbium compounds
Bromides
Lanthanide halides | Erbium(III) bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 66 | [
"Bromides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
41,323,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aducanumab | Aducanumab, sold under the brand name Aduhelm, is a monoclonal antibody designed to treat Alzheimer's disease. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets aggregated forms (plaque) of amyloid beta (Aβ) found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease to reduce its buildup. It was developed by Biogen and Eisai. Aducanumab is given via intravenous infusion.
Aducanumab was approved for medical use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2021, in a controversial decision that led to the resignation of three advisers to the FDA in the absence of evidence that the medication is effective. The FDA stated that it represents a first-of-its-kind treatment approved for Alzheimer's disease and that it is the first new treatment approved for Alzheimer's since 2003. Aducanumab's approval is controversial for numerous reasons including ambiguous clinical trial results regarding efficacy, the high cost of the medication and the very high rate of serious adverse events. The FDA considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
In November 2020, a panel of outside experts for the FDA concluded that a pivotal study of aducanumab failed to show strong evidence that the medication worked, citing questionable efficacy and multiple red flags found with the data analysis. There were also significant health risks associated with the medication; brain swelling or brain bleeding was found in 41% of patients enrolled in the studies. Nevertheless, the medication was approved under the FDA's accelerated approval pathway, and the FDA requires Biogen to perform follow-up reviews to assure the medication is a safe and effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Office of Inspector General, US Department of Health and Human Services was asked to investigate interaction between the drug company and the FDA prior to the medication's approval.
Biogen abandoned the drug in January 2024, for financial reasons.
Medical uses
In the US, Aducanumab is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In July 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limited the indication to people with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease, the population in which treatment was initiated in clinical trials.
Mechanism of action
Aducanumab is a monoclonal IgG1 antibody that binds to the amyloid beta protein at amino acids 3–7, which is posited to result in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism is based on the amyloid hypothesis, which posits that amyloid proteins cause Alzheimer's disease, hence removing amyloid should slow the progression of the disease.
How the antibody accesses the plaques is under active research. One mechanism suggests the plaques are exposed to the lumen of blood vessels and the antibody accesses the plaques from the lumen side. This assumes the plaque formed as a result of a leaky blood brain barrier and may also explain why there is hemorrhage after the plaques are removed.
Adverse effects
The most common serious adverse reactions reported are:
ARIA-E (Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities-edema [of the brain]) (35% of patients treated with Aduhelm vs 3% of patients treated with placebo) – Symptoms may include headache, changes in mental state, confusion, vomiting, nausea, tremor and gait disturbances.
"Headache" (21% vs 16%), including headache, head discomfort, migraine, migraine with aura, and occipital neuralgia.
ARIA-H microhemorrhages in the brain (19% vs 7%) – Symptoms can include headache, one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, and neck stiffness.
ARIA-H superficial siderosis (hemosiderin) (15% vs 2%)
Fall (15% vs 12%)
Diarrhea (9% vs 7%)
Confusion/delirium/altered mental status/disorientation (8% vs 4%)
History
Aducanumab was developed by Biogen Inc., which licensed the medication candidate from Neurimmune, who discovered it with the University of Zurich.
Clinical trials
Interim results from the second phase I study of the medication were reported in March 2015.
A phase Ib study was published in August 2016, based on one year of "monthly intravenous infusions" of aducanumab, which brain scans to measure amyloid plaques. Phase II trials were not required by the FDA and were not conducted by Biogen, a decision that received criticism from some experts.
Phase III clinical trials were ongoing in September 2016, but were canceled in March 2019, after preliminary data from two phase III trials suggested it would not meet the primary endpoint. While imaging studies had shown that aducanumab did reduce amyloid plaque buildup, a surrogate endpoint for Alzheimer's treatment, it had not meaningfully met its primary endpoints with regards to cognitive function and mental decline.
On 22 October 2019, Biogen announced that it would be restarting the FDA approval process for aducanumab stating that analysis of a larger dataset from its Phase 3 trials showed that the drug reduced clinical decline in patients with early Alzheimer's disease when given at higher doses. In one trial, "EMERGE",(NCT02484547), an analysis split by dose indicated that high doses reduced rate of decline by 22% versus placebo. However, an identical trial, "ENGAGE", failed to replicate this, with a non-significant 2% reduction in decline compared to placebo. Researchers had theorized that the difference may have stemmed from a change in protocol which affected more of the participants of the later study EMERGE than the earlier ENGAGE study's participants. The FDA accepted Biogen's aducanumab Biologics License Application (BLA) on 7 August 2020 with a Priority Review.
FDA review and approval
In November 2020, a panel of outside experts on the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee concluded that a pivotal study of aducanumab failed to show "strong evidence" that the medication worked, along with potential safety issues, and suggested that the FDA not approve aducanumab, citing questionable efficacy and multiple "red flags" found with the data analysis.
Aducanumab was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2021, and was the first Alzheimer's treatment to receive approval through an accelerated pathway.
Coverage in the United States
The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) finalized a coverage decision for aducanumab in April 2022. Coverage for aducanumab will be limited to individuals participating in randomized controlled trials to confirm the efficacy and safety for the Medicare population.
European review
Aducanumab was rejected for medical use in the European Union in December 2021, by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In April 2022, Biogen withdrew its application for a marketing authorization of aducanumab (Aduhelm) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Abandonment
In March 2022, Eisai relinquished full control over marketing decisions to Biogen, retaining only rights to partial royalties.
In January 2024, Biogen announced that for financial reasons, it was terminating the post-marketing clinical study (called "ENVISION"), abandoning commercial development of Aduhelm, terminating its lease of patent rights from Neurimmune, and redirecting resources to its other Alzheimer's treatments. Availability is expected to continue for existing commercial patients until November 2024.
Society and culture
Efficacy
The June 2021 approval of the medication by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was controversial because clinical trials gave conflicting results on its effectiveness. Specific criticisms of the approval included: insufficient evidence of efficacy, that the drug offers false hope, and that the high cost will adversely impact patient finances and Medicare budget.
Ten of the eleven outside experts that had served on the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee voted in November 2020 against approving aducanumab. Soon after the approval was announced in early June 2021, three of the panelists who had voted against aducanumab's approval resigned in protest. One of the resigning panelists said that the FDA move was "probably the worst drug approval decision in recent US history".
Process concerns
Public Citizen and the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review criticized the approval.
Senator Joe Manchin heavily criticized the decision and said that the acting director of the FDA, Janet Woodcock, "should be quickly replaced." According to The New York Times, the review process for the medication "took several unusual turns, including a decision for the FDA to work far more closely with Biogen than is typical in a regulatory review." According to a 2022 report released by two House committees, FDA and Biogen worked in concert to receive accelerated approval at a cost to patients of $56,000 a year.
FDA officials met with "Biogen executives" using "back channels" in the months prior to Aducanumab's FDA approval.
In July 2021, the FDA's acting commissioner, Janet Woodcock, requested that the Office of Inspector General, US Department of Health and Human Services conduct an independent review of interactions between FDA officials and Biogen representatives prior to the FDA's approval of aducanumab. It was reported that the OIG will also investigate the "accelerated approval pathway, the regulatory mechanism" the FDA used to approve Aducanumab in spite of "conflicting data over whether it could actually slow Alzheimer's patients' mental decline."
Patient advocacy groups had lobbied heavily for the approval of the medication for a debilitating condition with very few therapy choices. Advocacy groups such as Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer Society of Canada, and Alzheimer's Foundation of America were also in favor of the decision. Alzheimer's Association denies their support for aducanumab was influenced by the at least $1.4 million they received since 2018 from Biogen and Eisai.
In December 2022, a congressional investigation by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce was released that found the FDA had broken its own protocols in reviewing and approving aducanumab. The investigation found that the FDA had held unreported meetings and failed to gain internal consensus before engaging in collaboration with the drugmaker. The FDA also gave the medication a broad label, allowing it to be used on all Alzheimer's patients regardless of severity, even though it had only been tested on people with early Alzheimer's and mild symptoms. The report also questioned the agency's decision to abruptly switch from the traditional approval pathway to the accelerated approval pathway to grant approval in the medication's label to a broad patient population.
The investigation further reported concerns related to Biogen's "aggressive launch and marketing plans." They obtained documents that show the company estimated a peak revenue of $18 billion per year with an initial price of $56,000 for patient treatment per year, despite what the Committees described as "a lack of demonstrated clinical benefit in a broad population." Documents show that Biogen estimated aducanumab would cost the Medicare program $12 billion a year and that Medicare patients would incur out-of-pocket costs that could account for as much as 20% of their income. Aware that the high price would trigger "pushback" from payers and providers, "Biogen developed an external narrative about the drug's value to sell to the patients and the public." According to the report, Biogen knew its $56,000 launch price was "unjustifiably high," but company executives wanted to "make history" and "establish Aduhelm as one of the top pharmaceutical launches of all time." Findings showed that Biogen estimated that from 2020 to 2024, it would spend more than $3.3 billion on sales and marketing, more than twice the development costs of the drug.
Economics and cost
Treatment using aducanumab is estimated to cost per year, and Biogen's CEO stated that they would maintain this price for at least four years. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) researchers said that a conservative estimate of the cost to Medicare would be $29 billion in one year. This is based on 500,000 Medicare patients potentially receiving Aduhelm. To put this in perspective—in 2019, "total Medicare spending for all doctor-administered drugs reached $37 billion." For patients with applicable health insurance and/or Medicare, the drug is a tier 5 specialty drug. and the copayment for such therapy would be about $11,500 annually. An initial brain positron emission tomography (PET scan) is required to detect the presence of amyloid beta; since 2013, it has not been covered by Medicare, and as of 2018, can cost $2,250 – $10,700. In November 2021, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), announced a 14% increase in Medicare Part B premiums for 2022 in response to the expected cost of Aduhelm. The annual price of Aduhelm and the controversial 2021 FDA approval process resulted in the launch of an investigation by the United States House of Representatives, the Committee on Oversight and Reform, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce, making Aduhelm the "poster-child" for the Elijah Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act (H.R.3) campaign. By December 2021, Biogen announced a 50% price cut for Aduhelm, from $56,000 to $28,200; this would have no impact on the cost of brain scans.
Sales
Sales of the medication are far lower than analyst's predictions. As of September 2021, only about 100 people had received the drug, far short of the 10,000 that would be needed by the end of 2021 to meet Wall Street expectations for Biogen's revenue.
Names
Aducanumab is the international nonproprietary name.
References
External links
Office of Neurology's Summary Review Memorandum U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies
Withdrawn drugs | Aducanumab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,907 | [
"Drug safety",
"Withdrawn drugs"
] |
41,323,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H30N2O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H30N2O2}}
The molecular formula C24H30N2O2 (molar mass: 378.51 g/mol) may refer to:
Desmethylmoramide
Doxapram
Tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl
Molecular formulas | C24H30N2O2 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 68 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
41,323,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Bay%20Incinerator | The South Bay Incinerator was a trash incinerator located in Roxbury, Massachusetts. It is currently the site of the Greater Boston Food Bank.
External links
Information about the incinerator
Basic 3D model and location
Incinerators
Roxbury, Boston
Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts | South Bay Incinerator | [
"Chemistry"
] | 61 | [
"Incinerators",
"Incineration"
] |
41,323,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium%20leptum | Clostridium leptum is a bacterium species in the genus Clostridium.
It forms a subgroup of human fecal microbiota. Its reduction relative to other members of the gut microbiota has been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
The genome of C. leptum has been sequenced.
References
External links
Type strain of Clostridium leptum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Gut flora bacteria
Bacteria described in 1976
leptum | Clostridium leptum | [
"Biology"
] | 102 | [
"Gut flora bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
41,324,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20albocoremium | Penicillium albocoremium is a fungus species in the genus Penicillium growing in Allium cepa.
Penicillium albocoremium produces barceloneic acid B and andrastin A.
References
albocoremium
Fungi described in 2000
Fungus species | Penicillium albocoremium | [
"Biology"
] | 60 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,325,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphoric%20acid | Hypophosphoric acid is a mineral acid with the formula H4P2O6, with phosphorus in a formal oxidation state of +4. In the solid state it is present as the dihydrate, H4P2O6·2H2O. In hypophosphoric acid the phosphorus atoms are identical and joined directly with a P−P bond. Isohypophosphoric acid is a structural isomer of hypophosphoric acid in which one phosphorus has a hydrogen directedly bonded to it and that phosphorus atom is linked to the other one by an oxygen bridge to give a phosphorous acid/phosphoric acid mixed anhydride. The two phosphorus atoms are in the +3 and +5 oxidation states, respectively.
Preparation and reactions
Hypophosphoric acid can be prepared by the reaction of red phosphorus with sodium chlorite at room temperature.
2 P + 2 NaClO2 + 2 H2O → Na2H2P2O6 + 2 HCl
A mixture of hypophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is produced when white phosphorus oxidises in air when partially immersed in water.
The tetrasodium salt Na4P2O6·10H2O crystallises at pH 10 and the disodium salt, Na2H2PO6·6H2O at pH 5.2. The disodium salt can be passed through an ion exchange column to form the acid dihydrate, H4P2O6·2H2O.
The anhydrous acid can be formed by vacuum dehydration over P4O10 or by the reaction of H2S on lead hypophosphate, Pb2P2O6.
Hypophosphoric acid is tetraprotic with dissociation constants pKa1 = 2.2, pKa2 = 2.8, pKa3 = 7.3 and pKa4 = 10.0.
On standing the anhydrous acid undergoes rearrangement and disproportionation to form a mixture of isohypophosphoric acid, HPO(OH)-O-PO2(OH); pyrophosphoric acid H2P2O7 and pyrophosphorous acid.
Hypophosphoric acid is unstable in hot hydrochloric acid, in 4 M HCl it hydrolyses to give H3PO3 + H3PO4.
Structure
Hypophosphorus acid contains oxonium ions and is best formulated [H3O+]2 [H2P2O6]2−. The acid is isostructural with the diammonium salt which contains the [HOPO2PO2OH]2− anion with a P−P bond length of 219 pm.
The HOPO2PO2OH2− anion in Na2H2P2O6·6H2O has a symmetric, staggered ethane-like structure with a P−P bond of length 219 pm. Each phosphorus atom has two P−O bonds with length 151 pm, and a P−OH bond length of 159 pm.
Hypophosphate salts
Many hypophosphate salts are known, for example, K4P2O6·8H2O, Ca2P2O6·2H2O, K3HP2O6·3H2O, K2H2P2O6·2H2O, KH3P2O6.
On standing in air, hypophosphates tend to oxidise to pyrophosphates containing the ion where P has a formal oxidation state of +5. Hypophosphates are stable to alkali hydroxides. In fused sodium hydroxide they convert rapidly to the orthophosphate containing .
Polyhypophosphates
Polyhypophosphates are known containing linear anions, for example Na5P3O8 containing )3O5− with a P−P−P chain and Na6P4O10·2H2O containing )4O6−, with a P−P−P−P chain. The cyclic anion , (hypohexametaphosphate) where each phosphorus atom has an oxidation state of +3 is formed when a suspension of red phosphorus in KOH is oxidised with bromine.
See also
Dithionic acid, the sulfur equivalent.
References
Mineral acids
Phosphorus oxoacids | Hypophosphoric acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 979 | [
"Acids",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Mineral acids"
] |
41,325,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Lee | Marc Lee (born March 17, 1969) is a Swiss new media artist working in the fields of interactive installation art, internet art, performance art and video art.
Biography
Lee was born in 1969 in Knutwil, Lucerne, in Switzerland. He studied at the Basel University of Art and Design installation and at the Zurich University of the Arts new media art through 2003.
Lee creates network-oriented interactive projects since 1999. He is experimenting with information and communication technologies. His projects locate and critically discuss economic, political, cultural and creative issues.
His artworks reflect the visions and limits of our information society in an intelligent and artistic manner.
Marc Lee has exhibited in major art exhibitions including: ZKM Karlsruhe, New Museum New York, Transmediale Berlin, Ars Electronica Linz, Contemporary Art Biennale Sevilla, Media Art Biennale Seoul, Viper and Shift Festival Basel, Read_Me Festival Moskau, CeC Delhi, MoMA Shanghai, ICC Tokyo and National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul.
Lee's work are in private and public collections including the Federal Art Collection Switzerland and the ZKM Karlsruhe and he has won many prices and honorary mentions at international festivals, including Transmediale Berlin and Ars Electronica Linz
Art projects
10.000 Moving Cities – Same but Different explores how our planet is becoming increasingly homogeneous and how globalization creates more and more “places without a local identity” – as described in Marc Augé’s essay Non-place (1992). In 10.000 Moving Cities all cities have the identical buildings, but the information on the building facades are constantly different. They are searched in real time on social networks about the chosen location. This ongoing experimental research project is developed by Marc Lee in collaboration with Intelligent Sensor-Actuator-Systems Laboratory (ISAS) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. Four versions have been created so far: augmented reality (AR) version, virtual reality (VR) version, mobile app version, and a "real cubes" version. These versions are technologically very different but address the identical topic. A large-scale exhibition was at the premiere exhibition Connecting_Unfolding of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul.
Unfiltered – TikTok and the Emerging Face of Culture is an immersive installation. It explores the influence of digital accessibility and questioning its impact on public consciousness, visual aesthetics and identity structures. With the increasing access to social media, digital hierarchies are being broken. Platforms like TikTok are the new city town hall, whose "influence" is no longer limited to the urban elite.
Echolocation – Mapping the Free Flow of Information Around the World in Realtime deals with cultural diversity and at the same time with the powerful homogenization. It poses questions about the meaning of our culture which is becoming increasingly similar. In Echolocation, stories posted on social networks like YouTube, Flickr and Twitter can be searched in real time about self chosen location.
Corona TV Bot is current version of Marc Lee’s TV bot, an ongoing project started in 2004, filters the latest Twitter and YouTube posts according to self-definable keywords or hashtags. In response to the coronavirus pandemic, the latest Twitter and YouTube posts about COVID-19 and Coronavirus are mediated in a wild continuous TV show feed and reflect the coronavirus pandemic 24/7 online. Since the Corona virus pandemic, 6-hour broadcasts are recorded every week. These resources can be compared in a chronological order to make cultural, economic and political factors, differences, development and change tangible.
360° VR Mobile Art Apps are research projects for interactive art installations. Visitors can interact using smartphones or tablets and become performers. The mobile display is projected on one or more walls in the exhibition space. The sonic sound experiences are specially composed for the apps and respond to movements and navigation modes.
Political Campaigns – Battle of Opinion on Social Media In political campaigns around the world, supporters of opposing parties have engaged in heated battles on social media. "Political Campaigns" filters the latest Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube posts, which include search terms of top candidates or parties, and weaves them into a wild TV news show (24/7). What counts today are likes and retweets, which travel across the screen fighting for victory and indicate their current online market value. A network-based TV show that confronts us with opinions that don't reflect just variants of our own.
Pic-Me – Fly to the Locations Where Users Send Posts With Pic-Me you can virtually fly to the places from where users send posts to Instagram, thus offering another view on how the media handles posts on social networks. This work makes us think what happens to the huge amounts of data generated by humans and collected by institutions worldwide?
Loogie.net generates television news programs on self-made topics at the push of a button. The first founded "interactive news television station" in 2003. This research project is a TV news channel, media satire and art installation at the same time.
Breaking the News – Be a News-Jockey Information on self-made topics are transmitted in real time from the internet and audiovisualized on four large projections. The user becomes a live performer, a news jockey. About News-Jockey:
Used to be my home too cartographs in real-time our rich biodiversity and at the same time the continuous extinction of species. This experiment shows photos of plants, fungi and animals that are uploaded right now by unknown users to iNaturalist.org via mobile phone. These are mapped on Google Earth at the exact location where they were photographed. In addition, taxonomically similar species that occurred in the same country and became extinct within the last 30 years are assigned in real time via RedList.org.
YANTO – yaw and not tip over is a speculative simulation on the future of aquafarming that questions the limitations of techno-solutionist approaches to species depletion and climate collapse, such as genetic engineering, synthetic biology and artificial intelligence. The narrative sets in a speculative environment where AI and synthetic biology work together to create an optimized environment for farmed species. A simulator powered by AI creates hybrid species to balance a delicate ecosystem.
Speculative Evolution imagines a speculative ecosystem 30 years from now, where artificial intelligence and biotechnologies work together to create and optimize species to withstand the increasingly hostile environment. From the perspective of an AI agent, the audiences are invited to create new variations of animals, fungi, plants, and robots, fly with these engineered and mutated species, and observe the changing ecosystem.
Exhibitions (selection)
2023 – Transmediale Festival, Akademie der Künste, Berlin, Germany
2022 – Swiss Media Art - Pax Art Awards, HEK (Haus der Elektronischen Künste), Basel, Switzerland
2017–2018 – Aestetic of Changes, MAK - 150 Years of the University of Applied Arts Vienna, Austria
2013 – Connecting_Unfolding, MMCA - National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Seoul, Korea
2004–2008 – Loogie.net Algorithmic Revolution, ZKM Medienmuseum, Karlsruhe, Germany
2002 – Open\\_Source\\_Art\\_Hack, New Museum, New York, USA
Publications
2022 - ESCH, ZKM Karlsruhe, Hacking Identity – Dancing Diversity
2020 – post-futuristisch, KUNSTFORUM International Bd. 267, Magazine
2019 – LUX AETERNA - ISEA 2019 Art, Catalogue
2019 – xCoAx 2019: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Computation, Communication, Aesthetics and X
2019 – FILE SÃO PAULO 2019: 20 Years of FILE 20 Years of Art and Technology ()
2019 – Research TECHNOLOGY URBANITY, Schafhof - European Center for Art Upper Bavaria
2017 – THE UNFRAMED WORLD, Virtual Reality as Artistic Medium, Sabine Himmelsbach()
2014 – Inauguration, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea ()
2010 – Was tun. Figuren des Protests. Taktiken des Widerstands ()
2008 – Digital Playground 2008, "Hack the City!" ()
2004 – Read_me: Software Art & Cultures, Aarhus ()
2004 – MetaWorx – Young Swiss Interactive. Approaches to Interactivity ()
2004 – 56kTV - bastard channel MAGAZIN
References
External links
Official Website
Loogie.net
1969 births
Living people
New media artists
Net.artists
Swiss performance artists
Swiss video artists
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
Swiss contemporary artists
20th-century Swiss artists
21st-century Swiss artists | Marc Lee | [
"Technology"
] | 1,762 | [
"Multimedia",
"Net.artists"
] |
41,328,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TargetScan | In bioinformatics, TargetScan is a web server that predicts biological targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) by searching for the presence of sites that match the seed region of each miRNA. For many species, other types of sites, known as 3'-compensatory sites are also identified. These miRNA target predictions are regularly updated and improved by the laboratory of David Bartel in conjunction with the Whitehead Institute Bioinformatics and Research Computing Group.
TargetScan includes TargetScanHuman, TargetScanMouse, TargetScanFish, TargetScanFly, and TargetScanWorm. which provide predictions for mammals, zebrafish, insects, and nematodes centered on the genes of human, mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively.
Compared to other target-prediction tools TargetScan provides accurate rankings of the predicted targets for each miRNA. These rankings are based on either the probability of evolutionarily conserved targeting (PCT scores.) or the predicted efficacy of repression (context++ scores).
Another distinguishing feature of TargetScan is its use of extra mRNA annotations. In particular, TargetScanWorm and TargetScanFish are based on C. elegans and zebrafish mRNA models for which 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) are defined using polyadenylation sites that are experimentally determined using accurate high-throughput methods.
References
External links
TargetScan
miRBase
Bartel Lab
MicroRNA
Servers (computing)
Biological databases | TargetScan | [
"Biology"
] | 320 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
41,328,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20model%20of%20autism | The development of an animal model of autism is one approach researchers use to study potential causes of autism. Given the complexity of autism and its etiology, researchers often focus only on single features of autism when using animal models.
Rodent model
One of the more common rodent models is the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). More recent research has used the house mouse (Mus musculus) to model autism because it is a social species. Other strains of mice used include mu opioid receptor knockout mice, as well as Fmr1 knockout mice; the latter are also used as animal models of Fragile X syndrome.
The Norway rat has been used, for example, by Mady Hornig to implicate thiomersal in autism. The current scientific consensus is that no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims, and major scientific and medical bodies such as the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) as well as governmental agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reject any role for thiomersal in autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Behaviors measured in these models include approach to olfactory pheromones emitted by other mice, approach to familiar and new conspecifics, reciprocal social interactions, ultrasonic vocalizations, communal nesting, sexual and parenting behaviors, territorial scent marking, and aggressive behaviors, as well as motor behaviors such as gait. Social interaction is measured by how the mouse interacts with a stranger mouse introduced in the opposite side of a test box.
Researchers from the University of Florida have used deer mice to study restricted and repetitive behavior such as compulsive grooming, and how these behaviors may be caused by specific gene mutations. In addition, Craig Powell of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, with a grant from Autism Speaks, is currently using mice to examine the potential role of neuroligin gene mutations in causing autism. Much research has been done into the use of a rat model to show how Borna virus infection, exposure to valproic acid in utero, and maternal immune activation may cause autism.
Another goal of the use of rodent models to study autism is to identify the mechanism by which autism develops in humans. Other researchers have developed an autism severity score to measure the degree of severity of the mice's autism, as well as the use of scent marking behavior and vocalization distress as models for communication.
It has been observed that mice lacking the gene for oxytocin exhibit deficits in social interaction, and that it may be possible to develop treatments for autism based on abnormalities in this and other neuropeptides. A mutation in the Cntnap2 gene, which has been linked to ASD in human, results in decreased oxytocin levels in mice. Supplementing affected mice with oxytocin has been found to improve these social deficits, indicating potential therapeutic insights for improving social behaviors in this model. However, recent studies have emphasized that the majority of risk factors identified for autism do not directly connect to the oxytocin signaling pathway. This highlights that while oxytocin's role is significant, ASD is complex with a wide array of genetic influences, many of which may affect different biological pathways not directly related to oxytocin.
Environmental factors
Looking at the environmental factors of autistic spectrum disorder in rodents helps us to understand the neuropathology of the disorder which can be compared to humans. Environmental factors have been studied in animal rodent models and have been seen to influence brain development and play a role in gene expression. Recent advancements in research on ASD in rodent models illustrate that the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental exposures. These exposures, which span from prenatal factors such as maternal infections and diet to postnatal experiences including exposure to toxicants, insecticides, and certain medications, are increasingly recognized for their critical roles in the neuropathology of ASD. Specifically, a detailed analysis recognizes how these factors may heighten the susceptibility to developing ASD disrupting the neurodevelopmental process. Studies have observed an increase in immune cells of the prefrontal cortex and an augmentation of support cells in the hippocampus due to toxins in rodent models, particularly those treated with valproic acid (VPA).This link between environmental exposures and distinct neurobiological alterations remains unpredictable largely due to the variability of timing. Since environmental factors can occur at any time during the developmental process, there is much variability in the neural and behavioral phenotype of autism. The environment can cause unknown changes in brain development of rodents because they don't all live in the same habitat and therefore might develop different changes to their brain than what is expected.
Maternal immune activation has also been associated with increased risk for development of neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternal immune activation is when inflammatory pathways are activated during pregnancy, usually by an infection. These inflammatory pathways involve the release of cytokines, or immune signaling proteins. Recent studies have shown that changes in the expression of cytokines during early stages of life are linked to the likelihood of experiencing neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and significant developmental delay. Injection of Poly(I:C), which is an immunostimulant and mimics viral infection, to pregnant rodents has been shown to induce an inflammatory response in the brain of the offspring, induce structural brain changes in the offspring, and bring about behavioral changes such as hyperactivity, more aggressive behavior, and less social behavior in the offspring. In addition to viral infection, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been used to mimic bacterial infection in rodents in order to observe the effects on the offspring. LPS had similar effects as Poly(I:C) on the immune system of the offspring, increasing inflammation. This inflammatory state in the offspring lasted until adulthood, indicating the long-lasting effects of maternal immune activation. Overall, recent studies make a case for infection during pregnancy being an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD or schizophrenia in rodents.
Genetic and phenotypic factors
There have been six autism-related genes that are linked to the X chromosome when it comes to autistic spectrum disorder.5 The first gene that has been linked to autism is the Fragile X mental retardation gene (Fmr1). For example, rodents with this gene exhibit elevated cortical spine densities that are similar to those found in autism as well as decreased social behaviors. Another gene that has been linked to autism is methyl-CpG- binding protein type 2 gene (MECP2). In the rodent models that have MECP2 disruption, the rodents are usually normal up until the sixteenth week of age and then they start to develop extreme anxiety in the field, reduced nest building, and poor social interactions which are all symptoms of autism1. The third and fourth genes that have been linked to autism are neuroligin (NLGN) 3 and 4 genes. One study found that mutations in the NLGN 3 and 4 genes lead to loss of neuroligin processing to stimulate the formation of synapses which is a feature of autistic spectrum disorders2. The fifth and sixth genes that are linked to autism are the tuberous sclerosis genes (TSC1 and TSC2). Mutations in one of these two genes cause multiple benign tumors to grow in multiple tissues like the brain2. Lastly, many of the abnormalities found in autistic spectrum disorders involve the mTOR signaling pathway, the GABA - containing neurons, and the immune system.
Human autism spectrum disorder
Understanding human neurodevelopmental disorders often requires adequate models to understand the overall nature of the disorder and the general impacts the disorder makes on the brain itself. Naturally each disorder has different implications when it comes to genetic makeup, phenotypically and genotypically, and generally this impacts particular brain regions. In Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) it is generally seen in reduced developmental growth within the brain, and more specifically reduced gray matter within the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which is where the amygdala and hippocampus are located. This is critical in understanding Autism because this region of the brain controls emotions and learning, which is symptomatically linked to ASD. In addition, this supports the need for animal models that establish a greater understanding of what effects these particular brain regions and genetics have on development, and if there are measures we can take to prevent the onset of the disorder3.
Neuropathology of the underdeveloped synapse
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is caused by developmental delays that cause the brain to have lower connectivity within particularly important regions. The synapses within the brain have critical importance in development in young children, especially during their critical period. Autistic brains often have delayed or early critical periods, causing complications within the brain's developmental stages and ability to create stronger synapses for basic communication and stimulus recognition4. Furthermore, the brain's lessened development and cognitive delays are usually observable within the genetics and grey matter within the brain3.
Rodent models have been established as good examples because their brains are akin to humans in makeup. Additionally, they have similar social interactions and relationships that humans have, which shows the social development symptoms often used to diagnose ASD. Rodents when used as models are compared to their normal developed brains, but to replicate ASD, the rodents are lesioned prior to birth using prenatal valproate (VPA). The rodents then experience similar symptoms and developmental changes that occur with human's with ASD. Human's with ASD are identified to have a single-gene mutation at Neuroligin-3, or NL-3 R451C. These particularly simple changes to the rodents and human brains impact them greatly in their ability to develop properly4.
Neuropathology of GABA receptors
Rodents, most especially mice, are excellent animal models of autism because they have similar social relationships and neuroscience. When exposed to prenatal valproate (VPA) during pregnancy, the mice are born with basic deformities and the developmental delays seen symptomatically in humans5. This is all comparable and easier to study since the lifespan of mice and most rodents is shorter, so being able to understand the genetics, minute effects, and test methods to reduce the onset of the disorder allows for researchers to develop new treatment methods quickly and effectively to help humans on the spectrum. Additionally, these rodents may trace back particular models to how the developmental delays occur in relation to GABA5. GABA is a neurotransmitter that is generally seen as inhibitory, but prior to birth and in early development of the brain it is often excitatory while neurons establish proper brain chemistry. During development there are specific times, called critical periods, where the brain is more capable of acquiring neural connections which usually leads to new behavioral and psychological skills. GABA's change from excitatory to inhibitory, as well as other neurotransmitter changes during these critical developmental stages can impact the development the brain goes through. If the critical period is early, growth can be limited, slowed, or even stunted early on. Additionally, if it is later, the brain's development is measured as complete incorrectly which may limit its ability to improve connectivity. Overall, the brain's circuitry and communication is often limited or poor within ASD, so using rodent models to study these limitations and where they come about increases researchers' understanding of the disorder and potential ways to prevent it5.
Songbird model
In 2012, a researcher from the University of Nebraska at Kearney published a study reviewing research that had been done using the zebra finch as a model for autism spectrum disorders, noting that the neurobiology of vocalization is similar between humans and songbirds, and that, in both species, social learning plays a central role in the development of the ability to vocalize. These parallels extend to the FOXP2 gene, expressed significantly in various parts of CNS, including areas crucial for motor functions, from embryonic development through adulthood. Other research using this model has been done by Stephanie White at the University of California Los Angeles, who studied mutations in the FOXP2 gene and its potential role in learned vocalization in both songbirds (specifically the zebra finch) and humans. Further research has elucidated how FOXP2 and its associated gene FOXP1 are distributed in language- related brain centers, influencing vocal learning through mechanisms that affect the formation of vocalization- related memories and the neural substrates of song and speech. In zebra finches, knockdown of FOXP2 in the basal ganglia song nucleus Area X impairs singing, supporting the gene's role in the regulation of song production. Younger birds with knocked down FOXP1 expression have displayed selective learning deficits, impacting their ability to form memories essential for the cultural transmission of behavior, such as learning adult model songs.
Controversy
In 2013, a study was published by Swiss researchers which concluded that 91% (31 out of the 34 studies reviewed) of valproic acid-autism studies using animal models had statistical flaws—specifically, they had failed to correctly use the litter as a level of statistical analysis rather than just the individual (i.e., an individual mouse or rat).
References
Other sources
Animal cognition
Causes of autism
Autism | Animal model of autism | [
"Biology"
] | 2,791 | [
"Model organisms",
"Animals",
"Animal models",
"Animal cognition"
] |
57,537,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina%20Carmen%20Cojocaru | Alina Carmen Cojocaru is a Romanian mathematician who works in number theory and is known for her research on elliptic curves, arithmetic geometry, and sieve theory. She is a professor of mathematics at the University of Illinois at Chicago and a researcher in the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy.
Cojocaru earned her Ph.D. from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 2002. Her dissertation, Cyclicity of Elliptic Curves Modulo p, was jointly supervised by M. Ram Murty and Ernst Kani.
Cojocaru was elected to be an American Mathematical Society (AMS) Council member at large from February 1st, 2023, to January 31st, 2024.
Books
Cojocaru is an author of the book
An Introduction to Sieve Methods and their Applications (with M. Ram Murty, London Mathematical Society Student Texts 66, Cambridge University Press, 2006).
She is also an editor of
Women in Numbers: Research Directions in Number Theory (with Kristin Lauter, Rachel Justine Pries, and Renate Scheidler, Fields Institute Communications 60, American Mathematical Society, 2011).
Scholar: A Scientific Celebration Highlighting Open Lines of Arithmetic Research: Conference in Honour of M. Ram Murty's Mathematical Legacy on His 60th Birthday (with C. David and F. Pappalardi, Contemporary Mathematics 655, American Mathematical Society, 2016)
Selected publications
Cojocaru, Alina Carmen; Murty, M. Ram (2004), "Cyclicity of elliptic curves modulo and elliptic curve analogues of Linnik's problem". Math. Ann. 330, no. 3, 601–625. MR 2099195.
Cojocaru, Alina Carmen (2005), "On the surjectivity of the Galois representations associated to non-CM elliptic curves. With an appendix by Ernst Kani". Canad. Math. Bull. 48, no. 1, 16–31. MR 2118760.
Cojocaru, Alina Carmen; Hall, Chris (2005). "Uniform results for Serre's theorem for elliptic curves". Int. Math. Res. Not., no. 50, 3065–3080. MR 2189500.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Romanian mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Number theorists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni | Alina Carmen Cojocaru | [
"Mathematics"
] | 514 | [
"Number theorists",
"Number theory"
] |
57,537,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Phelps%20Ornithological%20Collection | The William Phelps Ornithological Collection, also known as the Phelps Ornithological Museum, is a museum of natural sciences dedicated to the study, exhibition and preservation of the birds of Venezuela and the rest of Latin America. The collection is located east of Caracas and in the geographic center of Greater Caracas, in the heart of the Sabana Grande district. The William Phelps ornithological collection is the most important in Latin America and it is also the most important private collection in the world in its research area.
In this private museum one will find important Phelps family study books, as well as 8000 scientific volumes in the library, more than 83,000 anatomical specimens, more than 80,000 skins, etc. For the year 1990, it was said that the William Phelps Ornithological Collection contained more than 76,300 skins and a small number of anatomical specimens, in the Gran Sabana Building of Sabana Grande. The Phelps library in 1990 already had 6,000 books, 800 journals and 5,500 reprints, mostly from natural sciences.
History
The ornithological collection was born in 1938, although it did not have its own headquarters on the Boulevard of Sabana Grande until 1949. At the beginning of 2018, it celebrated its 80th anniversary in Caracas, Venezuela. With the passing of time, the collection has been growing and still has great international scientific relevance. In 2005, an investigation was carried out on "plumage differences in four subspecies of golden warbler Basileuterus culicivorus in Venezuela".
Importance
The Phelps Foundation has been recognized worldwide for its scientific research. Since 1937, this foundation has dedicated to the study of the distribution of birds in Venezuela as well as to the dissemination of ornithology in Venezuela. Since 1949, it has expanded globally in its mission to discover, interpret and disseminate information about ornithology through a program of scientific research, education and dissemination in the natural sciences. The Foundation has had an important global trajectory for which it is recognized and is a regional compulsory study resource on tropical birds for experts who want to know more about this area. This museum has historically been connected to the American Museum of Natural History, thanks to the work of Billy Phelps. The ornithological collection has also been expanded thanks to the research carried out with Armando Dugand from Bogotá, Colombia. Most of the funds to carry out these investigations were collected by the Phelps Foundation.
Research
In March and April 1977, the Phelps Ornithological Collection, with the collaboration of the Venezuelan-Brazilian Border Commission, Demarcador de Limites, carried out a collection of birds at Cerro Urutaní (62 ° 05'W, 3 ° 40'N), which is a low altitude tepui on the Venezuelan-Brazilian border in the Sierra Pacaraima. A total of 511 specimens of birds were collected between 1150 and 1280 meters high s.n.m., representing 78 different species. Gilberto Pérez Chinchilla, Manuel Castro and Dickerman prepared the copies of the collection. A full report on these birds was published in the international press and was published in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. It was necessary to work in conjunction with the Boundary Directorate of Venezuela.
See more
Sabana Grande (Caracas)
Boulevard of Sabana Grande
William Phelps
El Recreo Shopping Mall
References
External links
https://fundacionwhphelps.org/
Buildings and structures in Caracas
Tourist attractions in Caracas
Museums in Caracas
Ornithological organizations
Zoology museums
Scientific organizations based in Venezuela
History of science
Science and culture
Science museums
Museums established in 1949 | William Phelps Ornithological Collection | [
"Technology"
] | 738 | [
"History of science",
"History of science and technology"
] |
57,540,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetekitoxin%20AB | Zetekitoxin AB (ZTX) is a guanidine alkaloid found in the Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki. It is an extremely potent neurotoxin.
Structure
ZTX is a guanidine alkaloid. It's structurally related to saxitoxin, but with some differences. ZTX contains an isoxazolidine ring, a sulfonate group and an N-hydroxycarbamate group.
Mechanism of action
ZTX is an extremely potent sodium channel blocker. It has been shown to block the voltage-gated sodium channels at picomolar concentrations. It is about 580 times more potent than saxitoxin.
Toxicity
ZTX is an extremely potent neurotoxin. The of ZTX in mice is 11 μg/kg.
See also
Tetrodotoxin
References
Neurotoxins
Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers
Guanidine alkaloids
Alcohols
Geminal diols
Isoxazolidines
Carbamates
Lactams
Hydroxamic acids
Nitrogen heterocycles
Poison dart frogs
Sulfate esters
Amphibian toxins
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings | Zetekitoxin AB | [
"Chemistry"
] | 246 | [
"Guanidine alkaloids",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins",
"Hydroxamic acids"
] |
57,540,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frondose | Frondosity (from Latin frondōsus meaning 'leafy') is the property of an organism that normally flourishes with fronds or leaf-like structures.
Many frondose organisms are thalloid and lack the organization of tissues into organs, with the exception of ferns.
Frondosity is significant mainly for distinguishing particular types of macroscopic algae, and in paleobotany and paleontology, by analyzing features present in fossil biota.
Frondose macroalgae are relevant to the ecology of many marine and coastal ecosystems. Large frondose algae play an important role in the creation and functioning of healthy ecosystems from kelp forests to similar habitats. Yet, in coral reefs, frondose seaweed can be recognized as harmful due to the link between excessive blooms and coastal eutrophication.
Ediacaran biota
The fossil record from the Ediacaran Period is sparse, as more easily fossilized hard-shelled animals had yet to evolve. Most fossils of the time are only faint impressions, and the shapes of fronds are one of the few identifying traits available.
Frondose fossils are the longest studied of any Ediacaran remains, but, despite this, their affinities and biology are amongst the most controversial, ranging from animal to protist to plant or stem fungi.
The oldest members of the Ediacaran biota include discoid (disk-shaped) and frondose forms. Discoidal fossils had been classified as cnidarian medusae before being redefined as holdfasts of frondose organisms, that is, the roots or stalks that held them to the sea bed.
Rangeomorphs consist of branching "frond" elements, each a few centimeters long, each of which is itself composed of many smaller branching tubes held up by a semi-rigid organic skeleton. This self-similar structure proceeds over four levels of fractality, and could have been formed using fairly simple developmental patterns. Rangeomorphs were radially symmetrical and likely sessile.
Bryozoans
Bryozoans, marine invertebrates, grow in colonial structures. The patterns of growth may be used for identification. One of the identifiable forms of bryozoan colonies, is frondose. Frondose colonies are erect and have branches that are flattened like leaves.
These frond-bearing bryozoans existed in both ancient and modern times. Large tree-like forms flourished in the Triassic and Cretaceous, although frondose forms saw a decline in the Jurassic. A notable modern bryozoan with seaweed-like fronds is Flustra foliacea.
References
Botany
Plant morphology
Animal morphology | Frondose | [
"Biology"
] | 547 | [
"Plant morphology",
"Plants",
"Botany"
] |
57,540,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Propulsion%20Centre | The Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) is a non-profit organisation that facilitates funding to UK-based research and development projects developing net-zero emission technologies. It is headquartered at the University of Warwick in Coventry, England.
The APC manages a £1 billion investment fund, which is jointly supplied by the automotive industry – via the Automotive Council – and the UK government through the Department for Business and Trade (DBT) and managed by Innovate UK.
History
The APC was founded in 2013 as a joint venture between the automotive industry and UK government to "research, develop and commercialise technologies for vehicles of the future". Both government and the automotive industry committed to investing £500 million each, totalling £1 billion over a ten year period. The creation of the APC was part of the coalition government's automotive industrial strategy.
In January 2014, Gerhard Schmidt was appointed as Chair and Tony Pixton as Chief Executive. It announced its first round of funding in April 2014, awarding £28.8 million funding to projects worth £133 million, led by Cummins, Ford, GKN and JCB.
The Advanced Propulsion Centre was officially opened by Vince Cable in November 2014.
Ian Constance was appointed Chief Executive in September 2015. In the 2015 Autumn Statement, the Chancellor, George Osborne, announced that an additional £225 million budget for automotive research and development would be facilitated by the APC.
Funding competitions
The Advanced Propulsion Centre awards funding to consortia of organizations including vehicle manufacturers, tier 1 automotive suppliers, SMEs and academic institutions, which are developing low carbon powertrain technology.
The APC has several kinds of funding mechanisms available:
Advanced Route to Market Demonstrator (ARMD)
Automotive Transformation Fund
Collaborative R&D Competitions
Production Readiness Competition
Technology Demonstrator Accelerator Programme (TDAP)
Spokes
The Advanced Propulsion Centre operates a 'hub and spoke' model, where the 'hub' is its headquarters at the University of Warwick, and the 'spokes' are universities across the UK with specialisms in particular areas of net-zero emission vehicle technology.
Spoke locations:
Newcastle University - Newcastle upon Tyne, England – Electric Machines
University of Nottingham – Nottingham, England – Power Electronics
University of Warwick – Coventry, England – Electrical Energy Storage
University of Bath – Bath, England – TPS System Efficiency
Loughborough University – London, England – Institute of Digital Engineering
University of Brighton – Brighton, England – TPS Thermal Efficiency
Activities
In April 2018, APC announced that an APC-funded project has enabled Ford to develop new low emissions technology, which will go into production on its 1.0-litre EcoBoost engine.
In February 2018, Nissan completed an APC-funded project with Hyperdrive, the Newcastle University, Warwick Manufacturing Group and Zero Carbon futures, to develop a new production process for its 40kWh battery cells. The cells are produced in Sunderland, England, and are fitted to the Nissan Leaf.
In January 2018, Yasa, an electric motor manufacturer based in Oxford, England, opened a new factory to produce 100,000 motors per year, using APC funding. The facility created 150 jobs, with 80% of production expected to be exported.
In September 2017, the Metropolitan Police trialled a fleet of hydrogen-powered Suzuki Burgman scooters, which were developed as part of an APC-funded project.
In January 2017, an APC grant allowed Ford to begin a 12-month pilot of its Transit Custom Plug-in Hybrid in London, England.
See also
Automotive Council
Innovate UK
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
References
External links
Official website
Automotive industry in the United Kingdom
College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Emissions reduction
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Engineering research institutes
Engineering university associations and consortia
Innovation in the United Kingdom
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in the West Midlands (county)
University of Warwick
Vehicle emission controls | Advanced Propulsion Centre | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 799 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Engineering research institutes",
"Emissions reduction"
] |
57,542,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Paul%20Schulze | Adolf Paul Schulze FRSE FRMS (1840–1891) was a 19th-century German merchant and amateur optical scientist who settled in Scotland. He created the firm Schulze, Paton & Co. He was an expert on microscopes and microphotography and jointly founded the Scottish Microscopical Society. In business he was known as Paul Schulze and in microscopy he was known as Adolf or Adolph Schulze.
Life
He was born in Crimmitschau in Saxony (now south-east Germany) on 8 October 1840, the son of Adolph Schulze (1808–1868) and his wife, Othilie Jeannette Streit. He was educated at the Burgerschule in Crimmitschau then at Zwickau. He studied engineering at Chemnitz Polytechnic.
He moved to England in 1861 and in 1866 joined his brother in a yarn business in Manchester. He moved to Glasgow in 1867 setting up premises at 79 Glassford Street but still giving his address as 38 Chorlton Street in Manchester.
By 1875 he had moved to larger premises at 223 George Street but is still listed as living in Manchester but now at 19 Greenwood Street. In 1879 he joined the Glasgow Natural History Society. He disappears from Glasgow in the early 1880s and reappears living at 2 Doune Gardens in 1885.
In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his contributions to scientific observations. His proposers were William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, John Gray McKendrick, William Dittmar and James Thomson Bottomley.
His company Schulze, Paton & Co, yarn agents and merchants, were based at 9 Cochrane Street in Glasgow's Merchant City from around 1887. His partner was Walter R. Paton. The company also acted as agents for a Viennese and Sicilian Association based at the same address.
He lived at 2 Doune Gardens near the River Kelvin in the Kelvinside district of Glasgow.
He died on 3 January 1891 in Glasgow aged 50.
Publications
On Microscopy and Microscopic Illumination (1875)
Family
He married Joanna Miller (probably from Manchester), and they had at least six children, including Arthur Paul Schulze (later known as Arthur Paul Miller) (1875–1944).
His son Paul Guido Schulze took over his position in his company on his death.
References
1840 births
1891 deaths
Scientists from Saxony
Microscopists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People from Crimmitschau | Adolf Paul Schulze | [
"Chemistry"
] | 502 | [
"Microscopists",
"Microscopy"
] |
57,542,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prame%20family%20member%2010 | PRAME family member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRAMEF10 gene.
References | Prame family member 10 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 24 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
57,542,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Maven | Project Maven (officially Algorithmic Warfare Cross Functional Team) is a Pentagon project involving using machine learning and data fusion to process data from many sources, identify potential targets, display information through a user interface, and transmit human decisions to weapon systems, among other functions. It began in 2017. Since 2021, it had been used in multiple military conflicts involving the US.
Origins
Initially, the effort was led by Robert O. Work who was concerned about China's military use of the emerging technology. Reportedly, Pentagon development stops short of acting as an AI weapons system capable of firing on self-designated targets. The project was established in a memo by the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense on 26 April 2017.
At the second Defense One Tech Summit in July 2017, Cukor also said that the investment in a "deliberate workflow process" was funded by the Department [of Defense] through its "rapid acquisition authorities" for about "the next 36 months".
According to Lt. Gen. of the United States Air Force Jack Shanahan in November 2017, it is "designed to be that pilot project, that pathfinder, that spark that kindles the flame front of artificial intelligence across the rest of the [Defense] Department". Its chief, U.S. Marine Corps Col. Drew Cukor, said: "People and computers will work symbiotically to increase the ability of weapon systems to detect objects." Project Maven has been noted by allies, such as Australia's Ian Langford, for the ability to identify adversaries by harvesting data from sensors on UAVs and satellite.
In 2022, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency took over Project Maven.
Technology
Project Maven involves data fusion. For data fusion, the Pentagon originally collaborated with Google, but in 2018, Google employees, including Meredith Whittaker, staged walkouts protesting Google's involvement in Project Maven. Subsequently, Google did not renew the contract with Pentagon.
Companies that have contributed to the data fusion include Palantir Technologies, Amazon Web Services, ECS Federal, L3Harris Technologies, Maxar Technologies, Microsoft and Sierra Nevada Corporation. The main data-fusion platform is made by Palantir. At least 21 private companies had been involved.
The data sources include photographs, satellite imagery, geolocation data (IP address, geotag, metadata, etc) from communications intercepts, infrared sensors, synthetic-aperture radar, etc. Machine learning systems, including object recognition systems, process the data and identify potential targets, such as enemy tanks or location of new military facility. The training dataset included at least 4 million images of military objects such as warships, labelled by humans. The user interface is called Maven Smart System. It could display information such as aircraft movements, logistics, locations of key personnel, locations on the no-strike list, ships, etc. Yellow-outlined boxes show potential targets. Blue-outlined boxes show friendly forces or no-strike zones. It could also transmit, directly to weapons, a human decision to fire weapons.
Applications
Scarlet Dragon exercises
The 18th Airborne Corps is the main tester of Project Maven. With collaborating arms organization in US and UK, it has used Maven and weapons systems connected to it to strike targets from bombers, fighter jets and drones.
Beginning in 2020, Maven was used for live-fire exercises ("Scarlet Dragon exercises"). The first took place at Fort Liberty. An AI system identified a tank in satellite images, the human approved, and the AI system signaled an M142 HIMARS to strike the target (in this case, a decommissioned tank). It was the first AI-enabled artillery strike in the US army.
There are 6 steps in the kill chain: identify, locate, filter down to the lawful valid targets, prioritize, assign them to firing units, and fire. Of these 6 steps, Maven can perform 4. A senior targeting officer estimates that with Maven, he could decide on 80 targets per hour, vs 30 targets per hour without Maven. The efficiency was comparable with the targeting cell used during Operation Iraqi Freedom, but whereas the OIF used a targeting cell with roughly 2000 staff, the 18th Airborne used a targeting cell with 20 people.
Use in actual conflicts
In the 2021 Kabul airlift, Maven was used to display the situation on the ground. It could simultaneously display data feeds, such as aircraft movements, logistics, threats and locations of key personnel such as Chris Donahue.
In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Maven was used to display information on Ukrainian will to resist Russian forces, and locations of Russian equipment.
In February 2024, Maven was used for narrowing targets for airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. It was also used for locating rocket launchers in Yemen and surface vessels in the Red Sea, some of which were destroyed in February 2024 according to CENTCOM.
References
External links
, interview with Emmy Probasco of CSET, and Joe O'Callaghan, the AI Fires Officer for the 18th Airborne Corps.
The Pentagon
Military projects of the United States | Project Maven | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,040 | [
"Military projects of the United States",
"Military projects"
] |
57,543,092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiyl%20radical | In chemistry, a thiyl radical has the formula RS, sometimes written RS• to emphasize that they are free radicals. R is typically an alkyl or aryl substituent. Because S–H bonds are about 20% weaker than C–H bonds, thiyl radicals are relatively easily generated from thiols RSH. Thiyl radicals are intermediates in the thiol-ene reaction, which is the basis of some polymeric coatings and adhesives. They are generated by hydrogen-atom abstraction from thiols using initiators such as AIBN:
RN=NR → 2 R• + N2
R• + R′SH → R′S• + RH
Thiyl radicals are also invoked as intermediates in some biochemical reactions.
Thiyl radical in biology
Reactivity of Thiyl Radicals
The formation of thiyl radicals in vivo primarily occurs through the action of various radicals on the amino acid cysteine incorporated into proteins. The rate of radical formation is highest with the OH· radical (k = 6.8 x 109 M−1s−1) and decreases through the H· radical (k = 6.8 x 109 M−1s−1) down to peroxyl radicals R-CHOO· (k = 4.2 x 103 M−1s−1). One of the most important substrates of thiyl radicals in biological systems is lipids, where thiyl radicals play a crucial role in lipid peroxidation. In this process, thiyl radicals act as chain transfer catalysts by transferring the unpaired electron to a new lipid, thereby accelerating lipid peroxidation. Other substrates of thiyl radicals include other proteins (k = 1.4 x 105 M−1s−1), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (k = 1.6 x 105 M−1s−1), and ubiquinone (k = 2.5 x 103 M−1s−1). Interestingly, the addition of lipophilic thiols in cell culture or administration to C. elegans accelerated lipid peroxidation at the same initiation rate, caused damage to membrane proteins, and was associated with a decline in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a shortened lifespan.
Elimination of Thiyl Radicals
The most important phenolic antioxidants, such as ubiquinone or α-tocopherol, are not suitable scavengers of thiyl radicals. Both substances are not sufficiently reactive, and α-tocopherol is also not present in sufficient quantities to scavenge thiyl radicals. Nonetheless, both compounds have high rate constants for their reaction with peroxyl radicals, highlighting their evolutionary importance as scavengers. Isoprenoid polyenes, such as carotenoids or lycopene, exhibit very high rate constants regarding thiyl radicals (up to 109 M−1s−1). However, even with excessive supplementation, the effect of lycopene is not sufficient to adequately counteract lipid peroxidation. The situation is significantly more promising in aqueous media: ascorbic acid and glutathione also have high rate constants (>108 M−1s−1) and are present in sufficiently high concentrations, so in aqueous environments, thiyl radicals can be effectively neutralized by the aforementioned antioxidants.
References
Free radicals
Organosulfur compounds | Thiyl radical | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 730 | [
"Organosulfur compounds",
"Free radicals",
"Organic compounds",
"Senescence",
"Biomolecules"
] |
57,545,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping%20Zhang%20%28graph%20theorist%29 | Ping Zhang is a mathematician specializing in graph theory. She is a professor of mathematics at Western Michigan University and the author of multiple textbooks on graph theory and mathematical proof.
Zhang earned a master's degree in 1989 from the University of Jordan, working there on ring theory with Hasan Al-Ezeh.
She completed her Ph.D. in 1995 at Michigan State University. Her dissertation, in algebraic combinatorics, was Subposets of Boolean Algebras, and was supervised by Bruce Sagan.
After a short-term position at the University of Texas at El Paso, she joined the Western Michigan faculty in 1996.
Books
Zhang is the author of:
Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (with Gary Chartrand and A. D. Polimeni, Addison-Wesley, 2002; 2nd ed., 2007; 3rd ed., 2012)
Introduction to Graph Theory (with Gary Chartrand, McGraw-Hill, 2004; Chinese ed., 2006); revised as A First Course in Graph Theory (Dover, 2012)
Chromatic Graph Theory (with Gary Chartrand, CRC Press, 2008)
Graphs & Digraphs (by Gary Chartrand and Linda Lesniak, with Zhang added as a co-author on the 5th ed., CRC Press, 2010)
Discrete Mathematics (with Gary Chartrand, Waveland Press, 2011)
Covering Walks in Graphs (with Futaba Fujie, Springer, 2014)
Color-Induced Graph Colorings (Springer, 2015)
The Fascinating World of Graph Theory (with Arthur T. Benjamin and Gary Chartrand, Princeton University Press, 2015)
A Kaleidoscopic View of Graph Colorings (Springer, 2016)
How to Label a Graph (with Gary Chartrand and Cooroo Egan, Springer, 2019)
Irregularity in Graphs (with Akbar Ali and Gary Chartrand, Springer, 2021)
She is also the co-editor of:
Handbook of Graph Theory (originally edited by Jonathan L. Gross and Jay Yellen, with Zhang added as a co-editor on the 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2013)
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Graph theorists
University of Jordan alumni
Michigan State University alumni
University of Texas at El Paso faculty
Western Michigan University faculty
20th-century American women mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians | Ping Zhang (graph theorist) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 480 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
57,546,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Mills | Kenneth Claughan Mills (13 February 1935 – 13 May 2018), was head of the Slags group at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) and a visiting professor in the Department of Materials at Imperial College London.
Career
Early years
Mills graduated in chemistry from the University of Newcastle in 1956 and, in 1960, was awarded a PhD by Sheffield University for work on carbides in steels and their effect on creep strength. From 1960 to 1962, he continued his research in the US, at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, working on the thermodynamics of alloys at high temperature. There then followed a short period at the US Steel, Edgar Bain Research Laboratories working with E.T. Turkdogan.
National Physical Laboratory (1963 - 1999)
On returning to the UK in 1963, Mills joined the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in Teddington, where he developed novel measurement methods for thermodynamic properties at high temperatures.
In 1974, he became head of a group working on the measurement of physico-chemical properties of materials related to heat and fluid flow in high-temperature processes, known as the Slags group. The group consisted of, amongst others: Brian Keene, Sandy Powell, Rob Brooks, Abayomi Olusanya, Abas Shirali, Austin Day, Brian Monaghan, Lindsay Chapman, Richard Andon, Amanda Barnicoat, Mike Richardson, David Hayes and Peter Quested. Quested took over the running of the group in 1993; Mills officially retired at 60, although he continued to work at NPL.
Mills' main research was carried out on metals and alloys, slags and refractories. In addition to his experimental work he carried out major reviews on the properties of these materials; he was a major contributor to the Slag Atlas (2nd edition 1995).
He had great interest in the mechanisms underlying processing problems in high-temperature processes, such as variable weld penetration in GTA/TIG welding and mould flux behaviour in the continuous casting of steel. To illustrate surface tension driven Marangoni flow in liquid metals, Mills would show (and occasionally consume) a glass of brandy in presentations.
Mills gave courses in more than 10 countries on mould fluxes and their impact on the continuous casting process.
Imperial College (1994 - 2018)
In 1994, Mills joined Imperial College London as a Professor and lectured on metal production and heat and mass transfer. His research at Imperial College has been principally focused on mould fluxes for continuous casting and slags used in other steelmaking processes and on thermo-physical properties of alloys and slags. He also revived his interest in the estimation of the properties of slags and alloys from their chemical compositions. Mills gave courses on the estimation of slag properties in South Africa and at the TMS Conference 2012 in Florida.
In 2002, the "Mills Symposium on Metals, Slags, and Glasses: High Temperatures, Properties and Phenomena" was held to celebrate Mills' contributions to science.
Awards
Williams award, Institute of Materials, 1992.
Kroll medal, Institute of Materials, 1996
Honorary Membership of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 2003
Williams medal, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2013
Bessemer Gold Medal, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2013. For outstanding services to the steel industry - Mills was cited as “one of the first scientists to help transform the powder metallurgy from alchemy to science” and “renowned specialists from around the world supported the nomination."
Publications
Mills has authored / co-authored over 200 scientific publications, a large number being on thermophysical property data, particularly of slags. Mills "is the most cited author in the field of mould powders"
Books:
"Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Sulphides, Selenides and Tellurides", Butterworth-Heinemann, 1974,
"Slag Atlas", major contributor to 2nd edition, 1995, Verlag Stahleisen mbH,
"Recommended values of thermophysical properties for selected commercial alloys", 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd,
Mills' final published book, "The Casting Powders Book" co-authored with Carl-Åke Däcker, will be published in August 2018, ISBN .
References
1935 births
2018 deaths
People from Doncaster
Academics of the University of Sheffield
British chemists
Bessemer Gold Medal | Ken Mills | [
"Chemistry"
] | 905 | [
"Bessemer Gold Medal",
"Chemical engineering awards"
] |
57,546,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20evolution | Bacterial evolution may refer to the biological evolution of bacteria as studied in:
Bacterial taxonomy
List of Bacteria genera
List of bacterial orders
List of Archaea genera
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
Bacterial phylodynamics
Bacterial phyla
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Woese, 1987)
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Gupta, 2001)
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Cavalier-Smith, 2002)
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Rappe and Giovanoni, 2003)
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Ciccarelli et al., 2006)
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Battistuzzi et al., 2004)
'The All-Species Living Tree' Project
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Genome Taxonomy Database, 2018)
Bacteria
Biological evolution | Bacterial evolution | [
"Biology"
] | 162 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Microorganisms",
"Bacteria"
] |
51,361,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TANGO1/MIA3 | Melanoma inhibitory activity protein 3 (MIA3), also known as transport and Golgi organization protein 1 (TANGO1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIA3 gene on chromosome 1. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. MIA3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit site, where it binds bulky cargo molecules such as collagens and creates mega transport carriers for the export of cargoes from the ER. This function suggests that it plays a role in assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone formation. MIA3 has been demonstrated to contribute to both tumor suppression and progression. The MIA3 gene also contains one of 27 loci associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.. A TANGO1 like protein called TALI is expressed in liver and intestine and shown to be required for the export of bulky very Low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons. TANGO1 and TALI assemble into rings around COPII coats and this function is necessary for export of bulky cargoes. The discovery of TANGO1 and understanding its function has revealed that cargo export from the ER is not be vesicles but involves transient tunnels between the ER exit site and the next compartment of the secretory pathway. Biallelic Mutations in TANGO1 cause syndrome disease and complete loss of TANGO1 leads of defects in bone mineralization. These findings highlight the significance of TANGO1 in building and ER exit site, controlling the quantities and quality of cargo exported, which is necessary for life.Membrane permeant peptides of TANGO1 affect hyper collagen secretion in normal and cells of patients with scleroderma, and in a zebra fish model of wound healing. These findings raise the possibility of targeting TANGO1 to control skin scarring, wound healing and fibrosis.
Structure
Gene
The MIA3 gene resides on chromosome 1 at the band 1q41 and includes 32 exons. This gene produces 4 isoforms through alternative splicing.
Protein
MIA3 is a member of the MIA/OTOR family. The full-length protein spans 1,907 amino acids and localizes to the ER exit sites. It contains an N-terminal, SH3-like domain, two predicted transmembrane domains, a coiled-coiled domain, and a C-terminal, proline-rich domain. The SH3-like domain faces the ER lumen, where it can bind cargo for COPII carrier biogenesis, while the proline-rich domain faces the cytoplasm, where it can bind the COPII components Sec23/24. Of the two predicted transmembrane domains, only one actually crosses the membrane, whereas the second likely forms a hairpin structure that is only embedded in but not crossing the membrane.
Function
Unlike other members in the MIA gene family, MIA3 is broadly expressed, except in the cells belonging to the hematopoietic system. High levels of MIA3 expression are observed both in embryonic and adult tissues. MIA3 resides at the ER exit site and functions as a guide for loading the cargo molecule collagen VII into COPII carriers, which mediates the exit of secretory protein out of the ER with the help of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma–associated antigen 5 (cTAGE-5). A recent study indicates that MIA3 is also involved in the secretion of other collagens, including collagens I, II, III, IV, and IX, from chondrocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and mural cells, indicating its participation in chondrocyte maturation and bone mineralization. MIA3 has been suggested as a tumor suppressor in malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, and hepatoma, and induction of expression of MIA3 results in a significant decrease in motility and invasive potential. On the other hand, it has also been found that MIA3 promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by upregulating platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-b) polypeptide and neuropolin 2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Clinical significance
In humans, MIA3 was first discovered as an important constituent in the growth and adhesion in malignant melanoma cells. As it is secreted from both chondrocytes and melanoma cells, it also plays a role in the metastasis of melanomas as well as cartilage development. It has been established that melanoma inhibitory gene family members serve several tumor-related functions that are subjected to a variety of human malignancies.
Clinical Marker
It was found that melanoma inhibitory activity gene family members are frequently expressed in human tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer with nodal or distant metastasis and cervical cancer. In addition, melanoma inhibitory activity gene family expression is also associated with poor prognosis among cancer patients overall. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the association between melanoma inhibitory family member expression and its diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance in clinical oncology.
Additionally, a multi-locus genetic risk score study, based on a combination of 27 loci including the MIA3 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incidence and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).
References
proteins | TANGO1/MIA3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,198 | [
"Proteins",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology"
] |
51,363,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Yost | Gary Yost (born 1959) is an American filmmaker, musician and software designer, best known for leading the team that created Autodesk 3ds Max.
Antic Software
Yost created the Antic Software publishing unit for Antic Magazine in 1984 after Jack Tramiel bought Atari Computer from Warner Communications and shut down the Atari Program Exchange.
Yost met Tom Hudson at the Fall 1985 Comdex trade show and they began planning a suite of 3D animation tools for the Atari ST line of microcomputers, which became the Cyber Studio suite of animation products, beginning with CAD-3D 1.0, released autumn 1986. Stereo CAD-3D 2.0, released in late 1987, was built on an open-architecture framework and incorporated support for creating stereoscopic animations using the Tektronix “StereoTek” liquid crystal shutter 3D display. The StereoTek display was the first low-cost mass-market 3D display for microcomputers.
The Yost Group, Autodesk and beyond
In 1988 Yost left Antic Software to form “The Yost Group” when Autodesk offered him a software licensing agreement to create a suite of affordable animation tools for the IBM PC, beginning with Autodesk 3D Studio and Autodesk Animator, which was a 2D cel animation tool written by Jim Kent for The Yost Group. An obscure fact about Yost in 1988 is that, along with Computer Graphics pioneer Jim Blinn, he played percussion on the Todd Rundgren album "Nearly Human," which was recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California.
Working with Tom Hudson, Jack Powell, Dan Silva, Rolf Berteig and Gus Grubba, Yost led the team that created Autodesk 3D Studio versions 1-4 for the MS-DOS platform. Don Brittain, former VP of Research for Wavefront Technologies, was brought into the Yost Group to help create the re-designed 3D animation program called Autodesk 3ds Max, based on the Microsoft Windows NT platform and it was first shown at the Association for Computing Machinery’s SIGGRAPH conference in Los Angeles in 1995 before its 1996 release.
Yost and his engineering team applied for and received eight US patents for the technology they invented for Autodesk 3ds Max and in 1997 they sold their rights to the source code and inventions to Autodesk, ending Yost’s involvement with the product.
In 2004 Yost joined Berlin-based mental images, GmbH & Co. as Executive Vice President of their US-based operation. Yost and mental images’ founder Rolf Herken had formed a relationship when Yost licensed the mental ray rendering library and other software components from mental images for Autodesk 3ds Max. mental images was acquired by NVIDIA, and Yost’s involvement wound down by 2011.
In 2013, Yost joined Rolf Herken’s Mine Innovation as an engineering advisor.
In 2020, Yost was interviewed about his life's experience in CGI on the 300th episode of the CG Garage VFX podcast.
Photography, Filmmaking and Virtual Reality.
Yost has been a photographer for over 50 years and began pursuing photography more seriously in 2012 when he created the viral video “A Day in the Life of a Fire Lookout,” about the Gardner Fire Lookout on Mt. Tamalpais in Marin County, California. That video won a Vimeo Staff Pick award.
He spent seven years working with the Marin Municipal Water District and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy on a trilogy of films about Ground Equipment Facility J-33, the abandoned Mill Valley Air Force Station on the West Peak of Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California. Yost's Mt. Tamalpais film series covers a wide range of topics, including a short doc about artist Zio Ziegler and his Mill Valley mural that was inspired by the Sitting Bull monument on Mt. Tam.
The first film in the trilogy, “The Invisible Peak” was created by Yost with help from Peter Coyote and George Daly. It has been a selection at 16 film festivals, and has won awards for Best Documentary, Best of Show, and Outstanding Environmental Vision. The most-recent work in Yost's Mt. Tamalpais film series is "The Way it's Supposed to Be" featuring performances by Marin County musicians Bob Weir, Maria Muldaur, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Matt Jaffe
In addition to the filmmaking work he has accomplished on Mt. Tamalpais, Yost has been working on films that document the cultural life of Fijians in 2015.
His other videos include a project with Puddles the Clown, which has garnered over 8 million views on YouTube and an innovative use of infrared cinematography for a project with the YASSOU band, featuring synchronized swimmers from LA-based Aqualillies. Yost has been actively promoting the use of time-lapse to tell stories, and was a judge for the LA-based 2016 Timelapse Film Festival along with Godfrey Reggio, the producer of the seminal time-lapse film Koyaanisqatsi.
In 2017 Yost was the recipient of the Mill Valley Creative Achievement "Milley" award from the Mill Valley, California Arts Commission, joining previous recipients including Dan Hicks (singer), John Korty, Joyce Maynard, Sammy Hagar, Jane Hirshfield and Bob Weir.
In both 2018 and 2019 Yost won the Best Indie Filmmaker reader's choice award in Marin County, California from the Pacific Sun (newspaper) and he began working in the field of immersive cinema. He was the director of photography for "Circle of Dreams," a virtual reality project with the legendary SF-based art collective The Residents.
The WisdomVR Project and Inside COVID19
Yost launched the nonprofit WisdomVR Project as a 501(c)(3) with strategic partnership support from Oculus VR and the Long Now Foundation in early 2019. As of September 2019, WisdomVR participants include Ram Dass, Betty Reid Soskin, Gavin de Becker, Peter Coyote, Shelton Johnson, Gaelynn Lea, L. Frank Manriquez, Anna Halprin, Todd Rundgren, Wavy Gravy, Joan Jeanrenaud, Malcolm Margolin, Reuben Heyday Margolin, John Law (artist), Stanislav Grof, Huey Johnson and Pearl E. Gates from Pearl Harbor and the Explosions.
In late 2020 the 501(c)(3) WisdomVR Project launched the stereoscopic 360° documentary Inside COVID19, funded by Oculus (brand), which told the story of an American ER doctor who nearly died from the novel coronavirus and featured over 10 minutes of 360° stereoscopic molecular animation designed by Andrew Murdock and created in Autodesk 3ds Max. Alvy Ray Smith, co-founder of Pixar, stated “WisdomVR's 'Inside COVID19' production was excellent and the interviews felt more intimate than normal (hence showing off VR in an unexpected way). The computer graphics were stunning, and the best explanation I’ve seen of COVID at work. It shows what really can be done in this new medium.” and John Carmack, founding CTO of Oculus tweeted "Inside COVID19 is a high production value documentary that just happens to be done in stereo 360, rather than a tentative exploration of a new medium. Things are maturing.” The Inside COVID19 VR documentary was nominated for the 2021 Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Interactive Program category, won the Festival of International Virtual & Augmented Reality Stories "People's Choice" award for best immersive video in February 2021, is a 2021 Webby Awards Honoree and was selected to be featured in the 2021 SIGGRAPH VR Theater.
Blending poetry, original music and video about Mt. Tamalpais.
Yost released a series of 39 original musical videos about Mt. Tamalpais entitled “Songs from the Last Place” in August 2024, inspired by the beat poet Lew Welch’s “The Song Mt. Tamalpais Sings.” The project's foundational video was featured at the Bolinas Film Festival in September 2024.
References
External links
Songs from the Last Place, Youtube
Songs from the Last Place, Vimeo
Vimeo channel
Youtube channel
WisdomVR website
"Inside COVID19" VR film website
Fijian music and dance culture
Mill Valley Public Library Oral History Project interview with Gary Yost (02:10:25)
1959 births
21st-century American photographers
Software design
Living people
People from Bergen County, New Jersey | Gary Yost | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,762 | [
"Design",
"Software design"
] |
51,364,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizu%20M3%20Note | The Meizu M3 Note is a smartphone designed and produced by the Chinese manufacturer Meizu, which runs on Flyme OS, Meizu's modified Android operating system. It is a current phablet model of the M series, succeeding the Meizu M2 Note. It was unveiled on April 6, 2016, in Beijing.
History
Initial rumors appeared in March 2016 after a possible specification sheet had been leaked, stating that the upcoming device would most likely feature a MediaTek Helio P10 System on a chip, a Full HD display and a 4100 mAh battery.
On March 22, Meizu founder Jack Wong mentioned that the M3 Note was about to launch soon.
The following day, Meizu confirmed that the launch event for the Meizu M3 Note will take place in Beijing on April 6, 2016.
The new device was later sighted on the AnTuTu benchmark, confirming the speculations that it will be powered by a MediaTek Helio P10 SoC.
On April 4, 2016, Meizu released a teaser for the product launch, confirming that the coming device would feature an all-metal body.
Release
As announced, the M3 Note was released in Beijing on April 6, 2016.
Pre-orders for the M3 Note began after the launch event on April 6, 2016. Sales began on April 30, 2016, in mainland China and on May 11, 2016, in India.
Features
Flyme
The Meizu M3 Note was released with an updated version of Flyme OS, a modified operating system based on Android Lollipop. It features an alternative, flat design and improved one-handed usability.
Hardware and design
The Meizu M3 Note features a MediaTek Helio P10 system-on-a-chip with an array of eight ARM Cortex-A53 CPU cores, an ARM Mali-T860 MP2 GPU and 2 GB or 3 GB of RAM. The M3 Note reaches a score of 50,000 points on the AnTuTu benchmark and is therefore approximately 56% faster than its predecessor, the Meizu M2 Note.
The M3 Note is available in three different colors (grey, silver and champagne gold) and comes with either 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage or 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal storage.
Unlike its predecessor, the Meizu M3 Note has a full-metal body, which measures x x and weighs . It has a slate form factor, being rectangular with rounded corners and has only one central physical button at the front. Unlike most other Android smartphones, the M3 Note doesn't have capacitive buttons nor on-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The M3 Note further extends this button by a fingerprint sensor called mTouch.
The M3 Note features a fully laminated 5.5-inch LTPS multi-touch capacitive touchscreen display with a FHD resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 403 ppi.
In addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3.5mm TRS audio jack on the top and a microUSB (Micro-B type) port on the bottom for charging and connectivity.
The Meizu M3 Note has two cameras. The rear camera has a resolution of 13 MP, a ƒ/2.2 aperture, a 5-element lens, phase-detection autofocus and an LED flash. The front camera has a resolution of 5 MP, a ƒ/2.0 aperture and a 5-element lens.
Reception
The M3 Note received generally positive reviews.
Android Authority gave the M3 Note a rating of 8.2 out of 10 possible points and concluded that “the Meizu M3 Note packs a very large punch for its price”. Furthermore, the build quality, battery life and the good display were praised.
Huffington Post stated that the Meizu M3 Note is “[an] affordable and highly functional Android smartphone, with a large HD screen, great design and impressive battery life”.
Android Headlines also reviewed the device and concluded that “[the] overall fantastic performance and just a great experience in general make the Meizu M3 Note an easy recommendation for sure”.
TechSpot gave the M3 Note a rating of 7.5 out of 10 possible points and noted that “the M3 Note could be a great budget smartphone purchase”.
See also
Meizu
Meizu M2 Note
Comparison of smartphones
References
External links
Official product page Meizu
Phablets
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2016
M3 Note
Discontinued smartphones | Meizu M3 Note | [
"Technology"
] | 955 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
51,365,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces%20B | Pisces B (Psc B) is a void dwarf galaxy. It is located in the Local Void, near Pisces A; and is in the Pisces constellation. It is 30 million light-years (9.2 megaparsecs) away from the Earth. The galaxy was discovered with the WIYN Observatory. About 100 million years ago, the galaxy started moving out of the void and into the local filament zone and denser gaseous environment. This sparked off a doubling of the rate of star formation.
References
Further reading
Pisces (constellation)
Dwarf galaxies | Pisces B | [
"Astronomy"
] | 123 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Galaxy stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
51,365,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces%20A | Pisces A (Psc A) is a void dwarf galaxy. It is located in the Local Void, near Pisces B; and is in the Pisces constellation. It is 18.4 million light-years (5.64 megaparsecs) away from Earth. The galaxy was discovered with the WIYN Observatory. About 100 million years ago, the galaxy started moving out of the void and into the local filament zone and denser gaseous environment. This sparked off a doubling of the rate of star formation.
References
Further reading
Pisces (constellation)
Dwarf galaxies | Pisces A | [
"Astronomy"
] | 124 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Galaxy stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
51,365,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovamide | Clovamide is a chemical compound found in cacao. It has only been found in small amounts. It is also found in Trifolium pratense (red clover).
Clovamide can exist as either the cis- or trans- isomer.
In isolated neuroblastoma cells, clovamide has in vitro neuroprotective effects.
See also
Rosmarinic acid
References
Carboxylic acids
Carboxamides
Chocolate | Clovamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 95 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
51,365,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20G.%20M.%20Wood-Gush | Professor David Grainger Marcus Wood-Gush FRSE (20 November 1922 – 1 December 1992) was a South African-born animal geneticist and ethologist based for most of his professional life in Edinburgh. He was an expert on animal behaviour and academic author in this field. He was one of the first to study the impacts of factory farming. He advocated the study of animal behaviour to gauge what implied "humane treatment" for different species, and tried to balance these factors against economic viability for the farmer. He looked at the impact of stress upon animals and held that animals should be treated as individuals not as a "commodity". In these studies he concluded that food supply was the essential factor in controlling animal behaviour.
He was one of the first to both see the benefits of and physically introduce the concept of free range farming.
Life
He was born in Transkei in South Africa on 20 November 1922 into a Quaker family of British origin. He was educated at Grahamstown. His university career was interrupted by the Second World War during which he served in North Africa in the South African Air Force as a bomber navigator. He lost his lower left arm in 1944 whilst home on leave, due to a motorcycle accident where he was riding pillion. The driver, his friend and the pilot of his bomber, was killed in the accident. David was plagued by phantom pains in the missing hand for all his life.
After the war he studied Science at Witwatersrand University, graduating BSc in 1948. Increasing despairing at his county’s politics and apartheid policy, he left in 1949, going to the University of Edinburgh (which had a growing reputation in the field of genetics) as a postgraduate where he gained both a doctorate in 1952 (PhD) and a Diploma in Animal Genetics (studying under Prof Conrad Hal Waddington and Dr Alan William Greenwood). He thereafter began work at the Poultry Research Centre. Due to his personal limb loss he did much research to establish if animals might feel similar phantom pains to his own due to actions such as dehorning etc. He was always concerned of potential pain and animal suffering in various procedures.
In 1975 he conducted an infamous experiment on a remote Scottish island, re-wilding domesticated chickens to measure how they survived. Unfortunately all were killed by a resident population of escaped mink. In 1976 he repeated the experiment somewhat more successfully using pigs.
In 1978 the Poultry Research Centre decided to relocate to Roslin, Midlothian and began more industry-based research. Given David’s disapproval of this and his lack of driving licence (due to his missing arm) making it very difficult to reach this remote site. He moved to more academic roles in Edinburgh instead. In 1978 he began teaching Applied Animal Behaviour at the University of Edinburgh. He was given an Honorary Professorship by the University of Edinburgh in 1981. In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Noel Farnie Robertson, Aubrey Manning, John Mitchison, Peter M. B. Walker, Peter McDonald and John E. Dale.
From 1984 to 1987 he was President of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. He was also Chairman of the International Society of Applied Ethology. During this period he famously set up the "Edinburgh Pig Park" investigating the benefits of free range pork.
He died of a heart attack while checking into a hotel for a conference in London on 1 December 1992. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the sea near his birthplace of Transkei.
The University created a Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture in his memory.
Family
He married Eola in 1953. They had a daughter Amynta (born 1957) and son Guy (born 1958).
Selected publications
The Genetic and Population Dynamics of Porcellio Scaber (1953)
Self-Awareness in Domesticated Animals (1981)
Elements of Ethology (1983)
The Behaviour of Domestic Fowl (1971 reprinted 1989)
Managing the Behaviour of Animals (1990)
References
1922 births
1992 deaths
20th-century British zoologists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Animal welfare scholars
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Ethologists
Scottish amputees
South African Air Force personnel of World War II
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Military personnel from the Eastern Cape | D. G. M. Wood-Gush | [
"Biology"
] | 876 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethologists"
] |
51,365,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20bengalensis | Lepiota bengalensis is a species of the fungal family Agaricaceae. It was the first generic report for Bangladesh, described as a new species to science in 2016. It is only known from Bangladesh.
See also
List of Lepiota species
References
bengalensis
Fungi of Bangladesh
Fungi described in 2016
Fungus species | Lepiota bengalensis | [
"Biology"
] | 65 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,365,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantometrics | Semantometrics is a tool for evaluating research. It is functionally an extension of tools such as bibliometrics, webometrics, and altmetrics, but instead of just evaluating citations – which entails relying on outside evidence – it uses a semantic evaluation of the full text of the research paper being evaluated.
References
External links
Python toolset by Digital Humanities Lab of Utrecht University]
Library science
Information science
Computational linguistics
Bibliometrics | Semantometrics | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 98 | [
"Metrics",
"Bibliometrics",
"Quantity",
"Science and technology studies",
"Computational linguistics",
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
51,367,866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Northern%20Corridor | The Canadian Northern Corridor (CNC) is a concept for a multi-modal (road, rail, pipeline, electrical transmission and communication) transportation corridor through Canada's North and Near-North.
The CNC would be a multi-use corridor infrastructure megaproject spanning Canada's east-west mid-latitude with several northern spurs, approximately 7,000 to 10,000 km long and costing roughly $100–150 billion. The concept is being studied jointly by academics at the University of Calgary School of Public Policy and CIRANO.
On June 21, 2017, The Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce released a report entitled NATIONAL CORRIDOR ENHANCING AND FACILITATING COMMERCE AND INTERNAL TRADE that was a major endorsement of the NC concept. In a press release issued simultaneously, the Committee called the NC concept a visionary project that could unlock extraordinary economic potential.
Research
In May 2016, the University of Calgary School of Public policy and CIRANO published a paper examining the potential for a Transportation Corridor (the Canadian Northern Corridor™) which would encompass an established right of way for transportation infrastructure based on local consultation and the negotiation of appropriate land usage rights. The initial paper also outlined the range of issues that required detailed study to determine the Corridor's viability. Additional scholarly work on the subject, coordinated by the University of Calgary, School of Public Policy, is intended to follow from this initial paper. They believe that by 2025 they can present this paper to the government of Canada.
Corridor
While no specific geographic path for the Canadian Northern Corridor has been formalized, the Corridor concept has been described as follows:
"In initial concept, the Northern Corridor would be approximately 7000 km in length. It would largely follow the boreal forest in the northern part of the west, with a spur along the Mackenzie Valley, and then southeast from the Churchill area to northern Ontario and the "Ring of Fire" area; the corridor would then traverse northern Quebec to Labrador, with augmented ports. The right-of-way would have room for roads, rail lines, pipelines and transmission lines, and would interconnect with the existing (southern- focused) transportation network."
Relation to previous studies
The concept is similar in scope, yet distinct from, the "Mid-Canada Corridor" proposed and studied by the Mid-Canada Development Foundation as chaired by Richard Rohmer.
Trademark
The Canadian Northern Corridor trademark application at the Canadian Intellectual Property Office was filed on April 29, 2019. On September 11, 2019 the Registrar of Trademarks gave public notice under subparagraph 9(1)(n)(ii) of the Trademarks Act of this prohibited mark.
References
Rohmer, Richard (1970) "The green north" Maclean-Hunter
Proposed transport infrastructure in Canada
Subarctic
2016 documents
Rural development in Canada
Megaprojects
Proposed ports
Energy security
Indigenous politics in Canada
Energy policy of Canada
Economy of Canada | Canadian Northern Corridor | [
"Engineering"
] | 584 | [
"Megaprojects"
] |
51,369,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNA%20Arena%20Akita | CNA Arena Akita is an arena in Rinkai-area, Akita, Japan. It is owned and run by the city. Cable Networks Akita acquired its naming rights in 2015. The silver-colored building opened in 1994 and holds 5,000 people. The gym has a dome-shaped 154 feet height ceiling, and added 2,088 extra seatings in 2016. It is the home arena of the Akita Northern Happinets of the B.League, Japan's professional basketball league. The biggest basketball court in Akita is Akita Prefectural Gymnasium.
Facilities
Main arena - 2,540m2 （63.5m×40m）
Sub arena - 863m2 （38.0m×22m）
Table tennis room - 324m2
Multi-purpose hall - 324m2
Running course - 810m2
Sports Events
CNA Arena has hosted the following sports events:
2001 World Games - Acrobatic gymnastics, Aerobic gymnastics, Rhythmic gymnastics, Dancesport, Trampoline gymnanastics
National Sports Festival of Japan - Gymnastics (2007)
bj League All-Star Game (2014)
Akita Masters
Sports events at former municipal gymnasium in Sannoh
All-Japan Artistic Gymnastics Championships 20–23 November 1964, Akita City-born Yukio Endō won gold medals in individual all-around, silver medals in floor exercise, rings, vault, horizontal bar and bronze medal in parallel bars
Gallery
Drops of water
On January 9. 2018, it leaked on the court floor, and the basketball game was delayed. Other roof leaks are also reported.
Attendance records
The record for a basketball game is 4,951, set on November 30, 2022, when the Happinets defeated the Alvark Tokyo 83-69.
Access
From Akita Station: for Rinkai Eigyosho, Kenritsu Pool. Get off at Shiritsu Taiikukan-mae.
References
External links
Aerial view
Bus stop at CNA Arena
CNA Arena video
Location map
2001 World Games
Acrobatic gymnastics at the 2001 World Games
Akita Northern Happinets
Sports venues in Akita Prefecture
Indoor arenas in Japan
Basketball venues in Japan
Boxing venues in Japan
Buildings and structures in Akita (city)
Postmodern architecture
Sports venues completed in 1994
1994 establishments in Japan
Badminton venues
Postmodern architecture in Japan | CNA Arena Akita | [
"Engineering"
] | 483 | [
"Postmodern architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
61,774,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais%20attack | On 14 September 2019, drones were used to attack oil processing facilities at Abqaiq () and Khurais () in eastern Saudi Arabia. The facilities were operated by Saudi Aramco, the country's state-owned oil company. The Houthi movement in Yemen claimed responsibility, tying it to events surrounding the Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War and stating they used ten drones in the attack launched from Yemen, south of the facilities. Saudi Arabian officials said that many more drones and cruise missiles were used for the attack and originated from the north and east, and that they were of Iranian manufacture. The United States and Saudi Arabia have stated that Iran was behind the attack while France, Germany, and the United Kingdom jointly stated Iran bears responsibility for it. Iran has denied any involvement. The situation exacerbated the 2019 Persian Gulf crisis.
The attack caused large fires at the processing facility, which were put out several hours later, according to Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Interior. Both facilities were shut down for repairs, cutting Saudi Arabia's oil production by about half – representing about five percent of global oil production – and causing some destabilization of global financial markets. The Ministry of Energy said that the country would tap into its oil reserves to maintain export levels until the facilities return to full capacity by the end of September.
Background
Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil exporter, having produced about 12 million barrels of petroleum products per day in 2017. Its proven oil reserves are the second-largest of any country, after Venezuela, and represent about 16% of the world's total.
Saudi Aramco, a national oil company owned by the Saudi Arabian government, operates several oil drilling, transport, and production facilities across Saudi Arabia. It is the second-largest oil producer in the world, behind Russia's Rosneft.
Aramco says the Abqaiq facility is "the largest crude oil stabilization plant in the world"; it converts sour crude into sweet crude oil by removing sulfur impurities before it is transported to downstream refineries, processing more than 7 million barrels of oil per day, about 7% of global oil production. Bob McNally, a former member of the United States' National Economic Council and National Security Council, told Reuters that "a successful attack on Abqaiq would be akin to a massive heart attack for the oil market and global economy". The Abqaiq facility had been the site of a failed suicide bombing by Al-Qaeda in 2006. The Khurais oil field, also operated by Aramco, produces about 1.5 million barrels of crude a day, and is estimated to hold up to 20 billion barrels of oil.
The Abqaiq oil facility was protected by three Skyguard short-range air defense batteries. Neither the Skyguards nor the other Saudi air-defense weapons — MIM-104 Patriot and Shahine (Crotale) — are known to have brought down any of the attacking weapons. A CNBC report offered multiple potential explanations, including that Patriot is optimized for interceping "high-altitude ballistic missiles" and that the Saudi troops operating the defenses "have 'low readiness, low competence, and are largely inattentive.'" The Guardian newspaper wrote that the defenses "would likely have been pointed across the Gulf towards Iran and south towards Yemen, but at least some of the missiles and drones are believed to have struck from the west." On 26 September 2019 Defense News published remarks by the Israeli air and missile defense expert Uzi Rubin, in which he characterized the Abqaiq–Khurais attack as "a kind of 'Pearl Harbor,'" saying "it will spark a lot of solutions" to the tactic of using unmanned aerial vehicle swarms plus low-altitude, high-speed cruise missiles.
Attacks
At around 4:00 a.m. Saudi Arabia Standard Time (UTC+3), Saudi Aramco reported fires at its Abqaiq facility as well as its Khurais facility. These facilities are several hundred kilometres distant from each other. At the time, about 200 people were in the Khurais facility, according to Aramco officials. The fires were contained a few hours later, according to officials. Though no fatalities were reported in the incidents, it was left unclear whether anyone was injured in the attacks.
Saudi Arabia's interior ministry said a few hours later that the fires were "a result of ... drones". Several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) were reported to be involved. A spokesman for the Saudi-led coalition fighting Iranian-backed rebels in Yemen, stated that 25 drones and missiles were used. Guards at the facilities reportedly tried to bring down the drones with machine gun fire, as captured on surveillance recordings of the facilities. According to Aramco, the drone strikes were in at least two waves; as they were evacuating the Khurais facility and dealing with fires from the first attack, another round of drones struck the facility.
Analysis of satellite images of the Abqaiq facility before and after the attacks appear to show 19 individual strikes: 14 that punctured storage tanks, three that disabled oil processing trains, and two more that damaged no equipment. A US interim report found that the attacks originated from the north.
According to the NCRI, the attack came from the Omidiyeh military base in Ahvaz.
UAV defense
Saudi Arabia's missile defense system failed to stop the swarm of drones and cruise missiles that struck the oil infrastructure. It is reported that Saudi Arabia has at least one MIM-104 Patriot missile defense system in place at Abqaiq. The missile defense system used was designed to mitigate threats from "high flying targets". Unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles fly at an altitude too low to be detected by conventional radar systems. A swarm of drones and cruise missiles coming from multiple directions can confuse and jam radar, as well as overwhelm air defenses. In addition to the Patriot system, at least four shorter-range defense systems were present, yet also failed to detect and mitigate the drone attack. Drones are too difficult to detect by traditional methods; drones are also cheap and extremely accessible. The drones used may have cost around $15,000 or less to build. According to Justin Bronk, research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in London, "the cost curve is very favorable to the attacker, meaning Saudi Arabia would have to spend far more than its enemies to protect against additional strike capabilities. As such, there is almost no way the Kingdom can completely defend against such attacks."
Attackers
In an initial report on 14 September 2019, the Saudi Arabian interior ministry did not identify the source of the attack, but stated they had begun an investigation. A statement from the French Foreign Minister in the early stages after the attack came on 17 September 2019, when he said ""The Houthis ... announced that they launched this attack. That lacks credibility," but he went on to reference an ongoing international investigation, saying "let's wait for its results."
Hours after the attack, the Houthis said in a statement that they sent ten newly developed drones equipped with propeller and turbojet engines to disable the oil production facilities, and vowed to send more against a wider range of Saudi targets. They said they attacked in retaliation for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, which began in 2015, has killed thousands of Yemeni civilians, and has created a famine and a humanitarian crisis described in 2019 as the worst in the world. A military spokesman for the Houthis said, "These attacks are our right, and we promise the Saudi regime that the next operation will be wider and more painful if blockade and aggression continues".
In the weeks before the Abqaiq–Khurais attack, similar drone strikes on Saudi Arabian oil production infrastructure had caused no significant damage. The frequency of Houthi attacks increased throughout 2019, with the targets including a Saudi airport.
The military spokesman said that the Sept. 14 attacks came after a "careful intelligence operation, prior monitoring and cooperation from honorable and freedom-seeking people within the kingdom". The use of operatives inside Saudi Arabia would appear to address some of the technical objections about how the Houthis could have struck targets at such a distance.
On 16 September, the Houthis warned of more attacks on Saudi Arabia's oil infrastructure, and warned foreigners to leave Saudi oil plants.
They had displayed some of their long-range UAVs to the media in July 2019. The range of the drones reportedly can reach distant areas in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The Houthis had often used Samad 1 to attack Saudi Arabia. Later, the Houthis used the Quds 1, which is a small ground launched cruise missile that was possibly used in the 12 June 2019 Abha International Airport attack, which occurred in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A Houthi leader, Mohammed al-Bukhaiti, said that they have "exploited vulnerabilities in the Saudi defense system" and they "built their drones in order to avoid these systems, therefore, the Saudi and the Emirati airspace became open to us after their defense system failed to even spot our drones".
Houthi rebels have previously advocated targeting Aramco. The Rapidan Energy Group and the Center for Strategic and International Studies had both warned that the site of the attack was a vulnerable target.
At a press conference on 18 September, Houthi military spokesman Yahya Sarea said that they had launched a serious attack and Americans were using fabricated satellite images in an attempt to portray the resulting damage as having been minimal. He presented aerial photos of the Abqaiq and Khurais facilities, from before the attack, and said that they had been taken by Yemeni drones. He said that the Houthis had launched the attack from three locations. Third-generation Qasif drones were launched from one position, Samad-3 drones from a second position, and from a third position they had launched newly developed drones which use cluster heads, capable of dropping four accurate, independently targeted bombs. He said that they would soon display these newly developed drones. He stated that they were now capable of manufacturing drones rapidly.
Yahya Sarea threatened the United Arab Emirates which is part of the Saudi-led coalition, saying that they have a list of targets inside the UAE among them Dubai and Abu Dhabi. He said if the UAE "wants peace to its buildings which are made of glass and can't handle an attack by the Yemeni drones then leave Yemen alone". In response, UAE officials told The Telegraph newspaper that an attack by Houthis on tourism and global business hubs, would be an attack on the world.
Jean-Yves Le Drian, France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, stated on 19 September that preliminary findings from the investigation appear to rule out the Houthis' involvement and their claim "lacks credibility", but there would be no definitive conclusion until the international investigation is complete.
Officials for the United States had rejected the Houthis' claims, and instead said that Iran was responsible for the attacks. In the months prior, tensions between Iran and the United States created a crisis in the Persian Gulf, coupled with Iran's violations of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action related to their nuclear program in July 2019. On the day of the attacks, an unnamed senior U.S. official said that Iran, not the Houthis, were behind the attack, which involved some dozen cruise missiles and more than 20 drones. The U.S. said that it was working with Saudi Arabia to help investigate the attack and assure the facilities and energy supplies are secure and stable; US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that Iran was behind the attacks. US President Donald Trump initially stopped short of definitively blaming Iran for the attack, saying in an 18 September 2019 Newsweek article that "it was 'looking like' Iran was behind the attack."
Royal Saudi Air Force Colonel Turki al-Malki, a spokesperson for the Saudi-led coalition, issued a statement on 16 September saying that the drones appear to have been based on Iranian drones and that they were unlikely to have been launched from Yemen, counter to the claims of the Houthis. However, al-Malki said the coalition was still trying to determine the origin of the drones. At a press conference on 18 September, al-Malki showed debris of the drones, stating there were 18 drones and 7 missiles used in the attack (25 weapons in total), with the drones being delta wing-style craft of Iranian manufacture. Al-Malki showed surveillance footage that had, according to him, caught the drones traveling southward towards the facilities before the strike. He stated that this ruled out Yemen as a point of origin due to the range they would have had to have travelled. He concluded that this evidence "point[s] to Iran", and that the attack was "unquestionably sponsored by Iran". Iranian Defense Minister Brig. Gen. Amir Hatami stated in response to this new evidence, "These accusations are wholly, seriously and firmly rejected. It's easy to accuse someone without providing any proof."
On 17 September 2019, an unnamed senior U.S. official told CBS News that the U.S. had identified the location in Southern Iran from which they believe the drones and cruise missiles were launched, while two U.S. Department of Defense officials told NPR that they had detected Iran preparing drone flights at multiple launch sites in Iran before the attack. Saudi Arabia has not reached the same conclusion that Iran was the staging ground for the attacks, becoming increasingly confident but not totally convinced, with the United States due to share more intelligence with Saudi Arabia. The United States stated it would provide evidence at the 2019 United Nations General Assembly that the attack involved cruise missiles from Iran. For example, the United States has stated it has "circumstantial evidence" that Iran launched the strike from its own soil in the form of satellite imagery which shows Iran readying drones and missiles at launch sites in Iran before Saudi oil facilities were attacked.
Late on 18 September, a U.S. official speaking to CBS News said that Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei had signed off on the attacks but only on the assurance that the method of the attack would allow Iran to deny involvement. Coupled with the Saudi evidence, the U.S. official stated that some of the attacks were launched from the Iranian Ahvaz Air Force Base, about from the targets, and flew through Kuwaiti air space.
France, Germany and the United Kingdom, who had been trying to calm relations between the United States and Iran, made statements reported on 17 and 18 September 2019 to the effect that they would conduct an investigation prior to announcing conclusions. On 23 September, while meeting at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, French President Emmanuel Macron, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and German Chancellor Angela Merkel issued a joint statement "It is clear to us that Iran bears responsibility for this attack. There is no other plausible explanation." The three leaders committed to continuing their investigation on the attack and urged Iran to alter their course to avoid elevating further hostilities in the areas.
Iran has denied these statements and said that they were "blind, incomprehensible and meaningless" and warned the U.S. that it was "ready for fully-fledged war" with them should there be retaliation against Iran. Instead, Iran stated that the Houthis (whom they reportedly support in the Yemeni Civil War) were responsible for the attack. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has stated that "Yemeni people are exercising their legitimate right of defence... the attacks were a reciprocal response to aggression against Yemen for years." The Iranian Ministry of Defence has also rejected the statements about Iranian involvement and said, "the issue is very clear: there has been a conflict between two countries (Yemen and Saudi Arabia)".
In December 2019, the UN said that its investigation was not able to confirm the Saudi official claim that the weapons used in the attack are of Iranian origin. According to a confidential report by U.N. sanctions monitors seen by Reuters said that "despite their claims to the contrary, the Houthi forces did not launch the attacks on Abqaiq and Khurais on 14 September 2019."
According to a report by the Middle East Eye, an anonymous Iraqi intelligence official said the attacks were launched from Southern Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces bases in retaliation to Israeli drone strikes on the Iraqi forces in August that were reportedly funded by Saudi Arabia. A CBS correspondent stated that the damage at the Abqaiq facilities reportedly was on the western-northwestern portions, which would have been difficult for the Houthis, located to the southwest, to have hit with drones. The BBC reported that satellite images showed damage on the western side of Abqaiq.
The office of the Prime Minister of Iraq denied that its territory was used to carry out the attacks and vowed to act "decisively" against anyone using Iraqi territory to attack other countries. The U.S. has also stated that Iraqi territory was not used.
Aftermath
Market impacts
Saudi Arabian officials stated that the attacks forced the shutdown of the facilities, cutting the country's oil production from 9.8 to about 4.1 million barrels of oil a day, losing 5.7 million barrels of oil a day or about 5% of global production. Initially, spokespeople stated that the plants were expected to return to their nominal capacity by 16 September 2019, and would use reserve oil to make up for the shortfall. However, other officials for the Saudi government estimated the time to restore full production would be "weeks, not days".
The day after the attack, the Saudi stock market fell 2.3% in Sunday trading on 15 September. Commodities and stock markets as well as other financial indicators jumped on worldwide market openings on Monday, 16 September. Brent Crude oil futures prices surged almost 20 percent, the largest surge in the commodity's price since the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait. Other markets also saw impacts from concerns on the oil supply, including U.S. gasoline and heating oil, and the gold market. Impact to the U.S., which had doubled its oil production in the last decade and was now the world's largest producer, was expected to be immaterial.
By Tuesday, 17 September, Saudi Arabian officials from the energy ministry stated that the repairs to the Abqaiq facility will be much faster than originally anticipated. The Abqaiq facility was operating at 2 million barrels per day within 48 hours of the attack. The energy ministry said full production could be restored within two to three weeks, by the end of September. Further, the nation planned no reduction of current oil exports, and will use reserve storage to maintain the current levels. These announcements were seen to help calm markets, as oil market prices and other financial indicators dropped during trading on 17 September from the spike the previous day, though still remained at elevated levels which are expected to have impacts on prices across the globe. To expedite repairs, Aramco shipped in equipment from the United States and Europe.
The state-owned Saudi Aramco had been in the initial stages of planning its initial public offering (IPO) of about 5% of the company ownership of the estimated valuation of the company over the next few years. This IPO was originally to have started in 2018 but there were concerns about its finances and corporate structure. The September 2019 attacks further delayed this IPO until new concerns related to security against terrorism attacks and the ability to restore production after such an incident were proven, as well as the impact on the price of oil. The IPO was launched in December 2019, with 1.5% of the company put to public trading on the Tadawul exchange; it became the largest IPO ever at raised, and valuing the company at , making it the largest listed company at launch.
On 27 September, Bloomberg News reported that while production capacity and exports implied that the industry was almost back to normal, that view may be overly simplistic, with output 1.8 million barrels a day below the pre-attack level and capacity reported to be only 700,000 barrels below the Kingdom's maximum. Until further repairs and adjustments, customers may be asked to accept heavier oil than the grades originally purchased.
Domestic reactions
The Saudi King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, issued a statement on 17 September, calling the attack a "vandalism and coward attack" that threatens international security and global energy supplies and said the kingdom is able to respond to these attacks. The king also said the attack comes after a series of attacks against the kingdom.
International reactions
The attacks raised concern over political stability in the Middle East, coupled with the US' stance that the attacks may have originated from Iran.
The United States is a close ally of Saudi Arabia, while its relationship with Iran has been strained in 2019 as part of the overall Persian Gulf crisis. U.S. President Donald Trump authorised the release of the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve to help stabilize energy prices in the US. Trump further stated that the U.S. is no longer dependent on oil from the Middle East. Trump condemned the attack and stated on Twitter on 15 September that the U.S. military is "locked and loaded" but is waiting to hear from the Saudis as to who they believe was the cause of this attack, "and under what terms we would proceed". In the days that followed, Trump stated that he did not promise to protect the Saudis, but will have to sit with them and "work something out". On 20 September, Trump issued a new round of economic sanctions against Iran, targeting the Central Bank of Iran and the National Development Fund of Iran, preventing them from purchasing American dollars; these sanctions had been established earlier but had been previously lifted after Iran had agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. The sanctions are aimed to prevent Iran from having the funds to support future strikes.
On 15 September 2019, Reuters reported on remarks by international organizations by stating "U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres condemned Saturday's attacks and called on all parties to exercise restraint and prevent any escalation. The European Union warned the strikes posed a real threat to regional security, and several nations urged restraint." Russian president Vladimir Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov, asked about the U.S. statements that Iran was behind drone strikes, said: "We have a negative attitude towards rising tensions in the region and call for all countries in the region and outside of it to avoid any hasty steps or conclusions which may deepen destabilisation." Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying, said in remarks quoted 16 September 2019 that while there is no "conclusive investigation", it is irresponsible to blame anyone for the attack, and added "we call on relevant parties avoid taking actions that bring about an escalation in regional tensions".
Other nations called for waiting for results from investigations before stating who was behind the attack. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on 17 September 2019: "We have to look at how the conflict in Yemen started. This country was completely destroyed – who caused it?" That same day, Japan's defence minister said his country has not seen any intelligence showing Iranian involvement in the attacks. "We are not aware of any information that points to Iran," Defence Minister Tarō Kōno told reporters at a briefing. "We believe the Houthis carried out the attack based on the statement claiming responsibility." Also on 17 September 2019, White House deputy press secretary Hogan Gidley said the Trump administration "can't say definitively" that Iran was behind the attack. As of 18 September 2019, the United Arab Emirates had not yet attributed responsibility.
Several international bodies and nations condemned the attack. The UN Secretary General condemned the attacks on Saudi Arabia, claimed by the Houthis, and UN Special Envoy to Yemen Martin Griffiths said the attack "carries the risk of dragging Yemen into a regional conflagration" and that "there is 'no time to waste' in ending four years of fighting between Houthi rebels and the internationally-recognized Government, supported by a Saudi-led coalition, which has pushed the country to the brink of famine." Arab League in a statement by the General Secretariat on 14 September, strongly condemned the drone attacks and termed the attacks as "serious escalations" and called for preserving security of the country. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg "strongly condemned" the attacks and said Iran was "supporting different terrorist groups and being responsible for destabilising the whole region." In South Korea, the National Defence Minister Jeong Kyeong-doo denounced drone attacks on oil facilities as "a reckless act" that harms global security and stability. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman and South Korean President Moon Jae-in agreed to strengthen partnerships between the two countries to fight against the terrorist attacks.
During the Houthi "21 September revolution anniversary", the Houthi leader Muhammad Ali al-Houthi, offered to halt all attacks on Saudi Arabia. He said that Saudi Arabia should in return end its war in Yemen. The Houthis also warned that if Saudi Arabia refused their peace offer the next attacks will be more painful. The UN Yemen envoy, praised the Houthi announcement and said it could send a "powerful message of the will to end the war".
Related security issues
On 15 September 2019, the Cabinet of Kuwait said it was probing the sighting of a drone over its territory and coordinating with Saudi Arabia, and other countries, after the attacks. Kuwait has also increased its security as a result of the attack.
Russian President Vladimir Putin offered to sell Saudi Arabia the advanced S-400 missile system so it could use it against air attacks instead of continuing to use the Raytheon Patriot missile system. However, Putin made this offer beside a chuckling Iranian President Rouhani in what was described as a "sublime bit of political trolling".
By 11 October 2019, the United States had sent 3,000 additional troops to Saudi Arabia in response to the attack, which U.S. Defense Secretary Mark Esper stated was to address "threats in the region" while protecting Saudi Arabia from "Iranian aggression". Secretive cyberattacks on Tehran internet capabilities followed the event and according to Iranian sources, a rocket attack on Iranian shipping in the Red Sea.
Uzi Rubin, a prominent Israeli military expert, described the attack as only one of the most audacious military surprises ever and a landmark event that bolstered Iran's prestige domestically and internationally in defiance of the US sanctions.
See also
Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen
Dahyan air strike
Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
Petroleum politics
References
2019 in international relations
2019 in Saudi Arabia
Attacks in Asia in 2019
Drone warfare
Drone strikes in Saudi Arabia
History of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Military operations involving Saudi Arabia
Saudi Aramco
Spillover of the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
History of the Houthis
September 2019 events in Saudi Arabia
Airstrikes during the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2019 airstrikes
2019 building bombings
Building bombings in Saudi Arabia
2019 in economic history
Economic history of Saudi Arabia
Fires in Saudi Arabia
2019 fires in Asia
Industrial fires and explosions | Abqaiq–Khurais attack | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,588 | [
"Industrial fires and explosions",
"Explosions"
] |
61,774,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20CLI%C3%89%20NR%20Series | The Clie NR were a series of handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs) made by Sony, announced in March 2002. These devices were distinctive, due a folding "Flip-and-Rotate" clamshell design, with a vertical rotatable screen.
Models
PEG-NR70
The Clié PEG-NR70 was a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sony. The device ran Palm OS (version 4.1) and featured a color display, thumb-sized keyboard and MP3/Atrac3 playback with a built-in speaker; features which were uncommon among other PDAs of its time.
Specifications
Palm OS: 4.1
CPU: Motorola 66 MHz MC68SZ328
Memory: 16 MB DRAM
Display: 320 x 480, 16bit Color
Sound: Internal audio amplifier and speaker, Headphone out.
External Connectors: USB
Expansion: Memory Stick
Wireless: Infrared
Battery: Rechargeable Li-Ion
Size & Weight: 7 oz
Colour: Silver
PEG-NR70V
Otherwise identical to the NR70, the NR70V added a 0.1MP (320x240 pixel) stills camera to the device.
See also
Sony CLIÉ NX Series: The NX series succeeds the NR series.
Nokia N93, a cellphone with similar form factor
References
External links
Detailed Specifications of the PEG-NR70
SMUP Review of the PEG-NR70
Sony CLIÉ | Sony CLIÉ NR Series | [
"Technology"
] | 289 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
61,774,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20CLI%C3%89%20UX%20Series | The Sony Clie UX series were premium multimedia PDAs announced by Sony in July 2003, running Palm OS (version 5). These devices were advertised as being a "personal entertainment communicator", a purpose not dissimilar to the Apple iPod Touch released in 2007. Two models were released, featuring a "palm-top" clamshell design, with a landscape tilting and swiveling LCD screen.
The UX40 and UX50 were largely identical, with the exception of their wireless connectivity. The UX50 included both bluetooth and built-in Wi-Fi support, while the UX40 was US$100 cheaper but only featured bluetooth. Users of these devices frequently experienced difficulty connecting to other devices via Bluetooth. The UX40 was, for a time, sold at Costco, while the UX50 was not. A UX70h model with integrated cellular capabilities was also developed, but never saw public release.
Sony Handheld Engine Processor
The processor used on the UX series was the Sony Handheld Engine CXD2230GA. At the time of release this processor was bleeding edge, demonstrating new improvements in both capability integration and power efficiency in a single System-on-a-chip.
Specifications
Processor: Sony Handheld Engine™ CXD2230GA
Operating System: Palm OS software version v.5.2
Memory: Total 104 MB (16 MB available for storage of files and programs. Additional 16 MB available for system back up. Additional 29 MB available for media storage)
Display: TFT LCD color display with backlight, 480 × 320 dots; 65,536 colors
Connectivity: USB (for HotSync operation), Infrared (IrDA 1.2), Bluetooth. Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi) on UX50.
Digital Camera (0.3MP)
Video Recording (MPEG4, 30 fps, CIF 160 × 112)
Multimedia: MP3 playback / MPEG4 Video Playback / Flash Player / Audio Recorder / Web Browser / E-mail
Expansion: Memory Stick media (recognizes Magic Gate & Memory Stick Pro cards)
Dimensions and Weight: Approx. (projecting parts not included), Approx. (including stylus)
Power: Output: DC 5.2 V Input: 100–240 V AC
Battery: Lithium-ion polymer rechargeable battery (internal, non user removable)
External links
Review of the PEG-UX40
Review of the PEG-UX50
References
Sony CLIÉ | Sony CLIÉ UX Series | [
"Technology"
] | 515 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
61,775,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation%20of%20Urban%20MObility | Simulation of Urban MObility (Eclipse SUMO or simply SUMO) is an open source, portable, microscopic and continuous multi-modal traffic simulation package designed to handle large networks.
SUMO is developed by the German Aerospace Center and community users. It has been freely available as open-source since 2001, and since 2017 it is an Eclipse Foundation project.
Purpose
Traffic simulation within SUMO uses software tools for simulation and analysis of road traffic and traffic management systems. New traffic strategies can be implemented via a simulation for analysis before they are used in real-world situations. SUMO has also been proposed as a toolchain component for the development and validation of automated driving functions via various X-in-the-Loop and digital twin approaches.
SUMO is used for research purposes like traffic forecasting, evaluation of traffic lights, route selection, or in the field of vehicular communication systems. SUMO users are able to make changes to the program source code through the open-source license to experiment with new approaches.
Projects
SUMO was used in the following national and international projects:
AMITRAN, a assessment methodology achieved by ICT applied to the transport sector via intelligent transportation systems (ITS).
COLOMBO
CityMobil, a project for integration of automated transport systems in the urban environment. Completed in 2011.
DRIVE C2X
iTETRIS
Soccer traffic data collection from the air during the 2006 FIFA World Cup football championship
VABENE project to improve safety at mass events.
See also
Intelligent transportation system
Traffic optimization
Traffic estimation and prediction system
References
Notes
External links
SUMO website
SUMO Documentation
Repository on GitHub
Traffic simulation
Transportation engineering
Free simulation software | Simulation of Urban MObility | [
"Engineering"
] | 320 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Transportation engineering",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
61,776,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavelile%20Hlongwa | Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa (14 April 1981 – 13 September 2019) was a South African chemical engineer and politician from KwaZulu-Natal and a party member of the African National Congress (ANC). She was the Deputy Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy and a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa from May 2019 until her death in September 2019.
Early life and career
Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa was born 4 April 1981 in the town of Umzinto in the previous Natal Province. She began her schooling career at Ncazuka Primary School in 1989 and matriculated from Sihle High School in 2000. She studied at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Howard College campus and achieved a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering. While at university, Hlongwa became active in the ANC Youth League and other student organisations. She was pursuing a master's degree in public administration at the time of her death.
Hlongwa has held various leadership positions. She was appointed to serve on the Local Community Development Committee in 1999. Hlongwa was elected to the South African Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2011, and, in 2013, she was designated as treasurer for the structure. She was appointed executive deputy chairperson of the board of the National Youth Development Agency in 2017.
Hlongwa started her career as a chemical engineer at Shell Downstream SA. She worked as an engineer from 2011 to 2013, and soon as a production engineer from 2013 to 2015 at Sapref. She was also a gas scheduler at the company from 2016 to 2017.
Hlongwa was appointed as the executive deputy chairperson of the board of the National Youth Development Agency in 2017, while she was deputy president of Convocation Executive Committee at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. From 2017 to 2019, she served as a non-executive board member of the Dube Trade Port Corporation. Hlongwa was a non-executive board member of the National Metrology Institute of South Africa from 2018 until 2019.
Political career
Hlongwa was elected central president of the SRC at University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2009. She was a member of the ANC Youth League and worked as a member of the ANCYL's KwaZulu-Natal branch task team and was a member of various subcommittees from 2013 to 2015. She was a critic of the ANC Women's League.
In May 2019, Hlongwa was elected to the National Assembly of South Africa. She took office as a Member on 22 May 2019. President Cyril Ramaphosa soon after on 29 May 2019 appointed her as Deputy Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy, serving alongside Minister Gwede Mantashe. She was sworn in on 30 May 2019 and consequently became one of the youngest members of the cabinet.
Death
Hlongwa died on 13 September 2019, when a truck ploughed into a previous car accident scene she was assisting with. The accident claimed the lives of Hlongwa and three other people. The accident occurred close to Maubane Bridge on the N1 at Carousel Plaza, Hammanskraal. President Cyril Ramaphosa expressed his sadness about her untimely death and declared that a state funeral would be held for her.
A memorial service for Hlongwa was held on 19 September 2019. The University of KwaZulu-Natal cancelled its memorial service it was scheduled to hold for her. Hlongwa's funeral was held on 21 September 2019.
See also
List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office
References
External links
Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa – People's Assembly
Bavelile Hlongwa, Ms – South African Government
1981 births
2019 deaths
Road incident deaths in South Africa
African National Congress politicians
Women government ministers of South Africa
Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa
People from uMdoni Local Municipality
People from KwaZulu-Natal
South African chemical engineers
21st-century South African engineers
Women chemical engineers
21st-century South African women politicians
21st-century South African women engineers
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2019–2024 | Bavelile Hlongwa | [
"Chemistry"
] | 829 | [
"Women chemical engineers",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
61,776,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Structural%20Engineers%20of%20the%20Philippines | The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. abbreviated as ASEP is an organization of structural engineers of the Philippines affiliated with the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers.
Background
ASEP was established in 1961 to promote the advancement of Filipino civil engineers in the field of structural engineering. The publication of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and the referral codes of the Philippine National Building Code were published by the organization.
Advocacy
ASEP exists in the advancement of structural engineering in the Philippines as well as upholding ethical values in the promotion of national and international professional collaboration with governments, industry and the academe.
The organization specifically lobbies on legislation of the Philippines in the national and local levels.
Notable publications
National Structural Code of the Philippines
National Building Code of the Philippines
ASEP Steel Handbook
References
Professional associations based in the Philippines
Civil engineering professional associations
Structural engineering | Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines | [
"Engineering"
] | 175 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Civil engineering organizations",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering professional associations"
] |
61,776,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic%20%28data%29 | In computing, a device or software program is said to be agnostic or data agnostic if the method or format of data transmission is irrelevant to the device or program's function. This means that the device or program can receive data in multiple formats or from multiple sources, and still process that data effectively.
Definition
Many devices or programs need data to be presented in a specific format to process the data. For example, Apple Inc devices generally require applications to be downloaded from their App Store. This is a non data-agnostic method, as it uses a specified file type, downloaded from a specific location, and does not function unless those requirements are met.
Non data-agnostic devices and programs can present problems. For example, if your file contains the right type of data (such as text), but in the wrong format, you may have to create a new file and enter the text manually in the proper format in order to use that program. Various file conversion programs exist because people need to convert their files to a different format in order to use them effectively.
Implementation
Data agnostic devices and programs work to solve these problems in a variety of ways. Devices can treat files in the same way whether they are downloaded over the internet or transferred over a USB or other cable.
Devices and programs can become more data-agnostic by using a generic storage format to create, read, update and delete files. Formats like XML and JSON can store information in a data agnostic manner. For example, XML is data agnostic in that it can save any type of information. However, if you use Data Transform Definitions (DTD) or XML Schema Definitions (XSD) to define what data should be placed where, it becomes non-data agnostic; it produces an error if the wrong type of data is placed in a field.
Once you have your data saved in a generic storage format, this source can act as an entity synchronization layer. The generic storage format can interface with a variety of different programs, with the data extraction method formatting the data in a way that the specific program can understand. This allows two programs that require different data formats to access the same data. Multiple devices and programs can create, read, update and delete (CRUD) the same information from the same storage location without formatting errors.
When multiple programs are accessing the same records, they may have different defined fields for the same type of concept. Where the fields are differently labelled but contain the same data, the program pulling the information can ensure the correct data is used. If one program contains fields and information that another does not, those fields can be saved to the record and pulled for that program, but ignored by other programs. As the entity synchronization layer is data agnostic, additional fields can be added without worrying about recoding the whole database, and concepts created in other programs (that do not contain that field) are fine.
Since the information formatting is imposed on the data by the program extracting it, the format can be customized to the device or program extracting and displaying that data. The information extracted from the entity synchronization layer can therefore be dynamically rendered to display on the user's device, regardless of the device or program being used.
Having data agnostic devices and programs allows you to transfer data easily between them, without having to convert that data. Companies like Great Ideaz provide data agnostic services by storing the data in an entity synchronization layer. This acts as a compatibility layer, as TSQL statements can retrieve, update, sort, and write data regardless of the format employed. It also allows you to synchronize data between multiple applications, as the applications can all pull data from the same location. This prevents compatibility problems between different programs that have to access the same data, as well as reducing data replication.
Benefits
Keeping your devices and programs as data agnostic as possible has some clear advantages.
Since the data is stored in an agnostic format, developers do not need to hard-code ways to deal with all different kinds of data. A table with information about dogs and one with information about cats can be treated in the same way; extract the field definitions and the field content from the data agnostic storage format and display it based on the field definitions. Using the same code for the different concepts to CRUD, the amount of code is significantly reduced, and what remains is tested with each concept you extract from the entity synchronization layer.
The field definitions and formatting can be stored in the entity synchronization layer with the data they are acting on. Allows fields and formatting to change, without having to hardcode and compile programs. The data and formatting are then generated dynamically by the code used to extract the data and the formatting information.
The data itself only needs to be distinguished when it is being acted on or displayed in a specific way. If the data is being transferred between devices or databases, it does not need to be interpreted as a specific object. Whenever the data can be treated as agnostic, the coding is simplified, as it only has to deal with one case (the data agnostic case) rather than multiple (PNG, PDF, etc.). When the data must be displayed or acted on, then it is interpreted based on the field definitions and formatting information, and returned to a data agnostic format as soon as possible to reduce the number of individual cases that must be accounted for.
Risks
There are, however, a few problems introduced when attempting to make a device or program data agnostic.
Since only one piece of code is being used for CRUD operations (regardless of the type of concept), there is a single point of failure. If that code breaks down, the whole system is broken. This risk is mitigated because the code is tested so many times (as it is used every time a record is stored or retrieved).
Additionally, data agnostic storage mediums can increase load speed, as the code has to search for the field definitions and display format as well as the specific data to be displayed. The load speed can be improved by pre-shredding the data. This uses a copy of the record with the data already extracted to index the fields, instead of having to extract the fields and formatting information at the same time as the data. While this improves the speed, it adds a non-data agnostic element to the process; however, it can be created easily through code generation.
References
Computer data
Computer science | Agnostic (data) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,340 | [
"Computer data",
"Computer science",
"Data"
] |
61,778,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munc-13 | Munc-13 (an acronym for mammalian uncoordinated-13) is a protein which complexes with RIM and likely comprises part of cellular structure which anchors synaptic vesicles. Its activation by DAG seems to be important for maintaining high rate of synaptic release during prolonged repetitive stimulation.
References
Proteins
Secretory vesicles
Neurophysiology | Munc-13 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 76 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Protein stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins"
] |
61,778,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiria%20Andreian%20Cazacu | Cabiria Andreian Cazacu (February 19, 1928 – May 22, 2018) was a Romanian mathematician known for her work in complex analysis. She held the chair in mathematical analysis at the University of Bucharest from 1973 to 1975, and was dean of the faculty of mathematics at the University of Bucharest from 1976 to 1984.
Life
Andreian Cazacu was born on February 19, 1928, in Iași, the daughter of mathematics teacher Ioan T. Ardeleanu. Towards the end of World War II, her family became refugees in Bucharest, where she completed her high school studies in 1945. She then enrolled in the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Bucharest, graduating with a B.S. in 1949; her undergraduate thesis, on Generalized nilpotent groups, was written under the guidance of Dan Barbilian. She then continued at the university, first as a teaching assistant and then as a lecturer starting in 1950. She became a student of Simion Stoilow, completing a doctorate in 1955 under his supervision, with the dissertation Normally exhaustible Riemann surfaces. After being named associate professor in 1955, she completed a habilitation in 1967, with the habilitation thesis Classes of Riemann coverings, and was promoted to full professor in 1968.
From 1951 to 1969 Andreian Cazacu held a research position at the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, where she was a leading participant in Stoilow's seminar on complex analysis. She held visiting positions at the Free University of Berlin, Université libre de Bruxelles, the University of Helsinki, the University of Łódź, and Université de Moncton.
Between 1976 and 2010 she supervised the Ph.D. theses of 15 students. Andreian Cazacu was one of the main organizers of eleven editions of the Romanian-Finnish Seminar on complex analysis and potential theory, founded by Rolf Nevanlinna and Stoilow; the proceedings of four of these seminars, for which she was an editor, appeared in the Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics series as four separate volumes.
She died on May 22, 2018, in Bucharest and was buried at Ghencea Cemetery.
Publications
Andreian Cazacu wrote "approximately 100 scientific papers and six books". The books include:
Recognition
Andreian Cazacu won the Simion Stoilow Prize of the Romanian Academy in 1966. In 1998 the University of Craiova gave her an honorary doctorate. She was awarded in 2000 the National Order of Faithful Service, Officer rank by President Ion Iliescu, while in 2011 she was awarded the National Order of Faithful Service, Commander rank by President Traian Băsescu. She became an honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 2006. In 2010, the journal Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations published a special issue in honor of her 80th birthday.
References
1928 births
2018 deaths
Scientists from Iași
University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian mathematicians
Romanian women mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Complex analysts
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Recipients of the National Order of Faithful Service
Burials at Ghencea Cemetery | Cabiria Andreian Cazacu | [
"Mathematics"
] | 623 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
61,779,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Wilkinson%20Prize%20in%20Numerical%20Analysis%20and%20Scientific%20Computing | The James H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing is awarded every four years by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). The award, named in honor of James H. Wilkinson, is made for research in, or other contributions to, numerical analysis and scientific computing during the 6 years preceding the year of the award. The prizewinner receives the prize, with $2000 (US), at the autumn conference of SIAM and gives a lecture there. It is intended to stimulate younger scientists in the early years of their careers.
Prize winners
1982 Björn Engquist
1985 Charles S. Peskin
1989
1993 James Demmel
1997 Andrew M. Stuart
2001 Thomas Y. Hou
2005 Emmanuel Candès
2009 Assyr Abdulle
2013 Lexing Ying
2017 Lek-Heng Lim
2021 Stefan Güttel
See also
List of computer science awards
List of mathematics awards
References
Computer science awards
Awards of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Awards established in 1982 | James H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing | [
"Technology"
] | 192 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Computer science",
"Computer science awards"
] |
61,779,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajnal%20Andr%C3%A9ka | Hajnal Ilona Andréka (also known as Hajnalka Andréka, born November 17, 1947) is a Hungarian mathematician specializing in algebraic logic. She is a research professor emeritus at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Education and career
Andréka was born on November 17, 1947, in Budapest. She earned a diploma in mathematics in 1971 from Eötvös Loránd University, completed a Ph.D. there in 1975, and earned a candidate's degree in 1978. In 1992, she earned a Dr. rer. nat. degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
She worked in the Hungarian Ministry of Heavy Industries from 1971 to 1977, and has been affiliated with the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1977.
Books
Andréka's books include:
Cylindric Set Algebras (with Leon Henkin, Donald Monk, Alfred Tarski, and István Németi, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 883, Springer, 1981, )
Universal Algebraic Logic: Dedicated to the Unity of Science (with István Németi and Ildikó Sain, Studies in universal logic, Birkhäuser, 2008)
Cylindric-like Algebras and Algebraic Logic (edited with Miklós Ferenczi and István Németi, Bolyai Society Mathematical Studies 22, Springer, 2013, )
Simple Relation Algebras (with Steven Givant, Springer, 2017, )
Recognition
Andréka won the Géza Grünwald Commemorative Prize for young researchers of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society in 1975, and the Gyula Farkas Prize in applied mathematics of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society in 1978. In 1979, the John von Neumann Computer Society gave her their László Kalmár Prize, and in 1987, the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics gave her their Alfréd Rényi Prize.
References
External links
Home page
1947 births
Living people
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Women mathematicians
Mathematical logicians
Women logicians
Eötvös Loránd University alumni | Hajnal Andréka | [
"Mathematics"
] | 422 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
61,779,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%28trifluoromethanesulfonyl%29aniline | Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline is the organic compound with the formula C6H5N(SO2CF3)2. It is a white solid. The compound is used to install the triflyl group (SO2CF3). Its behavior is akin to that of triflic anhydride, but milder.
See also
Comins' reagent, a related triflating reagent.
References
Triflates
Amides
Reagents for organic chemistry
Phenyl compounds | Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 117 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
61,780,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAZ-529 | The MAZ-529 (МАЗ-529) is a uniaxial tractor designed by the Soviet vehicle manufacturer Minsky Automobilny Zavod (MAZ), which started production in 1959. From 1958, production of this type was relocated to MoAZ as part of the specialization of the Soviet automobile industry and continued there until 1973 under the name MoAZ-529.
Background
Prior to 1955 American models of heavy uniaxial tractors had been introduced to the Soviet Union. For example, from 1955 on there were tests with these very vehicles in order to examine them for their possible applications. In 1956 the first indigenous prototype of such a tractor was built at MAZ. This too was extensively tested, with the goal of universal applicability. Trailers were built and tested in the form of scrapers, cement mixers, simple flatbeds and even an artificial ice rink.
After completing the tests, MAZ quickly started series production of the machines. Even in 1956, the Soviet automobile industry was already so specialized that the complete train was no longer manufactured by MAZ. Only the tractor was made in Minsk, the trailer (in the standard production version a scraper) was already built at MoAZ. Since the tractor is not able to drive on its own without a trailer, a much smaller support wheel was mounted at the front to prevent the vehicle tipping over. Before normal operation, this jockey wheel was removed.
These vehicles should not be confused with single axle tractors, even if they also have only one axis and are used as a tractor for attachments. A special feature of the vehicle is that no suspension was installed. Only the big tires are used for damping.
In 1965 the improved MAZ-529E was built at MoAZ. It had an increased output of and was also manufactured until 1969, before being replaced by the MoAZ-546P. Production of the MoAZ-529 continued until 1973.
Technical data
The information refers to the basic version of the MAZ-529.
Engine: six-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine
Engine type: JaAZ -206 (according to other data also a version with JaAZ-204 four-cylinder diesel engine)
Power: 121 kW (165 hp) (or 120 hp with JaAZ-204 engine)
Transmission: manual five-speed gearbox
Top speed: 40 km / h
Tire dimension: 21.00-28 (1790 mm diameter)
Trailer as a scraper: D-357
Total permissible weight of the train: 34 tons
Drive formula (tractor): (2 × 2)
References
Military vehicles of the Soviet Union
Bulldozers | MAZ-529 | [
"Engineering"
] | 539 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Bulldozers"
] |
61,780,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20American%20NAC-60 | The North American NAC-60 was the first American supersonic transport (SST) project. The development took place in the 1960s as part of a government-funded design competition to build an American SST as the joint Anglo-French Concorde and the short-serviced Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 were underway. The design, however, due to being slower and smaller than the expectations of the American SST Race, was rejected in favor of the Lockheed and Boeing designs, allowing them to get further study.
Design
In some respects, the NAC-60 was a scaled-up variant of North American's bomber prototype, the XB-70 Valkyrie. As with the B-70, the design of the NAC-60 did not include horizontal stabilizers at the tail structure, but did retain the high-mounted canard above the cockpit area, and the box-like engine area under the fuselage. The use of high-lift devices on the leading edge of the wing lowered the landing angles to the point where the "drooping nose" was not required, and a more conventional rounded design was used. Compared to the other designs, the rounded nose profile and more cylindrical cross-section gave the NAC-60 a decidedly more conventional look than the other entries. This also meant it would fly slower, at Mach 2.65.
Specifications (North American NAC-60)
References
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
NAC-60
Supersonic transports
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Quadjets
1960s United States airliners
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear | North American NAC-60 | [
"Physics"
] | 323 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Supersonic transports"
] |
61,781,276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Bazgan | Cristina Bazgan is a French computer scientist who studies combinatorial optimization and graph theory problems from the points of view of parameterized complexity, fine-grained complexity, approximation algorithms, and regret.
Bazgan earned her Ph.D. in 1998 from the University of Paris-Sud. Her dissertation, Approximation de problèmes d'optimisation et de fonctions totales de NP, was supervised by Miklos Santha.
She is a professor at Paris Dauphine University, associated with Lamsade, the Laboratory for Analysis and Modeling Systems for Decision Support.
Bazgan became a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France in 2011.
References
External links
Home page
French women computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Cristina Bazgan | [
"Technology"
] | 168 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer specialist stubs"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.