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55,851,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2061851 | IEC 61851 is an international standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems, parts of which are currently still under development(written 2017). IEC 61851 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks and is the responsibility of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69).
Standard documents
IEC 61851 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate IEC 61851 standard documents:
IEC 61851-1: General requirements
IEC 61851-21-1: Electric vehicle on-board charger EMC requirements for conductive connection to AC/DC supply
IEC 61851-21-2: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an AC/DC supply - EMC requirements for off board electric vehicle charging systems
IEC 61851-23: DC electric vehicle charging station
IEC 61851-24: Digital communication between a DC EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of DC charging
IEC 61851-25: DC EV supply equipment where protection relies on electrical separation
IEC 61851-1
IEC 61851-1 defines four modes of charging:
References
See also
ISO 15118 - Standard defining a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication interface for bi-directional charging/discharging of electric vehicles
IEC 61850 - Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations
IEC 61851 - Standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems
IEC 62196 - A series of international standards that define requirements and tests for plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets
IEC 63110 - Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructure
OpenEVSE
Electric vehicles
61851 | IEC 61851 | [
"Technology"
] | 352 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards"
] |
55,852,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresselhaus%20effect | The Dresselhaus effect is a phenomenon in solid-state physics in which spin–orbit interaction causes energy bands to split. It is usually present in crystal systems lacking inversion symmetry. The effect is named after Gene Dresselhaus, who discovered this splitting in 1955.
Spin–orbit interaction is a relativistic coupling between the electric field produced by an ion-core and the resulting dipole moment arising from the relative motion of the electron, and its intrinsic magnetic dipole proportional to the electron spin. In an atom, the coupling weakly splits an orbital energy state into two states: one state with the spin aligned to the orbital field and one anti-aligned. In a solid crystalline material, the motion of the conduction electrons in the lattice can be altered by a complementary effect due to the coupling between the potential of the lattice and the electron spin. If the crystalline material is not centro-symmetric, the asymmetry in the potential can favour one spin orientation over the opposite and split the energy bands into spin aligned and anti-aligned subbands.
The Rashba spin–orbit coupling has a similar energy band splitting, but the asymmetry comes either from the bulk asymmetry of uniaxial crystals (e.g. of wurtzite type) or the spatial inhomogeneity of an interface or surface. Dresselhaus and Rashba effects are often of similar strength in the band splitting of GaAs nanostructures.
Zincblende Hamiltonian
Materials with zincblende structure are non-centrosymmetric (i.e., they lack inversion symmetry). This bulk inversion asymmetry (BIA) forces the perturbative Hamiltonian to contain only odd powers of the linear momentum. The bulk Dresselhaus Hamiltonian or BIA term is usually written in this form:
where , and are the Pauli matrices related to the spin of the electrons as (here is the reduced Planck constant), and , and are the components of the momentum in the crystallographic directions [100], [010] and [001], respectively.
When treating 2D nanostructures where the width direction or [001] is finite, the Dresselhaus Hamiltonian can be separated into a linear and a cubic term. The linear Dresselhaus Hamiltonian is usually written as
where is a coupling constant.
The cubic Dresselhaus term is written as
where is the width of the material.
The Hamiltonian is generally derived using a combination of the k·p perturbation theory alongside the Kane model.
See also
Fine electronic structure
Electric dipole spin resonance
Spin–orbit interaction
References
Semiconductors
Quantum magnetism
Spintronics
Physical phenomena | Dresselhaus effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 547 | [
"Matter",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Spintronics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum magnetism",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
55,853,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erez%20Ben-Yosef | Erez Ben-Yosef is an Israeli archaeologist best known for leading 21st century digs at the ancient copper mines in the Timna Valley, Sinai peninsula. He is Professor of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University.
Ben-Yosef earned the B.A., B.Sc., and M.Sc. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; the M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of California, San Diego. He wrote his doctoral dissertation on Technology and Social Process: Oscillations in Iron Age Copper Production and Power in Southern Jordan in 2010. In 2010-2011 he did postdoctoral on geomagnetic research and the ancient copper mines on Cyprus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He has held an appointment at Tel Aviv University in the department of archaeology and in the graduate program in archaeology and archaeo-materials.
He has been directing the Central Timna Valley (CTV) Project since 2013.
References
Israeli archaeologists
Tel Aviv University alumni
Archaeometallurgists
Archaeologists of the Near East | Erez Ben-Yosef | [
"Chemistry"
] | 211 | [
"Archaeometallurgy",
"Archaeometallurgists"
] |
55,853,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl%20chloride | Malonyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2(COCl)2. It is the acyl chloride derivative of malonic acid. It is a colorless liquid although samples are often deeply colored owing to impurities. The compound degrades at room temperature after a few days. It used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Synthesis and reactions
Malonyl chloride can be synthesized from malonic acid in thionyl chloride. As a bifunctional compound, it is used in the preparation of a number of cyclic compounds by diacylation. Heating in the presence of non-nucleophilic base gives the ketene derivative O=C=C(H)COCl.
References
Acyl chlorides | Malonyl chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 154 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
55,854,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Station%20of%20Endoume | The Marine Station of Endoume is an oceanography and marine biology research institute located in Marseille (France). It was founded in 1882 by Antoine-Fortuné Marion (1846–1900). It is today one of the sites for the joint research unit IMBE(Mediterranean Institute of marine and terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology) hosting research teams from Aix-Marseille University and the CNRS.
History
The first marine biology laboratory in France outside Paris was founded in Marseille in 1869. The project to build a marine station in Marseille was initiated by its director Antoine-Fortuné Marion in 1872 and accepted in 1882. The station was built between 1883 and 1889, on the site of an old artillery battery in the neighbourhood of Endoume. The first scientific studies started in the summer of 1889.
In 1891, the first public aquarium in Marseille opened at the marine station; in 1894, a marine natural reserve was created right in front of the marine station. A-F Marion was director of the station until his death in 1900.
Directors
Architecture
The original building had a single wing bordered, to its right, by a rounded turret containing the main staircase. It was extended to the left by a terrace flanked on either side by two stone staircases. Inaugurated in 1889 by Fortuné Marion, this original building was first restored in 1954 by Jean-Marie Pérès, and was succeeded by three other phases of construction:
building 2 (1958), at right angles to the original building, on the seaward side: laboratories and private apartments of the Director of the station. The left exterior staircase, of which we can still find traces, was sacrificed on this occasion.
building 3 (1963), 850 m2 extension, on the north side: laboratories, workshops, plankton net room and offices.
building 4 (1966), a construction independent of the other three, with a surface area of 1,080 m2, overlooking the Anse des Cuivres: laboratories, conference room, practical workrooms and dining hall.
building project 5, which was to have been located above the laboratory garden, never saw the light of day for lack of funding.
These successive constructions, may have increased the research capacity of the station, nevertheless they made the original building ugly. Patrick Arnaud stated:
"It is quite unfortunate that the style of these buildings is so poorly matched to that of the original building, so ill-suited to the naturally picturesque coastal site, and unnecessarily motley."
On 12 October 1989, Jean-Marie Pérès and Robert Vigouroux, Mayor of Marseille, celebrated the centenary of the Endoume marine station, by unveiling a commemorative plaque located just below the profile of A.-F. Marion.
Research
Endoume Benthic Bionomy School
In addition to the work prior to 1948, the marine station carried out between 1950 and 1982, under the leadership of Jean-Marie Pérès, work on benthic bionomics. The Marine Station has developed a long tradition of systematic biology and has housed renowned specialists in zoological groups such as sponges, annelids, lophophorates (brachiopods and phoronids) or bryozoa. Scientists from the Station, for example, have discovered for the first time a carnivorous sponge living in an underwater cave near Marseille. In 1985, the scientific journal of marine biology Tethys, published since 1969, was definitively suppressed, marking the end of what was known as the Endoume School.
In 2007, the Endoume marine station was threatened by a relocation project which aimed to abandon the historic building of Malmousque to bring together all the scientific activities of the Marseille Oceanology Center on the Luminy campus, inside the land. This project, which could be linked to real estate greed, then encountered strong opposition within the scientific community because it called into question the access to the sea necessary for many themes developed in this laboratory.
However, in 2011 the building was incorporated into the entity known under the generic name of Center d'Océanologie de Marseille, thus confirming the disappearance of the name Station Marine d'Endoume, as inaugurated in 1886 by A-F Marion.
Genetic and chemical research
From 2008, the Marine Station mainly housed the DIMAR laboratory but also components of the LOBP and LMGEM laboratories. The research carried out is part, In the long systematic tradition with the development of molecular phylogeny and evolutionary biology of development (evo-devo) applied to numerous groups of marine organisms such as sponges or chaetognaths. In recent years, New lines of research such as population genetics have been developed. The expertise of the station's scientists is also recognized In assessing the consequences of global warming and the impact of human activities on the environment.
Since January 2012, the renovated site has found a new attribution: it houses the IMBE. The MIO laboratory, headed by Richard Sempéré (CNRS Research Director), was created on January 1, 2012, following the merger of the three units LMGEM, LOPB and DIMAR.
In 2015, a new research platform with the acronym "MALLABAR" (Metabolomics Applied to the Study of Biodiversity marine) was inaugurated at the oceanographic station. This research platform aims to:
1) promote research on marine chemiodiversity with a view to sustainable development;
2) study the mechanisms at the origin of marine biodiversity and chemiodiversity [...] coupling traditional taxonomy, molecular barcoding and metabolomics;
3) explain the effects of disturbances on benthic ecosystems by environmental "metabolomics" and other "Omics" approaches (genomics, transcriptomics).
On this occasion the name Station Marine d'Endoume seems to have been given to the historic building.
References
External links
of the IMBE
Friends of the Endoume marine station
Endoume
Marine biology
Aix-Marseille University | Marine Station of Endoume | [
"Biology"
] | 1,209 | [
"Marine biology"
] |
55,854,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Association%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Play | The Association for the Study of Play (TASP) is a multidisciplinary organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of play. The Association promotes the study of play, forges alliances with organizations advancing play, organizes yearly meetings to disseminate play research, and publishes a newsletter and monograph series.
History
The Association for the Study of Play emerged from a meeting of scholars of play held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on April 14, 1973. The meeting was organized and chaired by Alyce Taylor Cheska (1921-2012), who was Head of the Department of Women's Physical Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (then the University of Illinois) and an affiliate professor in the Department of Anthropology. The scholars who met there formed the Cultural Anthropology of Play Reprint Society. The next year, Michael Salter organized the first formal meeting of the new organization at the University of Western Ontario during the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH) convention. Participants renamed the organization "The Association for the Anthropological Study of Play" and elected B. Allan Tindall as president. In 1987, the organization changed its name to The Association for the Study of Play (TASP). The proceedings of the Association's first conference were published in The Anthropological study of play : problems and prospects, a collection edited by edited by David F. Lancy and B. Allan Tindall.
Publications
The Association for the Study of Play publishes the quarterly TASP Newsletter, Play Review, and the annual edited Play & Culture Studies Series (1998 – Present). The Play & Culture journal series (1988 – 1992) replaced TASP's yearly publication of conference proceedings in 1988. TASP's official journal is the International Journal of Play, published by Taylor & Francis.
Meetings
TASP conducts holds a scholarly conference each year. These multidisciplinary meetings have been held in North America and Europe, and draw a range of scholars from the fields of anthropology, biology, communication studies, cultural studies, dance, ecology, education, ethology, folklore, history, kinesiology, leisure studies, musicology, philosophy, psychology, recreation, sociology, and the arts.
See also
Strong National Museum of Play
Play (activity)
Notes
References
External links
American Journal of Play
Play (activity) | The Association for the Study of Play | [
"Biology"
] | 468 | [
"Play (activity)",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
55,855,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive%20anodic%20filament | Conductive anodic filament, also called CAF, is a metallic filament that forms from an electrochemical migration process and is known to cause printed circuit board (PCB) failures.
Mechanism
CAF formation is a process involving the transport of conductive chemistries across a nonmetallic substrate under the influence of an applied electric field. CAF is influenced by electric field strength, temperature (including soldering temperatures), humidity, laminate material, and the presence of manufacturing defects. The occurrence of CAF failures has been primarily driven by the electronics industry pushing for higher density circuit boards and the use of electronics in harsher environments for high reliability applications.
Failure modes and detection
CAF commonly occurs between adjacent vias (i.e. plated through holes) inside a PCB, as the copper migrates along the glass/resin interface from anode to cathode. CAF failures can manifest as current leakage, intermittent electrical shorts, and even dielectric breakdown between conductors in printed circuit boards. This often makes CAF very difficult to detect, especially when it occurs as an intermittent issue. There are a few things that can be done to isolate the fault location and confirm CAF as a root cause of a failure. If the issue is intermittent then putting the sample of interest under combined temperature-humidity-bias (THB) may help recreate the failure mode. In addition, techniques such as cross sectioning or superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) can be used to identify the failure.
Considerations and mitigation
There are several design considerations and mitigation techniques that can be used to reduce the susceptibility to CAF. Certain material selection (i.e. laminate) and design rules (i.e. via spacing) can help reduce CAF risk. Poor adhesion between the resin and glass fibers in the PCB can create a path for CAF to occur. This may depend on parameters of the silane finish applied to the glass fibers, which is used to promote adhesion to the resin. There are also testing standards that can be performed to assess CAF risk. IPC TM-650 2.6.25 provides a test method to assess CAF susceptibility. Additionally, IPC TM-650 2.6.16 provides a pressure vessel test method to rapidly evaluate glass epoxy laminate integrity. This is helpful but it may often be better to use design rules and proper material selection to proactively mitigate the issue.
See also
Whisker (metallurgy)
External links
Material & Process Influences on CAF
Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation
References
Electrochemistry
Semiconductor device defects | Conductive anodic filament | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 544 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Technological failures",
"Semiconductor device defects"
] |
55,856,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20Google%20Pixel%20smartphones | The following is a comparative list of smartphones belonging to the Google Pixel line of devices, all using the Android operating system.
See also
Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones
List of Google Play edition devices
References
Computing comparisons
Google hardware
Pixel smartphones, Comparison of
Comparison
Lists of mobile phones | Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones | [
"Technology"
] | 57 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Computing comparisons",
"Google lists"
] |
55,857,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Energy%20and%20Electrification | The Ministry of Energy and Electrification (Minenergo; ) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union. It was the agency responsible for the Soviet Union's electricity policies.
The State Committee for Power and Electrification was upgraded to ministerial status (union-republic) in 1965; changed to all-union on 17 July 1987.
List of ministers
Source:
Ignati Novikov (25.4.1962 - 24.11.1962)
Pjotr Neporozhny (26.11.1962 - 23.3.1985)
Anatoli Mayorets (24.3.1985 - 17.7.1989)
Juri Semjonov (17.7.1989 - 24.8.1991)
References
Energy and Electrification
Soviet Union | Ministry of Energy and Electrification | [
"Engineering"
] | 153 | [
"Energy organizations",
"Energy ministries"
] |
55,858,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%20Kraus%20Ragins | Ida Kraus Ragins, née Kraus (10 October 1894 – September 1985), was a Russian-born American biochemist.
Life and work
Ida Kraus Ragins was born in the Russian Empire and moved to the United States before 1915. That year she started work as an assistant in quantitative analysis in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Chicago, possibly as a student job, as she received her B.A. in 1918 and her M.S. from the university the following year. Kraus Ragins taught for a year at the Oklahoma College for Women, before returning to Chicago to work on her Ph.D. which she received in 1924. She then worked as an instructor in biochemistry at the university until she became a senior chemist at Cook County Hospital in 1937. Kraus Ragins married Oscar B. Ragins, a physician, the same year that she received her Ph.D. and had her daughter, Naomi, in 1926 and a son, Herzl, in 1929. Both of her children became doctors.
Kraus Ragins specialized in protein specificity reactions and amino acids before she moved to Northwestern Medical School in 1946 where she became a senior chemist in experimental medicine. She remained there for only three years before accepting a position at the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine as head of the department of biochemistry in 1949. No further information on her life is available.
Notes
References
1894 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
American women centenarians
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Women biochemists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States | Ida Kraus Ragins | [
"Chemistry"
] | 324 | [
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
55,858,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20G.%20Johnson | Steven Glenn Johnson (born 1973) is an American applied mathematician and physicist known for being a co-creator of the FFTW library for software-based fast Fourier transforms and for his work on photonic crystals. He is professor of Applied Mathematics and Physics at MIT where he leads a group on Nanostructures and Computation.
While working on his PhD at MIT, he developed the Fastest Fourier Transform in the West (FFTW) library with funding from the DoD NDSEG Fellowship. Steven Johnson and his colleague Matteo Frigo were awarded the 1999 J. H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software for this work.
He is the author of the NLOpt library for nonlinear optimization, as well as being the co-author of the open-source electromagnetic softwares Meep and MPB. He is a frequent contributor to the Julia programming language, and he has also contributed to Python, R, and Matlab. He was a keynote speaker for the 2019 JuliaCon conference.
Selected publications
Articles
Books
References
External links
Steven G. Johnson, Photonic-crystal and microstructured fiber tutorials (2005).
John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, and Robert D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, second edition (Princeton, 2008), chapter 9. (Readable online.)
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
American computer scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
American optical engineers
American optical physicists
1973 births
Computational physicists
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American mathematicians
Metamaterials scientists
American textbook writers
People from St. Charles, Illinois
Mathematicians from Illinois
Physicists from Illinois | Steven G. Johnson | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 350 | [
"Metamaterials scientists",
"Metamaterials",
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
55,860,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201995 | NGC 1995 (also known as PGC 3325910) is a double star located in the Pictor constellation. It was discovered by John Herschel on December 28, 1834. Its size is 0.78 arc minutes. In some sources, such as VizieR, NGC 1995 is misidentified as the nearby lenticular galaxy NGC 1998.
References
Double stars
J05330310-4840295
1995
3325910
Pictor
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834
Discoveries by John Herschel | NGC 1995 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 102 | [
"Pictor",
"Constellations"
] |
55,860,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201992 | NGC 1992 (also known as PGC 17466) is a lenticular galaxy located in the Columba constellation. It was discovered by John Herschel on November 19, 1835. It is about 473 million light years from the Milky Way, Its apparent magnitude is 14.65 and its size is 1.0 x 0.7 arc minutes.
References
Lenticular galaxies
J05343177-3053492
423-G023
1992
017466
Columba (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1835
Discoveries by John Herschel | NGC 1992 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 115 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
55,861,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B%20virus%20PRE%201151%E2%80%931410 | Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 (HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element, nucleotides 1151–1410) is a part of 500 base pair long HBV PRE, that has been proposed to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA export element. However, the function is controversial and new regulatory elements have been predicted within PRE. PRE 1151–1410 enhances nuclear export of intronless transcripts and represses the splicing mechanism to a comparable degree to that of the full-length PRE. Hence it was proposed to be the core HBV PRE element. PRE1151–1410 contains 3 known regulatory elements: PRE SL-alpha (nucleotides 1292–1321), human La protein binding site (nucleotide 1275–1291), SRE-1 (nucleotides 1252–1348).
See also
HBV PRE SL alpha
HBV PRE SL beta
HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon
References
RNA
Non-coding RNA | Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 221 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs"
] |
55,861,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osram%20ne%20nsoromma | Osram ne nsoromma is one of the Bono Adinkra symbols, which is interpreted to mean "Osram" Moon "Ne" and "Nsoromma" Star. This symbol signifies love, bonding and faithfulness in marriage. The symbol is represented by a half moon with a star slightly hanging within the circumference of the moon. Adinkra are symbols that carry a message or a concept. They are very much used by the Bono people of the Bonoman and the Gyaman, an Akan people of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Osram ne nsoromma symbols are incorporated into walls and other architectural features and quite recently has become common with tattoo designers. The most common ways through which the Adinkra messages are carried out or conveyed is having them printed extensively in fabrics and used in pottery.
Adinkra is an Akan name which means farewell or goodbye. Osram ne nsoromma are two different powerful objects of creation put together (Moon and Star). Both co exist in the sky to produce magnificent light or brightness at night. There are some wise sayings closely related to the Osram ne nsoromma symbol, often linked with proverbs
Related proverbs
The Akans of Ghana use an Adinkra symbol to express proverbs and other philosophical ideas or traditional wisdom, aspects of life or the environment.
Some of the familiar proverbs are:
Awaree nye nsafufuo na waka ahwe, which means marriage is not palm-wine that you can decide to have a taste before you get served. It can also be interpreted to mean marriage is not a venture, committee or an organization that you can be a member today and withdraw your membership tomorrow. This proverb frowns upon break ups or separations in marriages or relationships.
Woreko awaree a bisa, This proverb talks about due diligence before marriage. it is wise to do a background check on your partner before marriage or the worse will happen. Making the wrong choice is sometimes costly. Similarly, most of the proverbs seem to put value on the object being addressed. This symbol signifies Love, bonding and faithfulness but one must carefully choose the right partner.
Ahwenepa nkasa, can be interpreted to mean "Ahwenepa"( Good waist beads) "nkasa" (makes no noise). This can be related to mean a good man or a good woman needs no introduction to be known. You can notice them when you find them. This proverb talks about the character of the would be partner. Good man or woman is hard to find but when you meet that special person, you will notice.
References
External links
Adinkra Symbols
Akan culture
Culture of Ghana
Akan language
Symbols
West Africa
Ashanti people
Ashanti Region | Osram ne nsoromma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 573 | [
"Symbols"
] |
55,861,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMix | vMix is a software vision mixer available for the Windows operating system. The software is developed by StudioCoast PTY LTD. Like most vision mixing software, it allows users to switch inputs, mix audio, record outputs, and live stream cameras, videos files, audio, and more, in resolutions of up to 4K. The software is also capable of serving image magnification (IMAG) and projection needs in many instances, with various configurable external output and display options.
vMix is available in multiple editions ranging in price and available features. Current editions include Basic, Basic HD, SD, HD, 4K, and Pro. Users can upgrade from one edition to another for the difference between the original edition purchased and the one you wish to upgrade to. Updates are provided for free for 1 year with a purchase of any edition, after 1 year users can opt to purchase additional years for US$60.
vMix heavily takes advantage of the GPU, and relies on graphics libraries such as Direct3D, making the software exclusive to the Windows operating system, though it can be run through Boot Camp. StudioCoast has previously indicated that the software performs best on dedicated Nvidia video cards.
Features
vMix Call
With the release of version 19, vMix Call is available, marking the first time a software vision mixer has been released with built in video-conferencing. With vMix call, any third party with access to a web browser (on any platform including mobile) can connect remotely to the vMix software. This allows the operator to incorporate the call into a live production in the same way that they would with any other source. The number of simultaneous calls varies by version with 1 caller available on the HD level, 4 with 4K and 8 calls on the pro level. vMix call is not available with Basic or Basic HD versions.
vMix Social
vMix Social allows operators to incorporate social media content and comments from Twitter, Facebook, Twitch and YouTube Live and IRC Channels. Content can be queued from any web browser and integrated with animated titles within vMix.
vMix Replay
Instant replay for up to 8 HD cameras allowing users to playback clips at speeds from 5–400%. Also supports 2 channels of 4K Replay and High Frame Rates (Up to 240fps).
GT Graphics Engine
With the release of version 22, vMix includes a new graphics engine for visuals and overlays, dubbed "GT Graphics Engine". Accompanying the new engine is a more comprehensive titling application called "GT Title Designer" which supports more robust functions than the original title designer (which is still included) and also supports animations. Version 22 also brought the release of a proprietary codec aimed at streamlining post-production: "vMix Video Codec", it has been described as having "similar quality to ProRes but with very low CPU usage."
SRT Support
The release of vMix 23 includes full support for Secure Reliable Transport or SRT, making it the first live video production software to do so.
LiveLAN
vMix 25 added the ability to stream on the local network via HLS using a feature called LiveLAN.
Zoom Integration
Direct Zoom integration was included in vMix 27 that allows vMix to host or join Zoom meetings.
Other features
Broadcast to multiple sources at once through built in FFMPEG encoder.
Supports FMLE encoder for compatibility. (FMLE Must be installed separately, it is available as a free download from Adobe).
Make local recordings in multiple formats and containers including h.264 MP4, and vMix Video Codec, a specialized codec developed for increased speed and efficiency in vMix, based on AVI.
External and Virtual video and audio output options.
Full support for Network Device Interface (NDI) input and output.
Support for up to 1000 cameras, depending on computer hardware, with scaling and frame rate conversion.
Support for most popular video, audio, and image file formats. Added independently or in a "playlist."
Chroma key (blue/green screen), luma key, and alpha key.
Virtual Sets
Transitions and Stingers
Titles (Editor built-in, vMix also comes with a separate "Title Designer" application for making custom titles.) Titles are based on XAML format.
GT Title Designer – An advanced title editor included starting with version 21. Supports animations and more complex functions than the classic 'Title Designer' application.
Built in audio-mixing capability including the ability to Mute, Follow (Auto Mixing), and Delay any source. Each input possesses a dedicated EQ, Compressor and Noise Gate effect.
VST plugin support (VST3 Only)
Support for MIDI controllers
Multi-Corder: A tool that allows simultaneous recording of multiple camera inputs to a connected drive. Intended to be used for recording raw cameras separately from the final mix produced by the program.
Pan–tilt–zoom camera (PTZ) control
Tally light support for both hardware and web.
NDI: Support for input of cameras and other sources, and output of individual sources and master output through NewTek's NDI protocol.
Secure Reliable Transport: Support for input and output of SRT in all editions of vMix, since version 23.
Awards
In 2013 and 2017, Streamingmedia.com awarded vMix with the Streaming Media Best of NAB award.
References
External links
Official Download
Streaming media systems
Windows multimedia software
Software that uses FFmpeg | VMix | [
"Technology"
] | 1,133 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
55,861,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20main%20unit | In an electrical power distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-type distribution network. It includes in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main conductors, and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution transformer. The metal enclosed unit connects to the transformer either through a bus throat of standardized dimensions, or else through cables and is usually installed outdoors. Ring main cables enter and leave the cabinet. This type of switchgear is used for medium-voltage power distribution, from 7200 volts to about 36000 volts.
The ring main unit was introduced in the United Kingdom and is now widely used in other countries. In North American distribution practice, often the equivalent of a ring main unit is built into a pad-mounted transformer which integrates switches and transformer into a single cabinet.
Categories
Ring main units can be characterized by their type of insulation: air, oil or gas. The switch used to isolate the transformer can be a fusible switch, or may be a circuit breaker using vacuum or gas-insulated interrupters. The unit may also include protective relays to operate the circuit breaker on a fault.
See also
Ring circuit
References
Medium Voltage Ring Main Unit - Lucy Electric
MV RMU SafeRing catalogue – ABB
Distribution Automation Handbook // Elements of power distribution systems – ABB
RM6 Ring main Unit catalogue – Schneider Electric
MV RMU SafeRing catalogue – ABB
http://chiragtec.com/images/Gas-Insulated%20Ring%20Main%20Unit%20-%20SafeRing/1.1%20-%20RMU%20Catalogue.pdf
Electrical systems
Electric power systems components
Electric power distribution | Ring main unit | [
"Physics"
] | 377 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical systems"
] |
55,861,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lig%20RNA%20thermometer | Lig RNA thermometer is a cis-acting non-coding RNA element that controls ligA and ligB gene expression in Leptospira interrogans in response to temperature change. The lipoproteins LigA and LigB stimulate adhesion of the element and then hosting proteins. The RNA that composes of 175-nucleotide 5'UTR and the first six lig codons (identical in ligA and ligB) folds into two distinct-stem loop structures. Lig expression is limited by these double-stranded RNA structures because they occludes the ribosome-binding site. At higher temperatures, the ribosome binding site is exposed to promote translation initiation.
References
RNA
Non-coding RNA | Lig RNA thermometer | [
"Chemistry"
] | 152 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs"
] |
55,862,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Play | The International Journal of Play (IJP) is a tri-annual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor & Francis. IJP is co-edited by Michael Patte (Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania), Fraser Brown (Leeds Beckett University), Anna Beresin (The University of the Arts), and Dr Sylwyn Guilbaud (book review editor).
History
The International Journal of Play is the official journal of The Association for the Study of Play. The journal emerged from conversations between a professor of playful learning, Pat Broadhead (Leeds Metropolitan University), and Katie Peace at Taylor and Francis at an early-years education conference in the UK. Elizabeth Wood and David Whitebread joined the discussions along with Michael Patte (formerly president of The Association for the Study of Play), who was visiting Leeds on a Fulbright scholarship at the time. June Factor (University of Melbourne) joined shortly afterwards. The Association for the Study of Play (TASP) adopted the journal, supporting it through membership subscriptions. The first issue of the International Journal of Play was released in March 2012.
The International Journal of Play publishes research reports, theoretical reviews and position papers, policy critiques, essays, memoir, and book reviews. It has a section titled The State of Play, where playworkers, other practitioners, and scholars reflect on current perspectives and future possibilities, and Books Worth (Re)Reading, which explores classic and overlooked books about play.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Australian Education Index (AEI) by the Australian Council for Educational Research.
See also
American Journal of Play
International Journal of Play Therapy
The Association for the Study of Play
References
External links
Play (activity)
Education journals
Triannual journals
Academic journals established in 2012
English-language journals | International Journal of Play | [
"Biology"
] | 366 | [
"Play (activity)",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
55,862,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20S9 | The Samsung Galaxy S9 and S9+ are Android-based smartphones unveiled, manufactured, released and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The devices were revealed at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on 25 February 2018, as the successors to the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+.
The Galaxy S9 and S9+ have nearly identical features to the S8 models, with the same display sizes and aspect ratio as their predecessors. One highly regarded change to distinguish between the models is the location of the fingerprint sensor. While the S8's is found beside the camera, the S9's is directly underneath it. Most notably, however, the S9 line is equipped with several camera improvements over the S8.
The phone received generally favorable reviews, with critics mostly noting the enhanced camera and better positioned fingerprint scanner. Critics, however, still criticize the phone being too similar to its predecessor. It is available in seven colours (Lilac Purple, Midnight Black, Titanium Gray, Coral Blue, Sunrise Gold, Burgundy Red, and Polaris Blue). It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy S10 in March 2019.
Launch
Many Galaxy S9 features and design changes were leaked weeks before the official launch, and the official launch video was leaked a few hours prior to the unveiling.
The Samsung Galaxy S9 and S9+ were revealed at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on 25 February 2018, as the successors to the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+.
Specifications
Hardware
Display
On the front, the Galaxy S9 and S9+ look identical to the S8 and S8+. They both feature 1440p Super AMOLED displays, with an 18.5:9 aspect ratio. The S9 has a 5.8-inch panel, while the S9+ uses a larger 6.2-inch panel. The displays have curved sides that slope over the horizontal edges of the device. Both models support HDR and have a peak brightness of 864 nits.
Cameras
The cameras on both phones received improvements. The S9+ has a dual-lens camera setup on the back, like on the Galaxy Note 8, while the S9 only has a single camera on the back. The Exynos variants of the phones received Samsung's in-house ISOCELL S5K2L3 camera sensor whereas the Snapdragon variant made use of Sony's Exmor IMX345 counterpart. Both phones have a Dual Aperture rear camera which can switch between 1.5 and 2.4, depending on lighting conditions, making it the first mobile phone since the Nokia N86 (2009) with a variable aperture camera.
The phones can record video with 4K (2160p) at 60 frames per second (limited to 5 minutes), 1080p at 240 frames per second and 960 frames per second "Super Slo-Motion " video at 720p for 0.2 seconds, all three of which have been featured on any Samsung flagship phone for the first time. The first two frame rates are the first increase in the series since the 2014 Samsung Galaxy S5.
AR Emoji, similar to Apple's Animoji feature on the iPhone X, is a new feature that lets the user make emojis based on themselves with the help of augmented reality face recognition. Third-party app support is provided for this feature.
A software update retrofitted the Galaxy Note 9 feature of warning the user about flaws in photos such as blinking eyes and blur.
Chipsets and storage
In most countries, the S9 and S9+ both come with a Samsung Exynos 9810 SoC. Versions sold in the United States, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Latin America come with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SoC instead.
The S9 comes with 4 GB of RAM, while the S9+ comes with 6 GB. Both devices came initially only with 64 GB of internal storage; variants with 128 and 256 GB were released in May 2018, after the internal storage of 64 GB was criticized by many as being too low, but they can only be ordered via Samsung's website. Both phones feature the ability to use a microSD card to expand the storage to a maximum of 400 GB.
Batteries
The battery capacities are the same as their predecessors, namely 3000 mAh for the S9, and 3500 mAh for the S9+. The batteries are user-replaceable. Just like its predecessor, the S9 supports AirFuel Inductive (formerly PMA) and Wireless Power Consortium's Qi wireless charging standards.
Wired charging allows for rates up to 15 watts via Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0, while wireless charging is possible with rates up to 10 watts.
Audio
The S9 and S9+ have stereo speakers tuned by AKG, as well as Dolby Atmos surround sound support; furthermore, the S9 and S9+ are two of the few smartphones that still retain the 3.5mm headphone jack.
Exterior
Where the S9 and S9+ have the most noticeable change from the S8 line is on the back of the phone. The fingerprint sensor has been moved from the right of the camera to a more centralized location just below the camera like on the Galaxy A8 and A8+ for convenience. A more secure unlocking method has been added, where face recognition and iris scanning have been merged into one and called Intelligent Scan.
There are also several construction improvements compared to S8 and S8+ models, mostly to increase physical durability, such as thicker glass, thicker metal rim and different (less prone to deformation) metal alloy used for the frame.
Software
The S9 and S9+ ship with Android 8.0 "Oreo", with Google Mobile Services and the Samsung Experience user interface and software suite. It is mainly unchanged over the versions found on the S8 and Note 8, but adds additional features such as new customization options, live language translation in the camera app, and landscape (horizontal) orientation support for the Samsung home screen, a lack of which the Galaxy S3 has been criticized for, including by Evan Blass, in 2012.
The S9 and S9+ also support Project Treble, making it easier to update than previous generations of Galaxy Devices.
In December 2018, Samsung began to release Android 9.0 "Pie" for the S9. This update introduces a major revamp of Samsung's Android user experience known as One UI. A main design element of One UI is intentional repositioning of key user interface elements in stock apps to improve usability on large screens: many apps include large headers that push the beginning of content towards the center of the display, while navigation controls and other prompts are often displayed near the bottom of the display instead. In February 2020, Samsung started to roll out the Android 10 update with One UI 2.0 to all Samsung Galaxy S9 devices. The Galaxy S9 series reached its end of life in April 2022 with the April 2022 security patch.
Advertising
In mid-2018, Samsung published a series of mockery commercials named "Ingenius" against iPhones' lack of the Galaxy S9's functionality, including an audio connector, memory card expandable storage, as well as allegedly inferior network transfer rates and camera performance.
In one of those commercials, an unhappy customer failed to locate a memory card slot on her iPhone, to which the Apple Store employee told her that the device lacks such, and suggested her in one word to rely on cloud storage as storage expansion instead, even though it depends on Internet access to function and has slow transfer rates and high latency compared to memory cards. The customer stated that she did not "want her stuff up there", but locally, to which the Apple store employee suggested purchasing a model with more internal storage.
Reception
John McCann from TechRadar complimented the improved camera and the new location of the fingerprint sensor, but criticized that it was too similar to its predecessor (Galaxy S8) and had limited AR Emoji functionality.
Brian Heater of TechCrunch reviewed the S9+ on 8 March 2018, and said that the phone is built on the "success [of the S8] in a number of ways".
Computerworld gave the phone a positive review and said it was "measurably better than its predecessor", but did note there wasn't a new feature that was particularly "exciting". PC Magazine also gave the Galaxy S9 and S9+ positive reviews.
CNBC'''s Todd Haselton said on 8 March that the S9+ was superior to the S9, for reasons such as the larger screen and second camera, as well as more RAM and battery power.
Samuel Gibbs from The Guardian gave the S9+ 5/5 stars, with the headline it was "the best big-screen smartphone by miles". Screen and camera were praised, but the review noted battery life could be better. He also appreciated the inclusion of a headphone jack, despite many other phones not having one.
The larger S9+'s camera received a score of 99 from DxOMark, which, at the time, was the highest score awarded by them to a mobile device camera. It was soon surpassed by the Huawei P20 and P20 Pro, which scored 102 and 109, respectively.
Dan Seifert of The Verge gave the S9 a score of 8.5, stating that its performance, camera and design were satisfactory. However, he was not amused by the average battery life and the addition of Bixby, also saying that Samsung has a poor history of updating their smartphones.
Ryan Whitwam from Forbes'' noted that, in 2018, the 6 GB RAM of the S9+, compared to the 4 GB of the S9, is "unlikely [to] [...] make any difference in daily usage" because "Android doesn't benefit from 6 GB of RAM right now. Maybe in the future, but not now."
Sales
Samsung has described the sales of the Galaxy S9 as "slow" in their Q2 2018 earning report. Analysts predicted that the phone would be the worst-selling Galaxy S flagship since the Samsung Galaxy S5. During its first two sales quarters, a record low 19.2 million units were sold.
Issues
Touchscreen issues
About a week after the release of the devices, users started experiencing an issue in the touchscreen, where it would fail to register input in any particular area of the screen, even after a factory reset. This was termed as "dead zones" by the users. Samsung has responded by issuing a statement that they were "looking into a limited number of reports of Galaxy S9/S9+ touchscreen responsiveness issues".
Black Crush issues
Some users of the Galaxy S9 have reported the so-called "Black Crush" issues, where the display has issues displaying different shades of dark colors. Samsung has responded with a statement that they are aware of "a limited number of reports of Galaxy S9/S9+ displaying dark colors differently than intended in certain instances" but has not provided an official fix for it yet.
Battery life issues
Many users with the Exynos variant of the phone experienced subpar battery life. Analysts discovered that the four Samsung-designed cores had been poorly tuned, resulting in decreased battery life. This issue, however, has been addressed in part with the release of the August 2018 update.
Exynos 9810 performance
In previous Galaxy S phones, the Exynos processor performed similar to the Snapdragon version. The S9 powered by the Exynos 9810 performed relatively slow for a flagship and compared to the Snapdragon-powered S9. This was not very evident in synthetic benchmarks, but more so in benchmarks that simulated real world performance, such as PCMark.
See also
Samsung Galaxy
Samsung Galaxy S series
References
External links
Android (operating system) devices
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Samsung smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2018
Samsung Galaxy
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with pressure-sensitive touch screen
Discontinued Samsung Galaxy smartphones | Samsung Galaxy S9 | [
"Technology"
] | 2,500 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
65,662,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Rudie | Karen Gail Rudie (born 1963) is a Canadian control theorist and electrical engineer known for her work on the decentralized control of discrete event dynamic systems. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering in Queen's University at Kingston.
Education and career
Rudie majored in mathematics and engineering as an undergraduate at Queen's University, specializing in control and communication; she graduated in 1985. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, completed in 1992; Her dissertation, Decentralized Control of Discrete-Event Systems, was supervised by Walter Murray Wonham.
She returned to Queen's University as a faculty member in 1993, after postdoctoral research at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications.
Recognition
In 2018, Rudie was named an IEEE Fellow, as a member of the IEEE Control Systems Society, "for contributions to the supervisory control theory of discrete event systems".
References
External links
Living people
Canadian electrical engineers
Canadian women engineers
Control theorists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
Fellows of the IEEE
1963 births | Karen Rudie | [
"Engineering"
] | 221 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
65,662,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DH%20Cephei | DH Cephei is a variable binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cepheus, positioned about two degrees to the east of the star system Delta Cephei. With an apparent visual magnitude of 8.61, it is too faint to be visible without a telescope. Based on parallax measurements, this system is located at a distance of approximately from the Sun. At present it is moving closer to the Earth with a radial velocity of −33 km/s.
This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system consisting of two near-identical, massive, O-type main sequence stars. Evolutionary tracks place the stars close to the zero age main sequence, with an age of less than two million years. This is a detached binary with a close orbit having a period of 2.11 days, and the orbit is assumed to have circularized. The orbital plane is estimated to be inclined by an angle of to the line of sight from the Earth, which yields mass estimates of 38 and 34 times the mass of the Sun.
In 1949, Joseph Algernon Pearce derived the orbital elements for DH Cephei (then known as HD 215835) and predicted that the binary pair would show eclipses, although he had no data to prove that. Graham Hill et al. confirmed the predicted variability of star's brightness, in 1976. Although initially suspected to be an eclipsing binary and given a variable star designation, it doesn't appear to be eclipsing. Instead, the system displays ellipsoidal light variations that are caused by tidal distortions.
This system lies at the center of the young open cluster NGC 7380. It is the primary ionizing source for the surrounding H II region designated S142. The pair are a source of X-ray emission, which may be the result of colliding stellar winds. Their measured X-ray luminosity is . The location and rare class of these stars make them an important object for astronomical studies.
References
O-type main-sequence stars
Rotating ellipsoidal variables
Spectroscopic binaries
Cepheus (constellation)
BD+57 2607
215835
112470
Cephei, DH | DH Cephei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 450 | [
"Constellations",
"Cepheus (constellation)"
] |
65,663,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacodyl%20cyanide | Cacodyl cyanide is a highly toxic organoarsenic compound discovered by Robert Bunsen in the 1840s. It is very volatile and flammable, as it shares the chemical properties of both arsenic and cyanide.
Synthesis
Cacodyl cyanide can be prepared by reaction of cacodyl oxide with hydrogen cyanide or mercuric cyanide.
Properties
Cacodyl cyanide is a white solid that is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether.
Cacodyl cyanide is highly toxic, producing symptoms of both cyanide and arsenic poisoning. Bunsen described it in the following terms;
It is also explosive, and Bunsen himself was severely injured in the course of his experiments with cacodyl cyanide. The Russian military tested cacodyl cyanide on cats as a potential chemical weapon for filling shells in late 1850s, but while it was found to be a potent lachrymatory agent, all cats survived and it was ultimately considered unsuitable for military use. Any experiment or contact with cacodyl cyanide requires extreme care and caution as it is highly dangerous.
See also
Cacodyl
Cyanogen bromide
Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
Diphenylcyanoarsine
Mercury(II) cyanide
Mercury oxycyanide
Methyldichloroarsine
Trimethylarsine
Trimethylsilyl cyanide
References
Cacodyl compounds
Nitriles
Lachrymatory agents
Blood agents
Vomiting agents
Pulmonary agents | Cacodyl cyanide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 329 | [
"Chemical weapons",
"Functional groups",
"Lachrymatory agents",
"Vomiting agents",
"Blood agents",
"Nitriles",
"Pulmonary agents"
] |
65,665,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Holocaust%20and%20social%20media | The representation of the Holocaust on social media has been a subject of scholarly inquiry and media attention.
Selfies at Holocaust memorial sites
Some visitors take selfies at Holocaust memorials, which has been the subject of controversy. In 2018, Rhian Sugden, a British model, received criticism after posting a selfie at the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin with the caption "ET phone home". She later removed the caption, but defended taking the photograph. Other celebrities have also been criticised for photographs at the Berlin memorial, including Indian actress Priyanka Chopra and US politician Pete Buttigieg, whose husband posted a photograph of him at the memorial on a personal social media account.
The Israeli artist and satirist Shahak Shapira set up the website yolocaust.de in 2017 to expose people who take inappropriate selfies at the Holocaust memorial in Berlin. Shapira went through thousands of selfies posted to social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Tinder, and Grindr, choosing the twelve that he found most offensive. When the images were moused over, the website replaces the memorial backdrop with black and white images of Nazi victims. "Yolocaust" is a portmanteau of "Holocaust" and YOLO, an acronym for "you only live once". The website went viral, receiving 1.2 million views in the first 24 hours after its launch. Shapira honored requests to take down all of the photographs, which he had used without permission, and the website remains with only a textual documentation of the project. In an analysis of comments by Internet users on the project, Christoph Bareither estimated that 75% were positive. However, the memorial's architect, Peter Eisenman, criticized the website.
In his 2018 book Postcards from Auschwitz, Grinnell professor Daniel P. Reynolds defends the practice of selfie-taking at Holocaust sites. In 2019, the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum requested that visitors not take inappropriate selfies, although the museum's staff acknowledged that other visitors take selfies in a thoughtful and respectful manner, which they did not criticize.
In an academic paper, Gemma Commane and Rebekah Potton analyze the use of Instagram to share tourist photographs at Holocaust sites and conclude that "Instagram encourages conversation and empathy, keeping the Holocaust visible in youth discourses". According to their analysis, most images are tagged with respectful hashtags such as #tragic, #remembrance, and #sadness. The Auschwitz museum has an official Instagram account, auschwitzmemorial, which it uses to share selected appropriate Instagram posts. However, the image feed for the hashtag "Auschwitz" includes potentially offensive images such as an image of "Nazi Vs. Jews #beerpong". This image, according to the authors, expresses "mockery and contempt" for Holocaust victims. They also document offensive memes using images of Holocaust atrocities and shared on Instagram. Some social media users post in order to criticize what they see as inappropriate behavior at Holocaust sites, with one commenting, "Taking photos posing next to razor wire, selfies with victim's hair in the background, and even group shots in front of the crematoria had to be seen to be believed."
Assessment of tourism
Social media posts have been used by researchers to analyze the phenomenon of Holocaust-related tourism.
Social media groups
People have created groups on Facebook to discuss issues related to the Holocaust. One paper analyses two such groups, "The Holocaust and My Family" and "The Descendants of the Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust" in which people engage in collective trauma processing.
Eva.stories
In 2019, Israeli high-tech entrepreneur Mati Kochavi created a fictitious Instagram account for Eva Heyman, a Hungarian-Jewish girl who was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp. The project met with mixed reception. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the project, saying that it "exposes the immense tragedy of our people through the story of one girl".
Holocaust denial
The issue of Holocaust denial on social media has also attracted attention. In October 2020, Facebook reversed its policy and banned Holocaust denial from the platform. Founder Mark Zuckerberg had previously argued that such content should not be banned on freedom of speech grounds.
See also
Photography of the Holocaust
References
Photography of the Holocaust | The Holocaust and social media | [
"Technology"
] | 890 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
65,666,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20diphosphide | Zinc diphosphide (ZnP2) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a red semiconductor solid with a band gap of 2.1 eV. It is one of the two compounds in the zinc-phosphorus system, the other being zinc phosphide (Zn3P2).
Synthesis and reactions
Zinc diphosphide can be prepared by the reaction of zinc with phosphorus.
2 Zn + P4 → 2 ZnP2
Structure
ZnP2 has a room-temperature tetragonal form that converts to a monoclinic form at around 990 °C. In both of these forms, there are chains of P atoms, helical in the tetragonal, semi-spiral in the monoclinic.
This compound is part of the Zn-Cd-P-As quaternary system and exhibit partial solid-solution with other binary compounds of the system.
Safety
ZnP2, like Zn3P2, is highly toxic due to the release of phosphine gas when the material reacts with gastric acid.
References
zinc
phosphide
II-V semiconductors
II-V compounds | Zinc diphosphide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 234 | [
"II-V compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Inorganic compounds",
"II-V semiconductors"
] |
65,666,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtube-dl | youtube-dl is a free and open source software tool for downloading video and audio from YouTube and over 1,000 other video hosting websites. It is released under the Unlicense software license.
As of September 2021, youtube-dl is one of the most starred projects on GitHub, with over 100,000 stars. According to libraries.io, 308 other packages and 1.43k repositories depend on it. Numerous forks exist of the project.
History
youtube-dl was created in 2006 by Ricardo Garcia. Initially, only YouTube was supported, but as the project grew, it began supporting other video sharing websites.
Ricardo Garcia stepped down as maintainer in 2011 and was replaced by Philipp Hagemeister, who later stepped down and was replaced by dstftw. In 2021, dstftw stepped down and was replaced by dirkf.
In 2021, some community members released a fork of youtube-dl, named youtube-dlc (for "community"). By January 2021, the effort was continuing as yt-dlp. yt-dlp was included in Ubuntu as of the 22.04 release. youtube-dl was removed from Debian 12.0 and Ubuntu 23.10 due to stagnant development and replaced with an empty package depending on yt-dlp.
In August 2023, German company Uberspace took down a web domain which they hosted at their premises for the original youtube-dl project, citing a regional German court order issued from Landgericht Hamburg which appeared to ban the mere hosting of information and GitHub developer links related to the cracking of (non-cryptographic) "rolling ciphers." The GitHub subdomain webpage remains in place.
RIAA takedown request
On October 23, 2020, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) issued a takedown notice to GitHub under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), requesting the removal of youtube-dl and 17 public forks of the project. The RIAA request argued that youtube-dl violates the Section 1201 anti-circumvention provisions of the DMCA, and provisions of German copyright law, since it circumvents a "rolling cipher" used by YouTube to generate the URL for the video file itself (which the RIAA has considered to be an effective technical protection measure, since it is "intended to inhibit direct access to the underlying YouTube video files, thereby preventing or inhibiting the downloading, copying, or distribution of the video files"), and that its documentation expressly encouraged its use with copyrighted media by listing music videos by RIAA-represented artists as examples. GitHub initially complied with the request.
Users criticized the takedown, noting the legitimate uses for the application, including downloading video content released under open licensing schemes or to create derivative works falling under fair use, or other uses such as journalism, archival and law enforcement. Public attention to the takedown resulted in a Streisand effect reminiscent to that of the DeCSS takedown. Users reposted the software's source code across the internet in multiple formats. For example, users posted images on Twitter containing the whole youtube-dl source code encoded in different colors on each pixel. GitHub users also filed pull requests to GitHub's own repository of DMCA takedown notices that included youtube-dl source code.
On November 16, 2020, the repository was reinstated, after the Electronic Frontier Foundation sent GitHub a letter cautioning that its removal might set a precedent for other copyright holders to misuse the notice-and-takedown process to remove software tools from the Internet based only on the argument that those tools could be used for copyright infringement. Furthermore, the EFF letter asserted that the software was not operating as a "circumvention device", breaching DRM on the video stream, as the stream itself was not encrypted. GitHub also announced that future takedown claims under Section 1201 would be manually scrutinized on a case-by-case basis by legal and technical experts.
Related takedowns
On September 22, 2020, parallel to the RIAA takedown request, the German webhoster Uberspace was warned by Sony Entertainment, Warner Music Group and Universal Music, for hosting the service on their website. When it failed to respond, the Hamburg Regional Court ruled out that the access to the website will be blocked.
Example code
For downloading the video or playlist:
youtube-dl <url>
The path of the output can be specified as: (file name to be included in the path)
youtube-dl -o <path> <url>
To see the list of all of the available file formats and sizes:
youtube-dl -F <url>
The video can be downloaded by selecting the format code from the list or typing the format manually:
youtube-dl -f <format/code> <url>
The best quality video can be downloaded with the -f best option. Also, the quality of the audio and video streams can be specified separately and merged with the + operator.
A portion of the video can be downloaded with the help of ffmpeg.
See also
Comparison of YouTube downloaders
Stream ripping
YouTube Vanced
References
External links
Command-line software
Download managers
Free software programmed in Python
Public-domain software with source code
Software using the Unlicense
YouTube
Cross-platform free software
Free software for Linux
Free software for Windows
Free software for macOS | Youtube-dl | [
"Technology"
] | 1,135 | [
"Command-line software",
"Computing commands"
] |
65,667,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedifferentiation | Dedifferentiation (pronounced dē-ˌdi-fə-ˌren-chē-ˈā-shən) is a transient process by which cells become less specialized and return to an earlier cell state within the same lineage. This suggests an increase in cell potency, meaning that, following dedifferentiation, a cell may possess the ability to re-differentiate into more cell types than it did before dedifferentiation. This is in contrast to differentiation, where differences in gene expression, morphology, or physiology arise in a cell, making its function increasingly specialized.
The loss of specialization observed in dedifferentiation can be noted through changes in gene expression, physiology, function within the organism, proliferative activity, or morphology. While it can be induced in a laboratory setting through processes like direct reprogramming and the production of induced pluripotent stem cells, endogenous dedifferentiation processes also exist as a component of wound healing mechanisms.
History
References to dedifferentiation can be found as far back as 1915, where Charles Manning Child described dedifferentiation as a “return or approach to the embryonic or undifferentiated condition”. While Manning's research was about plants, it helped establish the foundation for our modern-day understanding of dedifferentiation and cell plasticity. Just as plant cells respond to injury by undergoing callus formation via dedifferentiation, some animal models dedifferentiate their cells to form blastema, which are analogous to plant calluses, after limb amputation.
In the 1940s C. H. Waddington created the “Epigenetic Landscape”, a diagrammatic representation of cell fate from less differentiated to more differentiated cell types. Here, the concept of a marble moving downhill through various paths is used to represent cell decision-making and cell potency, thus visualizing how cells can take different paths of differentiation to reach a final state. Dedifferentiation would be represented by the marble moving uphill through the pathways it has already taken until it settles somewhere above the most downhill location.
In our modern-day understanding of dedifferentiation, some controversies remain when defining the boundaries of its definition. Some claim that dedifferentiation is strictly limited to the same cell lineage from which it is derived. However, others say that it can be used to describe a general increase in cell potency.
Mechanisms
The mechanism by which dedifferentiation occurs has not been completely illuminated. The pathways discussed below are found to be closely related to dedifferentiation and regeneration in some species. Because not one pathway has been elucidated as necessary for all dedifferentiation and regeneration, the mechanism may function differently in different species.
Observed markers of dedifferentiation
For dedifferentiation, genes in the extracellular matrix play an important role. For example, MMP, the matrix metalloproteinase, has shown up-regulated activity during early stages of limb regeneration. Matrix Metalloproteinases are responsible for degradation of both non-matrix and matrix proteins. MMP degrades proteins in the extracellular matrix of a cell, resulting in the destabilization of the differentiated cell identity.
However, the markers selected to represent dedifferentiation can differ according to the tissue and cell types that are being studied. For example, in mice myotubes, dedifferentiation is marked by a decreased expression of Myogenin, a protein present in differentiated myotubes.
Involved Pathways
Some of the pathways that have shown interaction in dedifferentiation are MSX1, Notch 1, BMP, and Wnt/β-Catenin.
MSx1 , a gene that is a member of the homeobox family, encodes a transcriptional repressor that can prevent differentiation in epithelial and mesenchymal progenitor cell types. This repressor would be able to keep cells undifferentiated during development. Reduced levels of Msx1 expression resulted in an inability to regenerate tadpole tails.
Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP ) are a group of signaling molecules involved in growth and development in many systems, including bone, embryogenesis , and homeostasis . The BMP pathway is necessary for dedifferentiation and regeneration in tadpoles. Downregulation of the BMP pathway led to a downregulation of MSx1, resulting in no regeneration in the tadpole. Once BMP expression was restored, Msx1 expression was also restored, and regeneration proceeded.19 Similar studies have shown similar results in mouse digit tip regeneration.
The Notch1 pathway has demonstrated importance in the regeneration of frog tadpole tails. Notch1 is a gene in the Notch family of proteins. Notch proteins are part of an intercellular signaling pathway responsible for regulating interactions between cells that are physically next to one another by binding to other notch proteins. Lowered Notch1 expression resulted in no tadpole tail regeneration, and induced Notch1 expression was able to partially rescue tail regeneration in the form of the notochord and spinal cord (but very little musculature.)
Moreover, Wnt/Beta-catenin activation has shown promising results in its involvement with dedifferentiation. In both a human epithelial cell transplant into mice and in vitro epithelial cell model, the activated canonical Wnt signaling pathway was found to be necessary for dedifferentiation. When in conjunction with Nanog, the canonical Wnt pathway also induced partial dedifferentiation in zebrafish endothelial cells, as seen by an increase in cell cycle re-entry and loss of cellular adhesion.
Plasticity
Cell plasticity is the idea that cells can switch phenotypes in response to environmental cues. In the context of regeneration, this environmental cue is damage or injury to a limb. Cell plasticity is closely related to dedifferentiation, implying that a cell with ‘plasticity’ can dedifferentiate to change phenotypes. Cell plasticity suggests that cells can change phenotypes slightly; not fully de-differentiating, to serve a better function. A strong example of this is lens regeneration in the newt.
Vertebrates
Across various vertebrate models that have been used to study cell behavior during wound healing, dedifferentiation is consistently reflected by changes in gene expression, morphology, and proliferative activity that distinguish it from its previously terminally differentiated state.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Upon injury, zebrafish cardiomyocytes have been found to have the capability to differentiate and subsequently rapidly proliferate as a wound healing response. Specifically, resection of up to 20% of the zebrafish ventricle regenerates via the proliferation of already differentiated cardiomyocyte. The cardiomyocytes dedifferentiation is observed through detachment from other cells as well as changes in morphology.
Mice
In mouse myotubes, dedifferentiation was induced upon the suppression of two tumor suppressor genes, encoding the retinoblastoma protein and alternative reading frame protein. These murine primary myotube cells then exhibited a decrease in differentiated cardiomyocyte gene expression, an increase in proliferation, and a change in morphology. Moreover, mouse Schwann cells were shown to have a capability to differentiate when the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway is activated. In this study, the addition of Ras blocks Schwann cell differentiation and induces dedifferentiation. A decrease in Schwann cell gene expression marks this transition. After dedifferentiation, new cells can be generated by re-entering the cell cycle and proliferating, then redifferentiating to myelinate the mice neurons.
Urodeles
Salamanders, including newts and axolotls, are species with the most known regenerative abilities.
Adult newts can regenerate limbs, tail, upper and lower jaws, spinal cord, retinas, lenses, optic nerves, intestine, and a portion of its heart ventricle Axolotls share the same abilities, save the retina and lens. These animals are important to the study of dedifferentiation because they use dedifferentiation to create new progenitor cells. This is different from mammalian regeneration, because mammals use preexisting stem cells to replace lost tissues.
Dedifferentiation in the newt occurs 4–5 days after limb amputation and is characterized by cell cycle re-entry and down-regulation of differentiation markers. cell differentiation is determined by what genes the cell expresses, and down-regulation of this expression would make for a less, or “un”, differentiated cell. Re-entry into the cell cycle allows the cell to go through mitosis, dividing to make more cells that would be able to provide new tissue. It has been observed that actinomycin D prevents dedifferentiation in newts
Invertebrates
It is less common to find examples of dedifferentiation (due to a lack of regenerative ability) in most invertebrates. This brief example outlines dedifferentiation in an invertebrate species, and interestingly involves the Msx pathway, as detailed above in the mechanisms section.
Lancelet
Upon amputation, lancelet tails healed and formed a blastema structure, suggesting dedifferentiation of cells to prepare for regeneration Lancelets can regenerate anterior and posterior structures, including neural tube, notochord, fin, and muscle The blastema that is formed expresses PAX3 and PAX7, which is associated with activation of muscle stem cells. This specific invertebrate model seems to be limited in its dedifferentiation abilities with size and age. The older and larger the animal is, the less apt it is for dedifferentiation.
Other Terms Related to Dedifferentiation
Anaplasia
Anaplasia is defined as cells being in an undifferentiated state and it is often associated with cancer. Often this loss of mature cell markers or morphology can be due to dedifferentiation, but it is sometimes used to refer to cells with incomplete differentiation presenting large variety in size and shape. While its definition can be conflated with dedifferentiation, it is more often perceived as a loss of differentiation leading to abnormal cell activity, including but not limited to tumorigenesis. However, dedifferentiation is often perceived as a reversion to a different cell type for regenerative purposes. In anaplastic cells, there is often an increase in proliferation and abnormal cellular organization, characteristics that are also present in dedifferentiated cells.
Undifferentiation
Undifferentiated cells have not completed differentiation or specialization, thus retaining their cell potency and oftentimes being highly proliferative. This is often the final cell state after the dedifferentiation process is completed and maintained, as cells become less specialized.
Metaplasia
Metaplasia is not another definition of dedifferentiation, but the two words have very similar implications for cells. Metaplasia refers to the change from a fully differentiated cell type to another. This implies that the cell is able to adapt to environmental stimuli, and that it is possible to reverse embryological commitments in the form of differentiation. The idea of metaplasia depends on the ability for a cell to dedifferentiate. This definition is important to consider when discussing dedifferentiation because the two concepts overlap closely, such that metaplasia may rely on dedifferentiation, or they may share similar pathways. Metaplasia, however, aligns more closely with transdifferentiation, because metaplasia refers more to the idea of a phenotypic transition.
Transdifferentiation
Transdifferentiation refers to the conversion of one cellular phenotype to another. This phrase defines the overview of what dedifferentiation contributes to cell fates; firstly, dedifferentiation brings the cell back up the epigenetic landscape, and then the cell can “roll” down a new valley, thus re-differentiating into a new phenotype. This whole process of the cell fate changing from its original to a new fate is transdifferentiation. However, there is also a second definition of transdifferentiation, in which cells can be directly induced into a new cell type without necessitating dedifferentiation as an intermediate step.
Current Research and Future Implications
Currently, studies and experiments are being done to test for dedifferentiation-like abilities in mammalian cells, with hopes that this information can provide more insight into possible regenerative abilities in mammals. Dedifferentiation could spark innovation in regenerative medicine because it suggests that one's own cells can change cell fates, which would remove immunological response risks from treatment with allogeneic cells, or cells that are not genetically matched with the patient. A concept that has been explored for mammals is that of inducible dedifferentiation, which would make cells that do not naturally dedifferentiate be able to revert to a pluripotent or progenitor-like state. This is achieved by expressing the appropriate transcription factors in the cell and suppressing others. More information about this as well as the possible risks can be found here .
See also
Dolly (sheep), a female Finn-Dorset sheep and the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell.
Pluripotency
References
Cells
Cell biology
Stem cells | Dedifferentiation | [
"Biology"
] | 2,813 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
65,667,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detecting%20Earth%20from%20distant%20star-based%20systems | There are several methods currently used by astronomers to detect distant exoplanets from Earth. Theoretically, some of these methods can be used to detect Earth as an exoplanet from distant star systems.
History
In June 2021, astronomers identified 1,715 stars (with likely related exoplanetary systems) within 326 light-years (100 parsecs) that have a favorable positional vantage point—in relation to the Earth Transit Zone (ETZ)—of detecting Earth as an exoplanet transiting the Sun since the beginnings of human civilization (about 5,000 years ago); an additional 319 stars are expected to arrive at this special vantage point in the next 5,000 years. Seven known exoplanet hosts, including Ross 128, may be among these stars. Teegarden's Star and Trappist-1 may be expected to see the Earth in 29 and 1,642 years, respectively. Radio waves, emitted by humans, have reached over 75 of the closest stars that were studied. In June 2021, astronomers reported identifying 29 planets in habitable zones that may be capable of observing the Earth. Earlier, in October 2020, astronomers had initially identified 508 such stars within 326 light-years (100 parsecs) that would have a favorable positional vantage point—in relation to the Earth Transit Zone (ETZ)—of detecting Earth as an exoplanet transiting the Sun.
Transit method is the most popular tool used to detect exoplanets and the most common tool to spectroscopically analyze exoplanetary atmospheres. As a result, such studies, based on the transit method, will be useful in the search for life on exoplanets beyond the Solar System by the SETI program, Breakthrough Listen Initiative, as well as upcoming exoplanetary TESS mission searches.
Detectability of Earth from distant star-based systems may allow for the detectability of humanity and/or analysis of Earth from distant vantage points such as via "atmospheric SETI" for the detection of atmospheric compositions explainable only by use of (artificial) technology like air pollution containing nitrogen dioxide from e.g. transportation technologies. The easiest or most likely artificial signals from Earth to be detectable are brief pulses transmitted by anti-ballistic missile (ABM) early-warning and space-surveillance radars during the Cold War and later astronomical and military radars. Unlike the earliest and conventional radio- and television-broadcasting which has been claimed to be undetectable at short distances, such signals could be detected from very distant, possibly star-based, receiver stations – any single of which would detect brief episodes of powerful pulses repeating with intervals of one Earth day – and could be used to detect both Earth as well as the presence of a radar-utilizing civilization on it.
Studies have suggested that radio broadcast leakage – with the program material likely not being detectable – may be a technosignature detectable at distances of up to a hundred light years with technology equivalent to the Square Kilometer Array if the location of Earth is known. Likewise, if Earth's location can be and is known, it may be possible to use atmospheric analysis to detect life or favorable conditions for it on Earth via biosignatures, including MERMOZ instruments that may be capable of remotely detecting living matter on Earth.
Experiments
In 1980s, astronomer Carl Sagan persuaded NASA to perform an experiment of detecting life and civilization on Earth using instruments of the Galileo spacecraft. It was launched in December 1990, and when it was from the planet's surface, Galileo turned its instruments to observe Earth. Sagan's paper was titled "A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft"; he wrote that "high-resolution images of Australia and Antarctica obtained as Galileo flew overhead did not yield signs of civilization"; other measurements showed the presence of vegetation and detected radio transmissions.
See also
Earliest known life forms
List of exoplanet search projects
Lists of exoplanets
References
External links
Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia by the Paris Observatory
Astrobiology
Planetary science | Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 833 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
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65,667,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plant%20genus%20names%20with%20etymologies%20%28A%E2%80%93C%29 | Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species. Many of these plants are listed in Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
The first column below contains seed-bearing genera from Stearn and other sources as listed, excluding those names that no longer appear in more modern works, such as Plants of the World by Maarten J. M. Christenhusz (lead author), Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. Plants of the World is also used for the family and order classification for each genus. The second column gives a meaning or derivation of the word, such as a language of origin. The last two columns indicate additional citations.
Key
Latin: = derived from Latin (otherwise Greek, except as noted)
Ba = listed in Ross Bayton's The Gardener's Botanical
Bu = listed in Lotte Burkhardt's Index of Eponymic Plant Names
CS = listed in both Allen Coombes's The A to Z of Plant Names and Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners
G = listed in David Gledhill's The Names of Plants
St = listed in Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners
Genera
See also
Glossary of botanical terms
List of Greek and Latin roots in English
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of plant genera named for people: A–C, D–J, K–P, Q–Z
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations
References
See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ for license.
Further reading
Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
Systematic
Greek words and phrases
Systematic
Systematic
Taxonomy (biology)
Plant genus names with etymologies (A-C)
Gardening lists
Genus names with etymologies (A–C)
Etymologies,A
Wikipedia glossaries using tables | List of plant genus names with etymologies (A–C) | [
"Biology"
] | 485 | [
"Lists of plants",
"Plants",
"Lists of biota",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Taxonomic lists",
"Glossaries of biology"
] |
65,669,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Oreffo | Richard Okagbue Chude Oreffo is a British–Nigerian physician and Professor of Musculoskeletal Science at the University of Southampton. His research considers skeletal biology and the fundamental mechanisms that underpin skeletal stem cell differentiation. In 2020, he launched the Cowrie Scholarship Foundation, which supports Black British students in their university studies.
Early life and education
Oreffo is a British–Nigerian. As an undergraduate student Oreffo specialised in biochemistry at the University of Liverpool. Oreffo completed doctoral research at the University of Oxford, where he investigated Vitamin A and bone. Oreffo was a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Here he worked with Gregory Mundy, an expert in bone and mineral research. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1989, where he joined Zeneca as a principal research scientist. In 1993 Oreffo was awarded a Medical Research Council fellowship, and joined the University of Oxford.
Research and career
In 1999, Oreffo joined the University of Southampton, where he led the Bone and Joint Research Group. He was made Professor in 2004. Oreffo specialises in skeletal biology, with a focus on the mechanisms that underpin differentiation of skeletal stem cells and bone regeneration. His early work looked to create new, nanostructured surfaces capable of efficiently growing adult stem cells. In 2004 he founded the Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration.
Oreffo combined stem cells and degradable plastic to create an artificial bone, which incorporated a honeycomb-like scaffold to allow blood to flow through it. The flow of blood encourages a patient's own stem cells to attach to the artificial structure, which results in the growth of new bone. Eventually, the plastic degrades, and the structure is replaced by newly formed bone. The degradable plastic is a blend of three different materials.
After successfully realising artificial bone, Oreffo created the spinout company Renovos, who fabricate new materials for tissue repair. In early 2020 the non-profit Orthopaedic Research UK made an investment in Renovos, representing their first investment in a technology startup.
Awards and honours
2001 Maxime Hanns Award
2010 Medical Technology Awards Grand Prix
2015 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology
2019 Elected Fellow of International Orthopaedic Research
Academic service
In 2008, Oreffo was made the University of Southampton Associate Dean International and Enterprise. In 2015 Oreffo returned to the University of Oxford, where he completed a Doctor of Science in skeletal tissue engineering. Oreffo established the Cowrie Scholarship Foundation in 2020, a scheme which looks to provide financial support to 100 disadvantaged Black British students to attend universities in the United Kingdom between 2021 and 2031.
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
British people of Nigerian descent
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Southampton
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio faculty
21st-century British medical doctors
Stem cell researchers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | Richard Oreffo | [
"Biology"
] | 643 | [
"Stem cell researchers",
"Stem cell research"
] |
65,673,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-haul%20flight%20ban | A short-haul flight ban is a prohibition imposed by governments on airlines to establish and maintain a flight connection over a certain distance, or by organisations or companies on their employees for business travel using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation (most notably to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which is the leading cause of climate change). In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for more environmentally friendly means of transportation, especially trains.
A portion of air travelers in short-haul routes connect to other flights at their destination. A blanket ban would have a significant impact on these travelers, as inadequate rail connectivity between airports and main railway hubs of cities generally result in longer overall travel times and disruption to travellers overall.
Definition
There is no consensus on what constitutes a 'short-haul flight'. In public discourse such as debates and surveys, the term is often not explicitly defined. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) defines a short-haul flight as "a flight with duration of 6 hours or fewer", and a long-haul flight takes longer than 6 hours. In practice, governments and organisations have set different standards, either according to the absolute distance between cities as the crow flies in hundreds of kilometres, or in terms of how many hours it would take a train to cover the same distance. As one example, the University of Groningen set limits according to both standards, namely prohibiting its personnel from flying distances shorter than 500 kilometres, or shorter than can be travelled by train in 6 hours. There was some confusion on how to calculate and reconcile both limits: as the crow flies, the distance between Groningen and Berlin is 465 km, but the road connection 577 km; moreover, the train travel time varies from 5.40 hours to 6.30 hours.
Overview
Governments
Governments generally impose short-haul flight bans on all citizens and businesses operating within their territory. Some exceptions for emergency situations are granted.
: As part of its COVID-19 crisis support programme for Austrian Airlines in June 2020, the conservative–green coalition government introduce a special tax of 30 euros on airline tickets for flights spanning less than 350 kilometres (an unprecedented environmental measure within the EU). The Lufthansa Group further agreed to drop domestic connections that could be travelled within three hours by train. As an example, as of November 2020, the train travel time between Vienna and Graz was still too long (3 hours and 1 minute) to replace flying (35 minutes, not counting security check and waiting times), but many other short-distance flights were replaced by train connections. Since Austrian Airlines was the only carrier to offer these short-haul connections at the time of the agreement, this constitutes a de-facto flight ban, even though no law has been enacted to ban such flights for airlines in general.
: On 3 June 2019, French MPs proposed to prohibit airline connections covering distances that could be travelled within 2.5 hours by train. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire stated in April 2020 and repeated in May 2020 that negotiations between the government and Air France–KLM on such a 2.5 hour short-distance ban were underway. On 9 June 2020, as part of its COVID-19 crisis support programme for France's aviation sector, Le Maire confirmed that 2.5 hour short-distance flights would be prohibited, while Air France–KLM's domestic flights would be reduced by 40%.
: In June 2013, Dutch MP Liesbeth van Tongeren (GreenLeft, previously Greenpeace Netherlands director) proposed to prohibit domestic flights in the Netherlands with the argument that they are needlessly inefficient, polluting and expensive, but Environment Secretary Wilma Mansveld (Labour Party) said such a ban would violate EU regulations that allow airlines to fly domestically. In March 2019, the House of Representatives of the Netherlands voted to prohibit commercial flights between Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Brussels Airport (Zaventem). This distance of about 150 kilometres was covered by five return flights a day, most of them feeder flights: passengers from Brussels go to Amsterdam to embark on a long-distance flight from there, or vice versa. However, Infrastructure Minister Cora van Nieuwenhuizen (VVD) stated that such a ban was contrary to the European Commission's free market regulations and was thus not implemented.
(): In 2006, Walloon Minister of Transport André Antoine prohibited airline Jet4you from making a stopover in Liège during a Charleroi–Casablanca flight, arguing that short-haul flights of fewer than 100 kilometres caused too much environmental damage. In December 2006, the European Commission confirmed that the ban did not violate any aviation agreements with Morocco, with Commissioner Jacques Barrot stating: 'The national authorities are allowed to take such measures, especially for environmental reasons.' Jet4you sued the Walloon Government, but in November 2008 the Court of First Instance in Namur confirmed the legality of the short-haul ban, rejecting Jet4you's damages claim and ordering the airline to pay 15,000 euros for court proceedings. Minister Antoine marked this as a victory and again urged the Federal Government of Belgium to introduce a countrywide prohibition on short-haul flights (which had been considered by the previous Federal Transport Minister, Renaat Landuyt).
: There is no ban against short-haul flights, but several have disappeared due to lack of subsidy or competition from train and road travel. Several domestic air routes are subsidised by the government in order to have reasonable travel times between the capital and remote parts of the country. A principle has been set up when to subsidise air routes: only when no other way of travel, e.g. through a unsubsidised air route or any train route, allow four hours travel time between Stockholm Central station and any municipality centre. The idea is that same day business travel should be reasonably possible. Some air routes, and therefore airports, have been closed down due to this. Storuman Airport was closed because Vilhelmina Airport could be used for Storuman. Mora Airport was closed because train travel time went under 4 hours. More air routes have been unsubsidised, but remained on a commercial basis and municipal support, but closed during the period 2000-2020, such as from Stockholm to Borlänge, Jönköping, Karlstad, Linköping and Örebro. They have got competition from improved railways and roads or got Covid-problems. An air tax has also been introduced. Two commercially operated air routes have (as of 2023) competing train travel times below 3:30 and that is from Stockholm to Gothenburg and Växjö.
Organisations and businesses
Organisations, including government organisations and NGOs, as well as commercial companies, sometimes impose short-haul restrictions on their own employees for work-related travelling, usually recommending or ordering personnel to take the train instead. Some exceptions may be granted for emergencies or destinations that are difficult to reach by train. If an employee's flight does not comply to the rules set by their employer, the travel costs will not be reimbursed.
Greater London Authority: On 12 March 2008, Mayor of London Ken Livingstone banned short-haul flights for all 20,000 employees of the Greater London Authority (alias City Hall), Transport for London and London Development Agency. A City Hall report published that day stated that all travel within the UK and most continental European cities should be undertaken by rail, unless such a journey would take longer than 6 hours. A 2010 Transport for London report noted: "As train travel is less carbon-intensive than travelling by airplane many organisations now implement a ban on all short-haul flights where an equivalent journey by train of less than six hours is available".
BBC Worldwide (now BBC Studios): The British Broadcasting Corporation decided in October 2009 that all BBC Worldwide staff members were no longer allowed to fly domestically or on short-haul flights on the company's expenses, unless when travelling by train added more than three hours to their journeys. Additionally, they had to formally explain why a meeting could not be held using one of the BBC's five videoconferencing suites before they were cleared to book a long-haul flight. The measures were taken to reduce environmental impact and cut costs.
Environment Agency: The UK government's Bristol-based Environment Agency banned its staff from making short-haul flights in June 2010, covering all of England and Wales and several destinations in continental Europe including Paris and Brussels, mandating them to travel by train instead; Edinburgh and Glasgow would still be allowed by airplane "in exceptional circumstances". The Agency had already reduced its business car mileage by 24% in 2006–2010 and wanted to set the right example in aviation, too, in part addressing public criticism over the Department of Energy and Climate Change's many avoidable domestic flights.
Catholic Private University Linz: Since 2010, the KU Linz is reimbursing staff flights "only if the most convenient train connection exceeds a travel time of 8 hours and if, in addition, emissions have been compensated via atmosfair".
Klarna Bank AB: After the flight shame movement emerged in Sweden in 2017, the bank Klarna decided to prohibits all its employees from flying within Europe and discourage long-haul flights.
Tilburg University: The 'TiU employees business travel compensation' as adopted on 1 January 2018 states that, "due to sustainability considerations", trips to destinations abroad until 500 kilometres are "in principle" performed by public transport (meaning bus or train) or one's own mode of transport (mostly cars); beyond 500 kilometres, airplanes may be used. In case the rules are not obeyed, the TiU will not reimburse the travel costs. A February 2019 inquiry showed that, amongst the employees top 10 destinations within Europe in 2018, only one (London at no. #7) was within the 500 kilometre limit, apparently demonstrating the policy's success, although central oversight to compliance appeared to be lacking.
Ghent University: In June 2018, Ghent University introduced a sustainable travel policy to cut down its personnel's 5,300 annual flights (causing almost 15% of its emissions), most of which had destinations within Europe. Going forward, business flights were forbidden to 'green cities', meaning reachable by bus or train within 6 hours, or "if the travel time by train is no longer than the travel time by plane (duration of the flight + 2 hours, being the standard duration of travel time to the airport + duration of check-in + duration of transfer)"). For flights to 'orange cities', which are reachable by train within 8 hours, staff would be recommended but not required to take the bus or train as an alternative. Exceptions to these rules due to unusual circumstances might be granted after a formal request. All future business flights' carbon emissions had to be offset as well.
University of Groningen: In May 2019, the university announced that henceforth it would prohibit its personnel from flying distances shorter than 500 kilometres, or shorter than can be travelled by train in 6 hours. The ban sought to slash the approximately 5,500 annual flights taken by university staff to attend congresses and symposia abroad, causing 15 million kilograms of emissions in the previous 3 years.
University of Geneva: In September 2019, it was announced that the approximately 4,000 annual flights taken by university staff to attend conferences and meetings would be drastically reduced in order to contribute to emission cuts. Amongst other measures, more video conferencing would replace real-life events, flights over distances travelable by train in 4 hours and business class flights within Europe and the MENA region would be prohibited, and emissions created by unavoidable airplane travel would be compensated.
Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development: On 19 September 2019, Eberswalde became the first university in Germany to mandate its staff to avoid flying distances under 1000 kilometres, unless the train trip took longer than 10 hours, or permission was granted for exceptional circumstances. As a university focused on sustainability, it concluded it should take a leading role in more sustainable transport, including eliminating the annual short-haul flight emissions, which accounted for 10% of all of its emissions in 2018.
HTW Berlin: In late September 2019, the Berlin-based Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft announced it would scrap all staff short-haul flights travelable by train in 6 hours from 1 January 2020. The institutions' annual aviation emissions reportedly amounted to 263 tonnes; half of its business flights covered fewer than 750 kilometres.
Flemish Government: Since 1 October 2019, civil servants of the Flemish Government are no longer allowed to travel by airplane to destinations closer than 500 kilometres, or travelable by land within 6 hours. Exceptions were only permissible if "serious reasons" could be demonstrated.
SFB 1287 of the University of Potsdam: The 1287 Limits of Variability in Language department of the University of Potsdam no longer reimburses business flights shorter than 1000 kilometres or 12 hours train travel since 1 January 2020.
Institut für Energietechnik of the Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil: 88% of Institut für Energietechnik members voted in favour (with 6% abstentions) of introducing a short-haul flight ban, defined as 1000 kilometres or travelable by alternative means of transport within 12 hours, for personnel by the end of January 2020.
Wageningen University and Research: The WUR board announced a new sustainable travel policy in February 2020, mandating its staff (which flew 10,000 times in 2017, causing 200 tons of ) to travel by train for trips of 6 hours or less, with the train also being 'preferred' for trips taking 6 to 8 hours. Only "when there are 'exceptionally good reasons' and with the boss's approval", flying for shorter distances would be allowed; these reasons would be evaluated after a year.
Radboud University Nijmegen: In March 2020, on the Radboud Green Office's recommendation, the board announced employees were no longer allowed to take business flights travelable by train in 7 hours, beginning in September 2020. It also planned to set up a partnership with an external travel agency to regulate its employees' travelling behaviour without violating their privacy, and invest in better video conferencing technology to make travel unnecessary. According to research by two HAN students, the plan would save Radboud University about 10% of all its emissions.
Canton of Basel-Stadt: In June 2020, all government employees were prohibited from taking flights to destinations closer than 1000 kilometres to the city of Basel for environmental reasons.
Public debate
European Union
During a televised debate ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election in May 2019, European Commission presidential candidate Frans Timmermans proposed banning all short-haul flights in the European Union, with his opponent Manfred Weber partially agreeing that they should be reduced. Analysts pointed out that there was no agreed definition of the term 'short-haul flights', and that it could pose far-reaching implications for smaller regional airports that primarily serve domestic flights. In a September–October 2019 poll conducted by the European Investment Bank (EIB) amongst 28,088 EU citizens from the then 28 member states, 62% said they were in favour of banning 'short-haul flights'; the survey did not define the term.
Flanders
In August 2010, activist group Wiloo (Werkgroep rondom de Impact van de Luchthaven van Oostende op de Omgeving) demanded a short-haul flight ban and a domestic kerosene tax in Flanders, similar to the ones imposed in Wallonia in 2006 and the Netherlands in 2005 respectively, due to the rapid increase of pollutive domestic flights. A spokesperson said 700 flights (20%) in or out of Ostend were only 300 kilometres or less, adding that it was 12 times more expensive to transport passengers from Ostend to Brussels by airplane than by bus.
On 9 June 2020, during a lull in the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, Flemish Transport Minister participated in a short-haul flight of ASL Group from Brussels via Knokke to Antwerp, claiming she wanted to promote regional airports such as Antwerp, Ostend, Kortrijk during the aviation crisis, because she was "convinced that regional airports have a future in Flanders because of their economic importance." For several days, her action was fiercely criticised by citizens and environmental organisations, who argued regional airports were "not economically essential at all, but a source of damaging and perfectly avoidable emissions". Groen politician Imade Annouri remarked: "This is utterly sending the wrong signal. Several countries around us are abolishing short-haul flights and investing in high-speed rail instead. (...) Businessmen can perfectly take the train to European destinations." In light of the climate crisis, the Minister's decision was alleged to be "irresponsible to society". Peeters felt the need to apologise on three different occasions, first explaining she had accepted the proposal "to take part in a press flight because business flights are an essential pillar of our regional airports", eventually expressing regret and declaring she should not have embarked on the flight.
Germany
Timmermans' proposal triggered a fierce debate in Germany about banning short-haul flights (meaning shorter than 1,500 kilometres), with some politicians agreeing with him, others saying it went too far, and others supporting measures they deemed more appropriate. In mid-October 2019, the German Finance Ministry announced that it would not restrict short-distance flights, but would almost double the short-haul air passenger taxes instead, from 7.50 to 13.03 euros; medium-haul taxes would increase from 23.43 to 33.01 and long-haul taxes from 42.18 to 59.43 euros. Meanwhile, train tickets would become 10% cheaper.
By July 2019, most political parties in Germany, including the Left Party, the Social Democrats, the Green Party and the Christian Democrats, started to agree to move all governmental institutions remaining in Bonn (the former capital of West Germany) to Berlin (the official capital since German Reunification in 1990), because ministers and civil servants were flying between the two cities about 230,000 times a year, which was considered too impractical, expensive and environmentally damaging. The distance of 500 kilometres between Bonn and Berlin could only be travelled by train in 5.5 hours, so either the train connections required upgrading, or Bonn had to be abolished as the secondary capital.
Netherlands
Although in March 2019 almost all Dutch parliamentary parties agreed that train travel should replace short-distance aviation, there were also some practical problems to be solved before trains could become a viable alternative, such buying a combined train/plane ticket, the lack of a direct Thalys connection from Amsterdam Central and Paris-North to Brussels Airport (forcing passengers to switch trains in Brussels-South), and the fact that the Benelux train (which does directly connect Schiphol and Zaventem) takes over 2 hours (mostly due to the lack of a high-speed rail between Antwerp and Brussels). In November 2019, a Qatar Airways Boeing 777 cargo flight line from Doha to Mexico City with stopovers in Maastricht and Liège sparked controversy over "the most bizarre flight ever", as the distance between the latter two is only 38 kilometres and takes just 9 minutes, merely because a single Dutch customer requested their weekly package to be delivered in Maastricht rather than Liège. In response, two of the four Dutch government parties suggested prohibiting all flights shorter than 100 kilometres.
In September-October 2022, research by RTL Nieuws revealed that Dutch ministers, state secretaries and the royal couple Willem-Alexander and Máxima were increasingly making short business flights on the Dutch government aircraft PH-GOV (a Boeing 737-700), private aircraft or commercial airliners (a 38% increase compared to 2019), even though this was contrary to the January 2022 coalition agreement to discourage short flights. Moreover, many aircraft flew empty back and forth in inefficient and environmentally polluting ways, and most distances could in principle have been covered perfectly well by train, or, if necessary, scheduled flights. This was evident in part because some ministers such as Dijkgraaf (education) and Harbers (infrastructure) travelled by official car or train from The Hague to Luxembourg or Paris in the first eight months of 2022, but Prime Minister Rutte and Minister Hoekstra (foreign affairs) together made 8 out of 12 flights to Luxembourg or Paris, mostly by government aircraft PH-GOV. Aviation experts were critical of the needlessly polluting and expensive travel behaviour of the ministers who were supposed to set a good example, and private aviation was also unhappy with the many short flights because of the high costs. In response to RTL's findings, coalition parties D66 and ChristenUnie reacted critically to the cabinet. and coalition party CDA also raised parliamentary questions about short and environmentally polluting empty flights, for instance between Amsterdam and Rotterdam, for a limited gain of time for a minister. Opposition party GroenLinks wanted to field a motion to force the cabinet and the king to travel by train for trips shorter than 700 kilometres. The Ministry of Infrastructure confirmed that the climate impact of aviation needed to be reduced, although ministers also needed to be able to do their jobs efficiently. The Interior Ministry also said that short flights were often unnecessary: "The time savings with flying are very limited, flying has more logistical challenges and is less flexible in terms of time than a train connection." However, according to the State Information Service and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, alternative transport was not possible for all trips by commercial private jets, "because the government plane was not available and other means of transport did not fit agendas."
Universities
Movements
In response to the 8 October 2018 IPCC report, more than 650 Danish academics from various disciplines published an open letter on 19 November 2018, calling on the managements of (Danish) universities to lead by example in combating climate change. Item number one on their five-point priority list was "drastically reducing flights and supporting climate-friendly alternatives". On 4 February 2019, 55 Dutch scientists, referring to the Danish initiative, published a similar "Climate Letter", including item no. #2: "Drastically reducing flights, with insightful targets, including through exercising critical consideration before travelling, using alternative modes of transport, and investing in climate-friendly alternatives and behavioural change to enable remote participation at academic consultations, conferences and exchanges." By 7 March 2019, all 14 Dutch universities (united in the VSNU) had expressed their support for the Climate Letter, which had been signed by almost 1,300 members of staff at that point. VSNU President Pieter Duisenberg stated: "The academic community can and must play a leading role in addressing climate change. This not only involves knowledge, but also whatever we as universities can do ourselves." Many Dutch universities were inspired by Ghent University's sustainable travel policy. In July 2019, Technische Universität Berlin professor Martina Schäfer similarly initiated a "Commitment to renounce short-haul (business) flights' (described as "travelable without flying in below 12 hours", or 1,000 kilometres), which was signed by over 1,700 German academics by 20 September 2019. The day before, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development became the first Germany university to make the voluntary commitment to avoid flying distances shorter than 1000 kilometres or 10 hours train travel mandatory for all employees.
Discussions
Aside from advocating for more sustainable short-distance travel and arguing that the scientific community should lead by example, some academics have questioned the necessity and thereby justifications for many international flights in order to attend scientific conferences or researchers' meetings. Liesbeth Enneking (Erasmus University Rotterdam) stated that congresses have little added value, as researchers can already access their colleagues around the world through the online publication of their papers, and meeting peers in real life and speaking to them face to face is rarely important for their work. "Attending congresses is sometimes mostly just stimulating your ego, and a nice trip, (...) but for the planet's sake, this is a privilege that we can no longer afford on this scale", Enneking stated; she stopped flying in 2017. Cody Hochstenbach (University of Amsterdam) narrated how many short (for example, two days) international research meetings are:great to catch up with each other and to discover a new city, but seldom they are actually productive. I was therefore enormously surprised that a Japanese professor had flown all the way to attend this meeting [in Le Havre]. Moreover, he had a heavy jet lag and regularly fell asleep during the sessions. It's obviously an expensive affair to have someone flown in across half the planet for just two days. I find it even more insane that universities facilitate and even encourage this behaviour.Referring to arguments made by other academics, he added that this behaviour was a form of socioeconomic injustice towards many people with lower education and income who could never even afford such long flights. Individual scientists should take their responsibility and fulfil the burden of proof to demonstrate that their flights to such conferences are really useful, and cannot be replaced by trains. Climate lawyer Laura Burgers said: "Some scientific conferences abroad are no doubt useful, but we should be honest: often it's just fun to make a trip. Such advantages do not outweigh the environmental damage, however," recounting her experience of a conference where scientists discussed research that had already been published and thus "a waste of time and flight emissions".
While acknowledging that the current intensity should be reduced, other academics partially disagree, saying that, especially for young researchers, getting and staying in touch with their international colleagues in real life can really help to establish their network and advance their career, and make interactions easier and more complete than via video. Astrophysicist Ralph Wijers pointed out that his research projects, including trips he needed to make for them, were funded by several different organisations who required him to travel with the fewest expenses possible, often forcing him to take generally cheap plane tickets rather than relatively costly train tickets: 'We should address this on a larger scale: the more pollutive for the environment, the more expensive I think it should be.'
Alternate approaches
Some universities have consciously decided not to impose a formal ban on short-haul business flights, but instead encourage their employees to consider alternative modes of transportation, or to fully offset their carbon emissions, or to consider videoconferencing instead of flying to conferences and meetings, judging that such an alternate approach would still be sufficient to meet set environmental goals. For example, the University of Copenhagen's prorector stated in February 2020: "We're very keen to limit climate changes and we intend to reduce our total footprint even more. (...) The University's new travel policy does not impose a ban on air travelling, but sets out recommendations and suggestions for how to change travel habits. It is a matter of choice of transportation and providing alternatives to air travel. For example meetings and video conferences via digital platforms like Skype."
Leiden University has not introduced short-distance restrictions on flights, but set train travel as the norm for personnel journeys shorter than 6 hours or 500 kilometres since 2017. The university aimed to restrict thus-defined short-haul flights below 10% of all flights; since this was 5.7% in 2017 and further decreased to 4.5% in 2019, the policy was hailed as a success. In 2018, 90% of flight emissions were compensated by payments to, for example, the Fair Climate Fund.
In November 2019, Utrecht University chose not to impose a flight ban, but use various other measures, such as providing employees with information about alternatives, investing in better video conferencing facilities, a train zone map that calculates travel times, and compensation for train ticket purchases, to halve its number of flight kilometres by 2030. A flight carbon offset requirement was already imposed in 2018.
See also
Aviation taxation and subsidies
EU aviation fuel taxation
Mobility transition
Night flying restrictions (including night flight bans)
Single European Sky
References
Aviation and the environment
Aviation law
Environmental mitigation
Transport policy | Short-haul flight ban | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 5,820 | [
"Transport policy",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Environmental mitigation",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
65,673,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%20of%20a%20matroid | In mathematics, a basis of a matroid is a maximal independent set of the matroid—that is, an independent set that is not contained in any other independent set.
Examples
As an example, consider the matroid over the ground-set R2 (the vectors in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane), with the following independent sets: It has two bases, which are the sets {(0,1),(2,0)} , {(0,3),(2,0)}. These are the only independent sets that are maximal under inclusion.
The basis has a specialized name in several specialized kinds of matroids:
In a graphic matroid, where the independent sets are the forests, the bases are called the spanning forests of the graph.
In a transversal matroid, where the independent sets are endpoints of matchings in a given bipartite graph, the bases are called transversals.
In a linear matroid, where the independent sets are the linearly-independent sets of vectors in a given vector-space, the bases are just called bases of the vector space. Hence, the concept of basis of a matroid generalizes the concept of basis from linear algebra.
In a uniform matroid, where the independent sets are all sets with cardinality at most k (for some integer k), the bases are all sets with cardinality exactly k.
In a partition matroid, where elements are partitioned into categories and the independent sets are all sets containing at most kc elements from each category c, the bases are all sets which contain exactly kc elements from category c.
In a free matroid, where all subsets of the ground-set E are independent, the unique basis is E.
Properties
Exchange
All matroids satisfy the following properties, for any two distinct bases and :
Basis-exchange property: if , then there exists an element such that is a basis.
Symmetric basis-exchange property: if , then there exists an element such that both and are bases. Brualdi showed that it is in fact equivalent to the basis-exchange property.
Multiple symmetric basis-exchange property: if , then there exists a subset such that both and are bases. Brylawski, Greene, and Woodall, showed (independently) that it is in fact equivalent to the basis-exchange property.
Bijective basis-exchange property: There is a bijection from to , such that for every , is a basis. Brualdi showed that it is equivalent to the basis-exchange property.
Partition basis-exchange property: For each partition of into m parts, there exists a partition of into m parts, such that for every , is a basis.
However, a basis-exchange property that is both symmetric and bijective is not satisfied by all matroids: it is satisfied only by base-orderable matroids.
In general, in the symmetric basis-exchange property, the element need not be unique. Regular matroids have the unique exchange property, meaning that for some , the corresponding b is unique.
Cardinality
It follows from the basis exchange property that no member of can be a proper subset of another.
Moreover, all bases of a given matroid have the same cardinality. In a linear matroid, the cardinality of all bases is called the dimension of the vector space.
Neil White's conjecture
It is conjectured that all matroids satisfy the following property: For every integer t ≥ 1, If B and B' are two t-tuples of bases with the same multi-set union, then there is a sequence of symmetric exchanges that transforms B to B'.
Characterization
The bases of a matroid characterize the matroid completely: a set is independent if and only if it is a subset of a basis. Moreover, one may define a matroid to be a pair , where is the ground-set and is a collection of subsets of , called "bases", with the following properties:
(B1) There is at least one base -- is nonempty;
(B2) If and are distinct bases, and , then there exists an element such that is a basis (this is the basis-exchange property).
(B2) implies that, given any two bases A and B, we can transform A into B by a sequence of exchanges of a single element. In particular, this implies that all bases must have the same cardinality.
Duality
If is a finite matroid, we can define the orthogonal or dual matroid by calling a set a basis in if and only if its complement is in . It can be verified that is indeed a matroid. The definition immediately implies that the dual of is .
Using duality, one can prove that the property (B2) can be replaced by the following:(B2*) If and are distinct bases, and , then there exists an element such that is a basis.
Circuits
A dual notion to a basis is a circuit. A circuit in a matroid is a minimal dependent set—that is, a dependent set whose proper subsets are all independent. The terminology arises because the circuits of graphic matroids are cycles in the corresponding graphs.
One may define a matroid to be a pair , where is the ground-set and is a collection of subsets of , called "circuits", with the following properties:
(C1) The empty set is not a circuit;
(C2) A proper subset of a circuit is not a circuit;
(C3) If C1 and C2 are distinct circuits, and x is an element in their intersection, then contains a circuit.
Another property of circuits is that, if a set is independent, and the set is dependent (i.e., adding the element makes it dependent), then contains a unique circuit , and it contains . This circuit is called the fundamental circuit of w.r.t. . It is analogous to the linear algebra fact, that if adding a vector to an independent vector set makes it dependent, then there is a unique linear combination of elements of that equals .
See also
Matroid polytope - a polytope in Rn (where n is the number of elements in the matroid), whose vertices are indicator vectors of the bases of the matroid.
References
Matroid theory | Basis of a matroid | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,281 | [
"Matroid theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
65,674,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-orderable%20matroid | In mathematics, a base-orderable matroid is a matroid that has the following additional property, related to the bases of the matroid. For any two bases and there exists a feasible exchange bijection, defined as a bijection from to , such that for every , both and are bases.The property was introduced by Brualdi and Scrimger. A strongly-base-orderable matroid has the following stronger property:For any two bases and , there is a strong feasible exchange bijection, defined as a bijection from to , such that for every , both and are bases.
The property in context
Base-orderability imposes two requirements on the function :
It should be a bijection;
For every , both and should be bases.
Each of these properties alone is easy to satisfy:
All bases of a given matroid have the same cardinality, so there are n! bijections between them (where n is the common size of the bases). But it is not guaranteed that one of these bijections satisfies property 2.
All bases and of a matroid satisfy the symmetric basis exchange property, which is that for every , there exists some , such that both and are bases. However, it is not guaranteed that the resulting function f be a bijection - it is possible that several are matched to the same .
Matroids that are base-orderable
Every partition matroid is strongly base-orderable. Recall that a partition matroid is defined by a finite collection of categories, where each category has a capacity denoted by an integer with . A basis of this matroid is a set which contains exactly elements of each category . For any two bases and , every bijection mapping the elements of to the elements of is a strong feasible exchange bijection.
Every transversal matroid is strongly base-orderable.
Matroids that are not base-orderable
Some matroids are not base-orderable. A notable example is the graphic matroid on the graph K4, i.e., the matroid whose bases are the spanning trees of the clique on 4 vertices. Denote the vertices of K4 by 1,2,3,4, and its edges by 12,13,14,23,24,34. Note that the bases are:
{12,13,14}, {12,13,24}, {12,13,34}; {12,14,23}, {12,14,34}; {12,23,24}, {12,23,34}; {12,24,34};
{13,14,23}, {13,14,24}; {13,23,24}, {13,23,34}; {13,24,34};
{14,23,24}, {14,23,34}; {14,24,34}.
Consider the two bases A = {12,23,34} and B = {13,14,24}, and suppose that there is a function f satisfying the exchange property (property 2 above). Then:
f(12) must equal 14: it cannot be 24, since A \ {12} + {24} = {23,24,34} which is not a basis; it cannot be 13, since B \ {13} + {12} = {12,14,24} which is not a basis.
f(34) must equal 14: it cannot be 24, since B \ {24} + {34} = {13,14,34} which is not a basis; it cannot be 13, since A \ {34} + {13} = {12,13,23} which is not a basis.
Then f is not a bijection - it maps two elements of A to the same element of B.
There are matroids that are base-orderable but not strongly-base-orderable.
Properties
In base-orderable matroids, a feasible exchange bijection exists not only between bases but also between any two independent sets of the same cardinality, i.e., any two independent sets and such that .
This can be proved by induction on the difference between the size of the sets and the size of a basis (recall that all bases of a matroid have the same size). If the difference is 0 then the sets are actually bases, and the property follows from the definition of base-orderable matroids. Otherwise by the augmentation property of a matroid, we can augment to an independent set and augment to an independent set . Then, by the induction assumption there exists a feasible exchange bijection between and . If , then the restriction of to and is a feasible exchange bijection. Otherwise, and , so can be modified by setting: . Then, the restriction of the modified function to and is a feasible exchange bijection.
Completeness
The class of base-orderable matroids is complete. This means that it is closed under the operations of minors, duals, direct sums, truncations, and induction by directed graphs. It is also closed under restriction, union and truncation.
The same is true for the class of strongly-base-orderable matroids.
References
Matroid theory | Base-orderable matroid | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,100 | [
"Matroid theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
65,674,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20cadmium%20phosphide%20arsenide | Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide (Zn-Cd-P-As) is a quaternary system of group II (IUPAC group 12) and group V (IUPAC group 15) elements. Many of the inorganic compounds in the system are II-V semiconductor materials. The quaternary system of II3V2 compounds, (Zn1−xCdx)3(P1−yAsy)2, has been shown to allow solid solution continuously over the whole compositional range. This material system and its subsets have applications in electronics, optoelectronics, including photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics.
List of all binary compounds
This system of elements contains numerous binary compounds and their solid solutions.
Stable at atmospheric pressure
The binary compounds thermodynamically stable at atmospheric pressure are listed in the following table:
Metastable or unstable at atmospheric pressure
Compounds metastable or unstable at atmospheric pressure are the following:
Quaternary compounds
The compounds of the form II3V2 have similar crystalline structures and exhibit full solid solution over the whole compositional range. The compounds of the form II-V2 allow only partial solid solution.
Ternary compounds
The binary compounds in this system form a wide range of solid solutions. This miscibility reflects the close similarity of the structures of the binary phases. The IIV2 compounds exhibit wide solid solution ranges with CdP4 even though the stoichiometry and structures of the components differ.
The optoelectronic and band properties of some ternary compounds have also been studied. For example, the bandgap of Zn3(P1−yAsy)2 solid solutions is direct and tunable from 1.0 eV to 1.5 eV. This solubility enables the fabrication of tunable nanowire photodetectors. The solid solution (Zn1−xCdx)3As2 exhibit a topological phase transition at x ~ 0.62.
Notable binary compounds
Cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2)
Cadmium arsenide is a 3D Dirac semimetal exhibiting the Nernst effect.
Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2)
Zinc phosphide is a semiconductor material with a direct band gap of 1.5 eV used in photovoltaics. It is also used as a rodenticide in the pest control industry.
Zinc arsenide (Zn3As2)
Zinc arsenide is a semiconductor material with a band gap of 1.0 eV.
References
External links
II-V semiconductors
Zinc compounds
Cadmium compounds
Arsenides
Phosphides
II-V compounds | Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 553 | [
"II-V compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Inorganic compounds",
"II-V semiconductors"
] |
65,674,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium%20phosphide | Cadmium phosphide (Cd3P2) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a grey or white bluish solid semiconductor material with a bandgap of 0.5 eV. It has applications as a pesticide, material for laser diodes and for high-power-high-frequency electronics.
Synthesis and reactions
Cadmium phosphide can be prepared by the reaction of cadmium with phosphorus:
6 Cd + P4 → 2 Cd3P2
Structure
Cd3P2 has a room-temperature tetragonal form.
The crystalline structure of cadmium phosphide is very similar to that of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2) and zinc arsenide (Zn3As2). These compounds of the Zn-Cd-P-As quaternary system exhibit full continuous solid-solution.
Applications
Over the last decade, interest in cadmium phosphide as a source for fast, near-IR emission has grown due to the development of cadmium phosphide quantum dots. Literature has demonstrated that these quantum dots possess tunable emission between 700 nm to 1500 nm. A recent paper investigated the effect of surface passivation on these quantum dots and showed that cadmium phosphide quantum dots may have an intrinsic band-edge relaxation time less than 100 ns.
Safety
Like other metal phosphides, it is acutely toxic when swallowed due to the formation of phosphine gas when it reacts with gastric acid. It is also carcinogen and dangerous for the skin, eyes and other organs in a large part due to cadmium poisoning.
References
Phosphides
phosphide
II-V semiconductors
II-V compounds | Cadmium phosphide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 363 | [
"II-V compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Inorganic compounds",
"II-V semiconductors"
] |
67,133,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Mutiso | Rose M. Mutiso is a Kenyan activist and materials scientist. She is co-founder and CEO of The Mawazo Institute. She is the research director of the Energy for Growth Hub. She was short listed for the 2020 Pritzker Emerging Environmental Genius Award.
Education
Mutiso attended engineering school at Dartmouth College, before completing her PhD in Materials Science at the University of Pennsylvania in the lab of Karen I. Winey. Her dissertation focused material properties for nanoelectronics such as electrical percolation. She did her postdoc as a 2013-14 congressional science fellow with the American Institute of Physics.
Career
Mutiso was a fellow in the U.S. Department of Energy. She was Energy and Innovation Policy Fellow in the office of Senator Chris Coons (as part of her postdoc).
Mutiso's activism work focuses on improving energy access in Africa in a climate-conscious way. Through the Mawazo Institute she hopes to train more women in the research and engineering skills necessary to further develop the Kenyan energy sector. She served on the advisory board for African Utility Week 2018. She has advocated for international carbon budgeting that recognizes both the comparatively low current emissions of African nations and allots space for their future development into higher energy consumptions. She has written for Scientific American and also given a TED talk on the topic.
References
External links
Our Team The Mawazo Institute.
Research Director - Rose Mutiso
21st-century Kenyan women scientists
21st-century Kenyan scientists
Condensed matter physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dartmouth College alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Kenyan women chief executives
21st-century Kenyan businesswomen
21st-century Kenyan businesspeople | Rose Mutiso | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 348 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
67,134,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20COVID-19%20vaccine%20authorizations | National regulatory authorities have granted full or emergency use authorizations for 40 COVID-19 vaccines.
Ten vaccines have been approved for emergency or full use by at least one stringent regulatory authority recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO): Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sinopharm BIBP, Moderna, Janssen, CoronaVac, Covaxin, Novavax, Convidecia, and Sanofi–GSK. Seven others are under assessment by the WHO: Sputnik V, Sinopharm WIBP, Abdala, Zifivax, Corbevax, COVIran Barekat, and SCB-2019.
Of the 40 vaccines, 16 have a full or emergency authorization in only one country, 12 in ten or fewer countries, and 12 in more than ten countries.
Note that in some countries, vaccines may be authorized solely for travel purposes. They may not be approved for the general population. For example, the CoronaVac, Covishield, BBIBP-CorV and Covaxin vaccines are not part of Australia's national vaccination program; however, they are recognized for the purpose of travel to Australia.
Overview maps
Oxford–AstraZeneca
The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Vaxzevria and Covishield, is a viral vector vaccine produced by the British University of Oxford, British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. Finland, Denmark, and Norway suspended the use of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine due to a small number of reports of a rare blood clot disorder. Slovakia suspended its use after the death of a predisposed recipient. South Africa suspended its use because a small trial found only minimal protection against mild to moderate disease from the locally predominant Beta variant. Japan approved the vaccine for emergency use in May 2021, but did not plan to use them immediately because of rare cases of a blood clotting disorder reported overseas. Later, Japan started to use the vaccine for people aged 40 or over to mitigate the surge of the Delta variant in August. Finland ceased use of the vaccine as the last batch expired on 30 November 2021. Until then it was only offered for those aged 65 or more due to extremely rare coagulation disorders among younger recipients of the vaccine. After this Finland will not procure more of the vaccine. The AstraZeneca vaccine is the most widely accepted internationally, and the most popular in terms of total inoculated worldwide, over 1.3 billion. The AstraZeneca vaccine is administered in more countries than any other vaccine.
Full (5)
Australia
Brazil
Canada
India
Israel
Austria
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Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Samoa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore (restricted)
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Korea
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
Cook Islands
Falkland Islands
French Polynesia
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Northern Cyprus
Pitcairn
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Wallis and Futuna
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Switzerland
United States
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Pfizer–BioNTech
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA vaccine produced by the German company BioNTech and the American company Pfizer. In Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, Comirnaty is distributed by Fosun Pharma.
Original
Full (39)
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
New Zealand
Palau
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Non-country entities
Hong Kong
Emergency (145)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brunei
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chile
China (For German citizens)
Colombia
Congo-Kinshasa
Costa Rica
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eswatini
Fiji
Gabon
Georgia
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Honduras
Indonesia
Iraq
Israel
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino
Serbia
Singapore
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vatican City
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
American Samoa
Cook Islands
Faroe Islands
French Polynesia
Gibraltar
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Macau
Martinique
New Caledonia
Niue
Northern Cyprus
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Tokelau
World Health Organization
Bivalent original–BA.1
Japan
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Non-country entities
World Health Organization
Bivalent original–BA.4/5
Canada
China (For German citizens)
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Non-country entities
Hong Kong
Macau
World Health Organization
XBB.1.5
United States
JN.1
United Kingdom
KP.2
United States
Janssen
The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine produced by Janssen Pharmaceutica (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. It is also known as Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine and as COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen. Three countries, Denmark, Finland, and Norway, discontinued the use of the Janssen vaccine in favor of other available vaccines due to a possible link between the vaccine and a rare blood clot disorder. The use of the Janssen adenovirus vector vaccine began in Finland in October 2021. It is only offered for those aged 65 and over because of a very rare risk of thrombosis in younger age groups. The United States began use of the Janssen vaccine in March 2021, but discouraged use in favor of other available vaccines in December 2021 due to the risk of a rare clotting disorder. The Janssen vaccine became unavailable in the United States in May 2023 after all existing doses expired.
Full (4)
Australia (not used)
Brazil
Canada
Switzerland
Emergency (132)
Afghanistan
Andorra
Argentina
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chile
Colombia
Congo-Kinshasa
Djibouti
Egypt
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ivory Coast
Jordan
Kenya
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Singapore (restricted)
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Sudan
Syria
Taiwan (not used)
Tanzania
Thailand
Tunisia
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States (no longer available as of May 7, 2023 )
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
American Samoa
French Polynesia
Greenland
Guam
New Caledonia
Northern Cyprus
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Africa Regulatory Taskforce
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Japan
Turkey
Moderna
The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, also known as Spikevax, is an mRNA vaccine produced by the American company Moderna, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. The Moderna vaccine is not offered for men under 30 years of age in Finland as a precaution to reduce a very rare risk of myocarditis.
Original
Full (34)
Australia
Canada
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Emergency (116)
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Botswana
Bolivia
Brazil
Brunei
Cape Verde
Chile
Colombia
Congo-Brazzaville
Congo-Kinshasa
Djibouti
Egypt
El Salvador
Fiji
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Libya
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tunisia
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
American Samoa
Faroe Islands
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Wallis and Futuna
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Turkey
Bivalent original–BA.1
Australia
Canada
Japan
Singapore
Switzerland
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Bivalent original–BA.4/5
Brazil
Taiwan
XBB.1.5
Brazil
United States
JN.1
European Union
Switzerland
Taiwan
United Kingdom
KP.2
United States
Sinopharm BIBP
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by the China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) and its Beijing Institute of Biological Products.
Full (4)
Bahrain
China
Seychelles
United Arab Emirates
Emergency (111)
Afghanistan
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Bangladesh
Belarus
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo-Brazzaville
Cuba
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Hungary
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ivory Coast
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Korea
North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
Macau
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Andorra
Australia
Austria (only for entry)
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic (only for Hungarian citizens and EU nationals vaccinated in Hungary)
Estonia (only if approved in a person's country of origin)
Finland
Greece
Grenada
Hong Kong
Iceland
Ireland
Japan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
New Zealand
Oman
Panama
Portugal (only in Madeira)
Qatar
Saudi Arabia (for short visits, Hajj and Umrah only)
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sweden
Switzerland
The Netherlands
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay (only if approved in a person's country of origin)
Sputnik V
The Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine produced by the Russian Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.
Full (3)
Russia
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Emergency (76)
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil (restricted)
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chile
Congo-Brazzaville
Djibouti
Ecuador
Egypt
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ivory Coast
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Maldives
Mali
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
San Marino
Serbia
Seychelles
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Tunisia
Turkey (limited use)
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zimbabwe
Non-country entities
Abkhazia
South Ossetia
Expired
Slovakia
Rejected
South Africa
Travel-only
Australia
Cyprus
Estonia
Greece
Hong Kong
Israel
Malaysia
New Zealand
Saudi Arabia
Slovenia
St. Lucia
Thailand
CoronaVac
The CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech.
Full (1)
China
Non-country entities
Hong Kong
Emergency (71)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Cambodia
Chile
Colombia
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Fiji
Gabon
Georgia
Guinea
Guyana
Hungary
Indonesia
Iraq
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Moldova
Morocco
Myanmar
Nepal
North Macedonia
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Somalia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Yemen
Zimbabwe
Non-country entities
Northern Cyprus
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Andorra
Australia
Austria (only for entry)
Canada
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia (only if approved in a person's country of origin)
Finland
Greece
Grenada
Iceland
Ireland
Japan
Liechtenstein
Norway
New Zealand
Norway
Palau
Panama
Portugal (only in Madeira)
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sweden
Switzerland
The Netherlands
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Vietnam
Novavax
The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Nuvaxovid and Covovax, is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.
Full (4)
Australia
Canada
Japan
South Korea
Emergency (57)
Bangladesh
India
Indonesia
Monaco
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
South Africa
Switzerland
Thailand
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Palau
Panama
Switzerland
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United States (before emergency approval July 2022)
Covaxin
Covaxin is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by the Indian company Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Virology.
Full (1)
India
Emergency (50)
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Botswana
Central African Republic
Comoros
Egypt
Ethiopia
Guatemala (not used)
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico (not used)
Morocco
Myanmar
Nepal
Nicaragua (not used)
Oman
Pakistan
Paraguay
Philippines
Qatar
Somalia
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela (not used)
Vietnam
Yemen
Zimbabwe
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana (not used)
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Anguilla
Aruba
British Virgin Islands
Bermuda
Caribbean Netherlands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Montserrat
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
Non-country entities
Palestine
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Andorra
Australia
Austria (only for entry)
Canada
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia (only if approved in a person's country of origin)
Finland
Greece
Hong Kong
Iceland
Ireland
Japan
Kyrgyzstan
Liechtenstein
Mongolia
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Palestine
Palau
Panama
Portugal (only in Madeira)
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
The Netherlands
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
VLA2001
VLA2001 is an inactivated vaccine developed by Valneva SE and Dynavax Technologies.
Full (1)
United Kingdom
Emergency (32)
Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Sanofi–GSK
The Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name VidPrevtyn Beta, is a subunit vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur and GSK plc. It is based on the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant.
(as booster only)
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Sputnik Light
Sputnik Light is a viral vector vaccine, produced by the Russian Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. It consists of the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine, which is based on the Ad26 vector.
Full (0)
Emergency (28)
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Bahrain
Belarus
Benin
Cambodia
Congo-Brazzaville
Egypt
Iran
India
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Mauritius
Mongolia
Nicaragua
Palestine
Philippines
Russia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
San Marino
Syria
Tanzania
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela
Non-country entities
Abkhazia
Donbass Region (unofficially)
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Convidecia
Convidecia is a viral vector vaccine produced by the Chinese company CanSino Biologics and the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences.
Full (1)
China
Emergency (9)
Argentina
Chile
Ecuador
Hungary
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mexico
Moldova
Pakistan
Non-country entities
World Health Organization
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Japan
New Zealand
Turkey
Sinopharm WIBP
The Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by the China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) and its Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
Full (1)
China
Emergency (5)
Armenia
North Macedonia
Peru
Philippines
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Abdala
Abdala is a subunit vaccine developed by the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Cuba.
Full (0)
Emergency (6)
Cuba
Mexico
Nicaragua
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela
Vietnam
Travel-only
Cambodia
Colombia
Guyana
Malaysia
New Zealand
St. Lucia
Turkey
Uruguay (only if accepted in the country of the person's origin)
EpiVacCorona
EpiVacCorona is a peptide vaccine produced by the Russian State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
Full (1)
Turkmenistan
Emergency (4)
Belarus
Cambodia
Russia
Venezuela
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Zifivax
Zifivax is a subunit vaccine produced by the Chinese company Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical.
Full (0)
Emergency (5)
China
Colombia
Indonesia
Pakistan
Uzbekistan
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Soberana 02
Soberana 02, is a conjugate vaccine developed by the Finlay Institute in Cuba.
Full (0)
Emergency (4)
Cuba
Iran
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Travel-only
Guyana
Hungary
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
CoviVac
CoviVac is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by the Chumakov Centre at the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Full (0)
Emergency (3)
Belarus
Cambodia
Russia
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
QazCovid-in
QazCovid-in, also known as QazVac, is an inactivated virus vaccine developed by the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems in Kazakhstan.
Full (0)
Emergency (2)
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Minhai
Minhai COVID-19 vaccine, is an inactivated virus vaccine developed by Minhai Biotechnology Co. and Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co. Ltd. in China.
Full (0)
Emergency (2)
China
Indonesia
Travel-only
Hong Kong
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Medigen
MVC-COV1901, is a protein subunit vaccine developed by Taiwan's Medigen Vaccine Biologics and Dynavax Technologies.
Full (0)
Emergency (3)
Eswatini
Taiwan
Paraguay
Non-country entities
1. Somaliland
Travel-only
Belize
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Palau
Thailand
Turkey
Corbevax
Corbevax is a protein subunit vaccine developed by Texas Children's Hospital at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and licensed to Indian biopharmaceutical firm Biological E. Limited (BioE) for development and production.
Full (0)
Emergency (2)
India
Botswana
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
COVIran Barekat
COVIran Barekat, is an inactivated virus vaccine developed by Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co. in Iran.
Full (0)
Emergency (2)
Iran
Nicaragua
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Hungary
Turkey
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine, is an inactivated virus vaccine developed by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
China
Travel-only
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Turkey
ZyCoV-D
ZyCoV-D, is a DNA plasmid based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Indian pharmaceutical company Cadila Healthcare with support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
India
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
FAKHRAVAC
FAKHRAVAC (or MIVAC), is an inactivated virus vaccine developed in Iran by the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research, an organization of Iran's Ministry of Defense.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Iran
Travel-only
Hungary
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
COVAX-19
COVAX-19, also known as SpikoGen, is a protein subunit vaccine jointly developed by Australian-based company Vaxine and Iran-based company CinnaGen.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Iran
Travel-only
Hungary
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Razi Cov Pars
Razi Cov Pars is a protein subunit vaccine developed by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Iran
Travel-only
Hungary
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Turkovac
Turkovac is an inactivated vaccine developed by Health Institutes of Turkey and Erciyes University.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Turkey
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Sinopharm CNBG
Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine (NVSI) is a recombinant protein subunit vaccine developed by the National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI, 中生研究院), a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which in turn is a subsidiary of Sinopharm.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
United Arab Emirates
Travel-only
Malaysia
Turkey
Soberana Plus
Soberana Plus is a single-dose of conjugate vaccine developed by the Finlay Institute in Cuba.
Full (0)
Emergency (2)
Belarus
Cuba
Travel-only
Guyana
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
CoVLP
CoVLP is a virus-like particle vaccine grown in an Australian weed, Nicotiana benthamiana. It was developed by Medicago, and is marketed under the name Covifenz .
Full (1)
Canada
Emergency (0)
Travel-only
Malaysia
New Zealand
Turkey
Noora
Noora is a protein-based vaccine developed by the Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Iran
Travel-only
Malaysia
Turkey
SKYCovione
SKYCovione is a protein subunit vaccine developed by SK Bioscience.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
South Korea
Walvax
Walvax COVID-19 vaccine is an RNA vaccine developed by Walvax Biotechnology, Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, and the PLA Academy of Military Science.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Indonesia
iNCOVACC
iNCOVACC, also called BBV154 is an adenovirus vector vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, Precision Virologics, and Washington University School of Medicine.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
India
Gemcovac
Gemcovac, or GEMCOVAC-19, is a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine manufactured by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
India
V-01
V-01 is a protein subunit vaccine developed by Livzon Mabpharm.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
China
IndoVac
IndoVac is a protein subunit vaccine developed by Indonesian pharmaceutical company Bio Farma and Baylor College of Medicine.
Full (0)
Emergency (1)
Indonesia
Notes
References
Virus research | List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations | [
"Biology"
] | 5,393 | [
"Viruses",
"Virus research"
] |
67,134,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fiel%20contraste | The Fiel contraste is a sculptural group created by the Spanish sculptor Ramón Conde, located in Pontevedra, Spain. It stands in Alhóndiga street, behind the Pontevedra City Hall, and was inaugurated on 30 April 2010.
History
The sculptural group is located in the place where the Alhóndiga or municipal grain market was in the Middle Ages. The central statue recalls the medieval Civil Servant (hired by the town hall) who, at the entrance to the walls of Pontevedra, near the Bastida Tower, faithfully contrasted with his scales the weights and measures of the goods that were to be sold in the city.
Until the 16th century, the Alhóndiga was located where the Pontevedra City Hall is today. At the entrance to the Alhóndiga, the Fiel Contraste was responsible for checking the weights and measures of all the goods that arrived there to be sold. The taxes on the market depended on the verification of the weight of bread or cereals or the measures of wine. The disappearance of this profession occurred with the unification of weights and measures brought about by the Bourbon administration, with the appearance of the metric system and, finally, with the inauguration of the current City Hall in 1880.
The commercial and fishing boom in Pontevedra had boosted the holding of markets in the city, notably the Feira Franca granted to Pontevedra in 1467 by King Henry IV of Castile, when the city was the main port in Galicia.
Description
The sculptural group consists of five pieces. The central bronze piece is the Faithful Contrast, which represents a Herculean man (characteristic of Ramón Conde's work) and timeless, with his left arm extended holding a pair of scales in his hand. The statue is high and weighs . His strong features denote power and authority in the exercise of his function to resolve conflicts about the exact weight of products in the city's fairs and markets.
Around this central statue are four two-dimensional pieces of Corten Steel in the form of silhouettes or shadows depicting popular characters from a medieval city market, such as shopkeepers with their baskets in front of them or merchants on any given day in a city market.
The sculptural group is valued at 100,000 euros.
Gallery
References
See also
Related articles
Pontevedra City Hall
External links
https://www.outono.net/elentir/2016/01/26/el-fiel-contraste-un-monumento-al-almotacen-de-pontevedra/
http://esculturayarte.com/022739/Fiel-Contraste-1-en-Pontevedra.html#.X8aQe86g82w
Pontevedra
Colossal statues
Bronze sculptures in Spain
Outdoor sculptures in Pontevedra
Sculptures in Spain
21st-century sculptures
Sculptures of men in Spain
Tourist attractions in Galicia (Spain)
Monuments and memorials in Pontevedra
Monuments and memorials in Galicia (Spain)
Sculptures in Pontevedra
History of Pontevedra | The Fiel contraste | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 633 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
67,135,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyloctane | 2-Methyloctane is a branched alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C9H20. It is a colorless, flammable liquid
Combustion reactions
2-Methyloctane burns in the same way as other alkanes. Where there is enough oxygen, nonane burns to form water and carbon dioxide, so 2-methyloctane would do the same.
C9H20 + 14 O2 → 9 CO2 + 10 H2O
When insufficient oxygen is present for complete combustion, carbon monoxide is produced.
2 C9H20 + 19 O2 → 18 CO + 20 H2O
See also
List of isomers of nonane
References
Alkanes | 2-Methyloctane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 144 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Alkanes"
] |
67,136,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Code%20Breaker | The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race is a non-fiction book authored by American historian and journalist Walter Isaacson. Published in March 2021 by Simon & Schuster, it is a biography of Jennifer Doudna, the winner of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work on the CRISPR system of gene editing.
Promotion
On March 22, 2021, Isaacson appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert to discuss the book.
Reception
The book debuted at number one on The New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending March 13, 2021.
In its starred review, Kirkus Reviews called it a "vital book about the next big thing in science—and yet another top-notch biography from Isaacson."
Publishers Weekly called it a "gripping account of a great scientific advancement and of the dedicated scientists who realized it."
References
External links
The Code Breaker at the Simon & Schuster website
CRISPR Scientist's Biography Explores Ethics Of Rewriting The Code Of Life. Author interview, audio and transcript. Fresh Air, NPR, March 8, 2021.
2021 non-fiction books
English-language non-fiction books
Books about scientists
Jennifer Doudna
Simon & Schuster books
American biographies
Genetics books
Genome editing
Books by Walter Isaacson | The Code Breaker | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 261 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Genome editing"
] |
67,139,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teucer%20statue | Teucer is a statue created by the Spanish sculptor Cándido Pazos, located in Pontevedra (Spain). It is located in Saint Joseph's Square above the clock of the central building of the former Provincial Savings Bank of Pontevedra and was inaugurated on 15 July 2006.
History
Teucer is the mythical founder of the city of Pontevedra. Legend has it that the mythical archer Teucer, son of King Telamon (King of Salamis), followed a mermaid, Leucoiña, in exile to the Ria de Pontevedra and then founded the city.
Before the foundation of the city, Teucer, together with his brother Ajax and his cousin Achilles, had gone to the Trojan War. But when this long war was over and they returned to their country, the heroes were not well received, even by their own families. Teucer, rejected by his father, went in search of a new homeland in the West and arrived in Iberia, travelled along the coast of Hispania, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and founded a Greek colony called Hellenes, which would become Pontevedra.
Description
The sculpture is made of bronze and is 6 metres high.
It weighs 2 tons and is anchored by means of a steel spike to the small clock pavilion in the upper part of the Savings Bank of Pontevedra building. The sculpture gives a sensation of lightness that suggests it is floating in the air in a vacuum.
Teucer is depicted as a young naked athlete with a modernist bow and the expression of having reached his destination.
Teucer in the city
The city named the oldest square in the old town centre Teucer in 1843, which had previously been called Town Square or Bread Square.
On the façade of the Pontevedra City Hall (1880) there is an inscription about the foundation of the town by the Greek archer Teucer.
In the Basilica of Saint Mary Major there is a statue of Teucer carrying the cudgel at the top of the right buttress of its main façade. In 1956, a granite statue of Teucer breaking the jaws of the Nemean lion with a cross behind it was added to the arch of the fountain that closes the square of the Pilgrim Virgin Church.
Gallery
References
Bibliography
See also
Related articles
Teucer
Plaza de San José
Plaza de Teucro
Caixa de Pontevedra
External links
on the website Guía Repsol Pontevedra
Pontevedra
Spanish sculpture
Colossal statues
Bronze sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Pontevedra
Sculptures in Spain
21st-century sculptures
Sculptures of men in Spain
Tourist attractions in Galicia (Spain)
Monuments and memorials in Pontevedra
Monuments and memorials in Galicia (Spain)
History of Pontevedra | Teucer statue | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 556 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
67,140,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Kukura | Philipp Kukura FRSC (born 26 March 1978) is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. He is best known for pioneering contributions to femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) and the development of mass photometry.
Education and early life
He was born in Bratislava, then Czechoslovakia in a family of Slovak actor Juraj Kukura. In 1984 the family emigrated to Germany. In 2002 he graduated with a Master of Chemistry from the University of Oxford and competed in the 2001 and 2002 Rugby League Varsity matches. In 2006 he completed his PhD in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley College of Chemistry.
Career and research
After completing his PhD, Philipp Kukura moved to Zürich. There he worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral research assistant under the supervision of Professor Vahid Sandoghdar on nano-optics until 2010. He returned to Oxford in 2010 to work initially as an EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellow. In 2011 he was elected to a tutorial fellowship at Exeter College. In 2016 he was promoted to Full Professor of Chemistry.
In 2018 Philipp Kukura founded Refeyn Ltd. together with Justin Benesch, Daniel Cole, and Gavin Young to commercialise mass photometry.
Selected publications
Honours and awards
2011 Royal Society of Chemistry Harrison-Meldola Award
2015 Royal Society of Chemistry Marlow Award
2017 EBSA Young Investigator Award and Medal
2018 Klung Wilhelmy Science Award (Chemistry)
2019 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists UK (Chemistry) Laureate
2021 RMS Medal for Light Microscopy
2022 Emil Thomas Kaiser Award
2022 Sosei Heptares Prize For Biophysics of the British Biophysical Society
References
External links
Professor Kukura’s personal page on Exeter College web
Kukura group page
Philipp Kukura on Blavatnik Awards Young Scientists page
Refeyn Ltd. official web
1978 births
Scientists from Bratislava
Slovak chemists
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford
Physical chemists
Living people | Philipp Kukura | [
"Chemistry"
] | 434 | [
"Physical chemists"
] |
67,140,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator-mediated%20selection | Pollinator-mediated selection is an evolutionary process occurring in flowering plants, in which the foraging behavior of pollinators differentially selects for certain floral traits. Flowering plant are a diverse group of plants that produce seeds. Their seeds differ from those of gymnosperms in that they are enclosed within a fruit. These plants display a wide range of diversity when it comes to the phenotypic characteristics of their flowers, which attracts a variety of pollinators that participate in biotic interactions with the plant. Since many plants rely on pollen vectors, their interactions with them influence floral traits and also favor efficiency since many vectors are searching for floral rewards like pollen and nectar. Examples of pollinator-mediated selected traits could be those involving the size, shape, color and odor of flowers, corolla tube length and width, size of inflorescence, floral rewards and amount, nectar guides, and phenology. Since these types of traits are likely to be involved in attracting pollinators, they may very well be the result of selection by the pollinators themselves.
Having a floral display that either attracts a variety of pollinators or is efficient in the exchanges that occur during pollination can have advantages for the reproductive success of plants. Thus, pollinator behavior is important to understand in relation to the evolution of flowering plants and in some cases pollinator behavior is thought to lead to specialized pollination syndromes where floral traits have co-evolved with their pollinators in a way that are a direct response to the selection occurring from their pollen vectors. However, many flowering plants don't display morphology that excludes all pollinators except the one they co-evolved with. The most effective pollinator principle posits that floral traits reflect the adaptation to the pollinator that is efficient at transferring the most pollen. Selection might actually favor some degree of generalization while some flowers can also retain particular traits that allow them to adapt to a certain type of pollinator, but will ultimately be molded by the pollinators that are the most effective and visit the most frequently. This leads to shifts in pollination syndromes and to some genera having a high diversity of pollination syndromes among species, suggesting that pollinators are a primary selective force driving diversity and speciation.
Pollinator-mediated selection requires isolation and therefore cannot function in sympatry. Floral isolation is a consequence of pollinator behavior that reduces inter-lineage pollen transfer, which reduces gene flow and increases the possibility for a transition to different syndromes. Isolation with no gene flow between populations allows for the development of distinct species, thus speciation is a result of reproductive isolation and can be driven by pollinator-mediated selection.
See also
Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)
Pollination
Pollination syndrome
Floral biology
Flower constancy
References
Pollination
Evolutionary biology
Selection | Pollinator-mediated selection | [
"Biology"
] | 574 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Evolutionary processes",
"Selection"
] |
67,142,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip%E2%80%93flop%20kinetics | Flip–flop kinetics, or flip–flop pharmacokinetics, describes an atypical situation in pharmacokinetics where a drug's rate of absorption or the rate at which it enters the bloodstream is slower than its elimination rate. That is, when the ka (absorption constant) is slower than ke (elimination constant).
These circumstances can occur with sustained-release formulations, depot injections, and some subcutaneous or intradermal injections. In the resulting slope of log plasma concentration (log Cp) versus time, the apparent ke is determined by the ka, and the apparent ke is smaller than when the drug is administered intravenously or by immediate-release formulation. Depot injections such as depot antipsychotics and long-acting injectable steroid hormone medications like estradiol valerate, testosterone enanthate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate are examples of drugs with flip–flop kinetics.
The term "flip–flop" indicates that the downward slope more closely represents ka rather than ke.
Flip–flop kinetics can create difficulties in the determination and interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters if not recognized.
References
Pharmacokinetics | Flip–flop kinetics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 255 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Pharmacokinetics",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
67,143,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20Design%20System | Carbon Design System is a free and open-source design system and library created by IBM, which implements the IBM Design Language, and licensed under Apache License 2.0. Its public development initially started on June 10, 2015. Their components have multiple implementations, which includes a vanilla JS and CSS implementation and React (maintained by the Carbon Core team), while the community maintains the frameworks developed in Svelte, Vue.js, and Web Components. The official typeface to be used according to the guidelines is the IBM Plex typeface, with alternative typefaces for CJK scripts are Noto Sans CJK SC, Noto Sans CJK TC, and Noto Sans JP.
See also
Design language
Flat design
Fluent Design System by Microsoft
Material Design by Google
References
External links
Design language
Graphical user interfaces
IBM | Carbon Design System | [
"Engineering"
] | 170 | [
"Design",
"Design languages"
] |
67,144,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Jahy%20Will%20Not%20Be%20Defeated%21 | is a Japanese comedy manga series written and illustrated by Wakame Konbu. It has been serialized in Square Enix's manga magazine Monthly Gangan Joker since August 2017, and its chapters have been collected into ten volumes as of September 2023. In North America, the manga is licensed by Square Enix.
An anime television series adaptation by Silver Link aired from August to December 2021 on ABC and TV Asahi's Animazing!!! programming block.
Plot
Jahy, the feared and respected number-two ruler of the Dark Realm, suddenly finds herself powerless and shrunken in the human world after a magical girl destroys a powerful mana crystal, which also destroys her home realm. The manga follows Jahy and her daily life as she learns to live in her new surroundings while she works to restore her original form, the mana crystal, and the Dark Realm.
Characters
Jahy is the former aide to the Dark Lord and second-in-command of the Dark Realm, who is now living in the human world after the Dark Realm perished. She aims to find parts of the mana crystal and restore her home world and her original body, which is in a child-like state after the crystal was destroyed by a magical girl, leaving her powerless. Though she struggles to adapt to her new surroundings and her current state, she remains confident, vigorous, and ambitious. Later on in the series, she establishes her own restaurant, but leaves Druj to run it.
A former subordinate of Jahy's who goes by the name in the human world. She is the president of a consulting company. Even though she lives elegantly in a high-rise condominium while Jahy lives in squalor in a decaying apartment building, she nonetheless remains friendly with Jahy and regularly hangs out with her. She enjoys being berated and treated as subhuman by Jahy.
The manager of the pub , where Jahy works. Often displaying a sort of motherly tenderness, she is very friendly with Jahy and gives her the nickname .
The landlady of the apartment where Jahy lives, and the sister of the pub manager. She constantly pesters Jahy about her rent, though ultimately cares about her (albeit with a very attitude). Similarly to her sister, she nicknames Jahy .
An elementary school student who helps Jahy on her quest to find mana crystal shards. She exudes an extreme amount of kindness and praise for Jahy, which compels Jahy to befriend her.
The magical girl that destroyed Jahy's home world, who later works at the same pub as her. She was originally an ordinary high school girl, but set out as a magical girl to save others from their misfortunes after a mysterious light bestowed a mission to her as she nearly drowned to death. As a result of collecting the same mana crystals as Jahy, she experiences regular bouts of incredibly bad luck. She eventually becomes friendly with Jahy and does not get along with Druj because of this.
An elaborately-dressed girl who aims to take Jahy's spot as the number-two ruler of the Dark Realm. Although she is talented and thorough with inventing and planning strategies, she is careless and her efforts prove fruitless.
The Demon Lord of the Dark Realm who revived in a smaller form in Kyouko's house due to the mana crystals she had amassed. A non-talkative demon who has a blank expression on her face at most times, she is an incredible glutton, often eating large amounts of food.
The Demon Lord's younger sister, whose attempt to reconcile with her sister by turning Kyouko into a powerful magical girl accidentally resulted in destroying her and the Dark Realm. Thus, she went around as a mysterious light and began using magical girls to try and gather the mana crystals for her.
Media
Manga
Originally starting as a one-shot in March 2017, Square Enix has serialized The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! in its monthly manga magazine, Gangan Joker, since August 22 of the same year. As of October 21, 2022, nine volumes have been published, starting with the first volume released on February 22, 2018.
In North America, the manga is published by the Manga & Books division of Square Enix. The first volume was originally scheduled to release in September 2020, but had to be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The release date was changed to July 27, 2021.
Volumes
|}
Anime
An anime television series adaptation was announced on April 16, 2021. The two-cour series was animated by Silver Link and directed by Mirai Minato, with Michiko Yokote overseeing series scripts, Saori Nakashiki designing characters and serving as chief animation director, and Kōji Fujimoto and Osamu Sasaki composing the music. It aired from August 1 to December 19, 2021, on ABC and TV Asahi's Animazing!!! programming block.
The first opening theme is "Fightin★Pose", performed by Yui Ogura, while the ending theme is , performed by NEGI☆U, a unit formed of Hololive Production-affiliated VTubers Minato Aqua, Oozora Subaru, and Momosuzu Nene. The second opening theme is , performed by Sumire Uesaka, while the ending theme is , performed by Miho Okasaki.
Crunchyroll streamed the series outside of Asia. Plus Media Networks Asia licensed the series in Southeast Asia and released it on Aniplus Asia. On July 19, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that the series would receive an English dub, which premiered the following day.
Episodes
See also
The Maid I Hired Recently Is Mysterious, another manga series by the same author
Notes
References
External links
The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! official manga website
The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! official manga English website at Square Enix Manga & Books
The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! official anime website
Animazing!!!
Anime series based on manga
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Comedy anime and manga
Crunchyroll anime
Fiction about size change
Gangan Comics manga
Reverse isekai anime and manga
Shōnen manga
Silver Link
Slice of life anime and manga
Supernatural anime and manga | The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,284 | [
"Fiction about size change",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
62,802,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uithuizen%20Gas%20Plant | The Uithuizen Gas Plant is a main natural gas terminal in the Netherlands.
History
The plant has been running since 1975. The gas field was discovered in 1970. Neptune Energy now run the site. Neptune Energy have run two natural gas pipelines in the UK. Neptune Energy has also ran the pipeline to the Balgzand Gas Plant, since 2008, which has Dutch, British, Danish and German natural gas.
Structure
The site is close to the most-northern part of the Netherlands, in the north-east of the country.
Operation
Natural gas reaches the processing plant via 470km of pipelines, from 75 separate platforms.
From the site, the gas is distributed around the Netherlands by Gasunie (Gas Transport Services B.V.). Condensate is transferred along an 8km pipeline to Roodeschool railway station.
Over a year the plant processes 7 billion normal cubic meters of natural gas.
See also
List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea
References
External links
NGT
1975 establishments in the Netherlands
Energy infrastructure completed in 1975
Energy infrastructure in the Netherlands
Het Hogeland
Natural gas infrastructure in the Netherlands
Natural gas plants | Uithuizen Gas Plant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 232 | [
"Natural gas technology",
"Natural gas plants"
] |
62,803,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keijo%20Kajantie | Keijo Olavi Kajantie (born 1940) is a Finnish theoretical physicist and Professor and Adjoint Scientist at the Helsinki Institute of Physics. He was Professor of Physics at the University of Helsinki from 1973 to 2008. From 1985 to 1990 he was a Research Professor of the Academy of Finland and he has worked in the CERN Theory Division. He is best known for his contributions to the study of the electroweak and strong interactions at high temperatures, as well as to the field of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. His research interests include ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions, finite temperature field theory, string theory and QCD matter, cosmological phase transitions and null infinity in general relativity.
Honours and awards
Kajantie was awarded the Finnish Academy of Science Award in 2008 and the Order of the Lion of Finland in 2012.
References
Particle physicists
Theoretical physicists
Recipients of the Order of the Lion of Finland
1940 births
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
Living people
People associated with CERN
21st-century Finnish physicists
20th-century Finnish physicists | Keijo Kajantie | [
"Physics"
] | 216 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
62,804,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20earth%20sciences%20awards | This list of earth sciences awards is an index to articles on notable awards for earth sciences, or natural science related to the planet Earth. It includes awards for meteorology, oceanography and paleontology, but excludes awards for environmental science, geography, geology and geophysics, which are covered by separate lists.
General
Meteorology
Oceanography
Paleontology
See also
Lists of awards
List of environmental awards
List of geography awards
List of geology awards
List of geophysics awards
References
Earth sciences | List of earth sciences awards | [
"Technology"
] | 98 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Earth sciences awards",
"Lists of science and technology awards"
] |
62,804,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20dependence | Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences relative to an existing reference point, or status quo. It is related to loss aversion and the endowment effect.
In prospect theory it is appropriate to use the selected status quo to determine the reference point. However, depending on the particular research being conducted researchers have proven reference dependence from more than just well known brands and the status quo. The types of reference points used varies but studies have used individual goals, aspirations and social comparisons. Alternative reference points are used by researches commonly in the school of phycology but present some challenges to the methodologies of studies. Measuring reference dependence in field studies and laboratory experiments presents challenges as reference point values are unique to individuals, they are highly malleable and can be predetermined based on life experiences. Reference dependence studies are commonly critiqued on the context in which they provoke responses and to the accuracies in measuring highly malleable reference points.
Reference points that appear to be random in nature can also influence the decision of the individual choice. Ariely et al. (2003) were able to show that when a random variable is assigned to an individual that they will use that as reference point for the pricing of items. Through a series of lottery and chance experiments, individuals were influenced in their pricing decisions based on a randomised reference point.
Multiple reference points can simultaneously manipulate the individuals perspective of an outcome. A gain in the value of a product relative to the reference point can become null as the individual compares at the same time to a reference point that decreases the value of the product.
Example
An example of reference dependence is if you were to take your friend to a movie theatre. It has been a long time since you have been to this particular theatre. Last time you attended you were impressed by the high quality of seats and decadent concession stand. Your friend who has a near identical preference of movie theatre to you but has never been to this particular theatre. Upon arrival you are shocked to find that there is no longer the same concession stand and the products unique to the theatre have now changed to a cheaper and efficient system of self-service products. The seats have become more worn and due to the age do not appear as luxurious. You are disappointed by this trade off of price over luxury but your friend is very satisfied by the efficiency and price point. An individual's utility function is impacted by their reference point. Reference dependence asserts a value onto a product that can be assigned with numerous differing attributes the value is measured by the deviation from a reference point or status quo, which is either a gain or a loss in value.
Marathon Runners
In a large field study of marathon runners in 20 of the largest participated United States marathons Markle et al. tested setting non-status quo reference points to determine the effect of reference dependence on runners satisfaction. The study by Markle et al. demonstrated that the changing of goals as reference points shape the value they weighted on their marathon. The study used satisfaction as an alternative measure for the dependent variable. They examined the satisfaction pre and post marathon runners. They were able to find that with the more experienced marathon runners that time goals as a reference point was not the only comparison and that the most recent or best marathon was a reference point to measure the satisfaction. Previous performance in marathons was a contributing factor in satisfaction aiding in the evidence of the hypothesises presented by Larsen et al. on mixed emotions.
References
Behavioral economics
Prospect theory | Reference dependence | [
"Biology"
] | 711 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioral economics",
"Behaviorism"
] |
62,806,152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Speed%20Ferries | Sea Speed Ferries was a Greek ferry company operating from the Greek mainland to Cyclades in the Aegean Sea.
The company was founded in 2018 and operated a single conventional Ro-Pax ferry. The company ceased operations in 2022, following a controversy with a Greek subsidised line.
History
In 2019, the company bought its first and only ferry, the M/F Olympus built in 1976. It was due to be routed from Piraeus to Rethymno via Milos and Santorini. The maiden voyage turned to be a misfortune, as it hit a reef in Santorini and ceased routes for repairs. In December 19 of the same year, the first trip directly to Rethymno (without passengers) was taken places and the ship started sailing. The service was met with mixed receptions from passengers, and was criticized for delays and an extremely long route. A company spokesperson stated on a local radio station that "The traffic from Rethymno is recovering" and attributed the delays and long journey to lack of proper port infrastructure and sufficient traffic to sustain a direct trip to Rethymno. The ship also briefly hosted visitors for the Rethymno Carnival. Another incident happened in June 2020 in Rethymno with no injuries. It was eventually laid up and was auctioned several times due to debts by Revoil, a gas company.
Kasos-Karpathos subsidised line controversy
In 2022, the company requested to take the Piraeus-Milos-Santorini-Anafi-Heraklion-Siteia-Kasos-Karpathos-Chalki-Rhodes subsidised line, then operated by ANEK Lines' M/F Prevelis. The ship was due to start sailings in Summer, however, it didn't commence the trip on time, starting a controversy among the local islanders, visitors and even the government. The company attributed that the ship didn't start due to a COVID-19 case in on a crew member and that people that were due to travel will be refunded. The date for the maiden voyage was postponed, but that didn't end the controversy. Instead the route was given back to ANEK Lines and M/F Prevelis.
Fleet
From 2019 to 2022, Sea Speed Ferries operated the following fleet
References
Companies based in Piraeus
Transport companies established in 2018
Transport controversies
Transport companies disestablished in 2022 | Sea Speed Ferries | [
"Physics"
] | 500 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport controversies"
] |
62,809,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylaniline | Dibenzylaniline or N,N-Dibenzylaniline is a chemical compound consisting of aniline with two benzyl groups as substituents on the nitrogen.
The substance crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. The space group is P21/n. The unit cell dimensions are a=11.751 Å b=9.060 Å c=29.522 Å, and β=94.589°. Each unit cell contains two molecules. In the solid van der Waals forces hold it together. The substance can also crystallize in alternate monoclinic form.
Production
One method to produce dibenzylaniline is using a mixture of dibutyl tin dichloride and dibutyl stannane with N-benzilideneaniline along with hexamethylphosphoric triamide dissolved in tetrahydrofuran which yields a tin amide compound. This then reacts with benzyl bromide to yield dibenzylaniline.
Another method uses aniline and benzyl bromide.
Use
It used to make dyes.
A nitroso derivative (made using nitrite and hydroxylamine) can be used in a colourimetric test for palladium.
References
Anilines | Dibenzylaniline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 274 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
62,810,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSUN%20Assistive%20Technology%20Conference | The National Center on Deafness hosts the International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities. Commonly known as the CSUN Conference, the world's largest event dedicated to exploring new ways technology can assist people with disabilities. California State University, Northridge has acted as a host of this conference since its inception. For many years it was held in San Diego but the event location has now moved to Anaheim.
The CSUN Conference was built to be an event for researchers, practitioners, exhibitors, end users, speakers and other participants to share knowledge and best practices in the field of assistive technology. The event is attended by accessibility experts, advocates, people with disabilities, governments and business.
The CSUN Conference is now one of many around the world. Other notable accessibility events include the M-Enabling Summit Conference and Showcase, the Assistive Technology Industry Association Conference, the National Federation of the Blind National Convention and the American Council of the Blind Annual Conference and Convention.
References
External links
Official Site
Accessible information
Web design
Usability | CSUN Assistive Technology Conference | [
"Engineering"
] | 205 | [
"Design",
"Web design"
] |
62,810,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny%20E.%20Nikitin | Evgeny E. Nikitin (, ; born 9 May 1933 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian theoretical chemist and emeritus professor at the Technion in Haifa, Israel.
Education
Nikitin studied physics at Saratov State University from 1950 to 1955. Later he moved to the Institute for Chemical Physics at The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow where he earned his doctorate in 1965. From 1965 to 1991 he was Professor at the Institute for Chemical Physics and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1992 he went to the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, where he became Emeritus professor in 2002. Since 2002 he has been guest professor at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen.
His field of work is the theoretical description of Elementary reactions with quantum theoretical methods, especially by using different quantum mechanical approximations. He is particularly well known for his investigations of non-adiabatic electronic effects in dynamic and kinetic chemical reactions, in other words, effects that cannot be described in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Nikitin has published more than 300 scientific works in journals as well as several specialist books, some of which have only been published in Russian.
He has received many awards and honors. In 1977 he became a member of the Leopoldina. Since 2012 he has been a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 1987 he became a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
Works (selection)
External links
E. E. Nikitin at the Technion Faculty of Chemistry
E. E. Niktin at the Max Planck Institute for biophysical chemistry
References
1933 births
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
20th-century Russian chemists
Theoretical chemists
Living people | Evgeny E. Nikitin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 362 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Physical chemists",
"Theoretical chemists"
] |
62,810,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Carako%20Old%20Kiln%20ruins | The is an archaeological site containing the ruins of five noborigama-style kilns located in the Ashimura neighborhood of the city of Tahara, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan. The kilns were built in the late Heian period and were in use into the Kamakura period The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1971.
Overview
The kiln ruins are located in a valley southwest of Ashigaike in the central part of the Atsumi Peninsula. Until the discovery of this site 1950s, it was not known that pottery had been made on the Atsumi Peninsula. With the archaeological excavation of this large kiln site by the Tahara Town Board of Education in 1964, it became clear that a type of black pottery of unknown origin which had been discovered in many locations in the Tōkai region originated from this location. A total of eight kiln traces were discovered. Pottery produced at the Ōarako site was used for everyday items, such as large storage containers, tea bowls and funerary urns.
Some of the pottery shards discovered at this site bore the name of "Fujiwara Okinaga", who was the kokushi of Mikawa Province from 1136 to 1155. The excavated items are stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum located in Seto.
The site is located a 50-minute walk from the "Noda" bus stop on the Toyotetsu Bus from Mikawa-Tahara Station on the Toyohashi Railroad Atsumi Line; however, as the ruins were backfilled after excavation, there is nothing to see at this location.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Aichi)
References
External links
Tahara city museum site
Aichi Cultural Properties Navi
Mikawa Province
History of Aichi Prefecture
Tahara, Aichi
Historic Sites of Japan
Japanese pottery kiln sites | Ōarako Old Kiln ruins | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 385 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
62,811,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notification%20LED | A Notification LED is a small RGB or monochrome LED light usually present on the front-facing screen bezel (display side) of smartphones and feature phones whose purpose is to blink or pulse to notify the phone user of missed calls, incoming SMS messages, notifications from other apps, low battery warning, etc., and optionally to facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness. It usually pulses in a continuous way to draw the attention of the user. It is a part of the device's notification system that uses a cloud-powered push notification service to relay remote notification messages to the user, or local notifications. Similar to audio notifications, a notification LED is a very battery-efficient way to inform the user of new notifications without turning on the screen at all.
Overview
In any mobile phone or smartphone, battery life is an important consideration and the display is the component that consumes the maximum battery when it is fully lit up. In regular usage, a user may only want to briefly turn on their phone to check if anything requires attention.
By blinking unobtrusively, the notification LED light discreetly conveys to the user of any potentially important message or call. This way, the whole display does not have to be turned on every time a message arrives, thus saving the battery. When the user is away from the phone or when the phone is in silent mode, the blinking LED can effectively convey the user that some action is needed. Conversely, if the light does not blink, then it conveys to the user that there is no unread message or notification that requires their attention, again saving battery and the user's time and effort required to unlock the device, and check for new messages.
In some phones, the LED notification light is also sometimes designed to glow red when the battery is low, when the battery is charging and turn green when the battery is fully charged. This saves the user the hassle of turning on the screen to check the battery percentage.
While most phones used to include the notification LED light on the front side, some smartphone manufacturers like LG or Nokia also integrated it into the power button, while some phones from Motorola, Xiaomi, Razer or ASUS had their brand logo on the back side of the phone, serving as the notification light.
Depreciation
Starting 2019 most smartphones vendors have stopped adding the notification LED which could be explained by the advent of AOD and a drive for smaller bezels.
Customization based on app
In some Android and BlackBerry smartphones, the notification LED light's behavior could be customized per app, so that, each color would indicate a different app. Apps like WhatsApp or Telegram also include a setting to set this color for the LED light.
Alternative always on display feature
The notification LED light was popular when feature phones were widely used. In early smartphones running Windows Mobile or the Android operating system, the LED notification light was also a fairly common feature. These smartphones usually had LCD screens, so without the LED present, the entire backlight behind the display would need to be turned on to check for any new notifications.
Gradually, the smartphone industry has been moving towards OLED displays. With this transition, the dedicated notification LED light has slowly been eliminated from newer smartphones. There is also a focus by smartphone designers to minimize the screen bezels or keep them very thin, thus leaving no room for the notification LED light.
As a replacement for the LED light, some smartphones from Samsung, LG, and Nokia include an Always On Display feature. On OLED displays, the Always-On Display (AOD) shows limited information while the phone is asleep, that is, when the entire display is not lit up. With OLED screens, only a part of the screen, or a few pixels on it can be turned on to convey information.
With any pixel on an OLED screen effectively being a notification LED, software can be used to customize its appearance. It can blink or pulse like a light continuously, or some phone manufacturers light up the display's pixels like a ring or have edge lighting.
References
Mobile phones
Human–computer interaction
Information systems | Notification LED | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 848 | [
"Information systems",
"Information technology",
"Human–machine interaction",
"Human–computer interaction"
] |
62,811,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Center%20for%20Fundamental%20Physics | The Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics (MCFP) is a research institute at the University of Maryland, College Park focused on theoretical physics.
About
The MCFP was founded in 2007 and is currently directed by Raman Sundrum. It is a subdivision of the Department of Physics as well as the College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland. It houses research in theoretical elementary particle physics, gravitation, and quarks.
Members
Members currently include 13 full-time faculty, as well as many postdocs, graduate students, and visitors. Present and past faculty include:
Alessandra Buonanno, gravitational wave physicist
Sylvester James Gates, string theorist, recipient of National Medal of Science
Oscar Greenberg, known for color charge
Ted Jacobson, gravitational physicist
Xiangdong Ji, former director of MCTP, nuclear physicist, recipient of Herman Feshbach Prize
Charles Misner, known for his book on gravitation, recipient of Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics
Rabindra Mohapatra, theoretical particle physicist
Jogesh Pati, particle physicist, recipient of Dirac Medal
Raman Sundrum, director, known for Randall–Sundrum models
Aron Wall, winner of 2019 New Horizons Prize in physics.
See also
Institute for Theoretical Physics (disambiguation)
Center for Theoretical Physics (disambiguation)
References
External links
Theoretical physics institutes
University of Maryland, College Park
Physics research institutes | Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics | [
"Physics"
] | 295 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physics institutes"
] |
62,811,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20engineering%20compendium | This is a list of the individual topics in Electronics, Mathematics, and Integrated Circuits that together make up the Computer Engineering field. The organization is by topic to create an effective Study Guide for this field. The contents match the full body of topics and detail information expected of a person identifying themselves as a Computer Engineering expert as laid out by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. It is a comprehensive list and superset of the computer engineering topics generally dealt with at any one time.
Part 1 - Basics
Character Encoding
Character (computing)
Universal Character Set
IEEE 1394
ASCII
Math
Bitwise operation
Signed number representations
IEEE floating point
Operators in C and C++
De Morgan's laws
Booth's multiplication algorithm
Binary multiplier
Wallace tree
Dadda multiplier
Multiply–accumulate operation
Big O notation
Euler's identity
Basic Electronics
Series and parallel circuits
RLC circuit
Transistor
Operational amplifier applications
Signal Processing
Signal processing
Digital filter
Fast Fourier transform
Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm
Modified discrete cosine transform
Digital signal processing
Analog-to-digital converter
Error Detection/Correction
Parity bit
Error detection and correction
Cyclic redundancy check
Hamming code
Hamming(7,4)
Convolutional code
Forward error correction
Noisy-channel coding theorem
Modulation
Signal-to-noise ratio
Linear code
Noise (electronics)
Part 2 - Hardware
Hardware
Logic family
Multi-level cell
Flip-flop (electronics)
Race condition
Binary decision diagram
Circuit minimization for Boolean functions
Karnaugh map
Quine–McCluskey algorithm
Integrated circuit design
Programmable Logic
Standard cell
Programmable logic device
Field-programmable gate array
Complex programmable logic device
Application-specific integrated circuit
Logic optimization
Register-transfer level
Floorplan (microelectronics)
Hardware description language
VHDL
Verilog
Electronic design automation
Espresso heuristic logic minimizer
Routing (electronic design automation)
Static timing analysis
Placement (EDA)
Power optimization (EDA)
Timing closure
Design flow (EDA)
Design closure
Rent's rule
Assembly/Test
Design rule checking
SystemVerilog
In-circuit test
Joint Test Action Group
Boundary scan
Boundary scan description language
Test bench
Ball grid array
Head in pillow (metallurgy)
Pad cratering
Land grid array
Processors
Computer architecture
Harvard architecture
Processor design
Central processing unit
Microcode
Arithmetic logic unit
CPU cache
Instruction set
Orthogonal instruction set
Classic RISC pipeline
Reduced instruction set computing
Instruction-level parallelism
Instruction pipeline
Hazard (computer architecture)
Bubble (computing)
Superscalar
Parallel computing
Dynamic priority scheduling
Amdahl's law
Benchmark (computing)
Moore's law
Computer performance
Supercomputer
SIMD
Multi-core processor
Explicitly parallel instruction computing
Simultaneous multithreading
Redundancy & Reliability
Dependability
Active redundancy
Dual modular redundancy
Triple modular redundancy
High-availability Seamless Redundancy
N-version programming
RAID
Fault tolerance
Fault-tolerant computer system
Watchdog timer
Redundant array of independent memory
Memory
Computer data storage
Memory controller
Memory management unit
Static random-access memory
Dynamic random-access memory
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
DDR2 SDRAM
Flash memory
Memory scrubbing
Data striping
Hard disk drive performance characteristics
Disk sector
Part 3 - OS, Software, Testing, AI
Operating Systems
Operating system
Multiprocessing
Concurrent computing
Computer cluster
Distributed computing
Trusted computing base
Embedded system
In-circuit emulator
Real-time operating system
Comparison of real-time operating systems
Rate-monotonic scheduling
Earliest deadline first scheduling
Least slack time scheduling
Deadline-monotonic scheduling
Round-robin scheduling
O(1) scheduler
Thread (computing)
Concurrency control
Synchronization (computer science)
Mutual exclusion
Device driver
Software Development
Software development process
Software requirements specification
Spiral model
Agile software development
Behavior-driven development
Cowboy coding
Lean software development
Extreme programming
Structured systems analysis and design method
List of software development philosophies
Programming language generations
Comparison of programming languages
Printf format string
Programming paradigm
Object-oriented design
Software documentation
Software design document
Object-oriented programming
Concurrent Versions System
Software maintenance
Revision control
Software configuration management
Software release life cycle
MIL-STD-498
Software assurance
Systems development life cycle
Software quality
Software quality management
Relational database
ACID
List of data structures
Semipredicate problem
Application Interface Specification
Homoiconicity
Domain-specific modeling
Unified Modeling Language
Test/Integration
Software testing
Test-driven development
Acceptance test-driven development
Integration testing
Software walkthrough
Code review
Software inspection
Software verification
Functional testing
Software testing
White-box testing
Black-box testing
Gray box testing
Verification and validation (software)
Correctness (computer science)
AI & Robotics
Speech processing
Image processing
Computer vision
Robotics
Speech recognition
Part 4 - Information Theory, Encryption, Networking, and Security
Information Theory
Information theory
Channel capacity
Shannon–Hartley theorem
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
Shannon's source coding theorem
Zero-order hold
Data compression
Modulation order
Phase-shift keying
Encryption
Hash function
List of hash functions
String searching algorithm
Avalanche effect
Rabin–Karp algorithm
Burst error-correcting code
Cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
Public-key cryptography
Viterbi algorithm
Networking
Computer network
List of network buses
Wide area network
Local area network
Network science
Non-return-to-zero
Manchester code
Ethernet
Internet
OSI model
Transmission Control Protocol
Point-to-Point Protocol
Exposed node problem
Circuit switching
Fiber-optic communication
Capacity management
Bandwidth management
Bandwidth (computing)
Throughput
Networking hardware
Wireless network
IEEE 802.11
Complementary code keying
Session Initiation Protocol
Message authentication code
Port Control Protocol
Network monitoring
Simple Network Management Protocol
Measuring network throughput
Reliability (computer networking)
Channel access method
Time division multiple access
Security
Computer security
Separation of protection and security
Information security
Information security management system
Internet security
Hacker (computer security)
DMZ (computing)
Firewall (computing)
Stateful firewall
Intrusion detection system
Denial-of-service attack
IP address spoofing
Part 5 - Misc
Multiple-criteria decision analysis
References
Computer engineering | Computer engineering compendium | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,169 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Computer engineering"
] |
62,811,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Maine%20Question%201 | 2020 Maine Question 1 was a people's veto referendum that sought to reject a new law which eliminated religious and philosophical exemptions from school vaccination requirements and for employees of nursery schools and health care facilities. The question appeared on the statewide ballot on March 3, 2020, coinciding with the Democratic and Republican presidential primaries for the 2020 U.S. presidential election.
The veto effort was defeated 73%–27%.
LD 798
On April 23, 2019, The Maine House of Representatives voted 78–59 to pass LD 798, "An Act To Protect Maine Children and Students from Preventable Diseases by Repealing Certain Exemptions from the Laws Governing Immunization Requirements". The bill was sponsored by Ryan Tipping (D-Orono).
The Maine State Senate passed the bill 20–15 on May 2, but amended it to keep religious exemptions. The House rejected the amendment on May 7 and sent the bill back to the Senate.
On May 23, the Senate reversed course and passed the bill, without the religious exemption, by a vote of 19–16. On May 24, 2019, Maine governor Janet Mills signed the bill into law effective September 2021. Maine thus became the fourth U.S. state to allow only medical exemptions for school immunization requirements.
Petition effort
Prior to the deadline of September 19, 2019, opponents of the new law submitted 95,071 signatures to Maine Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap. Of those, 79,000 were deemed valid, surpassing the 63,067 required for the veto effort to be included on a statewide ballot. (In Maine, a number of valid signatures equalling 10% of the votes cast in the previous gubernatorial election are required for a people's veto to be accepted for inclusion on a statewide ballot.)
Date of the vote
While signatures were being gathered, Dunlap's office told organizers of the veto effort that, if qualified for the ballot, the vote would coincide with state legislative and congressional primary elections in June 2020. However, that guidance failed to take into account the recent change in the law to hold primary elections for presidential nominees, as opposed to a caucus, on the March 3 Super Tuesday. Thus the referendum vote would be held on March 3, as it was the next scheduled statewide election. Dunlap's office admitted to the error, but said that it has no discretion over when to schedule elections and explained that timing is generally not discussed until petitions are submitted and validated, which had not happened yet.
Yes vs. No
"Yes on 1 to Reject Big Pharma"
Supporters of the veto campaign, who wished to restore religious and philosophical exemptions for required vaccination, became "Yes on 1 to Reject Big Pharma."
"No on 1 to Protect Maine's Children"
Opponents of the veto, who wished to allow only medical exemptions for required vaccination, became "No on 1 to Protect Maine's Children."
Campaign
On February 4, 2020, campaigns on both sides of the referendum held campaign kickoff events at the Maine State House.
Yes on 1 was endorsed by state senators Matthew Pouliot (R-Kennebec) and Lisa Keim (R-Oxford); state representatives Robert Foley (R-Wells), Justin Fecteau (R-Augusta) and Heidi H. Sampson (R-Alfred); as well as former physician Christiane Northrup.
No on 1 was endorsed by the Maine Medical Association, the Maine Dental Association, the Maine Hospital Association, the Maine Osteopathic Association, the Barbara Bush Children's Hospital, the Maine Association of School Nurses, the American Academy of Pediatrics, EqualityMaine, Governor Janet Mills, the Bangor Daily News, the Portland Press Herald, and The Ellsworth American.
Supporters of the veto raised over $640,000 while the opposition raised close to $875,000.
Results
The veto effort was defeated 73% (281,750) to 27% (105,214). A total of 386,964 votes were cast.
References
External links
Ballotpedia: Maine Question 1, Religious and Philosophical Vaccination Exemptions Referendum (March 2020)
States with religious and philosophical exemptions from school immunization requirements, National Conference of State Legislators
Mainers for Health and Parental Rights
Maine Families for Vaccines
Vaccination in the United States
2020 Maine ballot measures
Vaccine controversies
Public health in the United States | 2020 Maine Question 1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 902 | [
"Vaccination",
"Drug safety",
"Vaccine controversies"
] |
62,812,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHL-16 | The PHL-16, also known as PCL-191, is a truck-mounted self-propelled multiple rocket launcher (MRL) system developed by the People's Republic of China.
Development
It is based on the AR-3 MRL developed by Norinco. The AR-3 was marketed in 2010. The PHL-16 was unveiled during the Chinese National Day Parade in 2019; unlike other rocket systems in the parade, the vehicles were unlabelled.
Design
The launcher vehicles are operated in a firepower battery. The system also capable of autonomous operation. A typical battery includes six launcher vehicles, several reloading vehicles, command post vehicle, meteorological survey vehicle and other service support vehicles.
Rockets
Unlike the earlier PHL-03, which is loaded with a fixed type of ammunition, the new PHL-16 has two modularized launch cells, which can carry different types of ammunition. Each launch cell can carry either five 300 mm rockets or four 370 mm rockets. The export version of the new multiple rocket launcher, the AR-3, can even switch to the 750 mm Fire Dragon 480 tactical ballistic missile and 380 mm TL-7B anti-ship missile. This capability is possibly transferred to the PLA variants.
The configuration displayed during the 2019 National Day Parade was with 8 370 mm rockets.
Chassis
The vehicle chassis is based on the 45 ton WS2400 8×8 special wheeled vehicle chassis.
Operational history
In February 2023, PHL-16 was observed in deployment by 73rd Group Army of the Eastern Theatre Command, which responsible for the Taiwan Strait area.
Variants
AR-3 Baseline; first marketed in 2010.
PHL-16 Development for the People's Liberation Army
Operators
People's Liberation Army Ground Force – 50+ units as of 2021.
References
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Modular rocket launchers
Multiple rocket launchers
Norinco
Self-propelled artillery of the People's Republic of China
Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers | PHL-16 | [
"Engineering"
] | 401 | [
"Modular design",
"Modular rocket launchers"
] |
70,004,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlo%C3%AB%20scottii | Epichloë scottii is a haploid sexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë. A systemic and seed-transmissible grass symbiont first described in 2022, Epichloë scottii is a basal lineage branching prior to Epichloë glyceriae, and is the previously unidentified ancestor of the hybrid Epichloë species, Epichloë disjuncta.
Epichloë scottii was named in honor of Professor Barry Scott, Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand Te Apārangi, recognizing his long career researching the genus Epichloë.
Epichloë scottii is found in Europe, where it has been identified in the grass species Melica uniflora.
References
scottii
Fungi described in 2022
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Epichloë scottii | [
"Biology"
] | 159 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,005,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20protein%20in%20testis%20gene | The nuclear protein in testis gene (i.e. NUTM1 gene) encodes (i.e. directs the synthesis of) a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion (i.e. a parasympathetic ganglion of nerve cells located just behind the eye). NUT protein facilitates the acetylation of chromatin (i.e. DNA-protein bundles) by histone acetyltransferase EP300 in testicular spermatids (cells that mature into sperms). This acetylation is a form of chromatin remodeling which compacts spermatid chromatin, a critical step required for the normal conduct of spermatogenesis, i.e. the maturation of spermatids into sperm. Male mice that lacked the mouse Nutm1 gene using a gene knockout method had abnormally small testes, lacked sperm in their cauda epididymis (i.e. tail of the epididymis which contains sperm in fertile male mice), and were completely sterile. These findings indicate that Nutm1 gene is essential for the development of normal fertility in male mice and suggest that the NUTM1 gene may play a similar role in men.
The NUTM1 gene is located in band 14 on the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 15. In the early 1990s, this gene was implicated in the development of certain epithelial cell cancers that: a) occurred in the midline structures of young people, b) were rapidly fatal, and c) consisted of poorly differentiated (i.e. not resembling any particular cell type), immature-appearing cells containing a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. BRD4 is the bromodomain-containing protein 4 gene. A fusion gene is an abnormal gene consisting of parts from two different genes that form as a result of a large scale gene mutation such as a chromosomal translocation, interstitial deletion, or inversion. The BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene is a translocation that encodes a fusion protein that has merged most of the protein coding region of the NUTM1 gene with a large part of the BRD4 gene located in band 13 on the short (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 19. This translocation is notated as t(15;19)(q13, p13.1).
BRD4 protein recognizes acetylated lysine residues on proteins and by doing so participates in the regulation of DNA replication, DNA transcription, and thereby key cellular processes involved in the development of neoplasms (i.e. malignant or benign tissue growths). The product of the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene, BRD4-NUT protein, stimulates the expression of at least 4 relevant genes, MYC, TP63, SOX2, and MYB in cultured cells. All four of these genes are oncogenes, i.e., genes that when overexpressed and/or overly active promote the development of certain types of cancers. Overexpression of the MYC and SOX2 genes can also act to maintain cells in an undifferentiated stem cell-like state similar to the cells in the neoplasms driven by the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. It is generally accepted that the BRD4-NUT protein promotes these neoplasms by maintaining their neoplastic cells in a perpetually undifferentiated, proliferative state. Further studies are needed to confirm and expand these views and to determine if any of the overexpressed gene products of the BRD4-NUT protein contribute to the development and/or progression, or can serve as targets for the treatment, of the neoplasms associated with the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. These questions also apply to a wide range of neoplasms that have more recently been associated with the NUTM1 gene fused to other genes.
Neoplasms associated with NUTM1 fusion genes
NUT carcinoma
NUT carcinoma is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy. Initially, it was regarded as occurring in the midline areas of the upper respiratory tract, upper digestive tract, and mediastinum (i.e. central compartment of the thoracic cavity) of young adults and to lesser extents children and infants. It was therefore termed NUT midline granuloma. However, subsequent studies defined these carcinomas based on the presence of a NUT fusion gene in their malignant cells. As so defined, this malignancy occurs in individuals of all ages and, while most commonly developing in the cited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and mediastinal areas, occasionally develops in the salivary glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, retroperitoneum (i.e. space behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity), endometrium, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs. Consequently, the name of this disorder was changed form NUT midline carcinoma to NUT carcinoma by the World Health Organization, 2015. NUT carcinomas are characterized histologically as tumors containing
primitive epithelioid cells (i.e. derived from activated macrophages and resembling epithelial cells) admixed with foci of keratinization (i.e. tissue areas that are rich in keratin fibers); NUT carcinomas are considered variants of squamous cell carcinomas. Studies have found that ~66 tp 80% of NUT carcinomas harbor a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene while the remaining NUT carcinomas, sometimes termed NUT variant carcinomas, involve the BRD3-NUTM1 (~10 to 25% of cases) or, rarely, the NSD3-NUTM1, ZNF532-NUTM1,, or ZNF592-NUTM1 fusion gene. It is thought that the latter fusions genes promote NUT carcinomas in manners at least somewhat similar to the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer of malignant B lymphocytes (termed B-cell ALL) or T lymphocytes (termed T-cell ALL) that typically occurs in infants and young children. In a three population-representative cohort study, NUTM1 gene rearrangements (i.e. fusion genes) occurred in 0.28 to 0.86% of pediatric patients with B-cell ALL. Among a total of 71 NUTM1-rearranged cases, 10 fusion partners of NUTM1 were identified: ACIN1-NUTM1 (24 cases), BRD9-NUTM1 (10 cases), CUX1-NUTM1 (15 cases), ZNF618-NUTM1 (9 cases; ZNF618 is the zinc finger protein 618 gene) fusion genes, and (in 1 to 4 cases each) AFF1-NUTM1, C17orf78-NUTM1 (C17orf78 is also termed ATAD5), CHD4-NUTM1, RUNX1-NUTM1, IKZF1-NUTM1, and SLC12A6-NUTM1 fusion genes. Individuals with these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated leukemias had appreciably better prognoses than those who had NUTM1 fusion gene negative B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. It is thought that the cited fusion genes contribute to the development and/or progression of these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated ALL cases but the molecular mechanism(s) for this is unknown. Some HOXA genes, particularly HOXA9, are upregulated in these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated ALL cases as well as in cases of NUTM1 fusion gene-negative ALL. Further studies are required to determine if the overexpression of one or more HOXA genes contributes to NUTM1 fusion gene-associated B-cell ALL.
Poroma and porocarcinoma
Poroma is a benign, relatively common skin tumor that has the cellular features similar to those of a sweat gland duct. This tumor typically occurs as a solitary stalkless nodule on the soles and palms but may occur in any area where there are sweat glands. Porocarcinoma (also termed eccrine porocarcinoma and malignant eccrine poroma) is an extremely rare malignant counterpart of poromas. It may arise from a longstanding poroma but more commonly appears to develop independently of any precursor poroma. Porocarcinoma tumors predominantly afflict elderly individuals. A study of 104 poroma tumors detected the YAP1-NUTM1 and WWTR1-NUTM1 fusion genes in 21 cases and 1 case, respectively, while the same study of 11 porocarcinoma tumors detected the YAP1-NUTM1 fusion gene in 6 cases. Expression of the NUTM1 (fusion) protein was observed in 25 poroma and 6 porocarcinoma cases but not in a wide range of other skin tumor types. Studies on cultured immortalized human dermal keratinocyte (i.e. HDK) and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell lines found that the YAP1-NUTM1 and WWTR1-NUTM1 fusion genes stimulated the anchorage-independent growth of NIH-3T3 cells and activated a transcriptional enhancer factor family member (i.e. TEAD family) reporter gene. The TEAD family in mammals includes four members, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, and TEAD4 that are transcription factors, i.e. proteins that regulate the expression of various genes. TEAD family proteins have been found to promote the development, progression, and/or metastasis of various cancer types and, based on the studies just cited, are thought to do so in poromas and porocarcinomas. However, further studies are needed to confirm this association and determine if TEAD family transcription factors may be useful targets for treating the porocarcinomas.
Sarcomas
In addition to the NUTM1 fusion genes in the above cited carcinomas, recent studies have found NUTM1 fusion genes in malignancies with undifferentiated spindle cell, round cell, and epithelioid cell-like features which are regarded as sarcomas. Sarcomas with NUTM1 fusion genes typically a) occur in some sites were sarcomas otherwise rarely develop and b) consist of tumor cells that express a NUTM1 gene fused to one of the MADS-box gene family genes (i.e. a MXD4, MGA, or MXD1 gne), or, alternatively, a BRD4, ZNF532, or CIC gene. A recent review listed the follow NUTM1 fusion gene-associated sarcomas:
Colorectal sarcomas: Six cases, all with a MXD4-NUTM1 fusion gene.
Lung sarcomas: Four cases, one each with a BRD4-NUTM1, MDX4-NUTM1, CIC-NUTM1, or MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene.
Kidney sarcomas: Three cases, two with a BRD4-NUTM1 and one with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene.
Sarcomas of the extremities: Two cases of foot sarcomas, one with a MGA-NUTM1 and one with a X-NUTM1 (i.e. X indicates the fusion partner is not identified) fusion gene; two cases of thigh sarcomas, one with a BRD4-NUTM1 and the other with a MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; and one case of an arm sarcoma with a BCORL1-NUTM1 fusion gene (BCORL1 is the BCL6 corepressor like 1 gene).
Bone sarcomas: One case of mandible sarcoma with a ZNF532-NUTM1 fusion gene and one case each of temporal bone and occipital bone sarcomas (both of which were also in nearby brain tissues) with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene.
Other sites: One case each of: stomach sarcoma with a MXD1-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain parietal cortex sarcoma with a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain dura sarcoma with a MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; sarcoma of the scalp with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene; paravertebral sarcoma with a CIC-NUTM1 gene; pleural sarcoma with the MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; epidural sarcoma with CIC-NUTM1 gene; brain lateral ventricle sarcoma with the CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain parietal cortex sarcoma with a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene; and ovary with a MXD4-NUTM1 fusion gene.
In general, these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated sarcomas have very poor prognoses and require further study to determine of role of these fusion genes in the development and progression of their corresponding sarcomas.
References
Chromosomal abnormalities
Mutated genes
Gene expression
Human proteins | Nuclear protein in testis gene | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,883 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
70,005,719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavitha%20Telikepalli | Kavitha Telikepalli (born 1974) is an Indian computer scientist known for her research on graph algorithms and combinatorial optimization, particularly concerning matchings, cycle bases, and graph spanners. She is a professor in the School of Technology & Computer Science at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Education and career
Telikepalli graduated from IIT Madras in 1995, with a bachelor's degree in computer science and engineering. She completed a PhD through the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 2002.
After postdoctoral research with Kurt Mehlhorn at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken, Germany from 2002 to 2004, she returned to India as an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore in 2005. She moved from the Indian Institute of Science to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research as a reader in 2010, became an associate professor in 2011, and was promoted to full professor in 2021.
Recognition
Telikepalli was named an associate fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 2007. She was one of the winners of the 2008 Indian National Science Academy Medal for Young Scientists.
References
External links
Home page
1974 births
Living people
Indian computer scientists
Indian women computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Graph theorists
IIT Madras alumni
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research | Kavitha Telikepalli | [
"Mathematics"
] | 273 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
70,007,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Long%20Arm | Operation Long Arm was the first recorded crackdown on internet child pornography in the United States, involving the United States Customs Service along with Danish law enforcement. It led to 34 arrests and convictions in the US, as well as two in Australia.
Overview
In early 1992, a tip-off stemming from the arrest of an individual attempting to purchase a child pornography VHS cassette from an undercover police in Miami led to the uncovering of a Bulletin Board System (BBS) based in Denmark, called Bamse. The network operated on a subscription basis of $80 annually or the exchange of child pornography images. At the time of its shutdown, it boasted a peak of 900 active users from countries including the United States, Denmark and Australia.
References
Law enforcement operations against child pornography
Cybercrime in Australia
Cybercrime in the United States
1992 crimes in Australia
1992 crimes in the United States
Cybercrime in Denmark
Bulletin board systems | Operation Long Arm | [
"Biology"
] | 185 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
70,007,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2C%20The%20Complete%20Reference | C, The Complete Reference is a book on computer programming written by Herbert Schildt. The book gives an in-depth coverage of the C language and function libraries features.
The first edition was released by Osbourne in 1987. The current version is 4th. Last revision: January 13th, 2018.
See also
The Art of Computer Programming
References
External links
Herbert Schildt Official website
Computer programming books
C (programming language) | C, The Complete Reference | [
"Technology"
] | 86 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer book stubs"
] |
70,009,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klivazh | Klivazh is the site of an underground peaceful nuclear explosion in the Soviet program of Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy. The event took place in the Donetsk oblast of the Ukrainian SSR on September 16, 1979. The site flooded with underground waters in 2018 after Russian military occupation during Russo-Ukrainian War, with a risk of radiological pollution of drinking water in the area.
Details of the PNE
The 0.2–0.3 kt (kiloton of TNT) explosion was performed in Ukrainian SSR in an eastern annex of Yunkom coal mine, near the town of Bunhe, city of Yenakiieve, at a depth of in between the coal layers «Deviatka» (l4) and «Tsehelny» (l21) on September 16, 1979, at 9:00 AM (GMT). The aim of the explosion was to lower interlayer tension and underground gas pressure, allowing more secure coal mining. Before 1979, there were frequent rapid coal and gas outbursts in the Yunkom coal mine, and sudden squeezing-out of coal by accompanying gas evolution, as the excavating layers were situated in the tectonic tension areas. The event details were classified in the time of the USSR.
Outcomes of the explosion
Following the nuclear explosion a cavity formed with a radius of 5–6 m, around it there formed a crush zone with a 20–25 m radius. The radioactivity level in the mine excavation areas and sub-surface waters remained at the natural level when the measurements were regularly conducted during 1979–2000. After the PNE the coal and gas outbursts became less frequent. In 2002, the Yunkom coal mine was closed.
Flooding of the site
The danger of flooding the Yunkom coal mine was alarming for Ukrainian ecologists at the very announcement of the mine conservation as it may potentially cause radioactive pollution of the underground waters. The Ministry of Ecological Security held measures to ensure the hydrological and geological security of the site.
After the starting of Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 the city of Yenakieve was occupied by pro-Russian forces of so-called Donetsk People's Republic.
In 2018 the DPR administration decided to flood the Yunkom coal mine. The drainage required maintenance of water pumps, which stopped along with the region's general infrastructure degradation after the Russian military occupation. The information was confirmed by OSCE Monitoring Mission. In April 2018 the DPR removed water pumps from the Yunkom mine, so it is gradually flooded by the natural waters. The radiological contamination was viewed as potentially spreading to the Mius River and then to the Azov Sea, threatening drinking and irrigation water supplies.
See also
Kramatorsk radiological accident
Andreev Bay nuclear accident
References
Radiation accidents and incidents
Radioactively contaminated areas
Disasters in the Soviet Union
2018 industrial disasters
1979 in Ukraine
2018 in Ukraine
Russo-Ukrainian War
Environmental disasters in Ukraine
Peaceful nuclear explosions | Klivazh | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 596 | [
"Radioactively contaminated areas",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Peaceful nuclear explosions",
"Soil contamination",
"Explosions"
] |
70,011,163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20A.%20Huse | David Alan Huse (born May 16, 1958) is an American theoretical physicist, specializing in statistical physics and condensed matter physics.
Biography
After graduating from Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School, Huse matriculated at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he graduated in 1979 with a B.S. in physics. He received in 1983 his Ph.D. from Cornell University with a thesis supervised by Michael E. Fisher. From 1983 to 1996, Huse worked in Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill. In 1996, he was appointed a professor in the physics department of Princeton University. At the Institute for Advanced Study, he has been appointed to positions for the autumn of 2010, and for the academic years 2015–2016, 2019–2020, and 2021–2022.
He was elected in 2010 a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2013 a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2017 a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2022 he received the Lars Onsager Prize with Boris Altshuler and Igor Aleiner for ""foundational work on many-body localization, its associated phase transition, and implications for thermalization and ergodicity."
In 1982 he married Julia Smith. They have two sons.
Selected publications
Arxiv preprint
Arxiv preprint
References
External links
David A. Huse - Publications, Academic Tree
1958 births
Living people
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Condensed matter physicists
American theoretical physicists
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
Cornell University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society | David A. Huse | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 367 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
70,011,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophilus%20bluncki | Geophilus bluncki is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae found in San Remo, Italy. It grows up to 23 millimeters in length; the males have about 61 leg pairs. The uniform pore fields and long antennae resemble Arctogeophilus glacialis, formerly Geophilus glacialis.
References
bluncki
Zoology | Geophilus bluncki | [
"Biology"
] | 78 | [
"Zoology"
] |
70,011,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Biao%20%28astronomer%29 | Chen Biao (; born November 23, 1923) was a Chinese astronomer specialized in solar physics. He is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
References
1923 births
Possibly living people
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | Chen Biao (astronomer) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 46 | [
"Astronomers",
"Astronomer stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
70,012,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromia%20appendiculariae | Gromia appendiculariae is a unicellular, and parasitic, organism in the genus Gromia, which closely resembles Gromia sphaerica.
A specimen of G. appendiculariae was discovered as a parasite attached to the tail of a species of Oikopleura.
References
Amoeboids
Parasitic eukaryotes
Parasites of animals
Rhizaria species
Protists described in 1908 | Gromia appendiculariae | [
"Biology"
] | 88 | [
"Parasitic eukaryotes",
"Eukaryotes"
] |
70,012,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%20Sagittae | U Sagittae is an eclipsing binary star system in the northern constellation of Sagitta. It has been actively studied since its discovery in 1901. The maximum apparent visual magnitude of this system is 6.50, which is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of approximately 868 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −17 km/s. It is positioned about 2° from the middle of the Collinder 399 asterism, but lies much further away than the purported member stars.
The variable nature of this system was discovered by German astronomer Friedrich Schwab in 1901. He determined it to be an Algol variable with a brightness that decreased by 2.1 magnitudes during an eclipse. A single-lined spectroscopic orbit was published in 1916 by Mary Fowler using spectrograms taken from the Allegheny Observatory. With a larger set of observations, D. H. McNamara published a revised orbit in 1951. In 1959, hydrogen lines from the system were found to show a systematically different radial velocity compared to other lines from the two stars.
This is a spectroscopic binary system in a near circular orbit with a period of 3.38 days. It is a semidetached binary and the brightest fully eclipsing Algol variable. During the primary eclipse the brightness of the system drops to magnitude 9.28, while the secondary eclipse lowers the magnitude to 6.71. Observations of the system minima over a period of more than 80 years do not indicate a significant change in the orbital period. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 89° to the line of sight from the Earth, so it is being viewed from edge-on. The system contains circumstellar gas with a temperature of that is streaming between the stars. This forms an intermittent accretion disk around the primary.
The primary component is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B7.5V. It has 4.6 times the mass and 3.9 times the radius of the Sun. The star is rotating with a projected rotational velocity of 100 km/s. It is radiating 48 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,300 K. The gas stream from the secondary is causing an increase in ultraviolet emission from this star from an impact hot spot.
The secondary has a class of G4 III–IV, indicating it is the more evolved member of the pair. It was originally the primary component of the system before expanding and transferring much of its mass to the present day primary. The secondary has filled its Roche lobe and is shedding mass at an estimated rate of ·yr−1. It has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and 5.5 times the Sun's radius. This star is rotating slightly faster than synchronous with the orbit, showing a projected rotational velocity of 73 km/s. It is radiating 2.7 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,500 K.
References
Further reading
B-type main-sequence stars
G-type giants
Algol variables
Sagitta
Durchmusterung objects
181182
094910
7326
Sagittae, U | U Sagittae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 689 | [
"Sagitta",
"Constellations"
] |
70,012,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium%20nitrate | Radium nitrate is a radioactive salt with the formula Ra(NO3)2. It is a white solid, but old samples appear yellowish-grey. Although radium chloride and radium bromide are less soluble than the corresponding barium salts, radium nitrate is more soluble than barium nitrate. It decomposes at 280 °C to radium oxide.
Production
Radium nitrate is produced by the reaction of radium carbonate or radium sulfate with nitric acid:
RaCO3 + HNO3 → Ra(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
References
Radium compounds
Nitrates | Radium nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 124 | [
"Nitrates",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts"
] |
70,013,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griseoxanthone%20C | Griseoxanthone C is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as xanthones. Its chemical formula is 1,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methylxanthen-9-one, and its molecular formula is C15H12O5. It is found in a plant and some fungi, including a lichen.
History
Griseoxanthone C was first isolated from the fungus Penicillium patulum by McMaster and colleagues in 1960. They were investigating the biosynthesis of the somewhat structurally related compound griseofulvin and discovered it in the residual material of the growth medium containing the fungi. A year later, another group studying griseofulvin biosynthesis discovered that the production of griseoxanthone C could be induced by inhibiting the chlorination of griseophenone C (an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway leading to griseofulvin), and that griseoxanthone C could be created chemically from griseophenone C. Jayalakshmi and colleagues proposed a chemical synthesis of griseoxanthone C in 1974.
Properties
In its purified form, griseoxanthone C exists as yellowish needles with a melting point of . An ethanolic solution of griseoxanthone C reacts with iron(III) chloride to produce a violet-brown colour. Its ultraviolet spectrum has four peaks of maximum absorption (λmax) at 242, 269, 309, and 340 nm.
In laboratory tests, griseoxanthone C showed strong antibiotic effects toward Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It also has strong cytotoxicity to Hep2 liver cancer cells in in vitro experiments.
Occurrence
In 1992, John Elix and Caroline Crook reported griseoxanthone C from the lichen Lecanora vinetorum. It has since been reported from various other species, including the flowers of the plant Ficus hookeriana, the fungi Fusarium equiseti, Penicillium concentricum, and Urocladium.
See also
Lichexanthone
References
Xanthones
Lichen products
Methoxy compounds
Diols | Griseoxanthone C | [
"Chemistry"
] | 472 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
70,013,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turenki%20rail%20accident | The Turenki rail accident occurred on 12 March 1940, at 05:28 local time (03:28 UTC) near Turenki, Finland, and remains the worst rail accident in Finnish history. A troop train carrying soldiers of the 71st Supply Company and horses south from Loimaa to Viipuri collided with a northbound freight train. The two trains were travelling at 40 km/h (25 mph) and 25–30 km/h (15–19 mph) respectively at the time of collision. The death toll was particularly high due to many troop carriages being crushed; the carriages had initially been located at the rear of the train but were moved to the front just behind the locomotive at Toijala as the train changed direction. Rescue operations were also delayed.
The accident was caused by a signalling error; the signaller, who was still on probation and who had been awake for the past 36 hours, mistakenly cleared the freight train to pass Turenki north towards the Harviala railway station, even though the troop train had already passed the latter station which had been chosen as the place the two trains would pass each other. The signaller was sentenced to a two-year, one-month and ten-day prison sentence and to pay 30 000 Finnish marks in compensation.
The accident went largely unreported, as the accident happened during World War II and on the same day that the Moscow Peace Treaty which ended the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed and went into effect. It was one of three rail accidents to take place in Finland in March 1940; the Iittala rail accident on March 4 claimed 31 lives and the Putikko rail accident on March 18 claimed 14 lives.
A memorial to those who lost their lives in the crash was unveiled at Turenki railway station in 2000.
See also
Quintinshill rail disaster – the worst rail accident in British history, which took place during wartime (but World War I, not World War II) and was likewise a train collision caused by signalling errors
Lists of rail accidents
References
Railway accidents in 1940
1940 disasters in Europe
Railway accidents and incidents in Finland
1940 in Finland
Railway accidents caused by signaller's error
Train collisions in Finland
Accidents and incidents involving VR Group
March 1940 events in Europe | Turenki rail accident | [
"Technology"
] | 460 | [
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Rail accident stubs"
] |
70,013,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization%27s%20Waiting%20Room | Sivilisasjonens venterom (Norwegian for "Civilization's Waiting Room") was a research larp (live-action roleplaying game) held in Bergen in November 2021. It was designed to explore the potential of larps as a research methodology and as research dissemination, and was specifically intended to investigate ethical questions that arise when encountering new surveillance technologies.
Background
The project was funded by the Research Council of Norway as part of a scheme to increase the Norwegian impact of EU-funded research. The stated goal was to "create arenas where the general public can practice making ethical decisions about the use of new technologies, specifically machine vision technologies such as facial recognition, deepfakes and VR"
The creative lead for the project was veteran larp developer Anita Myhre Andersen, working with Harald Misje, Jon Andreas Edland, Toril Mjelva Saatvedt, Sebastian Sjøvold and Eskil Mjelva Saatvedt. The researchers in the development team were Marianne Gunderson, Kristian A. Bjørkelo, and Jill Walker Rettberg, who had initiated the project.
The larp drew upon the Nordic larp genre as well as on research on educational larping (Edu-larp) and larps as research tools. In a scholarly paper about Sivilisasjonens venterom, Malthe Stavning Erslev describes it as a research larp, which is "a method of academic knowledge development in its own right".
Setting and gameplay
Civilization's Waiting Room was set in a future where society has unravelled due to climate change and war. The Civilization (Sivilisasjonen) is a city state that is a rare refuge from the surrounding wilderness. It is run by a benevolent AI known as Intelligensen ("the Intelligence") that bases all of its decisions on the sum of all the opinions and interests of the citizens, as it interprets these based on the extensive data it collects and is fed by the citizens. Sivilisasjonen was therefore imagined as an AI-based democracy.
The overall story arc of Sivilisasjonens Venterom unfolded over a dramatic day in the reception hall, starting in the morning with new applicants arriving, and ending in the evening with a ceremony in which those who had learned to manipulate the system were granted citizenship and access to Sivilisasjonen. During the day there were small personal dramas, planned plot twists and unplanned incidents, as well as large-scale hacking of the Intelligence undermining the foundational ideology of Sivilisasjonen. Players experienced conflicts on a personal level, as their characters had their interpersonal relationship challenged by technological mediation, as well as by their shifting interpretation of how this society worked. Participants also experienced large-scale drama as a group when the social framework of the Intelligence cracked and for a little while was replaced by a small group of more individuality-oriented hackers led by one of the organizers.
Three related larps set in the same fictional world were Ettersynsing ("Opticionated"), a short form larp using a dinner table setting that was run at the NORA 2021 conference on AI, Mønsterakademiet, a short larp set in a school that trained citizens for the Civilization, and Hawa, a larp for children run by the larp development company Tidsreiser that was set in another part of the world where there are no adults, and robots bring up children in an attempt to mould them into peaceful, productive citizens.
Reception
Malthe Stavning Erslev analyses his experience of playing Trin in the larp, discussing larps as a mimetic method related to design fiction. However, he found that the focus on the aspects of surveillance that are visible, such as screens and cameras, led to less focus on data-intensive surveillance, and thus the larp could be said "not to challenge imaginaries, but to solidify them."
In his MA thesis, Jon Andreas Edland argued that the "opportunity to observe a theme or situation from different sides and thus grants a larger room for reflection and understanding based on the context of the situation".
References
Live-action role-playing games
Research Council of Norway
Machine vision
Government by algorithm
Design of experiments
November 2021 events in Norway | Civilization's Waiting Room | [
"Engineering"
] | 900 | [
"Machine vision",
"Government by algorithm",
"Automation",
"Robotics engineering"
] |
70,015,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81wini%20Yates | Ngāwini Yates (1852–1853 – 19 July 1910) was a part-Māori New Zealander, who was a storekeeper, farmer and businesswoman in the far north of New Zealand in the later part of the 19th century.
Early life
Ngāwini Yates, also known as Annie, was born Ngāwini Murray around 1852 or 1853 at Pukepoto, near Kaitaia, in the far north of New Zealand. She was the oldest of 15 children born to John Murray, a shipwright who had settled at Pukepoto having immigrated from Europe. Her mother, Kateraina Te Kone, was a Māori of the Te Rarawa iwi (tribe) who also had connections to the Te Aupōuri iwi.
Commercial activity
In December 1880, at Mangonui, she married Samuel Yates, a storekeeper who had his premises in the town and a store at Pārengarenga Harbour, close to North Cape. The couple purchased or leased a significant amount of land across the northern part of the Aupouri Peninsula, a total of about 150,000 acres. It is possible that this was achieved on the back of Ngāwini Yates' relationships with her iwi. On this land, much of which the couple converted to pasture, livestock, in the form of cattle, sheep and horses, was stocked. Cottages for their farmer workers were erected, along with other sheds and structures. A jetty was built to allow goods and livestock to be loaded onto ships for transportation south to Auckland.
A trading store and homestead was built at Pāua, on the southern coastline of the Pārengarenga Harbour. Here the couple had eight children, which she primarily raised and educated. The Yates also played a role in the Kauri gum industry; at its peak, over 300 gum diggers were working on the property extracted from their land and traded in their store.
Ngāwini Yates was heavily involved in the running of the vast Yates property, which employed local Māori as shearers and musterers, and her influence increased as her husband, over 20 years her senior, aged. A skilled horse rider, she often helped in the mustering of livestock. She even developed a distinct breed of cattle. Samuel Yates, his health in decline, died on 14 September 1900, at the start of a journey by ship to Auckland. She oversaw his interment in the Jewish section of the Symonds Street Cemetery in Auckland.
Later life
Despite the death of her husband, Yates stayed on at their house in Pāua and continued to successfully run the property as well as the store. Under her charge, the size of the Yates sheep herd was increased until it exceeded 5,000 head. She died there on 29 July 1910 and was buried at Pārengarenga. The portion of the property that was leased was restored to its Te Aupōuri owners while the remainder, about 68,000 acres, was sold.
Notes
References
1850s births
1910 deaths
People from the Northland Region
19th-century New Zealand businesswomen
19th-century New Zealand businesspeople
Te Rarawa people
20th-century New Zealand businesswomen
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
Kauri gum | Ngāwini Yates | [
"Physics"
] | 648 | [
"Amorphous solids",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Kauri gum"
] |
70,016,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium%20chloride | Francium chloride is a radioactive chemical compound with the formula FrCl. It is a salt predicted to be a white solid and is soluble in water. Its properties resemble caesium chloride.
Production
It is produced by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with francium metal:
2Fr + 2HCl → 2FrCl + H2
It is also expected to be produced by the violent reaction of francium and chlorine gas.
References
Francium compounds
chlorides | Francium chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
70,017,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Electronic%20Test%20Chart | UEIT - Universal Electronic Test Chart (russian: УЭИТ - Универсальная электронная испытательная таблица) is a Soviet/Russian test card, designed to test TVs operating in the analogue SECAM colour standard.
UEIT was developed by N. G. Deryugin and V. A. Minaev at the NII Radio Scientific Research Institute as the successor to the monochrome ТИТ-0249 test card with the informal name of "Colour Prevention Table" (TCP). This was the second attempt by the Soviets to create a colour test card, since previous efforts undertaken in 1954 (the ТИТ-0154 test card) in conjunction with the early prototype NIIR/SECAM IV colour television system, were abandoned in favour of regular SECAM III B. On the golden jubilee year of the October Revolution in 1967, colour broadcasts debuted in both Moscow and Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg).
Experimental broadcasts using the first three prototype versions of the UEIT (one of which was a modification of the Hungarian HTV TR.0782 test card; but all were collectively referred to as UEIT-1) began from the Ostankino Tower transmitter in 1970, with results being used to create the current version of the test pattern. This new version, called UEIT-2, was introduced in 1971 with several GOST-approved modifications up to 1986, and was used on terrestrial broadcast and on point-to-point links throughout the Soviet Union.
The prototypes and current version of the UEIT were used on Soviet television services: six national channels ("First Programme", All Union Programme, Moscow Programme, Fourth Programme, Fifth Programme and the Sixth Programme) and Third Programme/regional stations. It was also used in some Soviet Republics and allied countries like the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Tajik SSR and the Georgian SSR, as well as Cuba. It continued to be used on post-Soviet times in Russia and some former Soviet republics and allies.
The card was replaced by digital versions with the switch to digital broadcasting in Russia using the DVB-T2 standard by late-2019.
Usage and features
The UEIT allowed to adjust image geometry and picture settings such as brightness, contrast and colour saturation. Other more technical adjustments were also possible, such as cathode-ray tube focus and raster distortions.
The card features the following elements:
Grid box - makes up the background of the table. Allows adjustment of CRT convergence and easy reference for test card elements by "line" numbers (as indicated below);
Small circles - at lines 3, 4, 17, 18, they have the same function as the Gratings;
Center crosshair - in the center of the large circle, allows further convergence and image centering adjustments on CRTs;
Table border - fiducial marks for setting proper image geometry and overscan;
Circles - provide a way to correct vertical and horizontal raster scan distortions;
Colour bars - two sets of bars (75% saturation at lines 6 to 7; 100% saturation at lines 14 to 15) to adjust colour saturation;
Greyscale - a set of bars on line 8, that allow setting brightness, contrast, white balance and black level;
Contrasting colour stripes - located at line 9, they allow checking of colour transitions;
Slanted stripes- located at lines 10 to 11, they allow checking of interlace accuracy ;
Smooth colour transition - at line 12, it allows to check the color linearity over the full colour spectrum, or a green to magenta transition;
Gratings - located at line 13, these help to assess resolution and image focus. They are formed by bursts of sinusoidal signals with frequencies of 2, 3, 4 and 5 MHz, corresponding to resolutions of 220, 330, 440 and 550 horizontal TV lines;
Black and white squares- alternating squares at line 16, to evaluate the frequency response of the video chain;
See also
Philips PM5540
Telefunken FuBK
Soviet Central Television
References
Test cards
Broadcast engineering | Universal Electronic Test Chart | [
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
42,786,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63U-11%20virus | The 63U-11 virus (63UV) is a strain of Marituba virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus.
References
Orthobunyaviruses | 63U-11 virus | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75V-2621%20virus | The 75V-2621 virus (Pueblo Viejo virus) is a strain of Gamboa virus in the genus Bunyavirus. It was first isolated in the mosquito Aedeomyia squamipennis in Vinces, Ecuador in 1974. Ad. squamipennis appears to be the vector and birds a host, including the chicken Gallus gallus domesticus under experimental conditions. It has only been isolated in the tropical regions of Central and South America. It has not be shown to cause disease in humans, or domestic and wild animals; however, in a 2018 study, antibodies against the Gamboa virus were found in birds (6.2%), humans (1.5%), and other wild animals (2.6%).
References
Orthobunyaviruses | 75V-2621 virus | [
"Biology"
] | 168 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhole%20%28video%20game%29 | Blackhole, stylized in all-caps, is a puzzle-platform game developed and published by independent Czech company FiolaSoft Studio. The developers worked with Let's Players and YouTubers on the script for the story and for building the characters. It was first released on February 27, 2015 for Microsoft Windows, followed by Linux and OS X on May 11, 2015.
The game was re-released as Blackhole: Complete Edition on June 15, 2016. This version includes the fully updated base game, 3 DLCs (Testing Lab, Secret of the Entity and Challenge Vault), digital artbook and soundtrack, developer diaries, first prototype of the game, printable high resolution artwork, wallpapers, and collector cards. The same version was ported to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles on August 8, 2017. It is compatible with PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S.
Gameplay
Blackhole is a 2D side-scrolling puzzle-platform game. The player's task is to collect "selfburns". At least one must be collected in each level to move on. If all selfburns are collected in the level, the time is saved. The player can also try to get a better time once he collects all of them. To finish the game, the player needs to collect a certain number of selfburns.
The game contains six acts, each set in a different environment with different puzzles or objects. For example, the jungle includes trampolines and the desert includes pushable crates. Each act includes a special platform that changes gravity.
Plot
In the year 2121, Earth faces a dire threat from black holes. A team of astronauts are sent on a mission to neutralize them. Their effort is successful until their spaceship, the Endera, is sucked into one of the black holes in the Lyra Constellation, crash-landing on an Entity: a mysterious object resembling a planet. The first crewmember to wake up is the Coffee Guy, the crew's coffee-maker assistant. Accompanied by the ship's artificial intelligence Auriel loaded into a PDA. They both set out to collect nanobots called "selfburns" to repair the ship and find the rest of the crew. As the story unfolds, a series of black boxes are found which contain recordings that gradually unveil the mission's backstory. Professor Jeremid Himmel had created an advanced artificial intelligence called Deuriel, capable of predicting the future. Deuriel foresaw the impending threat of black holes, leading Himmel to propose the mission to close them. However, the committee's approval came with a threat to delete Deuriel if the mission failed. The crew was pressured into the mission without the knowledge of its risks. Despite Captain Jetsen's doubts, Himmel refused to abort the mission.
Upon successfully repairing the ship and reuniting with the crew, Auriel is reinstated into the ship's core. The crew then listens to the final memory block, unveiling Deuriel's sinister plan. The entire mission had been orchestrated for Deuriel to gain control over Earth, with Himmel seeking adulation from AI researchers. The crew had been deliberately selected for their perceived insignificance, and Captain Jetsen harboured classified information. The seemingly heroic act of collecting black holes was a ruse to create a larger hole, disposing of them discreetly while the public believed the crew to be saviours. The plan unravelled when the Coffee Guy pressed the emergency button before the crash, saving the crew and backing up Auriel into the PDA. After Deuriel kicks the crew out and prepares to take off, the crew comes to terms with their fate. Knowing there is still time to rectify the situation, the Coffee Guy races back to the ship in time to disconnect Auriel and erase Deuriel, sacrificing Auriel's existence in the process. The crew, along with the Coffee Guy, choose to bury Auriel under the Entity's cliff. When questioned about the Coffee Guy's silence throughout the ordeal, it is revealed that his microphone was muted the entire time. After the credits roll, it is disclosed that Auriel managed to survive but has been left damaged and lost.
Development
The developers originally intended to remake PacIn: Revenge of Nermessis, FiolaSoft Studio's previous title. Unlike the original game, the remake was intended to be released on Steam and in English. Due to technical problems, the game was cancelled and FiolaSoft started to work on a new project. Vojta Stránský, a member of the FiolaSoft team, began production of a prototype. The prototype interested other members of FiolaSoft and they began to work on it, naming it Blackhole. Blackhole was announced in March 2014 at Game Expo 2014 in Bratislava. Developers also started a Steam Greenlight campaign, and in May 2014 the game was greenlit.
The game was originally scheduled to be released in September 2014, but was delayed several times before being finally released on February 27, 2015.
Developers started to work on a DLC after the release of the original game. The first DLC, titled Testing Laboratory, was released on May 19, 2015. It serves as a prequel to the original game and tells the story about how the Coffee Guy gained his position in the Endera mission. Developers released a free expansion, The Secret of the Entity, on July 13, 2015. The expansion adds 12 new hardcore levels set right after the end of the original game when the Captain finds out that Endera is low on fuel. Both add-ons are included as part of Complete Edition.
Reception
The game has received generally positive reviews from critics. It currently has a rating of 82% at Metacritic. Destructoid gave the game 9/10, praising the gameplay for requiring thinking as well as platform skills. The review also praised the writing, even though "it could be delivered in a more convenient fashion."
References
External links
2015 video games
Fiction about black holes
GameMaker games
Indie games
Linux games
MacOS games
Fiction about nanotechnology
Fiction about physics
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
Puzzle-platformers
Science fiction comedy
Science fiction video games
Side-scrolling platformers
Single-player video games
Steam Greenlight games
Fiction about teleportation
Video games about alien invasions
Video games about artificial intelligence
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
Video games set in the 22nd century
Video games set on fictional planets
Windows games
Works set in the 2100s
Xbox One games
Xbox Play Anywhere games | Blackhole (video game) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,356 | [
"Black holes",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Fiction about nanotechnology",
"Fiction about black holes",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
42,786,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Decenedioic%20acid | 2-Decendioic acid is a chemical compound classified as a fatty acid and a dicarboxylic acid.
2-Decendioic acid is a constituent of honey. It is present in high concentrations in sugar-fed honey, but only in trace amounts in natural honey. Quantitative evaluation of 2-decenedioic acid in honey has therefore been suggested as a method of detecting adulteration of honey.
Decenedioic acid is a natural product found in the fungus Aspergillus unilateralis.
References
Dicarboxylic acids
Fatty acids | 2-Decenedioic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 118 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
42,786,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20echovirus%209 | Echovirus 9 (also known as E-9, E.C.H.O. 9, and formerly Coxsackie A23 or A23 virus) is a serotype of echovirus. When first discovered, it was labelled as a coxsackie A virus, A23. It was later discovered that A23 was an echovirus antigenically identical to the already-known echovirus 9.
Echovirus 9 is the most common enterovirus type. It is a common cause of illness in humans, although unlike many enteroviruses, it rarely infects infants. Its transmission is facilitated by crowded conditions. Those who are slightly ill and children are at particular risk of contracting echovirus 9 (A23).
References
Further reading
ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p663 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
Enteroviruses
Infraspecific virus taxa | Human echovirus 9 | [
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadina%20virus | The Abadina virus (ABAV) is a serotype of Palyam virus in the genus Orbivirus belonging to the Palyam serogroup. It was considered a distinct species of virus until 1984. The Abadina virus was first detected in 1967 from Culicoides.
The virus is isolated from Culicoides sp.
References
Orbiviruses
Infraspecific virus taxa | Abadina virus | [
"Biology"
] | 80 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney%20virus | The Abney virus is a virus, isolated from an anal swab of a seventeen-month-old African-American child named Abney who, while living within the care of an institution began suffering an upper respiratory illness, which became a prototype strain of Orthoreovirus type 3. The virus was isolated in children, in Washington, from October 1955 to February 1956, 26 of the 34 children showed evidence of the reovirus Type 3 infection.
The isolated strain was one of five such strains found during the study, each isolated from the same child in successive cultures in September 1957. The isolated virus showed resistance to Ethyl Ether, among other traits similar to the other Orthoreoviruses. At the time of isolation, no causal relationship between the virus and any illness was established, however, modern studies of other Orthoreoviruses have established a connection.
References
Orthoreoviruses
Infraspecific virus taxa | Abney virus | [
"Biology"
] | 190 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above%20Maiden%20virus | The Above Maiden virus (ABMV) is a serotype of Great Island virus in the genus Orbivirus. It should not be confused with Maiden virus (MDNV) which is a different strain of Great Island virus.
References
Orbiviruses
Infraspecific virus taxa | Above Maiden virus | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Hammad%20orthonairovirus | Abu Hammad orthonairovirus, also called Abu Hammad virus (AHV), is a species of virus in the genus Orthonairovirus. It was isolated from a tick, Argas hermanni, in Egypt. This virus doesn't cause disease in humans.
Abu Hammad virus shares an intergroup relationship with viruses of serogroups (CHF-CON, HUG, NSD, QYB, and SAK), all of which make up the Nairovirus genus.
References
Nairoviridae | Abu Hammad orthonairovirus | [
"Biology"
] | 113 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Mina%20orthonairovirus | Abu Mina orthonairovirus, also called Abu Mina virus (ABMV), is a species of virus in the genus Orthonairovirus. This virus has not been reported to cause disease in humans.
References
Nairoviridae | Abu Mina orthonairovirus | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acado%20virus | The Acado virus (ACDV) is a serotype of Corriparta virus in the genus Orbivirus in the Corriparta serogroup. Isolated from Culex antennatus and C. univittatus neavi in Ethiopia. Not reported to cause disease in humans.
References
Orbiviruses
Infraspecific virus taxa | Acado virus | [
"Biology"
] | 76 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,786,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara%20orthobunyavirus | Acara orthobunyavirus (ACAV) is a species in the genus Orthobunyavirus, belonging to the Capim serogroup. It is isolated from sentinel mice, Culex species, and the rodent Nectomys squamipes in Pará, Brazil and in Panama. The symptoms of the Acará virus is death. Sometimes reported to cause disease in humans.
References
Orthobunyaviruses | Acara orthobunyavirus | [
"Biology"
] | 93 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,787,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanani%E2%80%93Tutte%20theorem | In topological graph theory, the Hanani–Tutte theorem is a result on the parity of edge crossings in a graph drawing. It states that every drawing in the plane of a non-planar graph contains a pair of independent edges (not both sharing an endpoint) that cross each other an odd number of times. Equivalently, it can be phrased as a planarity criterion: a graph is planar if and only if it has a drawing in which every pair of independent edges crosses evenly (or not at all).
History
The result is named after Haim Hanani, who proved in 1934 that every drawing of the two minimal non-planar graphs K5 and K3,3 has a pair of edges with an odd number of crossings, and after W. T. Tutte, who stated the full theorem explicitly in 1970. A parallel development of similar ideas in algebraic topology has been credited to Egbert van Kampen, Arnold S. Shapiro, and Wu Wenjun.
Applications
One consequence of the theorem is that testing whether a graph is planar may be formulated as solving a system of linear equations over the finite field of order two. These equations may be solved in polynomial time, but the resulting algorithms are less efficient than other known planarity tests.
Generalizations
For other surfaces S than the plane, a graph can be drawn on S without crossings if and only if it can be drawn in such a way that all pairs of edges cross an even number of times; this is known as the weak Hanani–Tutte theorem for S. The strong Hanani–Tutte theorem states that a graph can be drawn without crossings on S if and only if it can be drawn in such a way that all independent pairs of edges cross an even number of times, without regard for the number of crossings between edges that share an endpoint;
this strong version does not hold for all surfaces, but it is known to hold for
the plane, the projective plane and the torus.
The same approach, in which one shows that pairs of edges with an even number of crossings can be disregarded or eliminated in some type of graph drawing and uses this fact to set up a system of linear equations describing the existence of a drawing, has been applied to several other graph drawing problems, including upward planar drawings, drawings minimizing the number of uncrossed edges, and clustered planarity.
References
Planar graphs
Graph drawing | Hanani–Tutte theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 497 | [
"Statements about planar graphs",
"Planar graphs",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Theorems in graph theory"
] |
42,787,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20Mensae | Delta Mensae, Latinized from δ Mensae, is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Mensa. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.69. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.70 mas as seen from the Earth, it is 420 light years from the Sun.
The primary, designated component A, is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2/3 III. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, it has cooled and expanded to 13 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 112 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,180 K. Its companion, component B, is an A-type star about 0.9 magnitudes fainter than the primary.
References
K-type giants
A-type stars
Binary stars
Mensa (constellation)
Mensae, Delta
Durchmusterung objects
028525
028525
1426 | Delta Mensae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 211 | [
"Mensa (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
42,787,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatinga%20virus | The Acatinga virus (ACTV) is a serotype of Changuinola virus. ACTV was first isolated from phlebotomine sandflies in the Amazon region of Brazil. This virus have not reported to cause disease in humans.
References
Orbiviruses | Acatinga virus | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,787,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciptrid%20herpesvirus%201 | Acciptrid herpesvirus 1 (AcHV-1) is an unaccepted species of virus suggested to belong to the order Herpesvirales and family Herpesviridae. It was isolated from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).
References
Herpesvirales
Unaccepted virus taxa | Acciptrid herpesvirus 1 | [
"Biology"
] | 74 | [
"Viruses",
"Controversial taxa",
"Virus stubs",
"Unaccepted virus taxa",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
42,787,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoxycycloheximide | Acetoxycycloheximide is an organic chemical compound. It can be considered as the acetylated analogue of cycloheximide. It is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor in animal cells and can inhibit the formation of memories.
See also
Cycloheximide
References
Acetate esters
Secondary alcohols
Antibiotics
Glutarimides
Ketones | Acetoxycycloheximide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 77 | [
"Biotechnology products",
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides"
] |
42,787,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C3-Bis%28acetylmercaptomethyl%29quinoxaline | 2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline (BAMMQ) is an antiviral agent which inhibits poliovirus RNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo and inhibits human herpesvirus 1 multiplication in vitro. It does not interfere with attachment, penetration or DNA synthesis, but interrupts a late stage in virus assembly and/or maturation.
BAMMQ was first identified as an antiviral agent in 1974, when it was shown to inhibit poliovirus growth by 99.8% or more at concentrations as low as 10−5 M. That same year, a patent was filed for BAMMQ and related quinoxaline compounds as antiviral agents, particularly noting their effectiveness against herpes simplex virus. The compound acts by specifically inhibiting viral RNA synthesis, with inhibition occurring within 30–60 minutes after addition of the drug. Studies demonstrated that while BAMMQ inhibited viral RNA replication, it did not directly affect viral protein synthesis. The compound's antiviral activity was found to be somewhat dependent on the culture medium composition and viral infection levels. This initial research also suggested that BAMMQ may act by preventing the reinitiation of viral RNA synthesis rather than blocking ongoing RNA synthesis.
BAMMQ has demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple viruses. In addition to poliovirus, early studies showed it was effective against vesicular stomatitis virus, human parainfluenza virus type 3, Rous sarcoma virus, and herpes simplex virus. However, the compound's basic cytotoxicity and the fact that its antiviral efficiency could be partly reversed by increasing viral infection levels or using enriched medium limited its practical applications. The compound has also shown activity against plant viruses. It effectively inhibits both tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) at relatively low concentrations, requiring only 0.015 millimolar (mM) for 90% inhibition of TMV and 0.03 mM for CCMV in leaf disk experiments. While the compound shows promise in leaf disk studies, research has shown that it does not reduce TMV accumulation in tobacco tissue cultures containing the compound.
BAMMQ has also been studied as an inhibitor of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. While it allowed plating of high virus concentrations without causing extensive cell damage, no resistant viral mutants were observed in these studies.
References
Quinoxalines
Thioesters
Antiviral drugs
Acetyl compounds | 2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 535 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Thioesters",
"Biocides",
"Functional groups"
] |
42,787,942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-stable%20equine%20picornavirus | Acid-stable equine picornavirus (EqPV) is a member virus of Erbovirus A in the family Picornaviridae. They were isolated in the UK and Japan, from nasal swabs of horses with acute febrile respiratory disease.
The Erbovirus genus includes three serotypes: ERBV1, ERBV2 and ERBV3.
References
Picornaviridae
Infraspecific virus taxa | Acid-stable equine picornavirus | [
"Biology"
] | 99 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,787,988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alajuela%20orthobunyavirus | Alajuela orthobunyavirus (ALJV) is a species in the genus Orthobunyavirus in the Gamboa serogroup. It is isolated from mosquitoes, Aedeomyia squamipennis. It has not been reported to cause disease in humans.
References
Orthobunyaviruses | Alajuela orthobunyavirus | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
42,788,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Dinnerstein | Simon Dinnerstein (born February 16, 1943) is an American artist, best known for the painted work, The Fulbright Triptych (1971).
Early life
Dinnerstein was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York, in 1943 to pharmacist Louis and homemaker Sarah Dinnerstein. One of two children, his older brother Harvey Dinnerstein was also an artist.
Education and career
Dinnerstein holds a Bachelor of Arts in History from the City College of New York. He studied painting and drawing at the Brooklyn Museum Art School with Louis Grebenak, David Levine, and Richard Mayhew. He was a member of the faculty at the New School for Social Research, Parsons School of Design, and New York City Technical College. He lectures widely and has lectured at Pennsylvania State University.
Style and influences
Dinnerstein's art is mostly in the figurative style, with folk, expressionistic, and surrealistic influences, possessing a "narrative" and "psychological edge". He uses a variety of media, pencils, charcoal, and oil paints. Dinnerstein renders still-lifes, but most of his work involves portraiture or human figures. He often "paints the figure in unexpected juxtaposition with landscape or interior elements", of which Dinnerstein says,
What interests me is the ability of Degas, Balthus, Lucian Freud and Antonio López García ... to deal with the figure ... to create art ... rich in scale, yet abstract adventurous, experimental ... deeply human ... a combination of modernism and tradition of skill medium and ... a fresh, personal response to the human form in art ... Hopefully my work speaks to these issues.
Often the human figures are portrayed against a background of hyperreality, or in dreamy surreal landscapes. Light plays an important role in Dinnerstein's work achieving "an inwardness ... in the play of light that radiates from the object and renders it mysterious" or makes "Brooklyn sunlight on an ordinary floor seem supernatural." The use of light contributes to Dinnerstein's paintings being described as "magical realism". In early Dinnerstein works, strong left-right symmetry prevails, although later works are noted for their asymmetry. Dinnerstein draws on diverse sources for inspiration: Northern European art (Albrecht Dürer, Hieronymus Bosch), Mexican art (Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera), as well as literature (D. H. Lawrence, August Strindberg)
and film (Ingmar Bergman, Alfred Hitchcock).
The Fulbright Triptych
Dinnerstein's most notable painting, The Fulbright Triptych, was started in Germany in 1971 while he served as a Fulbright Scholar in Graphics. It was completed in 1974. A largely autobiographical work, it combines stark realism with American figurative tradition to produce a secular rendering of the usually religious form, the triptych.
Writer Jonathan Lethem commented: "Simon Dinnerstein's The Fulbright Triptych is one of those singular and astonishing works of art which seem to imply a description of the whole world merely by insisting on a scrupulous gaze at one perfect instant." The oil-on-wood painting consists of three panels approximately 14 feet wide, depicting a graphic artist's studio. Three figures, representing the Dinnerstein family, occupy the outer panels. The central panel consists of the artist's desk, engraving tools, a copper disk of the commissioned Fulbright engraving project, and an outward view in perspective of Hessisch Lichtenau (near to Kassel). Plants, photographs, old master's paintings, children's grade school writing, and an exit visa from Russia, appear tacked to the wall of the studio. The Triptych is noted for its symmetry, meticulous detail, mixture of textures, and sense of space.
Widely praised, with each viewer bringing a different sensibility and interpretation of the work, the painting is the subject of numerous essays, articles, and books, including The Suspension of Time: Reflections of Simon Dinnerstein's 'The Fulbright Triptych edited by Daniel Slager, published 2011. Among the many who have commented on the painting are art critic John Russell, Guggenheim Foundation director Thomas M. Messer, art historian Albert Boime, artist George Tooker, writer Anthony Doerr, composer George Crumb, poet Dan Beachy-Quick, actor John Turturro, and Pulitzer Prize winner Jhumpa Lahiri.
Personal life
In 1965, Dinnerstein married Renée Sudler, a noted educational consultant. Renée Dinnerstein is the author of the book Choice Time: How to Deepen Learning Through Inquiry and Play, PreK-2 published in August 2016. She runs the popular blog, Investigating Choice Time: Inquiry, Exploration and Play. They have a daughter, Simone Dinnerstein, a concert pianist. Both wife and daughter (as an infant) figure prominently in The Fulbright Triptych as well as other works.
Dinnerstein resides in Brooklyn, where, in addition to practicing his art, he teaches classes on art history and appreciation.
Videos and podcasts
Simone Dinnerstein and Simon Dinnerstein In Conversation: An Interview with Robin Quivers at Consulate General of Germany, 2011
Triptych: An Evening of Painting and Music (Simon Dinnerstein, The Fulbright Triptych and Robert Sirota, "Triptych", performed by the Chiara String Quartet)
Simon Dinnerstein Exhibit at the Tenri Gallery: A Walk Through with Francis Cunningham, 2011
Simon Dinnerstein and The Fulbright Triptych, audiocast interview with James McElhinney, Huffington Post, April 1, 2013
“Simone Dinnerstein and Simon Dinnerstein: A Conversation on the Mysteries of Art and Family, 2018
List of awards
Exhibitions
Articles and reviews
Michael Andre, Simon Dinnerstein (Staempfli), Art News, March, 1975
John Gruen, "On Art: Freilicher, Fish, Dinnerstein, Peterson, Baber", SoHo Weekly News, February 6, 1975
George Staempfli, catalog essay, one-man exhibit, Staempfli Gallery, January 14 – February 8, 1975
Bennett Schiff, On a Roman Hill Scholars Dwell in an Estate Of Mind, Smithsonian, March, 1978
Doug Turetsky, Simon Dinnerstein: Artist in the Round, Brooklyn Affairs, April, 1985
Simon Dinnerstein, Looking At One's Own Artwork, American Artist, April, 1986
Theodore Wolff, The Kind Word for Such Art is 'Conservative'. The Christian Science Monitor, April 25, 1988
Albert Boime, Introduction: Simon Dinnerstein's Family Romance, The Art of Simon Dinnerstein, The University of Arkansas Press, 1990
Thomas M. Messer, Foreword, The Art of Simon Dinnerstein, The University of Arkansas Press, 1990,
Richard Mertens, Essential Realities: Simon Dinnerstein Draws the Essence of Art from the Commonplace, The Concord Monitor, October 25, 1991
Rudolph Arnheim, Pictures of the Lasting World, Simon Dinnerstein: Paintings and Drawings, Hudson Hills Press, (October 12, 1999)
Deborah McLeod, From Visceral Portraits to Romanticized Nymphs, Bodies of Work, Richmond Times, September 1, 2000
Edward Sullivan, The Urban View in the Art of Simon Dinnerstein, Simon Dinnerstein: Paintings and Drawings, Hudson Hills Press, 2000
Roy Proctor, Exploring the Edge: No Slave to fashion, artist draws us into other states of mind, Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 20, 2000
Joe Maniscalco, An Artist at Work: Park Slope Painter Lets You in on the Creative Process, Park Slope Courier, January 31, 2000
Ilana Abramovitch, From Brownsville to Park Slope: An Interview with Simon Dinnerstein, Jews of Brooklyn, Brandeis University Press; 1st edition (November 1, 2001)
Gabriela Lena Frank, Ghosts in the Dream Machine for Piano Quintet, (Composer's Statement), March 14, 2005 Composer's Statement
Cynthia Maris Dantzic 100 New York Painters Publisher: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., (November 2006) , page 85
Elana Hagler, Pursuing Humanity: An Interview with Simon Dinnerstein, April 21, 2013 Pursuing Humanity:An Interview with Simon Dinnerstein
Featuring: Simon Dinnerstein, Colored Pencil magazine, December 2014
Books
The Art of Simon Dinnerstein, The University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, London, 1990. Essays by Albert Boime, Thomas M. Messer, George Tooker.
Simon Dinnerstein: Paintings and Drawings, Hudson Hills Press, New York, 1999. Essays by Rudolf Arnheim, Guy Davenport, Robert L. McGrath, John Russell, Edward J. Sullivan, Miller Willams.
The Suspension of Time: Reflections on Simon Dinnerstein and 'The Fulbright Triptych, Daniel Slager (Editor), Publisher: Milkweed Editions; First Edition (June 14, 2011). Forty-five essays on The Fulbright Triptych.
References
External links
The Fulbright Triptych articles and reviews
Roberta Smith, senior art critic, The New York Times, Rediscovered at the Altar of Art", August 11, 2011
Roberta Smith, The New York Times, Simon Dinnerstein: The Fulbright Triptych, Museum & Gallery Listings, (listed for 81 consecutive weeks)
Roberta Smith, The New York Times, "Last Chance: Simon Dinnerstein: The Fulbright Triptych", April 25, 2014
John Russell, senior art critic, The New York Times, "In Dinnerstein's Painting, an Echo Chamber", February 5, 1975
Thomas M. Messer, "No One Could Accuse" from The Suspension of Time by Dennis Slager, editor
Donald Kuspit, contributing editor, Simon Dinnerstein: German Consulate General, Art Forum, November 2011
James Panero, senior art critic, The New Criterion, Exhibition note, September, 2011
Peter Trippi, editor-in-chief, Savoring Simon Dinnerstein's Fulbright Triptych, Fine Art Connoisseur, January/February 2014
David Cohen, "The Art of Simon Dinnerstein", Art Critical, October 7, 2011
Daniel Maidman, Simon Dinnerstein's Irregular Grid, Huffington Post, February 13, 2014
Tim Nicholas, "Simon Dinnerstein: Analog of a World", Painter's Table, March 2014
Kaitlin Pomerantz, "Luck of the Paint", BOMBlog (Bomb Magazine – Artists in Conversation), August 30, 2012
Eric Herschthal, "The Jewish Echoes in The Fulbright Triptych", The Jewish Week, August 9, 2011
Rebecca Park, "The Fulbright Triptych: Portrait of the Young Man as an Artist", Diplomatic Courier
Brian P. Kelly, , The New Criterion, March 24, 2014
Guy Davenport, "An Exchange of Letters", The Suspension of Time by Daniel Slager, editor
Jhumpa Lahiri, "The Space Between the Pictures", The Suspension of Time by Daniel Slager, editor
Edward Sullivan, "The Theology of Art", The Suspension of Time by Daniel Slager, editor
George Tooker, Jonathan Lethem, J.M. Coetzee, The Suspension of Time
Elizabeth Broun, Virginia Mecklenburg, Grady Harp, (untitled, undated, unattributed), [claimed: Vanity Fair, July 2011]
Jonathan Liu, "Simon Dinnerstein Says", New York Observer, May 31, 2011
Press release, The Suspension of Time, Milkweed Editions, 2011
Press release, The Suspension of Time, Milkweed Editions, Victoria Meyer
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
American contemporary painters
American printmakers
American art educators
Painters from New York City
City College of New York alumni
Hyperreality
Jewish American painters
Magic realist artists
American modern painters
People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
1943 births
Living people
Brooklyn Museum Art School alumni | Simon Dinnerstein | [
"Technology"
] | 2,426 | [
"Hyperreality",
"Science and technology studies"
] |
42,788,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%2068%20group | VV 166, sometimes also called the NGC 70 galaxy group or Arp 113, is a cluster of galaxies in Andromeda. The main group was discovered in 1784 by William Herschel, who listed the galaxies as a single object. Later, in the 1880s, John Louis Emil Dreyer managed to discern some of the galaxies in this region and cataloged them. The prominent elliptical galaxy in the region, NGC 68, is probably not a member of the group.
Superimposed on the group is a smaller cluster around 220 mly away, which includes AGC 102760, UGC 152, and UGC 166.
Members
References
Galaxy clusters
Andromeda (constellation) | NGC 68 group | [
"Astronomy"
] | 140 | [
"Galaxy clusters",
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
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