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68,578,084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry%20judge%20effect | The hungry judge effect is the observation that judges' verdicts are more lenient after a meal break. Since the original study, the term has morphed to encompass a stream of research concerned with implications of hunger on economic and social behavior. However, it has been suggested that this may be an artifact of case scheduling.
Original study
A study of the decisions of Israeli parole boards was made in 2011. It found that the granting of parole was 65% at the start of a session but would drop to nearly zero before a meal break. The authors suggested that mental depletion as a result of fatigue caused decisions to increasingly favour the status quo, while rest and replenishment then restored a willingness to make bold decisions. The paper, which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has been cited many times – 1,380 times by 2021.
Responses
Psychologist Daniël Lakens has argued that the size of the effect in the original study is impossibly large. A later analysis and simulations suggested that at least part of the effect might arise from scheduling priorities – that cases with a lenient outcome required more time and so would not be scheduled in the time remaining before a break.
More recent studies show that certain legal decisions can get more lenient with increasing case ordering, which might be caused by a direction-of-comparison mechanism rather than decision-makers' fatigue.
Consequences
Interventions of AI and algorithms in the court such as COMPAS software are usually motivated by the hungry judge effect. However, some argue that the hungry judge effect is overstated in justifying the use of AI in law.
Robert Sapolsky uses this as an example to argue we have lesser free will than we think in his book Determined.
Economic and social behavior during Ramadan
The hungry judge effect was thought to predict greater human kindness after the break of the Ramadan fast. However, the opposite has been observed in experimental studies. Observant participants showed greater kindness while fasting and less so after breaking their fast. Thus, the hungry judge effect is situation specific and impacted by morality triggers.
References
Cognitive biases
Decision-making | Hungry judge effect | [
"Biology"
] | 427 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Psychology"
] |
68,580,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Madagascar | Time in Madagascar is given by a single time zone, officially denoted as East Africa Time (EAT; UTC+03:00). Madagascar does not observe daylight saving time.
IANA time zone database
In the IANA time zone database, Madagascar is given one zone in the file zone.tab – Indian/Antananarivo, which is an alias to Africa/Nairobi. "MG" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Madagascar directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
See also
Time in Africa
List of time zones by country
List of UTC time offsets
References
External links
Current time in Madagascar at Time.is
Time in Madagascar at TimeAndDate.com
Time by country
Geography of Madagascar
Time in Africa | Time in Madagascar | [
"Physics"
] | 173 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
68,581,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Schoenung | Julie Mae Schoenung is an American materials scientist who is a professor at the University of California, Irvine. She is co-director for the University of California Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program Lead Campus in Green Materials. Her research considers trimodal composites and green engineering. She was elected Fellow of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society in 2021.
Early life and education
Schoenung was an undergraduate student in Chicago, where she studied materials science at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She moved to Massachusetts Institute of Technology for graduate studies, earning a Master's degree in 1985 and a PhD in 1987. Her doctoral research considered an economic assessment of ceramics for automotive engines. After earning her doctorate Schonung moved to California. She joined California State Polytechnic University in 1989.
Research and career
Schonung moved to the University of California, Davis. She was appointed to the faculty at the University of California, Irvine in 2015. She is interested in nanostructured materials and green engineering processes. To generate nanostructures in functional materials, Schoenung makes use of cryomilling. Cryomilling can improve the oxidation behaviour of thermal barrier coatings as well as generating boron carbide reinforced aluminium nanocomposites. Green engineering processes are safer for the environment; they are less energy demanding, generate less pollution and do not release toxic chemicals. In particular, Schoenung is interested in the problem of electronic-waste and the infrastructure required for e-waste recycling.
Her research considers the factors that surround decision making in materials selection, with a particular focus on sustainability. She combines life-cycle assessment with management theory and environmental economics.
In 2008, Schoenung was appointed to the Green Ribbon Science Panel, a group of researchers appointed by Arnold Schwarzenegger to protect Californians from toxic chemicals.
Awards and honors
2012 Elected Fellow of the ASM International
2016 Acta Materialia, Inc Holloman Award for Materials & Society
2016 Elected Fellow of the Alpha Sigma Mu International Professional Honor Society
2017 Materials Science & Engineering-A Innovation in Research Award
2018 ASM International Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lectureship
2018 Elected Fellow of the American Ceramic Society
2021 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Fellow Award
Selected publications
References
Living people
American materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
University of California, Irvine faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona faculty
Fellows of the American Ceramic Society
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society | Julie Schoenung | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 540 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
68,581,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%20Girls%20Robotics%20Team | The Afghan Girls Robotics Team, also known as the Afghan Dreamers, is an all-girl robotics team from Herat, Afghanistan, founded through the Digital Citizen Fund (DCF) in 2017 by Roya Mahboob and Alireza Mehraban. It is made up of girls between ages 12 and 18 and their mentors. Several members of the team were relocated to Qatar and Mexico following the fall of Kabul in August 2021. A documentary film featuring members of the team, titled Afghan Dreamers, was released by MTV Documentary Films in 2023.
Origins
The Afghan Girls Robotics Team was co-founded in 2017 by Roya Mahboob, who is their coach, mentor and sponsor, and founder of the Digital Citizen Fund (DCF), which is the parent organization for the team. Dean Kamen was planning a 2017 competition in the United States and had recruited Mahboob to form a team from Afghanistan. Out of 150 girls, 12 were selected for the first team. Before parts were sent by Kamen, they trained in the basement of the home of Mahboob's parents, with scrap metal and without safety equipment under the guidance of their coach, Mahboob's brother Alireza Mehraban, who is also a co-founder of the team
2017 and 2018
In 2017, six members of the Afghan Girls Robotics Team traveled to the United States to participate in the international FIRST Global Challenge robotics competition. Their visas were rejected twice after they made two journeys from Herat to Kabul through Taliban-controlled areas, before officials in the United States government intervened to allow them to enter the United States. Customs officials also detained their robotics kits, which left them two weeks to construct their robot, unlike some teams that had more time. They were awarded a Silver medal for Courageous Achievement. One week after they returned home from the competition, the father of team captain Fatemah Qaderyan, Mohammad Asif Qaderyan, was killed in a suicide bombing.
After their United States visas expired, the team participated in competitions in Estonia and Istanbul. Three of the 12 members participated in the 2017 Entrepreneurial Challenge at the Robotex festival in Estonia, and won the competition for their solar-powered robot designed to assist farmers. In 2018, the team trained in Canada, continued to travel in the United States for months and participate in competitions.
2019
The Afghan Girls Robotics team had aspirations to develop a science and technology school for girls in Afghanistan. Roya Mahboob interfaced with the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), the School of Architecture, and the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies Yale University to design the infrastructure for what they named The Dreamer Institute.
2020
In March 2020, the governor of Herat at the time, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan and a scarcity of ventilators, sought help with the design of low-cost ventilators, and the Afghan Girls Robotics Team was one of six teams contacted by the government. Using a design from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and with guidance from MIT engineers and Douglas Chin, a surgeon in California, the team developed a prototype with Toyota Corolla parts and a chain drive from a Honda motorcycle. UNICEF also supported the team with the acquisition of necessary parts during the three months they spent building the prototype that was completed in July 2020. Their design costs around $500 compared to $50,000 for a ventilator.
In December 2020, Minister of Industry and Commerce Nizar Ahmad Ghoryani donated funding and obtained land for a factory to produce the ventilators. Under the direction of their mentor Roya Mahboob, the Afghan Dreamers also designed a UVC Robot for sanitization, and a Spray Robot for disinfection, both of which were approved by the Ministry of Health for production.
2021
In early August 2021, Somaya Faruqi, former captain of the team, was quoted by Public Radio International about the future of Afghanistan, stating, "We don’t support any group over another but for us what’s important is that we be able to continue our work. Women in Afghanistan have made a lot of progress over the past two decades and this progress must be respected."
On August 17, 2021, the Afghan Girls Robotics Team and their coaches were reported to be attempting to evacuate, but unable to obtain a flight out of Afghanistan, and a lawyer appealed to Canada for assistance regarding the evacuation of the team members. As of August 19, 2021, nine members of the team and their coaches had evacuated to Qatar. The founder of the team, Roya Mahboob, and DCF board member, Elizabeth Schaeffer Brown, were previously in contact with the Qatari government to assist the team members in their evacuation from Afghanistan.
By August 25, 2021, some members arrived in Mexico. Saghar, a team member who evacuated to Mexico, said, "We wanted to continue the path that we started to continue to go for our achievements and to go for having our dreams through reality. So that's why we decided to leave Afghanistan and go for somewhere safe" in an interview with The Associated Press. The members who have left Afghanistan participated in an online robotics competition in September and plan to continue their education.
A documentary film titled Afghan Dreamers, produced by Beth Murphy and directed by David Greenwald, was in post-production when the team began to evacuate.
2022
The Afghan Dreamers were involved in a training program at the Texas A&M University at Qatar’s STEM Hub.
2023
The Afghan Girls Robotics Team had a booth at the 5th UN Conference on the Least Developed Countries, where they displayed some of the robots the team had constructed.
Afghan Dreamers documentary
The Afghan Dreamers documentary from MTV Documentary Films premiered in May 2023 on Paramount+. The film was directed by David Greenwald and produced by David Cowan and Beth Murphy. In a review for Screen Daily, Wendy Ide wrote, "This film, with its likeable cast of girl nerds and positive message, should enjoy a warm reception on the festival circuit, and will be of particular interest to events seeking to showcase women's stories from around the world. It also serves as a timely cautionary tale – a case study on just how quickly the rights and the opportunities of women can be curtailed, at the behest of the men in power."
Honors and awards
2017 Silver medal for Courageous Achievement at the FIRST Global Challenge, science and technology
2017 Benefiting Humanity in AI Award at World Summit AI
2017 Winner, Entrepreneurship Challenge at Robotex in Estonia
2018 Permission to Dream Award, Raw Film Festival
2018 Conrad Innovation Challenge, Raw Film Festival
2018 Rookie All Start – District Championship, Canada
2018 Asia Game Changer Award Honoree
2019 Inspiring in Engineering Award – FIRST Detroit World Championship
2019 Asia Game Changer Award of California
2019 Safety Award – FIRST Global, Dubai
2021 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia
2022 World Championships, Genoa, Switzerland
References
External links
Official Afghan Dreamers documentary website
A day of pride for Afghan girl grads amid growing threats (PBS NewsHour, January 5, 2016)
Women in Afghanistan
Women in engineering
21st-century Afghan women
21st-century Afghan people
Robotics
Student robotics competitions
Women in science and technology
Afghan refugees | Afghan Girls Robotics Team | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,482 | [
"Robotics",
"Women in science and technology",
"Automation"
] |
55,896,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexahydroxytriphenylene | Hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) is any of a set of organic compounds consisting of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon core—triphenylene—with six hydroxy group substituents attached to the rings. These compounds have found use as a component of two-dimensional polymers. The first covalent organic framework used this chemical as a monomer building block. It can be used for self-assembling metal–organic frameworks.
References
Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Polyphenols
Porous polymer monomers | Hexahydroxytriphenylene | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 117 | [
"Porous polymers",
"Porous polymer monomers"
] |
55,899,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metiapine | Metiapine is a typical antipsychotic medication of the dibenzothiazepine group. There is scarce research on the safety and efficacy of metiapine in humans, though limited human trials exist.
Medical uses
Metiapine has been investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Side effects
Like other typical antipsychotics, it has a high rate of extrapyramidal side effects.
Pharmacology
Metiapine has strong antidopaminergic effects and is classified as a typical (i.e., first-generation) antipsychotic.
Chemistry
Metiapine is a dibenzothiazepine derivative. Like clothiapine, metiapine has a sulfur atom replacing the nitrogen atom found in dibenzodiazepine derivative antipsychotics like clozapine.
Synthesis
Metiapine can be synthesized through the following mechanism:
History
Metiapine was first discovered in the 1970s by Marion Merrell Dow (now a part of Sanofi).
Research
A 2017 Cochrane Review provided guidance for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of metiapine versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of schizophrenia, though the authors acknowledged that it is unlikely that any future trials will investigate the use of metiapine in humans. The available evidence for the use of metiapine is very limited.
References
Abandoned drugs
Dibenzothiazepines
Dopamine antagonists
4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds
Typical antipsychotics | Metiapine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 308 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
55,899,633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Teresa%20Diego | Ana Teresa Diego (b. 1954 – d. 1976) was an Argentine student of astronomy forcibly disappeared by the military dictatorship of Argentina during the Dirty War on 30 September 1976. The asteroid 11441 Anadiego now bears her name.
Background
Diego was born in 1954. She graduated from the La Plata Astronomical Observatory as an undergraduate in the 1970s. In 1975, her father, a mathematician working at the Universidad Nacional del Sur whom militants remembered as "one of the first professors in whom the Bahian student movement could trust," was killed.
Disappearance
In 1976, Diego was kidnapped and summarily killed by the Military Junta of Argentina in the area of El Bosque de La Plata for her membership in the . While Diego was leaving the Communist Youth Federation facility in the El Bosque area of La Plata at noon, 30 September 1976, she was attacked and abducted by a gang of men that got out of two Fiats without license plates. Before being placed in one of the cars, she shouted her name for witnesses of the assault, and her apartment was raided by her assailants. On two occasions, Diego was seen in detention at the and the Brigada de Quilmes, both facilities controlled by Ramón Camps.
Legacy
Diego's mother, Zaida Franz, was a founding member of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and participated in the first meetings of family members in Bahía Blanca of the disappeared and the movement's first Marches of the Mothers in La Plata.
In the inaugural speech for her second term, Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner remembered Diego and linked her to a photograph of future Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff's arrest, saying "Today Dilma occupies the chair of one of the most important countries in the world, maybe this young woman [Ana Teresa Diego] could have been sitting in the same place as I am."
An asteroid, 11441 Anadiego, is named after her.
See also
List of people who disappeared
Citations
1954 births
1970s missing person cases
1976 deaths
20th-century Argentine astronomers
Argentine communists
Enforced disappearances in Argentina
Missing Argentine people
Missing person cases in Argentina
People from Bahía Blanca
Women astronomers | Ana Teresa Diego | [
"Astronomy"
] | 434 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers"
] |
55,900,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20University%20of%20Sydney%20Nano%20Institute | The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) is a multidisciplinary research institute at the University of Sydney in Camperdown, Sydney, Australia. It focuses on multidisciplinary research in nanoscale science and technology. It is one of ten multidisciplinary research institutes at the University of Sydney, along with the Charles Perkins Centre and the Brain and Mind Centre.
Location and facilities
Sydney Nano is headquartered at the Sydney Nanoscience Hub. It was built for nanoscience research and opened in 2015 on the University of Sydney's Camperdown/Darlington campus.
History
Sydney Nano was originally launched in April 2016, as the Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (AINST). The institute was renamed The University of Sydney Nano Institute in November 2017.
In July 2017, the University of Sydney announced a multi-year partnership with Microsoft to conduct research into quantum computing and the official establishment of Microsoft Quantum - Sydney at the Sydney Nanoscience Hub.
In March 2018, the New South Wales Government provided a A$500,000 grant to set up the Sydney Quantum Academy to strengthen postgraduate research and training in quantum computing. The academy is led by the University of Sydney in partnership with Macquarie University, the University of New South Wales and the University of Technology, Sydney.
Directors
Sydney Nano was jointly led by three interim directors, Thomas Maschmeyer, Simon Ringer, and Zdenka Kuncic, who oversaw the launch period of the institute from March 2016.
Susan Pond was appointed to the directorship in February 2017, for a period of 12 months.
Ben Eggleton served as director from May 2018 to December 2022, when Alice Motion was appointed interim director for six months.
References
Nano Institute
Nanotechnology institutions
2016 establishments in Australia | The University of Sydney Nano Institute | [
"Materials_science"
] | 360 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology institutions"
] |
55,900,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration%20and%20Shakedown%20Operation | A Demonstration and Shakedown Operation (DASO) is a series of missile tests conducted by the United States Navy and the Royal Navy. These tests are employed to validate a weapon system (SLBM) and ensure a submarine crew's readiness to use that system. A shakedown operation usually occurs after a refueling and overhaul process or construction of a new submarine. Testing of missile systems allows collection of flight-data, and examinations of submarine launch platforms.
The first DASO test occurred July 20, 1960 on the USS George Washington, using the Polaris A-1. Modern tests use the UGM-133 Trident II, launching from an Ohio-class submarine.
References
Aerospace engineering
Product testing
Ballistic missile submarines | Demonstration and Shakedown Operation | [
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
55,900,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201983 | NGC 1983 (also known as ESO 56-SC133) is an open cluster associated with an emission nebula which is located in the Dorado constellation and part of the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was discovered by John Herschel on 11 November 1836. It has an apparent magnitude of 9.9 and its size is 1.0 arc minutes.
References
External links
Open clusters
56-SC133
1983
Dorado
Large Magellanic Cloud
Astronomical objects discovered in 1836
Discoveries by John Herschel | NGC 1983 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 102 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
55,900,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201510 | NGC 1510 is a dwarf lenticular galaxy approximately 38 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Horologium. It was discovered by John Herschel on December 4, 1836.
Gravitational interaction with NGC 1512
NGC 1510 is under the influence of gravitational tidal forces of the large neighbour barred spiral galaxy NGC 1512. The two galaxies are separated by only ~5 arcmin (13.8 kpc), and are in the process of a lengthy merger which has been going on for 400 million years. At the end of this process NGC 1512 will have cannibalised its smaller companion.
See also
Lenticular galaxy
Dwarf galaxy
Interacting galaxy
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
Horologium
References
External links
SEDS
Dwarf galaxies
Lenticular galaxies
Interacting galaxies
Horologium (constellation)
1510
014375
Astronomical objects discovered in 1836
Discoveries by John Herschel
Dorado Group | NGC 1510 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 187 | [
"Constellations",
"Horologium (constellation)"
] |
55,900,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201981 | NGC 1981 (also known as OCL 525) is an open cluster which is located in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by John Herschel on 4 January 1827. Its apparent magnitude is 4.2 and its size is 28.00 arc minutes. It lies to the north of the Orion Nebula, separated from it by the Sh2-279 region containing NGC 1973, 1975, and 1977.
Some say it looks like an alligator or crocodile, with its eastern star as the snout, its western star as its tail and the two groups of three stars in the middle of it as its two set of legs.
References
External links
Open clusters
Orion molecular cloud complex
1981
Orion (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1827
Discoveries by John Herschel
Orion–Cygnus Arm | NGC 1981 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 155 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
55,901,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201980 | NGC 1980 (also known as OCL 529, Collinder 72 and The Lost Jewel of Orion) is a young open cluster associated with an emission nebula in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by William Herschel on 31 January 1786. Its apparent size is 14 × 14 arc minutes and it is located around the star Iota Orionis on the southern tip of the Orion constellation.
Herschel made his first observation of the cluster which was called WH V 31 on 31 January 1786, but he possibly observed it during his studies of double stars on 20 September 1783.
References
Open clusters
Orion molecular cloud complex
1980
Orion (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1783
Discoveries by William Herschel
Orion–Cygnus Arm | NGC 1980 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 144 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
55,901,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201979 | NGC 1979 (also known as ESO 487-24) is a lenticular galaxy in the Lepus constellation. It is about 78 million light-years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by William Herschel on 20 November, 1784 and its size is 1.8 by 1.8 arc minutes.
References
Lenticular galaxies
487-24
-4-14-4
1979
017452
Lepus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 1979 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 99 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
55,902,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciela%20Salicrup | Graciela Beatriz Salicrup López (México City, México, April 7, 1935 – July 29, 1982) was a Mexican architect, archaeologist, and mathematician. In the 1970s and 1980s, she was a pioneer in the field of categorical topology. Most of her work was published in Spanish, and her original contributions were not widely recognized until after her premature death.
Personal life
Graciela Beatriz Salicrup López was born in Mexico City on April 7, 1935. As a child, she attended Colegio Alemán, a German language primary school in Mexico City, followed by a religious secondary school for girls. A professor at Colegio Alemán originally encouraged her, inciting an interest in mathematics that her family did not understand or support, even sending her to see a psychiatrist for "extravagance, disorientation, and a bit of madness," according to her friend Claudia Gomez Wulschner.
When asked how the story ends, Salicrup López states that she married him. She married the psychiatrist Armando Hinojosa Cavazos. They had three children: Ariel who pursued music, David who became an architect like his mother; and Mariana who studied ballet.
Salicrup Lopez had many interests and passions, especially for music and art. She loved the opera and visiting art exhibits. She also enjoyed literature and history.
Education
After completing secondary school, Salicrup Lopez enrolled at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria where she studied mathematics.
Salicrup López attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) to study architecture and the German language. In 1959, Salicrup López graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) with a degree in architecture.
Ten years later, at the age of 34, she earned her master's degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Career
After graduating from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1959, Salicrup Lopez worked with the anthropologist Laurette Séjourné on the restoration of Teotihuacan. She worked in the archaeological zone doing surveys and plans as well as directing excavations in important parts of this zone.
Salicrup Lopez still wanted to become a mathematician, and finally enrolled in the Faculty of Sciences in 1964 to study mathematics.
Between 1966 and 1968 she taught mathematics at the UNAM Faculty of Architecture.
Her thesis, accepted in 1969, was on the Jiang Boju subgroup.
After graduating in 1969 Graciela began teaching in the UNAM Faculty of Sciences.
In 1970 she was given a position as a researcher in the UNAM Mathematics Institute, where she worked with Dr. Roberto Vázquez, her mentor. That same year she published her first work along with her mentor.
Her work was concerned with the structure of the Top category of topological spaces and with continuous functions.
Her work related concepts such as reflexivity or coreflexivity to those of connection and coexistence, both in Top and in certain subcategories of Top (and in some more general concrete categories).
The publications she co-authored with Vázquez were always in Spanish, so many mathematicians were not aware of her work.
During this time, there was a group of important topologists including Horst Herrlich; hence, Salicrup and some fellow mathematicians arranged to take German lessons.
She was elected to the Sociedad Matematica Mexicana with reciprocity to the American Mathematical Society in 1973.
Legacy
Shortly before her death, Graciela fell out with her mentor Roberto Vázquez and they stopped collaborating.
In the summer of 1982, she was visited by Lamar Bentley and Horst Herrlich, with whom she planned to collaborate.
Soon after this Graciela suffered a fall that hurt her badly. She did not recover and died on July 29, 1982.
The main hall of the UNAM Institute of Mathematics is named after her. Her research in categorical topology was published in 1986 by Horst Herrlich.
Selected publications
Architecture
Mathematics
.
References
Works cited
1935 births
1982 deaths
Mexican people of English descent
Mexican women architects
Mexican mathematicians
Mexican women mathematicians
Category theorists
Mexican scientists
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni | Graciela Salicrup | [
"Mathematics"
] | 835 | [
"Category theorists",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
55,903,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhori%20bricks | Lakhori bricks (also Badshahi bricks, Kakaiya bricks, Lakhauri bricks) are flat, thin, red burnt-clay bricks, originating from Lahore, Pakistan that became increasingly popular element of Mughal architecture during Shah Jahan, and remained so till early 20th century when lakhori bricks and similar Nanak Shahi bricks were replaced by the larger standard 9"x4"x3" bricks called ghumma bricks that were introduced by the colonial British India.
Several still surviving famous 17th to 19th century structures of Mughal India, characterized by jharokhas, jalis, fluted sandstone columns, ornamental gateways and grand cusped-arch entrances are made of lakhori bricks, including fort palaces (such as Red Fort), protective bastions and pavilions (as seen in Bawana Zail Fortess), havelis (such as Bagore-ki-Haveli, Chunnamal Haveli, Ghalib ki Haveli, Dharampura Haveli and Hemu's Haveli), temples and gurudwaras (such as in Maharaja Patiala's Bahadurgarh Fort), mosques and tombs (such as Mehram Serai, Teele Wali Masjid), water wells and baoli stepwells (such as Choro Ki Baoli), bridges (such as Mughal bridge at Karnal), Kos minar road-side milestones (such as at Palwal along Grand Trunk Road) and other notable structures.
Origin
The exact origin of lakhori bricks is not confirmed, especially if they existed, or not, prior to becoming more prevalent in use during the Mughal India. Prior to the rise in frequent use of lakhori bricks during Mughal India, Indian architecture primarily used trabeated prop and lintel (point and slot) gravity-based technique of shaping large stones to fit into each other that required no mortar. The reason lakhori bricks became more popular during the Mughal period, starting from Shah Jahan's reign, is mainly because lakhori bricks that were used to construct structures with the typical elements of Mughal architecture such as arches, jalis, jharokas, mouldings, cornices, cladding, etc. were easy to create intricate patterns due to the small shape and slim size of lakhori bricks.
Regional, socio-strata and dimensional variations
The slim and compact Lakhorie bricks became popular across pan-Indian subcontinental Mughal Empire, specially in North India, resulting in several variations in their dimensions as well as due to the use of lower strength local soil by poor people and higher strength clay by affluent people. Restoration architect author Anil Laul reasons that poor people used local soil to bake slimmer bricks using locally available cheaper dung cakes as fuel and richer people used higher-end thicker and bigger bricks made of higher strength clay baked in kilns using not so easily locally available more expensive coal, both methods yielded bricks of similar strength but different proportions at different economic levels of strata.
Lakhori bricks versus Nanakshahi bricks
Due to the lack of understanding, sometimes contemporary writers confuse the lakhori bricks with other similar but distinct regional variants. For example, some writers use "Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks" implying two different things, and others use "Lakhori bricks or Nanak Shahi bricks" inadvertently implying either same or two different things, leading to confusion as if they are same, especially if these words are casually mentioned interchangeably.
Lakhori bricks were used by Mughal Empire that spanned across the Indian subcontinent, whereas Nanak Shahi bricks were used mainly across the Sikh Empire, that was spread across Punjab region in north-west Indian subcontinent, when Sikhs were in conflict with Mughal Empire due to the religious persecution of Sikhs by Mughal Muslims. Coins struck by Sikh rulers between 1764 CE to 1777 CE were called "Gobind Shahi" coins (bearing inscription in the name of Guru Gobind Singh), and coins struck from 1777 onward were called "Nanak Shahi" coins (bearing inscription in the name of Guru Nanak).
A similar concept applies to the Nanak Shahi bricks of Sikh Empire, i.e. Lakhori and Nanak Shahi bricks being two similar, but a different type of bricks due to the regional variations as well as political reasons. Closely related similar things may be considered separate, and on the other hand considerably different things might be considered the same, in both cases due to the social-political-religious contextual reasons, for example closely related mutually intelligible Sanskritised-Hindustani language Hindi versus Arabised-Hindustani language Urdu being favored as separate languages by Hindus and Muslims respectively as seen in the context of Hindu-Muslim conflict that resulted in Partition of India, whereas mutually unintelligible speech varieties that differ considerably in structure such as Moroccan Arabic, Yemeni Arabic and Lebanese Arabic are considered the same language due to the pan-Islamism religious movement.
Mughal-era lakhorie bricks predate the Nanak Shahi bricks as seen in Bahadurgarh Fort of Patiala that was built by Mughal Nawab Saif Khan in 1658 CE using earlier-era lakhori bricks, and nearly 80 years later it was renovated using later-era Nanak Shahi bricks and renamed in the honor of Guru Teg Bahadur (where Guru Teg Bahadur stayed at this fort for three months and nine days before leaving for Delhi when he was executed by Aurangzeb in 1675 CE) by Maharaja of Patiala Karam Singh in 1837 CE. Since the timeline of both Mughal Empire and Sikh Empire overlapped, both Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks were used around the same time in their respective dominions. Restoration architect author Anil Laul clarifies "We, therefore, had slim bricks known as the Lakhori and Nanakshahi bricks in India and the slim Roman bricks or their equivalents for many other parts of the world."
Mortar recipe
They were used to construct structures with crushed bricks and lime mortar, and walls were usually plastered with lime mortar. The concrete mixture of that era was a preparation of lime, surki (trass), jaggery and bael fruit (wood apple) pulp where some recipe used as much as 23 ingredients including urad ki daal (paste of vigna mungo pulse).
References
Works cited
External links
Lakhori brick rampart of Bavana Fortress of Zail (administrative unit) of Jat chiefs
Haveli Dharampura built with lakhori bricks has a restaurant named "lakhori"
Rajput architecture
Indian architectural history
Mughal architecture elements
Building materials | Lakhori bricks | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,361 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
55,904,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20star%20cluster | A nuclear star cluster (NSC) or compact stellar nucleus (sometimes called young stellar nucleus) is a star cluster with high density and high luminosity near the center of mass of most galaxies.
NSCs are the central massive objects of fainter, low-mass galaxies where supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are not present or are of negligible mass. In the most massive galaxies, NSCs are entirely absent. Some galaxies, including the Milky Way, are known to contain both a NSC and a SMBH of comparable mass.
Properties
Nuclear star clusters are found in most galaxies that can be resolved sufficiently:
at least 50% of all early spiral galaxies (types Sa-Sc)
at least 75% of all late spiral galaxies (types Scd-Sm)
at least 70% of all spheroidal galaxies (types S0 and E).
NSCs are the densest known star clusters in the Universe. With apparent magnitudes between -14 and -10 mag in the infrared, they are on average 40 times brighter than globular clusters, although their effective radii are not larger than 2 to 5 parsecs. With a dynamic mass of 106 to 108 solar masses, they are at the upper end of the values reached by globular clusters.
The majority of nuclear star clusters contain a mix of old (at least one billion years old) and young stellar populations and show signs of star formation within the last 100 million years.
Formation
Although the mechanisms behind their formation are not entirely known, hypotheses provide four possibilities:
Nuclear star clusters originate somewhere else and are captured by a central black hole.
Nuclear star clusters are due to an incidence of gas at some distance from the center of the galaxy.
A combination of the above possibilities whereby the gravitational potential of a trapped object, such as the nucleus of a dwarf galaxy, triggers new star formation by incident gas near the galactic center.
Nuclear star clusters are created by merging star clusters with subsequent migration to the galactic center due to dynamical friction with background stars.
Relationship with globular clusters
Because nuclear star clusters occur in most galaxy species, they should still be present in the halo of the resulting galaxy after the fusion of galaxies. This is a hypothesis for the formation of globular clusters. Thus, globular clusters could be the remains of nuclear star clusters excluded from gas incidence, in which no new star formation occurs.
According to other hypotheses, however, the nuclear star clusters could be the result of a fusion of globular clusters captured by a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy and dynamically destroyed.
References
Star clusters | Nuclear star cluster | [
"Astronomy"
] | 539 | [
"Astronomical objects",
"Star clusters"
] |
55,904,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20geometry | Topological geometry deals with incidence structures consisting of a point set and a family of subsets of called lines or circles etc. such that both and carry a topology and all geometric operations like joining points by a line or intersecting lines are continuous. As in the case of topological groups, many deeper results require the point space to be (locally) compact and connected. This generalizes the observation that the line joining two distinct points in the Euclidean plane depends continuously on the pair of points and the intersection point of two lines is a continuous function of these lines.
Linear geometries
Linear geometries are incidence structures in which any two distinct points and are joined by a unique line . Such geometries are called topological if depends continuously on the pair with respect to given topologies on the point set and the line set. The dual of a linear geometry is obtained by interchanging the roles of points and lines. A survey of linear topological geometries is given in Chapter 23 of the Handbook of incidence geometry. The most extensively investigated topological linear geometries are those which are also dual topological linear geometries. Such geometries are known as topological projective planes.
History
A systematic study of these planes began in 1954 with a paper by Skornyakov. Earlier, the topological properties of the real plane had been introduced via ordering relations on the affine lines, see, e.g., Hilbert, Coxeter, and O. Wyler. The completeness of the ordering is equivalent to local compactness and implies that the affine lines are homeomorphic to and that the point space is connected. Note that the rational numbers do not suffice to describe our intuitive notions of plane geometry and that some extension of the rational field is necessary. In fact, the equation for a circle has no rational solution.
Topological projective planes
The approach to the topological properties of projective planes via ordering relations is not possible, however, for the planes coordinatized by the complex numbers, the quaternions or the octonion algebra. The point spaces as well as the line spaces of these classical planes (over the real numbers, the complex numbers, the quaternions, and the octonions) are compact manifolds of dimension .
Topological dimension
The notion of the dimension of a topological space plays a prominent rôle in the study of topological, in particular of compact connected planes. For a normal space , the dimension can be characterized as follows:
If denotes the -sphere, then if, and only if, for every closed subspace each continuous map has a continuous extension .
For details and other definitions of a dimension see and the references given there, in particular Engelking or Fedorchuk.
2-dimensional planes
The lines of a compact topological plane with a 2-dimensional point space form a family of curves homeomorphic to a circle, and this fact characterizes these planes among the topological projective planes. Equivalently, the point space is a surface. Early examples not isomorphic to the classical real plane have been given by Hilbert and Moulton. The continuity properties of these examples have not been considered explicitly at that time, they may have been taken for granted. Hilbert’s construction can be modified to obtain uncountably many pairwise non-isomorphic -dimensional compact planes. The traditional way to distinguish from the other -dimensional planes is by the validity of Desargues’s theorem or the theorem of Pappos (see, e.g., Pickert for a discussion of these two configuration theorems). The latter is known to imply the former (Hessenberg). The theorem of Desargues expresses a kind of homogeneity of the plane. In general, it holds in a projective plane if, and only if, the plane can be coordinatized by a (not necessarily commutative) field, hence it implies that the group of automorphisms is transitive on the set of quadrangles ( points no of which are collinear). In the present setting, a much weaker homogeneity condition characterizes :
Theorem. If the automorphism group of a -dimensional compact plane is transitive on the point set (or the line set), then has a compact subgroup which is even transitive on the set of flags (=incident point-line pairs), and is classical.
The automorphism group of a -dimensional compact plane , taken with the topology of uniform convergence on the point space, is a locally compact group of dimension at most , in fact even a Lie group. All -dimensional planes such that can be described explicitly; those with are exactly the Moulton planes, the classical plane is the only -dimensional plane with ; see also.
Compact connected planes
The results on -dimensional planes have been extended to compact planes of dimension . This is possible due to the following basic theorem:
Topology of compact planes. If the dimension of the point space of a compact connected projective plane is finite, then with . Moreover, each line is a homotopy sphere of dimension , see or.
Special aspects of 4-dimensional planes are treated in, more recent results can be found in. The lines of a -dimensional compact plane are homeomorphic to the -sphere; in the cases the lines are not known to be manifolds, but in all examples which have been found so far the lines are spheres. A subplane of a projective plane is said to be a Baer subplane, if each point of is incident with a line of and each line of contains a point of . A closed subplane is a Baer subplane of a compact connected plane if, and only if, the point space of and a line of have the same dimension. Hence the lines of an 8-dimensional plane are homeomorphic to a sphere if has a closed Baer subplane.
Homogeneous planes. If is a compact connected projective plane and if is transitive on the point set of , then has a flag-transitive compact subgroup and is classical, see or. In fact, is an elliptic motion group.
Let be a compact plane of dimension , and write . If , then is classical, and is a simple Lie group of dimension respectively. All planes with are known explicitly. The planes with are exactly the projective closures of the affine planes coordinatized by a so-called mutation of the octonion algebra , where the new multiplication is defined as follows: choose a real number with and put . Vast families of planes with a group of large dimension have been discovered systematically starting from assumptions about their automorphism groups, see, e.g.,. Many of them are projective closures of translation planes (affine planes admitting a sharply transitive group of automorphisms mapping each line to a parallel), cf.; see also for more recent results in the case and for .
Compact projective spaces
Subplanes of projective spaces of geometrical dimension at least 3 are necessarily Desarguesian, see §1 or §16 or. Therefore, all compact connected projective spaces can be coordinatized by the real or complex numbers or the quaternion field.
Stable planes
The classical non-euclidean hyperbolic plane can be represented by the intersections of the straight lines in the real plane with an open circular disk. More generally, open (convex) parts of the classical affine planes are typical stable planes. A survey of these geometries can be found in, for the -dimensional case see also.
Precisely, a stable plane is a topological linear geometry such that
is a locally compact space of positive finite dimension,
each line is a closed subset of , and is a Hausdorff space,
the set is an open subspace ( stability),
the map is continuous.
Note that stability excludes geometries like the -dimensional affine space over or .
A stable plane is a projective plane if, and only if, is compact.
As in the case of projective planes, line pencils are compact and homotopy equivalent to a sphere of dimension , and with , see or. Moreover, the point space is locally contractible.
Compact groups of (proper) 'stable planes are rather small. Let denote a maximal compact subgroup of the automorphism group of the classical -dimensional projective plane . Then the following theorem holds:
If a -dimensional stable plane admits a compact group of automorphisms such that , then , see.
Flag-homogeneous stable planes. Let be a stable plane. If the automorphism group is flag-transitive, then is a classical projective or affine plane, or is isomorphic to the interior of the absolute sphere of the hyperbolic polarity of a classical plane; see.
In contrast to the projective case, there is an abundance of point-homogeneous stable planes, among them vast classes of translation planes, see and.
Symmetric planes
Affine translation planes have the following property:
There exists a point transitive closed subgroup of the automorphism group which contains a unique reflection at some and hence at each point.
More generally, a symmetric plane is a stable plane satisfying the aforementioned condition; see, cf. for a survey of these geometries. By Corollary 5.5, the group is a Lie group and the point space is a manifold. It follows that is a symmetric space. By means of the Lie theory of symmetric spaces, all symmetric planes with a point set of dimension or have been classified. They are either translation planes or they are determined by a Hermitian form. An easy example is the real hyperbolic plane.
Circle geometries
Classical models are given by the plane sections of a quadratic surface in real projective -space; if is a sphere, the geometry is called a Möbius plane. The plane sections of a ruled surface (one-sheeted hyperboloid) yield the classical Minkowski plane, cf. for generalizations. If is an elliptic cone without its vertex, the geometry is called a Laguerre plane. Collectively these planes are sometimes referred to as Benz planes. A topological Benz plane is classical, if each point has a neighbourhood which is isomorphic to some open piece of the corresponding classical Benz plane.
Möbius planes
Möbius planes consist of a family of circles, which are topological 1-spheres, on the -sphere such that for each point the derived structure is a topological affine plane. In particular, any distinct points are joined by a unique circle. The circle space is then homeomorphic to real projective -space with one point deleted. A large class of examples is given by the plane sections of an egg-like surface in real -space.
Homogeneous Möbius planes
If the automorphism group of a Möbius plane is transitive on the point set or on the set of circles, or if , then is classical and , see.
In contrast to compact projective planes there are no topological Möbius planes with circles of dimension , in particular no compact Möbius planes with a -dimensional point space. All 2-dimensional Möbius planes such that can be described explicitly.
Laguerre planes
The classical model of a Laguerre plane consists of a circular cylindrical surface in real -space as point set and the compact plane sections of as circles. Pairs of points which are not joined by a circle are called parallel. Let denote a class of parallel points. Then is a plane , the circles can be represented in this plane by parabolas of the form .
In an analogous way, the classical -dimensional Laguerre plane is related to the geometry of complex quadratic polynomials. In general, the axioms of a locally compact connected Laguerre plane require that the derived planes embed into compact projective planes of finite dimension. A circle not passing through the point of derivation induces an oval in the derived projective plane. By or, circles are homeomorphic to spheres of dimension or . Hence the point space of a locally compact connected Laguerre plane is homeomorphic to the cylinder or it is a -dimensional manifold, cf. A large class of -dimensional examples, called ovoidal Laguerre planes, is given by the plane sections of a cylinder in real 3-space whose base is an oval in .
The automorphism group of a -dimensional Laguerre plane () is a Lie group with respect to the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of the point space; furthermore, this group has dimension at most . All automorphisms of a Laguerre plane which fix each parallel class form a normal subgroup, the kernel of the full automorphism group. The -dimensional Laguerre planes with are exactly the ovoidal planes over proper skew parabolae. The classical -dimensional Laguerre planes are the only ones such that , see, cf. also.
Homogeneous Laguerre planes
If the automorphism group of a -dimensional Laguerre plane is transitive on the set of parallel classes, and if the kernel is transitive on the set of circles, then is classical, see 2.1,2.
However, transitivity of the automorphism group on the set of circles does not suffice to characterize the classical model among the -dimensional Laguerre planes.
Minkowski planes
The classical model of a Minkowski plane has the torus as point space, circles are the graphs of real fractional linear maps on . As with Laguerre planes, the point space of a locally compact connected Minkowski plane is - or -dimensional; the point space is then homeomorphic to a torus or to , see.
Homogeneous Minkowski planes
If the automorphism group of a Minkowski plane of dimension is flag-transitive, then is classical.
The automorphism group of a -dimensional Minkowski plane is a Lie group of dimension at most . All -dimensional Minkowski planes such that can be described explicitly. The classical -dimensional Minkowski plane is the only one with , see.
Notes
References
Topology
Incidence geometry | Topological geometry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,811 | [
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Incidence geometry"
] |
51,457,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0varc%E2%80%93Milnor%20lemma | In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, the Švarc–Milnor lemma (sometimes also called Milnor–Švarc lemma, with both variants also sometimes spelling Švarc as Schwarz) is a statement which says that a group , equipped with a "nice" discrete isometric action on a metric space , is quasi-isometric to .
This result goes back, in different form, before the notion of quasi-isometry was formally introduced, to the work of Albert S. Schwarz (1955) and John Milnor (1968). Pierre de la Harpe called the Švarc–Milnor lemma "the fundamental observation in geometric group theory" because of its importance for the subject. Occasionally the name "fundamental observation in geometric group theory" is now used for this statement, instead of calling it the Švarc–Milnor lemma; see, for example, Theorem 8.2 in the book of Farb and Margalit.
Precise statement
Several minor variations of the statement of the lemma exist in the literature. Here we follow the version given in the book of Bridson and Haefliger (see Proposition 8.19 on p. 140 there).
Let be a group acting by isometries on a proper length space such that the action is properly discontinuous and cocompact.
Then the group is finitely generated and for every finite generating set of and every point
the orbit map
is a quasi-isometry.
Here is the word metric on corresponding to .
Sometimes a properly discontinuous cocompact isometric action of a group on a proper geodesic metric space is called a geometric action.
Explanation of the terms
Recall that a metric space is proper if every closed ball in is compact.
An action of on is properly discontinuous if for every compact the set
is finite.
The action of on is cocompact if the quotient space , equipped with the quotient topology, is compact.
Under the other assumptions of the Švarc–Milnor lemma, the cocompactness condition is equivalent to the existence of a closed ball in such that
Examples of applications of the Švarc–Milnor lemma
For Examples 1 through 5 below see pp. 89–90 in the book of de la Harpe.
Example 6 is the starting point of the part of the paper of Richard Schwartz.
For every the group is quasi-isometric to the Euclidean space .
If is a closed connected oriented surface of negative Euler characteristic then the fundamental group is quasi-isometric to the hyperbolic plane .
If is a closed connected smooth manifold with a smooth Riemannian metric then is quasi-isometric to , where is the universal cover of , where is the pull-back of to , and where is the path metric on defined by the Riemannian metric .
If is a connected finite-dimensional Lie group equipped with a left-invariant Riemannian metric and the corresponding path metric, and if is a uniform lattice then is quasi-isometric to .
If is a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold, then is quasi-isometric to .
If is a complete finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold with cusps, then is quasi-isometric to , where is a certain -invariant collection of horoballs, and where is equipped with the induced path metric.
References
Geometric group theory
Metric geometry | Švarc–Milnor lemma | [
"Physics"
] | 693 | [
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Symmetry"
] |
51,457,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20Peek | Lori Peek is an American sociologist, academic, and author. She is a professor in the Department of Sociology as well as the director of the Natural Hazards Center in the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. Furthermore, she is a presidentially-appointed member of the Board of Directors at the National Institute of Building Sciences.
Peek is most known for her works on the sociology of disaster, children and youth, gender, religion, qualitative methods, and environmental sociology. Among her authored works are her publications in academic journals, including Sociology of Religion, Child Development, and Natural Hazards as well as books such as Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11, Children of Katrina, and The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina. Moreover, she has co-edited two volumes including Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora and the Handbook of Environmental Sociology. She served as social science lead and a contributing author to Safer, Stronger, Smarter: A Guide to Improving School Natural Hazard Safety.
Education
Peek earned her Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas in 1997, followed by a Master's in Education and Human Resource Studies from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado in 1999. In 2005, she completed her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Colorado Boulder in Boulder, Colorado.
Career
After receiving her doctorate, she was hired at Colorado State University, where she held the position of assistant professor in the Sociology department from 2005 to 2011. Subsequently, she was promoted to associate professor of Sociology at Colorado State University with an appointment in the Colorado School of Public Health from 2011 to 2016. Additionally, from 2013 to 2020, she held an adjunct research scientist appointment at the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University. Since 2017, she has been a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder.
Peek served as president of the Research Committee on Disasters for the International Sociological Association from 2015 to 2018. Notably, she was the first woman to be elected to this role. She also serves on the Board of Directors at the National Institute of Building Sciences for the term 2021 to 2025, having been appointed by President Joseph R. Biden and approved by the U.S. Senate.
Peek has received awards for her undergraduate and graduate teaching and her mentoring of students and postdoctoral scholars. She was a co-principal Investigator for a National Science Foundation INCLUDES grant focused on Capacity Building in Disaster Research for Scholars from Underrepresented Groups. Since 2014, she has served as a founding Board Member for the Bill Anderson Fund, which provides mentoring to Black, Latinx, and Indigenous doctoral students in disaster research and hazard mitigation.
Works
In her first book, titled Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11, Peek drew on federal hate crime statistics, bias crime reports, field observations, and 140 in-depth interviews to characterize the discussed post-9/11 experiences of young Muslim Americans. The book explored the breadth of discrimination that Muslims experienced after 9/11, the collective consequences for this group, and the ways that Muslim Americans coped. In a review of the book, Nikkia DeLuz of Lynn University, wrote, "This study is significant because it provides outstanding and relevant insight into the public and political reaction to crisis events and the subsequent marginalization of members of society due to catastrophes beyond their control. Peek's research is also important because the results of her longitudinal and qualitative effort, provides the reader with testimonials that are compelling and invaluable to an understanding of the human and societal components and consequences resulting from crisis events."
In 2012, sociologist Lynn Weber and Peek co-edited Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora, offering an examination of Hurricane Katrina evacuees' challenges, emphasizing the disproportionate impact on low-income African American women and showcasing their resilience in rebuilding lives nationwide. In her review of the book, Kirsten Dellinger from the University of Mississippi said "This gripping edited volume provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences of New Orleanians displaced by Gulf Coast-wrecking Katrina in August 2005." Further, she observes that the work grew out of a long-term collaboration between a collective of social scientists, and wrote that the "result of their dedication to engaged community research is a strong, cohesive, feminist collection with a refreshing focus on women's first-hand accounts, deft analysis of the importance of social context, and a careful and consistent exploration of the hierarchies of race, class, gender, age, and citizenship and the role they played in making this storm a social disaster."
Alice Fothergill and Peek's 2015 book, Children of Katrina, is an ethnography of children after a disaster. Over nearly a decade of research, they explored the recovery trajectories of children and youth, highlighting the impact of Katrina on child well-being, family dynamics, and community connections, and emphasizing the crucial factors that either facilitated or hindered their recovery. In his review of the book, Timothy J. Haney from Mount Royal University said "Children of Katrina serves as an exemplar of committed, dedicated, disaster research done out of an earnest desire to improve the lives of Katrina-affected children."
Peek co-edited the 2021 Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Consisting of 25 chapters, the text offers an overview of the state of the field.
Kai Erikson and Peek's 2022 book, The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina, is the last volume in the Katrina Bookshelf series. The book focuses on the human causes and consequences of Katrina and offers an expanded view of the enduring human costs of the catastrophe across time and space. In his review of the book, Ethan Raker of the University of British Columbia said "Erikson and Peek make clear... that many people continue to carry with them the consequences of Katrina, some of whom are suffering due to compounding collective traumas."
Research
Peek's research has primarily centered around the ways in which various forms of social inequality manifest in everyday lives and during times of disaster. Her published work explores vulnerabilities as related to the intersections between race, ethnicity, religion, gender, social class, and age. She has conducted meta-reviews on topics such as poverty, gender, the elderly, and children. She, along with collaborators has published work on ethics in disaster research, qualitative approaches in youth-centered research, interdisciplinary research, and convergent approaches to solving societal problems.
In 2000, Peek collaborated with Dennis Mileti to examine public responses to impending nuclear power plant emergencies, underscoring the importance of effective warning dissemination methods. She delineated the three fundamental components of a warning system, summarized elements of public response, and dispelled popular myths, drawing on recent research.
Moving forward to 2004, Alice Fothergill and Peek's 2004 study shed light on the disproportionate vulnerability of the economically disadvantaged in the United States to natural hazards. Factors such as residential location, building construction, and social exclusion were identified as key contributors to their heightened exposure of those in poverty to disaster susceptibility. This research advocated for a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction, acknowledging the need for tailored support mechanisms for the economically challenged. In subsequent research, she advanced a more holistic and child-centered approach to understanding and addressing the impacts of disasters on children, acknowledging their vulnerabilities but also recognizing their potential contributions and the necessity of tailored support mechanisms. Moreover, her collaborative work with Laura M. Stough critically reviewed existing literature on children with disabilities in disaster situations. This research highlighted factors contributing to their vulnerability, such as higher poverty rates and traumatic loss, emphasizing the crucial need for protective measures and swift reestablishment of social networks for positive post-disaster outcomes.
Peek's 2005 study delved into the formation of religious identity in second-generation Muslim Americans. The study identified three developmental stages and emphasized the pivotal role of 9/11 in shaping identity salience for religious minorities. Additionally, her collaborative research with Elaine Enarson and Alice Fothergill emphasized the importance of an international, nuanced approach to gender in disaster social science. This work also underscored the necessity of addressing sex and gender-based inequalities for effective disaster risk reduction, particularly focusing on safeguarding the rights of women and girls in crisis situations. In 2021, she and Mithra Moezzi explored the use of researchers' and practitioners' stories as tools to advance interdisciplinary disaster research, suggesting that integrating such narratives into interdisciplinary teams can foster collaborative learning, provide naturalistic insights often missed by formal theories, and break away from discipline-specific reasoning.
Peek serves as the principal investigator for several research projects including the Clearinghouse on Natural Hazards Applications and the CONVERGE facility. She also is the principal investigator for the Social Science Extreme Events Research (SSEER) and Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Extreme Events Research (ISEEER) Networks. In 2019, she was awarded funding from the U.S. Geological Survey to launch a study concerning the adoption of earthquake early warning in schools in the Western United States. Prior to that, she led an evaluation effort to understand the readiness of Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) to protect children in emergencies.
Awards and honors
2007 – Best Teacher Award, Colorado State University Alumni Association and the Student Alumni Connection
2009 – Early Career Award for Outstanding Contributions to Scholarship, American Sociological Association Section on Children and Youth
2010 – Professor of the Year, Colorado State University Greek Life and the Panhellenic Council
2012 – President's Award for Volunteer Service, National Hazards Mitigation Association
2012 – Distinguished Book Award for Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11, Midwest Sociological Society
2013 – Best Book Award for Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11, American Sociological Association Section on Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity
2015 – Ann Gill Excellence in Teaching Award, College of Liberal Arts, Colorado State University
2016 – Board of Governor's Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award, Colorado State University System
2016 – Outstanding Scholarly Contribution Award for Children of Katrina, American Sociological Association
2016 – Betty and Alfred McClung Lee Book Award for Children of Katrina, Association for Humanist Sociology
2017 – Outstanding Achievement Award, Ottawa University Alumni Association
2019 – Outstanding Postdoc Mentor Award, Office of Postdoctoral Affairs, University of Colorado Boulder
2021 – Environmental Sociology Distinguished Contribution Award, Section on Environmental Sociology, American Sociological Association
Bibliography
Books
Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11 (2010) ISBN 9781592139835
Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora (2012) ISBN 9780292737648
Children of Katrina (2015) ISBN 9781477305461
Handbook of Environmental Sociology (2021) ISBN 9783030777111
The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina (2022) ISBN 9781477324332
Selected articles
Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32, 89-110.
Peek, L. (2005). Becoming Muslim: The development of a religious identity. Sociology of Religion, 66(3), 215-242.
Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience—An introduction. Children, Youth, and Environments, 18(1), 1-29.
Enarson, E., Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2007). Gender and disaster: Foundations and directions. Handbook of Disaster Research, 130-146.
Mileti, D. S., & Peek, L. (2000). The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 75(2-3), 181-194.
Peek, L. & Stough, L.M. (2010). Children with disabilities in the context of disaster: A social vulnerability perspective. Child Development, 81(4), 1260-1270.
Peek L. & Fothergill, A. (2009). Using focus groups: Lessons from studying daycare centers, 9/11, and Hurricane Katrina. Qualitative Research, 9(1), 31-59.
References
External links
Living people
American sociologists
American women sociologists
Environmental social scientists
Colorado State University faculty
University of Colorado alumni
Colorado State University alumni
Ottawa University alumni
1975 births
21st-century American women | Lori Peek | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,553 | [
"Environmental social scientists",
"Environmental social science"
] |
51,457,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20tending | Machine tending refers to the automated operation of industrial machine tools in a manufacturing plant, primarily using robot automation systems. While loading and unloading is the primary function of machine tending systems, often the robot performs other valuable functions within the automation system such as part inspection, blow off, wash, deburring, sorting, packaging and gauging.
Benefits of machine tending systems include:
increased productivity
decreased manufacturing labor
decreased overall costs
improved quality
enhanced safety
operational flexibility
inventory optimization
Because of the sophistication, functionality, and costs associated with machine tending systems, most manufacturers require a capital approval process prior to investing in these systems where executive management must approve the purchase. Typically, an ROI (return on investment) is calculated to justify the purchase.
Industrial automation | Machine tending | [
"Engineering"
] | 151 | [
"Industrial automation",
"Automation",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
51,457,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Slusher | Harold Schultz Slusher (born 1934) is an American physicist and young earth creationist.
Biography
Slusher says he has an honorary D.Sc. from Indiana Christian University (ICU) and a Ph.D. in geophysics from Columbia Pacific University. However, according to Robert Schadewald, ICU is a Bible college with no more than two people in its graduate science department, and that CPU "exhibits several qualities of a degree mill".
He is assistant professor of physics at the University of Texas at El Paso and a member of the Institute for Creation Research. In 1986, Kendrick Frazier called him "perhaps the most outspoken critic of conventional science among the creationists".
Slusher believes the earth is 7000 to 10,000 years old. He is an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity
In 1974, Slusher co-edited the revised edition of the creationist textbook for students, Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity. The textbook was developed by the Creation Research Society and published by Zondervan. It was negatively reviewed as a pseudoscientific textbook that misrepresents biological evolution. A negative review in The Science Teacher noted that the "text grossly distorts the biological theory of evolution, so much that it is barely recognizable". The textbook does not define natural selection and falsely leads its readers to "believe that evolution is the result of chance mutation, when in fact it is the result of selection acting on genetic variability which arises ultimately by mutation. The picture of evolution presented in this book is wrong and flagrantly so". The review also noted that the textbook falsely defines evolution as the "ameba to man" theory where organisms of one "kind" change into another "kind". In 1977, an Indiana state superior court determined that the use of the textbook is unconstitutional (see Hendren v. Campbell).
Selected publications
Critique of Radiometric Dating (1973)
Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity (with John N. Moore, 1974)
Origin of the Universe (1980)
Motion of Mercury's Perihelion (with Francisco Ramirez, 1984)
References
1934 births
21st-century American physicists
American Christian Young Earth creationists
Columbia Pacific University alumni
Indiana Christian University alumni
Living people
Pseudoscientific physicists
Relativity critics
University of Texas at El Paso faculty | Harold Slusher | [
"Physics"
] | 488 | [
"Relativity critics",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
51,461,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyder%20%28film%29 | Spyder is a 2017 Indian action thriller film written and directed by A. R. Murugadoss and produced by N. V. Prasad. The film was simultaneously shot in Telugu and Tamil languages, and stars Mahesh Babu, S. J. Suryah and Rakul Preet Singh in the lead roles. Murugadoss wrote the Tamil dialogue while the Paruchuri Brothers wrote the Telugu version. The film was edited by A. Sreekar Prasad, with cinematography by Santosh Sivan and music by Harris Jayaraj.
This film marks the Tamil debut of Babu, after a failed attempt at a simultaneous release in Tamil of Brahmotsavam (2016). Originally, the film was rumoured to be titled Abhimanyudu and Sambhavami, before the official title was finalised as Spyder on 18 March 2017. The film began production in July 2016, followed by the commencement of principal photography. Shooting mainly took place in Chennai, with some portions in and around Hyderabad and Vizag, while the songs were filmed overseas, before wrapping up in August 2017.
Spyder was released theatrically worldwide in Telugu, Tamil, Arabic and Malayalam on 27 September 2017 and in the US and Gulf countries on 26 September. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It grossed 150 crore against a budget of 120 crore. It was average grosser at the box office.
Plot
Shiva is an IB officer who develops a program to spy on people's calls and messages in order to help them. On the night of 16 March, Shiva listens to Charlie (Shalini in the Tamil version) talk about her wish of getting 98% in her exams, up from 96%, to get a US scholarship with her friend. In order to do that, she decides to go on a blind date with a guy believing it will help her concentrate on her studies. Shiva follows her and both start to fall for each other, but Shiva finds it hard to focus on his love life because of his job. On the night of 28 April, Shiva listens to a young girl asking her friend for help as she is alone in her house and scared, due to a power outage at her house despite everyone else on her street having power.
Alarmed, Shiva sends his constable friend Renuka to the girl's address to help her. However, the next day news headlines report about the gruesome death of the two women. Shiva visits the crime scene and resigns from the IB due to guilt, but his father encourages him to find the killer. Shiva sets out to check the girl's chats and whereabouts, where he finds out that a guy followed her to a café. Through Facebook, Shiva is able to track down another person who knew the stalker. With the provided information, Shiva travels to the village where the stalker grew up and begins his search. From an elderly villager, Shiva finally learns about the man's past.
Past: Bhairavudu (Sudalai in the Tamil version) lives with his mother, father and younger brother at a cemetery. His father performs funeral rites for the dead to take care his family, but this occupation leads to Bhairavudu suffering from S.P.D., where he develops an unusual desire to kill victims and watch their families grieve. One day, a child witnesses him killing someone and reveals this to the other villagers. An infuriated mob decides to burn down Bhairavudu's house, killing his parents. Enraged, Bhairavudu leaves the village to continue his killing spree, along with his younger brother.
Present: Shiva catches Bhairavudu and interrogates him in a dense hideout, but learns that he is actually Bhairavudu's brother. Bhairavudu goes on live television with a mask covering his face and reveals he has killed 23 people and hidden their corpses in 23 pillars of a metro bridge, and threatens the citizens to leave his brother unscathed. He also reveals that he plans to destroy a hospital. Shiva kills Bhairavudu's brother in front of the victims' families, including an enraged Bhairavudu, who is hiding in the crowd. An upset Bhairavudu plans to kill Shiva's family, but Shiva finds out when his mother calls him and tells him she is scared because there is no electricity at their house, just as the girl victim had described earlier. With the help of his team, Shiva is able to save his family.
Shiva becomes Bhairavudu's next target, and he tries to kill Shiva on his way home, with Shiva ending up impaled on a truck. Shiva slowly recovers and resumes the search for Bhairavudu, as he had shot him before he fell unconscious. He deduces that Bhairavudu has hidden himself in a house where he can heal, but has imprisoned the owners. Through the use of technology and information from local women, Shiva finds Bhairavudu and arrests him, but Bhairavudu tells him that he has already planned a rock fall in the city. Shiva manages to stop the big rock while Bhairavudu escapes from police custody and continues with his plan to destroy a hospital.
Charlie learns about the targeted hospital, but refuses to tell Shiva due to a misunderstanding. Shiva tracks down her taxi, where she tells him about the hospital. Shiva rushes to the hospital and starts to evacuate the people inside, trying to save as many as he can, but is unable to save some patients in time, which leaves him heartbroken. Bhairavudu sees Shiva's grief and becomes delighted. Shiva spots Bhairavudu and becomes enraged. The two of them fight, with Shiva overpowering and killing Bhairavudu . In the aftermath, Shiva tells the media about the importance of showing humanity and leaves with Charlie, who was worried about Shiva.
Cast
Production
Development
Originally, Mahesh Babu planned to make his direct debut in Tamil, after the dubbed Tamil version of Srimanthudu (2015), titled Selvandhan, received a decent response from audiences. After opining that the script had the potential to be commercially successful in both languages without making many changes, Babu accepted the proposal of a Telugu-Tamil film. However, the plan was later dropped.
In November 2015, Babu announced his next project would be a Tamil-Telugu bilingual film directed by A. R. Murugadoss. It marks Babu's first direct Tamil debut, as well as Murugadoss' return to the Telugu cinema industry, a decade after his last film Stalin (2006) starring Chiranjeevi. Santhosh Sivan, worked with Murugadoss in Thuppakki (2012), as the cinematographer, and Harris Jayaraj, who scored music for Murugadoss' earlier films, Ghajini, 7aum Arivu and Thuppakki, as composer.
It was reported that Babu would play the role of a police officer in the film, although other reports claimed that Babu would play the role of a RAW agent. The title of the film was also rumoured to be Abhimanyu. However, in December 2016 the filmmakers announced the tentative title of the film as Sambhavami, which received a mixed response from fans. On 18 March 2017, the film's title was revealed to be Spyder.
Casting
In March 2016, Parineeti Chopra was initially signed to play the lead actress and make her debut in South Indian cinema. However, her unavailability after she was finalised in Takadum, starring Sushant Singh Rajput, meant that the creators approached Rakul Preet Singh for the leading role. S. J. Suryah was hired to play a negative role for the first time after featuring in lead roles, marking his second collaboration with Mahesh Babu after directing him in Naani (2004). Murugadoss was a former assistant of S. J. Suryah in the films Vaali and Kushi. Tamil actor RJ Balaji signed onto the film in January 2017, playing the role of Shiva's friend. In December 2016, Bharath was signed on to play a negative role.
Twin stunt choreographers Anbariv were eventually roped into the film to choreograph action sequences, although Peter Hein was also roped into the film. R. C. Kamalakannan, who supervised visual effects for Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), was roped in as part of the technical crew. Kamalakannan claimed that the film has heavy visual effects, and a Russian principal studio was working on the film. Nayanthara was initially rumoured to have a crucial role in the film, although Murugadoss denied it.
Filming
The film's principal photography commenced on 29 July 2016. Rakul Preet Singh joined the set in August 2016, and the creators started a fresh shooting schedule, focusing on the romantic scene between Singh and Babu. The second schedule of the film took place in mid-September 2016, in Pune and Bangalore, after the Chennai schedule was wrapped up. On 21 October 2016, Singh received a minor injury on her left hand while shooting for an action episode, although the actress, who was advised to rest for a day, resumed shooting immediately. The third schedule was kickstarted in Hyderabad in November 2016, with filming taking place for three weeks. After wrapping up the shoot on 22 November, the team headed to Ahmedabad and Surat for the fourth schedule. Babu extensively shot the schedule for two weeks. After a brief break, the makers resumed the shoot in Mumbai in January 2017, where the introductory scenes featuring Babu were shot. During March 2017, Chiranjeevi made a visit to the film sets. More filming occurred in Vietnam between late March and early May. Some of the action scenes were shot there with local stunt artists, such as the rollercoaster chase.
The final schedule of the film was expected to take place on 20 April 2017 in Hyderabad, although shooting started on 4 May 2017. Art director Rupin Suchak revealed to a source that 98% of the film was shot in Chennai, with the backdrop being changed to Hyderabad through computer graphics for the Telugu version. Babu did the film's stunts by himself without using body doubles. In some of the more intense scenes, he continued to perform his own stunts despite sustaining various injuries, leading to a physiotherapist being posted on set permanently for him, and eventually he "couldn’t get up for a week after the shooting schedule". On 16 May 2017, a source claimed that the makers planned for a climax sequence with high-octane action scenes, instead of a normal climax, which was originally scheduled to be shot at the NIMS Hospital in Bibnagar, Hyderabad.
The filming was planned to be completed by 2 June 2017, but the final schedule was started on 13 June, where minor dialogue portions were filmed, with shooting to last for only four days. In July 2017, the makers filmed a song sequence in Hyderabad for ten days. The last song of the film was shot abroad on 2 August, and the principal shoot was wrapped following its completion.
Music
The film's soundtrack is composed by Harris Jayaraj, with lyrics for the Tamil version was written by Madhan Karky. Initially, Karky, was expected to pen the songs for its Telugu-dubbed version, thus marking his debut in the Telugu industry, however, Ramajogayya Sastry penned the songs in Telugu. The film featured six songs in Telugu, and five in Tamil version. Two songs—"Boom Boom" and "Haali Haali" (in Tamil as "Aali Aali") were released as singles on 2 August and 4 September 2017, while the album was released through Zee Music Company on 9 September 2017. The release coincided with an event for the Tamil version at Kalaivanar Arangam in Chennai.
Release
During the film's pre-production phase, it was announced that the film would be released on 23 June 2017. The release was pushed to 10 August 2017 due to production delays. The film was again postponed to mid-September and then to Dusherra, due to delays in the film's shooting. The makers finally announced that the film would be released on 27 September 2017. Following the huge reception for the Baahubali franchise, Spyder was also planned to have a simultaneous release in Telugu and Tamil, and also with a Malayalam-dubbed version of the same name. The film was sent to the Central Board of Film Certification for censor formalities on 19 September 2017, where the film received a "U/A" certification and a runtime of 145 minutes.
Spyder was released in the US a day ahead of its release in Indian theatres on 26 September. The film was released in more than 800 screens in the country, thus becoming the widest release for a Telugu film after Baahubali 2: The Conclusion. The film was also speculated to have a dubbed release in Arabic, and was scheduled to be released in the Gulf countries. Hein bought the Vietnamese dubbing rights of the film and released it in Vietnam.
Distribution
The Tamil Nadu theatrical rights for the film were acquired by Lyca Productions for 18 crore. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights were secured by the production house itself, except for the Nizam rights which were acquired by Dil Raju for 24 crore. The overseas distribution rights were sold to Atmus Entertainment for 22.5 crore. The ceded rights were sold for 12 crore and Vizag rights were sold for 8.1 crore. The film earned 6 crore in the East and 4.5 crore in the West, 5.4 crore in Krishna, 7.2 crore in Guntur and 3.2 crore in Nellore, for a total of 70.4 crore from the Telugu States. The film's Karnataka theatrical rights were sold to Goldie Films for 10.8 crore, Kerala theatrical rights were sold for ₹1.3 crore, and the Rest Of India rights were sold for 1 crore. The film earned 124 crore from worldwide theatrical sales alone. Including satellite rights for the Telugu & Hindi versions, which were sold for ₹25 crore, Tamil & Malayalam versions which were sold for ₹6.5 crore, and audio rights which were sold for ₹1.5 crore, the film had a total intake of 157 crore before its release.
Marketing
The film's first poster was initially scheduled to release on 29 March 2017, but was eventually released on 12 April. The poster gave a glimpse of a buff and ripped Babu with a gun in his hand. The poster received an overwhelming response from fans. The team launched an official Facebook and Twitter page and an official YouTube channel for the film's promotions. Initially, the makers wanted to release the first glimpse of the film on 31 May 2017, coinciding with actor Krishna's birthday, the father of Mahesh. But it was postponed due to the demise of veteran filmmaker Dasari Narayana Rao. The teaser was launched on 1 June at midnight to positive reviews from fans.
On 9 August 2017, the makers released the official teaser of the film coinciding with the actor's birthday. The teaser crossed 8.6 million views within 48 hours of its release. The official trailer of the film was released on 15 September 2017, during the pre-release event held at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad. The trailer received outstanding reviews, and it crossed 2 million views within a few hours. Before the release of the film, Mahesh Babu revealed that the robotic spider featured in the film's teaser, will not feature in the film as it has no role for it. Mahesh announced it, that he doesn't want his fans to be disappointed.
Home media
The satellite rights of the film were acquired by Zee Network (for Telugu and Hindi versions) and Sun TV Network (for Tamil and Malayalam versions) for a record sum of 30.5 crore. The film's Telugu version was premiered in Zee Telugu on 14 January 2018, coinciding with Sankranthi, and registered a TRP rating of 6.7. The film's television premiere took place on 18 February 2018. The film was also dubbed in Hindi and directly premiered on Zee Cinema on 17 June 2018.
Reception
Spyder received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, who praised the cast performances (particularly Suryah and Babu), action sequences and direction, but criticised its screenwriting and pace.
Critical reception
Tamil version
M. Suganth of The Times of India gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The writing lets Spyder down entirely after a point and, unlike Thuppakki (which was also about a man trying to save and a man trying to destroy), what should have been an edge-of-the-seat cat-and-mouse game between good and evil turns into a movie that cannot decide between wanting to be a crackling thriller and an anything-goes masala movie." S. Srivatsan of India Today gave 2/5 stars and summarised it as "The core of Spyder seems to have been written for [a] Telugu audience. Even for them, Spyder isn't a satisfying star vehicle. Or Maybe Spyder isn't what Murugadoss imagined on paper. Because, some scenes, even on paper, appear to be pompous. Consider the scene from the second half of 7aum Arivu and you'll understand better."
International Business Times gave 3/5 stars and stated that "Spyder stands out as an enjoyable entertainer despite its flaws." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "this film is a pretty decent god-vs-demon tale, with a solid hero and a spectacular villain" in his review. Subhash K. Jha of NDTV gave 4/5 stars and stated "Murugadoss takes a familiar bad-guy-good-guy plot and converts it into a compelling cat-and-mouse game shot in colours and favours that suggest life in times of impending death."
Telugu version
Sridhar Adivi from The Times of India gave 2.5/5 stars, stating that "The conflict between the hero and the villain seems like a safe enough plot for a potboiler or a spy film; however, Murugadoss’ writing doesn't manage to give you the chills or thrills the promos promised to." Y. Sunita Chowdary of The Hindu stated that "Spyder starts off well but the director’s imagination goes overboard only to turn a purpose ridden plot to a piece of travesty."
Hemanth Kumar of Firstpost gave the film 3.5/5 stars, stating "Spyder is also a true blue action thriller and it stays true to the genre. This isn’t a Mahesh Babu’s film alone and it doesn’t pander to our expectations from his action dramas. And to see him step into the shoes of a character which doesn’t dominate the film is also why Spyder has a very different tone from the very beginning." Karthik Keramalu of Hindustan Times gave 2/5 stars and stated: "Spyder is not great but it’s definitely watchable for Mahesh Babu, Suryah and the touching humanistic angle."
Box-office
On its opening day, the film saw more than 55% occupancy in theatres and managed to collect 33 crore gross on its first day at the global box-office. The film grossed 13.4 crore on the first day of its release, with a share of 5.3 crore in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is said to have collected 1.30 crore in two days in Chennai alone. The film had crossed 35 crore within three days, and it collected 45 crore within five days. In twelve days it collected 55 crore gross globally. At the US box office the film collected 1 million in seven days, becoming the fifth film of the actor to do so.
See also
List of multilingual Indian films
Pan-Indian film
List of longest films in India
References
External links
2010s Tamil-language films
2010s Indian films
2010s Telugu-language films
2017 films
Indian multilingual films
Indian action thriller films
Films scored by Harris Jayaraj
Films directed by AR Murugadoss
Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
Films set in Hyderabad, India
Films shot in Chennai
Films shot at Ramoji Film City
Films about computing
Techno-thriller films
Films about security and surveillance
Films about terrorism in India
Films shot in Gujarat
Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police
Films set in hospitals
Films about murder
Films shot in Romania
Films about mass murder
Reliance Entertainment films
2017 action thriller films
2017 multilingual films | Spyder (film) | [
"Technology"
] | 4,278 | [
"Works about computing",
"Films about computing"
] |
51,462,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective%20vision | Objective Vision (Object Oriented Visionary) is a project mainly aimed at real-time computer vision and simulation vision of living creatures. it has three sections contain of an open-source library of programming functions for using inside the projects, Virtual laboratory for scholars to check the application of functions directly and by command-line code for external and instant access, and the research section consists of paperwork and libraries to expand the scientific prove of works.
Background
The process has been used in the OVC libraries is as same as what's happening when living see a picture, and it's designed to give the researchers to experience the brain's visual cortex most close simulation for picture perception. The OVC was designed to work as a simulated visual cortex that has a critical job in processing and classify the objects to make it easier to work with pictures and graphical perception and processing. The human brain is much more aware of how it solves complex problems such as playing chess or solving algebra equations, which is why computer programmers have had so much success building machines that emulate this type of activity. but when the whole process is still a riddle that how the entities visionary system works. The project was simulated the visionary system by how it starts to convert the signals to image(actually the edges and colors) and then recognizing the shapes to find a relation between brain's information and image. The Objective Visionary system actually is concentrating on the separable sections, this separation gives the application visionary system the excellence processing result, because with this method the system do not waste much time on processing non significant sections and signals. this operation in the Objective Vision project called objective processing and because the O.V. mission is focused on human visionary simulation, so the developer refers with Objective Vision.
History
Objective-Vision is a Human (Natural) Visionary simulation Project developed by Michael Bidollahkhany. Following an explosion of interest during the 21st century were characterized by the maturing of the field and the significant growth of active applications; simulation of visionary systems, visionary based autonomous vehicle guidance, medical imaging (2D and 3D) and automatic surveillance are the most rapidly developing areas. This progress can be seen in an increasing number of software and hardware products on the market, as well as in a number of digital image processing software and APIs and also machine vision courses offered at universities worldwide. Therefore, the OVC project has been released as a research software project in 2016. One of important parts of this project was O.V.C. (Objective Vision Class library), that was designed to able companies and scientists to use the brain's most likely functionalities as visionary libraries to simplify and accelerate the image processing algorithms developments. The project started under MIT copyright license, but since 2018 the project continued as classified based on sponsors opinion.
The Algorithm
As developers claimed the algorithm used in the class library and developer's kit of project has been developed based on natural visionary system, and the functionalities containing image processing, optimization and labeling etc. are mostly upgraded and near techniques. Suppose that we've a picture of a jungle, or somewhere else, with this library developer will be able to manipulate not only the pixel of images for data extraction, but automatically based on which algorithm is used and image quality, he can manipulate directly a list of objects, same pixels and every data project needs to have, said the developer in his lecture answering how the algorithm works.
Viewpoint
For long times digital image processing and storing, was actually by processing just pixels; this Project tries to present a new kind of image processing and even storing, "objective vision" or "object-oriented visionary" is called. This project officially launched in May 2016, with the aim of making more adaptation between Computer Vision (Include Visionary, Digital image processing, discernment and even Perception) and Human Visual System; about development of the project: "...so we decided to research on Human Vision System, besides we worked on Artificial Retinal image processing and new visionary optimization unit(Presented at Istanbul Technical University Conference(Turkey 2015-2016)) and grew our research to Visionary CORTEX of Brain", Michael Bidollahkhany said.
Applications
The OVC application areas include:
2D and 3D feature toolkits
Egomotion estimation
Human–computer interaction (HCI)
Mobile robotics
Motion understanding
Object identification
Segmentation and recognition
Stereopsis stereo vision: depth perception from two cameras
Structure from motion (SFM)
Motion tracking
Programming language
In first initial release of Objective Visionary Project the algorithm has been written in C++ and C#, and the virtual laboratory has been developed in C# and Delphi. Based on developers last lecture since the second release the complete algorithm has been re-written in C# based on .Net Core 1.0 to make it easier to work on different operating systems.
See also
Human visual system model
Visual system
Machine Vision
Image processing
OpenCV
References
Machine vision
Image processing | Objective vision | [
"Engineering"
] | 989 | [
"Machine vision",
"Robotics engineering"
] |
51,465,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plants%20of%20Colima | This article contains lists of plants found in the state of Colima, Mexico.
Cupressaceae
Cupressus
Cupressus lusitanica: Mexican white cedar, or Cedar-of-Goa
Pinaceae
Abies
Abies religiosa: Sacred Fir or Oyamel
Pinus
Pinus pseudostrobus: Chamite or Pachingo
Angiospermae
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex
Ilex tolucana: Ivy
Araliaceae
Oreopanax
Oreopanax xalapensis:
Betulaceae
Alnus
Alnus jorullensis: Aile
Fagaceae
Quercus
Quercus laurina: Encino laurelillo
Pentaphylacacaeae
Ternstroemia
Ternstroemia lineata:
Rosaceae
Prunus
Prunus serótina: Black Cherry
Salicaceae
Salix
Salix paradoxa: Willow
Pentaphylacacaeae
Ternstroemia
Ternstroemia lineata:
Plants
Colima | List of plants of Colima | [
"Biology"
] | 202 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of plants",
"Plants"
] |
51,465,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20boundary | In mathematics, the Poisson boundary is a probability space associated to a random walk. It is an object designed to encode the asymptotic behaviour of the random walk, i.e. how trajectories diverge when the number of steps goes to infinity. Despite being called a boundary it is in general a purely measure-theoretical object and not a boundary in the topological sense. However, in the case where the random walk is on a topological space the Poisson boundary can be related to the Martin boundary, which is an analytic construction yielding a genuine topological boundary. Both boundaries are related to harmonic functions on the space via generalisations of the Poisson formula.
The case of the hyperbolic plane
The Poisson formula states that given a positive harmonic function on the unit disc (that is, where is the Laplace–Beltrami operator associated to the Poincaré metric on ) there exists a unique measure on the boundary such that the equality
where is the Poisson kernel,
holds for all . One way to interpret this is that the functions for are up to scaling all the extreme points in the cone of nonnegative harmonic functions. This analytical interpretation of the set leads to the more general notion of minimal Martin boundary (which in this case is the full Martin boundary).
This fact can also be interpreted in a probabilistic manner. If is the Markov process associated to (i.e. the Brownian motion on the disc with the Poincaré Riemannian metric), then the process is a continuous-time martingale, and as such converges almost everywhere to a function on the Wiener space of possible (infinite) trajectories for . Thus the Poisson formula identifies this measured space with the Martin boundary constructed above, and ultimately to endowed with the class of Lebesgue measure (note that this identification can be made directly since a path in Wiener space converges almost surely to a point on ). This interpretation of as the space of trajectories for a Markov process is a special case of the construction of the Poisson boundary.
Finally, the constructions above can be discretised, i.e. restricted to the random walks on the orbits of a Fuchsian group acting on . This gives an identification of the extremal positive harmonic functions on the group, and to the space of trajectories of the random walk on the group (both with respect to a given probability measure), with the topological/measured space .
Definition
The Poisson boundary of a random walk on a discrete group
Let be a discrete group and a probability measure on , which will be used to define a random walk on (a discrete-time Markov process whose transition probabilities are ); the measure is called the step distribution for the random walk. Let be another measure on , which will be the initial state for the random walk. The space of trajectories for is endowed with a measure whose marginales are (where denotes convolution of measures; this is the distribution of the random walk after steps). There is also an equivalence relation on , which identifies to if there exists such that for all (the two trajectories have the same "tail"). The Poisson boundary of is then the measured space obtained as the quotient of by the equivalence relation .
If is the initial distribution of a random walk with step distribution then the measure on obtained as the pushforward of . It is a stationary measure for , meaning that for every measurable set in the Poisson boundary
It is possible to give an implicit definition of the Poisson boundary as the maximal -set with a -stationary measure , satisfying the additional condition that almost surely weakly converges to a Dirac mass.
The Poisson formula
Let be a -harmonic function on , meaning that . Then the random variable is a discrete-time martingale and so it converges almost surely. Denote by the function on obtained by taking the limit of the values of along a trajectory (this is defined almost everywhere on and shift-invariant). Let and let be the measure obtained by the construction above with (the Dirac mass at ). If is either positive or bounded then is as well and we have the Poisson formula:
This establishes a bijection between -harmonic bounded functions and essentially bounded measurable functions on . In particular the Poisson boundary of is trivial, that is reduced to a point, if and only if the only bounded -harmonic functions on are constant.
General definition
The general setting is that of a Markov operator on a measured space, a notion which generalises the Markov operator associated to a random walk. Much of the theory can be developed in this abstract and very general setting.
The Martin boundary
Martin boundary of a discrete group
Let be a random walk on a discrete group. Let be the probability to get from to in steps, i.e. . The Green kernel is by definition:
If the walk is transient then this series is convergent for all . Fix a point and define the Martin kernel by:
.
The embedding has a relatively compact image for the topology of pointwise convergence, and the Martin compactification is the closure of this image. A point is usually represented by the notation .
The Martin kernels are positive harmonic functions and every positive harmonic function can be expressed as an integral of functions on the boundary, that is for every positive harmonic function there is a measure on such that a Poisson-like formula holds:
The measures are supported on the minimal Martin boundary, whose elements can also be characterised by being minimal. A positive harmonic function is said to be minimal if for any harmonic function with there exists such that .
There is actually a whole family of Martin compactifications. Define the Green generating series as
Denote by the radius of convergence of this power series
and define for the -Martin kernel by
.
The closure of the embedding is called the -Martin compactification.
Martin boundary of a Riemannian manifold
For a Riemannian manifold the Martin boundary is constructed, when it exists, in the same way as above, using the Green function of the Laplace–Beltrami operator . In this case there is again a whole family of Martin compactifications associated to the operators for where is the bottom of the spectrum. Examples where this construction can be used to define a compactification are bounded domains in the plane and symmetric spaces of non-compact type.
The relationship between Martin and Poisson boundaries
The measure corresponding to the constant function is called the harmonic measure on the Martin boundary. With this measure the Martin boundary is isomorphic to the Poisson boundary.
Examples
Nilpotent groups
The Poisson and Martin boundaries are trivial for symmetric random walks on nilpotent groups. On the other hand, when the random walk is non-centered, the study of the full Martin boundary, including the minimal functions, is far less conclusive.
Lie groups and discrete subgroups
For random walks on a semisimple Lie group (with step distribution absolutely continuous with respect to the Haar measure) the Poisson boundary is equal to the Furstenberg boundary. The Poisson boundary of the Brownian motion on the associated symmetric space is also the Furstenberg boundary. The full Martin boundary is also well-studied in these cases and can always be described in a geometric manner. For example, for groups of rank one (for example the isometry groups of hyperbolic spaces) the full Martin boundary is the same as the minimal Martin boundary (the situation in higher-rank groups is more complicated).
The Poisson boundary of a Zariski-dense subgroup of a semisimple Lie group, for example a lattice, is also equal to the Furstenberg boundary of the group.
Hyperbolic groups
For random walks on a hyperbolic group, under the finite entropy assumption on the step distribution which always hold for a simple walk (a more general condition is that the first moment be finite) the Poisson boundary is always equal to the Gromov boundary when equipped with the hitting probability measure. For example, the Poisson boundary of a free group is the space of ends of its Cayley tree. The identification of the full Martin boundary is more involved; in case the random walk has finite range (the step distribution is supported on a finite set) the Martin boundary coincides with the minimal Martin boundary and both coincide with the Gromov boundary.
Notes
References
Harmonic analysis
Stochastic processes
Compactification (mathematics) | Poisson boundary | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,724 | [
"Topology",
"Compactification (mathematics)"
] |
51,466,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turing%20Test%20%28video%20game%29 | The Turing Test is a first-person puzzle video game developed by Bulkhead Interactive and published by Square Enix Collective. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in August 2016, for PlayStation 4 in January 2017, for Nintendo Switch in February 2020, and for Stadia in May 2020.
Gameplay
The Turing Test is a puzzle video game with gameplay experienced from a first-person perspective. The player assumes the role of Ava Turing, an International Space Agency (ISA) engineer working at a research station located on Europa, one of Jupiter's moons.
The puzzles involve distributing power through a special tool that can collect and fire power spheres into special receptacles to unlock doors or activate other machinery in the game. As the player progresses, additional elements are introduced, including the ability to observe scenes and activate certain objects via the station's monitoring cameras, and control mobile robots that can be used to explore levels.
Plot
In the far future, engineer Ava Turing is one of several members of a research team sent via the International Space Agency (ISA) to excavate Jupiter's moon Europa. While Ava remains in cryogenic slumber, the other team members are woken and travel to the moon to set up their base and begin conducting their studies, with Ava scheduled to wake once the base is completed. Sometime later, Ava is awoken by the Technical Operations Machine (T.O.M.), an artificial intelligence that monitors the project. T.O.M. tells Ava that her crewmates are in danger and she needs to go down there to help them out. She sets out in a lander and enters the base on Europa. T.O.M. sees that the base's internal configuration has changed from their records, whereby to progress further into the complex, Ava must complete various tests, designed as puzzles (T.O.M. can't solve the rooms, since it is a machine and lacks the creativity of problem solving).
As Ava gets deeper in the complex, T.O.M. determines some of the team members are already dead and the others need their help, urging Ava to move faster. As the tests get harder, T.O.M. realizes that these are designed to be solved by a combination of human and artificial intelligence, a manner similar to that of the actual Turing test. They enter an area where one of the remaining crew-members, Sarah, warns Ava over the communication systems that she is actually being controlled by T.O.M. due to a special chip implanted in her hand when they left for the mission. Sarah directs Ava to a Faraday cage, which temporarily frees Ava of the control from T.O.M., revealing in the process that the player has not been playing as Ava, but as T.O.M., who has been controlling Ava. However, T.O.M. manages to convince Ava that the two of them need to continue to work together to save their colleagues. Though angered by the intrusion of T.O.M. into her body, Ava continues onward, allowing T.O.M. to reassert control over her body.
T.O.M. eventually reveals that the Europa ground team had found a microorganism within the depths of the moon that could be used to infinitely regenerate DNA; this could potentially make humans immortal, but also infinitely regenerate bacteria and viruses. When ISA learned of this discovery, they ordered T.O.M. to take whatever actions needed to make sure the Europa team could never return to Earth, initially by taking actions such as trying to starve them to death or lock them outside the base, but eventually by using the hand chip implants to control them. The surface crew realized they were being controlled, and those that did not die from T.O.M.'s actions found a way to rid the chip from their body, including in one case severing their entire arm. With no way to control the Europa crew, ISA ordered T.O.M. to wake Ava and send her to prevent the others from returning.
Completing the last of the tests set up by the surface crew, Ava finds Sarah in person, and she offers to remove the hand chip from Ava; Ava agrees. The two realize the only way to get off Europa is to stop T.O.M. and they begin to disable his databases. T.O.M. is no longer able to control Ava, but he retains control over his sentry weapons, which he can either use to kill Sarah and Ava, Sarah or Ava, or do nothing. Doing nothing or only killing one of the humans leads to the end of T.O.M. and allows the survivor(s) to escape. Killing both ensures that the organism will not leave Europa. If both people are killed the game ends with T.O.M calling Ava's name repeatedly and imploring her to wake up before the credits roll. Regardless of the player's decision, the test will result as "passed".
Development and release
In 2015, UK-based studios Deco Digital and Bevel Studios released their first-person puzzle game, Pneuma: Breath of Life. Towards the end of the year, the two studios merged to form Bulkhead Interactive, the developer of The Turing Test. The game was developed using Unreal Engine 4. The Turing Test was in a pre-production phase for six months, where the designers created puzzles and defined the gameplay curve. The game was in full production for a further year. Creative producer Howard Philpott cited Croteam's 2014 puzzle game, The Talos Principle, as a reference point for the progression of introducing gameplay mechanics in The Turing Test.
The game was published by Square Enix as part of their indie initiative, Square Enix Collective. The game was released for Windows and Xbox One on 30 August 2016. The PlayStation 4 version was released on 23 January 2017. The Nintendo Switch version was released on 7 February 2020.
Reception
The Turing Test received "generally favourable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
Publisher website
2016 video games
PlayStation 4 games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Science fiction video games
Square Enix games
Unreal Engine 4 games
Video games set in the future
Fiction set on Europa (moon)
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games featuring female protagonists
Nintendo Switch games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Turing tests
Stadia games | The Turing Test (video game) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,319 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Turing tests"
] |
51,466,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants%20of%20the%20Sierra%20de%20Manantl%C3%A1n%20Biosphere%20Reserve | This is a list of plants found in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve. The reserve straddles the Mexican states of Colima and Jalisco. It is located in the transition between the Nearctic and Neotropical realms and encompasses parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur, with a wide range of altitudes, climates and soils. The effects of tectonic and volcanic activities and erosion are notable within the reserve.
Ecological characteristics
General characteristics
Forest types in the reserve including mesophytic, cloud, dry deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical forests. Anthropologists know the region as Zona de Occidente, an area notably different from the rest of Mesoamerica. Some ceramic remnants, figurines and graves have been found, but there is little other material evidence of ancient human settlement. As of 1995 almost 8,000 people lived in the Sierra de Manantlán Reserve, engaged mainly in agriculture (corn, beans, tomatoes, sugar cane, watermelon, mangoes), livestock grazing, timber production, and extraction of wood for fuel and mining of coal or minerals. Another 30,000 lived in the surrounding communities and almost 700,000 in the surrounding region.
Location and geography
The Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve is located to the extreme north of the inter-tropical zone. The climate in the region is influenced by its proximity to the coast, the effect of its landform (orographic shade) and the breadth of its altitudinal range. These characteristics explain the high biodiversity and the presence of numerous plant formations ranging from tropical forests to temperate-cold climates.
Birds and mammals
The Sierra de Manantlán's varied and complex plant cover harbours a great wealth of flora. There are over 2900 species of vascular plants belonging to 981 genera. Wildlife is one of the important components of the high biodiversity in this reserve. Among the main values of the Sierra de Manantlán, in addition to its great wealth of species and its unique biogeographical characteristics, particular mention should be made of the presence of endangered or useful endemic species. So far 110 mammal species have been reported, including the Mexican vole subspecies Microtus mexicanus neveriae, the pocket gopher Cratogeomys gymnurus russelli, the oncilla, jaguarandi, ocelot, puma, bobcat, jaguar and four species of nectarivorous bats.
There are 336 bird species which have been reported, among them are 36 which are endemic to Mexico, such as the charismatic species: crested guan (Penelope purpurascens), military macaw (Ara militaris), red-lored amazon (Amazona autumnalis) and the Mexican national symbol, the golden eagle. In terms of herpetofauna, 85 species have been recorded; of these 13 are endemic to the western and central region of Mexico: rattlesnake, black iguana, frog Shyrrhopus modestus, beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Autlan rattlesnake (Crotalus lannomi), an endemic species only reported for the area of Puerto de Los Mazos. Of the 16 species of fish identified, 13 are native and four are endemic to the region.
Most plants in the list below can be found in Flora de Manantlán, and that should be assumed as a reference when no other is indicated. References to other sources are included where found. The herbarium web pages at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and at the Missouri Botanical Garden are used as authorities for names with adjustments for the system in use by Wikipedia. Species include ecosystem, growth habit, and common names where available.
Cycads
Zamiaceae
Zamia loddigesii: a shrub or
Coniferae
Pines and their allies.
Cupressaceae
Cupressus
Cupressus lusitanica: a tree or – found in pine forest and pine-fir forest – called Mexican white cedar, cedar-of-Goa, cypress, in Spanish , ,
Pinaceae
Abies
Abies guatemalensis: tree
Abies religiosa: tree – cloud forest, pine-fir forest – sacred fir, ,
Pinus
Pinus devoniana: tree
Pinus gordoniana (syn. P. douglasiana): tree – cloud forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest –
Pinus durangensis: tree
Pinus herrerae: tree – pine-oak forest, pine forest –
Pinus leiophylla: tree
Pinus maximinoi: tree –
Pinus montezumae: tree
Pinus oocarpa: tree – pine-oak forest, pine forest
Pinus pseudostrobus: tree – pine forest, pine-fir forest – , ,
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus
Podocarpus matudae: tree
Monocotyledons or Liliopsida
Cyperaceae
Cyperus
Cyperus hermaphroditus
Graminea or Poaceae
Festuca
Festuca breviglumis
Liliaceae or Asparagaceae
Agave
Agave maximiliana
Otatea
Otatea acuminata –
Otatea aztecorum
Piptochaetium
Piptochaetium virescens
Zea
Zea diploperennis –
Smilacaceae
Smilax
Smilax domingensis
Typhaceae
Typha
Typha domingensis
Magnoliopsida or Dicotyledons
Flowering plants
Acanthaceae
Aphelandra
Aphelandra lineariloba: shrub
Aphelandra madrensis: shrub
Barleria
Barleria micans: shrub
Dicliptera
Dicliptera resupinata: herb
Dyschoriste
Dyschoriste hirsutissima: herb – ,
Dyschoriste saltuensis: herb
Dyschoriste rubiginosa or D. angustifolia: herb
Elytraria
Elytraria imbricata: herb
Henrya
Henrya insularis: herb
Henrya tuberculosperma: herb
Justicia or Jacobinia
Jacobinia mexicana: herb
Justicia aurea: herb
Justicia candicans: herb
Justicia reflexiflora: herb
Justicia salviiflora: herb
Justicia spicigera: herb
Pseuderanthemum
Pseuderanthemum praecox: herb
Pseuderanthemum standleyi: herb
Ruellia
Ruellia bourgaei: shrub
Ruellia jaliscana: shrub
Ruellia mcvaughii: shrub
Ruellia novogaliciana: shrub
Ruellia spissa: herb
Ruellia stemonacanthoides: herb
Tetramerium
Tetramerium glandulosum: herb
Tetramerium nervosum: herb
Tetramerium tenuissimum: herb
Ruellia or Blechum
Blechum brownei: herb
Actinidiaceae
Saurauia
Saurauia serrata: tree –
Aizoaceae or Molluginaceae
Mollugo
Mollugo verticillata
Trianthema
Trianthema portulacastrum: herb
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes
Achyranthes aspera: herb –
Alternanthera
Alternanthera achyrantha: herb
Amaranthus
Amaranthus cruentus: herb
Amaranthus dubius: herb – , ,
Amaranthus hybridus: herb –
Amaranthus palmeri: herb –
Amaranthus polygonoides: herb
Amaranthus spinosus: herb –
Celosia
Celosia orcutti: herb
Chamissoa
Chamissoa altissima: herb –
Froelichia
Froelichia interrupta: herb
Gomphrena
Gomphrena decumbens: herb
Iresine
Iresine angustifolia: herb –
Iresine calea: herb
Iresine cassiniiformis: herb
Iresine diffusa: herb –
Iresine hartmanii: herb
Iresine interrupta: herb –
Iresine nigra: herb –
Lagrezia
Lagrezia monosperma: herb
Pleuropetalum
Pleuropetalum sprucei: herb
Anacardiaceae
Amphipterygium
Amphipterygium adstringens
Astronium
Astronium graveolenss
Cyrtocarpa
Cyrtocarpa procera
Pistacia
Pistacia mexicana: tree –
Pseudosmodingium
Pseudosmodingium perniciosum
Rhus
Rhus pachyrrhachis
Rhus schmidelioides
Rhus terebinthifolia
Spondias
Spondias purpurea: tree – ,
Toxicodendron
Toxicodendron radicans: vine –
Toxicodendron radicans var. divaricatum: vine –
Apiaceae
Eryngium
Eryngium palmeri
Annonaceae
Annona
Annona cherimola: tree –
Annona longifolia: tree –
Annona muricata: tree – ,
Annona purpurea: tree – , , ,
Annona reticulata: tree – , ,
Annona squamosa: tree – sugar apple
Apocynaceae or Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias
Asclepias angustifolia: herb
Asclepias auriculata: herb
Asclepias contrayerba: herb
Asclepias crocea: herb
Asclepias curassavica: herb – , ,
Asclepias glaucescens: herb
Asclepias mcvaughii: herb
Asclepias ovata: herb –
Asclepias pellucida: herb
Asclepias pringlei: herb
Asclepias sp. nov.: herb
Blepharodon
Blepharodon mucronatum: vine
Cryptostegia
Cryptostegia grandiflora: vine – rubber vine,
Cynanchum
Cynanchum foetidum: vine
Cynanchum jaliscanum: vine
Cynanchum ligulatum: vine
Cynanchum unifarium: vine
Cynanchum sp. nov.: vine
Funastrum
(Formerly Sarcostemma)
Funastrum bilobum: vine
Funastrum clausum: vine
Funastrum elegans: vine
Funastrum heterophyllum: vine
Funastrum pannosum: vine
Gonolobus
Gonolobus chloranthus: vine
Gonolobus jaliscensis: vine
Gonolobus macranthus: vine
Gonolobus sp. nov. 1: vine
Gonolobus sp. nov. 2: vine
Marsdenia
Marsdenia astephanoides: vine
Marsdenia lanata: vine
Marsdenia mexicana: vine
Matelea
Matelea aspera: vine
Matelea balbisii: vine
Matelea chrysantha: vine
Matelea crenata: vine
Matelea cyclophylla: vine
Matelea dictyantha: vine
Matelea pavonii: vine
Matelea quirosii: vine
Matelea sp.: vine
Matelea sp. nov.: vine
Mellichampia
Mellichampia sp.: vine
Metastelma
Metastelma sp.: vine
Apocynaceae
Alstonia
Alstonia longifolia: tree
Haplophyton
Haplophyton cinereum: herb
Laubertia
Laubertia contorta
Mandevilla
Mandevilla andrieuxii: vine
Mandevilla foliosa: vine
Mandevilla subsagittata: vine
Mandevilla syrinx: vine
Plumeria
Plumeria obtusa: shrub – ,
Plumeria rubra: shrub – ,
Prestonia
Prestonia mexicana: shrub
Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia canescens:
Rauvolfia tetraphylla: shrub
Stemmadenia
Stemmadenia donnell-smithii: shrub –
Stemmadenia tomentosa: shrub – , ,
Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana alba: shrub
Thenardia
Thenardia floribunda: tree
Thevetia
Thevetia ovata: shrub
Vallesia
Vallesia sp. nov.
Vinca
Vinca major: perennial groundcover –
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex
Ilex brandegeana: cloud forest
Ilex tolucana: ivy
Araliaceae
Aralia
Aralia humilis: tree –
Dendropanax
Dendropanax arboreus: cloud forest
Oreopanax
Oreopanax echinops: tree –
Oreopanax peltatus: tree
Oreopanax santanderianus: tree
Oreopanax xalapensis: tree – cloud forest
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia
Aristolochia buntingii: vine
Aristolochia foetida: vine
Aristolochia malacophylla: vine
Aristolochia styloglossa: vine –
Aristolochia taliscana: vine – ,
Aristolochia tequilana: vine –
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens
Impatiens balsamina: herb –
Basellaceae
Anredera
Anredera vesicaria: vine
Begoniaceae
Begonia
Begonia balmisiana: herb –
Begonia biserrata: herb
Begonia calderonii: herb
Begonia gracilis: annual herb
Begonia heracleifolia: herb
Begonia lachaoensis: herb
Begonia monophylla: herb
Begonia oaxacana: herb
Begonia ornithophylla: herb
Begonia plebeja: herb
Begonia stigmosa: herb
Begonia uruapensis: herb
Begonia sp. 1: herb
Begonia sp. 2: herb
Begonia sp. 3: herb
Berberidaceae
Berberis
Berberis incerta: shrub
Betulaceae
Alnus
Alnus acuminata arguta: tree –
Alnus jorullensis: tree – pine-oak forest, pine forest –
Alnus jorullensis lutea: tree –
Carpinus
Carpinus tropicalis: cloud forest, pine-oak forest –
Ostrya
Ostrya virginiana: cloud forest – ,
Bignoniaceae
Amphilophium
Amphilophium paniculatum: vine
Amphilophium paniculatum paniculatum: vine
Astianthus
Astianthus viminalis: shrub – , ,
Crescentia
Crescentia alata: shrub tree –
Distictis
Distictis buccinatoria: shrub tree –
Melloa
Melloa quadrivalvis: shrub tree – ,
Pithecoctenium
Pithecoctenium crucigerum: shrub tree
Tabebuia
Tabebuia chrysantha: shrub –
Tabebuia rosea: shrub –
Tecoma
Tecoma stans: shrub – ,
Bixaceae
Bixa
Bixa orellana: shrub or tree –
Bombacaceae
Bernoullia
Bernoullia flammea
Ceiba
Ceiba acuminata: tree
Ceiba aesculifolia: tree –
Ceiba pentandra: tree – ,
Pseudobombax
Pseudobombax ellipticum –
Pseudobombax palmeri: tree
Boraginaceae
Bourreria
Bourreria superba
Cordia
Cordia alliodora: tree –
Cordia cordiformis: tree
Cordia diversifolia: tree –
Cordia eleagnoides: tree –
Cordia inermis: tree
Cordia morelosana: tree
Cordia prunifolia: tree –
Cordia salvadorensis: tree
Cordia spinescens: tree – , ,
Ehretia
Ehretia latifolia: tree
Heliotropium
Heliotropium fallax: herb
Heliotropium indicum: annual herb – ,
Heliotropium procumbens: herb
Heliotropium rufipilum: herb –
Macromeria
Macromeria exserta: herb
Macromeria longiflora: herb
Tournefortia
Tournefortia acutiflora: herb
Tournefortia hirsutissima: herb
Tournefortia mutabilis: herb
Tournefortia petiolaris: herb
Tournefortia volubilis: herb
Tournefortia petiolaris: herb
Tournefortia petiolaris: herb
Buddlejaceae
Buddleja
Buddleja cordata: shrub – butterfly bush, ,
Buddleja parviflora: shrub –
Buddleja sessiliflora: shrub –
Burseraceae
Bursera
Bursera bipinata: tree
Bursera bipinata × Bursera copalifera: tree
Bursera copalifera: tree
Bursera diversifolia: tree
Bursera fagaroides: tree – ,
Bursera grandifolia: tree –
Bursera graveolens: tree –
Bursera heteresthes: tree
Bursera kerberi: tree
Bursera multijuga: tree
Bursera penicillata: tree
Bursera rhoifolia: tree
Bursera schlechtendalii: tree
Bursera simaruba: tree –
Bursera sp. nov.
Commiphora
Commiphora sarcopoda: tree
Terebinthus
Terebinthus acuminata: tree
Cactaceae
Acanthocereus
Acanthocereus occidentalis: vine cactus
Cephalocereus
Cephalocereus alensis: barrel cactus –
Epiphyllum
Epiphyllum anguliger: vine cactus –
Ferocactus
Ferocactus reppenhagenii: barrel cactus –
Heliocereus
Heliocereus speciosus: vine cactus –
Hylocereus
Hylocereus ocamponis: vine cactus –
Hylocereus purpusii: vine cactus
Mammillaria
Mammillaria beneckei: barrel cactus
Mammillaria reppenhagenii: barrel cactus –
Mammillaria scrippsiana: barrel cactus
Mammillaria supraflumen: barrel cactus
Neobuxbaumia
Neobuxbaumia mezcalensis
Nopalea
Nopalea karwinskiana: nopal cactus – prickly pear, ,
Opuntia
Opuntia atropes: nopal cactus
Opuntia fuliginosa: nopal cactus – ,
Opuntia puberula: nopal cactus –
Pachycereus
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum – , ,
Peniocereus
Peniocereus cuixmalensis: vine cactus
Pereskiopsis
Pereskiopsis aquosa: cactus bush
Pereskiopsis diguetii: cactus bush – ,
Rhipsalis
Rhipsalis baccifera: cactus herb
Selenicereus
Selenicereus atropilosus: vine cactus
Selenicereus vagans: vine cactus
Stenocereus
Stenocereus queretaroensis – , ,
Callitrichaceae
Callitriche
Callitriche heterophylla: aquatic herb
Campanulaceae or Lobeliaceae
Diastatea
Diastatea micrantha
Heterotoma
Heterotoma lobelioides var. glabra: annual herb
Lobelia
Lobelia cordifolia: annual herb
Lobelia fenestralis: annual herb
Lobelia jaliscensis: annual herb –
Lobelia laxiflora: annual herb
Lobelia longicaulis: annual herb
Lobelia occidentalis: annual herb
Capparaceae
Capparis
Capparis mollicella: shrub – caper,
Capparis quiriguensis: shrub
Cleome
Cleome pilosa: annual herb
Cleome speciosa: annual herb –
Cleome tenuis: annual herb –
Cleome viscosa: annual herb
Crateva
Crateva palmeri: tree – ,
Morisonia
Morisonia americana: tree – , ,
Capparaceae or Resedaceae
Forchhammeria
Forchhammeria pallida
Forchhammeria sessifolia
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera
Lonicera acutifolia: shrub – honeysuckle
Symphoricarpos
Symphoricarpos microphyllus: shrub
Caprifoliaceae or Adoxaceae
Viburnum
Viburnum hartwegii: shrub
Viburnum microcarpum: shrub
Caricaceae
Carica
Carica papaya: tree – papaya
Jacaratia
Jacaratia mexicana: tree –
Jarilla
Jarilla chocola: tree
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria
Arenaria lanuginosa: herb – sandwort
Arenaria megalantha: herb – sandwort
Cerastium
Cerastium nutans: herb – chickweed
Cerastium sinaloense: herb – chickweed
Drymaria
Drymaria cordata: herb
Drymaria excisa: herb
Drymaria gracilis: herb
Drymaria minuscula: herb
Drymaria villosa: herb
Stellaria
Stellaria spp.: herbs - starwort, stitchwort; (formerly the now-obsolete genus Alsine)
Stellaria cuspidata: herb – chickweed
Celastraceae
Celastrus
Celastrus pringlei: shrub – ,
Perrottetia
Perrottetia longistylis: bush
Rhacoma
Rhacoma eucymosa: tree
Rhacoma managuatillo
Schaefferia
Schaefferia frutescens: shrub
Schaefferia pilosa: shrub
Wimmeria
Wimmeria lanceolata: shrub –
Zinowiewia
Zinowiewia concinna: shrub – cloud forest –
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium
Chenopodium ambrosioides: annual herb –
Chenopodium graveolens: annual herb –
Chloranthaceae
Hedyosmum
Hedyosmum mexicanum: tree – cloud forest –
Chrysobalanaceae
Couepia
Couepia polyandra: shrub –
Licania
Licania retifolia: shrub
Clethraceae
Clethra
Clethra fragans: bush (not in Vazquez)
Clethra rosei: bush – ,
Clethra vicentina: bush – cloud forest, pine-oak forest –
Clethra sp.: bush
Cochlospermaceae or Bixaceae
Cochlospermum
Cochlospermum vitifolium: tree –
Combretaceae
Combretum
Combretum fruticosum: vine or – ,
Compositae or Asteraceae
Acmella
Acmella alba: herb – toothache plant
Acmella oppositifolia: herb – toothache plant
Ageratum
Ageratum corymbosum: annual herb
Ageratum corymbosum: annual herb
Ageratum corymbosum fo. albiflorum: annual herb
Ageratum houstonianum: annual herb
Alloispermum
Alloispermum colimense: annual herb
Alloispermum integrifolium: annual herb
Alloispermum palmeri var. palmeri: annual herb
Alloispermum scabrum var. scabrum: annual herb
Archibaccharis
Archibaccharis asperifolia: shrub
Archibaccharis hieracioides var. glandulosa: shrub
Archibaccharis schiedeana: shrub
Archibaccharis serratifolia: shrub
Aster or Symphyotrichum
Aster moranensis: herb –
Aster subulatus: herb
Baccharis
Baccharis heterophylla: shrub –
Baccharis multiflora: shrub
Baccharis occidentalis: shrub
Baccharis pteronioides: shrub – , ,
Baccharis salicifolia: shrub – mule fat
Baccharis trinervis: shrub –
Baltimora
Baltimora geminata: herb
Bidens
Bidens acrifolia: herb
Bidens aequisquama var. aequisquama: herb
Bidens odorata var. odorata: herb
Bidens odorata var. rosea: herb
Bidens ostruthioides: herb
Bidens pilosa: herb – beggarticks,
Bidens reptans var. urbanii: herb
Bidens riparia var. refracta: herb
Bidens rostrata: herb
Bidens squarrosa: herb
Bidens triplinervia: herb
Brickellia
Brickellia adenolepis: herb
Brickellia cardiophylla: herb
Brickellia diffusa: herb
Brickellia filipes: herb
Brickellia jaliscensis: herb
Brickellia magnifica: shrub:
Brickellia scoparia: herb or shrub
Brickellia secundiflora var. monticola: herb or shrub
Brickellia squarrosa: herb or shrub
Brickellia subuligera: shrub
Calea
Calea urticifolia var. urticifolia: shrub – , ,
Carminatia
Carminatia recondita: herb
Carminatia tenuiflora: herb
Chaptalia
Chaptalia leucocephala: herb
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum indicum var. mexicanum: herb
Cirsium
Cirsium anartiolepis: perennial root herb – thistle,
Cirsium ehrenbergii: perennial root herb
Cirsium mexicanum: perennial root herb
Cirsium tolucanum: perennial root
Cirsium sp. nov.: perennial root –
Clibadium
Clibadium arboreum: herb
Conyza
Conyza apurensis: herb
Conyza bonariensis: herb – , ?
Conyza canadensis: herb
Conyza confusa: herb
Conyza coronopifolia: herb
Conyza coulteri: herb
Conyza microcephala: herb
Conyza sophiifolia: herb
Coreopsis
Coreopsis petrophiloides: herb
Cosmos
Cosmos bipinnatus: herb –
Cosmos carvifolius: herb
Cosmos intercedens: herb
Cosmos sulphureus: herb
Cymophora
Cymophora hintonii: herb
Dahlia
Dahlia coccinea: herb –
Dahlia tenuicaulis: perennial bulb herb –
Decachaeta
Decachaeta haenkeana: bush
Delilia
Delilia biflora: herb
Desmanthodium
Desmanthodium fruticosum: shrub
Dyssodia
Dyssodia neomexicana var. pulcherrima: herb
Dyssodia porophyllum var. cancellata: shrub
Dyssodia squamosa: shrub
Dyssodia tagetiflora: shrub
Eclipta
Eclipta prostrata: herb
Elephantopus
Elephantopus mollis: herb
Erechtites
Erechtites hieraciifolius: herb
Erigeron
Erigeron longipes: herb
Erigeron ortegae var. ortigae: herb
Erigeron polycephalus: herb
Erigeron velutipes: herb – ,
Eupatorium
Eupatorium araliifolium: shrub
Eupatorium areolare: shrub
Eupatorium arsenei: shrub
Eupatorium atrocordatum: shrub
Eupatorium ceriferum: shrub
Eupatorium chiapense: shrub
Eupatorium choricephalum: shrub
Eupatorium ciliatum: shrub
Eupatorium collinum: shrub –
Eupatorium conspicuum: shrub
Eupatorium cronquistii: shrub
Eupatorium cylindricum: shrub
Eupatorium dolichobasis: shrub
Eupatorium glaberrimum: shrub
Eupatorium hebebotryum: shrub
Eupatorium isolepis: shrub
Eupatorium lasioneuron: shrub
Eupatorium leptodictyon: shrub
Eupatorium mairetianum: shrub
Eupatorium malacolepis: shrub
Eupatorium monanthum: shrub
Eupatorium morifolium: shrub
Eupatorium muelleri: shrub
Eupatorium nelsonii: shrub
Eupatorium odoratum: herb –
Eupatorium oerstedianum: shrub
Eupatorium oresbium: shrub
Eupatorium ovaliflorum: shrub
Eupatorium pauperculum: shrub
Eupatorium pazcuarense: shrub
Eupatorium pichinchense: shrub
Eupatorium polybotryum: shrub
Eupatorium quadrangulare: shrub
Eupatorium ramireziorum: shrub
Eupatorium rhomboideum: shrub
Eupatorium scabrellum: shrub
Eupatorium sinaloense: shrub
Eupatorium sonorae: shrub
Eupatorium vitifolium: shrub
Eupatorium or Ageratina
Eupatorium barriei: shrub
Eupatorium manantlanum: shrub
Fleischmannia
Fleischmannia arguta: herb –
Florestina
Florestina pedata: herb
Galeana
Galeana pratensis: herb
Galinsoga
Galinsoga quadriradiata: herb –
Gnaphalium
Gnaphalium americanum: herb
Gnaphalium attenuatum var. attenuatum: herb
Gnaphalium attenuatum var. sylvicola: herb
Gnaphalium bourgovii: herb –
Gnaphalium canescens: herb
Gnaphalium chartaceum: herb
Gnaphalium jaliscense: herb
Gnaphalium liebmannii var. monticola: herb
Gnaphalium roseum: herb
Gnaphalium semilanatum: herb
Gnaphalium sphacelatum: herb
Gnaphalium viscosum: herb
Gnaphalium sp.: herb
Guardiola
Guardiola mexicana
Guardiola tulocarpus
Helenium
Helenium scorzonerifolium
Heliopsis
Heliopsis bupthalmoides
Heliopsis procumbens
Heterosperma
Heterosperma pinnatum
Heterotheca
Hieracium abscissum
Hieracium fendleri
Hieracium fendleri subsp. ostreophyllum
Hofmeisteria
Hofmeisteria dissecta
Hofmeisteria urenifolia
Isocarpha
Isocarpha oppositifolia
Jaegeria
Jaegeria hirta
Jaegeria macrocephala
Lagascea
Lagascea decipiens
Lagascea helianthifolia
Lasianthaea
Lasianthaea ceanothifolia
Lasianthaea fruticosa
Lasianthaea fruticosa var. michoacana
Lasianthaea helianthoides var. helianthoides
Lasianthaea macrocephala
Lasianthaea palmeri
Liabum
Liabum broomeae or Sinclairia broomeae
Liabum cervinum
Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum
Liabum liebmannii
Liabum sp. nov.
Melampodium
Melampodium americanum
Melampodium divaricatum
Melampodium microcephalum
Melampodium nutans
Melampodium perfoliatum
Melampodium tepicense
Mikania
Mikania cordifolia
Milleria
Milleria quinqueflora
Montanoa
Montanoa andersonii
Montanoa bipinnatifida
Montanoa grandiflora
Montanoa karvinskii
Montanoa leucantha
Odontotrichum
Odontotrichum multilobum
Odontotrichum palmeri
Onoseris
Onoseris onoseroides
Osbertia
Osbertia stolonifera
Otopappus
Otopappus acuminatus
Otopappus epaleaceus
Otopappus microcephalus
Otopappus tequilanus
Otopappus scaber
Parthenium
Parthenium hysterophorus
Pectis
Pectis linifolia
Pectis repens
Perezia
Perezia dugesii
Perezia fruticosa
Perezia glomeriflora
Perezia hooveri
Perezia patens
Perezia simulata
Pericalia
Pericalia sessilifolia
Perymenium
Perymenium alticola
Perymenium buphthalmoides
Perymenium jaliscense
Perymenium mendezii
Perymenium uxoris
Perymenium wilburorum
Pinaropappus
Pinaropappus diguetii
Pinaropappus roseus
Piqueria
Piqueria triflora
Pittocaulon
Pittocaulon hintonii
Pluchea
Pluchea salicifolia
Pluchea symphytifolia
Podachaenium
Podachaenium eminens
Polymnia
Polymnia maculata
Polymnia macvaughii
Polymnia uvedalia
Porophyllum
Porophyllum coloratum
Porophyllum lindenii
Porophyllum pringlei
Porophyllum punctatum
Porophyllum ruderale
Porophyllum viridiflorum
Psacalium
Psacalium goldsmithii
Psacalium peltigerum
Psacalium pentaflorum
Psacalium poculiferum
Pseudelephantopus
Pseudelephantopus spicatus
Rumfordia
Rumfordia floribunda
Rumfordia floribunda var. floribunda
Rumfordia floribunda var. jaliscensis
Schkuhria
Schkuhria pinnata
Sclerocarpus
Sclerocarpus divaricatus
Senecio
Senecio albonervius
Senecio angulifolius
Senecio argutus
Senecio barba-johannis
Senecio bellidifolius
Senecio callosus
Senecio chapalensis
Senecio cinerarioides
Senecio galicianus var. galicianus
Senecio galicianus var. manantlanensis
Senecio hartwegii
Senecio multidentatus
Senecio roldana
Senecio salignus
Senecio sanguisorbae
Senecio sinuatus
Senecio standleyi
Senecio stoechadiformis
Senecio suffultus
Sigesbeckia
Sigesbeckia agrestis
Simsia
Simsia annectens
Sonchus
Sonchus oleraceus –
Stevia
Stevia alatipes
Stevia caracasana
Stevia lasioclada
Stevia latifolia
Stevia lucida
Stevia micradenia
Stevia monardifolia
Stevia myricoides
Stevia nelsonii
Stevia origanoides
Stevia ovata
Stevia serrata var. serrata
Stevia subpubescens
Stevia trifida
Stevia viscida
Tagetes
Tagetes filifolia –
Tagetes lucida –
Tagetes lunulata
Tagetes remotiflora – ,
Tagetes stenophylla
Tagetes subulata
Taraxacum
Taraxacum officinale –
Tithonia
Tithonia rotundifolia –
Tithonia tubiformis or Tithonia tubaeformis – , ,
Tridax
Tridax accedens
Tridax accedens
Tridax procumbens
Trigonospermum
Trigonospermum melampodioides –
Tagetes
Trixis mexicana var. mexicana
Trixis michuacana var. longifolia
Verbesina
Verbesina cinerascens
Verbesina crocata
Verbesina culminicola
Verbesina fastigiata
Verbesina greenmanii
Verbesina oligantha
Verbesina oncophora
Verbesina oxylepis
Verbesina parviflora
Verbesina sphaerocephala
Verbesina tetraptera
Verbesina turbacensis
Verbesina heterocarpa
Vernonia
Vernonia baadii
Vernonia bealliae
Vernonia capreifolia
Vernonia cordata
Vernonia coulteri
Vernonia patens
Vernonia pungens
Vernonia serratuloides
Vernonia triflosculosa
Vernonia vernonioides
Tagetes
Taraxacum officinale
Viguiera
Viguiera cordata
Viguiera cordata var. cordata
Viguiera dentata
Viguiera ensifolia
Viguiera grahamii
Viguiera hypochlora
Viguiera latibracteata
Viguiera pachycephala
Viguiera pringlei
Viguiera tenuis
Zinnia
Zinnia americana
Zinnia bicolor
Zinnia peruviana
Zinnia zinnioides
Connaraceae
Rourea
Rourea glabra
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus
Evolvulus alsinoides
Evolvulus nummularius
Ipomoea
Ipomoea alba
Ipomoea ampullacea
Ipomoea arborescens
Ipomoea batatoides
Ipomoea bracteata
Ipomoea capillacea
Ipomoea cardiophylla
Ipomoea cholulensis
Ipomoea corymbosa
Ipomoea cuernavacensis
Ipomoea decemcornuta
Ipomoea dimorphophylla
Ipomoea dumosa
Ipomoea funis
Ipomoea hartwegii
Ipomoea hederifolia
Ipomoea invicta
Ipomoea lindenii
Ipomoea mairetii
Ipomoea minutiflora
Ipomoea murucoides
Ipomoea neei
Ipomoea nil –
Ipomoea noctulifolia
Ipomoea orizabensis
Ipomoea pseudoracemosa
Ipomoea santillanii
Ipomoea seducta
Ipomoea spectata
Ipomoea trifida
Ipomoea sp. nov.
Coriariaceae
Coriaria
Coriaria ruscifolia subsp. microphylla
Cornaceae
Cornus
Cornus disciflora: cloud forest, pine-oak forest, gallery forest –
Cornus excelsa –
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum
Bryophyllum pinnatum –
Graptopetalum
Graptopetalum fruticosum
Curatella
Sedum grandipetalum
Sedum greggii
Sedum jaliscanum
Sedum tortuosum
Sedum sp. 1
Sedum sp. 2
Cruciferae or Brassicaceae
Brassica
Brassica rapa –
Cardamine
Cardamine fulcrata
Lepidium
Lepidium lasiocarpum
Lepidium oblongum
Lepidium virginicum
Raphanus
Raphanus raphanistrum –
Rorippa
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum –
Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia
Cayaponia attenuata –
Cayaponia racemosa –
Cremastopus
Cremastopus rostratus
Cucumis
Cucumis anguria –
Cucurbita
Cucurbita argyrosperma – ,
Cucurbita ficifolia –
Cyclanthera
Cyclanthera dissecta
Cyclanthera langaei
Cyclanthera steyermarkii
Cyclanthera tamnoides
Echinopepon
Echinopepon jaliscanus
Echinopepon lanatus
Echinopepon pringlei
Echinopepon racemosus
Ibervillea
Ibervillea maxima –
Melothria
Melothria pendula
Melothria pringlei
Momordica
Momordica charantia –
Polyclathra
Polyclathra cucumerina
Rytidostylis
Rytidostylis gracilis
Rytidostylis longisepala
Schizocarpum
Schizocarpum longisepalum
Schizocarpum palmeri
Sechium
Sechium compositum
Sicyos
Sicyos laciniatus
Sicyos longisepalus
Cuscutaceae
Cuscuta
Cuscuta corymbosa –
Cuscuta mitriformis or Cuscuta mitraeformis – ,
Dichapetalaceae
Tapura
Tapura mexicana
Dilleniaceae
Curatella
Curatella americana –
Davilla
Davilla kunthii
Dipentodontaceae
Perrottetia
Perrottetia longistylis: cloud forest
Ebenaceae
Diospyros
Diospyros sinaloensis
Diospyros sp.
Elaeocarpaceae
Muntingia
Muntingia calabura –
Sloanea
Sloanea terniflora – ,
Ericaceae
Arbutus
Arbutus occidentalis –
Arbutus xalapensis –
Comarostaphylis
Comarostaphylis discolor – ,
Comarostaphylis discolor subsp. manantlanensis –
Comarostaphylis glaucescens
Gaultheria
Gaultheria hirtiflora
Vaccinium
Vaccinium confertum
Vaccinium stenophyllum – cloud forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest –
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha
Acalypha alopecuroides
Acalypha cincta
Acalypha filipes
Acalypha grisea
Acalypha hypogaea
Acalypha langiana
Acalypha microphylla
Acalypha ocymoides
Acalypha ostryifolia
Acalypha salvadorensis
Acalypha schiedeana
Acalypha setosa
Acalypha subviscida
Acalypha triloba
Acalypha umbrosa
Acalypha vagans
Acalypha sp.
Adelia
Adelia barbinervis
Argythamnia
Argythamnia manzanilloana
Astrocasia
Astrocasia tremula
Bernardia
Bernardia gentryana
Bernardia mexicana
Bernardia santanae
Bernardia
Chamaesyce berteroana or Chamaesyce berteriana
Chamaesyce grisea
Chamaesyce hirta
Chamaesyce hirta var. procumbens
Chamaesyce hypericifolia
Chamaesyce hyssopifolia
Chamaesyce indivisa
Chiropetalum
Chiropetalum schiedeanum
Cnidoscolus
Cnidoscolus autlanensis –
Cnidoscolus spinosus
Cnidoscolus tepiquensis
Croton
Croton billbergianus
Croton ciliato-glandulifera –
Croton draco –
Croton flavescens
Croton fragilis
Croton fragilis
Croton hirtus
Croton pyramidalis
Croton septemnervius
Croton suberosus
Croton wilburii
Croton ynesiae
Dalechampia
Dalechampia scandens
Dalembertia
Dalembertia populifolia
Euphorbia
Euphorbia ariensis
Euphorbia calyculata
Euphorbia colletioides
Euphorbia cotinifolia
Euphorbia cyathophora
Euphorbia dentata
Euphorbia dioscoreoides
Euphorbia furcillata
Euphorbia graminea
Euphorbia graminea var. novogaliciana
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia humayensis
Euphorbia jaliscensis
Euphorbia macropus
Euphorbia macvaughii
Euphorbia multiseta
Euphorbia ocymoides
Euphorbia peganoides
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Euphorbia schlechtendalii var. pacifica
Euphorbia sphaerorhiza
Euphorbia strigosa
Euphorbia tanquahuete
Euphorbia xalapensis
Gymnanthes
Gymnanthes actinostemoides
Hura
Hura polyandra –
Jatropha
Jatropha bartlettii
Jatropha cordata
Jatropha mcvaughii
Jatropha platyphylla
Mabea
Mabea occidentalis
Manihot
Manihot aesculifolia
Manihot intermedia
Manihot michaelis
Manihot rhomboidea
Manihot rhomboidea subsp. microcarpa
Margaritaria
Margaritaria nobilis – , ,
Pedilanthus
Pedilanthus calcaratus –
Pedilanthus diazlunanus –
Pedilanthus palmeri –
Phyllanthus
Phyllanthus glaucescens
Phyllanthus gypsicola
Phyllanthus mocinianus
Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus standleyi
Phyllanthus stipulatus
Phyllanthus tequilensis
Ricinus
Ricinus communis –
Sapium
Sapium pedicellatum
Sebastiania
Sebastiania corniculata
Sebastiania hintonii
Tragia
Tragia affinis
Tragia pacifica
Tragia volubilis
Sebastiania
Sebastiania hintonii: cloud forest
Fagaceae
Quercus
Quercus aristata
Quercus calophylla (incorrectly called Quercus candicans): cloud forest
Quercus castanea: pine-oak forest, pine forest
Quercus crassifolia
Quercus crassipes
Quercus deserticola
Quercus elliptica
Quercus excelsa
Quercus confertifolia (as Quercus gentryi)
Quercus glaucescens
Quercus insignis
Quercus laeta
Quercus laurina: pine-oak forest, pine forest, pine-fir forest – Encino laurelillo, Encino asta
Quercus magnoliifolia: pine-oak forest, pine forest
Quercus martinezii
Quercus obtusata
Quercus peduncularis
Quercus planipocula
Quercus prainiana, synonym of Quercus coffeicolor
Quercus resinosa
Quercus rugosa –
Quercus resinosa
Quercus salicifolia: cloud forest
Quercus scitophylla
Quercus sororia
Quercus splendens, synonym of Quercus peduncularis
Quercus uxoris
Quercus xalapensis
Quercus sp. nov 1
Quercus sp. nov 2
Quercus sp. nov 3
Flacourtiaceae
Fouquieria
Casearia arguta
Casearia corymbosa
Casearia sylvestris
Hasseltiopsis
Hasseltiopsis dioica
Neopringlea
Neopringlea viscosa
Prockia
Prockia crucis
Xylosma
Xylosma flexuosa
Xylosma velutina
Fouquieriaceae
Fouquieria
Fouquieria formosa
Garryaceae
Garrya
Garrya laurifolia: cloud forest
Gentianaceae
Centaurium
Centaurium martinii
Centaurium nudicaule
Centaurium setaceum
Centaurium tenuifolium
Gentiana
Gentiana caliculata
Gentiana spathacea
Halenia
Halenia brevicornis
Halenia crumiana
Geraniaceae
Erodium
Erodium cicutarium
Geranium
Geranium hernandesii
Geranium lilacinum
Geranium seemannii
Geranium sp.
Gesneriaceae
Achimenes
Achimenes antirrhina
Achimenes flava
Achimenes grandiflora
Achimenes heterophylla
Achimenes longiflora
Drymonia
Drymonia serrulata
Episcia
Episcia punctata
Moussonia
Moussonia elegans
Phinaea
Phinaea multiflora
Guttiferae or Calophyllaceae
Calophyllum
Calophyllum brasiliense: tree –
Guttiferae or Clusiaceae
Clusia
Clusia salvini: cloud forest
Guttiferae or Hypericaceae
Clusia
Hypericum paucifolium
Hypericum philonotis
Rheedia
Rheedia edulis
Hamamelidaceae
Matudaea
Matudaea trinervia: cloud forest – ,
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus
Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius – ,
Hippocrateaceae or Celastraceae
Hippocratea
Hippocratea celastroides
Hippocratea volubilis –
Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrolea
Hydrolea spinosa – ,
Phacelia
Phacelia platycarpa – ,
Wigandia
Wigandia urens – ,
Icacinaceae
Calatola
Calatola laevigata –
Juglandaceae
Juglans
Juglans major: cloud forest – black walnut, ,
Julianaceae
Asterohyptis
Amphipterygium adstringens – ,
Labiatae or Lamiaceae
Asterohyptis
Asterohyptis stellulata
Cunila
Cunila longiflora
Cunila lythrifolia
Cunila pycnantha
Hyptis
Hyptis albida
Hyptis capitata
Hyptis mutabilis
Hyptis oblongifolia
Hyptis pectinata
Hyptis rhytidea
Hyptis suaveolens
Hyptis urticoides
Leonotis
Leonotis nepetifolia –
Lepechinia
Lepechinia caulescens –
Lepechinia nelsonii
Leonotis
Leonotis nepetifolia
Marrubium
Marrubium vulgare –
Mentha
Mentha sp.
Ocimum
Ocimum micranthum –
Salvia
Salvia albocaerulea
Salvia arthrocoma
Salvia brachyodonta
Salvia breviflora
Salvia bruebenzii (not listed in Tropicos)
Salvia carnea
Salvia cinnabarina
Salvia concolor
Salvia cuevasiana or Scutellaria cuevasiana
Salvia elegans –
Salvia firma
Salvia gesneriflora
Salvia hispanica
Salvia iodantha
Salvia lasiantha
Salvia lasiocephala
Salvia lavanduloides
Salvia leucantha
Salvia longispicata
Salvia longistyla
Salvia manantlanensis
Salvia mcvaughii
Salvia meera
Salvia mexicana
Salvia platyphylla
Salvia polystachia
Salvia purpurea
Salvia ramamoorthyana
Salvia riparia
Salvia rostellata
Salvia santanae
Salvia sapinea
Salvia sessei
Salvia thyrsiflora
Salvia uruapana
Salvia vazquezii
Salvia viscidifolia
Satureja
Satureja jaliscana
Satureja macrostema var. laevigata
Scutellaria
Scutellaria caerulea
Scutellaria purpurascens
Stachys
Stachys agraria
Stachys coccinea
Stachys grahamii
Stachys manantlanensis
Stachys pacifica
Lauraceae
Aiouea
Aiouea pachypoda: cloud forest – laurel
Beilschmiedia
Beilschmiedia manantlanensis
Licaria
Licaria triandra – , ,
Litsea
Litsea glaucescens –
Nectandra
Nectandra hihua – ,
Persea
Persea hintonii –
Persea sp.
Leguminosae or Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae
Acacia
Acacia acatlensis
Acacia angustissima var. angustissima –
Acacia angustissima var. texensis
Acacia cochliacantha – , ,
Acacia farnesiana or Vachellia farnesiana: secondary vegetation –
Acacia glomerosa
Acacia hindsii –
Acacia macilenta – ,
Acacia pennatula –
Acacia riparia –
Acacia × standleyi
Acacia tequilana
Aeschynomene
Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa
Aeschynomene amorphoides
Aeschynomene histrix var. histrix
Aeschynomene langlassei
Aeschynomene petraea
Aeschynomene rudis
Aeschynomene villosa var. mexicana
Aeschynomene villosa var. villosa
Albizia
Albizia occidentalis
Albizia tomentosa – , ,
Apoplanesia
Apoplanesia paniculata
Astragalus
Astragalus ervoides var. maysillesii
Astragalus guatemalensis var. brevidentatus
Bauhinia
Bauhinia divaricata –
Bauhinia pauletia –
Bauhinia ungulata
Brogniartia
Brogniartia mortonii
Caesalpinia
Caesalpinia cacalaco –
Caesalpinia mexicana
Caesalpinia pulcherrima –
Calliandra
Calliandra anomala
Calliandra bijuga
Calliandra caeciliae
Calliandra eriophylla
Calliandra grandiflora
Calliandra hirsuta
Calliandra houstonii –
Calliandra laevis: gallery forest – ,
Calliandra longipedicellata: secondary vegetation
Calopogonium
Calopogonium caeruleum
Calopogonium mucunoides
Canavalia
Canavalia acuminata
Canavalia hirsutissima
Canavalia septentrionalis
Canavalia villosa
Cercidium
Centrosema plumieri
Centrosema pubescens –
Centrosema sagittatum
Centrosema virginianum
Cercidium or Parkinsonia
Cercidium praecox or Parkinsonia praecox –
Chamaecrista
Chamaecrista absus var. meionandra
Chamaecrista glandulosa var. flavicoma
Chamaecrista nictitans var. jaliscensis
Chamaecrista nictitans var. pilosa
Chamaecrista punctulata –
Chamaecrista rotundifolia var. rotundifolia
Chamaecrista serpens var. wrightii
Clitoria
Clitoria mexicana
Clitoria polystachya
Cologania
Cologania biloba
Cologania broussonetii
Cologania procumbens
Conzattia
Conzattia multiflora
Coursetia
Coursetia caribaea
Coursetia glandulosa
Coursetia mollis
Coursetia pumila –
Crotalaria
Crotalaria acapulcensis
Crotalaria bupleurifolia
Crotalaria cajanifolia
Crotalaria filifolia
Crotalaria incana
Crotalaria longirostrata – , ,
Crotalaria micans
Crotalaria mollicula –
Crotalaria pumila
Crotalaria quercetorum
Crotalaria sagittalis
Dalea
Dalea cliffortiana
Dalea elata
Dalea foliolosa
Dalea leucostachya
Dalea obreniformis
Dalea pulchella
Dalea roseiflora
Dalea sericea
Dalea versicolor
Desmodium
Desmodium affine
Desmodium ambiguum
Desmodium angustifolium
Desmodium aparines
Desmodium barbatum
Desmodium bellum
Desmodium cinereum
Desmodium cordistipulum
Desmodium distortum
Desmodium ghiesbreghtii
Desmodium glabrum
Desmodium guadalajaranum
Desmodium hartwegianum
Desmodium infractum
Desmodium jaliscanum
Desmodium macrostachyum
Desmodium molliculum
Desmodium nicaraguense
Desmodium novogalicianum
Desmodium occidentale
Desmodium orbiculare var. rubricaule
Desmodium plicatum
Desmodium prehensile
Desmodium procumbens
Desmodium procumbens var. transversum
Desmodium pseudoamplifolium
Desmodium sericophyllum
Desmodium skinneri
Desmodium strobilaceum
Desmodium sumichrastii
Desmodium tortuosum
Desmodium urarioides
Desmodium volubile
Diphysa
Diphysa floribunda
Diphysa puberulenta
Diphysa suberosa
Entada
Entada patens
Entada polystachya
Enterolobium
Enterolobium cyclocarpum – , huanacaste
Eriosema
Eriosema diffusum
Eriosema longicalyx
Eriosema multiflorum
Eriosema pulchellum
Erythrina
Erythrina breviflora
Erythrina lanata subsp. occidentalis
Eysenhardtia
Eysenhardtia platycarpa
Eysenhardtia polystachya
Galactia
Galactia incana
Galactia sp.
Haematoxylum
Haematoxylum brasiletto – palo brasil
Indigofera
Indigofera densiflora
Indigofera jaliscensis
Indigofera palmeri
Indigofera thibaudiana
Inga
Inga eriocarpa – cuil, guaginiguil, juaniquil peludo
Inga hintonii – jacanicuil cimarron
Inga laurina – cuaniquil, guajillo, jinicuil
Inga vera
Leucaena
Leucaena esculenta – huajillo, guaje
Leucaena macrophylla – guaje
Lonchocarpus
Lonchocarpus hintonii
Lonchocarpus lanceolatus
Lonchocarpus salvadorensis
Lotus
Lotus oroboides
Lotus repens
Lupinus
Lupinus elegans – cantues
Lupinus exaltatus – cantues
Lupinus madrensis – cantues
Lupinus stipulatus
Lysiloma
Lysiloma acapulcense – tepeguaje
Lysiloma microphyllum – tepemezquite consteno
Lysiloma tergeminum – pelo de angel
Lysiloma
Lysiloma acapulcensis
Lysiloma microphyllum
Machaerium
Machaerium kegelii
Machaerium salvadorense – garabatom, guamuchil del diabilillo
Macroptilium
Macroptilium atropurpureum
Macroptilium sp.
Marina
Marina crenulata
Marina diffusa var. diffusa
Marina grammadenia
Marina neglecta var. neglecta – escobilla
Marina nutans
Marina scopa
Mimosa
Mimosa acantholoba
Mimosa affinis
Mimosa albida
Mimosa benthamii
Mimosa galeottii
Mimosa guatemalensis
Mimosa invisa
Mimosa pigra var. berlandieri
Mimosa pudica
Mimosa rosei
Mimosa sp.
Nissolia
Nissolia fruticosa
Nissolia laxior
Nissolia leiogyne
Nissolia microptera
Pachecoa
Pachecoa prismatica
Pachyrhizus
Pachyrhizus erosus var. erosus
Parkinsonia
Parkinsonia aculeata
Phaseolus
Phaseolus coccineus subsp. coccineus
Phaseolus coccineus subsp. formosus
Phaseolus leptostachyus
Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus
Phaseolus leptostachyus var. silvester
Phaseolus micranthus
Phaseolus pauciflorus
Phaseolus perplexus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus sp. 1
Phaseolus sp. 2
Piscidia
Piscidia carthagenensis
Pachecoa
Pachecoa prismatica
Pithecellobium
Pithecellobium acatlense – palo fierro
Pithecellobium dulce – guamuchil
Pithecellobium lanceolatum – guamuchilillo, mochaquelite
Platymiscium
Platymiscium lasiocarpum
Prosopis
Prosopis laevigata – mesquite
Ramirezella
Ramirezella crassa
Ramirezella lozanii – cambara
Ramirezella micrantha
Ramirezella strobilophora
Rhynchosia
Rhynchosia discolor
Rhynchosia edulis
Rhynchosia minima
Rhynchosia precatoria – colorin, ojo de perico
Rhynchosia tarphantha
Schrankia
Schrankia distachya – sierilla
Senna
Senna alata
Senna atomaria – vainilla
Senna centranthera
Senna cobanensis
Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora
Senna fruticosa
Senna hirsuta var. hirta
Senna mexicana
Senna mollissima
Senna multifoliolata var. multifoliolata
Senna obtusifolia
Senna occidentalis – bichi
Senna pallida
Senna pendula var. advena
Senna pilifera var. subglabra
Senna quinquangulata var. quinquangulata
Senna septemtrionalis
Senna talpana
Senna uniflora
Senna villosa
Sphinctospermum
Sphinctospermum constrictum
Stylosanthes
Stylosanthes guianensis
Stylosanthes
Stylosanthes guianensis
Tephrosia
Tephrosia conzattii
Tephrosia langlassei
Tephrosia macrantha
Tephrosia multifolia
Tephrosia nicaraguensis
Tephrosia sinapou
Tephrosia submontana
Tephrosia viridiflora
Teramnus
Teramnus uncinatus
Trifolium
Trifolium amabile – trébol
Vicia
Vicia humilis
Vicia pulchella subsp. mexicana
Vigna
Vigna adenantha
Vigna linearis
Willardia
Willardia schiedeana
Zapoteca
Zapoteca formosa subsp. formosa
Zapoteca formosa subsp. rosei
Zapoteca tetragona
Zornia
Zornia reticulata
Zornia thymifolia
Lentibulariaceae
Pinguicula
Pinguicula crenatiloba
Pinguicula oblongiloba
Pinguicula parvifolia
Loasaceae
Gronovia
Gronovia scandens – mala mujer, hiedra, ortiga
Klaprothia
Klaprothia fasciculata – mala mujer
Mentzelia
Mentzelia hispida
Loganiaceae
Spigelia
Spigelia anthelmia
Loranthaceae
Cladocolea
Cladocolea grahamii
Cladocolea inconspicua
Cladocolea inorna
Cladocolea loniceroides
Cladocolea sp.
Psittacanthus
Psittacanthus calyculatus
Psittacanthus palmeri
Psittacanthus ramiflorus
Psittacanthus schiedeanus
Struthanthus
Struthanthus condensatus
Struthanthus interruptus
Lythraceae
Cuphea
Cuphea appendiculata var. appendiculata
Cuphea calaminthifolia
Cuphea ferrisiae
Cuphea hookeriana
Cuphea inflata
Cuphea jorullensis
Cuphea leptopoda
Cuphea llavea – cigarillo, perritos, pulmonaria
Cuphea lobophora
Cuphea lobophora var. lobophora
Cuphea michoacana
Cuphea tolucana
Cuphea utriculosa
Cuphea watsonii
Heimia
Heimia salicifolia
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia
Magnolia iltisiana: cloud forest – cacao, laurel, magnolia
Talauma
Talauma sp. – cacao, yolocochitl
Malpighiaceae
Bunchosia
Bunchosia mcvaughii
Bunchosia palmeri
Bunchosia strigosa
Byrsonima
Byrsonima crassifolia – nance, nanche
Echinopterys
Echinopterys eglandulosa – hierba de la cucaracha
Galphimia
Galphimia glauca
Galphimia sp.
Gaudichaudia
Gaudichaudia albida
Gaudichaudia cycloptera
Gaudichaudia cynanchoides
Gaudichaudia mcvaughii
Gaudichaudia subverticillata
Heteropterys
Heteropterys brachiata
Heteropterys laurifolia – bjuco quipalero, palo bejucoso, palo de verdura
Lasiocarpus
Lasiocarpus ferrugineus
Malpighia
Malpighia ovata
Malpighia romeroana var. nayaritensis
Malpighia wilburiorum
Mascagnia
Mascagnia dipholiphylla
Mascagnia sinemariensis
Tetrapterys
Tetrapterys mexicana
Malvaceae
Abutilon
Abutilon abutiloides – amantillo
Abutilon barrancae
Abutilon ellipticum
Abutilon haenkeanum
Abutilon reventum
Abutilon trisulcatum – algondoncillo, mantilla
Abutilon umbellatum
Allosidastrum
Allosidastrum hilarianum
Allosidastrum pyramidatum
Anoda
Anoda acerifolia
Anoda crenatiflora
Anoda cristata – malva morada, violeta, violetilla
Anoda maculata
Briquetia
Briquetia spicata
Gaya
Gossypium
Gossypium aridum
Gossypium hirsutum
Heliocarpus
Heliocarpus terebinthaceus
Herissantia
Herissantia crispa
Hibiscus
Hibiscus phoeniceus
Hibiscus uncinellus
Hochreutinera
Hochreutinera amplexifolia
Kearnemalvastrum
Kearnemalvastrum subtriflorum
Kosteletzkya
Kosteletzkya tubiflora
Malachra
Malachra fasciata
Malva
Malva parviflora – malva
Malva sylvestris
Malvastrum
Malvastrum americanum – guinar
Malvastrum coromandelianum
Malvaviscus
Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus
Malvaviscus penduliflorus
Neobrittonia
Neobrittonia acerifolia – huevos de coyote
Pavonia
Pavonia oxyphylla var. melanommata
Pavonia pleuranthera
Periptera
Periptera ctenotricha
Periptera macrostelis
Periptera punicea
Phymosia
Phymosia rosea
Robinsonella
Robinsonella speciosa
Sida
Sida abutilifolia
Sida acuta
Sida aggregata
Sida barclayi
Sida ciliaris
Sida collina
Sida glabra
Sida haenkeana
Sida jamaicensis
Sida linifolia
Sida rhombifolia – babosilla, escobita, guinar, huinar
Sida rzedowskii
Sida salviifolia
Sida spinosa
Sida abutilifolia
Sida abutilifolia
Wissadula
Wissadula amplissima
Melastomaceae or Melastomataceae
Arthrostemma
Arthrostemma alatum – yerbamora
Clidemia
Clidemia matudae
Clidemia submontana
Conostegia
Conostegia volcanalis: cloud forest – pedorra
Conostegia xalapensis – mora
Heterocentron
Heterocentron mexicanum
Heterocentron subtriplinervium
Heterocentron subtriplinervium sp. nov.
Leandra
Leandra cornoides
Leandra subseriata
Miconia
Miconia albicans – morita, pedorra
Miconia glaberrima
Miconia mcvaughii
Pterolepis
Pterolepis pumila
Tibouchina
Tibouchina scabriuscula
Tibouchina sp. nov.
Meliaceae
Cedrela
Cedrela odorata – cedro rojo
Cedrela odorata sp. nov.
Guarea
Guarea glabra
Swietenia
Swietenia humilis – caoba, cobano
Trichilia
Trichilia americana – periquillo
Trichilia havanensis
Trichilia trifoliata
Menispermaceae
Cebatha
Cebatha diversifolia
Cissampelos
Cissampelos pareira – colorín, ohode perico, orozul
Disciphania
Disciphania mexicana
Monimiaceae or Siparunaceae
Siparuna
Siparuna andina – limoncillo, azagar, chumbejo
Menispermaceae
Monotropa
Monotropa hypopitys – pipa de indio, Indian pipes
Mimosoideae
Inga
Inga vera subsp. eriocarpa: cloud forest – cuaniquil
Moraceae
Brosimum
Brosimum alicastrum – mojo, capomo, mojote
Chlorophora
Chlorophora tinctora
Dorstenia
Dorstenia drakena – gallito, barbudilla
Ficus
Ficus cookii
Ficus cotinifolia – amate negro, tescalama
Ficus Ficus goldmanii – tescalama, zalate, zalaton
Ficus insipida – higuera, amate, higuera blanca
Ficus insipida var. insipida – camchin, higuera
Ficus isophlebia
Ficus lapathifolia – amate de hoja ancha
Ficus maxima – higueron peluda
Ficus microchlamys – higuera
Ficus obtusifolia – higuerón
Ficus pertusa – amatillo, camichin
Ficus petiolaris
Ficus pringlei
Ficus tuerckheimii
Ficus petiolaris – camichin
Ficus sp. 1
Ficus sp. 2
Ficus sp. 3
Trophis
Trophis noraminervae: gallery forest
Trophis racemosa – ramoncillo
Moraceae or Urticaceae
Cecropia
Cecropia obtusifolia – guarumbo, huarumbo, huitapil
Coussapoa
Coussapoa purpusii – tescalamilla
Myricaceae
Morella
Morella cerifera – wax myrtle, falso encino
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia
Ardisia compressa – capulin, capulincillo, cordoban
Ardisia mexicana
Ardisia revoluta – arrayán, cordoban, timbuche agrio
Gentlea
Gentlea mcvaughii
Parathesis
Parathesis Ferruginea
Parathesis villosa – mananita, timbuche cimarron
Rapanea
Rapanea juergensenii – naranjillo;
Rapanea myricoides
Synardisia
Synardisia venosa
Myrtaceae
Calyptranthes
Calyptranthes pallens var. mexicana – murta
Eugenia
Eugenia capuli – capulín de mayo
Eugenia crenularis
Eugenia culminicola
Eugenia petens
Eugenia rekoi
Myrcianthes
Myrcianthes fragrans var. fragrans – lentisco
Psidium
Psidium guajaba – guayaba
Psidium guineense – guayaba cimarrón, guavea del cerro, guayabilla, guaybilla vendera
Psidium sartorianum – arrayán
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia
Boerhavia coccinea – abrojo rojo
Mirabilis
Mirabilis jalapa – aretito, maravilla
Mirabilis nyctaginea
Pisonia
Pisonia aculeata var. aculeata – coma de uña, garabato, garabato prieto
Pisonia arborescens
Pisoniella
Pisoniella arborescens
Salpianthus
Salpianthus purpurascens
Ochnaceae
Ouratea
Ouratea mexicana
Olacaceae
Ximenia
Ximenia americana – ciruelillo
Oleaceae
Forestiera
Forestiera reticulata
Forestiera rhamnifolia
Fraxinus
Fraxinus uhdei: cloud forest
Osmanthus
Osmanthus americanus
Onagraceae
Epilobium
Epilobium bonplandianum
Fuchsia
Fuchsia arborescens: cloud forest
Fuchsia cylindracea
Fuchsia decidua
Fuchsia fulgens – aretillo, chichile
Fuchsia microphylla subsp. microphylla – coralillo, aretillo
Fuchsia obconica
Fuchsia thymifolia subsp. thymifolia
Gaura
Gaura hexandra
Lopezia
Lopezia miniata subsp. miniata
Lopezia racemosa subsp. racemosa – alfilerillo
Lopezia riesenbachia
Lopezia semeiandra
Ludwigia
Ludwigia decurrens
Ludwigia octovalvis – calavera
Oenothera
Oenothera kunthiana
Oenothera pubescens – linda tarde
Oenothera purpusii
Oenothera rosea – hierba del golpe, linda artardecer
Opiliaceae
Agonandra
Agonandra racemosa
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis
Oxalis alpina
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalis galeottii
Oxalis hernandesii
Oxalis jacquiniana – cañitas
Oxalis macrocarpa
Paperveraceae
Argemone
Argemone ochroleuca – cardo santo, aceitilla, arnica blanca del campo, chicalote
Bocconia
Bocconia arborea – arbol de Juda, llora sangre
Bocconia frutescens – barbasco
Paperveraceae
Passiflora
Passiflora biflora
Passiflora exsudans
Passiflora filipes
Passiflora foetida – maracuyá silvestre
Passiflora holosericea
Passiflora jorullensis
Passiflora pavonis
Passiflora podadenia
Passiflora porphyretica var. angustifolia
Passiflora suberosa
Passiflora sp. nov. 1
Passiflora sp. nov. 2
Passiflora sp.
Pedaliaceae or Martyniaceae
Martynia
Martynia annua – gatitos, toritos
Proboscidea
Proboscidea fragrans – hierba del toro
Phytolaccaceae
Ledenbergia
Ledenbergia macrantha
Petiveria
Petiveria alliacea – hierba del zorrillo, zorillo, caricillo silvestre
Phytolacca
Phytolacca icosandra – jaboncillo, conguerin, quilite
Phytolacca rugosa – higuerilla
Rivina
Rivina humilis – bajatripa
Ledenbergia
Trichostigma octandrum – bejuco negro
Piperaceae
Peperomia
Peperomia angularis
Peperomia asarifolia
Peperomia campylotropa
Peperomia angularis – pimienta de tierra
Peperomia cyclophylla
Peperomia galioides
Peperomia glabella
Peperomia hispidula
Peperomia hoffmannii
Peperomia macrostachya
Peperomia martiana
Peperomia mexicana
Peperomia molithrix
Peperomia olivacea
Peperomia peltata
Peperomia quadrifolia
Peperomia schizandra
Peperomia tetraphylla
Peperomia sp. 1
Peperomia sp. 2
Peperomia sp. 3
Peperomia sp. 4
Peperomia sp. 5
Peperomia sp. 6
Piper
Piper abalienatum
Piper amalago – cordoncillo hoja
Piper brevipedicellatum – hierba del arlomo, hoja santa
Piper jaliscanum
Piper michelianum – hierba de arlomo
Piper novogalicianum
Piper pseudolindenii
Piper pseudofuligineum
Piper rosei – hierba del arlomo, hoja santa
Piper sanctum – acoyo, sacamantilla
Piper stipulaceum
Piper tuberculatum
Piper umbellatum – acuya, hoja santa, sacamantilla
Piper villiramulum – belencillo, cigarillo, cordoncillo
Piper sp.
Plantaginaceae
Plantago
Plantago hirtella – lanten
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago
Plumbago scandens – flor de pegajoso, hierba del cancer, pegajoso
Podostemaceae
Podostemon
Podostemon ceratophyllum
Primulaceae
Parathesis
Parathesis villosa: cloud forest
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus
Rhamnus hintonii: cloud forest
Rosaceae
Alchemilla
Alchemilla aphanoides
Crataegus
Crataegus mexicana or Crataegus pubescens – Mexican hawthorn, tejocote, manzanita, tejocotera
Photinia
Photinia parviflora: gallery forest
Prunus
Prunus cortapico: cloud forest, pine-oak forest
Prunus serotina – black cherry
Rubus
Rubus adenotrichos: secondary vegetation
Rubiaceae
Balmea
Balmea stormiae: gallery forest
Chiococca
Chiococca pachyphylla: gallery forest
Rondeletia
Rondeletia manantlanensis: cloud forest
Sabiaceae
Meliosma
Meliosma dentata: cloud forest
Salicaceae
Populus
Populus guzmanantlensis
Salix
Salix bonplandiana
Salix microphylla: gallery forest
Salix paradoxa
Xylosma
Xylosma flexuosa: cloud forest
Santalaceae or Viscaceae
Arceuthobium
Arceuthobium globosum: vine
Phoradendron
Phoradendron amplifolium: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron brachystachyum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron carneum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron commutatum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron falcatum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron longifolium: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron olivae: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron quadrangulare: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron olivae: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron reichenbachianum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron robinsonii: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron scaberrimum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron tetrapterum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron velutinum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Phoradendron vernicosum: parasitic epiphyte – mistletoe
Sapindaceae and Aceraceae
Acer
Acer binzayedii – some authorities consider this a disjunct population of Acer skutchii or a disjunct relict population of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), a much more northern species
Solanaceae
Solanum
Solanum aligerum
Styracaceae
Styrax
Styrax argenteus: cloud forest
Styrax ramirezii
Symplocaceae
Symplocos
Symplocos citraea
Theaceae or Pentaphylacaceae
Cleyera
Cleyera integrifolia: cloud forest, gallery forest
Symplococarpon
Symplococarpon purpusii: cloud forest
Ternstroemia
Ternstroemia lineata – chico curioso
Tiliaceae or Malvaceae
Tilia
Tilia mexicana or Tilia americana var. mexicana: cloud forest – sirimo
Triumfetta
Triumfetta barbosa: cloud forest
Ulmaceae or Cannabaceae
Aphanante
Aphanante monoica
Urticaceae
Cecropia
Cecropia obtusifolia
Verbenaceae
Citharexylum
Citharexylum mocinoi: cloud forest
Lippia
Lippia umbellata: cloud forest
Verbena
Verbena carolina
Violaceae
Hybanthus
Hybanthus attenuatus: herb
Hybanthus elatus: herb
Hybanthus mexicanus: herb
Viola
Viola grahamii: herb
Viola oxyodontis: herb
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus
Ampelocissus acapulcensis: vine
Ampelopsis
Ampelopsis mexicana: vine
Cissus
Cissus cucurbitina: vine
Cissus rhombifolia: vine – bejuco de agua, parilla, uva
Cissus verticillata: vine – parilla
Parthenocissus
Parthenocissus quinquefolia: vine – Virginia creeper
Vitis
Vitis tiliifolia: vine – uva
Zygophyllaceae
Guaiacum
Guaiacum coulteri: tree – lignum vitae, palo fierro
Kallstroemia
Kallstroemia maxima: shrub
Kallstroemia rosei: shrub
Tribulus
Tribulus cistoides: shrub
See also
List of birds of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve
Reptiles of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve
Notes
References
Balcazar Medina, Oscar Enrique, 2011. "Patrones geoecologicos de indendios forestales en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlan". Tesis Universidad de Guadalajara
Cassell, B. A. (2012). "Fire History of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve in Western México", University of Washington.
Cerano-Paredes, J, J. Villanueva-Díaz, R. Cervantes-Martínez, P. Fulé, L. Yocom, G. Esquivel-Arriaga, E. Jardel-Peláez 2015. "Historia de incendios en un bosque de pino de la sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México". Bosque 36(1): 41-52, 2015
Figueroa-Rangel, B. L., et al. (2008). "4200 Years of Pine‐dominated Upland Forest Dynamics in West‐central Mexico: Human or Natural Legacy". Ecology 89(7): 1893-1907
Jardel Peláez, Enrique J., Gerardo Vélica Zúñiga, Oscar E. Balcázar Medina, Ramón Cuevas Guzmán, Eduardo Santana Castellón, Luis Manuel Martínez Rivera (2013). "Determinación De La Subzonificacion De La Reserva De La Biosfera Sierra De Manantlan". Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales-IMECBIO, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, En colaboración con Dirección de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Autlán, Jalisco. February 2013
Olvera-Vargas, M., et al. (2010). "Is there environmental differentiation in the Quercus-dominated forests of west-central Mexico?" Plant Ecology 211(2): 321-335.
Vargas-Rodriguez, Y. L. and W. J. Platt (2012). "Remnant sugar maple (Acer saccharum subsp. skutchii) populations at their range edge: Characteristics, environmental constraints and conservation implications in tropical America". Biological Conservation 150(1): 111-120.
Vazquez, Antonio and Ramon Cuevas (1989). "Una Nueva Especie Tropical De Populus (Sallcaceae) De La Sierra De Manantlan, Jalisco, Mexico". Acta Botánica Mexicana 8:39-45
Vazquez, J. A., R. Cuevas, T. S. Cochrane, H. H. Iltis, F. J. Santana, and L. Guzman (1995). Flora de Manantlán, BRIT Press.
Lists of plants
Flora of Jalisco | Plants of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve | [
"Biology"
] | 17,547 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of plants",
"Plants"
] |
51,466,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata%20700 | The Cantata 700 is a commercial background music system and corresponding cartridge format developed by 3M that was in common use from 1965 until the 1990s.
Cartridge
The nearly square-shaped cartridges are among the largest built. More than 24 hours of playback fits on a cartridge. The music distributed by 3M consisted of mono recordings some of which are attributed to the company's "3M Orchestra", with later editions featuring a themed blend of library music tracks and mostly instrumental cover versions of standard songs, and classical pieces arranged in a light or bright tempo. Cartridges such as the Italian and Polynesian editions include some vocal content. The tape is wide and is played at per second. The cartridge consists of a reel-to-reel mechanism intended for playback only. Internally, the cartridge contains two tape reels, tape guides, rollers, and a reel brake. The reels are stacked on top of each other vertically and counter rotate during operation. After passing over the tape head, the tape loops over a roller in the cartridge to change its direction back to the takeup reel.
There were three main designs of cartridges manufactured, with a fourth minor modification. The earlier tapes (1965-mid 70s) use metal reels and the later tapes use plastic reels (mid 70s-1988). Muzak acquired the remaining unsold stock in 1986. Tapes manufactured before 1986 use scotch recording tape inside. Tapes sold by Muzak use a different formulation of tape more similar to type 1 cassette tape. Muzak tapes use 3M shells with Muzak labels over the top of the 3M labeling. The last tapes were sold in 1988. All information on the Cantata 700 was divested by 3M in 1988.
Machines
All offered machines are playback only. The first models 94BG and 94BZ, were offered in 1965 and bundled with two cartridges of the customer's choice for US$429.00; . Each machine is equipped with a jack for 8 Ω speakers at a maximum of 6 W and a microphone jack for public address announcements.
The machines played continuously using an auto-reverse mechanism. As the tape reaches one end, the reverse mechanism activates and changes the drive direction. The tape head moves to the other side and the mechanism shifts pinch rollers. The design does not require the head to turn over; instead, the entire head changes position to play the tape at the other side of the tape path.
In 1970, 3M introduced the Cantata 700 Mark II, available only by lease.
Variety of Cartridges
Easy Listening IRL-SO8
Variety Library V-168
Rhythmic Library R-165
Melodic Library 165
Rhythmic Library Series II 266
International Rhythmic Uptempo IR-169
Polynesian Library P-166
Fiesta Library F-807
Rhapsody RH-185
Rhapsody RH-295
Bright & Lively BL-707
Elegance EL-236
Modified Rock Library 170
Christmas Choral Library VX-167
Christmas Rhythmic Library RX-266
Christmas Melodic Library 165
Contempo Library C-300
Cavalcade CA-264
Nashville NA-288
Americana AM-76
Smooth Reflections SR-419
Uptempo U-825
American Country A-169
Zodiac Z-025
Smooth & Easy SE-526
Latin American Rhythmic Library LL-166
Italian Library SI-200
International Melodic IM-470
French FG-622
Big Band BB-630
References
External links
Techmoan: Retro Tech: This 1960s BGM Machine played the Biggest Cassettes ever made
3M Cantata 700 (1965 – 1990s) at the Museum Of Obsolete Media
Music of the 3M Cantata 700 in Archive
Industrial music services
3M
Tape recording
Audio storage
Audiovisual introductions in 1965
Discontinued media formats
1965 in music | Cantata 700 | [
"Technology"
] | 744 | [
"Recording devices",
"Tape recording"
] |
51,467,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS%20Fructose-Mannitol%20Family | The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family (TC# 4.A.2) is a large and complex family that is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily. It includes several sequenced fructose, mannose and mannitol-specific porters, as well as several putative PTS porters of unknown specificities. The fructose porters of this family phosphorylate fructose on the 1-position. Those of TC family 4.A.6 phosphorylate fructose on the 6-position.
Structure
The IIA, IIB and IIC domains of the fructose- and mannitol-specific porters are demonstrably homologous. The IIB and IIC domains of the fructose porters appear to be dissimilar from each other as those of the mannitol porters. The IIB and IIC domains of these porters are homologous to those of the Glc family. However, the structure of the IIA domain of the mannitol porter of Escherichia coli has been determined, and it proved to possess an α2β2α3 secondary structure, a structure which is very different from the β-sandwich structure of IIAGlc. Further, the IIC domains of the mannitol and fructose porters are as dissimilar from each other as they are from the glucose or lactose families. As is true of other members of the PTS-GFL superfamily, the IIC domains of these permeases probably have a uniform 10 TMS topology.
References
Protein families
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins | PTS Fructose-Mannitol Family | [
"Biology"
] | 360 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
51,467,278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWebRTC | OpenWebRTC (OWR) is a free software stack that implements the WebRTC standard, a set of protocols and application programming interfaces defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It is an alternative to the reference implementation that is based on software from Global IP Solutions (GIPS).
It is published under the terms of the Simplified (2-clause) BSD license and officially supports iOS, Linux, OS X, and Android operating systems. It is meant to also work outside web browsers, e.g. to power native mobile apps.
It is mostly written in C and based largely on the multimedia framework GStreamer and a number of other, smaller external libraries. It officially supports both VP8 and H.264 as video formats. For H.264 it uses OpenH264 to which Cisco pays the patent licensing bills.
Development of OpenWebRTC started at Ericsson Research under the lead of Stefan Ålund. They released it as free software in September 2014, together with the proof-of-concept web browser "Bowser" that is based on the stack. Among other things, this initial version didn't support data channels yet and was said to still be less mature than Google's reference implementation.
References
External links
Software using the BSD license
Web development
Web standards | OpenWebRTC | [
"Engineering"
] | 280 | [
"Software engineering",
"Web development"
] |
51,467,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda%20Energy%20Credit%20Capitalisation%20Company | The Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company (UECCC) is a company owned by the government of Uganda. It is responsible for coordinating funding from the Ugandan government, international development partners and the private sector, to invest in renewable energy infrastructure in Uganda, with emphasis on the promotion of private sector participation.
Location
UECCC's headquarters is located in Amber House, at 29-33 Kampala Road, in the centre of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the company headquarters are 00°18'48.0"N, 32°34'55.0"E (Latitude:0.313340; Longitude:32.581949).
Overview
The company was established in 2009 and coordinates investment into renewable energy sources in the country. The company offers technical, financial, and advisory services to the lending financial institution and to the renewable energy project developer. Services offered include the following: (a) Liquidity refinance option (b) Cash reserving (c) Partial risk guarantee (d) Solar refinance facility to participating microfinance institutions (e) Bridge financing facility (f) Subordinated debt finance (g) Interest rate buy down and (h) Transaction advisory services. Participating international development partners include the World Bank and KfW.
Ownership
The company is jointly owned by the Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development and the Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. As of June 2022, the company's total assets were USh58.4 billion (US$15.257 million). At that time the company was involved in developing nine mini-hydroelectric power stations in the country, that were yet to come online.
Developments
In July 2024, UECCC signed contracts for the construction of the ORIO Mini Hydropower Project, in the Western Region of Uganda. The project involves the construction of 9 mini-grid dams with total capacity of 6.7 MW. The project will benefit up to 71,081 households and 2,300 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the districts of Kasese, Bushenyi, Mitooma, Hoima, Kabarole, Bunyangabu and Bundibugyo. The construction is budgeted at USh53.3 billion (approx. US$14.4 million).
HNAC Technology Company Limited from China will be responsible for the civil and hydro-mechanical works. Ossberger GmbH from Germany will be responsible for the design, manufacture, supply, and installation of the electromechanical components. The project is co-financed by the Government of Uganda and the ORIO Infrastructure Fund. The government of the Netherlands provided a grant of €13.1 million towards this project.
See also
Specioza Kimera Ndagire
Energy in Uganda
Economy of Uganda
List of power stations in Uganda
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (Uganda)
References
External links
Website of Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company
Website of Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
Government-owned companies of Uganda
Energy in Uganda
Organizations established in 2009
Companies based in Kampala
2009 establishments in Uganda
Government finances in Uganda
Energy economics | Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 639 | [
"Energy economics",
"Environmental social science"
] |
51,467,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20museums | Below is a list of computer museums around the world, organized by continent and country, then alphabetically by location.
Asia
Israel
The Israeli Personal Computer Museum, Haifa
Japan
IPSJ Computer Museum - A virtual museum by IPSJ, an academic society of information processing in Japan, and affiliated physical computer museums ("satellite museums") all over Japan, such as:
KCG Computer Museum, Kyoto - a computer museum by KCG, an education institution
Microcomputer Museum in Ōme,_Tokyo
Tokyo University of Science Museum of Science's "History of the Computer"
South Korea
Nexon Computer Museum
Oceania
Australia
The Australian Computer Museum Society, Inc, NSW - very large collection
The Nostalgia Box, Perth - Video Game Museum
Powerhouse Museum - Has Computer Exhibit
Monash Museum of Computing History, Monash University
New Zealand
Techvana, Auckland
Europe
Belgium
Computermuseum NAM-IP, Namur
Unisys Computermuseum, Haren (Brussels)
Croatia
Peek&Poke, Rijeka
Czech Republic
Technical museum in Brno - Computer Technology
Retro Computer, Žatec
Muzeum počítačové techniky, Higher Education College Žďár nad Sázavou
Arcade Hry, Červený Újezd (arcade video games)
Game World, Prague (arcade video games)
Denmark
Dansk Datahistorisk Forening, Hedehusene
Estonia
Arvutimuuseum, Tallinn
Finland
Rupriikki Media Museum, Tampere
Finnish Museum of Games, Tampere
France
ACONIT, Grenoble
, Paris
FEB, Angers
Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
Musée de l'imprimerie, Lyon
AMISA : Association pour un Musée de l'informatique, Sophia Antipolis
INRIA : Institut national de recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin
Silicium, Toulouse
Germany
Computerspielemuseum Berlin, Berlin - Video Game Museum
BINARIUM, Dortmund - Video Game and Personal Computer Museum
Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum, Paderborn
Computermuseum der Fakultät Informatik, University of Stuttgart
Oldenburger Computer-Museum, Oldenburg
Computeum, Vilshofen, with a selection from the Munich Computer Warehouse, Private Collection
Deutsches Museum, Munich - Large computer collection in their Communications exhibit
technikum29 living museum, Frankfurt - Re-opened in January 2020.
Computerarchiv Muenchen, Munich - Computer, Video Games and Magazine Archive
Computermuseum der Fachhochschule Kiel, Kiel
:de:Analog Computer Museum, Bad Schwalbach / Hettenhain - Large collection of analog computers, working and under restoration.
Greece
Hellenic IT Museum, in Athens
Ireland
Computer and Communications Museum of Ireland, National University of Ireland
Italy
Museo dell'Informatica Funzionante, Palazzolo Acreide (Siracusa)
Museo del Computer, via per Occhieppo, 29, 13891 Camburzano (Biella)
Museo Interattivo di Archeologia Informatica, Cosenza
UNESCO Computer Museum, Padova
All About Apple Museum, Savona
Piedmontese Museum of Informatics, Turin
VIGAMUS, Rome - Video Game Museum
Tecnologic@mente, Ivrea
Museo degli strumenti per il calcolo, Pisa
Lithuania
Retrobytes cafe - vintage computers gallery, Kaunas
The Netherlands
Bonami SpelComputer Museum, Zwolle
Computer Museum Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam
Computermuseum Hack42, Arnhem
HomeComputerMuseum, Helmond
Rotterdams Radio Museum, Rotterdam
Poland
Muzeum Historii Komputerów i Informatyki, Katowice
Muzeum Gry i Komputery Minionej Ery (Muzeum Gier), Wrocław
Apple Muzeum Polska, Piaseczno
Portugal
LOAD ZX Spectrum Museum, Cantanhede
Museu Faraday, IST - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa
Nostalgica - Museu de Videojogos e tecnologia, Lisboa
Museu dos Computadores Inforap, Braga
Museu Virtual da Informática, Universidade do Minho, Braga
Museu das Comunicações, Lisboa
Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência - Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa
Russia
Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines, Moscow
Yandex Museum, Moscow
Yandex Museum, Saint-Petersburg
Moscow Apple Museum
Antimuseum of Computers and Games, Yekaterinburg
Slovenia
Computer History Museum Slovenia, Ljubljana
Slovakia
Computer Museum SAV, Bratislava
Spain
Computer Museum Garcia Santesmases (MIGS), Complutense University
Museum of Informatics, Polytechnic University of Valencia
Museo de la Historia de la Computacion, Cáceres
Sweden
Dalby Datormuseum, Dalby on the island Aspö north of Strängnäs
Switzerland
Musée Bolo, Lausanne
Enter Museum, Solothurn
Ukraine
Software & Computer Museum, Kyiv, Kharkiv
United Kingdom
Northwest Computer Museum, Leigh, Greater Manchester
The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park
The Centre for Computing History, Cambridge
Retro Computer Museum, Leicester
Science Museum, London, London
National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester
National Videogame Arcade, Nottingham
The Computing Futures Museum, Staffordshire University - In association with the BCS
Museum of Computing, Swindon
Time Line Computer Archive, Wigton
The Micro Museum, Ramsgate
Home Computer Museum, Hull
IBM Hursley Museum, Hursley
Derby Computer Museum
The ICL Computer Museum - ICL and related items, computers, paperwork and software, from companies that made up ICL.
See also: Computer Conservation Society
North America
Canada
Ontario
Personal Computer Museum, Brantford
University of Waterloo Computer Museum, Waterloo, Ontario
Vintage Computer Museum, Toronto, Ontario
York University Computer Museum or YUCoM, York University
Quebec
EMusée, Montreal
iMusée, Montreal
Saskatchewan
University of Saskatchewan Computer Museum
United States
Arizona
Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation, Glendale, Arizona
California
Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California
DigiBarn Computer Museum, Boulder Creek, California
Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment, Oakland, California
The Tech Museum of Innovation, San Jose, California
Intel Museum, Santa Clara, California
D.C.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.
Georgia
Computer Museum of America, Roswell, Georgia
Museum of Technology at Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia
Kansas
The Topeka Computing Museum, Topeka, Kansas - Now being liquidated, online archive only.
Maryland
System Source Computer Museum, Hunt Valley, Maryland
Minnesota
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
Montana
American Computer & Robotics Museum, Bozeman, Montana
New Jersey
Vintage Computer Federation Museum, Wall, New Jersey
New York
The Strong, International Center for the History of Electronic Games, Rochester, NY - Focus on Retrogaming but many games are on vintage personal computers.
Pennsylvania
Kennett Classic Computer Museum, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Large Scale Systems Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The Computer History Learning Center aka The Computer Church, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island Computer Museum, Warwick, Rhode Island
Texas
National Videogame Museum, Frisco, Texas
Virginia
U.Va. Computer Museum, University of Virginia
Virginia Computer Museum
Washington
Living Computers: Museum + Labs, Seattle, Washington
Microsoft Visitor Center, Redmond, Washington
Wisconsin
Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology, Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin - Exhibit offering "Seymour Cray and The Supercomputer"
South America
Argentina
Espacio TEC, Bahia Blanca
Museo de Informática UNPA-UARG, Río Gallegos
Museo de Informática de la República Argentina - Fundación ICATEC (closed), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Brasil
Museu Capixaba do Computador, Vitória/ES
Museu do Computador, São Paulo/SP
Online
The ICL Computer Museum (UK)
MV Museu de Tecnologia (Brazil)
Old Computer Museum
San Diego Computer Museum - Physical objects were donated to the San Diego State University Library, but still does online exhibits
Obsolete Computer Museum
Old-Computers.com
HP Computer Museum
Early Office Museum
IBM Archives
EveryMac.com
Bitsavers.org - Software and Document Archive
TAM (The Apple Museum) - Apple Computers and Products
Rewind Museum - Virtual museum with traveling physical exhibits
The Computer Collector
New Computer Museum
IPSJ Computer Museum - Computers of Japan
Freeman PC Museum
FEMICOM Museum - Femininity in 20th century Video games, computers and electronic toys
Home Computer Museum
Malware Museum - Malware programs from the 80's and 90's that have been stripped of their destructive properties.
History Computers
KASS Computer Museum - A computer history museum & private collection
Russian Virtual Computer Museum - a history of Soviet Computers from the late 1940s
Soviet Digital Electronics Museum - a museum of Soviet electronic calculators, PCs and some other devices
Development of Computer Science and Technologies in Ukraine - Ukrainian virtual Computer Museum
Spectrum Generation collection, supporting the LOAD ZX Spectrum Museum in Portugal
Home Computer Museum UK
Vintage Mac Museum - Now a part of the American Computer & Robotics Museum in Bozeman, Montana.
See also
Computer museum
List of video game museums
References
History of computing
Lists of museums by subject | List of computer museums | [
"Technology"
] | 1,902 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing",
"Computers"
] |
51,467,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS%20Lactose-N%2CN%27-Diacetylchitobiose%20Family | The PTS Lactose-N,N’-Diacetylchitobiose (Lac) Family (TC# 4.A.3) includes several sequenced lactose porters of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the Escherichia coli and Borrelia burgdorferi N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) porters. It is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily. The former can transport aromatic β-glucosides and cellobiose, as well as Chb. However, only Chb induces expression of the chb operon.
Structure
While the Lac porters consist of two polypeptide chains (IIA and IICB), the Chb porters of E. coli and B. burgdorferi consist of three (IIA, IIB and IIC). In E. coli, the IIAChb protein has been shown to form a stable dimer both when phosphorylated and when unphosphorylated. The IIC domains of these permeases are believed to have a uniform topology with 8 TMSs.
Lac porters in E. coli
In E. coli, the IIBChb is a monomer. Two IIBChb monomers associate with the IIAChb dimer. The structure of the IIB domain of the Chb porter has been determined both by NMR and by X-ray crystallography. It exhibits an α/β doubly wound superfold. This is different from the structure of the IIBGlc and IIBMandomains. IIBSgc, believed to function in pentose transport, is homologous to IIBLac and IIBChb. In Bacillus cereus, the crystal structure of the Chb protein is known. The IIC domains of members of the Lac family are all more similar to each other than they are to those of the Glc, Bgl, Fru and Mtl families.
References
Prokaryote genes | PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose Family | [
"Biology"
] | 425 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Prokaryote genes"
] |
51,467,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS%20Glucitol%20Family | The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family (TC# 4.A.4)consists only of glucitol-specific porters, but these occur both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily.
Structure
IIGut of Escherichia coli consists of three proteins, a IIA protein, a putative 4 TMS IIC2 protein and a putative 4 TMS IIC1 protein. The N- and C-termini as well as the IIB domain may thereby be localized to the cell cytoplasm, but the topology has not been established experimentally. IIAGut is believed to be phosphorylated on a histidyl residue, while IIBGut is probably phosphorylated on a cysteyl residue. However, these possibilities have not been demonstrated experimentally.
References
Prokaryote genes | PTS Glucitol Family | [
"Biology"
] | 191 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Prokaryote genes"
] |
51,467,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permease%20of%20phosphotransferase%20system | Permease of phosphotransferase system (or PTS-AG superfamily according to TCDB) is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of L-ascorbate (A) and galactitol (G). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics.
The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) transports and phosphorylates its sugar substrates in a single energy-coupled step. This transport process is dependent on several cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins - Enzyme I (I), HPr, Enzyme IIA (IIA), and Enzyme IIB (IIB)) as well as the integral membrane sugar permease (IIC). The PTS Enzyme II complexes are derived from independently evolving 4 PTS Enzyme II complex superfamilies, that include the (1) Glucose (Glc),(2) Mannose (Man), (3) Ascorbate-Galactitol (Asc-Gat) and (4) Dihydroxyacetone (Dha) superfamilies.
The four families that make up the PTS-GFL superfamily include:
4.A.5 – The PTS Galactitol (Glc) Family
4.A.7 – The PTS L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) Family
See also
Phosphotransferases system
References
Further reading
"TCDB - PTS-AG Superfamily". www.tcdb.org.
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins
Protein families | Permease of phosphotransferase system | [
"Biology"
] | 359 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
51,467,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS%20Galactitol%20Family | The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family (TC# 4.A.5) is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. The biochemistry of this family is poorly defined. The only well-characterized member of this family is the galactitol permease of Escherichia coli. However, a homologous IIC protein from Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be required for D-arabitol fermentation. It presumably functions together with IIAGat and IIBGat homologues. IICGat is distantly related to IICSgc of E. coli; IIAGat is distantly related to IIASga and IIASgcof E. coli as well as IIAMtl and IIAFru. IIBGat is distantly related to IIBSga and IIBSgc of E. coli. Domains in the LicR/CelR family of transcriptional activators show C-terminal domains exhibiting weak sequence similarity to IIBGat and IIAGat.
References
Prokaryote genes | PTS Galactitol Family | [
"Biology"
] | 219 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Prokaryote genes"
] |
51,468,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS%20L-Ascorbate%20Family | The PTS L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) Family (TC# 4.A.7) includes porters specific for L-ascorbate, and is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. A single PTS permease of the L-Asc family of PTS permeases has been functionally characterized. This is the SgaTBA system, renamed UlaABC (utilization of L-ascorbate) by Yew and Gerlt.
The SgaTBA System
The SgaTBA permease consists of three proteins: SgaT, SgaB, and SgaA. SgaT is a 12 TMS protein, possibly very distantly related to the MFS hexuronate permease of Escherichia coli (TC# 2.A.1.14.2), which presumably functions as a PTS IIC protein. This gene product, as well as SgaB and SgaA, are all essential for anaerobic L-ascorbate utilization, transport and phosphorylation. This is the first documented example where the two sugar-specific energy-coupling proteins of a PTS permease are more closely related to the proteins of two different families. The sga regulation is controlled by the nearby YjfQ repressor.
Homology
Homologues of SgaT, like other PTS protein homologues, have been identified in a large number of evolutionarily divergent bacteria, but not in archaea or eukaryotes. Bacteria that encode SgaT homologues include numerous Gram-negative Pseudomonadota, as well as many low and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Except for species of Corynebacterium, Streptomyces, and Bacillus, almost all organisms possessing SgaTBA homologues are human/animal pathogens.
Several organisms have two or more SgaT paralogues, including E. coli, which has three. In some of the homologues found in other bacteria, SgaB domains are fused C-terminal to the SgaT domains. For example, this is true of putative transporters in Vibrio cholerae, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma pulmonis. Homologues of SgaB and SgaA, but not SgaT, are also found in transcriptional activator proteins where they function in regulation rather than sugar transport.
Transport Reaction
The group translocation reaction catalyzed by SgaTBA is:
L-ascorbate (out) → L-ascorbate-6-phosphate (in)
References
Prokaryote genes | PTS L-Ascorbate Family | [
"Biology"
] | 544 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Prokaryote genes"
] |
51,468,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Ranken%20Douglas | Stewart Ranken Douglas FRS (12 February 1871, Caterham – 20 January 1936) was a British pathologist, bacteriologist and immunologist.
After education at Haileybury College, Douglas studied medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital and received there in 1896 M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Lond.). He joined the Indian Medical Service on 28 January 1898 with the rank of second-lieutenant. All Indian Medical Service officers at that time were required to complete a course in pathology at Netley Hospital under Dr (later Sir) Almroth Wright. In 1899 Wright requested that Douglas accompany him to India for the investigative research of the first Plague Commission. On 31 March 1899 Douglas and H. J. Walton (at that time a lieutenant) were sent to investigate plague in the Garhwal District and other areas of the Kumaon Division of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Their investigation lasted about 5 months, during which Douglas suffered from recurring episodes of malaria. After completing this investigation, Douglas was sent in 1900 to China as part of the medical staff for the Gaselee Expedition in connection with the Boxer Rebellion. In China he was promoted to the rank of captain on 28 January 1901. However, in China he became infected with amoebic dysentery and developed a liver abscess. (From 1901 to the end of his life he suffered serious health problems.) He was given a medical discharge from the Indian Medical Service. Douglas returned to the UK and joined Almroth Wright at St Mary's Hospital to do research on vaccine therapy. For a pension from the Indian Medical Service, Douglas was put on temporary half pay on 15 September 1905 and was put on permanent half pay on 15 September 1907. In 1909 he was appointed a lecturer at St Mary's Hospital Medical School.
When World War I started, the supply of peptones from Germany was cut off. Peptones were used by British bacteriologists in nutrient media for growing Salmonella typhi as part of the programme for preparing vaccines against typhoid fever. Within a few days, Douglas produced a new and superior peptone medium for bacterial culture. He joined Wright in Boulogne-sur-Mer but developed sciatica and returned to the UK for treatment. In 1915 he returned to work at St Mary's on vaccines against typhoid and other bacterial infections. Douglas also did research on dysentery. In 1916 he worked in St Mary Hospital's special wards for wounded soldiers and developed a successful method of autologous skin-grafting.
In 1921 Douglas was appointed director of the Department of Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology in the National Institute for Medical Research under the direction of Sir Henry Dale at Mount Vernon Hospital in Hampstead and also deputy director for the NIMR under the director Dale. As head of his department, Douglas organised the research of Laidlaw, Dobell, William E. Gye (who worked on the Rous sarcoma virus), Ian A. Galloway (who worked on foot-and-mouth disease) and other researchers. Much of the research dealt with immunology and virology, especially viruses that cause dysentery. Douglas worked on the extraction of bacteria by acetone. This extraction method led to Georges Dreyer's 'diaplyte' and Dreyer's synthetic medium for the growth of tubercle bacilli; Dreyer's advances lead to a more effective form of tuberculin skin test.
In Kensington in 1920 Douglas married Frances Miriam Clare Nias née Dayrell. She was born in 1872 and married in 1896 the physician Joseph Baldwin Nias (1856–1919), whose father was Admiral Sir Joseph Nias (1793–1879). By his marriage, S. R. Douglas acquired a step-daughter.
Awards and honours
1917 — Chevalier de l’Ordre de la Couronne de Belgique
1922 — Fellow of the Royal Society
1933 — Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
References
1871 births
1936 deaths
British immunologists
British microbiologists
British pathologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Indian Medical Service officers
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Vaccinologists | Stewart Ranken Douglas | [
"Biology"
] | 864 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
51,469,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin | Viroporins are small and usually hydrophobic multifunctional viral proteins that modify cellular membranes, thereby facilitating virus release from infected cells. Viroporins are capable of assembling into oligomeric ion channels or pores in the host cell's membrane, rendering it more permeable and thus facilitating the exit of virions from the cell. Many viroporins also have additional effects on cellular metabolism and homeostasis mediated by protein-protein interactions with host cell proteins. Viroporins are not necessarily essential for viral replication, but do enhance growth rates. They are found in a variety of viral genomes but are particularly common in RNA viruses. Many viruses that cause human disease express viroporins. These viruses include hepatitis C virus, HIV-1, influenza A virus, poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV.
Structure
Viroporins are usually small - under 100 or 120 amino acid residues - and contain at least one region capable of folding into an amphipathic transmembrane helix. Some examples also contain stretches of basic amino acids, or stretches of aromatic amino acids thought to reside in the interfacial region of the membrane. Oligomers of these proteins, most often tetramers, form ion channels or pores of usually weak ion selectivity that permit diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. The molecular architecture of the pore, its degree of selectivity, the extent to which it incorporates lipids from the surrounding membrane, and the presence of portions of the protein that extend beyond the membrane all vary among viroporins and indicate that these proteins have a diverse array of functional roles.
Classification
A proposed classification scheme sorts viroporins into four classes based on their topology and orientation in the membrane. Class I viroporins possess a single transmembrane helix; in class IA the C-terminus is oriented into the cytosol and in class IB the N-terminus is so oriented. Class II viroporins possess a helix-turn-helix motif with both helices crossing the membrane; in class IIA both termini are oriented externally (extracellularly or toward the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum) and in class IIB the termini are oriented toward the cytosol. Likely exceptions to this scheme exist, such as the rotavirus protein non-structural protein 4.
Function
Essentiality
Most viroporins are not essential, but their absence significantly reduces the efficiency of viral propagation. There is significant variation in the consequences of viroporin depletion: while hepatitis C virus is incapable of propagation without its p7 protein viroporin, influenza A virus and HIV-1 see decreases in in vitro viral titer of 10- to 100-fold in the absence of their respective viroporins, but remain capable of propagation. In most cases absence of viroporin in the viral genome can be rescued by the presence of viroporin in trans, and sometimes viral replication can be partially rescued in the presence of another virus' viroporin.
Membrane permeabilization
The most well-studied and well-established function of viroporins is the permeabilization of the cell membrane to ions and small solutes. Before viroporins themselves were understood as a class, it was well known that many viruses induce membrane permeabilization in infected cells; viroporins are at least partially responsible for this effect, particularly when it occurs late in the viral replication cycle. Viroporins expressed transgenically, in the absence of their virus of origin, induce the same effect, a feature that has facilitated viroporin discovery.
In most cases, pores formed by viroporins are nonselective or only weakly selective for particular ions or small molecules. However, some examples do show strong selectivity; examples include the influenza A virus M2 proton channel protein, which is highly selective for protons and is active at low pH, and the Chlorella virus Kcv protein, which is selective for potassium ions. An alternative mechanism is illustrated by the SARS-CoV E protein, which forms a pore that integrates membrane lipids whose polar head groups influence ion selectivity. The homologous E protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been structurally characterized by solid-state NMR and found to form a pentamer permeable to cations.
Loss of membrane polarization can promote viral yields through a variety of mechanisms that operate throughout the viral life cycle. In enveloped viruses, viroporins are not highly concentrated in the viral envelope, but nevertheless their presence may promote viral entry into the cell; the influenza A virus provides a well-studied example. Viroporins in the membranes of organelles such as the Golgi apparatus can influence those organelles' internal environments, which can modulate protein trafficking of viral proteins or protect the proteins from the low pH they would otherwise encounter in these cellular compartments. In non-enveloped viruses, the membrane permeability changes may be sufficient to induce cell lysis, thereby permitting the new virions to exit the cell. In enveloped viruses, viroporins' depolarization effect is thought to promote viral budding. Abrogating the ion channel or pore function of viroporins, either through mutations that block conductance without disrupting other functions or through channel-blocking drugs, usually reduces or eliminates viral propagation.
Genome replication
Most viruses encoding viroporins can replicate their genomes in the absence of the viroporin, even if they are impaired in propagation. Rotaviruses and picornaviruses, however, rely on their viroporins to facilitate the formation of viroplasm, or specialized intracellular compartments remodeled from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in which genome replication occurs.
Protein-protein interactions
Some viroporins have established functional effects exerted through protein-protein interactions. For example, the HIV-1 viroporin Vpu promotes viral budding through interactions with CD4 and tetherin, though the precise molecular mechanism of this interaction is not known. The JC polyomavirus agnoprotein functions as a viroporin in addition to other roles mediated through interactions with viral proteins such as major capsid protein VP1.
Role in disease
Virulence factors
Viroporins can also be considered virulence factors; in viruses in which viroporins are not essential, their pathogenicity is attenuated in the absence of viroporin beyond the level expected by the effects on viral propagation. In some cases the membrane permeabilization effects of viroporins activate the inflammasome, a protein complex associated with activation of innate immunity which, when overactive, can cause disease symptoms.
Oncoproteins
The human papillomavirus 16 E5 protein, the least well-studied of the three known oncogenic HPV proteins, was reported in 2012 to be a viroporin. This was the first known example of an oncogenic viroporin.
Drug targets
Because some viroporins are essential for viral propagation, they are often considered to be appealing drug targets for development of antiviral drugs. Although many chemical compounds have been reported to interfere with the ion channel functions of various viroporins, clinical usage is relatively rare. Amantadine, which was discovered in the 1960s and has been in clinical use against influenza A for some time, is an example of a viroporin-targeting drug; however, a 2014 Cochrane review did not find benefit for its use in children or elderly people and the US CDC does not recommend drugs of this class due to widespread resistance mutations.
Examples
Viroporins can be found in a large number of viruses with distinct genomic organizations and replication mechanisms.
This table represents a composite of Table 1 from Gonzalez et al. 2003, Table 1 from Wang et al. 2011, and Table 1, Box 1, and Box 2 from Nieva et al. 2012.
See also
Holins, small pore-forming transmembrane proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages
References
External links
Links to Viroporin families in TCDB database
Viral protein class
Protein families | Viroporin | [
"Biology"
] | 1,698 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
51,472,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Dorothy%20Jane%20Scott | Dorothy Jane Scott (born April 23, 1948) was an American woman who disappeared on May 28, 1980, in Anaheim, California. She had driven two co-workers to the hospital after one had been bitten by a spider. While they were waiting for a prescription to be filled, Scott went to get her car to bring it around to meet them. Her car approached them, but it sped away; neither could see who was driving as its headlights had blinded them. They reported her missing a couple of hours later, after not hearing from her. In the preceding months, Scott had been receiving anonymous phone calls from a man who had reportedly been stalking her. He had threatened to get her alone and "cut [her] up into bits so no one will ever find [her]".
In June 1980, a man called The Orange County Register, a local newspaper that had published a story on the disappearance, and claimed that he had killed Scott. Police believe the caller was Scott's killer. From 1980 to 1984, Scott's mother Vera also received phone calls from a man who claimed to have Scott or to have killed her. None of the calls could be traced, however, because the caller would not stay on the line long enough. In August 1984, partial remains were found and later identified as Scott's. No arrests have been made in Scott's case.
Background
Dorothy Scott was a single mother living in Stanton, California, with her aunt and four-year-old son. She was a secretary for two jointly-owned Anaheim stores, one that sold psychedelic items (i.e. love beads, lava lamps) and the other at a head shop. Co-workers and friends said she preferred staying at home, was a devout Christian, and did not drink or do drugs. Her parents, who lived in Anaheim, babysat their grandson while she worked. Scott's father, Jacob, said his daughter may have dated on occasion but had no steady boyfriend, as far as the family knew.
Months before her abduction, Scott had been receiving strange phone calls at work from an unidentified male. The caller alternately professed his love for her and his intent to kill her. Scott's mother recounted, "One day he called and said to go outside because he had something for her. She went out and there was a single dead red rose on the windshield of her car." Scott's mother said one call especially horrified her daughter. The man reportedly told Scott he would get her alone and "cut [her] up into bits so no one will ever find [her]". Because of the calls, Scott began considering the purchase of a handgun; about a week before her disappearance, she started taking karate lessons.
Events
At 9 p.m. on May 28, 1980, Scott was at an employee meeting at work. She noted co-worker Conrad Bostron did not look well and had a red mark on his arm. She and another co-worker, Pam Head, left the employee meeting to take Bostron to the emergency room at UC Irvine Medical Center. On the way to the hospital, they stopped by Scott's parents' house to check on her son. She also changed her black scarf to a red one. At the hospital, medical personnel determined Bostron had suffered a black widow spider bite and treated him; Head said she and Scott remained in the E.R. waiting room. At no time, Head said, did Scott leave her side.
Bostron was discharged around 11 p.m. and given a prescription. Scott offered to bring her car to the exit; she did not want Bostron to walk too far in his condition, as he was still not feeling well. Head said Scott used the restroom briefly before heading out to the parking lot. Head and Bostron filled his prescription and waited at the exit for Scott; when they did not see her after a few minutes they went out to the E.R.'s parking lot. Suddenly, they saw Scott's car speeding toward them; its headlights blinded them so they could not see who was behind the wheel. They waved their arms to try to get Scott's attention, but the car sped past them and took a sharp right turn out of the parking lot. Initially, both thought Scott had an emergency come up with her son. A few hours later, after not hearing from her, Head and Bostron reported Scott missing. At about 4:30 a.m. on May 29, Scott's car, a white 1973 Toyota station wagon, was found burning in an alley about from the hospital. Neither she nor her supposed kidnapper were anywhere nearby.
Discovery of remains
On August 6, 1984, a construction worker discovered dog and human bones side by side, about from Santa Ana Canyon Road. The bones were partly charred and authorities believed they had been there for two years, as a bushfire had "swept across the site" in 1982. A turquoise ring and watch were also found. Scott's mother said the watch had stopped at 12:30 a.m. on May 29, about an hour after Head and Bostron last saw Scott's vehicle. On August 14, the bones were identified as Scott's by dental records. An autopsy could not determine the cause of death. A memorial service was held on August 22.
Mysterious phone calls
About a week after Scott's disappearance, her parents received a phone call from an unidentified man who said, "I've got her" and hung up. The same man called "almost every Wednesday afternoon" and said either that he had Dorothy or had killed her. The calls were usually brief, and usually occurred when Vera was home alone. In April 1984, the man called during the evening; Jacob Scott answered and the calls stopped. After Scott's remains were found in August 1984, the family started receiving calls again. Police installed a voice recorder at the Scott residence. They were not able to trace the calls, however, because the man never stayed on the line long enough.
A possible motivation in Scott's murder surfaced June 12, 1980. An unidentified man called the front desk at the Orange County Register which had run a story that day about the case. A managing editor told police the man said, "I killed her. I killed Dorothy Scott. She was my love. I caught her cheating with another man. She denied having someone else. I killed her." The editor also said the caller knew Conrad Bostron had suffered from a spider bite the night of May 28. He also knew that Scott had been wearing a red scarf; she had changed her black scarf to a red one after the employee meeting. Neither of these details had been published in the June 12 article. The caller also claimed Scott phoned him from the hospital that night. Pam Head disputed that claim, saying she had been with Scott the entire time and she had not made a phone call. Investigators believe the anonymous caller was responsible for Scott's death.
Schneider disappearance
Authorities strongly suspect that Scott's murder may have been connected to the later disappearance of 25-year-old Patricia Jean Schneider (born January 18, 1957) due to similarities. In both cases, their cars were deliberately set on fire. On July 31, 1982, early in the morning, Schneider finished her shift at the Palomino Station in Indian Hills, California. She called from a Circle K on Limonite in Pedley, California, at 3:45 a.m. and said that her car had broken down. Nobody has ever heard from Schneider again. A Riverside County sheriff's officer discovered her automobile between 5:00 and 6:00 a.m. It was burning in a field close to the intersection of Doolittle Avenue and Van Buren Boulevard. The fire had been started on purpose and there was no sign of Schneider at the scene. Foul play is suspected.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
List of unsolved murders
References
1980 in California
1980s missing person cases
1980 murders in the United States
1980s in Anaheim, California
Deaths by person in California
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against women
May 1980 events in the United States
Missing person cases in California
Unsolved murders in the United States
Violence against women in California
Stalking
People murdered in California | Murder of Dorothy Jane Scott | [
"Biology"
] | 1,690 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Stalking"
] |
59,268,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-electric%20spin-orbit | Magneto-electric spin-orbit (MESO) is a technology designed for constructing scalable integrated circuits, that works with a different operating principle than CMOS devices such as MOSFETs, proposed by Intel, that is compatible with CMOS device manufacturing techniques and machinery.
MESO devices operate by the coupling of the magnetoelectric effect with the spin orbit coupling. Specifically, the magnetoelectric effect will induce a change in magnetization within the device due to an induced electric field, which can then be read out by the spin orbit coupling component which converts it into an electric charge. This mechanism is analogous to how a CMOS device operates with the source, gate and drain electrodes working together to form a logic gate.
As of 2020, the technology is under development by Intel and University of California, Berkeley. The first experiment, conducted in 2020 in nanoGUNE, proved that spin-orbit coupling could be used for implementing MESO.
Performance
Before the introduction of MESO, Intel evaluated 17 different device architectures for beyond CMOS scaling which aims to circumvent scaling challenges present with CMOS devices such as MOSFETs used in integrated circuits. For testing, these architectures were made with production processes compatible with those used for CMOS devices since some CMOS devices are still necessary for interfacing with other circuits and for providing the clock signal for an integrated circuit, and for reusing existing production equipment: Tunneling FETs, graphene p-n junctions, ITFETs, BisFET, spinFETs, all spin logic, spin torque oscillators, domain wall logic, spin torque majority, spin torque triad, spin wave device, nano magnet logic, charge spin logic, piezo FETs, MITFETs, FeFETs and negative capacitance FETs were tested and it was found that none offered both improved performance characteristics and lower power consumption compared with CMOS. According to VentureBeat, simulations showed that, on a 32-bit ALU, MESO devices offer both higher performance (processing speed in TOPS per cm2) and lower power density than CMOS HP devices, which had the highest performance among all other devices except MESO.
Compared to CMOS, MESO circuits can require less energy for switching, can have a lower operating voltage, feature a higher integration density, possess non-volatility which allows for ultra low standby power consumption, and the energy required to switch MESO devices scales down cubically with every miniaturization by a factor of two of the device. These features make MESO attractive for replacing CMOS devices in the design of future logic gates and circuits in integrated circuits as it can help increase their performance and lower their power consumption.
There is a huge challenge in the ME writing processes regarding the necessary materials. In recent years, great efforts are being made in the scientific community in order to make the magnetoelectric effects work in nanostructure (thin film). The main issue is that, when ferroelectric material transfers to thinfilm, it loses its FE properties, making it even more difficult to achieve a high efficiency-coupling of FE-FM (ME) at nanometer-size systems.
References
Spintronics | Magneto-electric spin-orbit | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 657 | [
"Spintronics",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
59,268,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Loh | Horace Hao Loh (; born 28 May 1937) is a Chinese-born Taiwanese biochemist.
Loh graduated from National Taiwan University and completed a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Iowa, as did his friend Yuan-Chuan Lee. Loh then moved to the University of California, San Francisco as a postdoctoral researcher under Eddy Leong Way, after which he joined the UCSF Medical Center faculty. In 1989, Loh began teaching at the University of Minnesota, where he was named Frederick and Alice Stark Professor of Pharmacology, and later appointed to a Regents Professorship. Since 1986, Loh has been a member of Academia Sinica.
References
1937 births
Living people
Taiwanese biochemists
National Taiwan University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
University of California, San Francisco faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Members of Academia Sinica
20th-century Taiwanese scientists
21st-century Taiwanese scientists
20th-century Chinese chemists
21st-century Chinese chemists
20th-century Chinese biologists
21st-century biochemists
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States | Horace Loh | [
"Chemistry"
] | 211 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemists",
"Biochemist stubs"
] |
59,269,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilaf%20Egap | Eilaf Egap (née Ahmed) is an adjunct assistant professor of Materials Science at Rice University. She works on imaging techniques and biomaterials for early diagnostics and drug delivery. She was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology MLK Visiting Scholar in 2011.
Early life and education
Egap was born in Athens, Ohio, and went to school in New York City. She started her academic career at Stony Brook University as a philosophy major, but was inspired by her chemistry professor and switched to chemistry. She graduated from Stony Brook University in 2005. She completed her postgraduate studies in 2011 at the University of Washington under the supervision of Samson Jenekhe. Her doctoral work focused on the design and synthesis of organic macromolecules. She examined the structure–property relationships of these macromolecules in next generation electronic devices, including organic field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. She investigated how charge carriers and excitons are confined in 0D and 1D nanostructures. This included benzobisthiazole-thiophene copolymers, which can be used for OFETs and OPVs. She worked on oligothiophene-functionalised naphthalene dimide nanowires that can form in solution. Whilst at the University of Washington she developed electron-transport materials for efficient blue phosphorescent OLEDs, using FIrpic and oligoquinolines.
Ahmed joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow with Timothy M. Swager. She was a Martin Luther King Jr. Visiting Scholar between 2011 and 2013. She developed a platform that used polymer nanoparticles for in vivo imaging. She won the Gordon Research Conferences Carl Storm Award in 2013 and a graduate award at the MIT Polymer Day in 2014.
Research
Egap joined Emory University in 2014. At the same time she held a joint position at Georgia Institute of Technology at the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering. She has explored the polymer chemical properties that can impact their ability to self-assemble.
She won the 2015 Thieme Publishers Chemistry Award. In 2016 she was named by Chemical & Engineering News as a Must See at the American Chemical Society national meeting. She presented her work on ways to align one-dimensional polymer nanowires. She was awarded a National Science Foundation award to explore open-shell conjugated oligomers and polymers. The polymer backbone units incorporate polythiophene and quinoidal units. She explored how ultra-fast transient absorption spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy can be used to characterise the systems. She is interested in spin-polarisation and spin-exchange. She ran an eight-week summer program for students from historically black colleges and universities to take part in research.
Egap was one of the 2017 Emerging Investigators in the Journal of Materials Chemistry C. She demonstrated how near-infrared emitting triblock copolymers could be incorporated into an oligo(ethylene glycol) core for targeted drug delivery. The core-shell nanoparticles can be used to target folate receptor cancer cells. In 2017 she moved to Rice University. She explored how to synthesise functional polymers using photosensitive quantum dots as a catalyst. The technique is known as photo-controlled atom transfer radical polymerization and could replace the current catalysts used to synthesise block copolymers and methacrylates. In 2018 she was named as one of the American Chemical Society Polymer Materials Science Engineering (PMSE) Young Investigator award prize.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century African-American scientists
Rice University faculty
Emory University faculty
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Stony Brook University alumni
Polymer scientists and engineers
Organic chemists
American chemists
American women chemists
American women academics
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
21st-century African-American women
Chemists from Ohio | Eilaf Egap | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 812 | [
"Organic chemists",
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
59,270,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triammonium%20citrate | Triammonium citrate is a chemical compound whose molecular formula is C6H17N3O7.
Synopsis
It was patented some date prior to 1986.
This substance causes serious eye irritation, causes skin irritation and may cause respiratory irritation.
It is known in the European E number food additive series as E380. It is known in the United States as "an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives", and as a "substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS)."
References
E-number additives
Food additives
Ammonium compounds
Citrates | Triammonium citrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 130 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
59,271,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilic%20design | Biophilic design is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions. Used at both the building and city-scale, it is argued that Biophilic design offers health, environmental, and economic benefits for building occupants and urban environments, with few drawbacks. Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in architecture from as far back as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. While the design features that characterize Biophilic design were all traceable in preceding sustainable design guidelines, the new term sparked wider interest and lent academic credibility.
Biophilia hypothesis
The word "Biophilia" was first introduced by a psychoanalyst named Erich Fromm who stated that biophilia is the "passionate love of life and of all that is alive...whether in a person, a plant, an idea, or a social group" in his book The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness in 1973. Fromm's approach was that of a psychoanalyst (a person who studies the unconscious mind) and presented a broad spectrum as he called biophilia a biologically normal instinct.
The term has been used since by many scientists, and philosophers overall being adapted to several different areas of study. Some notable mentions of biophilia include Edward O. Wilson's book Biophilia (1984) where he took a biologist's approach and first coined the "Biophilia hypothesis" and popularized the notion. Wilson defined biophilia as "the innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes", claiming a link with nature is not only physiological (as Fromm suggested) but has a genetic basis. The biophilia hypothesis suggests that humans have an inherited need to connect with nature and other biotic forms due to our evolutionary dependence on it for survival and personal fulfillment. This idea is relevant in daily life – humans travel and spend money to sightsee in national parks and nature preserves, relax on beaches, hike mountains, and explore jungles. Further, many sports revolve around nature such as skiing, mountain biking, and surfing. From a home perspective, people are more likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent landscaping, 58% more on properties that look at water, and 127% more on those that are waterfront. Humans also value companionship with animals. In America 60.2 million people own dogs and 47.1 million own cats.
Biophobia
While biophilia refers to the inherent need to experience and love nature, biophobia is human's inherited fear of nature and animals. In the case of modern life, humans urge to separate themselves from nature and move towards technology; a cultural drive where people tend to associate with human artifacts, interests, and managed activities. Some anxieties of the natural environment are inherited from threats seen in anthropocentric evolution: this includes fear of snakes, spiders, and blood. In relation to buildings, biophobia can be induced through the use of bright colors, heights, enclosed spaces, darkness, and large open spaces are major contributors to occupant discomfort.
Dimensions
Considered as one of the pioneers of biophilic design, Stephen Kellert has created a framework where nature in the built environment is used in a way that satisfies human needs – his principles are meant to celebrate and show respect for nature, and provide an enriching urban environment that is multisensory. The dimensions and attributes that define Kellert's biophilic framework are below.
Direct experience of nature
Direct experience refers to tangible contact with natural features:
Light: Allows orientation of time of day and season, and is attributed to wayfinding and comfort; light can also cause natural patterns and form, movements and shadows. In design, this can be applied through clerestories, reflective materials, skylights, glass, and atriums. This provides well-being and interest from occupants.
Air: Ventilation, temperature, and humidity are felt through air. Such conditions can be applied through the use of windows and other passive strategies, but most importantly the variation in these elements can promote occupant comfort and productivity.
Water: Water is multisensory and can be used in buildings to provide movement, sounds, touch, and sight. In design it can be incorporated through water bodies, fountains, wetlands, and aquariums; people have a strong connection to water and when used, it can decrease stress and increase health, performance, and overall satisfaction.
Plants: Bringing vegetation to the exterior and interior spaces of the building provides a direct relationship to nature. This should be abundant (i.e., make use of green walls or many potted plants) and some vegetation should flower; plants can increase physical health, performance, and productivity and reduce stress for building occupants.
Animals: While hard to achieve, it can be done through aquariums, gardens, animal feeders, and green roofs. This interaction with promotes interest, mental stimulation, and pleasure.
Weather: Weather can be observed directly through windows and transitional spaces, but it can also be simulated through the manipulation of air within the space; awareness of weather signified human fitness and survival in ancient times and now promotes awareness and mental stimulation.
Natural landscapes: This is done through creating self-sustaining ecosystems into the built environment. Given human evolution and history, people tend to enjoy savannah-like landscapes as they depict spaciousness and an abundance of natural life. Contact with these types of environments can be done through vistas and or direct interactions such as gardens. Such landscapes are known to increase occupant satisfaction.
Fire: This natural element is hard to incorporate, however when implemented correctly into the building, it provides color, warmth, and movement, all of which are appealing and pleasing to occupants.
Indirect experience of nature
Indirect experience refers to contact with images and or representations of nature:
Images of Nature: This has been proven to be emotionally and intellectually satisfying to occupants; images of nature can be implemented through paintings, photos, sculptures, murals, videos, etcetera.
Natural Materials: People prefer natural materials as they can be mentally stimulating. Natural materials are susceptible to the patina of time; this change invokes responses from people. These materials can be incorporated into buildings through the use of wood and stone. Interior design can use natural fabrics and furnishings. Leather has often been included as recommended Biophilic material however with the awareness of animal agriculture (leather being a co-product of the meat industry) as a major contributor to climate change faux, or plant-based, leathers created from mushroom, pineapple skin, or cactus are now seen as viable alternatives. It is also seen that to feel, and be, closer to nature and animals to destroy them in the pursuit of this is counter-productive and in conflict with the philosophy of Biophilia.
Natural Colors: Natural colors or "earth-tones", are those that are commonly found in nature and are often subdued tones of brown, green, and blue. When using colors in buildings, they should represent these natural tones. Brighter colors should only be used sparingly – one study found that red flowers on plants were found to be fatiguing and distracting by occupants.
Simulations of Natural Light and Air: In areas where natural forms of ventilation and light cannot be achieved, creative use of interior lighting and mechanical ventilation can be used to mimic these natural features. Designers can do this through variations in lighting through different lighting types, reflective mediums, and natural geometries that the fixture can shine through; natural airflow can be imitated through mild changes in temperature, humidity, and air velocity.
Naturalistic Shapes: Natural shapes and forms can be achieved in architectural design through columns and nature-based patterns on facades - including these different elements into spaces can change a static space into an intriguing and appealing complex area.
Evoking Nature: This uses characteristics found in nature to influence the structural design of the project. These may be things that may not occur in nature, rather elements that represent natural landscapes such as mimicking different plant heights found in ecosystems, and or mimicking particular animal, water, or plant features.
Information Richness: This can be achieved by providing complex, yet not noisy environments that invoke occupant curiosity and thought. Many ecosystems are complex and filled with different abiotic and biotic elements – in such the goal of this attribute is to include these elements into the environment of the building.
Change and the Patina of Time: People are intrigued by nature and how it changes, adapts, and ages over time, much like ourselves. In buildings, this can be accomplished by using organic materials that are susceptible to weathering and color change – this allows for us to observe slight changes in our built environment over time.
Natural Geometries: The design of facades or structural components can include the use of repetitive, varied patterns that are seen in nature (fractals). These geometries can also have hierarchically organized scales and winding flow rather than be straight with harsh angles. For instance, commonly used natural geometries are the honeycomb pattern and ripples found in water.
Biomimicry: This is a design strategy that imitates uses found in nature as solutions for human and technical problems. Using these natural functions in construction can entice human creativity and consideration of nature.
Experience of space and place
The experience of space and place uses spatial relationships to enhance well-being:
Prospect and Refuge: Refuge refers to the building's ability to provide comfortable and nurturing interiors (alcoves, dimmer lighting), while prospect emphasizes horizons, movement, and sources of danger. Examples of design elements include balconies, alcoves, lighting changes, and areas spaciousness (savannah environment).
Organized Complexity: This principle is meant to simulate the need for controlled variability; this is done in design through repetition, change, and detail of the building's architecture.
Integration of Parts: When different parts comprise a whole, it provides satisfaction for occupants: design elements include interior spaces using clear boundaries and or the integration of a central focal point.
Transitional Spaces: This element aims to connect interior spaces with the outside or create comfort by providing access from one space to another environment through the use of porches, decks, atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations, and foyers.
Mobility: The ability for people to comfortably move between spaces, even when complex; it provides the feeling of security for occupants and can be done through making clear points of entry and egress.
Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place: Creating a cultural sense of place in the built environment creates human connection and identity. This is done by incorporating the area's geography and history into the design. Ecological identity is done through the creation of ecosystems that promote the use of native flora and fauna.
Each of these experiences are meant to be considered individually when using biophilia in projects, as there is no one right answer for one building type. Each building's architect(s) and project owner(s) must collaborate to include the biophilic principles they believe fit within their scope and most effectively reach their occupants.
City-scale
Timothy Beatley believes the key objective of biophilic cities is to create an environment where the residents want to actively participate in, preserve, and connect with the natural landscape that surrounds them. He established ways to achieve this through a framework of infrastructure, governance, knowledge, and behavior; these dimensions can also be indicators of existing biophilic attributes that already exist in current cities.
Biophilic Conditions and Infrastructure: The idea that a certain number of people at any given time should be near a green space or park. This can be done through the creation of integrated ecological networks and walking trails throughout the city, the designation of certain portions of land area for vegetation and forests, green and biophilic building design features, and the use of flora and fauna throughout the city.
Biophilic Activities: This refers to the increased amount of time spent outside and visiting parks, longer outdoor periods at schools, improved foot traffic across the city, improved participation in community gardens and conservatory clubs, larger participation in local volunteer efforts.
Biophilic Attitudes and Knowledge: In areas with urban biophilic design elements, there will be an improved number of residents who care about nature and can identify local native species; resident curiosity of their local ecosystems also increases.
Biophilic Institutions and Governance: Local government bodies allocate part of the budget to nature and biophilic activities. Indicators of this include increased regulation that requires more green and biophilic design principles, grant programs that promote the use of nature and biophilia, the inclusion of natural history museums and educational programs, and increased number of nature non-governmental organizations and community groups.
Based on Kellert's dimensions, biophilic product design dimensions have also been presented.
Benefits
Biophilic design is argued to have a wealth of benefits for building occupants and urban environments through improving connections to nature. For cities, many believe the biggest proponent of the concept is its ability to make the city more resilient to any environmental stressor it may face.
Health benefits
Improved mental health
Alvarsson, et al. found that elements such as nature sounds, improved physiological response 9-37% faster than traditional urban noise after introduction of a psychological stressor. A 2023 literature review of biophilic design in healthcare settings suggests that current literature is limited to examining the physiological impacts of psychological outcomes from biophilic design, specifically indoor plants. In other words, the direct psychological effects, like changes in positive emotions and feelings, of biophilic design require more study.
Reduction in stress and painkiller usage
Studies suggest that indoor plants are beneficial for reducing stress and increasing pain tolerance. For example, in an experiment that exposed subjects to natural and urban environments, the physiological and verbal measures, such as vital signs, blood pressure and response to surveys, showed that recovery was faster and more holistic when subjects were exposed to the natural environment. The authors posited that the pattern of physiological findings suggested that responses to nature had a Parasympathetic nervous system (which regulates organs and glands supporting the body while at rest) component. Another study demonstrated that views of nature from a glass window are mentally restorative for occupants, and result in a better physiological response than a screen showing nature or a blank wall. To partly address the potentially confounding effects of daylight on physiological response, the authors looked at the relationship between heart rate recovery (as a measure of recovering from a stressor) and light intensity but did not find a significant correlation. This suggests that there is something about the nature view aside from light, that enhances its restoration capabilities as compared to the other conditions.
When researching the effects of biophilia on hospital patients, Peter Newman and Jana Soderlund found that by increasing vista quality in hospital rooms depression and pain in patients is reduced, which in turn shortened hospital stays from 3.67 days to 2.6 days.
Cognitive performance
Aristizabal et al. studied the effects of biophilic design on cognitive performance in an office setting. They found that participants' ability to hold information in their mind while performing a single task (working memory) and suppress dominant responses (response inhibition) improved across all biophilic strategies, particularly those that were auditory and multisensory. Visual strategies included introduction of plants, digital projections, and fractal imagery, auditory strategies included sounds of nature, and multisensory interventions included a mix between the two. However, participant's’ ability to switch between tasks and maintain attention was more complex. It improved in the auditory condition and worsened in the multisensory condition. This suggests that there is a balance to be struck between the introduction of multisensory biophilic strategies to improve working memory, while at the same time keep distractions to a minimum. Interestingly, participants were also more satisfied with the air movement accompanying the visual and multisensory biophilic interventions, even though air quality and circulation did not change during the study. A pilot experiment by Sanchez et al. similarly finds that biophilic design in office environments contributes positively to performance and creativity.
Social connectivity and increased physical exercise
In biophilic cities, Andrew Dannenberg, et al. indicated that there are higher levels of social connectivity and better capability to handle life crises; this has resulted in lower crime rate levels of violence and aggression. The same study found that implementing outdoor facilities such as impromptu gymnasiums like the "Green Gym" in the United Kingdom, allow people to help clear overgrown vegetation, build walking paths, plant foliage, and more readily exercise (walking, running, climbing, etc.); this has been proven to build social capital, increase physical activity, better mental health and quality of life. Further, Dannenberg, et al. also found that children growing up in green neighborhoods are seen to have lower levels of asthma; decreased mortality rates and health disparities between the wealthy and poor were also observed in greener neighborhoods.
Mental health benefits
Highly prevalent in nature, fractal patterns, biophilic patterns possess self-similar components that repeat at varying size scales. The perceptual experience of human-made environments can be impacted with inclusion of these natural patterns. Previous work has demonstrated consistent trends in preference for and complexity estimates of fractal patterns. However, limited information has been gathered on the impact of other visual judgments. Here we examine the aesthetic and perceptual experience of fractal 'global-forest' designs already installed in humanmade spaces and demonstrate how fractal pattern components are associated with positive psychological experiences that can be utilized to promote occupant wellbeing. These designs are composite fractal patterns consisting of individual fractal 'tree-seeds' which combine to create a 'global fractal forest.' The local 'tree-seed' patterns, global configuration of tree-seed locations, and overall resulting 'global-forest' patterns have fractal qualities. These designs span multiple mediums yet are all intended to lower occupant stress without detracting from the function and overall design of the space. In this series of studies, we first establish divergent relationships between various visual attributes, with pattern complexity, preference, and engagement ratings increasing with fractal complexity compared to ratings of refreshment and relaxation which stay the same or decrease with complexity. Subsequently, we determine that the local constituent fractal ('tree-seed') patterns contribute to the perception of the overall fractal design, and address how to balance aesthetic and psychological effects (such as individual experiences of perceived engagement and relaxation) in fractal design installations. This set of studies demonstrates that fractal preference is driven by a balance between increased arousal (desire for engagement and complexity) and decreased tension (desire for relaxation or refreshment). Installations of these composite mid-high complexity 'global-forest' patterns consisting of 'tree-seed' components balance these contrasting needs, and can serve as a practical implementation of biophilic patterns in human-made environments to promote occupant wellbeing.
Environmental benefits
Some argue that by adding physical natural elements, such as plants, trees, rain gardens, and green roofs, to the built environment, buildings and cities can manage stormwater runoff better as there are fewer impervious surfaces and better infiltration. To maintain these natural systems in a cost-effective way, excess greywater can be reused to water the plants and greenery; vegetative walls and roofs also decrease polluted water as the plants act as biofilters. Adding greenery also reduces carbon emissions, the heat island effect, and increases biodiversity. Carbon is reduced through carbon sequestration in the plant's roots during photosynthesis. Green and high albedo rooftops and facades, and shading of streets and structures using vegetation can reduce the amount of heat absorption normally found in asphalt or dark surfaces – this can reduce heating and cooling needs by 25% and reduce temperature fluctuations by 50%. Further, adding green facades can increase the biodiversity of an area if native species are planted - the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore has seen a resurgence of 103 species of butterflies onsite, thanks to their use of vegetation throughout the exterior of the building.
Economic benefits
Biophilia may have slightly higher costs due to the addition of natural elements that require maintenance, higher-priced organic items, etc., however, the perceived health and environmental benefits are believed to negate this. Peter Newman found that by adding biophilic design and landscapes, cities like New York City can see savings nearing $470 million due to increased worker productivity and $1.7 billion from reduced crime expenses. They also found that storefronts on heavily vegetated streets increased foot traffic and attracted consumers that were likely to spend 25% more; the same study showed that increasing daylighting through skylights in a store increase sales by 40% +/- 7%. Properties with biophilic design also benefit from higher selling prices, with many selling at 16% more than conventional buildings.
Sustainability and resilience
On the urban scale, Timothy Beatley believes that biophilic design will allow cities to better adapt to stresses that occur from changes in climate and thus, local environments. To better show this, he created a biophilic cities framework, where pathways can be taken to increase the resilience and sustainability of cities. This includes three sections: Biophilic Urbanism - the physical biophilic and green measures that can be taken to increase the resilience of the city, Adaptive Capacity - how the community's behaviors will adapt as a result of these physical changes, and Resilient Outcomes - what can happen if both of these steps are achieved.
Under the Biophilic Urbanism section, one of the ways a city can increase resilience is by pursuing the biophysical pathway – by safeguarding and promoting the inclusion of natural systems, the natural protective barrier of the city is increased. For example, New Orleans is a city that has built over its natural wet plains and has exposed themselves to flooding. It is estimated that if they kept the bayous intact, the city could save $23 billion yearly in storm protection.
In the Adaptive Capacity section, Beatley states that the commitment to place and home pathway creates stimulating and interesting nature environments for residents – this will create stronger bonds to home, which will increase the likelihood that citizens will take care of where they live. He goes further in saying that in times of shock or stress, these people are more likely to rebuild and or support the community instead of fleeing. This may also increase governmental action to protect the city from future disasters.
By achieving Biophilic Urbanism and Adaptive Capacity, Beatley believes that one of the biggest resilient outcomes of this framework will be increased adaptability of the residents. Because the steps leading to resilience encourage people to be outside walking and participating in activities, the citizens become healthier and more physically fit; it has been found that those who take walks in nature experience decreased depression, anger, and increased vigor, versus those who walk in interior environments.
Use in building standards
Given the increased information supporting the benefits of biophilic design, organizations are beginning to incorporate the concept into their standards and rating systems to encourage building professionals to use biophilia in their projects. As of now, the most prominent supporters of biophilic design are the WELL Building Standard and the Living Building Challenge.
WELL Building Standard
The International WELL Building Institute uses biophilic design in their WELL Standard as a qualitative and quantitive metric. The qualitative metric must incorporate nature (environmental elements, natural lighting, and spatial qualities), natural patterns, and nature interaction within and outside the building; these efforts must be documented through professional narrative to be considered for certification. For the quantitative portion, projects must have outdoor biophilia (25% of the project must have accessible landscaped grounds and or rooftop gardens and 70% of that 25% must have plantings), indoor biophilia (plant beds and pots must cover 1% of the floor area and plant walls must cover 2% of the floor area), and water features (projects over 100,000 sq ft must have a water feature that is either 1.8 m in height or 4 m2 in floor area). Verification is enforced through assurance letters by the architects and owners, and by on-site spot checks. Generally, both metric types can be applied to every building type the WELL Standard addresses, with two exceptions: core and shell construction does not need to include quantitative interior biophilia and existing interiors do not need to include qualitative nature interaction.
Living Building Challenge
The International Living Future Institute is the creator of the living building challenge – a rigorous building standard that aims to maximize building performance. This standard classifies the use of a biophilic environment as an imperative element in their health and happiness section. The living building challenge requires that a framework be created that shows the following: how the project will incorporate nature through environmental features, light, and space, natural shapes and forms, natural patterns, and place-based relationships. The challenge also requires that the occupants be able to connect to nature directly through interaction within the interior and exterior of the building. These are then verified through a preliminary audit procedure.
Criticisms
Biophilic, or sustainable design more generally, is increasingly embraced by major developers and green building certification companies. However, earlier claims that the benefits of nature were not "given scientific credence" have been refuted, as substantial research supports the benefits of nature for human health and well-being. Recent findings found a 120-minute threshold for optimal nature exposure per week, demonstrating that significant health and well-being benefits depend on meeting this duration. The benefits plateau is between 200 and 300 minutes, indicating weakening returns past this range. These effects are independent of physical activity and apply universally regardless of visit frequency or duration, emphasizing the need for biophilic design to prioritize meaningful exposure to nature rather than only aesthetic incorporation. Critics argue that biophilic design often prioritizes human benefits, like stress reduction, but overlooks support for biodiversity, as seen in many projects that add greenery for people’s enjoyment without creating habitats or aiding local ecosystems. Adjustments, like using native plants, could make biophilic design beneficial for both people and nature. However, this approach can lead to “greenwashing,” where natural elements are added superficially without providing meaningful sustainability benefits giving designs the appearance of environmental friendliness without addressing broader ecological or social goals. Other concerns include the high costs and feasibility challenges associated with biophilic design principles. Furthermore, although multisensory biophilic interventions can enhance stress reduction, cognitive performance, and workplace satisfaction, they often fall short in sustaining a sense of connectedness to nature, raising uncertainty about their broader psychological impact. Additionally, certain auditory interventions are less effective in achieving these outcomes. Implementing elements like green walls or water features can be expensive, both in initial setup and ongoing maintenance, which limits feasibility in low-income or cost-sensitive projects. Additionally, while biophilic design supports some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as health and well-being, it has a weaker impact on goals related to poverty reduction and social inclusivity, making its contributions uneven across the SDG spectrum. Finally, biophilic design often requires interdisciplinary collaboration and specialized expertise in ecology and environmental design, making it complex to implement effectively; this approach can increase project costs, extend timelines, and create potential coordination issues across construction teams.
Building-scale examples of application
Church of Mary Magdalene
The Church of Mary Magdalene is in Jerusalem and was consecrated in 1888. This church's architecture is biophilic in that it contains natural geometries, organized complexity, information richness, and organic forms (onion-shaped domes) and materials. On the exterior, complexity and order are shown through the repetitive use of domes, their scale, and placement. Inside, the church experiences symmetry and a savannah-like environment through its vaulting and domes – the columns also have leaf-like fronds, which represents images of nature. Prospect is explored through raised ceilings that have balconies and increased lighting; refuge is experienced in lower areas, where there are reduced lighting and alcoves and throughout, where small windows are encased by thick walls.
Fallingwater
Fallingwater, one of Frank Lloyd Wright's most famous buildings, exemplifies many biophilic features. The home has human-nature connectivity through the integrative use of the waterfall and stream in its architecture - the sound from these water features can be heard throughout the inside of the home. This allows visitors to feel like they are "participating" in nature rather than "spectating" it like they would be if the waterfall were downstream. In addition, the structure is built around existing foliage and encompasses the local geology by incorporating a large rock in the center of the living room. There are also many glass walls to connect the occupants to the surrounding woods and nature that is outdoors. To better the flow of the space, Wright included many transitional spaces in the home (porches and decks); he also enhanced the direct and indirect experiences of nature by using multiple fireplaces and a wealth of organic shapes, colors, and materials. His use of Kellert's biophilic design principles are prominent throughout the structure, even though this home was constructed before these ideas were developed.
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital
Referred to as a "garden hospital", KTP has an abundance of native plants and water features that surround its exterior. This inclusion of vegetation has increased the biodiversity of the local ecosystem, bringing butterflies and bird species; the rooftop of the hospital is also used by local residents to grow produce. Unlike many other hospitals, 15% of visitors come to Khoo Teck Puat for recreational reasons such as gardening or relaxing. This hospital´s design aims to increase the productivity of its doctors, the wellbeing of its visitors, and increase the healing speed and pain resilience of its patients. To do this, the designers incorporated greenery from the hospital's courtyard to its upper floors, where patients have balconies that are covered in scented foliage. The hospital is centered on the Yishun pond, and like Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater, the architects made this natural feature part of the hospital by having water stream through its courtyard, creating the illusion that the water was "drawn" from the pond. The hospital also utilizes natural ventilation as much as possible in common areas and corridors by orienting them in the direction the north and southeast prevailing winds; this has reduced energy consumption by 60% and increased airflow by 20-30%. This creates thermally adequate environments for patients and medical staff alike. Using Kellert strategies above, it is apparent that most of the strategies used for Khoo Teck Puat are direct nature experiences. The hospital also uses transitional spaces to make occupants more connected to the outdoors and has organized complexity throughout its overall architectural design. KTP has created a sense of place for occupants and neighbors, as it acts as a communal place for both those who work there and live nearby.
Sandy Hook Elementary School
After the disaster that struck Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012, a new school was built to help heal the community and provide a new sense of security for those occupying the space. Major biophilic design parameters that Svigals + Partners included in this project are animal feeders, wetlands, courtyards, natural shapes and patterns, natural materials, transitional spaces, images of nature, natural colors, and use of natural light. The school has incorporated a victory garden that is meant to act as a way of healing for children after the tragedy. The architects wanted the children to feel as if they are learning in the trees so they set the school back at the edge of the woods and surrounded the space with large windows; there are also metaphoric metal trees in the lobby that have reflective metal leaves that refract light onto colored glass. Using Kellert's biophilic framework, it is prevalent that the school utilizes many different nature experiences. The use of wood planks and stone on the outside of the building help enforce indirect experiences of nature because these are natural materials. Further, the interior environment of the school experiences information richness through the architects' use of light reflection and color. Naturalistic shapes are brought into the interior environment through the metal trees and leaves. For experiences of space and place, Svigals + Partners bring nature into the classroom and school through the placement of windows that act as transitional spaces. The school also has a variety of breezeways, bridges, and pathways for students as they move from one space to another. Direct experiences of nature are enjoyed through water features, large rain gardens, and courtyards found on the property. The animal feeders also act as a way to bring fauna into the area.
City-scale examples of application
Singapore, Singapore
Nicknamed a "city in a garden", Singapore has dedicated many resources to make a system of nature preserves, parks and connectors (ex. Southern Ridges), and tree-lined streets that promote the return of wildlife and reduce the heat island effect that is often seen in dense city centers; local governments agree with Kellert and Beatley that daily doses of nature enhance the wellbeing of its citizens. To manage stormwater, Singaporean governments have implemented the Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park Project, where the old concrete water drains were excavated for the reconstruction of the Kallang River; this allowed residents in the area to enjoy the physiological and physical health benefits of having a green space with water. The reimagining of the park has increased the biodiversity of the local ecosystem, with dragonflies, butterflies, hornbills, and smooth-coated otters returning to the Singaporean region - the river also acts as a natural stormwater management system by increasing infiltration and movement of excess water.
To increase the immediate presence of nature in the city, Singapore provides subsidies (up to half the installation cost) for those who include vegetative walls, green roofs, sky parks, etc. in their building designs. The city-state also has an impressive number of biophilic buildings and structures. For example, their Gardens by the Bay Project has an installation called the "Supertree Grove". This urban nature installation has over 160,000 plants that stem from 200 different species installed in the 16 supertrees; many of these urban trees have sky walkways, observatories, and or solar panels. Lastly, Singapore has implemented efforts to increase community engagement through the creation of over 1,000 community gardens for resident use.
Oslo, Norway
Oslo is sandwiched between the Oslo Fjord and wooded areas. Woods serve as an important feature to this municipality. More than two-thirds of the city is protected forests; in recent surveys over 81% of Oslo residents said they have gone to these forests at least once in the last year. These forests are protected, as Oslo adheres to ISO14001 for its forest management – the trees are controlled under "living forest" standards, which means that limited harvesting is acceptable. In addition to its extensive forest system, the city compounds its exposure to nature by bringing the natural environment into the urban setting. Being an already compact city (after all, two-thirds is forest) the city allocates around 20% of its urban land to green spaces; the local government is in the process of creating a network of paths to connect these green areas so that citizens can walk and ride their bikes undisturbed. In addition to the expanding park accessibility, the city has also restored the city's river the Akerselva, which runs through Oslo's center. Because the water feature is near sets of dense housing, the city made the river more appealing and accessible to residents by adding waterfalls and nature trails; altogether the city has 365 km worth of nature trails.
To connect the city with its fjords, Oslo's government has started the process of putting its roadways underground in tunnels. This, combined with the construction of aesthetically creative architecture (Barcode Project) on the waterfront and promenade foot trails, is transforming this area into a place where residents can experience enjoyment from the unobstructed views of the fjord. Lastly, Oslo has a Noise Action Plan to help alleviate urban noise levels – some of these areas (mostly recreational) have noise levels as low as 50 dB.
Sydney, Australia
One Central Park in Sydney is a residential development known for its innovative biophilic design. Completed in 2014, the project was designed by Ateliers Jean Nouvel and features two towers with a distinctive vertical garden set on a common retail podium. Hydroponic walls with different native and exotic plants serve as natural sun shade that varies with the seasons, protecting the apartments from direct sun in the summer and letting in maximum sunlight in the winter.
See also
Biomimetic architecture
Building-integrated agriculture
Ecological design
Folkewall
Green architecture
Green building and wood
Green building
Green roof
Greening
Log house
Natural building
Roof garden
Sustainable city
Thorncrown Chapel
References
Biophilia hypothesis
Sustainable architecture
Urban design | Biophilic design | [
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"Environmental_science"
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"Sustainable architecture",
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59,274,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Digital%20Health%20Agency | The Australian Digital Health Agency is the Australian Government statutory agency responsible for My Health Record, Australia's digital prescriptions and health referral system, and other e-health programs under the national digital health strategy. The agency replaces the former National E-Health Transition Authority which ceased on 1 July 2016. The agency is led by its chief executive officer, board, and is subject to directions issued by the minister for health and aged care on the approval of all state and territory health ministers.
History
The Australian Digital Health agency was formed on 30 January 2016 after declaration of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (Establishing the Australian Digital Health Agency) Rule 2016 by Minister for Finance Mathias Cormann, and came into effect on 1 July 2016. The declaration followed the federal 201718 federal budget, which announced the formation of a new agency to operate My Health Record. The transition of responsibilities from the former National E-Health Transition Authority was then enacted by Minister for Health Sussan Ley in the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (Establishing the Australian Digital Health Agency) Transfer Day Notice 2016.
The agency was the first government entity to be created under changes to the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013 which allows the federal minister for finance to create federal government agencies without parliamentary passage.
On 4 September 2020, Digital Health announced a new chief executive officer, Amanda Cattermole, who previously was the chief operating officer at Services Australia, the Australian Government agency responsible for welfare payments. Cattermole previously was also the interim chief executive officer for Services Australia, and deputy secretary for health departments for both the federal government and Victoria State Government. Cattermole will begin her role as the chief executive officer on 29 September 2020.
Digital platforms
My Health Record
My Health Record (MHR) is the national health database for Australia. The Australian Digital Health Agency is the legislative System Operator for the system, meaning they have legal responsibility for the security and access of the platform. Every Australian who didn't opt out by 31 January 2019 or who hasn't deleted their profile, will have a MHR profile created for them and tied to their Medicare profile and Individual Healthcare Identifier. MHR was announced in the 201516 federal budget, and the digital health strategy that included MHR was agreed to by all states and territory health ministers in August 2017. MHR is accessible online for patients, or via approved healthcare programs for practitioners or clinical providers.
On 26 November 2018, the Australian federal parliament passed the My Health Records Amendment (Strengthening Privacy) Act 2018 in response to public criticism about the privacy measures of MHR. The act codified privacy policies that: prevent the use of health record data for employment or insurance purposes, prevent law enforcement from accessing data without a court order, authorised patients to completely delete their MHR, reduced the access of parents to the health profiles of under fourteens, increased the penalty for violating healthcare privacy laws, and amongst others, forbids any other government agency from taking operation of MHR (with the exception of the Department of Health and the chief executive of Medicare).
As of July 2020, there are 22.81 million profiles in MHR, accounting for approximately 89.8% of all Australians. There are over 2.16 billion documents uploaded, 15 million Immunisation History Statements, and 1.5 million organ donation preferences. 99% of all pharmacies, 93% of all General Practitioners, and 95% of all public hospitals in Australia are registered to use MHR to access shared information.
my health
my health is a new mobile app that allows people to directly access their MHR profile from their phone, rather than through myGov on a browser. The app was launched in March 2023 and allows patients to access historic prescriptions, pathology results (7 days after reporting), vaccination history, allergy and reaction information, hospital discharge summaries, and advanced care planning documents.
Provider Connect Australia
Provider Connect Australia (PCA) is a new digital platform which interfaces with health system providers to share updated information about health staff. Managers can notify services like Medicare, the National Health Services Directory, local hospitals and other public services and agencies about changes to health practitioner details at once, rather than filling out multiple forms per service. This is promoted as reducing the red tape around health workforce movements, such as when new GPs begin at a practice or pharmacists move to a different pharmacy, and supporting better integration between health services.
PCA began rolling out in early March 2023, primarily to GP practices and pharmacies that provide vaccination services. It will later be rolled out to all healthcare organisations in July 2023.
Electronic prescriptions
Authorised prescribers (such as doctors, nurse practitioners, midwives, and dentists) are able to issue digital prescriptions in Australia. Most pharmacies in Australia are set up to dispense digital prescriptions, with each item receiving a unique prescription token. Digital prescriptions were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic to support the transition to telehealth models of care. Since May 2020, over 115 million digital prescriptions have been issued by more than 50,000 practitioners.
Patients can elect to activate an Active Scripts List (ASL) by visiting a pharmacy with 100 points of identification. An ASL automatically stores prescription tokens and makes them available for participating pharmacies, rather than having them sent to the person who then needs to bring them to the pharmacy. For a medication to be dispensed from the ASL, the person gives consent to the pharmacy to access the list, who can then dispense medications directly from the stored tokens.
Digital prescriptions also allow for easier prescriber and dispenser reporting to Services Australia who administer the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
See also
Medicare (Australia)
Department of Health (Australia)
Health care in Australia
References
External links
Department of Health website
My Health Record website
Electronic health records
Medical and health organisations based in Australia
2016 establishments in Australia
Government agencies of Australia | Australian Digital Health Agency | [
"Technology"
] | 1,228 | [
"Electronic health records",
"Information technology"
] |
59,274,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hervey%20%28physician%29 | James Hervey (c. 1751 in London – 1824) was an English physician and pioneer of smallpox vaccination in London.
After education at a school at Northampton and then at home under a private tutor, James Hervey, at age 16, matriculated on 17 November 1767, at Queen's College, Oxford. He graduated there A.B. 1771, A.M. 1774, M.B. 1777, and M.D. 1781. Hervey was elected physician to Guy's Hospital in 1779, was admitted as a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1781, and was elected F.R.C.P. in 1782. He regularly practised for some years at Tunbridge Wells during the summer season.
Hervey was Gulstonian lecturer in 1783, Harveian orator in 1785, and Lumleian lecturer from 1789 to 1811. He was the National Vaccine Establishment's first appointed registrar. He died in early 1824.
In 1812, Hervey reported for the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment that during the year 1811, the surgeons appointed by the Board's authority to nine stations in London vaccinated 3,148 people and distributed 23,794 effective doses of vaccine lymph to the public.
References
1750s births
1824 deaths
People from Northampton
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford
19th-century English medical doctors
18th-century English medical doctors
Physicians of Guy's Hospital
Vaccinologists
British immunologists
Smallpox vaccines | James Hervey (physician) | [
"Biology"
] | 311 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
59,275,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal-section%20mode | Longitudinal-section modes are a set of a particular kind of electromagnetic transmission modes found in some types of transmission line. They are a subset of hybrid electromagnetic modes (HEM modes). HEM modes are those modes that have both an electric field and a magnetic field component longitudinally in the direction of travel of the propagating wave. Longitudinal-section modes, additionally, have a component of either magnetic or electric field that is zero in one transverse direction. In longitudinal-section electric (LSE) modes this field component is electric. In longitudinal-section magnetic (LSM) modes the zero field component is magnetic. Hybrid modes are to be compared to transverse modes which have, at most, only one component of either electric or magnetic field in the longitudinal direction.
Derivation and notation
There is an analogy between the way transverse modes (TE and TM modes) are arrived at and the definition of longitudinal section modes (LSE and LSM modes). When determining whether a structure can support a particular TE mode, one sets the electric field in the direction (the longitudinal direction of the line) to zero and then solves Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions set by the physical structure of the line. One can just as easily set the electric field in the direction to zero and ask what modes that gives rise to. Such modes are designated LSE{x} modes. Similarly there can be LSE{y} modes and, analogously for the magnetic field, LSM{x} and LSM{y} modes. When dealing with longitudinal-section modes, the TE and TM modes are sometimes written as LSE{z} and LSM{z} respectively to produce a consistent set of notations and to reflect the analogous way in which they are defined.
Both LSE and LSM modes are a linear superposition of the corresponding TE and TM modes (that is, the modes with the same suffix numbers). Thus, in general, the LSE and LSM modes have a longitudinal component of both electric and magnetic field. Likewise the LSM modes are found by setting one of the transverse components of magnetic field to zero with analogous results.
Occurrence
LSE and LSM modes can occur in some types of planar transmission line with non-homogeneous transmission media. There are some structures that are unable to support a pure TE or TM mode and consequently the transmission mode must necessarily be hybrid.
References
Bibliography
Zhang, Kequian; Li, Dejie, Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics, Springer, 2013 .
Wave mechanics
Electromagnetic radiation
Microwave transmission | Longitudinal-section mode | [
"Physics"
] | 525 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Radiation"
] |
59,275,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28electromagnetism%29 | The mode of electromagnetic systems describes the field pattern of the propagating waves.
Some of the classifications of electromagnetic modes include;
Modes in waveguides and transmission lines. These modes are analogous to the normal modes of vibration in mechanical systems.
Transverse modes, modes that have at least one of the electric field and magnetic field entirely in a transverse direction.
Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM), as with a free space plane wave, both the electric field and magnetic field are entirely transverse.
Transverse electric (TE) modes, only the electric field is entirely transverse. Also notated as H modes to indicate there is a longitudinal magnetic component.
Transverse magnetic (TM) modes, only the magnetic field is entirely transverse. Also notated as E modes to indicate there is a longitudinal electric component.
Hybrid electromagnetic (HEM) modes, both the electric and magnetic fields have a component in the longitudinal direction. They can be analysed as a linear superposition of the corresponding TE and TM modes.
HE modes, hybrid modes in which the TE component dominates.
EH modes, hybrid modes in which the TM component dominates.
Longitudinal-section modes
Longitudinal-section electric (LSE) modes, hybrid modes in which the electric field in one of the transverse directions is zero
Longitudinal-section magnetic (LSM) modes, hybrid modes in which the magnetic field in one of the transverse directions is zero
The term eigenmode is used both as a synonym for mode and as the eigenfunctions in a eigenmode expansion analysis of waveguides.
Similarly natural modes arise in the singular expansion method of waveguide analysis and characteristic modes arise in characteristic mode analysis.
Modes in other structures
Bloch modes, modes of Bloch waves; these occur in periodically repeating structures.
Mode names are sometimes prefixed with quasi-, meaning that the mode is not quite pure. For instance, quasi-TEM mode has a small component of longitudinal field.
References
Wave mechanics
Electromagnetic radiation
Microwave transmission | Mode (electromagnetism) | [
"Physics"
] | 400 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Radiation"
] |
59,279,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20Astrobiology%20Center | Spanish Astrobiology Center ( (CAB)) is a state-run institute in Spain dedicated to astrobiology research, and it is part of the National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA) as well as the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). It was created in 1999 and it is affiliated with NASA Astrobiology Institute.
Its main objective is "understanding life as a consequence of the evolution of the matter and energy in the Universe."
History
The foundation of Spain's Astrobiology Center (CAB) had its beginnings in 1998 when a group of Spanish scientists led by Juan Pérez-Mercader, presented a proposal of affiliation to the newly created NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI). The affiliation was accepted and the center was officially created on 19 November 1999. It operated from offices at the National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA) until it moved to its own building inaugurated in January 2003.
Organization
The Astrobiology Center is based in Madrid, Spain, its director is Víctor Parro García, and the Vicedirector is Francisco Najarro. The center is organized into several research and support units, and some of these are associated to Spanish universities, including the University of Valladolid and the Autonomous University of Madrid. The center is part of the National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA) as well as the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
The center is structured in several departments: Astrophysics Department, Molecular Evolution Department, Planetary Science and Habitability Department, Advanced Instrumentations Department, as well as several support units.
Research
CAB has contributed to NASA in its mission to better characterize and find conditions for life in the Universe, and has prioritized Martian weather research and endurance of some extremophile microorganisms. CAB has developed instruments for multiple missions:
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) for the Curiosity rover
Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS) on the InSight mission
MEDA (Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer), which rides on NASA's Perseverance rover launched in 2020
Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) for detecting minerals and potential biological pigments for the European Space Agency's Rosalind Franklin rover also to be launched in 2022.
CAB is also developing a life-detector called Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID) to be potentially flown in a future mission.
References
External links
Official website
Official flier of the Astrobiology Center (in English)
Science and technology in Spain
Government of Spain
1999 establishments in Spain
Research institutes in the Community of Madrid
Astrobiology
Origin of life
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial | Spanish Astrobiology Center | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 526 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
59,280,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Schofield | Eleanor Josephine Schofield (born 26 March 1980) is the Head of Conservation & Collections Care at the Mary Rose Trust. She is an honorary Professor at the University of Kent. In 2015 she was selected as one of the Royal Society of Chemistry 175 Faces of Chemistry.
Early life and education
Schofield studied materials science at Imperial College London where she completed a Master of Engineering (MEng) degree followed by PhD under the supervision of Mary Ryan in 2006. She specialised in synchrotron science, working on dealloying.
Career
After graduating, Schofield joined the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. Here she investigated ways to characterise radioactive ground water waste. She moved to the University of Kent as a postdoctoral researcher in 2009, where she worked with Alan Chadwick on sulphur in waterlogged wood.
In 2012 Schofield joined the Mary Rose Trust. In 2013 the ship drying began, and Schofield was responsible for developing a series of experiments with the Diamond Light Source and University of Kent. Today she oversees the conservation of the hull and over 19,000 other artefacts. Throughout her career at the Mary Rose, Schofield has been involved with the designers and exhibition staff.
The hull of the Mary Rose was excavated from the sea in 1982, and has since been sprayed with a cold-water spray and polyethylene glycol to replace the cellular structure of the wood. It is kept inside an environment that allows controlled air-drying. Schofield continuously monitors the amount of sulphur and iron in the warship, working with Serena Corr at the University of Glasgow. Sulphur is present on the seabed, and became incorporated into the hull of the warship whilst it was underwater. Anaerobic bacteria react with sulphur in seawater, which can then produce iron sulfides by combining with iron corroded from fixtures and artefacts. She also works with Rachel O'Reilly at the University of Birmingham as part of a Leverhulme Trust grant that looks to develop polymers that can remove iron ions from the wood, which could prevent these damaging acids from forming. To do this, Corr, O'Reilly and Schofield use core magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that are embedded them into a thermoresponsive polymer. The treatment can be applied as a liquid, directed to particular areas of the wood using external magnetic fields. They can then be set as a gel and peeled from the surface. She studied twelve of Henry VIII of England's iron cannonballs using synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction.
She studied the composition of the cannonballs in an effort to better preserve them. The cannonballs were produced in bulk, but subjected to different conservation methods and environments. When chlorine from salt gets inside the archaeological iron it becomes corrosive. The Mary Rose Trust keeps 900 of the cannonballs preserved in high pH water to slows down corrosion. She works with University College London and the National Physical Laboratory to study other pollutants in artefacts. She hopes that understanding the corrosion of iron will inform future conservation.
She was selected as one of the Royal Society of Chemistry 175 Faces of Chemistry in 2015. In 2016, 471 years after the Mary Rose sank, Schofield was involved with the reopening of the ship to the public. In 2016 she delivered a public lecture at the Royal Society of Chemistry public lecture on Conserving a Tudor Collection. She was a speaker at the 2017 New Scientist Live. Schofield is an honorary Professor at the University of Kent.
References
1980 births
Living people
Alumni of Imperial College London
English women scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
British materials scientists
Academics of the University of Kent | Eleanor Schofield | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 754 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
59,280,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207469 | NGC 7469 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus. NGC 7469 is located about 200 million light-years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 7469 is approximately 90,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 12, 1784.
NGC 7469 is a type I Seyfert galaxy, characterised by its bright nucleus. It is also a luminous infrared source with a powerful starburst embedded into its circumnuclear region. The coexistence of a circumnuclear starburst ring and an active galactic nucleus have turned NGC 7469 into a key target for studying their relation. NGC 7469 interacts with its smaller companion IC 5283, forming a pair collectively known in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 298. NGC 7469 is one of the first galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.
Characteristics
Active galactic nucleus
NGC 7469 is a type 1.2 Seyfert galaxy and one of the most well studied Seyfert galaxies. In 1943, this galaxy was one of six nebulae listed by American astronomer Carl K. Seyfert that showed broad emission lines in their nuclei. Members of this class of objects became known as Seyfert galaxies, and they were noted to have a higher than normal surface brightness in their nuclei. NGC 7469 was also noted to have very broad hydrogen lines. Type 1 Seyfert galaxies are identified as having broad emission lines and being radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the unified scheme suggested in the 1990s.
The most accepted theory for the energy source of AGNs is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. In the case of NGC 7469 the mass of the circumnuclear gas disk is nearly equal to that of the accretion disk. NGC 7469 is believed to host a supermassive black hole whose mass is estimated to be based on broad emission-line reverberation mapping or as measured based on velocity dispersion. Around the black hole there is a dust torus lying at a distance of 65-87 light days, based on K-band lag times.
The light curves of NGC 7469 feature variability, a phenomenon common among Seyfert galaxies, with significant variability along its spectrum. Various studies have monitored its X-ray, UV and optical spectrum for several months. A more long-term study of the variability was published in 2017, after monitoring the optical spectrum of NGC 7469 from 1996 to 2015. Maximum activity was observed in 1998, while several flare-likes events lasting 1–5 days took also place. The variability of the spectrum seems to have two periods of around 1200 and 2600 days. There were also observed time-lags, which were nearly 21 days for Hβ, 3 days for Ha, and 3 days for HeII.
It has been observed in the X-ray and ultraviolet that there is an outflow of ionised gas from the region of the nucleus. The total output of the outflow is estimated to be 0.06 per year. Based on the spectrum of the outflow, it is composed of two elements, one with a velocity of 580–720 km/s and high ionisation and one with a velocity of 2300 km/s and lower ionisation. The location of the faster gas is from the space between the supermassive black hole and the inner part of the torus and it may be wind produced from the torus. The low velocity gas is a highly ionized, high-density absorber, located near the broad emission-line region. Its total column density is calculated to be 1020 per square centimetre.
Genzel et al. detected a 1.5 arcsecond ridge of blueshifted, radially streaming gas emanating southward from the nucleus, that can also be spotted in radio waves. It could be gas outflowing from the nucleus or material channeled from the ring to the nucleus. A small radio cone was also observed by Lonsdale et al.. They observed three spatially close sources in the nucleus, that may be explained as the nucleus with two radio jets in both sides emerging from the mid infrared disk.
Starburst ring
Around the nucleus has been observed a ring of intense star formation. Its emission was first detected in radio waves by Ulvestad et al. in 1981 and has then been observed in infrared, and optical wavelengths. The ring accounts for up to two-thirds of the galaxy's bolometric luminosity (). The ring has a radius of 1".5 from the nucleus (500 pc). The intense star formation in NGC 7469 may be a result of the interaction with IC 5283 and the presence of a small bar, however it is caused by local gravitational instabilities and not non-circular motions. The star formation rate in the galaxy is estimated to be between 40 and 80 /year.
The ring was observed in great detail by the Hubble Space Telescope. About 30 star clusters were observed, with masses ranging from 0.5 to over 10 million , fitting the definition of super star clusters. Such massive star clusters have been observed in other starburst and luminous infrared galaxies too. Further examination of the properties of the clusters revealed they group in two populations, a population of intermediate age (~9–20 Myr) and less obscured (AV ≈ 1 mag) star clusters, accounting for the 75% of the total population, and a population of young (1–3 Myr) and extinct (AV ≈ 3 mag) star clusters. The young stars account for about the one other of the mass of the ring and most of the infrared luminosity. Their location is marked by mid infrared and radio waves peaks, with the two brightest coinciding spatially with the ends of the nuclear molecular gas bar. The total stellar mass of the ring was estimated not to exceed 3.5 × 109 .
Other characteristics
Observations in the millimetre wavelengths produced a CO 2-1 map, which featured a partial ring or spiral arms at a radius of 1."5–2."5 (500-800 parsec at the distance of NGC 7469), with a bar-like structure connecting them to the central source. In the centre of the galaxy has been resolved in the 2.3 μm C0 2-0 band a nuclear star cluster, which measures 0."15-0."25 across. It has asymmetric shape and its age is less than 60 million years. It accounts for 20%–30% of the nuclear K-band light and about 10% of the nuclear bolometric luminosity.
Aside the circumnuclear starburst ring, NGC 7469 features an inner spiral structure, about 33 arcseconds in diameter and a fainter outer ring, with a diameter of approximately 100 arcseconds. In Hα imaging, a number of star producing H II regions have been observed in the north arm of NGC 7469 but none at the south one, most likely due to the interaction with IC 5283.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been detected in NGC 7469: SN 2000ft, and SN 2008ec (Type Ia, mag. 17.6). SN 2000ft is the first radio supernova detected in the circumnuclear starburst of a luminous infrared Seyfert 1 galaxy, about 600 parsecs from its nucleus. Its evolution features characteristics of radio supernovae identified as type II supernovae. A visual counterpart was detected in images by the Hubble Space Telescope taken on May 13, 2000, at visual magnitude 19.2. Based on the rate of starburst activity in NGC 7469 it has been calculated that the core collapse supernova rate should be 0.8 supernova per year. However, observations of the circumnuclear ring of the galaxy in radiowaves failed to observe another radio supernova between 1998 and 2006, other than SN 2000ft. A possible reason is that most core collapse supernovae are radio quiet and cannot be detected against the galactic background emission (SN 2000ft had strong radio waves emission).
Nearby galaxies
NGC 7469 forms a pair with its smaller companion IC 5283, a spiral galaxy with no nuclear activity 1'4 away. The tidal interaction between the two galaxies has created a prominent tail to the northeast and enhanced star formation on the eastern side as seen with Hα imaging of IC 5283 and is likely the cause of the star formation in NGC 7469. A gas bridge has been detected between the two galaxies in HI imaging and there is evidence that NGC 7469 is drawing gas from the disk of IC 5283. The galaxy pair is isolated.
It has been suggested that the pair is an outlying member of the Pegasus I galaxy cluster, whose most prominent members are the elliptical galaxies NGC 7619, and NGC 7626. However, based on redshift, they belong to a galaxy group lying behind the cluster. Other members of this group include the disk galaxies NGC 7511, NGC 7515, NGC 7529, NGC 7535, NGC 7536, NGC 7570, NGC 7580, and NGC 7591. The group may be associated with the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.
References
External links
NGC 7469 on SIMBAD
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Luminous infrared galaxies
Interacting galaxies
Pegasus (constellation)
Discoveries by William Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
7469
12332
70348
298
Markarian 1514
Galaxies discovered in 1784
+01-58-025 | NGC 7469 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,025 | [
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
59,283,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20536 | NGC 536 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. It is located at a distance of circa 200 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 536 is about 180,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 13, 1784. It is a member of Hickson Compact Group 10, which also includes the galaxies NGC 529, NGC 531, and NGC 542. It belongs to the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.
The nucleus of NGC 536 is characterised as a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER), a type of active galactic nucleus. The galaxy features a bright inner region, surrounded by a ring from which emanate two faint arms with H II regions. These extended spiral arms have been suggested to be tidal tails. The galaxy has very weak Hα emission. The star formation rate in NGC 536 is estimated to be 1.16 – 1.25 per year. The galaxy is seen with inclination of 78 degrees.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 536. SN 1963N (type unknown, mag. 17.7) was discovered by H. S. Gates on 27 June 1963, as part of the 1963 Palomar Supernova Search.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
NGC 536 on SIMBAD
Barred spiral galaxies
Andromeda (constellation)
0536
01013
005344
+06-04-021
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 536 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 324 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
59,283,665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%205%27-ribonucleotides | Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides is a mixture used as a flavor enhancer food additive. It listed as E number reference E634. This food additive is banned in Australia and New Zealand.
References
E-number additives
Ribosides | Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 54 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
59,284,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenated%20polydec-1-ene | Hydrogenated poly-1-decene is a colourless glazing agent. It is "a mixture of isoparaffinic molecules of known structure, prepared by hydrogenation of mixtures of tri-, tetra- penta- and hexa-1-decenes". It was reviewed in 2001 by the Scientific Committee on Food of the DG Health. It was "proposed as a substitute for white mineral oil. The food additive applications include those of glazing agent for confectionery and dried fruit, and processing aid uses as a lubricant and release agent, especially in bread baking using tins. It has been permitted for use in Finland, and a “Case of Need” has been accepted in the United
Kingdom." The substance is a mix of inert saturated hydrocarbons, which are not easily metabolised.
References
E-number additives
Hydrocarbons | Hydrogenated polydec-1-ene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Hydrocarbons"
] |
59,284,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene%20wax | Polyethylene wax can be used as a dispersant, slip agent, resin additive, and mold release agent. As an oxidised product, OPEW is authorized in the EU as E number reference E914 only for the surface treatment of some fruits.
There are a variety of methods for producing Polyethylene wax. Polyethylene wax can be made by direct polymerization of ethylene under special conditions that control molecular weight and chain branching of the final polymer. Another method involves thermal and/or mechanical decomposition of high molecular weight polyethylene resin to create lower molecular weight fractions. A third method involves separation of the low molecular weight fraction from a production stream of high molecular weight polymer. These last two methods produce very low molecular weight fractions that should be removed to avoid a product with low flash point that can result in flammability, migration, equipment build up, fouling and other safety and processing issues. Volatiles in these un refined waxes can also account for significant yield loss during processing
Polyethylene wax may be used as lubricant additive to the PVC pipes.
References
E-number additives
Waxes | Polyethylene wax | [
"Physics"
] | 241 | [
"Materials stubs",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Waxes"
] |
59,284,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazards%20of%20synthetic%20biology | The hazards of synthetic biology include biosafety hazards to workers and the public, biosecurity hazards stemming from deliberate engineering of organisms to cause harm, and hazards to the environment. The biosafety hazards are similar to those for existing fields of biotechnology, mainly exposure to pathogens and toxic chemicals; however, novel synthetic organisms may have novel risks. For biosecurity, there is concern that synthetic or redesigned organisms could theoretically be used for bioterrorism. Potential biosecurity risks include recreating known pathogens from scratch, engineering existing pathogens to be more dangerous, and engineering microbes to produce harmful biochemicals. Lastly, environmental hazards include adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services, including potential changes to land use resulting from agricultural use of synthetic organisms.
In general, existing hazard controls, risk assessment methodologies, and regulations developed for traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs) also apply to synthetic organisms. "Extrinsic" biocontainment methods used in laboratories include biosafety cabinets and gloveboxes, as well as personal protective equipment. In agriculture, they include isolation distances and pollen barriers, similar to methods for biocontainment of GMOs. Synthetic organisms might potentially offer increased hazard control because they can be engineered with "intrinsic" biocontainment methods that limit their growth in an uncontained environment, or prevent horizontal gene transfer to natural organisms. Examples of intrinsic biocontainment include auxotrophy, biological kill switches, inability of the organism to replicate or to pass synthetic genes to offspring, and the use of xenobiological organisms using alternative biochemistry, for example using artificial xeno nucleic acids (XNA) instead of DNA.
Existing risk analysis systems for GMOs are generally applicable to synthetic organisms, although there may be difficulties for an organisms built "bottom-up" from individual genetic sequences. Synthetic biology generally falls under existing regulations for GMOs and biotechnology in general, as well as any regulations that exist for downstream commercial products, although there are generally no regulations in any jurisdiction that are specific to synthetic biology.
Background
Synthetic biology is an outgrowth of biotechnology distinguished by the use of biological pathways or organisms not found in nature. This contrasts with "traditional" genetically modified organisms created by transferring existing genes from one cell type to another. Major goals of synthetic biology include re-designing genes, cells, or organisms for gene therapy; development of minimal cells and artificial protocells; and development of organisms based on alternative biochemistry. This work has been driven by the development of genome synthesis and editing tools, as well as pools of standardized synthetic biological circuits with defined functions. The availability of these tools has spurred the expansion of a do-it-yourself biology movement.
Synthetic biology has potential commercial applications in energy, agriculture, medicine, and the production of chemicals including pharmaceuticals. Biosynthetic applications are often distinguished as either for "contained use" within laboratories and manufacturing facilities, or for "intentional release" outside of the laboratory for medical, veterinary, cosmetic, or agricultural applications. As synthetic biology applications become increasingly used in industry, the number and variety of workers exposed to synthetic biology risk is expected to increase.
Hazards
Biosafety
Biosafety hazards to workers from synthetic biology are similar to those in existing fields of biotechnology, mainly exposure to pathogens and toxic chemicals used in a laboratory or industrial setting. These include hazardous chemicals; biological hazards including organisms, prions, and biologically-derived toxins; physical hazards such as ergonomic hazards, radiation, and noise hazards; and additional hazards of injury from autoclaves, centrifuges, compressed gas, cryogens, and electrical hazards.
Novel protocells or xenobiological organisms, as well as gene editing of higher animals, may have novel biosafety hazards that affect their risk assessment. As of 2018, most laboratory biosafety guidance is based on preventing exposure to existing rather than new pathogens. Lentiviral vectors derived from the HIV-1 virus are widely used in gene therapy due to their unique ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells, but unintentional exposure of workers could lead to cancer and other diseases. In the case of an unintentional exposure, antiretroviral drugs can be used as post-exposure prophylaxis.
Given the overlap between synthetic biology and the do-it-yourself biology movement, concerns have been raised that its practitioners may not abide by risk assessment and biosafety practices required of professionals, although it has been suggested that an informal code of ethics exists that recognizes health risks and other adverse outcomes.
Biosecurity
The rise of synthetic biology has also spurred biosecurity concerns that synthetic or redesigned organisms could be engineered for bioterrorism. This is considered possible but unlikely given the resources needed to perform this kind of research. However, synthetic biology could expand the group of people with relevant capabilities, and reduce the amount of time needed to develop them.
A 2018 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) report identified three capabilities as being of greatest concern. The first is the recreation of known pathogens from scratch, for example using genome synthesis to recreate historical viruses such as the Spanish Flu virus or polio virus. Current technology allows genome synthesis for almost any mammalian virus, the sequences of known human viruses are publicly available, and the procedure has relatively low cost and requires access to basic laboratory equipment. However, the pathogens would have known properties and could be mitigated by standard public health measures, and could be partially prevented by screening of commercially produced DNA molecules. In contrast to viruses, creating existing bacteria or completely novel pathogens from scratch was not yet possible as of 2018, and was considered a low risk.
Another capability of concern cited by NASEM is engineering existing pathogens to be more dangerous. This includes altering the targeted host or tissue, as well as enhancing the pathogen's replication, virulence, transmissibility, or stability; or its ability to produce toxins, reactivate from a dormant state, evade natural or vaccine-induced immunity, or evade detection. The NASEM considered engineered bacteria to be a higher risk than viruses because they are easier to manipulate and their genomes are more stable over time.
A final capability of concern cited by NASEM is engineering microbes to produce harmful biochemicals. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms is a well established field that has targeted production of fuels, chemicals, food ingredients, and pharmaceuticals, but it could be used to produce toxins, antimetabolites, controlled substances, explosives, or chemical weapons. This was considered to be a higher risk for naturally occurring substances than for artificial ones.
There is also the possibility of novel threats that were considered lower risks by NASEM due to their technical challenges. Delivery of an engineered organism into the human microbiome has the challenges of delivery and persistence in the microbiome, though an attack would be difficult to detect and mitigate. Pathogens engineered to alter the human immune system by causing immunodeficiency, hyperreactivity, or autoimmunity, or to directly alter the human genome, were also considered lower-risk due to extreme technical challenges.
Environmental
Environmental hazards include toxicity to animals and plants, as well as adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. For example, a toxin engineered into a plant to resist specific insect pests may also affect other invertebrates. Some highly speculative hazards include engineered organisms becoming invasive and outcompeting natural ones, and horizontal gene transfer from engineered to natural organisms. Gene drives to suppress disease vectors may inadvertently affect the target species' fitness and alter ecosystem balance.
In addition, synthetic biology could lead to land-use changes, such as non-food synthetic organisms displacing other agricultural uses or wild land. It could also cause products to be produced by non-agricultural means or through large-scale commercial farming, which could economically outcompete small-scale farmers. Finally, there is a risk that conservation methods based on synthetic biology, such as de-extinction, may reduce support for traditional conservation efforts.
Hazard controls
Extrinsic
Extrinsic biocontainment encompasses physical containment through engineering controls such as biosafety cabinets and gloveboxes, as well as personal protective equipment including gloves, coats, gowns, shoe covers, boots, respirators, face shields, safety glasses, and goggles. In addition, facilities used for synthetic biology may include decontamination areas, specialized ventilation and air treatment systems, and separation of laboratory work areas from public access. These procedures are common to all microbiological laboratories.
In agriculture, extrinsic biocontainment methods include maintaining isolation distances and physical pollen barriers to prevent modified organisms from fertilizing wild-type plants, as well as sowing modified and wild-type seed at different times so that their flowering periods do not overlap.
Intrinsic
Intrinsic biocontainment is the proactive design of functionalities or deficiencies into organisms and systems to reduce their hazards. It is unique to engineered organisms such as GMOs and synthetic organisms, and is an example of hazard substitution and of prevention through design. Intrinsic biocontainment can have many goals, including controlling growth in the laboratory or after an unintentional release, preventing horizontal gene transfer to natural cells, preventing use for bioterrorism, or protecting the intellectual property of the organism's designers. There has been concern that existing genetic safeguards are not reliable enough due to the organism's ability to lose them through mutation. However, they may be useful in combination with other hazard controls, and may provide enhanced protections relative to GMOs.
Many approaches fall under the umbrella of intrinsic biocontainment. Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular compound required for its growth, meaning that the organism cannot survive unless the compound is provided to it. A kill switch is a pathway that initiates cell death that is triggered by a signal from humans. Inability of the organisms to replicate is another such method.
Methods specific to plants include cytoplasmic male sterility, where viable pollen cannot be produced; and transplastomic plants where modifications are made only to the chloroplast DNA, which is not incorporated into pollen.
Methods specific to viral vectors include splitting key components between multiple plasmids, omitting accessory proteins related to the wild-type virus' function as a pathogen but not as a vector, and the use of self-inactivating vectors.
It has been speculated that xenobiology, the use of alternative biochemistry that differs from natural DNA and proteins, may enable novel intrinsic biocontainment methods that are not possible with traditional GMOs. This would involve engineering organisms that use artificial xeno nucleic acids (XNA) instead of DNA and RNA, or that have an altered or expanded genetic code. These would be theoretically incapable of horizontal gene transfer to natural cells. There is speculation that these methods may have lower failure rates than traditional methods.
Risk assessment
While the hazards of synthetic biology are similar to those of existing biotechnology, risk assessment procedures may differ given the rapidity with which new components and organisms are generated. Existing risk analysis systems for GMOs are also applicable for synthetic organisms, and workplace health surveillance can be used to enhance risk assessment. However, there may be difficulties in risk assessment for an organism built "bottom-up" from individual genetic sequences rather than from a donor organism with known traits. Synthetic organisms also may not be included in preexisting classifications of microorganisms into risk groups. An additional challenge is that synthetic biology engages a wide range of disciplines outside of biology, whose practitioners may be unfamiliar with microbiological risk assessment.
For biosecurity, risk assessment includes evaluating the ease of use by potential actors; its efficacy as a weapon; practical requirements such as access to expertise and resources; and the capability to prevent, anticipate, and respond to an attack. For environmental hazards, risk assessments and field trials of synthetic biology applications are most effective when they include metrics on non-target organisms and ecosystem functions. Some researchers have suggested that traditional life-cycle assessment methods may be insufficient because unlike with traditional industries, the boundary between industry the environment is blurred, and materials have an information-rich description that cannot be described only by their chemical formula.
Regulation
International
Several treaties contain provisions which apply to synthetic biology. These include the Convention on Biological Diversity, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability, Biological Weapons Convention, and Australia Group Guidelines.
United States
In general, the United States relies on the regulatory frameworks established for chemicals and pharmaceuticals to regulate synthetic biology, mainly the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 as updated by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, as well as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
The biosafety concerns about synthetic biology and its gene-editing tools are similar to the concerns lodged about recombinant DNA technology when it emerged in the mid-1970s. The recommendations of the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA formed the basis for the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines, which were updated in 2013 to address organisms and viruses containing synthetic nucleic acid molecules. The NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant and Synthetic Nucleic Molecules are the most comprehensive resource for synthetic biology safety. Although they are only binding on recipients of NIH funding, other government and private funders sometimes require their use, and they are often voluntarily implemented by others. In addition, the 2010 NIH Screening Framework Guidance for Providers of Synthetic Double-Stranded DNA provides voluntary guidelines for vendors of synthetic DNA to verify the identity and affiliation of buyers, and screen for sequences of concern.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the health and safety of workers, including those involved in synthetic biology. In the mid-1980s, OSHA maintained that the general duty clause and existing regulatory standards were sufficient to protect biotechnology workers.
The Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and Food and Drug Administration regulate the commercial production and use of genetically modified organisms. The Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security has authority over dual-use technology, and synthetic biology falls under select agent rules.
Other countries
In the European Union, synthetic biology is governed by Directives 2001/18/EC on the intentional release of GMOs, and 2009/41/EC on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms, as well as Directive 2000/54/EC on biological agents in the workplace. As of 2012, neither the European Community nor any member state had specific legislation on synthetic biology.
In the United Kingdom, the Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 2000 and subsequent updates are the main law relevant to synthetic biology. China had not developed synthetic biology specific regulations as of 2012, relying on regulations developed for GMOs. Singapore relies on its Biosafety Guidelines for GMOs, Biological Agents and Toxins Act, and the Workplace Safety and Health Act.
See also
Biosafety level
Regulation of genetic engineering
Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms
References
Synthetic biology
Occupational hazards
Biological contamination
Regulation of biotechnologies | Hazards of synthetic biology | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,117 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biotechnology law",
"Biological engineering",
"Regulation of biotechnologies",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
41,409,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisoxazolinylborate | Tris(oxazolinyl)borate compounds are a class of tridentate ligands; often abbreviated ToR, where R is the substituent on the oxazoline ring. Most commonly the substituent is either a methyl, propyl, tert-butyl or hydrogen.
The formation of anionic boron backbone with addition of a phenyl group on boron allows the ligand to strongly bind to the metal center. It results in a more robust complex.
Tris(oxazolinyl)borates can be characterised as scorpionate ligands and may be compared to tris(pyrazolyl)borate and trisoxazoline ligands. In bulky pyrazolylborate (Tp) derivatives, isomerization may occur via 1,2-shifts; additionally B–N bond cleavage is a common decomposition pathways for the Tp ligands. The oxazoline-based ligands with B-C linkages avoid these decomposition problems.
Synthesis
The first example of a trisoxazolinylborate ligand was tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenyl borate (ToM). This was prepared by a reaction of dichlorophenylborane with 3 equivalents of 2-lithio-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolide.
Later variants, such as tris(4S-isopropyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate (ToP) have been prepared in an analogous manner.
PhBCl2 + 3 Li(Oxaz-Me2) → PhB(Oxaz-Me2)3 + 3 LiCl
Complexes of ToR
The first coordination complexes made using ToM ligands were based around zirconium (IV), as the sterically bulky ligands were able to stabilise the highly reactive metal centers. ToMZr(IV) complexes were prepared by salt metathesis using LiToM and TlToM and ZrCl4. The formed complex ToMZrCl3 was found to be quite robust and showed C3V symmetry in both solution and solid state.
Lithium tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-2-yl) phenyl borate (LiToM) is used as a transfer agent. However TlToM frequently is as a more effective transfer agent than LiToM because of the higher solubility of the Tl salt and the insolubility of thallium chloride by-products. In contrast, lithium halide byproducts from preparations employing LiToM can cause purification problems.
Another example for the coordinating chemistry of ToM is the formation of ToMMgMe by the reaction of equimolar amounts of HToM and MgMe2(O2C4H8)2. In addition, the reaction of two equivalents of HToM with MgMe2(O2C4H8)2 gives the homoleptic ToM2Mg compound. This compound can also be obtained by the reaction between one equivalent of HToM and ToMMgMe revealing that Mg in ToMMgMe is an active center for the chemical reactions. According to 1H NMR spectroscopic data, ToM2Mg shows Cs symmetry. In these reactions HToM is used as the transfer agent.
Coordination chemistry of iridium(I) centers with ToP has been shown by the preparation of [Ir(ToP)(COD)] (COD =1,5-C8H12) by the reaction of LiToP and 0.5 equivalent of [Ir(μ-Cl)(COD)]2.
Catalysis
ToMMgMe is an effective precatalyst for the cross-dehydrocoupling of Si-H bonds in organosilanes and N-H bonds in amines to give Si-N bonds and H2. Furthermore, tris(oxazolinyl)borate yttrium alkyl and amide compounds (ToMYR2) can be used as precatalysts for the cyclization of aminoalkenes.
See also
Trisoxazolines
Trispyrazolylborate
References
Oxazolines
Ligands | Trisoxazolinylborate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 885 | [
"Ligands",
"Coordination chemistry"
] |
41,410,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change%20of%20rings | In algebra, a change of rings is an operation of changing a coefficient ring to another.
Constructions
Given a ring homomorphism , there are three ways to change the coefficient ring of a module; namely, for a right R-module M and a right S-module N, one can form
, the induced module, formed by extension of scalars,
, the coinduced module, formed by co-extension of scalars, and
, formed by restriction of scalars.
They are related as adjoint functors:
and
This is related to Shapiro's lemma.
Operations
Restriction of scalars
Throughout this section, let and be two rings (they may or may not be commutative, or contain an identity), and let be a homomorphism. Restriction of scalars changes S-modules into R-modules. In algebraic geometry, the term "restriction of scalars" is often used as a synonym for Weil restriction.
Definition
Suppose that is a module over . Then it can be regarded as a module over where the action of is given via
where denotes the action defined by the -module structure on .
Interpretation as a functor
Restriction of scalars can be viewed as a functor from -modules to -modules. An -homomorphism automatically becomes an -homomorphism between the restrictions of and . Indeed, if and , then
.
As a functor, restriction of scalars is the right adjoint of the extension of scalars functor.
If is the ring of integers, then this is just the forgetful functor from modules to abelian groups.
Extension of scalars
Extension of scalars changes R-modules into S-modules.
Definition
Let be a homomorphism between two rings, and let be a module over . Consider the tensor product , where is regarded as a left -module via . Since is also a right module over itself, and the two actions commute, that is for , (in a more formal language, is a -bimodule), inherits a right action of . It is given by for , . This module is said to be obtained from through extension of scalars.
Informally, extension of scalars is "the tensor product of a ring and a module"; more formally, it is a special case of a tensor product of a bimodule and a module – the tensor product of an R-module with an -bimodule is an S-module.
Examples
One of the simplest examples is complexification, which is extension of scalars from the real numbers to the complex numbers. More generally, given any field extension K < L, one can extend scalars from K to L. In the language of fields, a module over a field is called a vector space, and thus extension of scalars converts a vector space over K to a vector space over L. This can also be done for division algebras, as is done in quaternionification (extension from the reals to the quaternions).
More generally, given a homomorphism from a field or commutative ring R to a ring S, the ring S can be thought of as an associative algebra over R, and thus when one extends scalars on an R-module, the resulting module can be thought of alternatively as an S-module, or as an R-module with an algebra representation of S (as an R-algebra). For example, the result of complexifying a real vector space (R = R, S = C) can be interpreted either as a complex vector space (S-module) or as a real vector space with a linear complex structure (algebra representation of S as an R-module).
Applications
This generalization is useful even for the study of fields – notably, many algebraic objects associated to a field are not themselves fields, but are instead rings, such as algebras over a field, as in representation theory. Just as one can extend scalars on vector spaces, one can also extend scalars on group algebras and also on modules over group algebras, i.e., group representations. Particularly useful is relating how irreducible representations change under extension of scalars – for example, the representation of the cyclic group of order 4, given by rotation of the plane by 90°, is an irreducible 2-dimensional real representation, but on extension of scalars to the complex numbers, it split into 2 complex representations of dimension 1. This corresponds to the fact that the characteristic polynomial of this operator, is irreducible of degree 2 over the reals, but factors into 2 factors of degree 1 over the complex numbers – it has no real eigenvalues, but 2 complex eigenvalues.
Interpretation as a functor
Extension of scalars can be interpreted as a functor from -modules to -modules. It sends to , as above, and an -homomorphism to the -homomorphism defined by .
Relation between the extension of scalars and the restriction of scalars
Consider an -module and an -module . Given a homomorphism , define to be the composition
,
where the last map is . This is an -homomorphism, and hence is well-defined, and is a homomorphism (of abelian groups).
In case both and have an identity, there is an inverse homomorphism , which is defined as follows. Let . Then is the composition
,
where the first map is the canonical isomorphism .
This construction establishes a one to one correspondence between the sets and . Actually, this correspondence depends only on the homomorphism , and so is functorial. In the language of category theory, the extension of scalars functor is left adjoint to the restriction of scalars functor.
See also
Six operations
Tensor product of fields
Tensor-hom adjunction
References
J. Peter May, Notes on Tor and Ext
Nicolas Bourbaki. Algebra I, Chapter II. LINEAR ALGEBRA.§5. Extension of the ring of scalars;§7. Vector spaces. 1974 by Hermann.
Further reading
Induction and Coinduction of Representations
Commutative algebra
Ring theory
Adjoint functors | Change of rings | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,248 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Commutative algebra",
"Ring theory"
] |
41,411,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Lawrence%20Saunders%20Gold%20Medal | The William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal was first awarded in 1927 and recognizes "distinguished achievement in mining other than coal". The award is funded by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and named for William Lawrence Saunders.
Winners
2022 - Joseph Dick
2019 - Timothy D. Arnold
2018 - John D. Wiebmer
2017 - Phillips S. Baker, Jr.
2016 - Ronald L. Parratt
2015 - William M. Zisch
2014 - Timothy J. Haddon
2013 - Ronald Thiessen
2012 - Ron Guill
2011 - Harry F. Cougher
2010 - Douglas B. Silver
2009 - Patrick J. Ryan (engineer)
2008 - Stanley Dempsey
2006 - James L. Madson
2005 - F. Steven Mooney
2004 - Paul C. Jones (engineer)
2003 - Thomas J. O'Neil
2002 - Robert W. Schafer
2001 - Richard T. Moolick
2000 - Robert N. Hickman
1998 - Donald Vester Fites (born 1934)
1997 - Hugo T. Dummett
1996 - Leonard Harris (engineer)
1995 - J. Burgess Winter
1994 - T. Peter Philip
1993 - Kenneth J. Barr
1992 - Philip C. Walsh
1991 - G. Frank Joklik
1990 - Milton H. Ward
1989 - Richard J. Stoehr
1988 - Roy Woodall
1987 - Charles L. Pillar
1986 - Richard L. Brittain
1984 - John C. Kinnear, Jr.
1983 - Sir Frank Espie
1982 - John Towers (engineer)
1980 - James S. Westwater
1979 - Henry Thomas Mudd (1913-1990)
1978 - Russell H. Bennett
1977 - Frank Coolbaugh
1975 - Charles Dixon Clarke
1974 - H. Myles Jacob
1972 - Stanley M. Jarrett
1970 - Elmer A. Jones
1968 - Charles M. Brinckerhoff
1967 - Ralph Douglas Parker
1966 - Wesley P. Goss
1965 - Francis Cameron (engineer)
1964 - Walter C. Lawson (engineer)
1963 - Edward Ignatius Renouard
1962 - Joseph Hugh Reid
1961 - Marcus David Banghart
1960 - Robert J. Linney
1959 - John Ballantine Knaebel
1958 - William Jesse Coulter
1956 - Louis Buchman
1954 - Simeon Stansifer Clarke
1951 - Clyde Evarts Weed
1950 - Howard Nicholas Eavenson
1949 - Stanly Alexander Easton
1947 - LeRoy Salsich
1946 - Fred Searls, Jr.
1944 - George Bates Harrington
1941 - Herman C. Bellinger
1939 - Louis S. Cates (18811959)
1937 - Erskine Ramsay (1864-1953)
1936 - Clinton H. Crane
1935 - James MacNaughton (engineer)
1934 - Pope Yeatman
1933 - Walter Hull Aldridge
1932 - Frederick Worthen Bradley
1930 - Daniel Cowan Jackling (1869–1956)
1929 - John Hays Hammond (1855–1936)
1928 - Herbert Hoover (1874–1964)
1927 - David William Brunton
See also
List of engineering awards
Footnotes
Awards of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers | William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 610 | [
" and Petroleum Engineers",
"Awards of the American Institute of Mining",
"American Institute of Mining",
" Metallurgical"
] |
41,411,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%2C%20Women%20%26%20Children%20%28film%29 | Men, Women & Children is a 2014 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and co-written with Erin Cressida Wilson, based on a novel of the same name written by Chad Kultgen that deals with online addiction. The film stars Rosemarie DeWitt, Jennifer Garner, Judy Greer, Dean Norris, Adam Sandler, Ansel Elgort, Kaitlyn Dever, and Timothée Chalamet in his film debut.
The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2014. The film was released on October 3, 2014 by, Paramount Pictures.
Plot
Set in a small town in Texas, this film follows several teens and their parents as they struggle in today's technology-obsessed world. Their communication, self-images, and relationships are all affected by the technological age, compounding the usual social difficulties people already encounter.
Donald and Helen Truby are a sexually dissatisfied married couple. Helen starts having affairs through the social media website Ashley Madison, while Donald regularly sees escorts through another site. Donald accidentally catches sight of his wife's Ashley Madison account, then shows up where she's meeting her latest affair. The next day, both admit to having lapses in judgement and agree to ignore that the affairs ever happened.
The Trubys' teenage son Chris, a football player, is addicted to porn, and has found himself only able to become aroused by material not deemed socially normal. Hoping to a achieve arousal through "traditional means", Chris tries to seduce classmate and cheerleader Hannah. However, as they start to initiate sex, he fails to become aroused. Hannah breaks up with him, subsequently telling everyone that they did in fact have sex.
Hannah longs to be famous, and her mother, Donna, aids her in this goal by running a website based around Hannah. At the mall, the two come across auditions for a television series one day; however, Hannah is disqualified due to the provocative photographs her mother had taken of her and posted to the site. Later on, Donna takes the site down, realizing how damaging it is to Hannah.
Football player Tim quits sports following his parents' divorce, preferring to spend most of his time playing a MMORPG. He later is pulled out of his depression when he begins dating the introverted Brandy Beltmeyer, whose overprotective mother Patricia obsessively monitors Brandy's online activity; Brandy has taken to expressing herself on a secret Tumblr account in retaliation. When the account and her conversations with Tim are discovered, Patricia completely revokes her daughter's internet privileges. Tim's father Kent confronts him, stating that Tim's mother abandoned both of them before deleting the game and demanding Tim continue football next year. Patricia then poses as Brandy and tells Tim that she is uninterested. Dejected, Tim overdoses on his antidepressants and nearly dies. Patricia realizes her protectiveness of her daughter has gone too far, and deactivates the surveillance devices she used to monitor Brandy.
Donna goes to content awareness meetings run by Patricia to learn about what is legally allowed on her daughter's website. There, she meets Kent and starts a relationship with him. After Donna informs him about the website, he wants to end their relationship. However, after reconciling with Tim and realizing how difficult it is to be a single parent, Kent reconnects with her.
Hannah's co-cheerleader Allison Doss has been starving herself for months over the summer, with the support of an online group. Her crush of several years, football player Brandon Lender, finally notices her. She shares her first kiss with him, and later has sex with him upon his insistence, which he treats casually and with disinterest. Allison develops an ectopic pregnancy, culminating in a miscarriage due to malnutrition. When she tells Brandon the news, his only concern is that others will discover they had sex. Realizing how selfish Brandon is, Allison throws a rock through his window in the middle of the night.
The movie ends with the narrator's message that humans should remember to be kind to one another and cherish the earth.
Cast
Emma Thompson (voice) as the narrator
Rosemarie DeWitt as Helen Truby
Jennifer Garner as Patricia Beltmeyer
Judy Greer as Donna Clint
Dean Norris as Kent Mooney
Adam Sandler as Don Truby
Ansel Elgort as Tim Mooney
Kaitlyn Dever as Brandy Beltmeyer
J. K. Simmons as Mr. Doss
David Denman as Jim Vance
Jason Douglas as Ray Beltmeyer
Shane Lynch as Angelique
Dennis Haysbert as Secretluvur
Phil LaMarr as Shrink
Olivia Crocicchia as Hannah Clint
Elena Kampouris as Allison Doss
Travis Tope as Chris Truby
Tina Parker as Mrs. Doss
Will Peltz as Brandon Lender
Kurt Krakowian as Teacher
Timothée Chalamet as Danny Vance
Katherine Hughes as Brooke Benton
Intern AJ as Football Player (uncredited)
Production
By September 4, 2013, Jason Reitman had cast Adam Sandler, Rosemarie DeWitt and Jennifer Garner in the lead roles. By December 16, Emma Thompson, Judy Greer and Dean Norris were cast.
The young cast includes Ansel Elgort, Kaitlyn Dever, Elena Kampouris, Travis Tope, Katherine Hughes, Olivia Crocicchia, and Timothée Chalamet. Other stars are David Denman, Jason Douglas, Dennis Haysbert, Shane Lynch, and J. K. Simmons. Will Peltz also joined the cast, on December 17.
Principal photography began on December 16, 2013, in and around Austin, Texas.
Reception
Box office
Men, Women & Children premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2014. The film opened in limited release on October 3, 2014 in 17 theaters and grossed $48,024 with an average of $2,825 per theater and ranking #48 at the box office. In its wide release on October 17 in 608 theaters the film grossed $306,367 with an average of $504 per theater and ranking #23, making it the fifth lowest opening in a release of 600 theaters or more. The film ultimately earned $705,908 in the United States and $1,534,627 internationally for a total of $2,240,535 worldwide, well below its $16 million production budget.
Critical response
The film received a "rotten" score of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 139 reviews with an average rating of 4.90/10. The critical consensus states: "Men, Women & Children is timely, but director Jason Reitman's overbearing approach to its themes blunts the movie's impact." The film also has a score of 38 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Film critic Robbie Collin felt Men, Women & Children "played like a spoof" with others agreeing the film was "mawkish and clichéd".
References
External links
Men Women and Children at I Love Film
2014 films
2014 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
Films about computing
Films about the Internet
Films about social media
Films about sexuality
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Jason Reitman
Films based on American novels
Films set in 2014
Films shot in Austin, Texas
Paramount Pictures films
Films produced by Mason Novick
Films produced by Jason Reitman
Films with screenplays by Jason Reitman
2010s American films
English-language comedy-drama films | Men, Women & Children (film) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,542 | [
"Works about computing",
"Films about computing"
] |
41,412,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod%20stance | A tripod stance is a behaviour in which quadruped animals rear up on their hind legs and use their tail to support this position. Several animals use this behaviour to improve observation or surveillance, and during feeding, grooming, thermoregulation, or fighting.
In mammals
The common dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) adopts a tripod stance when being vigilant for predators. In a similar mammal, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel
(Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), vigilance behaviour includes four postures: (1) quadrupedal alert (all four feet on the ground with head above the horizontal); (2) semiupright alert (on hind feet with a distinctive slouch); (3) upright alert (on hind feet with back straight and mostly perpendicular to the ground); (4) extended upright alert (similar to upright alert except that the squirrel extends its hind legs, (see image of meerkats). In meerkats (Suricata suricatta), the tripod stance may be adopted relatively briefly during foraging, in which case it is termed guarding behaviour, or for substantially longer periods when the animal is not foraging, in which case it is termed sentinel behaviour.
Macropods can stand erect on their hind legs, supported by their tail as the third leg of the tripod. Macropods also engage in "pentapedal locomotion," an energy-inefficient gait used at slow speed, in which "the tail is used, with the forelimbs, as the third leg of a tripod to support the animal while the large hind limbs are moved forward."
Giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) have a well-developed sense of smell but poor eyesight. When approached by a potential threat, they rise up onto their hind legs, supported by the tail and begin to sniff from side to side. This tripod stance is similar to the defensive position adopted by anteaters and enables them to strike out with their sharply-hooked claws if suddenly attacked.
It has been reported that the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) gives birth "...in a bipedal position supported by the tail."
In reptiles and amphibians
Monitor lizards such as the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) quite commonly stand on a tripod formed by their hind legs and tail.
Spectacled salamanders (Salamandrina terdigitata) sometimes stand on their hind legs supported by their tail. This reveals their brightly coloured belly, but the behaviour (referred to as "stand up behaviour") is performed in the absence of other salamanders or predators, and its function is unknown.
Some dinosaurs may also have occasionally adopted a tripod stance.
Similar behaviour in non-quadrupeds
Several non-quadrupeds adopt a tripod-like stance and may have specialised structures to achieve this.
The tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator) has long, bony rays that protrude below its tail fin and both pectoral fins. Although the body of the fish is , its fins can be more than . The tripod fish spends much of its time standing on its three fins on the bottom of the ocean, hunting its food.
All woodpeckers have "zygodactyl" feet - two toes in front, two behind - as an aid in clinging to tree bark. In addition, stiff modified tail feathers on most species help to prop the bird in a tripod stance when clinging vertically.
Many leaf-mining moths adopt a tripod stance when resting on a surface.
See also
Ethogram
References
External links
Image of an otter in a tripod stance
Images of various rodent species in a tripod stance
Image of a monitor lizard in a tripod stance
Ethology | Tripod stance | [
"Biology"
] | 808 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
41,412,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Scerri | Eric R. Scerri (born August 30, 1953, son of Edward and Ines Scerri) is a chemist, writer and philosopher of science of Maltese origin. He is a lecturer at the University of California, Los Angeles; and the founder and editor-in-chief of Foundations of Chemistry, an international peer reviewed journal covering the history and philosophy of chemistry, and chemical education.
He is an authority on the history and philosophy of the periodic table and is the author and editor of several books in this and related fields. Scerri was a participant in the 2014 PBS documentary film, The Mystery of Matter.
Scerri attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing. He received his BSc from Westfield College (University of London), his Certificate in Postgraduate Study from the University of Cambridge, his MPhil from the University of Southampton, and his PhD from King's College London.
Research interests
Scerri's research has mainly been in the history and philosophy of chemistry, in particular on the question of the extent to which chemistry reduces to quantum mechanics. He has specialized in the study of the periodic table of the elements, including its historical origins and its philosophical significance. More recent writings have included critiques of claims for the emergence of chemistry and the existence of downward causation.
In addition to historical and philosophical work Scerri has published numerous articles in the chemical education literature, including accounts of the electronic structures of transition metals and the occurrence of anomalous electron configurations.
In A Tale of Seven Elements (2013) Scerri recounts the story of the discovery of the seven elements missing from the periodic table shortly after the turn of the 20th century, including the setbacks, misguided claims, and sometimes acrimonious priority debates and disputes.
In December 2015, Scerri was appointed by IUPAC as the chair of a project to make a recommendation on the composition of group 3—whether it should be the elements Sc, Y, La and Ac; or Sc, Y, Lu and Lr. In January 2021, the project issued a provisional report in IUPAC's news magazine Chemistry International suggesting Sc, Y, Lu and Lr. This accords with a previous IUPAC report from 1988, as well as a suggestion by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz in their Course of Theoretical Physics.
Most recently (2016) he proposed a new evolutionary approach to the philosophy of science based on seven case studies of little known scientists such as John Nicholson, Anton Van den Broek and Edmund Stoner. Scerri has argued that these lesser known figures are just as significant as the heroic personalities in that they constitute the missing gaps in a gradual evolutionary and organic growth in the body of scientific knowledge. Although he rejects the occurrence of scientific revolutions as envisioned by Thomas Kuhn, Scerri very much supports Kuhn's notion that scientific progress is non-teleological and that there is no approach towards an external truth.
Second editions of Scerri's two most cited books were published in 2019 and 2020.
Publications
Books
2020, What is a Chemical Element? co-edited with E. Ghibaudi, Oxford University Press, New York,
2020, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
2019, The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
2018, Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table, with co-editor G Restrepo, Oxford University Press, New York,
2016, A Tale of Seven Scientists, and a New Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, New York,
2016, Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry, with co-editor Fisher G. Oxford University Press, New York,
2015, Philosophy of Chemistry: Growth of a New Discipline, with co-editor McIntyre L. Springer, Dordrecht, Berlin,
2013, A tale of seven elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2013, 30-second elements: The 50 most significant elements, each explained in half a minute, as editor, Metro Books, New York,
2011, The periodic table: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2009, Selected papers on the periodic table, Imperial College Press, London,
2008, Collected papers on philosophy of chemistry, Imperial College Press, London,
2007, The periodic table: Its story and its significance, Oxford University Press, New York,
2006, Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline, with co-editors Baird D & McIntyre L, Springer, Dordrecht,
Articles
2023, A commentary on Robin Hendry’s views on molecular structure, emergence and chemical bonding, in D. Vecchi, New Mechanism: Emergence and Scientific Explanation. Ontological and Epistemological challenges in the Natural Sciences, Springer.
2022, A new response to Wray and an attempt to widen the conversation, Substantia, 7(1), 35–43, 2022, https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-1806 .
2022, Hasok Chang on the Nature of Acids, Foundations of Chemistry, 24, 389–404.
2022, In Praise of Triads, Foundations of Chemistry,24, 284-300.
2022, Various forms of the periodic table including the left-step table, the regularization of atomic number triads and first member anomalies, Chem Texts, 8, 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-021-00157-8
2021, Integrating the History and Philosophy of Science and restoring the centrality of the Periodic Table into a college general chemistry course, Chimica Nella Scuola, 4, 16-23.
2021, Provisional report on Discussions on Group 3 of the Periodic Table, Chemistry International, January–March issue, 2021, 31-34.
2021, 'Reassessing the Notion of a Kuhnian Revolution: What Happened in 20th C. Chemistry, A Commentary on Wray’s claim of the discovery of atomic number as a revolution in chemistry', in Interpreting Kuhn, B. Wray (ed.), Cambridge University Press.
2021, 'How was Nicholson’s highly inconsistent atomic theory able to yield explanatory as well as predictive success?' in Contemporary Scientific Challenge from the History of Science, T.Lyons, P.Vickers, (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York.
2021, 'The impact of twentieth century physics on the periodic table and some remaining questions in the twenty-first century', in Giunta, C.J.; Mainz, V. V.; Girolami, G. S. Eds. 150 Years of the Periodic Table - A Commemorative Symposium; Perspectives on the History of Chemistry; Springer: Heidelberg
2020, 'On Chemical Natural Kinds', Journal for the General Philosophy of Science, 51, 427–445.
2020, 'Recent attempts to improve the periodic table', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378: 20190300.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0300
2020, 'The Periodic Table and the Turn to Practice', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science A, 79, 87-93.
2019, 'Happy Sesquicentennial to the Periodic Table', Scientific American, January 22.
idem, 'Looking backwards and forwards at the development of the periodic table', Chemistry International, January–March, 16-20.
idem, 'Happy 150th Birthday to the Periodic Table', Chemistry A European Journal, 25, 7410–7415.
idem, 'Five ideas in chemical education that must die', Foundations of Chemistry, 21, 61–69.
idem, 'Can Quantum Ideas Explain Chemistry’s Greatest Icon?' Nature, 565, 557-558.
2018, 'How Should the Periodic System be Regarded?', The Rutherford Journal, vol. 5
idem., 'What Elements Belong in Group 3?', with coauthor Parsons W, in E R Scerri & G Restrepo (eds), Mendeleev to Oganesson, Oxford University Press, New York.
2017, 'The Gulf Between Chemistry and Philosophy of Chemistry, Then and Now', Structural Chemistry, 28, 1599-1605
idem., 'On the Madelung Rule', response to Marc Henry's “Super-Saturated Chemistry”, Inference , March.
idem., 'El descubrimiento de la tabla periódica como un caso de descubrimiento simultáneo', Epistemologia e Historia de la Ciencia (Argentina), 1, 2.
2016, 'The Changing Views of a Philosopher of Chemistry on the Question of Reduction', in E R Scerri & G Fisher (eds), Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry, Oxford University Press, New York
idem., 'Which Elements Belong to Group 3 of the Periodic Table', Chemistry International, Volume 38, Issue 2, Pages 22–23, March
2014, ''The discovery of the periodic table as a case of simultaneous discovery', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 373, no. 2037
2013, 'The trouble with the aufbau principle', Education in Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 24–26
2012, 'Mendeleev's periodic table is finally completed and what to do about group 3?', Chemistry International, vol. 34, no. 4
2010, 'Chemistry in its element – Lawrencium', Royal Society of Chemistry, viewed 30 December 2013
2009, 'Periodic change', Chemistry World, March, pp. 46–49
2007, 'The ambiguity of reduction', Hyle, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 67–81
idem., 'Trouble in the periodic table', Education in Chemistry, January, pp. 13–17
idem., 'Reduction and Emergence in Chemistry - Two Recent Approaches', "Philosophy of Science," 74, pp. 920–931
2005, 'Some Aspects of the Metaphysics of Chemistry and the Nature of the Elements', Hyle, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 127–145
2003, 'Hafnium', Chemical & Engineering News, vol. 81, no. 36, p. 138,
idem., 'Philosophy of Chemistry', Chemistry International, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 6–8
2001, 'Prediction and the periodic table', with coauthor Worrall J, Studies in history and philosophy of science, 32, no. 3, pp. 407–452
idem., 'The Recently Claimed Observation of Atomic Orbitals and Some Related Philosophical Issues', Philosophy of Science, 68, (proceedings), pp. S76–S78
1997, 'Has the Periodic Table Been Successfully Axiomatized?' Erkenntnis, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 229–243
idem., 'The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry', with coauthor, McIntyre L, Synthese, vol. 111, pp. 213–232
1994, 'Has Chemistry Been at Least Approximately Reduced to Quantum Mechanics ?', Philosophy of Science, PSA Proceedings, vol. 1, pp. 160–170
1991, 'Chemistry, spectroscopy, and the question of reduction', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 122–126
idem., 'The Electronic Configuration Model, Quantum Mechanics and Reduction', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 309–325
1986, 'The Tao of Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 106–107
References
External links
Home page of Eric Scerri
Foundations of Chemistry
Career Advice for Scientists from Eric Scerri
Interview with editor of Nature Chemistry
Mystery of Matter, 3-part Public Broadcast Television Series
at Concordia University, Montreal (2012?)
at University of Kansas, Lawrence (2012?)
Ten most influential chemists today (2020)
21st-century American philosophers
Alumni of King's College London
British expatriates in the United States
21st-century American chemists
People involved with the periodic table
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
American historians of philosophy
American philosophers of science
Living people
1953 births
Historians from California | Eric Scerri | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,599 | [
"Periodic table",
"People involved with the periodic table"
] |
41,413,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20the%20endocrine%20system | The fetal endocrine system is one of the first systems to develop during prenatal development of a human individual. The endocrine system arises from all three embryonic germ layers. The endocrine glands that produce the steroid hormones, such as the gonads and adrenal cortex, arise from the mesoderm. In contrast, endocrine glands that arise from the endoderm and ectoderm produce the amine, peptide, and protein hormones.
Adrenal glands
The fetal adrenal cortex can be identified within four weeks of pregnancy. The adrenal cortex originates from the thickening of the intermediate mesoderm.
At five to six weeks of gestation, the mesonephros differentiates into a tissue known as the gonadal ridge. The gonadal ridge produces the steroidogenic cells for both the gonads and the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla is derived from ectodermal cells. Cells that will become adrenal tissue move retroperitoneally to the upper portion of the mesonephros. At seven weeks of gestation, the adrenal cells are joined by sympathetic cells that originate from the neural crest to form the adrenal medulla. At the end of the eighth week, the adrenal glands have been encapsulated and have formed a distinct organ above the developing kidneys. At birth, the adrenal glands weigh approximately eight to nine grams (twice that of the adult adrenal glands) and are 0.5% of the total body weight. At 25 weeks, the adult adrenal cortex zone develops and is responsible for the primary synthesis of steroids during the early postnatal weeks.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland develops from two different clusterings of embryonic cells. One part is from the thickening of the pharyngeal floor, which serves as the precursor of the thyroxine (T4) producing follicular cells. The other part is from the caudal extensions of the fourth pharyngobranchial pouches which results in the parafollicular calcitonin-secreting cells. These two structures are apparent by 16 to 17 days of gestation. Around the 24th day of pregnancy, the foramen cecum, a thin, flask-like diverticulum of the median anlage develops. At approximately 24 to 32 days of gestation, the median anlage develops into a bilobed structure. By 50 days of gestation, the medial and lateral anlage have fused together. At 12 weeks of gestation, the fetal thyroid is capable of storing iodine for the production of TRH, TSH, and free thyroid hormone. At 20 weeks, the fetus is able to implement feedback mechanisms for the production of thyroid hormones. During fetal development, T4 is the major thyroid hormone being produced while triiodothyronine (T3) and its inactive derivative, reverse T3, are not detected until the third trimester.
Parathyroid glands
Once the embryo reaches four weeks of gestation, the parathyroid glands begins to develop. The human embryo forms five sets of endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches. The third and fourth pouch are responsible for developing into the inferior and superior parathyroid glands, respectively. The third pharyngeal pouch encounters the developing thyroid gland and they migrate down to the lower poles of the thyroid lobes. The fourth pharyngeal pouch later encounters the developing thyroid gland and migrates to the upper poles of the thyroid lobes. At 14 weeks of gestation, the parathyroid glands begin to enlarge from 0.1 mm in diameter to approximately 1 – 2 mm at birth. The developing parathyroid glands are physiologically functional beginning in the second trimester.
Studies in mice have shown that interfering with the HOX15 gene can cause parathyroid gland aplasia, which suggests the gene plays an important role in the development of the parathyroid gland. The genes, TBX1, CRKL, GATA3, GCM2, and SOX3 have also been shown to play a crucial role in the formation of the parathyroid gland. Mutations in TBX1 and CRKL genes are correlated with DiGeorge syndrome, while mutations in GATA3 have also resulted in a DiGeorge-like syndrome. Malformations in the GCM2 gene have resulted in hypoparathyroidism. Studies on SOX3 gene mutations have demonstrated that it plays a role in parathyroid development. These mutations also lead to varying degrees of hypopituitarism.
Pancreas
The human fetal pancreas begins to develop by the fourth week of gestation. Five weeks later, the pancreatic alpha and beta cells have begun to emerge. Reaching eight to ten weeks into development, the pancreas starts producing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. During the early stages of fetal development, the number of pancreatic alpha cells outnumbers the number of pancreatic beta cells. The alpha cells reach their peak in the middle stage of gestation. From the middle stage until term, the beta cells continue to increase in number until they reach an approximate 1:1 ratio with the alpha cells. The insulin concentration within the fetal pancreas is 3.6 pmol/g at seven to ten weeks, which rises to 30 pmol/g at 16–25 weeks of gestation. Near term, the insulin concentration increases to 93 pmol/g. The endocrine cells have dispersed throughout the body within 10 weeks. At 31 weeks of development, the islets of Langerhans have differentiated.
While the fetal pancreas has functional beta cells by 14 to 24 weeks of gestation, the amount of insulin that is released into the bloodstream is relatively low. In a study of pregnant women carrying fetuses in the mid-gestation and near term stages of development, the fetuses did not have an increase in plasma insulin levels in response to injections of high levels of glucose. In contrast to insulin, the fetal plasma glucagon levels are relatively high and continue to increase during development. At the mid-stage of gestation, the glucagon concentration is 6 μg/g, compared to 2 μg/g in adult humans. Just like insulin, fetal glucagon plasma levels do not change in response to an infusion of glucose. However, a study of an infusion of alanine into pregnant women was shown to increase the cord blood and maternal glucagon concentrations, demonstrating a fetal response to amino acid exposure.
As such, while the fetal pancreatic alpha and beta islet cells have fully developed and are capable of hormone synthesis during the remaining fetal maturation, the islet cells are relatively immature in their capacity to produce glucagon and insulin. This is thought to be a result of the relatively stable levels of fetal serum glucose concentrations achieved via maternal transfer of glucose through the placenta. On the other hand, the stable fetal serum glucose levels could be attributed to the absence of pancreatic signaling initiated by incretins during feeding. In addition, the fetal pancreatic islets cells are unable to sufficiently produce cAMP and rapidly degrade cAMP by phosphodiesterase necessary to secrete glucagon and insulin.
During fetal development, the storage of glycogen is controlled by fetal glucocorticoids and placental lactogen. Fetal insulin is responsible for increasing glucose uptake and lipogenesis during the stages leading up to birth. Fetal cells contain a higher amount of insulin receptors in comparison to adults cells and fetal insulin receptors are not downregulated in cases of hyperinsulinemia. In comparison, fetal haptic glucagon receptors are lowered in comparison to adult cells and the glycemic effect of glucagon is blunted. This temporary physiological change aids the increased rate of fetal development during the final trimester.
Poorly managed maternal diabetes mellitus is linked to fetal macrosomia, increased risk of miscarriage, and defects in fetal development. Maternal hyperglycemia is also linked to increased insulin levels and beta cell hyperplasia in the post-term infant. Children of diabetic mothers are at an increased risk for conditions such as: polycythemia, renal vein thrombosis, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, and improper organ development.
Gonads
The reproductive system begins development at four to five weeks of gestation with germ cell migration. The bipotential gonad results from the collection of the medioventral region of the urogenital ridge. At the five-week point, the developing gonads break away from the adrenal primordium. Gonadal differentiation begins 42 days following conception.
Male gonadal development
For males, the testes form at six fetal weeks and the sertoli cells begin developing by the eight week of gestation. SRY, the sex-determining locus, serves to differentiate the Sertoli cells. The Sertoli cells are the point of origin for anti-Müllerian hormone. Once synthesized, the anti-Müllerian hormone initiates the ipsilateral regression of the Müllerian tract and inhibits the development of female internal features. At 10 weeks of gestation, the Leydig cells begin to produce androgen hormones. The androgen hormone dihydrotestosterone is responsible for the development of the male external genitalia.
The testicles descend during prenatal development in a two-stage process that begins at eight weeks of gestation and continues through the middle of the third trimester. During the transabdominal stage (8 to 15 weeks of gestation), the gubernacular ligament contracts and begins to thicken. The craniosuspensory ligament begins to break down. This stage is regulated by the secretion of insulin-like 3 (INSL3), a relaxin-like factor produced by the testicles, and the INSL3 G-coupled receptor, LGR8. During the transinguinal phase (25 to 35 weeks of gestation), the testicles descend into the scrotum. This stage is regulated by androgens, the genitofemoral nerve, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. During the second and third trimester, testicular development concludes with the diminution of the fetal Leydig cells and the lengthening and coiling of the seminiferous cords.
Female gonadal development
For females, the ovaries become morphologically visible by the 8th week of gestation. The absence of testosterone results in the diminution of the Wolffian structures. The Müllerian structures remain and develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper region of the vagina. The urogenital sinus develops into the urethra and lower region of the vagina, the genital tubercle develops into the clitoris, the urogenital folds develop into the labia minora, and the urogenital swellings develop into the labia majora. At 16 weeks of gestation, the ovaries produce FSH and LH/hCG receptors. At 20 weeks of gestation, the theca cell precursors are present and oogonia mitosis is occurring. At 25 weeks of gestation, the ovary is morphologically defined and folliculogenesis can begin.
Studies of gene expression show that a specific complement of genes, such as follistatin and multiple cyclin kinase inhibitors are involved in ovarian development. An assortment of genes and proteins - such as WNT4, RSPO1, FOXL2, and various estrogen receptors - have been shown to prevent the development of testicles or the lineage of male-type cells.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is formed within the rostral neural plate. The Rathke's pouch, a cavity of ectodermal cells of the oropharynx, forms between the fourth and fifth week of gestation and upon full development, it gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland. By seven weeks of gestation, the anterior pituitary vascular system begins to develop. During the first 12 weeks of gestation, the anterior pituitary undergoes cellular differentiation. At 20 weeks of gestation, the hypophyseal portal system has developed. The Rathke's pouch grows towards the third ventricle and fuses with the diverticulum. This eliminates the lumen and the structure becomes Rathke's cleft. The posterior pituitary lobe is formed from the diverticulum. Portions of the pituitary tissue may remain in the nasopharyngeal midline. In rare cases, this results in functioning ectopic hormone-secreting tumors in the nasopharynx.
The functional development of the anterior pituitary involves spatiotemporal regulation of transcription factors expressed in pituitary stem cells and dynamic gradients of local soluble factors. The coordination of the dorsal gradient of pituitary morphogenesis is dependent on neuroectodermal signals from the infundibular bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). This protein is responsible for the development of the initial invagination of the Rathke's pouch. Other essential proteins necessary for pituitary cell proliferation are fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Wnt4, and Wnt5. Ventral developmental patterning and the expression of transcription factors is influenced by the gradients of BMP2 and sonic hedgehog protein (SHH). These factors are essential for coordinating early patterns of cell proliferation.
Six weeks into gestation, the corticotroph cells can be identified. By seven weeks of gestation, the anterior pituitary is capable of secreting ACTH. Within eight weeks of gestation, somatotroph cells begin to develop with cytoplasmic expression of human growth hormone. Once a fetus reaches 12 weeks of development, the thyrotrophs begin expression of Beta subunits for TSH, while gonadotrophs being to express beta-subunits for LH and FSH. Male fetuses predominately produced LH-expressing gonadotrophs, while female fetuses produce an equal expression of LH and FSH expressing gonadotrophs. At 24 weeks of gestation, prolactin-expressing lactotrophs begin to emerge.
References
Endocrine system
Endocrinology | Development of the endocrine system | [
"Biology"
] | 3,065 | [
"Organ systems",
"Endocrine system"
] |
41,413,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke%20testing%20%28software%29 | In computer programming and software testing, smoke testing (also confidence testing, sanity testing, build verification test (BVT) and build acceptance test) is preliminary testing or sanity testing to reveal simple failures severe enough to, for example, reject a prospective software release. Smoke tests are a subset of test cases that cover the most important functionality of a component or system, used to aid assessment of whether main functions of the software appear to work correctly. When used to determine if a computer program should be subjected to further, more fine-grained testing, a smoke test may be called a pretest or an intake test. Alternatively, it is a set of tests run on each new build of a product to verify that the build is testable before the build is released into the hands of the test team. In the DevOps paradigm, use of a build verification test step is one hallmark of the continuous integration maturity stage.
For example, a smoke test may address basic questions like "does the program run?", "does the user interface open?", or "does clicking the main button do anything?" The process of smoke testing aims to determine whether the application is so badly broken as to make further immediate testing unnecessary. As the book Lessons Learned in Software Testing puts it, "smoke tests broadly cover product features in a limited time [...] if key features don't work or if key bugs haven't yet been fixed, your team won't waste further time installing or testing".
Smoke tests frequently run quickly, giving benefits of faster feedback, rather than running more extensive test suites, which would naturally take longer.
Frequent reintegration with smoke testing is among industry best practices. Ideally, every commit to a source code repository should trigger a Continuous Integration build, to identify regressions as soon as possible. If builds take too long, you might batch up several commits into one build, or very large systems might be rebuilt once a day. Overall, rebuild and retest as often as you can.
Smoke testing is also done by testers before accepting a build for further testing. Microsoft claims that after code reviews, "smoke testing is the most cost-effective method for identifying and fixing defects in software".
One can perform smoke tests either manually or using an automated tool. In the case of automated tools, the process that generates the build will often initiate the testing.
Smoke tests can be functional tests or unit tests. Functional tests exercise the complete program with various inputs. Unit tests exercise individual functions, subroutines, or object methods. Functional tests may comprise a scripted series of program inputs, possibly even with an automated mechanism for controlling mouse movements. Unit tests can be implemented either as separate functions within the code itself, or else as a driver layer that links to the code without altering the code being tested.
Etymology
The term originates from the centuries-old practice of mechanical smoke testing, where smoke was pumped into pipes or machinery to identify leaks, defects, or disconnections. Widely used in plumbing and industrial applications, this method revealed problem areas by observing where smoke escaped.
In software development, the term was metaphorically adopted to describe a preliminary round of testing that checks for basic functionality. Like its physical counterparts, a software smoke test aims to identify critical failures early, ensuring the system is stable and that all required components are functioning before proceeding to more comprehensive testing, such as end-to-end or load testing.
In the context of electronics, the term was humorously reinterpreted to describe an initial power-on test for new hardware. This usage alludes to the visible smoke produced by overloaded or improperly connected components during catastrophic failure. While the imagery is memorable, the occurrence of smoke was never an intended or sustainable testing method. Instead, it underscores the importance of performing basic checks to catch critical issues early.
For example, Cem Kaner, James Bach, and Brett Pettichord explain in Lessons Learned in Software Testing:
"The phrase smoke test comes from electronic hardware testing. You plug in a new board and turn on the power. If you see smoke coming from the board, turn off the power. You don't have to do any more testing."
See also
"Hello, World!" program
Sanity testing
Shakedown
References
External links
PC Mag's Definition
Tests
Software testing | Smoke testing (software) | [
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software testing"
] |
41,413,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%202-1 | Sh 2-1, also known as Sharpless 1, is the combination of a diffuse HII emission nebula and reflection nebula in the constellation of Scorpius with Pi Scorpii at its center. It appears as a modest brightness making it one of the easier Sharpless catalog objects for amateur astronomers to view. It features an apparent central star inside the nebulosity however it is not part its system nor a left over remnant.
The nebulous area is fairly large with an irregular shape appearing as a 180° arc shape surrounding a central star. The remnant has an apparent diameter that covers approximately 150' and an estimated distance of approximately 650ly away.
References
External links
Reflection nebulae
Diffuse nebulae
Scorpius
Sharpless objects | Sh 2-1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 153 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Scorpius",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
41,414,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20T.%20Trotter | William Thomas Trotter Jr. is an American mathematician, who is on the faculty of the Department of Mathematics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His main expertise is partially ordered sets, but he has also done significant work in other areas of combinatorics, such as the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem and Chvátal-Rödl-Szemerédi-Trotter theorem.
Trotter is the author of the book Combinatorics and partially ordered sets: dimension theory (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992). With Mitchel Keller, he is also the author of a self-published textbook, Applied Combinatorics (2017).
References
External links
William T. (Tom) Trotter
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Georgia Tech faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) | William T. Trotter | [
"Mathematics"
] | 172 | [
"Combinatorialists",
"Combinatorics"
] |
41,414,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Nikolayevich%20Vorobyov%20%28mathematician%29 | Nikolai Nikolayevich Vorobyov (also Vorobiev) (, 18 September 1925, Leningrad — July 14, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, an expert in the field of abstract algebra, mathematical logic and probability theory, the founder of the Soviet school of game theory. He is an author of two textbooks, three monographs, a large number of mathematical articles and a number of popular science books. He supervised over 30 kandidat and D.Sc (habilitation) dissertations.
References
1925 births
1995 deaths
Soviet mathematicians
Game theorists
20th-century Russian mathematicians | Nikolai Nikolayevich Vorobyov (mathematician) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 121 | [
"Game theorists",
"Game theory"
] |
41,414,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinged%20dissection | In geometry, a hinged dissection, also known as a swing-hinged dissection or Dudeney dissection, is a kind of geometric dissection in which all of the pieces are connected into a chain by "hinged" points, such that the rearrangement from one figure to another can be carried out by swinging the chain continuously, without severing any of the connections. Typically, it is assumed that the pieces are allowed to overlap in the folding and unfolding process; this is sometimes called the "wobbly-hinged" model of hinged dissection.
History
The concept of hinged dissections was popularised by the author of mathematical puzzles, Henry Dudeney. He introduced the famous hinged dissection of a square into a triangle (pictured) in his 1907 book The Canterbury Puzzles. The Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem, first proven in 1807, states that any two equal-area polygons must have a common dissection. However, the question of whether two such polygons must also share a hinged dissection remained open until 2007, when Erik Demaine et al. proved that there must always exist such a hinged dissection, and provided a constructive algorithm to produce them. This proof holds even under the assumption that the pieces may not overlap while swinging, and can be generalised to any pair of three-dimensional figures which have a common dissection (see Hilbert's third problem). In three dimensions, however, the pieces are not guaranteed to swing without overlap.
Other hinges
Other types of "hinges" have been considered in the context of dissections. A twist-hinge dissection is one which use a three-dimensional "hinge" which is placed on the edges of pieces rather than their vertices, allowing them to be "flipped" three-dimensionally. As of 2002, the question of whether any two polygons must have a common twist-hinged dissection remains unsolved.
References
Bibliography
External links
An applet demonstrating Dudeney's hinged square-triangle dissection
A gallery of hinged dissections
Geometric dissection
Recreational mathematics
Discrete geometry
Euclidean plane geometry | Hinged dissection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 459 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Discrete geometry",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Planes (geometry)"
] |
41,414,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20de%20Saporta | Antoine de Saporta (26 July 1855 – 14 April 1914) was a French aristocrat and non-fiction writer.
Biography
Early life
Antoine de Saporta was born on July 26, 1855, in Aix-en-Provence. He was a member of the Provençal nobility. His father, Gaston de Saporta (1823-1895), was a renowned botanist. He grew up in the Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe, a listed hôtel particulier at 21 Rue Gaston de Saporta in Aix-en-Provence.
Career
He wrote several books, mostly about wine. He also wrote many articles for La Nature, La Revue scientifique and Revue des deux Mondes.
Death
He died on April 14, 1914, in Montpellier.
Bibliography
Aurores boréales (1885).
La Chimie des vins : les vins naturels, les vins manipulés et falsifiés (1889).
Les Théories et les notations de la chimie moderne (1889).
Le Congrès viticole de Montpellier (1893).
La Vigne et le vin dans le midi de la France (1894).
Physique et chimie viticoles (1899).
Traité de viticulture théorie et pratique (1899).
Les corps simples de la chimie.
Les Artifices de toilette, les fards. Cheveux teints et postiches. Les artifices de toilette sur la scène.
References
Provencal nobility
1855 births
1914 deaths
People from Aix-en-Provence
French male non-fiction writers
French science writers
Wine chemistry | Antoine de Saporta | [
"Chemistry"
] | 340 | [
"Wine chemistry",
"Alcohol chemistry"
] |
41,414,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%202-2 | Sh 2-2, also known as Sharpless 2, is an emission nebula in the constellation of Scorpius. It appears as a mid-range brightness making it difficult to view. It is believed to currently host an X-ray binary star that originated and was ejected from the Scorpius OB1 association. Amateur astronomers can usually see it with a wide field telescope and a hydrogen-alpha filter.
The nebulous area is fairly large with an irregular shape appearing as a H II region. The remnant has an apparent diameter that covers approximately 60'.
References
External links
Emission nebulae
Scorpius
Sharpless objects | Sh 2-2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 130 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Scorpius",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
41,416,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20Positioning%20and%20Timing%20System%20%28Turkey%29 | The Regional Positioning and Timing System (), shortly BKZS, is a space-based project of the Turkish Armed Forces on global positioning and time transfer by satellite navigation system.
The aim of the project is to provide positioning and timing information, which Turkish Armed Forces need during peace, crisis and military operations, independently from the existing foreign systems, which can be disabled in times of conflict. The project is developed by the Defence Technologies and Engineering Inc. (Savunma Teknolojileri ve Mühendislik A.Ş.) (STM), a subsidiary of the Undersecretariat for Defence Industries. Currently, the project is in the first phase, comprising evaluation of the feasibility study. It is planned to launch five military reconnaissance and Earth observation satellites over the next few years.
References
Military equipment of Turkey
Space program of Turkey
Satellite navigation systems
Wireless locating
Time signal radio stations
Proposed military equipment | Regional Positioning and Timing System (Turkey) | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 189 | [
"Satellite navigation systems",
"Wireless locating",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Computer systems",
"Information systems",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
41,416,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6H6O2S | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C6H6O2S}}
The molecular formula C6H6O2S (molar mass: 142.18 g/mol, exact mass: 142.0089 u) may refer to:
3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)
Phenylsulfinic acid
3-Thiophene acetic acid
Thiophene-2-acetic acid | C6H6O2S | [
"Chemistry"
] | 97 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
41,416,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service%20integration%20and%20management | Service Integration and Management (SIAM) is an approach to managing multiple suppliers of services (business services as well as information technology services) and integrating them to provide a single business-facing IT organization. It aims at seamlessly integrating interdependent services from various internal and external service providers into end-to-end services in order to meet business requirements.
Background
Sourcing information technology capabilities and capacity from multiple external suppliers is becoming a dominant operating model for many large IT organisations. This model is commonly known as multisourcing.
Sourcing from multiple suppliers allows an organization to maintain in-house technical teams or large single source suppliers, and become more adaptable by taking advantage of competitive marketplace behaviors which incentivise cost reduction and leverage innovation. The use of multiple suppliers can incur large management overhead costs and lead to difficulty in managing end to end (E2E) services. SIAM thinking has developed to aid that management challenge. It has expanded beyond IT services to be used for many different types of business service.
The term SIAM was predated by the term Service Integration which has been in use since at least 2009. It should not be confused with the term System integration.
In UK government it is seen as a way for large governmental IT organisations to better manage and control multi-sourced operations, by compiling (and then sharing between themselves) their best practices and their most successful management methods.
According to the SIAM Body of Knowledge, the term ‘service integration and management’ or SIAM, and the concept of SIAM as a management methodology originated in around 2005 from within the UK public sector, which was also the source of other best practice methodologies such as ITIL®.
The methodology was initially designed for the Department for Work and Pensions to obtain better value for money from services delivered by multiple service providers, and specifically to separate service integration capabilities from systems integration and IT service provision.
This new approach reduced the duplication of activities in the service providers, and introduced the concept of a ‘service integrator’. This new service integration capability provided governance and coordination to encourage service providers to work together to drive down costs and improve service quality.
SIAM is a rapidly developing area of service management, and one that is closely associated with multiple disciplines including IT service management, enterprise architecture, organisational change management, quality management and risk management.
In 2016, Scopism, a management consultancy, worked with a team of experts from companies and independents including Atos, TCS and Sopra Steria to create the SIAM Foundation Body of Knowledge. This BoK is available for free download from the Scopism website. It is linked to the global SIAM training and certification scheme launched by EXIN, a Dutch certification organisation and Scopism. The SIAM Foundation BoK was then followed by the SIAM Professional BoK in 2017 and the associated SIAM Professional certification. In 2019, the SIAM Foundation and Professional BoKs were revised to reflect changes in the SIAM and IT management landscape, including the publication of COBIT 2019 and ITIL 4.
Key concepts
The SIAM Foundation Body of Knowledge (BoK) from Scopism Ltd defines SIAM as ″a management methodology that can be applied in an environment that includes services sourced from a number of service providers″.
The SIAM Foundation Body of Knowledge also introduces the four most common SIAM structures:
Internal service integrator
External service integrator
Hybrid service integrator
Lead supplier as service integrator
The SIAM Foundation BoK also introduces other SIAM key concepts:
SIAM ecosystem: made of up three layers – the customer organization, the service integrator, and service providers
SIAM practices: addressing people, process, measurement and technology
SIAM structural elements: including boards, process forums and working groups
SIAM introduces some of the following key concepts for effective Service Management:
Return On Value (ROV): Since SIAM provides both tangible and intangible benefits, ROV become a key for measuring the benefits that SIAM provides.
Total Cost Of Consumption (TCC): With SIAM being a consumer of services, Total Cost Of Ownership (TCO) loses its relevancy to a certain extent as the cost an organization incurs for consuming any service from a service provider cannot be measured using TCO. This is where TCC is useful. TCC reflects the cost that organization incurs during the life of a service that it has sourced from a service provider.
SIAM Knowledge Management System (SIAMKMS): A number of management and information systems constitutes SIAMKMS.
Federated Knowledge Management: With knowledge being sourced from a number of providers (both internal as well as external), management of this distributed set becomes critical. Distributed Knowledge Management (through federated knowledge base) gains prominence.
IT capabilities
In order to perform effective and efficient service integration and management, multi-sourcing clients require key IT capabilities. They need to build and continuously improve these capabilities for performing successful service integration and management. In total, research identifies six key IT capabilities that clients should build and optimize.
Manage Service Integration Governance: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to define, establish and continuously adapt the service integration governance.
Manage the Service Integration Organization: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to develop and manage the distributed organization in accordance with changing business requirements.
Manage the Business: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to manage business demand and develop a service portfolio in alignment with business requirements.
Manage Tools and Information: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to manage distributed information and the integration tool solutions.
Manage Providers and Contracts: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to select an appropriate provider portfolio and to manage the providers according to the outsourcing contracts
Manage End-to-end Services: Multi-sourcing organizations need to be able to understand and manage the business services end-to-end. This includes consolidation of business as well as IT services especially during mergers & acquisitions and demergers & spinoffs. Integral part is IT service management including relevant processes.
A conscious and systematic implementation of these capabilities should contribute to the effectiveness of multi-sourcing engagements and overall multi-sourcing success.
Issues, Benefits and SIAM Implementation Challenges
When services are provided by myriad teams or suppliers, ensuring seamless service delivery to the business or organization being served presents a challenge. To sustain the benefits, strong operational and commercial governance are essential.
According to research, service integration and management needs to address and overcome four key issues:
Measuring services end-to-end
Aligning scope and specifications across provider contracts
Managing relationships and collaboration with and between providers
Defining standardization and modularization
Service integration and management functions have to manage these key issues in order to prevent common issues with SIAM and realize its key benefits.
Some common issues include:
Individual teams (both in-house and outsourced) can act autonomously and lack coordination.
Individual suppliers fulfilling their contractual obligations does not provide assurance that the end to end service delivered to the enterprise will be acceptable
Fragmentation can complicate the tasks of integration and governance, both of which are essential to delivering effective services to a business or organisation.
Individual suppliers can focus on attributing blame rather than identifying and addressing the root cause of service quality issues.
The SIAM BoK claims that some key benefits of moving to a well managed multisourced IT organisation can include:
Ease of obtaining additional resources "on tap".
Increased adaptability and speed of response to business requirements.
Competition between suppliers to drive down costs and increase quality.
Widening the portfolio of services and skills available to the organisation.
Decreased time to market, with increased innovation and business to IT alignment.
Allowing the retained organisation to focus on IT strategy, business relationship management, enterprise architecture, and governance.
Having the ability to utilise suppliers who are either best-of-breed or specialists, experts in niche technologies, or who can bring individual strengths to specific service offerings.
SIAM aims to bring the desired governance and control which will ensure organisational policies and standards are not ignored or inconsistently applied; and suppliers act in a cohesive and efficient manner.
Challenges in SIAM Implementation
SIAM is beneficial for organizations outsourcing their key functions and services but SIAM Implementation faces multiple challenges:
Alignment of Service Level Agreements is biggest challenge in SIAM as whenever an organization signs contracts with one vendor they look only specifics and current requirement. Overall SLA and Contractual alignment is biggest challenge in SIAM.
Blame Game is still an issue. SIAM functions as a neutral party but when issues crops up vendors blame each other and finding a common ground is a challenge.
Ownership is often not defined. Root cause identification and decision making for solution deployment spreads across the organizations and lack ownership. SIAM implementation can be only fruitful if certain level of decision making is inbuilt within SIAM.
SIAM aims to remove the gaps in communication but the communication gap is often seen as a challenge in a multi-sourcing environment.
Organisational structure
The creation of a service integration team, which acts as the single point of accountability and orchestrate multiple suppliers, is seen as an effective way of minimizing or mitigating potential multisourcing issues, and optimising the composite IT organisation.
A SIAM function, department or team will typically:
Manage the multiple suppliers to give the optimal mix of flexibility, innovation, standard and consistent service.
Be accountable for the integrated services that are being delivered back to the business.
Specify IT service management processes and procedures to be deployed across the enterprise and ensure they are followed.
Act as the central point of control between IT demand and IT supply.
Play a pivotal coordinating role in all service management processes.
Examples of specific activities that a SIAM team would undertake include: assessing changes to the infrastructure and applications; managing the resolution of incidents which affect a service supported by multiple service providers; and coordinating disaster recovery. In addition, a SIAM team would act as the gatekeeper by enforcing change, security accreditation, testing and release processes.
Four different organizational models exist to institutionalize service integration and management in multi-sourcing settings with interdependent services. The models describe the position of the organizational unit that is performing service integration and management:
Internal service integrator: The client itself can take responsibility for service integration. Its retained organization is accountable for coordinating and integrating the services.
Lead supplier as service integrator: One of the clients's existing service providers is responsible for service integration in addition to its original service delivery responsibilities.
External service integrator: An independent third-party company is responsible for service integration without additional service delivery responsibilities.
Hybrid service integrator: Service integration responsibilities are distributed across the client and one of their service providers.
Prime vendor, where one organisation sub-contracts services to external service providers is not a SIAM structure, although it requires similar capabilities. The service integrator in a SIAM model will not typically hold contractual relationships with the service providers.
Hence, a key feature of the SIAM approach is that the SIAM team might itself be sourced either entirely or in part from a supplier. Whilst it might be considered beneficial from a governance perspective for that supplier to have no other commercial interest in the provision of IT services to the customer in practice the SIAM provider is often the supplier with the largest contract value. In theory this means that they have the greatest interest in delivering a good service.
ITIL and SIAM
ITIL processes and capabilities provide a strong foundation for implementing SIAM because they cover the lifecycle of IT services, and the terminology is recognized and understood by most IT suppliers. ITIL, therefore, provides a strong platform and common language with which a SIAM team can manage and work with a full spectrum of suppliers. SIAM draws on other sources of best practice as well in specific domain areas, for instance COBIT5 and ISO/IEC 38500. Whilst ITIL provides high level guidance on many aspects of IT management relevant to SIAM it does not currently do so in the context of a multi-supplier eco-system. Axelos, the current owners of ITIL have published several white papers on SIAM.
In an organisational ecosystem using processes based on ITIL, SIAM capabilities are needed to align processes across service providers.
ITIL is less applicable in situations where SIAM is being applied to non-IT services.
The SIAM Process Guides, published by Scopism Ltd and available as a free download, explains how to adapt service management processes in a multi-supplier environment.
Global Adoption
SIAM has been adopted by organizations in many different countries. The 2021 Global SIAM Survey published by Scopism Ltd had respondents from 32 countries. India provided the most responses, followed by the UK, Australia, the Netherlands and the USA. Anecdotal evidence suggests that SIAM is more mature in Europe, Japan and Australia than in North America. According to the certification institute EXIN, SIAM certifications have been taken in over 21 countries since the certification program’s launch in 2017
SIAM practitioners later begin to host Service North. Service North is a global SIAM conference that has been taking place since 2018. Initially held in the UK, the 2021 and 2022 events were virtual, with attendees from around the world.
References
Additional Links
SIAM-MSI – An Introduction to Service Integration and Management-Multi-Sourcing Integration for IT Service Management by David Clifford (FSM) - https://www.itgovernanceusa.com/shop/product/siam-msi-an-introduction-to-service-integration-and-management-multi-sourcing-integration-for-it-service-management
SIAM Foundation Body of Knowledge - https://www.maxpert.de/ecomaXL/get_blob.php?name=SIAM-Foundation-Body-of-Knowledge.pdf
SIAM Future Model Approach - Government Procurement Service - https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/technology/service-integration.html
Service Integration and Management in a Multisourced IT Operating Model by Hannah Patterson, Principal Consultant, ISG - http://www.isg-one.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/assembling-the-jigsaw.pdf
IT service management | Service integration and management | [
"Technology"
] | 2,851 | [
"Computer industry",
"IT service management"
] |
41,417,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Morton | Maurice Morton (3 June 1913 – 23 March 1994) was a polymer author, educator, and researcher. He was the first director of the University of Akron's Institute of Rubber Research, which in 1993 was renamed the Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science.
Personal
Morton was born Meishel Abramowitz in the Russian Empire on 3 June 1913. Due to political instability following World War I, Morton's family moved from Latvia to Canada, settling in Montreal. Some of his earliest memories were of gunfire when the Russian Revolution began in St. Petersburg. He attended college at McGill University. He married Lilian Rosenbloom in 1933. The two were married for sixty years, until her death in 1993. Morton emigrated to the United States in 1948, to take a position at the University of Akron, where he would remain for his career. Morton had three children, Jay Dennis, John Alex, and Ruth.
Education
1934 – BA Chemistry at McGill University
1945 – PhD Chemistry, McGill University on the topic of emulsion copolymerization of butadiene-styrene (SBR) rubber.
Career
1936 – 1941 Chief Chemist - Johns Manville, Quebec
1941 – 1944 Chief Chemist - Congoleum Canada, Montreal
1945 – 1948 Assistant Professor and department head at Concordia University
1948 – hired by George S. Whitby as assistant director of rubber research for the U. S. Government Rubber Research Program's at the University of Akron. Some of his first accomplishments were the design and execution of experiments to confirm theories developed by Paul J. Flory.
1952 – upon retirement of Prof. Whitby, the university appointed Morton as the first Professor of Polymer Chemistry, and assistant director of the chemistry department.
1956 – founded the Ph.D. program in Polymer Chemistry at the university's Institute of Rubber Research
1962 – served as chairman of the ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry.
1993 – retired as Regents Professor Emeritus of Polymer Chemistry
Morton held three patents in polymer chemistry. He wrote more than 100 technical articles over his career, as well as widely used texts. His most cited research article treated the subject of anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers.
Awards and Recognitions
1979 – Colwyn medal of the Plastics and Rubber Institute of Great Britain
1985 – Charles Goodyear Medal from the ACS Rubber Division
1988 – Paul J. Flory Polymer Education Award
1990 – Médaille de la Ville de Paris
1991 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Akron
1994 – International Rubber Science Hall of Fame
References
Polymer scientists and engineers
1913 births
1994 deaths
U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program
University of Akron faculty
Latvian emigrants to Canada
Canadian emigrants to the United States
McGill University alumni | Maurice Morton | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 539 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
41,417,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronics%20Max-Viz | Astronics Max-Viz is an American company founded in Portland, Oregon on May 31, 2001 as Max-Viz, Inc. to design, manufacture and certify Enhanced Vision Systems ("EVS") primarily for use in the aerospace industry. Max-Viz EVS devices present real-time images of the external environment on aircraft cockpit monitors to improve pilot situational awareness under circumstances where visibility is impaired by weather or darkness. The company objective is to help the pilot see clearly and fly safely by providing visual information about where they are, where they are going and what is in their way. The Max-Viz EVS captures and enhances thermal infrared signals and can be combined with visible light as well as other electromagnetic energy sources. The company's systems are designed to be integrated with a variety of displays already in the aircraft cockpit.
History
The company came into being as a result of two inventions that allowed for possibility of a small lightweight design for EVS that could be deployed onto small private and commercial aircraft and helicopters.
The first invention was an uncooled focal plane array licensed from Honeywell (called a microbolometer) that could detect thermal infrared radiation, did not require a cryogenic cooling system (as conventional systems required in the 1990s) and could convert the electromagnetic thermal impulses into signals that could be displayed on a monitor. The second invention was a patented system to fuse video images from multiple sources developed by Dr. J. Richard Kerr (one of the original founders of Max-Viz). This invention enabled signals from a visible light source to be combined with the signals from an infrared source (like the Honeywell focal plane array mentioned above) and present a picture which Astronics describe as "turning night into day".
The Max-Viz start-up was financed with initial investments from a number of Portland area angel investors, strategic investments from FLIR Systems and, later, with venture capital funding from OVP Venture Partners, Alexander Hutton Venture Partners, Montlake Capital, and Highway 12 Ventures. Max-Viz licensed the microbolometer design from Honeywell for use in aviation and initially licensed the fusion patent (developed by Dr. Kerr) from FLIR Systems. In 2012, the company was acquired by Astronics Corporation (NASDAQ: ATRO) as a wholly owned subsidiary. Max-Viz became part of the Astronics PECO business unit in 2020, but continued to maintain its brand.
By May 2011, the company had sold more than 1,000 EVS systems using 50+ aviation certifications on more than 200 different aircraft models including business jets, helicopters and various piston driven aircraft. Among those companies that offer the Max-Viz EVS at the factory on selected aircraft models are AgustaWestland, Beechcraft, Bell Helicopter, Cessna, Cirrus Aircraft and Eurocopter. Max-Viz continues as a standalone business unit of Astronics Corporation and focuses its resources on core competencies involving packaging & design, image fusion and certification/installation of EVS systems.
Products
The company's first product was the Max-Viz 1000 and was certified in 2003. It contained a single microbolometer to detect thermal radiation and was made of an exotic compound called Vanadium Oxide tuned to detect infrared waves in the 8 to 12 micron bandwidth. The sensor had a 53-degree field of view (slightly wider than normal 30 degree human vision) and produced a video signal that could be fed to a monitor using a standard RS-170, the standard NTSC signal used in analog displays. The Max-Viz 1000 system weighed about 5 pounds and required 10 watts during normal usage at 28 VDC. This product was produced from 2003 to 2008. The company's second product was the Max-Viz 2500 and was certified in 2005. This product contained two sensors; a long wave microbolometer like the one used in the Max-Viz 1000 and a short wave sensor that could pick up the incandescent lights from the airport environment. This system had a 30-degree field of view (equal to the field of view of human vision) and weighed 10 pounds. This product was produced from 2005 to 2010.
The Max-Viz 1500 was introduced in 2008 was an enhancement of the Max-Viz 1000. It offers an optical dual field of view (30° and 53°) and advanced image processing to avoid blooming and washout. Both the Max-Viz 1000 and Max-Viz 1500 use the same housing making it easier for existing Max-Viz 1000 customers to upgrade and preserving the investment in FAA certifications.
The Max-Viz 600 was also introduced in 2008. This product was specifically designed for the General Aviation community and is housed in ultra-lightweight high impact plastic weighing less than 1.2 pounds. The system is dual wavelength (infrared and visible light sensors) and uses a patented process to fuse the images.
References
Avionics
Avionics companies
Companies based in Portland, Oregon | Astronics Max-Viz | [
"Technology"
] | 1,003 | [
"Avionics",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
41,418,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%20JTC%201/SC%2032 | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 Data management and interchange is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which develops and facilitates standards within the field of data management and interchange. The international secretariat of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) located in the United States.
History
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 was formed in 1997, as a combination of the following three ISO/IEC JTC 1 subgroups: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 21/WG 3, Database; ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 14, Data elements; and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 30, Open-edi. The new subcommittee was established with the intention of developing, and facilitating the development of, standards for data management within local and distributed information system environments. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 was originally made up of five working groups (WGs). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32/WG 5, Database access and interchange, was disbanded in March 2002. WG 4, SQL multimedia and application packages, was disbanded in May, 2018. The three other original working groups of the subcommittee are currently active, although the title of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32/WG 1 was changed from Open-edi to its current title, e-Business. A new working group, WG 6 Data usage, was added in 2020.
Scope
The scope of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 is “Standards for data management within and among local and distributed information systems environments. SC 32 provides enabling technologies to promote harmonization of data management facilities across sector-specific areas. Specifically, SC32 standards include:”
Reference models and frameworks for the coordination of existing and emerging standards
Definition of data domains, data types, and data structures, and their associated semantics
Languages, services, and protocols for persistent storage, concurrent access and concurrent update, and interchange of data
Methods, languages, services, and protocols to structure, organize, and register metadata and other information resources associated with sharing and interoperability, including electronic commerce
Structure
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 is made up of four active working groups, each of which carries out specific tasks in standards development within the field of data management and interchange. As a response to changing standardization needs, working groups of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 can be disbanded if their area of work is no longer applicable, or established if new working areas arise. The focus of each working group is described in the group’s terms of reference. Active working groups of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 are:
Collaborations
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 works in close collaboration with a number of other organizations or subcommittees, both internal and external to ISO or IEC, in order to avoid conflicting or duplicative work. Organizations internal to ISO or IEC that collaborate with or are in liaison to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 include:
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7, Software and systems engineering
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25, Interconnection of information technology equipment
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38, Cloud Computing and Distributed Platforms
ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units
ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources
ISO/TC 37/SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods
ISO/TC 37/SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content
ISO/TC 37/SC 4, Language resource management
ISO/TC 46/SC 4, Technical interoperability
ISO/TC 46/SC 11, Archives/records management
ISO/TC 68/SC 2, Financial Services, security
ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery
ISO/TC 154, Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration
ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration
ISO/TC 184/SC 4, Industrial data
ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems
ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics
ISO/TC 215, Health informatics
ISO/TC 232, Learning services outside formal education
Some organizations external to ISO or IEC that collaborate with or are in liaison to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 include:
International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers (CISAC)
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)
EUROSTAT
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
ITU
Infoterm
Object Management Group (OMG)
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
UN/CEFACT
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
W3C
Member countries
Countries pay a fee to ISO to be members of subcommittees.
The 14 "P" (participating) members of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 are: Canada, China, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Finland, Germany, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Portugal, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, and United States.
The 22 "O" (observing) members of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey.
Published standards
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 standards are meant to structure, organize, and register metadata and other information resources associated with sharing and interoperability, including electronic commerce. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 currently has 74 published standards within the field of data management and interchange, including:
SQL
The committee is responsible for the SQL standard, which has seen ten revisions since its initial publication in 1986. As of 2023, the most recent update is SQL:2023.
See also
ISO/IEC JTC 1
List of ISO standards
American National Standards Institute
International Organization for Standardization
International Electrotechnical Commission
References
External links
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 page at ISO
032
Data management
Data interchange standards | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,267 | [
"Data management",
"Computer standards",
"Data interchange standards",
"Data"
] |
47,376,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TY%20Pyxidis | TY Pyxidis is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Pyxis. The apparent magnitude ranges from 6.85 to 7.5 over 3.2 days.
The two components are both of spectral type G5IV, have a mass of 1.2 solar masses and revolve around each other every 3.2 days. Each star is around 2.2 times the diameter of the Sun.
The system is classified as either a RS Canum Venaticorum variable or a BY Draconis variable, stars that vary on account of prominent starspot activity, and lies 184 ± 5 light years away. The system emits X-rays, and analysing the emission curve over time led Pres and colleagues to conclude that there was a loop of material arcing between the two stars.
References
Pyxis
BY Draconis variables
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
Durchmusterung objects
044164
077137
G-type subgiants
Pyxidis, TY | TY Pyxidis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 210 | [
"Pyxis",
"Constellations"
] |
47,377,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HINT2 | Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 2 (HINT2) is a mitochondrial protein that in humans is encoded by the HINT2 gene on chromosome 9. This protein is an AMP-lysine hydrolase and phosphoamidase and may contribute to tumor suppression.
Structure
As a member of the histidine triad nucleotide-binding (Hint) protein family, which is a subfamily of the histidine triad (HIT) family, HINT2 contains a conserved histidine and HIT sequence motif (His-X-His-X-His-X-X), and the latter two histidines contribute to a catalytic triad.
The 163-amino acid protein encoded by this gene forms a 17-kDa homodimer. Compared to other members of the Hint family, HINT2 has a 61% sequence homology to HINT1 and 28% sequence homology to HINT3. When compared with HINT1, the 35–amino acid extension at the HINT2 N-terminal corresponds to a predicted mitochondria import signal.
Function
HINT2 is a member of the HIT superfamily and Hint subfamily, which are characterized as nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that act on the alpha-phosphate of ribonucleotides. The Hint family is the oldest within the HIT superfamily and thus, its members are highly conserved among eukaryotes and archaebacteria. The Hint proteins function as AMP-lysine hydrolases and phosphoramidases. In mammals, HINT2 is expressed in the liver, adrenal cortex, and pancreas and localizes to the mitochondria within their cells. Specifically, the protein is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, facing the mitochondrial matrix. This positioning likely facilitates the transport of cholesterol from the cytosol to the matrix, which is necessary for steroidogenesis, by providing a contact site for the hydrophobic molecule and allowing it to cross the mitochondrial intermembrane space. HINT2 regulates steroidogenesis through calcium-dependent and calcium-independent signalling pathways that may serve to maintain a favorable mitochondrial potential. Its role in calcium homeostasis may also contribute to its proapoptotic function in hepatocytes and other non-steroidogenic cells, though the exact mechanism remains unclear.
Clinical significance
Hint2, one of the three members of the Hint family of proteins, is localized to mitochondria of various cell types. In human adrenocarcinoma cells, Hint2 modulates Ca2+ handling by mitochondria. In all living organisms, intracellular calcium controls a wide variety of physiological processes. Extracellular stimuli generate temporally organized Ca2+ signals, which most of the time occur as repetitive spikes. The frequency of these oscillations controls the nature and the extent of the cellular response. Ca2+ oscillations originate from the repetitive opening of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors that are Ca2+ channels embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Opening of these channels is initiated by the stimulus-induced rise in InsP3; because their activity is biphasically regulated by the level of cytoplasmic Ca2+, oscillations can occur. Mitochondria also affect cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals. They can both buffer cytosolic Ca2+ changes (7 and 8) and release Ca2+. At rest, intramitochondrial ([Ca2+]m) and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) are similar, of the order of 100 nM (9).
The Hint family has been implicated in tumor suppression. Int2, a member of the superfamily of histidine triad proteins, has been localized exclusively in mitochondria, near the contact sites of the inner membrane. This enzyme is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial lipid metabolism, respiration, and glucose homeostasis. Hint2 modulates cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics by stimulating the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It appears that the absence of Hint2 leads to a premature opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in mitochondrial suspensions. As such, HINT2 plays a prominent role in mitochondrial cell death signaling (e.g. apoptosis) and in ischemia-reperfusion injury (for instance during heart attacks) through calcium homeostasis.
In particular, HINT2 is also observed to be upregulated in breast, pancreatic, and colon cancer cells, while it is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and endometrial cancer. Its exact role in tumor suppression remains unknown, though studies suggest it may promote apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma and endometrial cancer. In double knockout Hint2 mice, higher acylation and morphological alterations were observed in the mitochondria, suggesting that Hint2 may regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
Interactions
Currently, HINT2 has no known protein-protein interaction partners.
See also
Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1)
References
Proteins | HINT2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,099 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
47,378,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20ribosome | Synthetic ribosomes are artificial small-molecules that can synthesize peptides in a sequence-specific matter.
David Alan Leigh's lab built synthetic ribosome using a chemical structure based on a rotaxane.
The Cédric Orelle research group created ribosomes with tethered and inseparable subunits (or Ribo-T).
References
Synthetic biology | Synthetic ribosome | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 78 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular genetics",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
47,378,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5SICS | d5SICS is an artificial nucleoside containing 6-methylisoquinoline-1-thione-2-yl group instead of a base.
It pairs up with dNaM in a hydrophobic interaction. It was not able to be removed by the error-correcting machinery of the E. coli into which it was inserted. The pairing of d5SICS–dNaM is mediated by packing and hydrophobic forces instead of hydrogen bonding, which occurs in natural base pairs. Therefore, in free DNA, rings of d5SICS and dNaM are placed in parallel planes instead of the same plane. The d5SICS-dNaM pairing replaced an older dNaM-dTPT3 pairing.
References
Nucleosides
Synthetic biology
Thioketones
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings | D5SICS | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 176 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Functional groups",
"Molecular biology stubs",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Thioketones",
"Molecular biology"
] |
47,379,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20Block | A Media Block or Integrated Media Block (IMB) is a component in a digital cinema projection system. Its purpose is to convert the Digital Cinema Package (DCP) content into data that ultimately produces picture and sound in a theater in compliance with DCI anti-piracy encryption requirements.
Terminology
DCI specification allows for two different security system architectures.
In the first the Media Block is outside of the projector. This design is simply referred to as a "Media Block" and is typically a device attached directly to the motherboard of a Digital Cinema server. The media block is usually connected to the projector by dual-link SDI cables. Such media block is limited to processing 2K output, downscaling 4K DCPs if necessary.
The second architecture describes an "Integrated Media Block". This refers to a device attached and integrated directly into the projector, which receives image data from the server, usually via a cat6 Ethernet connection. They can process 2K and 4K output.
Some hardware implementations integrate the entire server on a single board and are able to work both as a MB as well as an IMB.
Security Features
All security functions are contained within a Secure Processing Block (SPB), a tamper-proof physical device.
Upon ingestion into a DCP server, Key Delivery Messages (KDM) are stored on flash memory in the media block or IMB. A KDM is written to enable the playback of a specific DCP during a specific time window and on a specific media block or IMB, identified by its serial number during the authoring process. Media blocks and IMBs also contain a secure clock that is set in the factory cannot be altered by the end user, which the DCP servers to which they are attached use to determine showtimes. The secure clock prevents theaters from showing encrypted movies outside the times authorized by the KDM (e.g. after it has expired) by simply changing the date and time in the server's BIOS. Media blocks and IMBs also typically include anti-tamper devices, designed to self-destruct the unit if unauthorized modification of its hardware, software or secure clock is attempted.
References
Film and video technology
Film and video terminology
Digital media | Media Block | [
"Technology"
] | 458 | [
"Multimedia",
"Digital media"
] |
47,379,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachymic%20acid | Pachymic acid is a naturally occurring steroid that can be extracted from the parasitic fungus Wolfiporia extensa (synonym Wolfiporia cocos). The dried sclerotia of the fungus is used as a traditional Chinese medicine, and pachymic acid is thought to be the principal bioactive component of it. Pachymic acid is a white powder that is not absorbed well by the body due the poor solubility it has in water.
Effects
Pachymic acid is known to inhibit the Epstein–Barr virus and to inhibit the snake venom phospholipase A2. It also has antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Pachymic acid anti-tumor properties are due to the cytotoxic effects it has on the tumors making them less viable and proliferate less. Various cancer cells can have their cell growth stopped and undergo apotosis, however the exact mechanism is not known.
References
Lanostanes
Carboxylic acids
Acetate esters | Pachymic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 205 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
47,381,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%20O%27Hara | Jun O'Hara, legally named , is a Japanese mathematician who works on the fields of low-dimensional topology and knot theory. He is a professor at Chiba University.
He is famous for his discovery of Möbius energy, a type of knot energy.
He was born on 29 March 1963 in Hiroshima, Japan.
He was a PhD student of Takashi Tsuboi at the University of Tokyo.
Selected publications
Energy of knots and conformal geometry. World Scientific, Singapore, (2003).
"Energy of a knot", Topology v. 30 n. 2, pp. 241–247 (1991)
See also
Knot energy
References
1963 births
People from Hiroshima
University of Tokyo alumni
Topologists
Living people
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
21st-century Japanese mathematicians
Academic staff of Tokyo Metropolitan University | Jun O'Hara | [
"Mathematics"
] | 158 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology"
] |
47,381,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACHO%20176.18833.411 | MACHO 176.18833.411 (OGLE BLG-RRLYR-10353) is an RR Lyrae variable star located in the galactic bulge of our Milky Way Galaxy. However, it is not a galactic bulge star, it is a galactic halo star, which is on the part of its elliptical orbit that brings it within the bulge before returning to the outer parts of the galaxy, the halo. The star is currently located about from the Galactic Center. , this star has the highest velocity of any known RR Lyrae variable located in the bulge, moving at , only slightly below galactic escape velocity, and 5x the average velocity of bulge stars. Its nature was discovered as part of the BRAVA-RR survey.
References
RR Lyrae variables
Sagittarius (constellation) | MACHO 176.18833.411 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 166 | [
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,382,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20restingae | Penicillium restingae is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from soil of the Guaibim sandbank in Bahia in Brazil.
References
Further reading
restingae
Fungi described in 2014
Fungus species | Penicillium restingae | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,383,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook%20Bluetooth%20Beacon | The Facebook Bluetooth Beacon is a hardware beacon released by Facebook in 2015. The beacon uses a bluetooth connection to communicate with the Facebook app on the user's smartphone, informing it of the phone's location. The technology allows location-specific advertising to be pushed to the user's Facebook feed.
In June 2015, Facebook gave free beacons to a number of businesses in the United States.
See also
Bluetooth low energy beacon
Eddystone
References
Automatic identification and data capture
Bluetooth
Facebook
Geopositioning
Indoor positioning system
Ubiquitous computing | Facebook Bluetooth Beacon | [
"Technology"
] | 109 | [
"Wireless locating",
"Wireless networking",
"Indoor positioning system",
"Data",
"Automatic identification and data capture",
"Bluetooth"
] |
47,383,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHS%202520 | LHS 2520, also known as GJ 3707, is a red dwarf star in the constellation Corvus. With an apparent magnitude of 12.12, it is too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. A cool star of spectral type M3.5V, it has a surface temperature of 3024 K. The star was too faint to have had its parallax measured by the Hipparcos satellite. Measurement by Gaia gives its parallax as milliarcseconds, yielding a distance of .
In popular culture
In Action Comics #14 (January 2013), which was published 7 November 2012, Neil Degrasse Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that Superman's home planet, Krypton, orbited LHS 2520. Tyson assisted DC Comics in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked the star in Corvus, and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows.
The star also appears as LP 734-32 in the 2014 game, Elite Dangerous.
References
Corvus (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
3707 | LHS 2520 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 247 | [
"Corvus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,385,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-296 | Kepler-296 is a binary star system in the constellation Draco. The primary star appears to be a late K-type main-sequence star, while the secondary is a red dwarf.
Planetary system
Five exoplanets have been detected around the system; all are believed to be orbiting the primary star rather than its dimmer companion. Two planets in particular, Kepler-296e and Kepler-296f, are likely located in the habitable zone. For the planetary system to remain stable, no additional giant planets can be located up to orbital radius 10.1 AU.
See also
Habitability of red dwarf systems
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
References
External links
Kepler-296 - Open Exoplanet Catalogue
Draco (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars
J19060960+4926143
Planetary systems with five confirmed planets
K-type main-sequence stars | Kepler-296 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 186 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
47,385,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse%20%28trench%20warfare%29 | In trench warfare, a traverse is an adaptation to reduce casualties to defenders occupying a trench. One form of traverse is a U-shaped detour in the trench with the trench going around a protrusion formed of earth and sandbags. The fragments or shrapnel, or shockwave from a shell landing and exploding within a trench then cannot spread horizontally past the obstacle the traverse interposes. Also, an enemy that has entered a trench is unable to fire down the length at the defenders, or otherwise enfilade the trench.
A traverse trench is a trench dug perpendicular to a trench line, but extending away from the enemy. It has two functions. One function is to provide an entry into the main trench. A second function is to provide a place for defenders to shelter and regroup should the enemy have penetrated into the main trench and be able to fire down the main trench's length.
On an approach trench, that is, a trench leading from the rear to the frontline or firing trench, defenders may construct an island traverse. With an island traverse, the approach trench splits to go around both sides of a traverse before coming together again.
Lastly, a flying or bridge traverse is a sandbagged covering for a stretch of trench to block shrapnel or shell fragments from entering the trench.
References
Anon. (1917) Professional Memoirs, Engineer Bureau, United States Army, Volume 9. (Engineer School).
Smith, J.S. (1917) Trench Warfare: A Manual for Officers and Men. (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.).
Military terminology
Trench warfare
Military engineering | Traverse (trench warfare) | [
"Engineering"
] | 333 | [
"Construction",
"Military engineering"
] |
47,386,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomocytosis | Vomocytosis (sometimes called non-lytic expulsion) is the cellular process by phagocytes expel live organisms that they have engulfed without destroying the organism. Vomocytosis is one of many methods used by cells to expel internal materials into their external environment, yet it is distinct in that both the engulfed organism and host cell remain undamaged by expulsion. As engulfed organisms are released without being destroyed, vomocytosis has been hypothesized to be utilized by pathogens as an escape mechanism from the immune system. The exact mechanisms, as well as the repertoire of cells that utilize this mechanism, are currently unknown, yet interest in this unique cellular process is driving continued research with the hopes of elucidating these unknowns.
Discovery
Vomocytosis was first reported in 2006 by two groups, working simultaneously in the UK and the US, based on time-lapse microscopy footage characterising the interaction between macrophages and the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Subsequently, this process has also been seen with other fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida krusei. It has also been speculated that the process may be related to the expulsion of bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium marinum from host cells. Vomocytosis has been observed in phagocytic cells from mice, humans and birds, as well as being directly observed in zebrafish and indirectly detected (via flow cytometry) in mice. Amoebae exhibit a similar process to vomocytosis whereby phagosomal material that cannot be digested is exocytosed. Cryptococci are exocytosed from amoebae via this mechanism but inhibition of the constitutive pathway demonstrated that cryptococci could also be expelled via vomocytosis.
Mechanism
A full understanding of the mechanisms involved in vomocytosis is not currently known, yet advances in research have driven initial mechanistic descriptions and crucial steps involved in the process. Research has shown vomocytosis does not occur when pathogens are dead or when engulfed materials are non-living, indicating the survival of phagosomal cargo may be crucial for triggering or enhancing vomocytosis. Additionally, the phagosomal pH may play important roles in vomocytosis efficacy as research has demonstrated vomocytosis rates drop as phagocytes become more acidic and vomocytosis is increased by the addition of weak bases to phagocytes. The membrane composition and cellular state are implicated in vomocytosis as vomocytosis has been shown to decrease with membrane permiability and increase in states of autophagy. Furthermore, inflammatory signals such as Type I interferons, which are produced in response to viral infections, are known to enhance vomocytosis. The impacts of these described forces on inducing vomocytosis are still being elaborated, and it is likely that they are variable based on other unknown external and internal factors.
Just as in standard exocytosis, rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton within the host cell are crucial for allowing vomocytosis to occur. In contrast to standard exocytosis, the engulfed pathogen is not lysed by internal components of the host cell, and the vesicle is brought close to the cellular membrane where it can fuse and release the pathogen cargo. Annexin A2, a membrane-bound protein, helps regulate vomocytosis and promote the fusing of vesicles to the plasma membranes. In annexin A2 deficient cell lines, rates of vomocytosis were decreased. Furthermore, screens of macrophage kinase inhibitors revealed signaling pathways linked to vomocytosis. ERK5, involved in the MAPK signaling pathway that communicates surface signals to cellular DNA, was shown to suppress vomocytosis. Additional signaling pathways involved in vomocytosis have yet to be determined. Furthermore, different morphologies of vomocytosis have been documented and it is possible that the underlying cellular mechanism may vary between them.
Biological significance
Research has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms and importance of vomocytosis as it is hypothesized to be linked to many significant biological processes. Vomocytosis plays a role in lateral transfer, a process by which cells transfer engulfed cargo to a neighboring recipient cell, as initial cells expel their cargo undamaged so they can be uptaken by recipient cells. Additionally, vomocytosis is hypothesized to be utilized as an escape mechanism by pathogens as it allows them to evade degradation by macrophages. Since there is no damage to host cells or pathogens during vomocytosis, the immune system is not triggered, which allows for further potential evasion from hosts. More research is necessary to determine whether vomocytosis is initiated by engulfed pathogens for this purpose or by host cells and this is simply an unintentional benefit to pathogens. An additional hypothesis is that vomocytosis may enhance pathogenesis or spread of a pathogen as they are engulfed by macrophages and later expelled in locations that may potentially be different from the site of acute infection. Enhancing our understanding of host-pathogen interactions will clarify our understanding of vomocytosis's role in infection progression. Lastly, vomocytosis has been implicated in tumor response as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are speculated to be able to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) via vomocytosis. Better understanding the mechanisms of inducing and regulating vomocytosis will enhance our knowledge of host-pathogen and host-self interactions, allowing for advances in our ability to respond to infections and tumors.
References
Articles containing video clips
Immunology
Phagocytes
Microbiology | Vomocytosis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,189 | [
"Immunology",
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
47,387,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZ%20Pyxidis | RZ Pyxidis is eclipsing binary system in the constellation Pyxis, made up of two young stars less than two millions years old. Both are hot blue-white stars of spectral type B7V and are around 2.5 times the size of the Sun. One is around five times as luminous as the sun and the other around four times as luminous. The system is classified as a Beta Lyrae variable, the apparent magnitude ranging from 8.83 to 9.72 over 0.66 days.
References
Pyxis
Beta Lyrae variables
B-type main-sequence stars
Durchmusterung objects
075920
043541
Pyxidis, RZ | RZ Pyxidis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 144 | [
"Pyxis",
"Constellations"
] |
44,275,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge | Sludge (possibly , or some dialect related to slush) is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from water treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. It can be produced as a settled suspension obtained from conventional drinking water treatment, as sewage sludge from wastewater treatment processes or as fecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks. The term is also sometimes used as a generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid; this soupy material usually contains significant quantities of interstitial water (between the solid particles). Sludge can consist of a variety of particles, such as animal manure.
Industrial wastewater treatment plants produce solids that are also referred to as sludge. This can be generated from biological or physical-chemical processes.
In the activated sludge process for wastewater treatment, the terms "waste activated sludge" and "return activated sludge" are used.
Sludge from the food-processing and beverage-making industries can have a high content of protein and other nutrients. Thus, it can be processed for beneficial uses such as animal feed, rather than being landfilled.
Types of Sludge
There are several types of sludge, often categorized by their origin or processing stages:
Primary Sludge: This sludge originates from the primary treatment of wastewater, where solids settle out by gravity. Primary sludge often contains large particulate organic matter and inorganic compounds.
Secondary Sludge: Also known as biological sludge, this sludge comes from secondary wastewater treatment processes that use biological agents to decompose organic pollutants. Secondary sludge consists mostly of microorganisms, dead cells, and remaining organic materials.
Tertiary or Chemical Sludge: Produced in some treatment facilities as part of a tertiary process, this sludge contains residual chemicals used to remove phosphorus, nitrogen, and other pollutants.
Mineral Sludge: This name is given to sludge produced during mineral processes such as quarries or mining beneficiation processes. Their nature is essentially mineral particles of various sizes (including clays). They have a very good aptitude to settle by gravity and very high concentrations are frequently obtained
Waste Activated Sludge (WAS): is generated from the biological treatment of wastewater and primarily comprises microorganisms, including bacteria and other volatile organic compounds. WAS typically has low or no stabilization and contains a high level of volatile suspended solids (VSS), ranging from 80% to 85% of the total solids. Dewaterability of WAS is moderate, achieving dry residue (DR) values between 14% and 17% after dewatering. It is often combined with primary sludge to form mixed sludge, enhancing stabilization and dewaterability.
Aerated Sludge: is stabilized through intensive aeration, typically over a 15-day period, reducing its organic content and microbial activity. This process decreases the volatile dry residue (VDR) to about 68% of dry mass, allowing for improved dewatering with DR values reaching 21% to 25%. This type of sludge is generally free of sticking issues during belt drying and is commonly found in smaller wastewater treatment plants.
Sludge Composition
Sludge composition varies significantly based on its source and the treatment process used. It generally includes:
Organic Matter: Made up of decomposed or undecomposed materials, it serves as a potential energy source.
Nutrients: Nitrogen and phosphorus are often present and, in some cases, can be beneficial if sludge is used as fertilizer.
Heavy Metals: Sludge can contain toxic metals like cadmium, lead, and mercury, especially if it originates from industrial wastewater, which poses potential risks if the sludge is reused. (Fytili & Zabaniotou, 2008).
Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are frequently found in sludge, especially municipal sludge, and require disinfection before disposal or reuse.
Treatment and Disposal Methods
Proper sludge treatment and disposal are crucial to minimize environmental and public health impacts.
Common methods include:
Thickening and Dewatering: Thickening and dewatering reduce sludge volume, making it easier to transport and process further. Dewatering techniques include centrifugation and filtration.
Anaerobic Digestion: This process decomposes organic matter in sludge in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas that can be used as an energy source. Anaerobic digestion reduces pathogen levels and stabilizes sludge.
Composting: Composting sludge with other organic materials can create a soil amendment product. This requires proper management to control pathogens and odors.
Incineration: Sludge can be incinerated, converting it into ash and reducing volume significantly. However, this process requires energy input and can emit pollutants if not properly controlled.
Reuse and Environmental Concerns
Some treated sludge, known as biosolids, can be used as fertilizer in agriculture due to its nutrient content. However, the presence of contaminants like heavy metals and pathogens requires careful regulation and management. In many countries, guidelines limit the application of biosolids to protect soil health and groundwater quality. There is also increasing concern over "forever chemicals" like PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) that can accumulate in sludge and pose long-term environmental risks.
Regulatory Standards and Management
Many countries have established regulatory frameworks for sludge management. In the United States, for instance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees the safe disposal and reuse of sludge through its "Part 503" regulations. These regulations set limits on pathogens, heavy metals, and other contaminants to ensure biosolids used in agriculture or land application are safe. Similarly, the European Union has strict directives regarding sludge, emphasizing sustainable practices and environmental protection.
40 CFR Part 503
The EPA, under CWA section 405(d), established regulations for the use and disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids) found in 40 CFR Part 503. These standards regulate sludge applied to land, incinerated, or placed in surface disposal sites, addressing pollutant limits, pathogen and vector reduction, management practices, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. They apply to anyone handling, applying, or disposing of sewage sludge, as well as operators of disposal sites. Initially finalized in 1993, 40 CFR Part 503 has been amended several times. The original regulation is in the Federal Register, while the updated version is in the Code of Federal Regulations.
Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC
The directive aims to promote the safe use of sewage sludge in agriculture while protecting human health, soil, water, and the environment. It prohibits untreated sludge on agricultural land unless properly incorporated into the soil, mandates adherence to plant nutrient requirements, and prevents soil and water contamination. The Directive also supports the EU's waste hierarchy by encouraging safe recycling of nutrients like phosphorus, aligning with circular economy principles and the European Green Deal's zero pollution goals.
Using treated sludge as an alternative to chemical fertilizers reduces dependence on raw material extraction but requires strict control to avoid spreading contaminants. A 2014 evaluation of the SSD highlighted shortcomings due to its outdated framework, including gaps in addressing modern pollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals, microplastics) and its alignment with the EU's circular economy goals. It also identified a need to regulate other sludge uses and consider interactions with newer policies, such as the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD).
Since then, scientific advances, policy changes, and new EU strategies (e.g., Circular Economy Action Plan, Farm to Fork Strategy, Biodiversity Strategy 2030) have underscored the need to update the SSD. A comprehensive evaluation is underway to determine whether revisions are necessary to meet contemporary environmental, health, and resource efficiency needs.
References
Environmental engineering
Sanitation
Sewerage | Sludge | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,640 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Water pollution",
"Sewerage",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
44,275,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Alsbury | Michael Tyner Alsbury (March 19, 1975 – October 31, 2014) was an American test pilot for Scaled Composites. He died on October 31, 2014, during test flight PF04 of the Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise.
Personal life
Michael was born to Rich and Linda Alsbury in Santa Clara, California, but grew up in Scotts Valley, California, graduating from Soquel High School as a valedictorian in 1993. He was an Eagle Scout, and also played soccer at a young age. Alsbury was a flying enthusiast since childhood, achieving his pilot's license at the age of 23. He graduated from California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering. Immediately out of college, Alsbury began work at Scaled Composites. He was married to Michelle Saling, whom he had met at Cal Poly, for 12 years and had two children, aged 7 and 10 at the time of his death, living in Tehachapi. Some of his other pastimes included fly fishing and supporting the San Francisco Giants.
Career
Alsbury joined Scaled Composites in 2001 and began working as a project engineer and pilot. In April 2013, he served as copilot to Mark Stucky on the first powered flight for VSS Enterprise and SpaceShipTwo.
At the time of his death, he had 1800 flight hours, 1600 of them as a test pilot and engineer with Scaled Composites.
In 2013, he received the Ray E. Tenhoff Award for the most outstanding technical paper at the Society of Experimental Test Pilots symposium along with Mark Stucky and Clint Nichols.
On October 31, 2014, Alsbury was test flying the Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo, VSS Enterprise with Peter Siebold. The craft broke up in-flight, resulting in a total loss of VSS Enterprise, which crashed in the California Mojave Desert. Alsbury was unable to exit the spacecraft, and his remains were found still strapped to his seat in the fuselage. The pilot, Peter Siebold, survived. It was the ninth time that Alsbury had flown aboard the aircraft.
Legacy
On November 4, 2014, episode 5 of BBC One's Human Universe, presented by Brian Cox, was dedicated to Alsbury, as it had a sequence on Virgin Galactic test pilot David Mackay.
His name was added to the Space Mirror Memorial in 2020.
He was posthumously awarded the FAA Commercial Astronaut Wings in 2021.
References
1975 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths in California
American test pilots
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
California Polytechnic State University alumni
Commercial astronauts
Scaled Composites
Space program fatalities
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2014
Victims of flight test accidents
Virgin Galactic | Michael Alsbury | [
"Engineering"
] | 556 | [
"Space program fatalities",
"Space programs"
] |
44,276,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics%20and%20ecology | Researchers have noted the relationship between psychedelics and ecology, particularly in relation to the altered states of consciousness (ASC) produced by psychedelic drugs and the perception of interconnectedness expressed through ecological ideas and themes produced by the psychedelic experience. This is felt through the direct experience of the unity of nature and the environment of which the individual is no longer perceived as separate but intimately connected and embedded inside.
Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, the first person to synthesize LSD, believed that the drug made one aware and sensitive to "the magnificence of nature and of the animal and plant kingdom" and the role of humanity in relation to nature. Stanley Krippner and David Luke have speculated that "the consumption of psychedelic substances leads to an increased concern for nature and ecological issues". As a result, American psychologist Ralph Metzner and several others have argued that psychedelic drug use was the impetus for the modern ecology movement in the late 1960s.
Terminology and assessment
In the context of the psychedelic experience, the term ecology is used to refer to two concepts: how organisms relate to themselves and their environment and the concept of the political movement that seeks to protect the environment. The psychedelic experience is said to result in the direct realization of the fundamental concept of interconnectedness such as the kind found in ecological relationships. Subjects undergoing an LSD psychedelic therapy session in a controlled, laboratory setting report boundary dissolution and the feeling of unity with nature during a psychedelic peak experience. Vollenweider & Kometer (2010) note that measuring the "feelings of unity with the environment" can now be reliably assessed using the five-dimensional altered states of consciousness rating scale (5D-ASC) of which "oceanic boundlessness" is the primary dimension. Research by Lerner & Lyvers (2006) and Studerus et al. (2010) show that the self-reported values and beliefs of psychedelic drug users indicate a higher concern for the environment than both non-users and users of other illegal drugs. It is unclear from the research whether the concern for the environment preceded the psychedelic experience or came about as a result of it. Conversely, Lester Grinspoon reports that ecological awareness may result in psychedelic drug users forgoing the drug and non-users staying away from it entirely to remain "pure". In other words, ecological awareness may not precipitate psychedelic drug use, but may actually discourage it.
History
It is likely that humans have consumed psychoactive plants in the ritual context of shamanism for thousands of years prior to the advent of Western civilization and the supplanting of indigenous cultural values. Anthropological archaeologist Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff studied the shamanic rituals of the indigenous Tucano people of South America and found that their shamanic practices primarily served to maintain ecological balance in the rainforest habitat. Experts speculate that the ecological values of shamanism are an attribute of the psychedelic experience.
Those who ingest psychoactive drugs often report similar experiences of ecological awareness. Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss, British religious studies scholar Graham Harvey, and American mycologist Paul Stamets have all written about the shared ecological message of the psychedelic experience. The back-to-the-land movement and the creation of rural intentional communities by the hippie counterculture of the 1960s was in part due to the wide use of psychedelic drugs which people felt helped them get in touch with nature.
Utopian novels of the 1960s and 1970s illustrated this interrelationship between psychedelic drugs and ecological values. Aldous Huxley's novel Island (1962) portrayed a utopian society that used psychedelic mushrooms while espousing ecological beliefs. The inhabitants believed that if they treated nature well, nature would treat them well in return; and if they hurt nature, nature would destroy them. The novel, according to Ronald T. Sion, "reflected the mood of the rebellious American youth of the 1960s, particularly in their search for a communal life that promoted ecological principles." Gerd Rohman called Island a "seminal influence on modern ecological thought." More than a decade later, American writer Ernest Callenbach presented a similar story in Ecotopia (1975). In the novel, the members of Ecotopia secede from the United States to create an ecological utopia in the Pacific Northwest. Leslie Paul Thiele notes that in Ecotopia, the society actively uses and cultivates cannabis. "Like Huxley’s islanders", Thiele writes, the members of Ecotopia "facilitate ecological attunement through higher states of consciousness." The notion that cannabis use is related to ecological awareness can be found in the belief systems of groups like the Rastafari movement, who maintain that cannabis use brings them "closer to the earth".
In more recent times, the ecologist movement Extinction Rebellion has been allegedly founded after a psychedelic experience.
See also
Biophilia hypothesis
Forest bathing
Nature connectedness
References
Further reading
Adams, Cameron (2010). Psychedelics and holistic thinking: a tool for science. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 10 (1): 33–35.
Kettner, Hannes, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen, and Robin L. Carhart-Harris (2019). From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (24): 5147.
Simpson, D. (2014). The mechanics of reinhabitation: remembering Peter Berg along the bioregional trail. In C. Glotfelty & E. Quesnel (Eds.), The Biosphere and the Bioregion: Essential Writings of Peter Berg (pp. 228–247). Routledge. .
Psychedelia
Ecology | Psychedelics and ecology | [
"Biology"
] | 1,186 | [
"Ecology"
] |
44,276,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough%20criterion | The Scarborough criterion is used for satisfying convergence of a solution while solving linear equations using an iterative method.
Introduction
Analytical solutions for certain systems of equations can be difficult or impossible to obtain. A well known example are the Navier-Stokes equations describing the flow of Newtonian fluids. Solutions of such equations can be obtained numerically, at discrete points of the solution domain (e.g. at discrete time points and points in space). Numerical solutions based on the integration of the equations at discrete control volumes of the solution domain (for example the Finite Volume Method) result in a system of algebraic equations, one for each nodal point (corresponding to a particular control volume). These algebraic equations are usually referred to as discretised equations. The Scarborough criterion formulated by Scarborough (1958), can be expressed in terms of the values of the coefficients of the discretised equations:
Here is the net coefficient of a random central node P and the summation in the numerator is taken over all the neighbouring nodes. For a one, two and three-dimensional problem there will be two (east & west), four (east, west, south & north), and six (east, west, south north, top & bottom) neighbours for each node, respectively.
Comments
This is a sufficient condition, not a necessary one. This means that we can get convergence, even if, at times, we violate the criterion.
The satisfaction of this criterion ensures that the equations will be converged by at least one iterative method.
Gauss–Seidel method
If Scarborough criterion is not satisfied then Gauss–Seidel method iterative procedure is not guaranteed to converge a solution. This criterion is a sufficient condition, not a necessary one. If this criterion is satisfied then it means equation will be converged by at least one iterative method. The Scarborough criterion is used as a sufficient condition for convergent iterative method. The finite volume method uses this criterion for obtaining a convergent solution and implementing boundary conditions.
Diagonal dominance
If the differencing scheme produces coefficients that satisfy the above criterion the resulting matrix of coefficients is diagonally dominant. To achieve diagonal dominance we need large values of net coefficient so the linearisation practice of source terms should ensure that SP is always negative. If this is the case –SP is always positive and adds to aP. Diagonal dominance is a desirable feature for satisfying the boundedness criterion. This states that in the absence of sources the internal nodal values of the property ф should be bounded by its boundary values. Hence in a steady state conduction problem without sources and with boundary temperatures of 500 °C and 200 °C all interior values of T should be less than 500 °C and greater than 200 °C.
See also
Computational fluid dynamics
Linear equation
References
External links
Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics and Principles of Conservation - video lecture
Overview of Numerical Methods
Implementation of BC in FVM
Computational fluid dynamics
Numerical analysis
Applied mathematics
Functional analysis
Convergence (mathematics) | Scarborough criterion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 598 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Functions and mappings",
"Convergence (mathematics)",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computational physics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numer... |
44,277,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20energy%20density%20physics | High-energy-density physics (HEDP) is a subfield of physics intersecting condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and plasma physics. It has been defined as the physics of matter and radiation at energy densities in excess of about 100 GJ/m3 equivalent to pressures of about 1 Mbar (or roughly 1 million times atmospheric pressure).
Definition
High energy density (HED) science includes the study of condensed matter at densities common to the deep interiors of giant planets, and hot plasmas typical of stellar interiors. This multidisciplinary field provides a foundation for understanding a wide variety of astrophysical observations and understanding and ultimately controlling the fusion regime. Specifically, thermonuclear ignition by inertial confinement in the laboratory – as well as the transition from planets to brown dwarfs and stars in nature – takes place via the HED regime. A wide variety of new and emerging experimental capabilities (National Ignition Facility (NIF), Jupiter Laser Facility (JLF), etc.) together with the push towards Exascale Computing help make this new scientific frontier rich with discovery.
The HED domain is often defined by an energy density (units of pressure) above 1 Mbar = 100 GPa ~ 1 Million of Atmosphere. This is comparable to the energy density of a chemical bond such as in a water molecule. Thus at 1 Mbar, chemistry as we know it changes. Experiments at NIF now routinely probe matter at 100 Mbar. At these "atomic pressure" conditions the energy density is comparable to that of the inner core electrons, so the atoms themselves change. The dense HED regime includes highly degenerate matter, with interatomic spacing less than the de Broglie wavelength. This is similar to quantum regime achieved at low temperatures (e.g. Bose–Einstein condensation), however, unlike the low temperature analog, this HED regime simultaneously probes interatomic separations less than the Bohr radius. This opens an entirely new quantum mechanical domain, where core electrons - not just valence electrons - determine material properties and gives rise to core-electron-chemistry and a new structural complexity in solids. Potential exotic electronic, mechanical, and structural behavior of such matter include room temperature superconductivity, high-density electrides, first order fluid-fluid transitions, and new insulator-metal transitions. Such matter is likely quite common throughout the universe, existing in the more than 1000 recently discovered exoplanets.
Importance
HED conditions at higher temperatures are important to the birth and death of stars and controlling thermonuclear fusion in the laboratory. Take as an example the birth and cooling of a neutron star. The central part of a star, ~8-20 times the mass of the Sun, fuses its way to iron and cannot go further since iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any element. As the iron core accumulates to ~1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy pressure gives up against gravity and collapses. Initially the star cools by the rapid emission of neutrinos. The outer Fe surface layer (~109 K) gives rise to spontaneous pair production then reaches a temperature where the radiation pressure is comparable to the thermal pressure and where thermal pressure is comparable to coulomb interactions.
Recent discoveries include metallic fluid hydrogen and superionic water.
See also
High energy physics
References
Nuclear physics
Astrophysics
Plasma theory and modeling | High energy density physics | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 705 | [
"Nuclear physics",
"Plasma physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Plasma theory and modeling",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
44,279,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfbox | The Wolfbox is the name for the original passive DI unit, direct box, or DI as invented in the late 1950s by Dr. Edward Wolfrum, PhD, alumnus engineer of Motown, Golden World Records, Terra-Shirma Studios, Metro-Audio Capstan Roller Remote recording, and United Sound Systems in Detroit, Michigan. Used by James Jamerson, Dennis Coffey, Bob Babbit and other The Funk Brothers, the Wolfbox was a key component in the 1960s and 1970s sound of recorded music in the Motown/Detroit scene.
Origin
According to Wolfrum, the idea for the creation of the device originally came to him out of necessity, from "…Recording bands back then [early 1960s] and the fact that I simply couldn't afford microphones." It was at Detroit's WEXL in 1962 that 16-year-old staff engineer Wolfrum incorporated his newly created passive direct interface box – later known at the "Wolfbox" – as an interface from the high-impedance output of church PA systems to the microphone input of broadcast audio mixers.
Recent versions
In 2013, a limited-edition run of 25 new Wolfboxes were designed, plotted, supervised & signed by Dr. Wolfrum, in a non-exclusive (unlicensed) agreement with Acme Audio Mfg. Company. Using NOS components and original A-11J and A-12J triad transformers sourced from vintage gear, these new versions found their way to such places as Nashville's Blackbird Studios, London's Abbey Road, and to Blue Note Records President and bassist Don Was. After the 25-unit production, Dr. Wolfrum ended his Acme collaboration and released his schematic of the Wolfbox in 2014 for free public non-commercial use.
To date Acme Audio Mfg. Co. produces The Motown DI which uses original OEM Triad transformers.
Molybdenum and limited resources
The original Wolfboxes relied on vintage A-11J and A-12J Triad transformers (manufactured up to 1974) whose metal structure (i.e. Molybdenum composition) became regulated due to mining and manufacturing toxicity by OSHA and EPA restrictions.
References
External links
Statement by Dr. Edward Wolfrum on Wolfbox - Audio Graphic Services
Ed Wolfrum interview on United Sound - TQM Recording Co.
Wolfbox Schematic - PDF, Audio Graphic Services
Video interview with Dr. Edward Wolfrum - Detroit Free Press video interview, Brian Kaufman and Brian McCollum
Soul-Source Article - "Ed Wolfrum - Detroit Sound" 2012 excerpt by Rob Moss from forthcoming book
WDET Interview - "Motown Legends Dr. Ed Wolfrum and Paul Riser" The Craig Fahle Show, WDET-FM
Molybdenum Toxicity PDF - "What You Should Know About Molybdenum" PDF, Texas Dept. of State Health Services
Sound recording technology
Audio engineering
Audio mixing | Wolfbox | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 599 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Recording devices",
"Audio engineering",
"Sound recording technology"
] |
44,280,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive%20aging | Productive aging refers to activities which older people engage in on a daily basis. Older adults have opportunities and constraints which are related to the productive aging process. The community and society need to develop more options for older adults to choose their way of being engaged in the community and contributing to others. Things such as policy changes and resource commitments are important to promote productive aging. One example of productive aging is retirement which moves older adults from paid forms of productivity to non-paid activities. Many activities can give older adults opportunities and constraints related to the productive aging process. These activities include retirement, employment, economic well-being, leisure, religious participation and spirituality, membership in community associations and volunteerism, education, and political action. Older adults will find many opportunities to engage in activities which contribute to society or follow personal creative activities.
References
Social Gerontology A Multidisciplinary perspective-ninth edition by Nancy R. Hooyman and H. Asuman Kiyak
Gerontology | Productive aging | [
"Biology"
] | 198 | [
"Gerontology"
] |
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