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62,863,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable%20Haunt | Cable Haunt is the code name assigned to represent two separate vulnerabilities that affect many of the cable modems in use around the world in 2020. These vulnerabilities allow an attacker to obtain external access to a cable modem and perform any number of activities intended to modify the operation of, or monitor the data passing through a cable modem.
The problem lies with the Broadcom system-on-a-chip, which is used in many cable modems, specifically with the software running the spectrum analyzer, which protects against any power surges in the cable signal. It exposes an unsecured WebSockets interface that Cable Haunt can reach using JavaScript run in a victim's browser.
Modems impacted by Cable Haunt give remote attackers full (kernel level) control over the cable modem, allowing them to potentially:
Modify or install new firmware on the modem
Change the modem's DNS server to redirect outbound traffic
Enlist the modem in a Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDoS)
Modify the modem MAC address or serial number
Disable patching and updating functions
Use a man-in-the-middle attack to skim data
Most home and small businesses obtain their cable modems directly from their Internet service providers (ISPs). In situations where ISPs control the patching and firmware updating processes, subscribers must wait for cable providers to receive updated firmware from manufacturers and push it down to each individual modem. Cable companies were initially slow to respond to this threat, but now are actively working to get updates for customers.
On January 19, 2020 Schrock Innovations, a computer repair company based in Lincoln, Nebraska, released executable programs for x64 Windows systems and OS X systems based on Lyrebirds' original JavaScript. These programs allowed less technically advanced users the ability to test their own connections. Users of the programs were instructed to contact their ISP if their modem was vulnerable in order to increase public pressure for patches to be created in order to address the vulnerability.
References
Further reading
Computer security exploits
JavaScript | Cable Haunt | [
"Technology"
] | 430 | [
"Computer security exploits"
] |
62,864,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Feenberg%20Memorial%20Medal | The Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal (also Feenberg Award) is a prize for quantum many-body theory named for American physicist Eugene Feenberg. It has been awarded at the International Conference on recent progress in many-body theory since 1985 by an international advisory committee to the conference.
Recipients
1985: David Pines
1987: John W. Clark
1989: Malvin H. Kalos
1991: Walter Kohn
1994: David M. Ceperly
1997: Lev Pitaevskii
1999: Anthony James Leggett
2001: Philippe Nozieres
2004: Spartak Belyaev, Lev Gor'kov
2005: Raymond F. Bishop, Hermann Kümmel
2007: Stefano Fantoni, Eckhard Krotscheck
2009: John Dirk Walecka
2011: Gordon Baym, Leonid Keldysch
2013: Patrick A. Lee, Douglas Scalapino
2015: Christopher Pethick
2017: Jordi Boronat
2019: Steven R. White
2022: Antoine Georges, Gabriel Kotliar, Dieter Vollhardt
2024 Eduardo Fradkin, Alexei Tsvelik
External links
Feenberg Medal in Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories Wiki
Physics awards
Awards established in 1983 | Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal | [
"Technology"
] | 244 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
62,864,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanium%20Metal | Humanium Metal is a brand of metal made by melting down illegal firearms seized in conflict zones. The creation and distribution of this metal is done through a marketing campaign called "The Humanium Metal Initiative", started in 2016 by Swedish nonprofit organization IM Swedish Development Partner. The stated objective of the program is to draw attention to issues of gun violence and contribute toward the ending of illegal firearms trade. Humanium Metal is used for the creation of non-lethal commodities, such as wristwatches, buttons, and spinning tops, with proceeds returning to violence prevention efforts and support for gun-violence survivors in the areas from which the firearms were seized.
History
The Humanium Metal Initiative was developed by Peter Brune of IM Swedish Development Partner in partnership with designer Johan Pihl. The objective of Humanium Metal is "to spread awareness of the devastating impact of illegal firearms and armed violence, as well as generate funds urgently needed to empower people living in conflict-torn societies." The campaign is implemented in conjunction with Swedish advertising agencies Great Works and Akestam Holst.
Humanium Metal was first produced in November 2016 in El Salvador, where firearms seized by the Salvadoran government were converted into one ton of metal. The project has since expanded to Guatemala, and, as of 2018, it plans to expand to Honduras and Colombia.
The program has received endorsements from the Dalai Lama, former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Hans Blix, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu. The program has also partnered with the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
As of end of 2022, the program had destroyed more than 12,000 firearms in El Salvador, Zambia and the United States. More than US$1.2 million have already been channeled to civil society interventions in violence-affected areas.
Production and use
The most common method for producing Humanium Metal is when governments seize illegal firearms and melt down their metal, turning it into ingots, wire, or pellets. The metal is 95% iron and is sent to Sweden, where they are reduced to powder that can be used in the production of metal objects. As of 2018, Humanium Metal was priced at about $6.60 per ounce.
In 2018, Stockholm-based watchmaker TRIWA began to market wristwatches 3D-printed with Humanium Metal. In 2019, the Humanium Metal Initiative partnered with The Non-Violence Project Foundation to produce small-scale replicas of Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd's 1985 sculpture Non-Violence. Other companies have produced spinning tops, buttons, and bracelets made from Humanium Metal. A Good Company has made a limited-edition A Good Humanium Metal pen, 25% of the sales of which goes to support projects tackling violent crime and rebuilding conflicted-afflicted communities in El Salvador.
In 2020, Scottish artist Frank To created paintings using powdered Humanium Metal mixed with paint.
In December 2020, IM partnered with the Zambia Police Service to destroy more than 6,000 firearms and turn them into Humanium Metal.
In 2021, the police department of Falmouth, Maine publicly destroyed a set of illegal weapons and announced their intention to turn them into Humanium Metal.
Awards
In 2017, the Humanium Metal Initiative won the Grand Prix for Innovation at the Cannes Lions Festival for Creativity. In 2018, the program won the advertising category of Fast Company's 2018 World Changing Ideas Awards.
References
External links
Humanium Metal website
Interview with Hans Blix about humanium
Metals
Gun violence | Humanium Metal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 712 | [
"Metals"
] |
62,867,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apilan%20and%20kota%20mara | Apilan and kota mara are two Malay nautical terms which refers to the structure on a vessel where the cannon is installed. This term is used especially on Malay ships and boats.
Apilan
Apilan (or ampilan) is the wooden gunshield found in Malay prahus where cannons are placed. It has a hole to place long gun, and sometimes swivel gun can be placed over the top of the apilan. Apilan is not permanent, it can be assembled, disassembled, and moved. The crew of Malay prahu operated the long gun behind an apilan. The apilan usually situated at the bow of a prahu. This gun-shield was only put on when the ship went into action. Sunting apilan is the name given to two lelas or light guns standing on the gun-shield of a heavy gun.
Etymology
Apilan is a true Malay word, it was not descended from any word. It is also a standalone word, due to the fact that the syllable is api-lan instead of apil-an.
Kota mara
Kota mara is the breastwork or casement of Malay prahus. The function is to protect the gunner. Contrary to apilan, the kota mara cannot be moved. It is the permanent bulwark of the battery in a Malay piratical ship. The term saga kota mara refers to a peculiar props keeping the gun shield (apilan) in position. The word benteng is also used for this permanent breastwork. Ambong-ambong are blocks of wood forming part of the framework of the battery in a Malay piratical perahu. These blocks support the base of the benteng. The kota mara is already existed since at least the 8th century A.D., being shown in Borobudur ship bas relief.
Etymology
The term comes from Malay word kota which in turn comes from the Sanskrit word कोट्ट (kota) which means fort, fortress, castle, fortified house, fortification, works, city, town, or place encircled by walls. The word mara may come from Malay word meaning "appear before", "forward", "come", "moved to the front", "forward", and "advanced". Thus it can be interpreted as "breastwork before a cannon" or "breastwork at the front". According to the Great Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), kota mara means (1) Wall on a ship to protect men mounting the cannon (2) Terrace or wall over a castle which a cannon is mounted. According to H. Warington Smyth, kota mara means transverse deck bulkhead at stem and stern (of a ship). Benteng itself means fort, battery, or redoubt.
Example on records
Singapore resident John Crawfurd recorded Malay piracy near Singapore waters. The Malay pirate ships of the time were long with beam. The decks were made of split nibong wood. Smaller pirate craft put up thick plank bulwarks [apilan] when fighting, while larger ones like those of the Lanun people had bamboo ledges hanging over their gunwales, with a protecting breastwork [kota mara] of plaited rattan about high. A crew might consist of 20–30 men, augmented with oarsmen of captured slaves. Small craft would have nine oars per side; larger ones would be double-banked, with an upper tier of oarsmen seated on the bulwark projection hidden behind rattan breastwork. Pirate armament included a stockade near the bow, with iron or brass 4-pounders, and another stockade aft, generally with two swivel guns. They also might have four or five brass swivels, or rantaka, on each side. They have bamboo shields, and were armed with spears, keris, muskets and other firearms they could get.
H. H. Frese description of personal ship of the Sultan of Riau from 1883:
Lieutenant T.J. Newbold record about the Malay pirate prahu:
See also
References
Watercraft components
Shipbuilding
Naval warfare
Naval artillery | Apilan and kota mara | [
"Engineering"
] | 842 | [
"Shipbuilding",
"Marine engineering"
] |
53,019,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20felis | Aspergillus felis is a heterothallic species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which can cause aspergillosis in humans, dogs and cats. It was described for the first time in 2013 after being isolated from different hosts worldwide (North and South America, Europe, Africa, Northeast Asia, and Asia-Pacific).
The first host infected was a domestic cat with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis who gave its name to this new Aspergillus as Felis is a genus of cats in the family Felidae. Apsergillus felis was then described in a dog with disseminated invasive aspergillosis and a human patient with chronic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The most common host described with A. felis infection is the cat. This may be explained by anatomical differences in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses resulting in preferential deposition of inhaled fungal spores within the sinonasal cavity in cats compared to the lower respiratory tract in humans. A.felis is an important emerging agent of invasive aspergillosis in cats, dogs and humans because it is often refractory to aggressive antifungal treatment and its identification implies molecular and morphological techniques.
According to mating-type analysis, Aspergillus felis has a fully functioning reproductive cycle as induction of teleomorphs appears within 7 to 10 days in vitro and there is also ascospore germination.
Pathogenicity
Among all cases reported, A. felis can give serious different diseases depending on hosts:
Cats: chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis and retrobulbar masses (chronic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis or sinonasal aspergillosis)
Dog: disseminated invasive aspergillosis (IA), fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS)
Human: chronic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA)
A.felis causes infection in immunocompetent cats and dogs and immunocompromised patients.
Identification
Aspergillus felis’ identification is difficult because of its resemblance with other species within the Aspergillus viridinutans complex (A. felis, A. viridinutans sensu stricto, A. udagawae, A. pseudofelis, A. parafelis, A. pseudoviridinutans, A. wyonmingesis A. aureoles, A. siamensis and A. arcoverdensis). Many methods has to be used together in order to identify it correctly.
Culture
A.felis can be isolated on malt extract agar (MEA) or Czapek agar (CYA).
MEA: Colonies reach a diameter of 5.5 cm in 7 days at 25°C. It is cream to light green and it is more or less velvety with abundant greenish sporulation occurring after 5 to 7 days.
CYA: Colonies have a diameter up to 5.0 - 5.5 cm in 7 days at 25°C. It is white and the texture is mostly floccose. Sporulation is often poor.
Morphology
Aspergillus felis has greenish stipes and nodding heads. Vesicles have a diameter of 15–16.5 μm. Conidia are green, globose to subglobose, finely roughened and 1.5–2.5 μm in dimensions. Cleistothecia are white to creamish and have a diameter of 100–230 μm. Asci are globose, 8-spored, 12–16 μm in diameter. Ascospores are lenticular with two prominent equatorial crests and with short echinulate convex surfaces 5.0–7.0×3.5–5.0 μm.
Morphological criteria alone are not enough to reliably identify A. felis. Nodding heads can be seen on cytological examination but this feature occurs in other Fumigati species. Furthermore, A. felis, N. aureola and A. udagawae all produce lenticular ascospores with two prominent equatorial crests and an echinulate convex surface. The use of different temperatures seems to be a solution as A. felis is able to grow at 45°C while it has been shown in several studies that A. viridinutans and A. udagawae showed no growth at 45°C. A. fumigatus is able to grow at 50°C whereas A. felis is not. It can be a relevant method to distinguish A. felis from other species since A. felis is a thermotolerant fungus with a maximum growth temperature of 45°C and a minimum growth temperature of 20°C whereas species in the AVC have optimal growth between 35° and 42°C. Nevertheless, playing on temperatures is not as precise as molecular identification.
Molecular identification
The use of PCR to amplify alpha and HMG domains of genes is mentioned in some articles but the best method remains comparative sequence analysis of multiple loci such as ITS-1, ITS-2, the 5.8S rDNA gene and parts of the β-tubulin (benA) and calmodulin (calM) gene. A. felis can be reliably identified with ITS sequences only but the most commonly used genes that have been used for species descriptions are benA and caM. Currently, there is no gene accepted as a stand-alone method for identification.
The gold standard method is using both molecular and morphological techniques to avoid misidentification with different species within the same complex which would explain why only a few clinical cases of A. felis in humans have been described so far.
Treatment
Susceptibilities of several A. felis isolates to amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole, 5-flucytosine, terninafine, caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin were assessed in cats. No activity was observed for fluconazole or flucytosine against A. felis. MICs for triazole antifungals were higher than usual and cross-resistance to ITZ/VCZ and ITZ/VCZ/POS was observed for some isolates. Most of the time, aggressive therapy (itraconazole or posaconazole as monotherapy or combined with amphotericin B, or with amphotericin B and terbinafine) failed for cats. The majority were euthanased due to disease progression with severe signs.
Few cases of invasive disease in humans have been reported in the literature. Infections are often fatal because of A. felis being identified as another cryptic Aspergillus species. Indeed, the right treatment is delayed leading to fatal issues.
The primary therapy that has been used for invasive aspergillosis in humans was voriconazole, with isavuconazole and amphotericin B as alternatives for treatment failures. A case of cranial aspergillosis with A. felis was reported in a 66-year-old male with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and was successfully managed with voriconazole and surgery followed by maintenance with posaconazole.
References
Further reading
felis
Fungi described in 2013
Fungus species | Aspergillus felis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,536 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
53,021,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusome | The fusome is a membranous structure found in the developing germ cell cysts of many insect orders. Initial description of the fusome occurred in the 19th century and since then the fusome has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster male and female germline development. This structure has roles in maintaining germline cysts, coordinating the number of mitotic divisions prior to meiosis, and oocyte determination by serving as a structure for intercellular communication.
Structure
In D. melanogaster, germline cysts form from four mitotic divisions with incomplete cytokinesis that originated from one germline stem cell. Incomplete cytokinesis results in intercellular bridges connecting every cell in the cyst, called ring canals3. The four mitotic divisions result in cysts of 16 cells connected by 15 ring canals. The fusome is composed of membrane vesicles and originates from endoplasmic reticulum. Fusome material is inside ring canals and can range in size from 1 to 10 um depending on the stage of development.
1.1 Fusome Development
The spectrosome is a round structure in germline stem cells that develops into the fusome in cyst cells. Fusome divides asymmetrically into daughter cells in females by attaching to one spindle pole during meiosis, resulting in one cell receiving all fusome material. Fusome is generated de novo in the ring canal connecting the two cells. The two fusome parts then fuse together to connect the cells. Asymmetric fusome partitioning and new formation followed by fusion occurs at each mitotic division. In spermatogenesis, the fusome partitioning is symmetric and the fusome is still present during the meiotic divisions.
1.2 Fusome components
Many proteins and organelles associate with the fusome throughout germ cell development. Cytoskeleton components, such as alpha and beta spectrins, hu-li tai shao (hts), and ankyrin were the first proteins identified in the fusome. Centrosomes travel along the fusome and the fusome is involved in microtubule organization. The interactions between the fusome and microtubules result in cyst polarity in oogenesis. Associations between the fusome and microtubules change throughout the cell cycle. Mitochondria associates with the fusome and travel through ring canals to the oocyte. Microtubules travel through ring canals and form the tracks for transport of materials between cells.
Function
There are numerous functions of the fusome as a structure necessary for cell-cell communication in developing germ cell cysts. The fusome connects cells, allowing for transport of proteins and RNAs between cells and synchronous activities. Mutations in essential fusome components can result in infertility.
2.1 Role in cell cycle synchrony
Developing cells in germline cysts undergo mitotic divisions synchronously and in males all cells in a cyst also undergo meiosis synchronously. The fusome is a track where an event can happen and then feedback mechanisms quickly communicate to each cell to ensure a specific outcome occurs simultaneously in every cell. Cells in a cyst fail to divide synchronously if the fusome is disrupted. The rosette formation of germline cyst cells allows cells to be in the closest configuration for communication.
Throughout the cell cycle, different cyclins associate with the fusome to induce synchronous cell divisions. Cyclin A and Cyclin E localize to the fusome in female germline cysts and are required for the correct number of mitotic divisions to occur. Abnormal cyclin levels result in too few or too many divisions. Cyclin E at the fusome is phosphorylated for degradation by the SCF complex and if not degraded, an extra division occurs. The fusome may be the degradation site for other cell cycle proteins. Myt1 kinase inhibits CycA/Cdk1 in males during G2. Without Myt1 regulation, fusome and centrosome behavior is abnormal, resulting in cells with irregular spindles.
2.2 Differences in male vs female fusomes
In females, the fusome plays a role in cell fate and differentiation. Asymmetric fusome distribution and centriole orientation determines which cell in the developing female germline cyst becomes the oocyte. One of the two cells from the first division within the cyst becomes the oocyte and contains the most fusome material. The fusome degrades after the 16-cell cyst forms. In females, the connections are the channels through which nurse cells send proteins and RNAs to the oocyte along polarized microtubules.
In males, the fusome is necessary for ensuring quality control in individual cysts. DNA damage in one cell leads to all cells in a cyst dying by communication through the fusome, either by disseminating a death signal or additive DNA damage inducing apoptosis. This ensures mature sperm cells have intact genomes before fertilizing an egg. In addition, the fusome connections ensure haploid spermatids have proteins and RNA made by the other chromosome for “gamete equivalency”.
Similar structures in other animals
Fusomes were previously thought to be specific to insect gametogenesis. Fusome-like structures have been identified in Xenopus laevis oogenesis by electron microscopy and immunostaining for fusome components such as spectrin and hts. Intercellular bridges also connect developing germ cells in mammals, contributing to cell cycle synchrony and gamete quality control by sharing substances between cells. Future studies are required to elucidate all of the functions that arise from cell-cell communication through intercellular bridges. In addition, a future area of research is to determine why some organisms lack fusomes. Do these organisms have another structure that carries out the role of the fusome or are these roles not necessary in germline cyst development of these other organisms?
See also
Intercellular junctions
Gametogenesis
Spectrin
Cyclin
References
^PG Wilson Cell Biol Int. 2005 May;29(5):360-9.
Centrosome inheritance in the male germ line of Drosophila requires hu-li tai-shao function.
External links
Huynh JR. (2006) Fusome as a Cell-Cell Communication Channel of Drosophila Ovarian Cyst. In: Cell-Cell Channels. Springer, New York, NYhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6300/
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195307610.001.0001/acref-9780195307610-e-2383?rskey=LqAWUj&result=2381
Lighthouse, D. V., M. Buszczak, and A. C. Spradling. (2008). New components of the Drosophila fusome suggest it plays novel roles in signaling and transport. Dev Biol 317: 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.009
de Cuevas, M., M. A. Lilly, and A. C. Spradling. (1997). Germline cyst formation in Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Genet. 31: 405–428. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.405
Yamashita, Y. M., H. Yuan, J. Cheng, and A. J. Hunt. (2010). Polarity in stem cell division: asymmetric stem cell division in tissue homeostasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2:a001313 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001313
Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M. (1976). Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular. Heidelberg - New York: Springer-Verlag. .
King R. C., Stransfield W. D. (1998): Dictionary of genetics. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, ; .
Cell biology | Fusome | [
"Biology"
] | 1,743 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
53,022,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%27s%20quotient%20in%20vibrations%20analysis | The Rayleigh's quotient represents a quick method to estimate the natural frequency of a multi-degree-of-freedom vibration system, in which the mass and the stiffness matrices are known.
The eigenvalue problem for a general system of the form
in absence of damping and external forces reduces to
The previous equation can be written also as the following:
where , in which represents the natural frequency, M and K are the real positive symmetric mass and stiffness matrices respectively.
For an n-degree-of-freedom system the equation has n solutions , that satisfy the equation
By multiplying both sides of the equation by and dividing by the scalar , it is possible to express the eigenvalue problem as follow:
for .
In the previous equation it is also possible to observe that the numerator is proportional to the potential energy while the denominator depicts a measure of the kinetic energy. Moreover, the equation allow us to calculate the natural frequency only if the eigenvector (as well as any other displacement vector) is known. For academic interests, if the modal vectors are not known, we can repeat the foregoing process but with and taking the place of and , respectively. By doing so we obtain the scalar , also known as Rayleigh's quotient:
Therefore, the Rayleigh's quotient is a scalar whose value depends on the vector and it can be calculated with good approximation for any arbitrary vector as long as it lays reasonably far from the modal vectors , i = 1,2,3,...,n.
Since, it is possible to state that the vector differs from the modal vector by a small quantity of first order, the correct result of the Rayleigh's quotient will differ not sensitively from the estimated one and that's what makes this method very useful. A good way to estimate the lowest modal vector , that generally works well for most structures (even though is not guaranteed), is to assume equal to the static displacement from an applied force that has the same relative distribution of the diagonal mass matrix terms. The latter can be elucidated by the following 3-DOF example.
Example – 3DOF
As an example, we can consider a 3-degree-of-freedom system in which the mass and the stiffness matrices of them are known as follows:
To get an estimation of the lowest natural frequency we choose a trial vector of static displacement obtained by loading the system with a force proportional to the masses:
Thus, the trial vector will become
that allow us to calculate the Rayleigh's quotient:
Thus, the lowest natural frequency, calculated by means of Rayleigh's quotient is:
Using a calculation tool is pretty fast to verify how much it differs from the "real" one. In this case, using MATLAB, it has been calculated that the lowest natural frequency is: that has led to an error of using the Rayleigh's approximation, that is a remarkable result.
The example shows how the Rayleigh's quotient is capable of getting an accurate estimation of the lowest natural frequency. The practice of using the static displacement vector as a trial vector is valid as the static displacement vector tends to resemble the lowest vibration mode.
References
Abstract algebra
Linear algebra
Mathematical physics
Mechanical vibrations | Rayleigh's quotient in vibrations analysis | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 680 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations",
"Linear algebra",
"Abstract algebra",
"Mathematical physics",
"Algebra"
] |
53,025,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2039901 | HD 39901 is an orange hued star located in the constellation Columba. It is also called HR 2069, which is the star's Bright Star Catalog designation. Eggen (1989) lists it as a member of the old disk population.
Despite the HR designation, the object has an apparent magnitude of 6.54, slightly past the limit for the naked eye visibility. As a result, it is barely visible to the unaided eye in the best conditions. Parallax measurements from the Gaia spacecraft place the object 639 light years away. It is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At that distance, HD 39901's brightness is diminished by 0.33 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of −0.03.
This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of K3 III. It has a comparable mass to the Sun but has expanded to 21.9 times the latter's girth. It radiates 143 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,373 K. HD 39901 is slightly enriched in heavy elements with a metallicity 120% that of the Sun's. Like most giants, it spins slowly, having a projected rotational velocity lower than .
References
K-type giants
Columba (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
039901
027835
2069 | HD 39901 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 302 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,387,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20318 | Gliese 318 is a white dwarf in the constellation Pyxis. Its spectral type is DA5.5 and it has a visual magnitude of 11.85, and lies away. The star was too faint to have had its parallax measured by the Hipparcos satellite. Earth-based measurement in 2009 gave its parallax as 113.63 ± 1.97 milliarcseconds, yielding a distance of 28.7 ± 0.5 light-years; this parallax measurement has since been substantially improved by Gaia. It is around 45% as massive as the Sun but has only 0.15% its luminosity.
Bragaglia et al. suspect this star to be a double white dwarf due to strong spectral line variations. From Gaia DR2 it was not possible to confirm this claim. It is still possible that Gliese 318 is a double white dwarf and additional spectroscopic observations are needed in order to confirm this claim. Gliese 318 could be the closest double white dwarf to earth.
References
Pyxis
White dwarfs
0318
Durchmusterung objects | Gliese 318 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 230 | [
"Pyxis",
"Constellations"
] |
47,389,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Needle | David Lewis Needle (December 17, 1947 – February 20, 2016) was an American computer engineer. He was a key engineer and co-chief architect in the creation of the Amiga 1000 computer with Jay Miner, Dave Morse, and RJ Mical. He was one of the main designers and developers of the custom chips of the Amiga computer. Later he co-invented the Atari Lynx and the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer with Morse and Mical.
A 1995 article in Next Generation commented: "It's true that of the machines that Mical and Needle have created, only the Amiga has been a true global mass market hit ... But it's only fair to put forward the argument that this is down to the marketing of the machines rather than the quality of the product."
Dave Needle died on February 20, 2016.
References
American engineers
1947 births
2016 deaths
Computer hardware engineers | Dave Needle | [
"Technology"
] | 179 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer specialist stubs"
] |
47,390,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UZ%20Pyxidis | UZ Pyxidis (HD 75021) is a semiregular variable star in the constellation Pyxis. It is located about 3,600 light-years (1,100 parsecs) away from the Earth.
UZ Pyxidis lies directly between α and γ Pyxidis. It has a common proper motion companion, HD 75022, less than 2' away but the two are not listed in double star catalogues.
UZ Pyxidis is a carbon star. These types of stars are known for having large amounts of carbon in their atmospheres, forming carbon compounds that make the star appear strikingly red. It was first recognised as having an unusual spectrum in 1893. Under the Morgan–Keenan classification of carbon stars, UZ Pyxidis' spectral type is C55; if it were a normal giant star, this would correspond to a spectral type of about K5. It is also unusual in that it has very strong isotopic bands of C2 and CN.
There were hints that the star is variable as early as the late 19th century, and its variability was firmly estabilished by Olin J. Eggen in 1972. The variable star designation UZ Pyxidis was assigned in 1978. UZ Pyxidis is classified as a semiregular variable with a dominant period of 159.6 days. It varies in brightness between magnitude 6.99 and 7.63.
References
Pyxis
Semiregular variable stars
Pyxidis, UZ
075021
043093
CD-29 06735
Carbon stars | UZ Pyxidis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 332 | [
"Pyxis",
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47,390,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20observation | Solar observation is the scientific endeavor of studying the Sun and its behavior and relation to the Earth and the remainder of the Solar System. Deliberate solar observation began thousands of years ago. That initial era of direct observation gave way to telescopes in the 1600s followed by satellites in the twentieth century.
Prehistory
Stratigraphic data suggest that solar cycles have occurred for hundreds of millions of years, if not longer; measuring varves in precambrian sedimentary rock has revealed repeating peaks in layer thickness corresponding to the cycle. It is possible that the early atmosphere on Earth was more sensitive to solar irradiation than today, so that greater glacial melting (and thicker sediment deposits) could have occurred during years with greater sunspot activity.
This would presume annual layering; however, alternative explanations (diurnal) have also been proposed.
Analysis of tree rings revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles: Dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations have allowed for a reconstruction of sunspot activity covering 11,400 years.
Early observations
Solar activity and related events have been regularly recorded since the time of the Babylonians. In the 8th century BC, they described solar eclipses and possibly predicted them from numerological rules. The earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes, . The phrases used in the book translate to "A dou is seen in the Sun" and "A mei is seen in the Sun", where dou and mei would be darkening or obscuration (based on the context). Observations were regularly noted by Chinese and Korean astronomers at the behest of the emperors, rather than independently.
The first clear mention of a sunspot in Western literature, around 300 BC, was by the ancient Greek scholar Theophrastus, student of Plato and Aristotle and successor to the latter. On 17 March AD 807 Benedictine monk Adelmus observed a large sunspot that was visible for eight days; however, Adelmus incorrectly concluded he was observing a transit of Mercury.
The earliest surviving record of deliberate sunspot observation dates from 364 BC, based on comments by Chinese astronomer Gan De in a star catalogue. By 28 BC, Chinese astronomers were regularly recording sunspot observations in official imperial records.
A large sunspot was observed at the time of Charlemagne's death in AD 813. Sunspot activity in 1129 was described by John of Worcester and Averroes provided a description of sunspots later in the 12th century; however, these observations were also misinterpreted as planetary transits.
The first unambiguous mention of the solar corona was by Leo Diaconus, a Byzantine historian. He wrote of the 22 December 968 total eclipse, which he experienced in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey):
The earliest known record of a sunspot drawing was in 1128, by John of Worcester.
Another early observation was of solar prominences, described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod.
17th and 18th centuries
Giordano Bruno and Johannes Kepler suggested the idea that the sun rotated on its axis. Sunspots were first observed telescopically on 18 December 1610 (Gregorian calendar, not yet adopted in England) by English astronomer Thomas Harriot, as recorded in his notebooks. On 9 March 1611 (Gregorian calendar, also not yet adopted in East Frisia) they were observed by Frisian medical student Johann Goldsmid (latinised name Johannes Fabricius) who subsequently teamed up with his father David Fabricius, a pastor and astronomer, to make further observations and to publish a description in a pamphlet in June 1611. The Fabricius' used camera obscura telescopy to get a better view of the solar disk, and like Harriot made observations shortly after sunrise and shortly before sunset. Johann was the first to realize that sunspots revealed solar rotation, but he died on 19 March 1616, aged 26 and his father a year later. Several scientists such as Johannes Kepler, Simon Marius, and Michael Maestlin were aware of the Fabricius' early sunspot work, and indeed Kepler repeatedly referred to it his writings. However, like that of Harriot, their work was otherwise not well known. Galileo Galilei almost certainly began telescopic sunspot observations around the same time as Harriot, given he made his first telescope in 1609 on hearing of the Dutch patent of the device, and that he had managed previously to make naked-eye observations of sunspots. He is also reported to have shown sunspots to astronomers in Rome, but we do not have records of the dates. The records of telescopic observations of sunspots that we do have from Galileo do not start until 1612, for when they are of unprecedented quality and detail as by then he had developed the telescope design and greatly increased its magnification. Likewise Christoph Scheiner had probably been observing the spots using an improved helioscope of his own design. Galileo and Scheiner, neither of whom knew of the work of Harriot or Fabricius vied for the credit for the discovery. In 1613, in Letters on Sunspots, Galileo refuted Scheiner's 1612 claim that sunspots were planets inside Mercury's orbit, showing that sunspots were surface features.
Although the physical aspects of sunspots were not identified until the 20th century, observations continued. Study was hampered during the 17th century due to the low number of sunspots during what is now recognized as an extended period of low solar activity, known as the Maunder Minimum. By the 19th century, then-sufficient sunspot records allowed researchers to infer periodic cycles in sunspot activity. In 1845, Henry and Alexander observed the Sun with a thermopile and determined that sunspots emitted less radiation than surrounding areas. The emission of higher than average amounts of radiation later were observed from the solar faculae.
Sunspots had some importance in the debate over the nature of the Solar System. They showed that the Sun rotated, and their comings and goings showed that the Sun changed, contrary to Aristotle, who had taught that all celestial bodies were perfect, unchanging spheres.
Sunspots were rarely recorded between 1650 and 1699. Later analysis revealed the problem to be a reduced number of sunspots, rather than observational lapses. Building upon Gustav Spörer's work, the wife-and-husband team of Annie Maunder and Edward Maunder suggested that the Sun had changed from a period in which sunspots all but disappeared to a renewal of sunspot cycles starting in about 1700. Adding to this understanding of the absence of solar cycles were observations of aurorae, which were absent at the same time, except at the very highest magnetic latitudes
The lack of a solar corona during solar eclipses was also noted prior to 1715.
The period of low sunspot activity from 1645 to 1717 later became known as the "Maunder Minimum". Observers such as Johannes Hevelius, Jean Picard and Jean Dominique Cassini confirmed this change.
19th century
Solar spectroscopy
After the detection of infra-red radiation by William Herschel in 1800 and of Ultraviolet radiation by Johann Wilhelm Ritter, solar spectrometry began in 1817 when William Hyde Wollaston noticed that dark lines appeared in the solar spectrum when viewed through a glass prism. Joseph von Fraunhofer later independently discovered the lines and they were named Fraunhofer lines after him. Other physicists discerned that properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined from them. Notable scientists to advance spectroscopy were David Brewster, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Anders Jonas Ångström.
Solar cycle
The cyclic variation of the number of sunspots was first observed by Samuel Heinrich Schwabe between 1826 and 1843.
Rudolf Wolf studied the historical record in an attempt to establish a history of solar variations. His data extended only to 1755. He also established in 1848 a relative sunspot number formulation to compare the work of different astronomers using varying equipment and methodologies, now known as the Wolf (or Zürich) sunspot number.
Gustav Spörer later suggested a 70-year period before 1716 in which sunspots were rarely observed as the reason for Wolf's inability to extend the cycles into the 17th century.
Also in 1848, Joseph Henry projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.
Around 1852, Edward Sabine, Wolf, Jean-Alfred Gautier and Johann von Lamont independently found a link between the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity, sparking the first research into interactions between the Sun and the Earth.
In the second half of the nineteenth century Richard Carrington and Spörer independently noted the migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator as the cycle progresses. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram, first constructed by Edward Walter Maunder and Annie Scott Dill Maunder in the early twentieth century (see graph). Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce a time-series diagram.
Half a century later, the father-and-son team of Harold and Horace Babcock showed that the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots; that this weaker magnetic field is to first order a dipole; and that this dipole undergoes polarity reversals with the same period as the sunspot cycle (see graph below). These observations established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole.
Photography
The Sun was photographed for the first time, on 2 April 1845, by French physicists Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault. Sunspots, as well as the limb darkening effect, are visible in their daguerrotypes. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Charles A. Young first captured a prominence in 1870. Solar eclipses were also photographed, with the most useful early images taken in 1851 by Berkowski and in 1860 by De la Rue's team in Spain.
Rotation
Early estimates of the Sun's rotation period varied between 25 and 28 days. The cause was determined independently in 1858 by Richard C. Carrington and Spörer. They discovered that the latitude with the most sunspots decreases from 40° to 5° during each cycle, and that at higher latitudes sunspots rotate more slowly. The Sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude and that its outer layer must be fluid. In 1871 Hermann Vogel, and shortly thereafter by Charles Young confirmed this spectroscopically. Nils Dúner's spectroscopic observation in the 1880s showed a 30% difference between the Sun's faster equatorial regions and its slower polar regions.
Space weather
The first modern, and clearly described, accounts of a solar flare and coronal mass ejection occurred in 1859 and 1860 respectively. On 1 September 1859, Richard C. Carrington, while observing sunspots, saw patches of increasingly bright light within a group of sunspots, which then dimmed and moved across that area within a few minutes. This event, also reported by R. Hodgson, is a description of a solar flare. The widely viewed total solar eclipse on 18 July 1860 resulted in many drawings, depicting an anomalous feature that corresponds with modern CME observations.
For many centuries, the earthly effects of solar variation were noticed but not understood. E.g., displays of auroral light have long been observed at high latitudes, but were not linked to the Sun.
In 1724, George Graham reported that the needle of a magnetic compass was regularly deflected from magnetic north over the course of each day. This effect was eventually attributed to overhead electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere by Balfour Stewart in 1882, and confirmed by Arthur Schuster in 1889 from analysis of magnetic observatory data.
In 1852, astronomer and British major general Edward Sabine showed that the probability of the occurrence of magnetic storms on Earth was correlated with the number of sunspots, thus demonstrating a novel solar-terrestrial interaction. In 1859, a great magnetic storm caused brilliant auroral displays and disrupted global telegraph operations. Richard Carrington correctly connected the storm with a solar flare that he had observed the day before in the vicinity of a large sunspot group—thus demonstrating that specific solar events could affect the Earth.
Kristian Birkeland explained the physics of aurora by creating artificial aurora in his laboratory and predicted the solar wind.
20th century
Observatories
Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics grew in America, and multiple observatories were built. Solar telescopes (and thus, solar observatories), were installed at Mount Wilson Observatory in California in 1904, and in the 1930s at McMath–Hulbert Observatory. Interest also grew in other parts of the world, with the establishment of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory in India at the turn of the century, the Einsteinturm in Germany in 1924, and the Solar Tower Telescope at the National Observatory of Japan in 1930.
Around 1900, researchers began to explore connections between solar variations and Earth's weather. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) assigned Abbot and his team to detect changes in the radiation of the Sun. They began by inventing instruments to measure solar radiation. Later, when Abbot was SAO head, they established a solar station at Calama, Chile to complement its data from Mount Wilson Observatory. He detected 27 harmonic periods within the 273-month Hale cycles, including 7, 13, and 39-month patterns. He looked for connections to weather by means such as matching opposing solar trends during a month to opposing urban temperature and precipitation trends. With the advent of dendrochronology, scientists such as Glock attempted to connect variation in tree growth to periodic solar variations and infer long-term secular variability in the solar constant from similar variations in millennial-scale chronologies.
Coronagraph
Until the 1930s, little progress was made on understanding the Sun's corona, as it could only be viewed during infrequent total solar eclipses. Bernard Lyot's 1931 invention of the Coronagraph – a telescope with an attachment to block out the direct light of the solar disk – allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.
Spectroheliograph
American astronomer George Ellery Hale, as an MIT undergraduate, invented the spectroheliograph, with which he made the discovery of solar vortices. In 1908, Hale used a modified spectroheliograph to show that the spectra of hydrogen exhibited the Zeeman effect whenever the area of view passed over a sunspot on the solar disc. This was the first indication that sunspots were basically magnetic phenomena, which appeared in opposite polarity pairs. Hale's subsequent work demonstrated a strong tendency for east-west alignment of magnetic polarities in sunspots, with mirror symmetry across the solar equator; and that the magnetic polarity for sunspots in each hemisphere switched orientation from one solar cycle to the next. This systematic property of sunspot magnetic fields is now commonly referred to as the Hale–Nicholson law, or in many cases simply Hale's laws.
Solar radio bursts
The introduction of radio revealed periods of extreme static or noise. Severe radar jamming during a large solar event in 1942 led to the discovery of solar radio bursts.
Satellites
Many satellites in Earth orbit or in the heliosphere have deployed solar telescopes and instruments of various kinds for in situ measurements of particles and fields.
Skylab, a notable large solar observational facility, grew out if the impetus of the International Geophysical Year campaign and the facilities of NASA.
Other spacecraft, in an incomplete list, have included the OSO series, the Solar Maximum Mission, Yohkoh, SOHO, ACE, TRACE, and SDO among many others; still other spacecraft (such as MESSENGER, Fermi, and NuSTAR) have contributed solar measurements by individual instruments.
Modulation of solar bolometric radiation by magnetically active regions, and more subtle effects, was confirmed by satellite measurements of the total solar irradiance (TSI) by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (launched in 1980). The modulations were later confirmed in the results of the ERB experiment launched on the Nimbus 7 satellite in 1978. Satellite observation was continued by ACRIM-3 and other satellites.
Measurement proxies
Direct irradiance measurements have been available during the last three cycles and are a composite of multiple observing satellites. However, the correlation between irradiance measurements and other proxies of solar activity make it reasonable to estimate solar activity for earlier cycles. Most important among these proxies is the record of sunspot observations that has been recorded since ~1610. Solar radio emissions at 10.7 cm wavelength provide another proxy that can be measured from the ground, since the atmosphere is transparent to such radiation.
Other proxy data – such as the abundance of cosmogenic isotopes – have been used to infer solar magnetic activity, and thus likely brightness, over several millennia.
Total solar irradiance has been claimed to vary in ways that are not predicted by sunspot changes or radio emissions. These shifts may be the result of inaccurate satellite calibration. A long-term trend may exist in solar irradiance.
Other developments
The Sun was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. Other major achievements included understanding of:
X-ray-emitting loops
Corona and solar wind
Variance of solar brightness with level of activity and verification of this effect in other solar-type stars
The intense Fibril state of the magnetic fields at the visible surface of a star like the sun
The presence of magnetic fields of 0.5×105 to 1×105 gauss at the base of the conductive zone, presumably in some fibril form, inferred from the dynamics of rising azimuthal flux bundles.
Low-level Electron neutrino emission from the Sun's core.
21st century
The most powerful flare observed by satellite instrumentation began on 4 November 2003 at 19:29 UTC, and saturated instruments for 11 minutes. Region 486 has been estimated to have produced an X-ray flux of X28. Holographic and visual observations indicate significant activity continued on the far side of the Sun.
Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements made in the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s suggested that sunspot activity may again be disappearing, possibly leading to a new minimum. From 2007 to 2009, sunspot levels were far below average. In 2008, the Sun was spot-free 73 percent of the time, extreme even for a solar minimum. Only 1913 was more pronounced, with no sunspots for 85 percent of that year. The Sun continued to languish through mid-December 2009, when the largest group of sunspots to emerge for several years appeared. Even then, sunspot levels remained well below those of recent cycles.
In 2006, NASA predicted that the next sunspot maximum would reach between 150 and 200 around the year 2011 (30–50% stronger than cycle 23), followed by a weak maximum at around 2022. Instead, the sunspot cycle in 2010 was still at its minimum, when it should have been near its maximum, demonstrating its unusual weakness.
Cycle 24's minimum occurred around December 2008 and the next maximum was predicted to reach a sunspot number of 90 around May 2013. The monthly mean sunspot number in the northern solar hemisphere peaked in November 2011, while the southern hemisphere appears to have peaked in February 2014, reaching a peak monthly mean of 102. Subsequent months declined to around 70 (June 2014). In October 2014, sunspot AR 12192 became the largest observed since 1990. The flare that erupted from this sunspot was classified as an X3.1-class solar storm.
Independent scientists of the National Solar Observatory (NSO) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) predicted in 2011 that Cycle 25 would be greatly reduced or might not happen at all.
References
External links
NOAA / NESDIS / NGDC (2002) Solar Variability Affecting Earth NOAA CD-ROM NGDC-05/01. This CD-ROM contains over 100 solar-terrestrial and related global data bases covering the period through April 1990.
Recent Total Solar Irradiance data updated every Monday
Solar phenomena
Vortices
Space physics
Solar System | Solar observation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
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"Physical phenomena",
"Outer space",
"Vortices",
"Space physics",
"Solar phenomena",
"Dynamical systems",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar System",
"Fluid dynamics"
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47,390,203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzpolitik.org | netzpolitik.org is a German language news website on digital rights and digital culture. Among other topics, it covers mass surveillance, open source software, data protection and privacy and net neutrality. The blog was founded in 2002 by Markus Beckedahl, who led the project until July 2022 and still works on the project today, supported by more than 30 other contributors. Since August 2022, netzpolitik.org is led by two Co-Editors-in-Chief Anna Biselli and Daniel Leisegang.
Treason investigation 2015
In Spring 2015, netzpolitik.org leaked internal government documents which detailed the proposed surveillance expansion of social networks by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, an intelligence agency, by producing two articles, first in February 2015 and then in April 2015.
On July 31, 2015, netzpolitik.org announced:Up until that point, they were known to have been witnesses in the case, but this letter confirmed that they would be investigated as "joint principals".
In the aftermath of the treason investigation, Federal Minister of Justice Heiko Maas forced Public Prosecutor General Harald Range into retirement for breach of public trust on 4 August 2015.
References
External links
German political websites
Mass surveillance
Net neutrality
German-language websites
Publications established in 2002 | Netzpolitik.org | [
"Engineering"
] | 266 | [
"Net neutrality",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
47,390,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20poikilochromus | Boletus poikilochromus is a species of bolete native to southern (Mediterranean) Europe and Israel.
References
poikilochromus
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1987
Fungus species | Boletus poikilochromus | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,390,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20albidipes | Suillus albidipes is a species of edible mushroom in the genus Suillus native to North America.
See also
List of North American boletes
References
External links
Rogers Mushrooms - Suillus albidipes Mushroom
albidipes
Edible fungi
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1912
Fungus species | Suillus albidipes | [
"Biology"
] | 59 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,390,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20219134%20b | HD 219134 b (or HR 8832 b) is one of at least five exoplanets orbiting HD 219134, a main-sequence star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. HD 219134 b has a size of about 1.6 , and a density of 6.4 g/cm3 and orbits at 21.25 light-years away. The exoplanet was initially detected by the instrument HARPS-N of the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo via the radial velocity method and subsequently observed by the Spitzer telescope as transiting in front of its star. The exoplanet has a mass of about 4.5 times that of Earth and orbits its host star every three days. In 2017, it was found that the planet likely hosts an atmosphere.
Characteristics
Mass, radius and temperature
HD 219134 b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and Uranus. Using both the radial velocity and transit method, both its mass and radius have been well determined, allowing for accurate modelling of the planet's composition. HD 219134 b has a radius of 1.602 and a mass of 4.74 , giving it a density of about 6.4 g/cm3 and 1.85 times the gravity of Earth. This is consistent with a rocky, Earth-like composition. This is relatively unusual, as most planets of ≥1.6 are expected to be rich in volatile materials, such as water and gas. Despite its Earth-like composition, the planet's equilibrium temperature is around , far too hot for liquid water or life. Depending on the amount of cloud cover in the atmosphere of HD 219134 b, the actual temperature may be somewhat lower, but nowhere near the range for liquid water. In addition, its geology is presumed should be rich in calcium and aluminium.
Host star
The planet orbits a (K-type) star named HD 219134, orbited by a total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K.
The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye.
Orbit
HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and an orbital radius of about 0.03 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU).
Atmosphere
In 2017, it was predicted that HD 219134 b and HD 219134 c likely have atmospheres that are secondary in nature, based on the compositions of the planets and the potential for atmospheric escape. For HD 219134 b, the predicted atmosphere was calculated to reach a height of about 0.18 (~1,150 km), below the predicted height of a primordial hydrogen atmosphere (0.28 ). This would indicate a secondary atmosphere produced by processes like volcanic activity and evaporation of volatile materials. However, the composition of volatile materials on HD 219134 b and c could not be accurately determined, yet it is believed that the former has a very thin gaseous envelope, far thinner than those of Uranus and Neptune.
See also
List of exoplanet extremes
Other rocky planets with confirmed atmospheres:
TRAPPIST-1b and TRAPPIST-1c
Gliese 1132 b, has an atmosphere rich in water and methane.
55 Cancri e, has an atmosphere with hydrogen, helium, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, and/or carbon monoxide.
References
External links
Cassiopeia Constellation at Constellation Guide
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Cassiopeia
Cassiopeia (constellation)
Exoplanets discovered in 2015
Terrestrial planets
Transiting exoplanets
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Near-Earth-sized exoplanets
Articles containing video clips | HD 219134 b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 884 | [] |
47,391,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonin | Pelargonin is an anthocyanin. It is the 3,5-O-diglucoside of pelargonidin.
Natural occurrences
Pelargonin is a pigment, found in barberries, the petals of the scarlet pelargonium flower pomegranates, and red wine.
See also
Phenolic content in wine
References
External links
KEGG compounds
BioPath
Anthocyanins | Pelargonin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"PH indicators",
"Anthocyanins"
] |
47,391,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibo | Sensibo is a manufacturer of air conditioning controllers.
History
Sensibo was founded in November 2013 by Omer Enbar and Ran Roth. It is headquartered in Redwood City, California.
The company's mission was to bring about a change in the way people interact with their climate control systems. Recognizing the increasing demand for smart home technology and the potential for energy savings, Sensibo introduced its flagship product, the Sensibo Sky, which allowed users to make their old remote-controlled air conditioners smart.
The idea originated around 2004 when Omer Enbar had built a personal control system to activate his air conditioner via email prior to biking home from work. The system connected an IR blaster to a laptop that would send a signal to the AC every time he sent an email with the title "AC on" or "AC off".
During 2013, Omer Enbar and Ran Roth manually built and deployed several prototypes to friends and family. They later proceeded to found the company.
Products and Services
The Sensibo product line primarily focuses on smart controllers that connect air conditioners and heat pumps to the internet. These controllers enable users to control their devices remotely through a mobile app, set timers, and use geofencing features. Additionally, Sensibo products integrate with other smart home systems and voice assistants, allowing for a seamless user experience.
Sensibo Sky: Connects to the user's air conditioner via infrared and allows for remote control through the Sensibo app and offers additional features such as climate react, which adjusts the air conditioner settings based on external weather conditions.
Sensibo Air: An advanced version of the Sensibo Sky, the Sensibo Air offers like room presence sensors and HomeKit integration.
Sensibo Air Pro: Builds on the Sensibo Air and adds an air quality sensor.
Crowdfunding and video
In May 2014, Sensibo launched a successful crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo. The campaign raised $165,000 on July 20, 2014. Its campaign video was later selected by Indiegogo as the funniest pitch video of 2014. The video, created by Tross Media and starring Michael Harpaz, has been often compared to Dollar Shave Club and the TV series House of Cards.
Product launches
Sensibo delivered on its crowdfunding campaign during the summer of 2015, shipping thousands of units worldwide, according to the company. In May 2015, Sensibo launched an IFTTT channel, allowing its system to interface with other apps and devices. The devices are being distributed in many countries.
In January 2017 the company launched its 2nd generation device, Sensibo Sky.
Features include: 7-day scheduling, Location based on/off, Multiple users controlling a single device, integration with Amazon Echo and IFTTT.
References
Home automation companies
Electronics companies established in 2013
2013 establishments in California | Sensibo | [
"Technology"
] | 587 | [
"Home automation",
"Home automation companies"
] |
47,392,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20field%20theory | In theoretical physics, Hamiltonian field theory is the field-theoretic analogue to classical Hamiltonian mechanics. It is a formalism in classical field theory alongside Lagrangian field theory. It also has applications in quantum field theory.
Definition
The Hamiltonian for a system of discrete particles is a function of their generalized coordinates and conjugate momenta, and possibly, time. For continua and fields, Hamiltonian mechanics is unsuitable but can be extended by considering a large number of point masses, and taking the continuous limit, that is, infinitely many particles forming a continuum or field. Since each point mass has one or more degrees of freedom, the field formulation has infinitely many degrees of freedom.
One scalar field
The Hamiltonian density is the continuous analogue for fields; it is a function of the fields, the conjugate "momentum" fields, and possibly the space and time coordinates themselves. For one scalar field , the Hamiltonian density is defined from the Lagrangian density by
with the "del" or "nabla" operator, is the position vector of some point in space, and is time. The Lagrangian density is a function of the fields in the system, their space and time derivatives, and possibly the space and time coordinates themselves. It is the field analogue to the Lagrangian function for a system of discrete particles described by generalized coordinates.
As in Hamiltonian mechanics where every generalized coordinate has a corresponding generalized momentum, the field has a conjugate momentum field , defined as the partial derivative of the Lagrangian density with respect to the time derivative of the field,
in which the overdot denotes a partial time derivative , not a total time derivative .
Many scalar fields
For many fields and their conjugates the Hamiltonian density is a function of them all:
where each conjugate field is defined with respect to its field,
In general, for any number of fields, the volume integral of the Hamiltonian density gives the Hamiltonian, in three spatial dimensions:
The Hamiltonian density is the Hamiltonian per unit spatial volume. The corresponding dimension is [energy][length]−3, in SI units Joules per metre cubed, J m−3.
Tensor and spinor fields
The above equations and definitions can be extended to vector fields and more generally tensor fields and spinor fields. In physics, tensor fields describe bosons and spinor fields describe fermions.
Equations of motion
The equations of motion for the fields are similar to the Hamiltonian equations for discrete particles. For any number of fields:
where again the overdots are partial time derivatives, the variational derivative with respect to the fields
with · the dot product, must be used instead of simply partial derivatives.
Phase space
The fields and conjugates form an infinite dimensional phase space, because fields have an infinite number of degrees of freedom.
Poisson bracket
For two functions which depend on the fields and , their spatial derivatives, and the space and time coordinates,
and the fields are zero on the boundary of the volume the integrals are taken over, the field theoretic Poisson bracket is defined as (not to be confused with the commutator from quantum mechanics).
where is the variational derivative
Under the same conditions of vanishing fields on the surface, the following result holds for the time evolution of (similarly for ):
which can be found from the total time derivative of , integration by parts, and using the above Poisson bracket.
Explicit time-independence
The following results are true if the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities are explicitly time-independent (they can still have implicit time-dependence via the fields and their derivatives),
Kinetic and potential energy densities
The Hamiltonian density is the total energy density, the sum of the kinetic energy density () and the potential energy density (),
Continuity equation
Taking the partial time derivative of the definition of the Hamiltonian density above, and using the chain rule for implicit differentiation and the definition of the conjugate momentum field, gives the continuity equation:
in which the Hamiltonian density can be interpreted as the energy density, and
the energy flux, or flow of energy per unit time per unit surface area.
Relativistic field theory
Covariant Hamiltonian field theory is the relativistic formulation of Hamiltonian field theory.
Hamiltonian field theory usually means the symplectic Hamiltonian formalism when applied to classical field theory, that takes the form of the instantaneous Hamiltonian formalism on an infinite-dimensional phase space, and where canonical coordinates are field functions at some instant of time. This Hamiltonian formalism is applied to quantization of fields, e.g., in quantum gauge theory. In Covariant Hamiltonian field theory, canonical momenta pμi corresponds to derivatives of fields with respect to all world coordinates xμ. Covariant Hamilton equations are equivalent to the Euler–Lagrange equations in the case of hyperregular Lagrangians. Covariant Hamiltonian field theory is developed in the Hamilton–De Donder, polysymplectic, multisymplectic and k-symplectic variants. A phase space of covariant Hamiltonian field theory is a finite-dimensional polysymplectic or multisymplectic manifold.
Hamiltonian non-autonomous mechanics is formulated as covariant Hamiltonian field theory on fiber bundles over the time axis, i.e. the real line .
See also
Analytical mechanics
De Donder–Weyl theory
Four-vector
Canonical quantization
Hamiltonian fluid mechanics
Covariant classical field theory
Polysymplectic manifold
Non-autonomous mechanics
Notes
Citations
References
Mathematical physics
Classical mechanics
Classical field theory
Quantum field theory
Differential geometry | Hamiltonian field theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,170 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Classical field theory",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
47,393,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exohedral%20fullerene | Exohedral fullerenes, also called exofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters attached their outer spheres, such as C50Cl10 and C60H8. or fullerene ligands.
See also
Fullerene ligands
Endohedral fullerene
References
Fullerenes
Supramolecular chemistry | Exohedral fullerene | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 73 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"nan",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
47,393,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20vaccination | Ring vaccination is a strategy to inhibit the spread of a disease by vaccinating those who are most likely to be infected.
This strategy vaccinates the contacts of confirmed patients, and people who are in close contact with those contacts. This way, everyone who has been, or could have been, exposed to a patient receives the vaccine, creating a 'ring' of protection that can limit the spread of a pathogen.
Ring vaccination requires thorough and rapid surveillance and epidemiologic case investigation. The Intensified Smallpox Eradication Program used this strategy with great success in its efforts to eradicate smallpox in the latter half of the 20th century.
Medical use
When someone falls ill, people they might have infected should be vaccinated. Contacts who might have been infected typically include family, neighbours, and friends. Several layers of contacts may be vaccinated (the contacts, the contacts' contacts, the contact's contacts' contacts, etc.).
Ring vaccination relies on contact tracing to determine possible infections. However, this can be difficult. In some cases, it is preferable to vaccinate as many people as possible within the geographic area of known infection (geographically-targeted reactive vaccination). If the infections occur within a defined geographic boundary, it may be preferable to vaccinate the entire community in which the illness has appeared, rather than explicitly tracing contacts.
Many vaccines take several weeks to induce immunity, and thus do not provide immediate protection. However, even if some of the ill person's contacts are already infected, ring vaccination can prevent the virus from being transmitted again, to the ill contacts' contacts. A few vaccines can protect even if they are given just after infection; ring vaccination is somewhat more effective for vaccines providing this post-exposure prophylaxis.
Advantages
When responding to a possible outbreak, health officials should consider which is best, ring vaccination or mass vaccination. In some outbreaks, it might be better to only vaccinate those directly exposed; variable factors (such as demographics and the vaccine that is available) can make one method or the other safer, with fewer people experiencing side-effects when the same number are protected from the disease.
History
Ring vaccination was used in Leicester, England in the late 19th-century.
It was also used in the mid-20th century in the eradication of smallpox.
It was used experimentally in the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.
In 2018, health authorities used a ring vaccination strategy to try to suppress the 2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak. This involved vaccinating only those most likely to be infected; direct contacts of infected individuals, and contacts of those contacts. The vaccine used was rVSV-ZEBOV.
Ring vaccination has been used extensively in the 2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak, with over 90,000 people vaccinated. In April 2019, the WHO published the preliminary results of the research by its research, in association with the DRC's Institut National pour la Recherche Biomedicale, into the effectiveness of the ring vaccination program, stating that the rVSV-ZEBOV-GP vaccine had been 97.5% effective at stopping Ebola transmission, relative to no vaccination.
See also
Cocooning (immunization)
Herd immunity
Pulse vaccination strategy
Targeted immunization strategies
Vaccination
References
Further reading
Vaccination | Ring vaccination | [
"Biology"
] | 709 | [
"Vaccination"
] |
47,393,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-column%20store | A wide-column store (or extensible record store) is a type of NoSQL database. It uses tables, rows, and columns, but unlike a relational database, the names and format of the columns can vary from row to row in the same table. A wide-column store can be interpreted as a two-dimensional key–value store.
Google's Bigtable is one of the prototypical examples of a wide-column store.
Wide-column stores versus columnar databases
Wide-column stores such as Bigtable and Apache Cassandra are not column stores in the original sense of the term, since their two-level structures do not use a columnar data layout. In genuine column stores, a columnar data layout is adopted such that each column is stored separately on disk. Wide-column stores do often support the notion of column families that are stored separately. However, each such column family typically contains multiple columns that are used together, similar to traditional relational database tables. Within a given column family, all data is stored in a row-by-row fashion, such that the columns for a given row are stored together, rather than each column being stored separately.
Wide-column stores that support column families are also known as column family databases.
Notable examples
Notable wide-column stores include:
Apache Accumulo
Apache Cassandra
Apache HBase
Bigtable
DataStax Enterprise (uses Apache Cassandra)
DataStax Astra DB (uses Apache Cassandra)
Hypertable
Azure Tables
ScyllaDB
References
NoSQL
Databases
Database management systems | Wide-column store | [
"Technology"
] | 312 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
47,395,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20systemate%20orbis%20cometici%2C%20deque%20admirandis%20coeli%20characteribus | De systemate orbis cometici, deque admirandis coeli characteribus (transl. Of the systematics of the world of comets, and on the admirable objects of the sky) is a small tract on comets and other celestial objects by the Sicilian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna published in 1654. It contains a catalogue of comets and other celestial objects, but had limited circulation and the work was forgotten until 1985. In this work, Hodierna expressed the belief that comets were made of a more terrestrial substance, and considered nebulae to be made up of stars (Lux Primogenita).
Scope
The first part of his work (De systemate orbis cometici) followed Galileo's ideas on comets. The second part (De admirandis coeli characteribus) consisted of four main sections. The first concerns the classification of nebulaes. Hodierna classified the objects into three types according to their resolvability. Luminosae, or star clusters to the naked eye, Nebulae, or clusters that appeared nebulous to the naked eye, but which were resolvable in his telescope, and Occultae, which did not resolve even with the aid of his telescope. The second part is a list of 40 nebulae, of which roughly 25 have been identified as known objects, the others having too unclear a description for a modern identification. The third section is an attempt at a unifying theory of celestial objects, and the fourth concerns Copernican heliocentrism.
Discoveries
Hodernia is credited with several first descriptions, discoveries and rediscoveries:
These discoveries were part of an attempt at compiling a sky atlas, Il Cielo Stellato Diviso in 100 Mappe, but the work was never completed.
References
Further reading
17th-century books in Latin
1654 books
Astronomical catalogues | De systemate orbis cometici, deque admirandis coeli characteribus | [
"Astronomy"
] | 384 | [
"Astronomical catalogues",
"Astronomical objects",
"Works about astronomy"
] |
47,398,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5.142 | The S5.142 (AKA DST-25) is a liquid pressure-fed rocket engine burning N2O4/UDMH with an O/F of 1.85. It is used for crew-rated spacecraft propulsion applications. It was used in KTDU-80 propulsion module from the Soyuz-TM to the Soyuz-TMA-M, as the low thrust thruster (DPO-M). As of the Soyuz MS, KTDU-80 does not use DPO-M anymore.
The S5.142 generates of thrust with a chamber pressure of and a nozzle expansion of 45 that enables it to achieve a specific impulse of . It is rated for 300,000 starts with a total firing time of 25,000 seconds and can do single burns from 0.03 seconds to 4,000 seconds. Each unit weights .
Versions
This engine has been used in crewed Russian space program since the Soyuz TM-23. There are two versions:
S5.142 (AKA DST-25): Version used as DPO-M (attitude control thrusters) on the KTDU-80 unit of the Soyuz-TM up to the Soyuz-TMA-M.
S5.142A: A version of the S5.142 adapted for the KVTK upper stage for the Angara rocket.
See also
KB KhIMMASH
KTDU-80
Soyuz-TMA
References
External links
KB KhIMMASH Official Page (in Russian)
Rocket engines of Russia
Rocket engines using hypergolic propellant
Rocket engines using the pressure-fed cycle
KB KhimMash rocket engines | S5.142 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 338 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
47,398,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson%27s%20joint | A Hobson's joint or Hobson's coupling is a type of right-angle constant-velocity joint; rods bent 90° are able to transmit torque around a corner because they are all free to turn in their mounting holes in both legs of the coupling.
Hobson's joints are used to make elbow engines, a novelty device, but also for practical purposes in tools and shaft-driven bicycle gearing.
External links
References
Gears
Rotating shaft couplings | Hobson's joint | [
"Engineering"
] | 95 | [
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
47,399,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Middleware%20Platform | IMP is an integrated middleware platform for external system aiming to service logic communication. The IMP receives the messages from outside and translates into messages understandable by SCS. By this way, IMP isolates the external platform and enhances the communication of efficiency and safety. By the other way, IMP will connect with OLC Server and CSIP Server by northbound interface.
References
Middleware | Integrated Middleware Platform | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 78 | [
"Software engineering",
"Middleware",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
47,399,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20scrum%20software | This page compares software with specific support for the scrum framework. Although the features of some general project management software can be conceptualized around scrum, general project management software is not included on this list unless it has, or a plugin for it has, specific support for scrum.
General information
Sprint features
Story features
Planning Poker
Task features
Integration features
See also
Comparison of project management software
Kanban (development)
Notes and references
Notes
References
Scrum software, comparison of
Scrum | Comparison of scrum software | [
"Technology"
] | 97 | [
"Software comparisons",
"Computing comparisons"
] |
47,400,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20restrictum | Penicillium restrictum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from the stems of the plant Silybum marianum. Penicillium restrictum produces calbistrin A
References
Further reading
restrictum
Fungi described in 1927
Fungus species | Penicillium restrictum | [
"Biology"
] | 59 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
64,237,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20expansion | In physics, the Weyl expansion, also known as the Weyl identity or angular spectrum expansion, expresses an outgoing spherical wave as a linear combination of plane waves. In a Cartesian coordinate system, it can be denoted as
,
where , and are the wavenumbers in their respective coordinate axes:
.
The expansion is named after Hermann Weyl, who published it in 1919. The Weyl identity is largely used to characterize the reflection and transmission of spherical waves at planar interfaces; it is often used to derive the Green's functions for Helmholtz equation in layered media. The expansion also covers evanescent wave components. It is often preferred to the Sommerfeld identity when the field representation is needed to be in Cartesian coordinates.
The resulting Weyl integral is commonly encountered in microwave integrated circuit analysis and electromagnetic radiation over a stratified medium; as in the case for Sommerfeld integral, it is numerically evaluated. As a result, it is used in calculation of Green's functions for method of moments for such geometries. Other uses include the descriptions of dipolar emissions near surfaces in nanophotonics, holographic inverse scattering problems, Green's functions in quantum electrodynamics and acoustic or seismic waves.
See also
Angular spectrum method
Fourier optics
Green's function
Plane wave expansion
Sommerfeld identity
References
Sources
Mathematical identities
Mathematical physics
Electrodynamics
Wave mechanics | Weyl expansion | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 286 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Materials science stubs",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Electrodynamics",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical physics",
"Electromagnetism stubs",
... |
64,237,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20Hilbert%20spaces | In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and Hilbert space theory, the fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces gives a necessarily and sufficient condition for a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space to be a Hilbert space in terms of the canonical isometry of a pre-Hilbert space into its anti-dual.
Preliminaries
Antilinear functionals and the anti-dual
Suppose that is a topological vector space (TVS).
A function is called semilinear or antilinear if for all and all scalars ,
Additive: ;
Conjugate homogeneous: .
The vector space of all continuous antilinear functions on is called the anti-dual space or complex conjugate dual space of and is denoted by (in contrast, the continuous dual space of is denoted by ), which we make into a normed space by endowing it with the canonical norm (defined in the same way as the canonical norm on the continuous dual space of ).
Pre-Hilbert spaces and sesquilinear forms
A sesquilinear form is a map such that for all , the map defined by is linear, and for all , the map defined by is antilinear.
Note that in Physics, the convention is that a sesquilinear form is linear in its second coordinate and antilinear in its first coordinate.
A sesquilinear form on is called positive definite if for all non-0 ; it is called non-negative if for all .
A sesquilinear form on is called a Hermitian form if in addition it has the property that for all .
Pre-Hilbert and Hilbert spaces
A pre-Hilbert space is a pair consisting of a vector space and a non-negative sesquilinear form on ;
if in addition this sesquilinear form is positive definite then is called a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space.
If is non-negative then it induces a canonical seminorm on , denoted by , defined by , where if is also positive definite then this map is a norm.
This canonical semi-norm makes every pre-Hilbert space into a seminormed space and every Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space into a normed space.
The sesquilinear form is separately uniformly continuous in each of its two arguments and hence can be extended to a separately continuous sesquilinear form on the completion of ; if is Hausdorff then this completion is a Hilbert space.
A Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space that is complete is called a Hilbert space.
Canonical map into the anti-dual
Suppose is a pre-Hilbert space. If , we define the canonical maps:
where , and
where
The canonical map from into its anti-dual is the map
defined by .
If is a pre-Hilbert space then this canonical map is linear and continuous;
this map is an isometry onto a vector subspace of the anti-dual if and only if is a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert.
There is of course a canonical antilinear surjective isometry that sends a continuous linear functional on to the continuous antilinear functional denoted by and defined by .
Fundamental theorem
Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces: Suppose that is a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space where is a sesquilinear form that is linear in its first coordinate and antilinear in its second coordinate. Then the canonical linear mapping from into the anti-dual space of is surjective if and only if is a Hilbert space, in which case the canonical map is a surjective isometry of onto its anti-dual.
See also
Complex conjugate vector space
Dual system
Hilbert space
Pre-Hilbert space
Linear map
Riesz representation theorem
Sesquilinear form
References
Topological vector spaces
Linear functionals | Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces | [
"Mathematics"
] | 760 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Vector spaces",
"Topological vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
64,238,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Agathis%22%20jurassica | "Agathis" jurassica is an extinct coniferous tree found in the Talbragar Fish Beds of New South Wales. The beds were discovered in 1889 near the Farrs Hills in the Talbragar River valley. Specimens from the area were briefly examined by Australian palaeontologists upon discovery and published by R. Etheridge Jr. later that year. The initial classification identified Agathis jurassica as Podozamites lanceolatus. This name was upheld through further inspections by Walkom in 1921, but the species was reclassified as Agathis jurassica in 1981 by Mary White. In 1999, placement in Agathis was doubted, and the species has been referred to as Podozamites jurassica. The species is found predominantly in the Southern Hemisphere with marginal expanses into the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
Leaves
Lanced leaves, between 4–7 cm in length, between .5-.75 cm in width
Spiral phyllotaxy
Parallel venation
between 5-8 veins per leaf
Swollen stem bases with scale leaves
Foliage spur branchlets
Cones
Cylindrical cone with sub-triangular bract scales
Taxonomy
The species was originally classified as Podozamites lanceolatus, after a very brief inspection of over one thousand specimens originally collected from the site. A more detailed account of all the flora was performed in 1921 by Walkom where the initial classification was upheld, yet it was noted that the flora from the area was likely coniferous. The fossils found at the Talbragar Fish Beds had similarities in leaf appearance to known records of Podozamites lanceolatus. However, in this species, the pinnae distinctly grow from opposite sides of the rachis rather than growing spirally around it. White notes this error as well as the fact the variation in leaf sizes along smaller branchlets signal that the branches are in fact foliage spurs, which she considered not characteristic of Podozamites. In 1981 these contrasts sparked White to conduct an intensive review of information available on the two genera and led her to the conclusion that the specimen found in the Talbragar Fish Beds were more closely linked to Agathis rather than Podozamites, and the species was described as Agathis jurassica. The reproductive cones recovered from the site were also initially classified under a different name and later also reclassified as White to be those of Agathis jurassica. The cones were believed to be of the same family as Agathis, but were classified as Araucarites grandis.
In 1999, in a review of fossil Araucariaceae, Hill and Brodribb considered that the oldest reliably identified fossils of the genus Agathis were from the Middle Eocene of Australia, and so doubted whether Agathis jurassica had been correctly identified. Subsequent authors have used the name Podozamites jurassica, although this combination had apparently not been validly published .
Talbragar Fish Beds
The Talbragar Fish Beds are a well known geological site to the Northwest of Sydney and Wollemi National Park in Southeastern Australia that have produced thousands of incredibly preserved individual fossil specimens. The area is believed to have been a large and shallow freshwater lake that was surrounded by lush, woody vegetation, classified as a ‘Kauri Pine’ forest. The lake supported a large population of fish as well as a diverse range of flora along the shore that gave home to many insects as well. Examination of fish at the site give reason to believe there was a large scale event that rapidly inundated the lake with sediment; likely volcanic ash that trapped and buried the fish as well as some of the surrounding vegetation. The fossils in this locale are predominantly siliceous impressions, further supporting the idea that volcanic ash buried the specimen and left the stark white impressions of the flora over time. Fossilization in this area occurred in the Early to Middle Jurassic where Australia was still a part of Gondwana, under the Tethys Sea, and the site's climate was believed to be moderately warm with increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that allowed for lush vegetation to flourish.
References
jurassica
Articles with quotation marks in the title
Prehistoric plants | "Agathis" jurassica | [
"Biology"
] | 840 | [
"Prehistoric plants",
"Plants"
] |
64,239,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Launch | Southern Launch is the trading name of SouthernLaunch.space Pty Ltd, an Australian aerospace company and launch service provider. As of 2023, they operated Australia's only rocket facilities approved by the Australian Space Agency for launches to space.
The company, which has its main office in Adelaide, South Australia, provides infrastructure and logistics support for orbital and sub-orbital launches of commercial satellites and payloads. This role is in response to increasing demand from small-satellite companies for dedicated launches that avoid the constraints and delays of having other payloads on the same vehicle. It operates from two launch sites on western and southern Eyre Peninsula.
Facilities
Southern Launch has an agreement with Perigee Aerospace of South Korea to use its launch facilities. The company also has a contract to be the launch service provider for Adelaide company DEWC Systems, which had its first launch in September 2020. DEWC is engaged in an advanced sensing program involving satellites capable of helping the Australian Defence Force to detect and track challenging targets.
The company operates from two sites: the Koonibba test area in western Eyre Peninsula, north-west of the town of Ceduna, and the Whalers Way site on the southern tip of Eyre Peninsula, south-west of the regional city of Port Lincoln.
The company expects to launch 40 rockets a year depending on permanent government approvals for its two currently leased sites. The federal government via the Australian Space Agency granted launch licences for individual test launches in 2020, 2021 and 2022. Separately, the state government gave temporary environmental approval and was considering approval of the Whalers Way launch pad on a permanent basis. Pending such approval, a concrete launch pad has been the only infrastructure constructed at each site. Other assets were mobile and were brought on site only during launch sessions.
Koonibba
The Koonibba Test Range, near the small Aboriginal township of Koonibba, is for sub-orbital launches. Chosen for easy recovery of equipment, which is not possible over water, it accommodates trajectories of over two uninhabited national parks, the Yumbarra Conservation Park and Yellabinna Wilderness Protection Area. The site was the location of the company's first launches, in September 2020, which were the first commercial, space-capable rocket launches in Australia.
The range is located on Aboriginal land by permission of the Koonibba community, some of whose members have been hired to help set up and operate it – including cordoning off roads and other traffic control, interacting with emergency services, and guiding public spectators at launch time to ensure safe conditions.
Whalers Bay
The Whalers Way site is for polar and Sun-synchronous orbit launches. It is only from the Southern Ocean, allowing southwards trajectories of more than before Antarctica is reached. In late 2022, the company was reported as being in negotiations with the South Australian government to either extend approval to use the concrete launch pad or to secure permanent development approval for the site.
Rockets and payloads
Southern Launch's initial activities were the first of continuing efforts to test its launch facilities and evaluate environmental impacts in addition to testing rocket propulsion, guidance, telemetry and structural systems.
The first two vehicles to be launched, on 19 September 2020, were small , long DART rockets, which took a northward sub-orbital trajectory from the Koonibba site.
Subsequent activity involved Hapith 1 rockets supplied by Taiwanese company, TiSpace, which had been invited by the Australian Government to manufacture their rockets in Australia. In 2021 the company established an Australian subsidiary company, TASpace, in Adelaide, for that purpose.
TASpace rockets are distinguished by the name "Kestrel". Kestrel 1 rockets have two stages, weigh and stand tall. Their engine uses TiSpace's non-explosive hybrid propulsion technology to climb to a sub-orbital altitude of about , reaching speeds of two to six times the speed of sound (Mach 2–6).
On 3 May 2024, HyImpulse's SR75 suborbital rocket successfully flew its maiden launch from Koonibba Test Range.
Environmental concerns
Bird enthusiasts are hoping that the site may be assessed as unsuitable for rocket launches, saying that they threaten the survival of the Southern emu-wren; others are concerned about potential fire risks. Southern Launch's CEO, LLoyd Damp, said the company had developed a 3200-page environmental impact statement in consultation with a range of industry experts. It was sponsoring research into the lower Eyre Peninsula's fauna and flora; implementing a weed, vermin and feral animal eradication program; and reintroducing native vegetation. He also stated that the company had been able to "demonstrate when we attempted the first launch, when we did have a fire on the launch pad, we were able to manage the situation and make sure that the environment was never put at risk." He said that in the event that the site was approved for permanent use, the company was planning to set up its own first-responder team to cover any fire, medical or other emergencies.
Notes
References
Space technology
Private spaceflight companies
Aerospace companies of Australia | Southern Launch | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,034 | [
"Space technology",
"Outer space"
] |
64,240,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPOL1 | MIPOL1 (Mirror Image Polydactyly 1), also known as CCDC193 (Coiled-coil domain containing 193), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIPOL1 gene. Mutation of this gene is associated with mirror-image polydactyly (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome.) in humans, which is a rare genetic condition characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits.
Gene
MIPOL1 is also known as CCDC193 (Coiled-coil domain containing 193).
Locus
The MIPOL1 gene is located at 14q13.3-q21.1 on the plus strand, spanning base pairs 37,197,888 to 37,579,207 (in the human GRCh38 primary assembly, length: 381,320 base pairs), consisting of 15 exons and 11 introns. Some notable genes in its neighborhood include SLC25A21 (mutation of this gene causes synpolydactyly) and FOXA1.
mRNA
MIPOL1 has at least 15 known splice isoforms produced by alternative splicing.
Protein
Properties
The unmodified MIPOL1 protein isoform 1 in humans has an isoelectric point of 5.6 and molecular weight 51.5 kDa. Relative to other human proteins, MIPOL1 consists of unusually low amounts of Proline and Glycine and higher amounts of Glutamic acid and Glutamine.
Isoforms
There are at least three known isoforms of this protein in humans produced by alternative splicing: isoform 1, of length 442 amino acids, isoform 2 of length 261 amino acids and isoform 3 of length 169 amino acids.
Domains and motifs
MIPOL1 contains two coiled-coil domains in its C-terminus at positions 107 – 212 and 253 – 435 (shown in Fig.1). A bipartite nuclear localization signal is predicted at position 128 – 143.
Post-translational modifications
The following post-translational modifications are predicted using bioinformatics tools for MIPOL1. Multiple phosphorylation sites are predicted for this protein, that are conserved in close orthologs, including a Casein kinase 1 (CK1) site, three Casein kinase 2 (CK2) sites, and three NEK2 sites.
Structure
The exact structure of the MIPOL1 has not yet been characterized. Homology-based and de novo predictions of its tertiary structure suggest that it may consist of inter-twined alpha helices, forming coiled-coil domains (see Fig.4.).
Sub-cellular localization
Immunofluorescence imaging in the human U2OS cell line (bone Osteosarcoma epithelial cells) shows localization in the cytosol. Immunohistochemistry imaging of human prostate tissue also suggests cytosolic localization. A bipartite nuclear localization signal is predicted at position 128 – 143, which is highly conserved in mammalian orthologs (see Fig.2.), indicating possible localization in the nucleus.
Gene regulation
The predicted promoter sequence for this gene spans from base pair 37196852 to 37198126 (1,275 bp) and has multiple predicted binding sites for transcription factors such as GATA binding factors, SMAD3, TP63 and NRF1.
Gene Expression
MIPOL1 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in humans, with highest expression in the prostate.
Transcript regulation
The RNA secondary structure is stabilized by multiple stem loops that have been predicted (using bioinformatics tools), and conserved across closely related species. Multiple binding targets are found for microRNAs such as MIR3163 and MIR190a, that could silence these regions on the mRNA and inhibit translation.
Clinical significance
The MIPOL1 gene is an autosomal dominant gene. It is one of six genes in humans causing non-syndromic polydactyly (i.e. polydactyly occurring as a separate event with no other associated anomalies). Mutation of this gene is associated with mirror-image polydactyly (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome) in humans, which is a rare genetic condition characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits in hands and feet.
This gene has also been associated with central nervous system development, and the loss of this gene can cause craniofacial defects and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
The gene is shown to function as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), through the up-regulation of the p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and p27 (proteins that are both cyclin-dependent kinases that are linked with tumor suppression via cell cycle arrest) pathways. Another study investigating the role of MIPOL1 gene in cancer progression reported that MIPOL1 was downregulated in NPC tumor tissues, and that artificially re-expressing the gene caused tumor suppression by down-regulating angiogenic factors and reducing the phosphorylation of metastasis associated proteins like AKT, p65 and FAK14. MIPOL1 interacts with another well-known tumor-suppressing gene, RhoB and this interaction was confirmed to enhance RhoB activity.
In a study of pediatric high grade glioma (pHGG), MIPOL1 gene was found to be down-regulated 2.4-fold in the high vascularity tumors
The protein is known to interact with Replicase polyprotein 1ab in SARS-CoV2, which is a protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.
Interacting proteins
This protein is known to interact with multiple human proteins, verified via two-hybrid screening. A few notable examples include:
LATS2: Negatively regulates YAP1 in the Hippo signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis.
ZGPAT (Zinc finger CCCH-type with G patch domain-containing protein): A transcription repressor that negatively regulates expression of EGFR, a gene involved in cell proliferation, survival and migration, suggesting that it may act as a tumor suppressor.
RCOR3 (REST Corepressor 3): A protein that may act as a component of a co-repressor complex that represses transcription
It also interacts with viral proteins such as:
Replicase polyprotein 1ab (SARS-CoV2): A multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.
Protein E7 (Human Papillomavirus): Plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle.
Origin and evolution
The earliest known ortholog of this protein appeared around 948 million years ago in Trichoplax adhaerens in phylum Placozoa in kingdom Animalia. The next most distant orthologs appear in phylum Cnidaria, around 824 million years ago.
Sequence Homology
The MIPOL1 protein has no known paralogs in humans and other species for which orthologs have been found, therefore, it is the only member of its gene family.
There are more than 300 known orthologs of the MIPOL1 protein in Animalia, ranging from primates to corals and sea anemones in phylum Cnidaria. Orthologs of the protein were found in species as distant as Trichoplax adhaerens, a simple primitive invertebrate species. Table 2 shows a sample of the ortholog space.
Closely related orthologs are found in chordates such as mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians, with sequence similarities greater than 70%. Sequence lengths of orthologs were similar to the human MIPOL1 protein, with no significant gene duplication observed.
Organisms with sequence similarities in the 55-70% range (moderately related orthologs) were found in bony fish, cartilaginous fish and coelacanths. Sequence length is generally longer in these species, with a longer amino acid sequence in the N-terminus (alignment with human protein occurs around amino acid 100).
Distantly related orthologs with similarities less than 50% (around 30 – 40%) are found in hemichordates, echinoderms, arthropods, molluscs, cnidaria and placozoa. Multiple sequence alignment with distant orthologs indicates poor alignment in the N-terminus of the protein.
Two COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) domains were found in this protein (see Fig.3): COG1196 at position 106 - 340 (Chromosome segregation ATPase) and COG4372 at 259 - 431 (uncharacterized conserved protein containing a DUF3084 domain)
Phylogenetics
Using a linear regression analysis on a plot of corrected percent divergence (amino acid changes per 100 amino acids) as a function of date of divergence from humans for different MIPOL1 orthologs (see Fig.5), it is estimated that a 1% change in amino acids in the MIPOL1 protein takes 5.68 million years. MIPOL1 protein is evolving at a moderate rate relative to fast evolving protein such as fibrinogen alpha, and slow evolving proteins such as cytochrome C.
References
Proteins | MIPOL1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,971 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
64,240,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Nanosciences%20and%20Nanotechnologies | The Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (French: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies de l'université Paris-Saclay) or C2N, is a nanotechnology laboratory created as joint research unit (UMR 9001) between the University of Paris-Saclay and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
CNRS and the university announced this collaboration in 2013, with the goal of uniting two existing laboratories of Ile-de-France: the Institute for Fundamental Electronics (Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, IEF) and the Laboratory for Photonics Nanostructures (Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN).
Facility construction began in April, 2015, the first stone was laid on June 28, 2016, and the C2N facility began operations in September, 2017. It is located on the Paris-Saclay campus in Palaiseau, 20 miles south of Paris, France.
According to the European Union's MIR-Bose project, "The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N) is one of the largest laboratories of University Paris-Sud with 283 members including 83 permanent researchers, 160 PhD students and post-doctoral researchers and 40 technical and administrative staff members."
Research areas
The core of the research is based silicon and III-V nano-electronics, nanomagnetism (spintronics), micro- and nano-photonics (III-V and silicon photonics), and nanosystems (manufacturing and characterization.) It has four main divisions:
Photonics department,
Materials Department,
Nanoelectronics Department,
Microsystems and Nanobiofluidics Department.
The C2N is one of three major French centers of research on nanotechnology (the other two are in Grenoble and Toulouse.) Several other related research groups are located near Paris-Saclay, including Thales, and STMicroelectronics. Scientists from other institutions visit C2N to make use of its single-photon source.
C2N researchers fabricated a chip used as the miniature "particle collider" that produced the first solid confirmation of the quasiparticles anyons, a scientific collaboration with ENS researchers that was featured on the cover of Science.
References
External links
Research institutes in France
Nanotechnology
Paris-Saclay
French UMR | Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 490 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
64,240,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar%20Kant%C3%A9 | Boubacar Kanté is a Malian American physicist and engineer working in the field of wave-matter interaction and optoelectronics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he is the inaugural Chenming Hu Endowed Chaired Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS). He is also faculty scientist at the Materials Sciences Division (MSD) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His research focuses on optical phenomena at a very small scale, developing nanostructures to harness the interaction of light and matter, such as metamaterials, scalable lasers, topological lasers, compact lenses, or energy harvesting nanostructures.
He is mostly known for his invention of scale-invariant lasers, overcoming a more than six-decade old challenge on the scaling of semiconductor lasers with a laser known as the Berkeley Surface Emitting Laser or BerkSEL. He also pioneered topological lasers with his proposal and demonstration of the world first topological laser based on the quantum Hall effect for light
Education
Dr. Kanté received advanced graduate degree Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Lille University of Science and Technology in France in 2006 and pursued a Ph.D in physics at the Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies of University of Paris-Saclay (formerly known as the Institute for Fundamental Electronics) which he received in 2010. He then joined UC Berkeley as a postdoctoral fellow in Xiang Zhang group, before moving to UC San Diego where he became an assistant and then associate professor. In 2019, he returned to UC Berkeley in the EECS department as an associate professor.
Awards and honors
2024 Bakar Prize
2021 Bakar Fellowship
2020 Moore Inventor Fellowship
2017 Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award
2016 National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Award
2015 Hellman fellowship
2010 Richelieu Prize in Sciences
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French physicists
Lille University of Science and Technology alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Optical physicists
Metamaterials scientists | Boubacar Kanté | [
"Materials_science"
] | 402 | [
"Metamaterials scientists",
"Metamaterials"
] |
64,242,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmeoideae | The Malmeoideae are a subfamily of trees and other plants of the family Annonaceae.
Tribes and Genera
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, which recognises Malmeoideae as one of four subfamilies, containing 9 tribes and the following genera:
Annickieae
Auth: Couvreur et al., 2019
Annickia Setten & Maas - monotypic tribe with African genus
Piptostigmateae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 - African genera:
Brieya
Greenwayodendron Verdc.
Mwasumbia Couvreur & D.M. Johnson
Piptostigma Oliv.
Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels
Sirdavidia Couvreur (monotypic)
Malmeeae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 - tropical Americas
Bocageopsis R.E.Fr.
Cremastosperma R.E.Fr.
Ephedranthus S.Moore
Klarobelia Chatrou
Malmea R.E.Fr.
Mosannona Chatrou
Onychopetalum R.E.Fr.
Oxandra A.Rich. (black lancewood)
Pseudephedranthus Aristeg.
Pseudomalmea Chatrou
Pseudoxandra R.E.Fr.
Ruizodendron R.E.Fr.
Unonopsis R.E.Fr.
Maasieae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012
Maasia Mols et al. - W Indo-China to New Guinea
Fenerivieae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012
Fenerivia Diels - Madagascar endemic
Phoenicantheae
Phoenicanthus Alston - Sri Lanka
Dendrokingstonieae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012
Dendrokingstonia Rauschert - W Malesia
Monocarpieae
Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012
Monocarpia Miq. - western Malesia
Leoheo – Vietnam
Miliuseae
Auth: Hooker & Thomson 1855
Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson (S. China to Tropical Asia)
Desmopsis Saff. (Mexico to Colombia, Cuba)
Huberantha Chaowasku (Tropical & Subtropical Africa & Asia, Madagascar, SW. Pacific)
Marsypopetalum Scheff. (Hainan, Indo-China to W. & Central Malesia)
Meiogyne Miq. (India, Indochina to Australia, Fiji)
Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. (Tropical & Subtropical Asia to N. Australia)
Mitrephora (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson (S India, Southeast Asia)
Monoon Miq. (India, Indo-China, Malesia, New Guinea and Australia)
Neo-uvaria Airy Shaw (Indo-China to W. & Central Malesia)
Orophea Blume (Tropical & Subtropical Asia)
Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson (Vietnam to New Guinea)
Platymitra Boerl. (Thailand to W. & Central Malesia)
Polyalthia Blume (Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to NE. Australia)
Polyalthiopsis Chaowasku (Vietnam)
Popowia Endl. (tropical Asia and Africa and Oceania)
Pseuduvaria Miq. (tropical SE Asia)
Sageraea Dalzell (tropical Asia)
Sapranthus Seem. (Mexico to Colombia)
Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thompson (Indo-China to Western and Central Malesia)
Stenanona Standl. (Mexico, Central and South America)
Tridimeris Baill. (Mexico)
Trivalvaria (Miq.) Miq. (Tropical Asia including Hainan)
Wangia X. Guo & R.M.K. Saunders (central & southern China)
Wuodendron B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku (China, Vietnam)
References
External links
Annonaceae
Plant subfamilies | Malmeoideae | [
"Biology"
] | 830 | [
"Plant subfamilies",
"Plants"
] |
64,242,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional%20adaptation | Transcriptional adaptation is a recently described type of genetic compensation by which a mutation in one gene leads to the transcriptional modulation of related genes, termed adapting genes or modifiers.
References
Gene expression | Transcriptional adaptation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 40 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
64,242,352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitride%20fluoride | Nitride fluorides containing nitride and fluoride ions with the formula NF4-. They can be electronically equivalent to a pair of oxide ions O24-. Nitride fluorides were discovered in 1996 by Lavalle et al. They heated diammonium technetium hexafluoride to 300 °C to yield TcNF. Another preparation is to heat a fluoride compound with a nitride compound in a solid state reaction. The fluorimido ion is F-N2- and is found in a rhenium compound.
References
Nitrides
Fluorides
Mixed anion compounds | Nitride fluoride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 133 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Salts",
"Fluorides",
"Ions"
] |
64,242,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolichenan | Isolichenan, also known as isolichenin, is a cold-water-soluble α-glucan occurring in certain species of lichens. This lichen product was first isolated as a component of an extract of Iceland moss in 1813, along with lichenin. After further analysis and characterization of the individual components of the extract, isolichenan was named in 1881. It is the first α-glucan to be described from lichens. The presence of isolichenan in the cell walls is a defining characteristic in several genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Although most prevalent in that family, it has also been isolated from members of the families Ramalinaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Roccellaceae, and Cladoniaceae. Experimental studies have shown that isolichenan is produced only when the two lichen components – fungus and alga – are growing together, not when grown separately. The biological function of isolichenan in the lichen thallus is unknown.
Early studies
Isolichenan was first isolated from Cetraria islandica in 1813 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who also at the same time isolated the cellulose-like hot-water-soluble glucan lichenan. Because in these experiments the isolichenan component of the lichen extract had a positive reaction with iodine staining (i.e. production of a blue colour), Berzelius thought it to be similar in nature to starch, and he called it "lichen starch". It was thought to function as a reserve food source for the organism. Later studies showed it to be a mixture of polysaccharides. In 1838, Gerardus Johannes Mulder isolated the blue-staining component of the C. islandica extract, believing it to be starch. Friedrich Konrad Beilstein gave the name "isolichenan" to this substance in 1881. Isolichenan was the first α-glucan described from lichens.
In 1947, Kurt Heinrich Meyer and P. Gürtler, discussing the preparation of lichenan, reported that the mother liquor contained a water-soluble glucan that could be purified by repeated freezing and thawing. In this process, which completely removed lichenan, they obtained isolichenan in a 0.55% yield.
Structure
Isolichenan is a polymer of glucose units joined by a mixture of α-(1→3) and α-(1→4) linkages. Using the technique of partial acid hydrolysis, Stanley Peat and colleagues determined that the linkages are of the α-configuration. The ratio of these linkages has been reported differently by various authors in the scientific literature: 11:9, 3:2, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1. Fleming and Manners found the ratio to be 56.5:43.5 and 57:43 in two separate experiments using the Smith degradation procedure. This technique uses the successive steps of periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild acid hydrolysis; in this way, acetal linkages become hydrolysed, but glucosidic linkages are not. The distribution of linkages in isolichenan was found to be somewhat irregular, with both types occurring in groups of two or more in at least some areas. Another study suggests that isolichenan has mostly groups of one or two α-(1→3) bonds surrounded by α-(1→4) bonds. Compared with, for example, amylose (a linear α-(1→4)-linked glucan and the major component of starch), isolichenan has a relatively weak iodine-staining reaction. This weak staining intensity is thought to be a result of its preponderance of (1→3) linkages, a property that reduces the formation of the polyiodide-complex that gives the positive reaction its blue colour.
The chain length of isolichenan was estimated at 42–44 glucose units. The reported molecular weight of isolichenan also varies, from 26 kD to 2000 kD. The relatively short chain length of isolichenan may explain why it is soluble in cold water after it has been extracted from the lichen thallus. Purified isolichenan has a high positive specific rotation in water. It has been reported as high as +272, although different sources give differing values.
The term "isolichenan-type" has been used as a general term for α-D-glucans having (1→3)-(1→4) linkages in their main chain. Similar to isolichenan, the α-D-glucan known as Ci-3 consists of 1→3 and 1→4 linked α-D-glucose residues in ratio of 2:1, but with a much higher degree of polymerization and a molecular weight of about 2000 kD. It is also found in Cetraria islandica. As the discrepancies in reported values demonstrate, lichens produce isolichenan-type polysaccharides with considerable variation in linkage ratios as well as molecular weight, even within the same species.
The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of isolichenan was reported by Yokota and colleagues in 1979 and also by Gorin and Iacomini in 1984.
Occurrence
Since its discovery in Cetraria islandica, isolichenan has been isolated from many other lichen species. It is predominant in the Parmeliaceae, a large and diverse family of the class Lecanoromycetes. Parmeliaceae genera and species containing isolichenan include: Alectoria (A. sulcata, A. sarmentosa); Cetraria (Cetraria cucullata, C. islandica, C. nivaris, C. richardsonii; Evernia (E. prunastri); Letharia (L. vulpina); Neuropogon (N. aurantiaco-ater); Parmelia (P. caperata, P. cetrarioides, P. conspersa, P. hypotrypella, P. laevior, P. nikkoensis, P. saxatilis, P. tinctorum); Parmotrema (P. cetrarum, P. araucaria, P. sulcata); and Usnea (U. barbata, U. baylei, U. faciata, U. longissima, U. meridionalis, U. rubescens). A few members of the family Ramalinaceae have been shown to contain isolichenan, including Ramalina celastri, R. ecklonii, R. scopulorum, and R. usnea. In the family Stereocaulaceae, isolichenan has been isolated from S. excutum, S. japonicum, and S. sorediiferum. It is also known to occur in single species in the Roccellaceae (Roccella montagnei) and the Cladoniaceae (Pilophorus acicularis).
Uses
Although isolichenan is not nearly as constant at the genus level as lichenan, the presence of isolichenan in the cell walls is a defining character in several genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae, including Asahinea, Cetrelia, Flavoparmelia, and Psiloparmelia. In contrast, the absence of isolichenan is a character of genus Xanthoparmelia.
Isolichenan is used as an active ingredient in cough lozenges as a component of Cetraria islandica extract.
Research
Isolichenan was shown to enhance hippocampal plasticity and behavioural performance in rats. When administered orally, isolichenan was also shown to improve memory acquisition in mice impaired by ethanol, as well as in rats in which memory impairment had been induced by beta-amyloid peptide. In more recent research, isolichenan was shown to improve cognitive function in healthy adults.
The main α-glucan synthesized by lichens of the genus Ramalina in the symbiotic state is isolichenan. A series of experiments have shown, however, that it is not produced by either individual symbiont when cultivated apart from each other. Its absence in this circumstance suggests that it may not have an importance as a structural part of the fungal cell wall; this contrasts with lichenan, where the (1→3)(1→4)-β-glucan has been shown to be involved in cell wall structure. Isolichenan is synthesized by the mycobiont only in the presence of its symbiotic partner (the green alga Trebouxia) in a special microenvironment – the lichen thallus. The triggering of this phenomenon and the biological function of isolichenan in the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae is still unknown. In a study on the immunomodulatory effects of an aqueous Cetraria islandica extract, it was shown that the extract was able to upregulate the secretion of the cytokine interleukin 10. However, when the individual components of this extract (including lichenan, isolichenan, protolichesterinic and fumarprotocetraric acids) were tested with the same assay, isolichenan had no anti-inflammatory effects (only lichenan did).
Citations
Cited literature
Polysaccharides
Lichen products | Isolichenan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,990 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Natural products",
"Lichen products",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
64,243,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Note%2020 | The Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Galaxy Note 20 Ultra (stylized and marketed as Samsung Galaxy Note20 and Galaxy Note20 Ultra) are a series of high-end Android-based smartphones developed, produced, and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of their Samsung Galaxy Note series, succeeding the Samsung Galaxy Note 10 series. The devices were announced on 5 August 2020 alongside the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2, Galaxy Watch 3, Galaxy Buds Live and Samsung Galaxy Tab S7 during Samsung's Unpacked Event. It was the final model in the Galaxy Note series, with Samsung beginning to integrate the functionality from the Note series into its S series "Ultra" models, starting with the Galaxy S22 Ultra released in February 2022.
Due to restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic on public and social gatherings, Note 20 devices were unveiled virtually at Samsung's newsroom in Suwon, South Korea. At the event, Samsung announced that the smartphones include support for 5G connectivity, which allows for higher-bandwidth and lower-latency mobile connections where 5G network coverage is available. The Note 20's S-Pen has up to 4× better latency than that of previous generations. Mystic Green, Mystic Bronze, and Mystic Grey are colour options for the Note 20; Mystic Bronze, Mystic Black and Mystic White are colour options for the Note 20 Ultra. Unlike its predecessor, the Note 20 range does not feature a "+" model.
The Galaxy Note 20 series also include a number of new software features, which include performance optimization for mobile gaming, wireless sync with desktop and laptop PCs, and improved DeX features for remotely connected to compatible devices.
Design
The Galaxy Note 20 series maintains a similar design with the Galaxy Note 10 and Galaxy S20, with an Infinity-O display (first introduced on the Galaxy S10) containing a circular punch hole in the top center for the frontal selfie camera. The rear camera array is located in the corner with a rectangular protrusion like the Galaxy S20, housing three cameras.
Unlike their predecessors, the Note 20 Ultra is the first Samsung phone that uses stainless steel as the frame material, while the regular Note 20 sticks to the more classic anodized aluminum. The Note 20 uses Gorilla Glass 5 for the screen; the back panel is reinforced polycarbonate, which has not been seen on a Note series phone since the Note 4 and Note Edge. The Note 20 Ultra has Gorilla Glass Victus for the screen. Global color options are, Mystic Bronze, Mystic Grey, Mystic Green, Mystic Black and Mystic White. Moreover, the Mystic Green, Mystic Bronze and Mystic Grey color options on the Note 20, have a matte finish, whereas, only the Mystic Bronze on the Note 20 Ultra, has a matte finish. Mystic Bronze is available on both models, whereas Mystic Grey and Mystic Green, are limited to the Note 20; Mystic Black and Mystic Crush White are limited to the Note 20 Ultra. For the Note 20, Aura Red is exclusive to SK Telecom with 256 GB of storage, replacing Mystic Green in South Korea; Prism Blue will be sold in India.
Specifications
Hardware
Chipsets
The Galaxy Note 20 line comprises two models with various hardware specifications; international models of the Note 20 utilize the Exynos 990 system-on-chip, while the United States, Korean and Chinese models utilize the Qualcomm Snapdragon 865+. Both of the SoCs are based on a 7 nm+ processing technology node. The Exynos chipset comes with the Mali-G77 MP11 GPU, whereas the Snapdragon chipset comes with the Adreno 650 GPU.
Display
The Galaxy Note 20 does not feature a curved display like the one found on the Note 20 Ultra. The Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra feature a 6.7-inch 1080p and 6.9-inch 1440p display, respectively. Both use an AMOLED with HDR10+ support and "dynamic tone mapping" technology, marketed as Super AMOLED Plus for the Note 20 and Dynamic AMOLED 2X for the Note 20 Ultra. The Note 20 has a fixed 60 Hz refresh rate, however, the Note 20 Ultra offers a variable 120 Hz refresh rate. The settings have two options, 60 Hz and Adaptive, the latter of which uses a variable refresh rate that can adjust based on the content being displayed, enabled by a more energy efficient LTPO backplane. Unlike the S20 series, the display will remain at 120 Hz regardless of the device's battery level, and can handle slightly higher temperatures before switching to 60 Hz. Adaptive mode is limited to a FHD resolution, requiring users to switch to 60 Hz mode to enable QHD resolution. Both models utilize an ultrasonic in-screen fingerprint sensor.
Storage
The base amount of RAM is 8 GB, paired with 128 or 256 GB of internal storage standard. The Note 20 Ultra has 12 GB RAM and 512 GB UFS options, and has up to 1 TB of expandable storage via the microSD card slot.
Batteries
The Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra use non-removable Li-Ion batteries, rated at 4300 mAh and 4500 mAh respectively.
Qi inductive charging is supported as well as the ability to charge other Qi-compatible device from the Note 20's own battery power, which is branded as "Samsung PowerShare"; wired charging is supported over USB-C at up to 25 W.
Connectivity
The two come with 5G standard connectivity, though some regions may have special LTE or sub-6 GHz only variants, and both omit the audio jack.
It has NFC, eSIM, and Ultra-wideband technology.
On April 14, 2021, the Galaxy Note20 Ultra 5G T-Mobile updated software to support eSIM and dual SIM (DSDS). Other carriers still do not enable the two features even though the Galaxy Note20 Ultra already supports eSIM out of the box.
Cameras
The Note 20 features similar camera specifications to that of the Samsung Galaxy S20, which include a 12 MP wide sensor with 1.8 aperture, a 64 MP telephoto sensor with 2.0 aperture, and a 12 MP ultrawide sensor with 12 mm equivalent focal length. The telephoto camera supports 3× hybrid optical zoom and 10× digital zoom, which combined enables 30× hybrid zoom.
The Note 20 Ultra has a more advanced camera setup than its counterpart, including a 108 MP wide sensor, a 12 MP "periscope" telephoto sensor, and a 12 MP ultrawide sensor. The telephoto camera has a focal length of 120 mm (35mm equivalent), which equals 5× optical zoom, and allows for 50× hybrid zoom (assisted by digital zoom). Laser autofocus is used in favor of the S20 Ultra's time-of-flight camera.
The Note 20's telephoto sensor and the Note 20 Ultra's wide sensor use pixel binning to output higher quality images at a standard resolution, with the wide-angle sensor using Nonacell technology which groups 3x3 pixels to capture more light.
The front camera uses a 10 MP sensor, and can record 4K video.
Single Take, introduced on the S20 series, allows users to capture photos or videos simultaneously with different sensors automatically. Both models can record 8K video at 24fps. On the Note 20, this is enabled by the 64 MP telephoto sensor, whereas the Note 20 Ultra's 108 MP wide sensor natively supports 8K video.
S-Pen
The S-Pen has better latency at 26ms on the Note 20 and 9ms on the Note 20 Ultra, reduced from 42ms on the Note 10 and Note 10+. Additionally, it gains five new Air gestures that work across the UI by utilizing the accelerometers and gyroscope, as well as 'AI-based point prediction'. Battery life has also been improved from 10 hours to 24 hours.
Accessories
Earbuds are included in some countries such as the UK, but are not bundled in others such as the US.
Software
The devices were shipped with Android 10 and One UI 2.5. A beta test for Android 11 was released later on in the year. Android 11 with One UI 3.0 was sent OTA (over-the-air) to the majority of Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra devices by January 2021. Both the Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra received the Android 12 update with One UI 4.0 by January 2022. Android 13 with One UI 5.1, issued by December 2022, was the last major OS update for the Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra.
Software support
On August 18, 2020, the Note 20 series along with a selection of other Samsung Galaxy devices, were announced to receive three generations of Android software update support.
Xbox Game Pass
Samsung has partnered with Xbox to offer Xbox games on the Note 20. In certain markets, the Galaxy Note 20 has been offered with three months of free Xbox game pass along with an Xbox game pad; Xbox games will be playable from the phone to the TV. More than 90 Xbox games are playable on the Note 20.
Reception
The Note 20 received mixed reviews. Reviews from various technology websites, such as TechRadar and The Verge, praised the Note 20 series for its redesigned S-Pen and camera performance. However, the baseline Note 20 was criticized for its lower quality display and plastic back panel despite the high starting price point. Writing for TechRadar, James Peckham said in his verdict, "the Galaxy Note 20 is Samsung's new entry-level stylus-included smartphone for 2020, but it's one that doesn't seem particularly exciting for the usual Note-loving crowd. It highlights some more affordable features compared to its more exciting Ultra sibling but it may well be just as good for those who don't want to spend top dollar." There was a pronounced difference in the performance of the two processors available, which caused concern that Exynos models were an inferior product, as the differentials were not as large in previous models. The cooling system introduced in the Galaxy Note 10 was also removed in the Snapdragon Variants of the Note 20 series.
See also
Samsung Galaxy S20
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2
Samsung Galaxy Note series
References
External links
Samsung smartphones
Samsung mobile phones
Samsung Galaxy
20
Mobile phones with stylus
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with 8K video recording
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones introduced in 2020
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Discontinued Samsung Galaxy smartphones | Samsung Galaxy Note 20 | [
"Technology"
] | 2,162 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
64,244,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst%20trap | A thirst trap is a type of social media post intended to entice viewers sexually. It refers to a viewer's "thirst", a colloquialism likening sexual frustration to dehydration, implying desperation, with the afflicted individual being described as "thirsty". The phrase entered into the lexicon in the late 1990s, but is most related to Internet slang that developed in the early 2010s. Its meaning has changed over time, previously referring to a graceless need for approval, affection or attention.
History
The usage of the phrase thirst trap derived from selfie culture. Though its origin is ambiguous, thirst trap was used in the 1999 book, Running for Dummies authored by Florence Griffith Joyner and John Hanc.
The authors defined a body's need for hydration prior to the onset of thirst and the false sense that the immediate thirst was quenched with the first intake of fluid. To avoid the thirst trap, the authors suggested further intake of fluids even though the body's "thirsty message" had been sated.
The term thirst trap re-emerged on Twitter and Urban Dictionary in 2011, and throughout the years with the rise of Snapchat, Instagram, and online dating apps such as Tinder and Grindr. In 2011, it was defined by Urban Dictionary as "any statement used to intentionally create attention or 'thirst'."
In 2018, it was reported to have entered common usage, as media sources including The New York Times and GQ started using the expression without definition.
Usage of the term
Often, the term thirst trap describes an attractive picture of an individual that they post online.
Thirst trap can also describe a digital heartthrob. For instance, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau has been described as a political thirst trap.
It has also been described as a modern form of "fishing for compliments".
Motivation
There can be several motivations behind thirst trapping. People can seek "likes" and comments on social media which can provide a temporary boost in self-esteem and validation. Posting a thirst trap can also be a way to express sexuality. Thirst traps can contribute to personal branding as well. Sometimes, there can be a financial benefit for sharing thirst traps. Some post thirst traps as a way to cope with emotional distress, such as after a breakup. Furthermore, these images can be used to spite a former lover. Sharing a thirst trap has also been used as a way to connect in times of social isolation (e.g. COVID-19 pandemic).
From a physiological standpoint, endorphins and neurotransmitters like oxytocin and dopamine can be released with the process of sharing thirst traps, leading to a sense of pleasure and an ambiguous or masturbatory alternative for actual physical sexual contact.
Methodology
Methodologies have developed to take an optimal thirst trap photo. Reporting for Vice magazine, Graham Isador found several of his social network contacts spent a lot of time considering how to take the best photo and what text they should use. They considered angles and lighting. Sometimes they made use of the self-timer feature available on some cameras. Often, body parts are put on display without being too explicit (e.g. bulges of male genitalia, breast cleavage, abdominal muscles, pectoral muscles, backs, buttocks).
Often, the thirst trap is accompanied by a caption. For instance, in October 2019, actress Tracee Ellis Ross posted bikini pictures on Instagram with a caption that included the message: "I've worked so hard to feel good in my skin and to build a life that truly matches me and I'm in it and it feels good. ... No filter, no retouch 47 year old thirst trap! Boom!"
On Instagram, #ThirstTrapThursdays is a popular tag. Followers reply in turn after a posting.
Variations
"Gatsbying" is a variation of the thirst trap, where one puts posts on social media to attract the attention of a particular individual. The term alludes to the novel The Great Gatsby where the character Jay Gatsby would throw extravagant parties to attract the attention of his love interest, Daisy. "Instagrandstanding" is an alternative name for this.
"Wholesome trapping" has developed, where one posts pictures of more meaningful aspects of life, such as spending time with friends or doing outdoor activities.
Criticism
Psychotherapist Lisa Brateman has criticized thirst traps as being an unhealthy method of receiving external validation. This desire for external validation can be addictive.
Thirst traps can cause pressure to maintain a good physical appearance, and therefore cause self-esteem issues. Additionally, thirst traps are often highly choreographed and thus present a distorted perception of reality. The manufacturing of thirst traps can be limited when one enters a relationship or with time as the body ages.
In some cases, thirst traps can lead to harassment and online bullying. In April 2020, model Chrissy Teigen posted a video of herself wearing a black one-piece swimsuit, and she received a multitude of negative comments that constituted bullying and body shaming.
See also
Attention economy
References
Selfies
2010s slang
Internet culture
Social media
Narcissism
2010s neologisms | Thirst trap | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 1,076 | [
"Behavior",
"Computing and society",
"Narcissism",
"Social media",
"Human behavior"
] |
64,244,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20Institute%20of%20Plant%20Biochemistry | The Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (German: Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, abbreviated: IPB) is a non-university, public research institute located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It carries out basic and applied plant research on model, cultivated and wild plants. Research activities at the institute include natural product chemistry, metabolism and protein biochemistry, cell and plant biology, as well as synthetic biology and biotechnology. The institute is a foundation under public law of the State of Saxony-Anhalt and is a member of the Leibniz Association.
History
The institute was founded in 1958 under Kurt Mothes as "Arbeitsstelle Biochemie der Pflanzen". Shortly after it was named "Institute for Biochemistry of Plants" (IBP) and became a member institution of the German Academy of Sciences of then East Germany. From 1968 to 1989, Klaus Schreiber served as director of the institute, followed by Klaus Müntz (1989-1990) and Benno Parthier (1990-1997).
After the German reunification, the institute was refounded in 1992 as "Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry" (IPB) and became part of the Leibniz Association of research institutions publicly funded by the federal government and the federal state.
Activities and structure
IPB research focuses on plant-related small molecules. It aims to explore the chemical diversity, biosynthesis, biological roles and mechanisms of action of plant and fungal natural products including specialized metabolites and chemical mediators. Interdisciplinary approaches at the interface between chemistry and biology encompass
natural product chemistry,
synthetic chemistry,
plant metabolism and protein biochemistry,
cell biology and plant physiology,
synthetic biology and biotechnology.
Research at the IPB is conducted in four scientific departments
Bioorganic Chemistry,
Molecular Signal Processing,
Cell and Metabolic Biology,
Biochemistry of Plant Interactions,
as well as two Junior Research Groups and one Program Center for Plant Metabolomics and Computational Biochemistry (MetaCom)
The IPB employs ca. 200 people, 100 of whom are scientists.
Cooperation
The IPB and the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) entertain close collaborations in research and teaching. The IPB's four department chairs and one junior research group leader are university professors jointly appointed by the MLU and the IPB. In addition, close collaborative ties exist with the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) in Gatersleben. The IPB is a founding member of the ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-based Bioeconomy and a member of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) consortium.
References
External links
www.ipb-halle.de/en
Leibniz Association
Halle (Saale)
Research institutes established in 1958
Biochemistry research institutes
1958 establishments in East Germany
Scientific organisations based in East Germany | Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 587 | [
"Biochemistry research institutes",
"Biochemistry organizations"
] |
64,244,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20principal%20bundle | In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and algebraic geometry, a stable principal bundle is a generalisation of the notion of a stable vector bundle to the setting of principal bundles. The concept of stability for principal bundles was introduced by Annamalai Ramanathan for the purpose of defining the moduli space of G-principal bundles over a Riemann surface, a generalisation of earlier work by David Mumford and others on the moduli spaces of vector bundles.
Many statements about the stability of vector bundles can be translated into the language of stable principal bundles. For example, the analogue of the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence for principal bundles, that a holomorphic principal bundle over a compact Kähler manifold admits a Hermite–Einstein connection if and only if it is polystable, was shown to be true in the case of projective manifolds by Subramanian and Ramanathan, and for arbitrary compact Kähler manifolds by Anchouche and Biswas.
Definition
The essential definition of stability for principal bundles was made by Ramanathan, but applies only to the case of Riemann surfaces. In this section we state the definition as appearing in the work of Anchouche and Biswas which is valid over any Kähler manifold, and indeed makes sense more generally for algebraic varieties. This reduces to Ramanathan's definition in the case the manifold is a Riemann surface.
Let be a connected reductive algebraic group over the complex numbers . Let be a compact Kähler manifold of complex dimension . Suppose is a holomorphic principal -bundle over . Holomorphic here means that the transition functions for vary holomorphically, which makes sense as the structure group is a complex Lie group. The principal bundle is called stable (resp. semi-stable) if for every reduction of structure group for a maximal parabolic subgroup where is some open subset with the codimension , we have
Here is the relative tangent bundle of the fibre bundle otherwise known as the vertical bundle of . Recall that the degree of a vector bundle (or coherent sheaf) is defined to be
where is the first Chern class of . In the above setting the degree is computed for a bundle defined over inside , but since the codimension of the complement of is bigger than two, the value of the integral will agree with that over all of .
Notice that in the case where , that is where is a Riemann surface, by assumption on the codimension of we must have that , so it is enough to consider reductions of structure group over the entirety of , .
Relation to stability of vector bundles
Given a principal -bundle for a complex Lie group there are several natural vector bundles one may associate to it.
Firstly if , the general linear group, then the standard representation of on allows one to construct the associated bundle . This is a holomorphic vector bundle over , and the above definition of stability of the principal bundle is equivalent to slope stability of . The essential point is that a maximal parabolic subgroup corresponds to a choice of flag , where is invariant under the subgroup . Since the structure group of has been reduced to , and preserves the vector subspace , one may take the associated bundle , which is a sub-bundle of over the subset on which the reduction of structure group is defined, and therefore a subsheaf of over all of . It can then be computed that
where denotes the slope of the vector bundles.
When the structure group is not there is still a natural associated vector bundle to , the adjoint bundle , with fibre given by the Lie algebra of . The principal bundle is semistable if and only if the adjoint bundle is slope semistable, and furthermore if is stable, then is slope polystable. Again the key point here is that for a parabolic subgroup , one obtains a parabolic subalgebra and can take the associated subbundle. In this case more care must be taken because the adjoint representation of on is not always faithful or irreducible, the latter condition hinting at why stability of the principal bundle only leads to polystability of the adjoint bundle (because a representation that splits as a direct sum would lead to the associated bundle splitting as a direct sum).
Generalisations
Just as one can generalise a vector bundle to the notion of a Higgs bundle, it is possible to formulate a definition of a principal -Higgs bundle. The above definition of stability for principal bundles generalises to these objects by requiring the reductions of structure group are compatible with the Higgs field of the principal Higgs bundle. It was shown by Anchouche and Biswas that the analogue of the nonabelian Hodge correspondence for Higgs vector bundles is true for principal -Higgs bundles in the case where the base manifold is a complex projective variety.
References
Fiber bundles
Algebraic geometry
Differential geometry | Stable principal bundle | [
"Mathematics"
] | 992 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
64,245,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20Mi%20Smart%20Band%205 | The Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5 (Xiaomi Mi Band 5 in China) is a wearable activity tracker produced by Xiaomi Inc. It was announced in China on 11 June 2020, and went on sale on 18 June 2020 in China, with a Global version released on 15 July 2020 as Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5. It was released in India on 29 September 2020. It has a 1.1-inch, 126x294 resolution capacitive AMOLED display and 24/7 heart rate monitoring claiming a 50% more accurate PPG sensor than its predecessor. It supports a charging dock that locates using a magnet which is said to be easier to use than previous generation chargers. The NFC-enabled version also has an in-built microphone for Xiaomi's in-built assistant Xiao.
The Global Mi Smart Band does not have features such as Alexa Support, NFC and SpO2 tracking.
Specifications
Display: 1.1-inch (2.72cm) AMOLED, full color touch screen
Dialog DA14697 (Arm Cortex M33)
Colour depth: 16-bit
Screen brightness: Up to 450 nits
Resolution: 126x294
Button: Single touch button (wake up, return)
Connectivity: Bluetooth version 5.0 BLE, NFC on some models
RAM: 512 KB
Storage: 16 MB
Battery: LiPo, 125 mAh, 14 days of battery life (NFC), 20 days (non-NFC)
Sensors: accelerometer, gyroscope, PPG heart rate sensor, capacitive proximity sensor and infrared sensor (NFC Variant)
Waterproof: up to 50 metres for 30 minutes, 5 atmospheres
Functions
Heart rate monitor (24/7), Step counter, 11 workout modes (Outdoor running, Indoor running, Walking, Cycling, Indoor cycling, Pool swimming, Freestyle, Elliptical, jump rope, yoga, rowing machine), personal activity intelligence), camera controller, weather alerts, near-field communication (in some models), timer, stopwatch, rapid eye movement sleep + sleep monitor, women's health tracking, alarms, reminders, notifications, call mute and Call decline, Find phone, Silent phone, Brightness +/- and other minor features, Music controller, sedentary reminder, event reminder, breathing exercises, stress counter. Chinese version only: virtual assistant, microphone.
See also
Xiaomi
Xiaomi Mi Band 4
Xiaomi Mi Band 6
References
Xiaomi Mi Band
Products introduced in 2020 | Xiaomi Mi Smart Band 5 | [
"Technology"
] | 510 | [
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
64,246,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20%28algebraic%20geometry%29 | In mathematics, and especially algebraic geometry, stability is a notion which characterises when a geometric object, for example a point, an algebraic variety, a vector bundle, or a sheaf, has some desirable properties for the purpose of classifying them. The exact characterisation of what it means to be stable depends on the type of geometric object, but all such examples share the property of having a minimal amount of internal symmetry, that is such stable objects have few automorphisms. This is related to the concept of simplicity in mathematics, which measures when some mathematical object has few subobjects inside it (see for example simple groups, which have no non-trivial normal subgroups). In addition to stability, some objects may be described with terms such as semi-stable (having a small but not minimal amount of symmetry), polystable (being made out of stable objects), or unstable (having too much symmetry, the opposite of stable).
Background
In many areas of mathematics, and indeed within geometry itself, it is often very desirable to have highly symmetric objects, and these objects are often regarded as aesthetically pleasing. However, high amounts of symmetry are not desirable when one is attempting to classify geometric objects by constructing moduli spaces of them, because the symmetries of these objects cause the formation of singularities, and obstruct the existence of universal families.
The concept of stability was first introduced in its modern form by David Mumford in 1965 in the context of geometric invariant theory, a theory which explains how to take quotients of algebraic varieties by group actions, and obtain a quotient space that is still an algebraic variety, a so-called categorical quotient. However the ideas behind Mumford's work go back to the invariant theory of David Hilbert in 1893, and the fundamental concepts involved date back even to the work of Bernhard Riemann on constructing moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces. Since the work of Mumford, stability has appeared in many forms throughout algebraic geometry, often with various notions of stability either derived from geometric invariant theory, or inspired by it. A completely general theory of stability does not exist (although one attempt to form such a theory is Bridgeland stability), and this article serves to summarise and compare the different manifestations of stability in geometry and the relations between them.
In addition to its use in classification and forming quotients in algebraic geometry, stability also finds significant use in differential geometry and geometric analysis, due to the general principle which states that stable algebraic geometric objects correspond to extremal differential geometric objects. Here extremal is generally meant in the sense of the calculus of variations, in that such objects minimize some functional. The prototypical example of this principle is the Kempf–Ness theorem, which relates GIT quotients to symplectic quotients by showing that stable points minimize the energy functional of the moment map. Due to this general principle, stability has found use as a key tool in constructing the existence of solutions to many important partial differential equations in geometry, such as the Yang–Mills equations and the Kähler–Einstein equations. More examples of this correspondence in action include Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence, the nonabelian Hodge correspondence, the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture for Kähler–Einstein manifolds, and even the uniformization theorem.
Stability conditions
Gieseker stability
Slope stability
Bridgeland stability
K-stability
References
Algebraic geometry | Stability (algebraic geometry) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 698 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
64,247,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig%20Performer | Gig Performer is a cross-platform audio plug-in host software package developed by Deskew Technologies. It is designed to provide a solution for playing an instrument and effect plug-ins live, without using a DAW. It was originally released in late 2016.
Gig Performer allows using virtual instrument plugins such as synths, samplers, guitar effect racks, EQ effects or compressors, and lets you switch from one set of plugins to another while playing.
Features
Gig Performer manages collections of plug-ins in customizable organizational units called "rackspaces" consisting of one or more front panels. Plug-ins and other elements i.e. virtual instruments, effects, MIDI devices and or audio interfaces can be connected within rackspaces. Rackspaces can be further organized as parts of songs, where they can be reused along with song specific overrides.
Some features include:
Visual workflow, by routing audio from one plugin to another by connecting them together with wires
Support for VST, VST3 and AU plugins.
Built-in audio and MIDI recorder
An OSC implementation for remote control as well as OSC/MIDI conversion.
Proprietary scripting language which allows advanced customization
Notes
References
Proprietary cross-platform software
Audio software
2016 software | Gig Performer | [
"Engineering"
] | 258 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Audio software"
] |
64,247,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krein%E2%80%93Smulian%20theorem | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, the Krein-Smulian theorem can refer to two theorems relating the closed convex hull and compactness in the weak topology. They are named after Mark Krein and Vitold Shmulyan, who published them in 1940.
Statement
Both of the following theorems are referred to as the Krein-Smulian Theorem.
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
https://www.math.ias.edu/~lurie/261ynotes/lecture12.pdf
Banach spaces
Topological vector spaces
Theorems in functional analysis | Krein–Smulian theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 125 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Topological vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
67,198,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR%20121-16 | WR 121-16 is a transitional Wolf-Rayet star in the constellation of Scutum, near the Wild Duck Cluster (M11). It is located in the Far 3 kpc Arm of the Milky Way. It is very dim from Earth, having an apparent magnitude of about 14, from being so reddened by interstellar extinction, and its distance of over 23,000 light years. It is one of the dimmest known conventional Wolf-Rayet stars, with a luminosity of less than 76,000 times that of the Sun. WR 121-16 varies irregularly between magnitudes 13.95 and 14.14.
WR 121-16 is a recent addition to the Wolf-Rayet Star Catalogue, being the 667th star added. It was discovered in August 2020.
Discovery
WR 121-16 was originally discovered as a ‘by-product’ of the LAMOST testing observations during the full moon nights, when the telescope was pointing to the open cluster M11, with WR 121-16 being about 42′ 24 apart from the centre of M11.
Features
WR 121-16 is one of a few transitional Wolf-Rayet stars, which display both carbon and nitrogen emission, with a spectral type of WN7o/WC. Modelling the spectrum shows that WR 121-16 is not very luminous at all, with a luminosity of just , much less than most Wolf-Rayet stars. WR 121-16 has just over 7 solar masses, nearly all of which is helium. 1.5% of the star is composed of nitrogen, and 0.2% of it is composed of carbon.
Strong stellar winds, typical of Wolf-Rayet stars, with a terminal velocity of 1,000 kilometers per second are causing WR 121-16 to lose /year, much more than the Sun's (2-3) x 10−14 solar masses per year. The winds are so dense that the photosphere of the star is not visible. Its radius is defined for consistency with other Wolf-Rayet stars as being at an optical depth of 20, at about . A "transformed" radius at an optical depth of 2/3, more comparable to other types of star, is at about .
References
Wolf–Rayet stars
J18513970-0534510
Scutum (constellation)
Variable stars
TIC objects | WR 121-16 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 485 | [
"Scutum (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
67,199,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diruthenium%20tetraacetate%20chloride | Diruthenium tetraacetate chloride is the coordination polymer with the formula {[Ru2(O2CCH3)4]Cl}n. A red brown solid, the compound is obtained by the reduction of ruthenium trichloride in acetic acid. The compound has attracted much academic interest because it features a fractional metal-metal bond order of 2.5.
The [Ru2(O2CCH3)4]+ core adopts the Chinese lantern structure, with four acetate ligands spanning the Ru2 center. The Ru-Ru distance is 228 pm. The [Ru2(O2CCH3)4]+ units are linked by bridging chloride ligands.
References
Ruthenium compounds
Acetates
Dimers (chemistry)
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds
Mixed valence compounds
Chloro complexes
Coordination polymers | Diruthenium tetraacetate chloride | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 181 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Mixed valence compounds",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
67,199,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Arkab | Mohamed Arkab (born 19 February 1966) is an Algerian politician who is serving as Minister of Energy since 22 February 2021.
Biography
Arkab was born in 1966 in the municipality of Hussein Dey in Algiers.
After studying in Algeria, he obtained a diploma in mechanical engineering at the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene. He also began studies to obtain a master's degree in business administration MBA in a cycle of business management.
He then joined Sonelgaz in 1990 where he spent his entire professional career, and where he was notably responsible for the Compagnie de l'Engineering de l'Electricité et du Gaz CEEG-Spa.
Arkab was appointed as chairman of the company Sonelgaz from 30 August 2017 until he took office as Minister of Energy on 1 April 2019.
He announced in May 2019 that he was opposed to the takeover of the assets of the American company Anadarko Petroleum in Algeria by the French company Total SE.
Arkab took up his new functions at the head of the Ministry of Energy and Mining on 22 February 2021.
Functions
The summary of Arkab's professional career includes the following:
from 21 February 2021: Minister of Energy and Mines.
2020 – 2021: Minister of Mines.
2019 – 2020: Minister of Energy.
2017 – 2019: Chief executive officer (CEO) of Sonelgaz.
2010 – 2017: CEO of CEEG, subsidiary of Sonelgaz.
2006 – 2010: CEO of Etterkib, a subsidiary of Sonelgaz.
See also
University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene
Sonelgaz
Ministry of Energy and Mining
References
1966 births
Living people
Politicians from Algiers
Mechanical engineers
University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene alumni
Algerian chief executives
Ministers of energy and mines of Algeria
Government ministers of Algeria
21st-century Algerian people | Mohamed Arkab | [
"Engineering"
] | 381 | [
"Mechanical engineers",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
67,200,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation%20regulation%20by%205%E2%80%B2%20transcript%20leader%20cis-elements | Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements is a process in cellular translation.
Background
Gene expression is tightly controlled at many different stages. Alterations in translation of mRNA into proteins rapidly modulates the proteome without changing upstream steps such as transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, and nuclear export. The strict regulation of translation in both space and time is in part governed by cis-regulatory elements located in 5′ mRNA transcript leaders (TLs) and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs).
Due to their role in translation initiation, mRNA 5′ transcript leaders (TLs) strongly influence protein expression. Eukaryotic translation consists of three stages: initiation elongation, and termination. Translation is primary regulated at the initiation stage where the small ribosomal subunit and initiation factors are recruited to the mRNA; directionally scanning along the 5′ TL to select the first “best” start codon to begin protein synthesis. Cap-dependent ribosomal scanning accounts for 95-97% of all translation in eukaryotes under normal conditions. Therefore, the cis-regulatory elements in TLs greatly influence translation initiation and ultimately protein expression.
Kozak consensus sequence
The first step in initiation is formation of the pre-initiation complex, 48S PIC. The small ribosomal subunit and various eukaryotic initiation factors are recruited to the mRNA 5′ TL and to form the 48S PIC complex, which scans 5′ to 3′ along the mRNA transcript, inspecting each successive triplet for a functional start codon. Translation initiation is most successful at an AUG codon surrounded upstream and downstream by a favorable sequence known as the “Kozak consensus sequence” or “Kozak context”. (See A) Weak or absent Kozak context surrounding the AUG leads to “leaky” scanning where the start codon is skipped, whereas a strong Kozak context leads to start codon recognition by the 48S PIC and binding of Met-tRNAi in the “closed” state. Recent studies suggest that initiation occurs surprisingly often in eukaryotes at Near Cognate Codons (NCCs), which differ from AUG by one nucleotide. Eukaryotic initiation factors rearrange the 48S PIC and permit the large subunit to join, thus forming the complete translation competent 80S ribosome.
uORFs
Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5′ TLs typically inhibit translation of the downstream main protein coding region (CDS). (See B) Translation suppression of the CDS is attributable to the 5′ to 3′ directional nature of 48S PIC scanning. After successfully translating the uORF, the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA as part of termination before it can reach and translate the CDS. This destabilization of the translational machinery can trigger nonsense mediated decay of the mRNA transcript. However, in some cases uORFs will actually enhance the translation of the downstream CDS. For example, in S. cerevisiae, the gene GCN4 has a 5′ TL with multiple uORFs. The uORFs closest to the 5′ cap protect the CDS from the inhibitory activities of the downstream uORFs located closer to the CDS. In summary, uORFs generally decease translation of the main ORF, but they are also capable of increasing protein synthesis under certain circumstances.
Secondary structure
The 3-dimensional structure of the 5′ TL may also impact translation. (See C) Stem-loops have been demonstrated to both inhibit and enhance translation. Stem-loops can prevent cap binding and efficient 48S PIC scanning. Conversely, downstream stem-loops may increase the probability of translation initiation at start codons with a weak Kozak context, possibly by blocking scanning. Besides stem-loops, other higher order structures such as G-quadraplexes and pseudoknots also impede eukaryotic translation. To overcome translati on suppression by structures, DEAD-box RNA helicases unwind RNA structures, promoting scanning through the 5′ TL.
Alternative transcript leaders
Multiple transcription start sites may be used for the same gene generating alternative 5′ TLs with varied length and regulatory features. (See D)This is especially common in organisms with relatively compact genomes such as yeasts. In S. cerevisiae, alternative transcription start sites generate long alternative mRNA TLs with substantially lower translation efficiencies. Counterintuitively, upstream transcriptional induction of these genes actually silences their expression during meiosis by blocking translation. Furthermore, alternative transcription initiation within the CDS may generate protein isoforms with varied functions in S. cerevisiae. These examples from the model organism S. cerevisiae suggest that mRNA transcripts with alternative 5′ TLs may have a regulatory function in eukaryotes especially during events requiring proteome remodeling such as meiosis and stress responses.
References
Eukaryote genetics
Cell biology
Protein biosynthesis
Cellular processes | Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,020 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Eukaryote genetics",
"Cell biology",
"Gene expression",
"Biosynthesis",
"Cellular processes",
"Genetics by type of organism"
] |
67,202,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smell%20training | Smell training or olfactory training is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous. Using strong scents, the patient is asked to sniff each different smell for a minimum of 20 seconds, no less than two times per day, for three to six months or more. It is used as a rehabilitative therapy to help people who have anosmia or post-viral olfactory dysfunction, a symptom of COVID-19. It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 meta-analysis.
Efficacy
Along with olfactory implants, smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option.
Several individual studies have indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity. In 2021 a meta-analysis was published that examined research studies of olfactory training for treating loss of smell as a consequence of a viral infection. It found clinically significant improvements and supported its use as a treatment option. As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children.
In 2017, the International and European Rhinologic Societies recommended smell training for treating loss of smell due to various conditions. In 2020, the British Rhinological Society published consensus guidelines for the treatment of smell loss due to COVID-19. Although no specific studies were available at that time, the expert panel made recommendations regarding treatment options and concluded that "olfactory training was recommended for all [COVID-19] patients with persistent loss of sense of smell of more than 2 weeks duration."
Critics such as Richard L. Doty have pointed to the small sample sizes in the studies and the potential for the observed improvements to have been the result of nerve regeneration that would have occurred without intervention as reason to be skeptical.
Mechanism
Smell training likely achieves results because the olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb have neural plasticity and are able to regenerate.
History
The idea was first written about by Thomas Hummel, a German psychologist at the Dresden University of Technology, in his 2009 paper "Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss". In his original study, Hummel instructed patients with olfactory dysfunction to follow a twice-a-day routine for twelve weeks. The routine included inhaling the odor of rose, lemon, clove, and eucalyptus (phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellal, eugenol, and eucalyptol respectively) essential oils for ten seconds each. These intense odors each correspond to a different odor category in Henning's odor prism.
Hummel's paper built on a 1989 study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. The study showed that after repeated exposure to androstenone, a chemical which half of all humans cannot detect, some subjects gained the ability to smell it.
Alternatives
In addition to smell training, other treatments for anosmia that have been researched include systemic steroidal and non-steroidal oral medications, topical medications, and acupuncture.
References
Further reading
Medical responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Olfactory system
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation medicine | Smell training | [
"Biology"
] | 653 | [
"Neuroscience"
] |
67,202,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin%20Fahandej | Rashin Fahandej is an Iranian-American multimedia artist, immersive filmmaker, futurist, and cultural activist whose work centers around marginalized voices as well as the role of media, technology, and public collaboration in generating social change. A proponent of “Art as Ecosystem,” she defines her projects as a “Poetic Cyber Movement for Social Justice,” where art mobilizes a plethora of voices by creating connections between public places and virtual spaces.
Early life and education
Rashin Fahandej was born in Shiraz, Iran and currently resides in Boston, Massachusetts. Her family was a part of the Bahá'í religious group, which has been heavily persecuted in Iran throughout history. It was common for Bahá'ís to have their houses raided, be imprisoned, or killed for their faith.
As a child, Fahandej was segregated from her classmates at school. She grew up being taunted and discriminated against. Although Bahá'ís were allowed to attend school during their younger years, they were prohibited from studying at a university, which is why Fahandej attended a secret underground college created by Bahá'ís from 1996 to 2000. Her family then received one-way passports that allowed them to flee Iran as refugees and move to a small town in Turkey.
Fahandej later moved to the United States and began studying at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in 2002, receiving her Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in 2006. She then attended the San Francisco Art Institute in 2008 and received her Master of Fine Arts Degree in 2010. After graduation, Fahandej became a guest lecturer and teaching assistant at multiple universities in the United States, such as Brown University, the Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Bunker Hill Community College, as well as the San Francisco Art Institute. She also works as a professional artist in Boston, Massachusetts. Her work is based on the themes of social justice and blending technology with art. She works in a range of media, such as documentary film, video/sound installations, performance, relational art, photography and painting. Her artworks have been shown both in the United States and internationally. In 2015, Fahandej joined the Boston AIR:City of Boston Artist in residence program in which she explored alternate modes of documentary filmmaking and strived to increase equity through educational art and media programs. In 2016, Fahandej received a fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Documentary Lab. In 2019, she won the James and Audrey Foster Prize, which strives to support and recognize Boston-area artists by allowing them to display their artworks at the Boston Institute of Contemporary Art.
Art
Fahandej’s motivation for her artistic practice is her involvement in social justice, which stems from her personal experience as a woman, a member of a minority group in Iran, an immigrant, and an educator. Through her art, she tackles oppressive systems to represent the voices of marginalized groups as well as her personal experiences, to generate different expressions of local and international perspectives. The culmination of these narratives make up what Fahadej refers to as ‘Art as Ecosystem’, which refers to a network that critically discusses social systems.
Installations
Fahadej’s work mainly takes the form of installations where she allows for the collaboration of different mediums. Her installations create a space for contemplation and dialogue between the artwork and its audience. These collaborations of mediums stem from her interest in ‘the fluctuating space of cross-cultural encounter’, in which bringing together different aspects of cultures reflect universal concerns that are fused together through the creative process.
A Father's Lullaby
A Father’s Lullaby is a current project that features a series of interactive public installations, community workshops, as well as a participatory website. The project focuses on investigating the structural violence of mass incarceration through the process of meditations on different topics, such as love and trauma. Through this project, Rahadej highlights the struggles of incarcerated fathers and the impact of their incarceration on their families, specifically those from marginalized communities. The name of the project references a video portion that shows absent fathers singing lullabies and sharing their childhood memories.
The first chapter of the project was exhibited at the Boston Artist in Residence in 2017 and was later exhibited at the Boston Center for the Arts and HUBweek, We The Future in 2018, then at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston in 2019.
Selected exhibitions and awards
2019 Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston
2018 Boston Center for the Arts
2017 Boston Artist in Residence at Villa Victoria Center for the Arts
2012 The Wooden Synagogue Replication Project
2005 Patrick Gavin Award for Painting, Massachusetts College of Art
2005 China and Japan Travel Scholarship, Massachusetts College of Art
2006 Artist Supply Award, Massachusetts College of Art
2010 Kodak Film Grant, San Francisco Art Institute
2014 St. Botolph Club Foundation Emerging Artist Award
2019 Mass Cultural Council Artist Fellow
2019 Framingham Cultural Council award
2019 recipient of the James and Audrey Foster Prize
2020 American Arts Incubator Lead Artist at ZERO1 and the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
References
American people of Iranian descent
New media artists
Multimedia artists
Iranian contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
1978 births
Living people | Rashin Fahandej | [
"Technology"
] | 1,050 | [
"Multimedia",
"Multimedia artists"
] |
67,202,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Incentives | New Incentives is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that operates in Nigeria, running a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program. They aim to increase infantile vaccination through cash transfers, raising public awareness and reducing the frequency of vaccine stockout.
In Nigeria, New Incentives is known as the All Babies Are Equal (ABAE) Initiative, due to the name New Incentives not being accepted for registration. The organization is sometimes referred to as NI-ABAE. As of 2024, New Incentives is one of Givewell's top four charities.
History
New Incentives was founded in 2011 by Patrick Stadler, Pratyush Agarwal, and Svetha Janumpalli. HIV prevention was originally at the heart of their strategy. Women could receive cash transfers upon registration of their pregnancy, HIV testing and birth delivery at hospital. Other at risk-pregnancies were later included, such as anemia, hepatitis and tuberculosis.
New Incentives now focuses on immunisation of under-five children.
Operations
The New Incentives CCT program is run in North West Nigeria in the states of Jigawa, Katsina and Zamfara. This region has one of the lowest vaccination coverages in the world, less than 25% of the infants are vaccinated.
In 2022, Nigeria had an estimated under-five mortality rate of 107 per 1000 live births, one of the highest in the world. Of these children about 40% died from vaccine-preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea and measles.
The under five child mortality rate differs from state to state, with Kebbi having the highest (252 deaths per 1000), Ogun having the lowest (30 deaths per 1000), and the North West region having the highest regional rate at 187 deaths per 1000 according to the Nigeria Demographic and Health survey from 2018.
The cash transfers from New Incentives are conditioned by the vaccination of infants with the BCG vaccine, the pentavalent vaccine, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the meningococcal vaccine, which immunize them against tuberculosis, measles, pneumococcal infection and hepatitis B, among others.
Other activities include improving the supply chain of vaccines and vaccine information campaigns.
Effectiveness
In 2024, the charity evaluator GiveWell ranked New Incentives among its top four charities. It estimated that it costs approximately between $1000 and $5000 to prevent a death this way. This evaluation was partly based on the randomized controlled trial conducted by IDinsight. The increase in the proportion of vaccinated children was estimated to be between 11 and 22 percent in areas where New Incentives works.
References
Vaccination-related organizations
Foreign charities operating in Nigeria
Charities based in California
501(c)(3) organizations | New Incentives | [
"Biology"
] | 576 | [
"Vaccination-related organizations",
"Vaccination"
] |
67,204,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28II%29%20perchlorate | Iron(II) perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula . A green, water-soluble solid, it is produced by the reaction of iron metal with dilute perchloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution:
Although the ferrous cation is a reductant and the perchlorate anion is a strong oxidant, in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, dissolved ferrous perchlorate is stable in aqueous solution because the electron transfer between both species is hindered by severe kinetic limitations. Being a weak Lewis base, the perchlorate anion is a poor ligand for the aqueous and does not contribute to the electron transfer by favoring the formation of an inner sphere complex giving rise to a possible reorganisation of the activated complex. The resulting high activation energy prohibits a thermodynamically spontaneous redox reaction (∆Gr < 0).
However, in aqueous solution, and under air, iron(II) perchlorate slowly oxidizes to iron(III) oxyhydroxide.
The hexahydrate consists of discreet hexa-aquo-iron(II) divalent cations and perchlorate anions. It crystallizes with an orthorhombic structure. It has minor phase transitions at 245 and 336 K.
Uses
In organic chemistry, iron(II) perchlorate can be used as a source of ferrous ions for the Fenton oxidation.
References
Iron(II) compounds
Perchlorates | Iron(II) perchlorate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 312 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Perchlorates",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
67,204,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotschnittaxiom | The Lotschnittaxiom (German for "axiom of the intersecting perpendiculars") is an axiom in the foundations of geometry, introduced and studied by Friedrich Bachmann. It states:
Bachmann showed that, in the absence of the Archimedean axiom, it is strictly weaker than the rectangle axiom, which states that there is a rectangle, which in turn is strictly weaker than the Parallel Postulate, as shown by Max Dehn. In the presence of the Archimedean axiom, the Lotschnittaxiom is equivalent with the Parallel Postulate.
Equivalent formulations
As shown by Bachmann, the Lotschnittaxiom is equivalent to the statement
Through any point inside a right angle there passes a line that intersects both sides of the angle.
It was shown in that it is also equivalent to the statement
The altitude in an isosceles triangle with base angles of 45° is less than the base.
and in that it is equivalent to the following axiom proposed by Lagrange:
If the lines a and b are two intersecting lines that are parallel to a line g, then the reflection of a in b is also parallel to g.
As shown in, the Lotschnittaxiom is also equivalent to the following statements, the first one due to A. Lippman, the second one due to Henri Lebesgue
Given any circle, there exists a triangle containing that circle in its interior.
Given any convex quadrilateral, there exists a triangle containing that convex quadrilateral in its interior.
Three more equivalent formulations, all purely incidence-geometric, were proved in:
Given three parallel lines, there is a line that intersects all three of them.
There exist lines a and b, such that any line intersects a or b.
If the lines a_1, a_2, and a_3 are pairwise parallel, then there is a permutation (i,j,k) of (1,2,3) such that any line g which intersects a_i and a_j also intersects a_k.
In Bachmann's geometry of line-reflections
Its role in Friedrich Bachmann's absolute geometry based on line-reflections, in the absence of order or free mobility (the theory of metric planes) was studied in and in.
Connection with the Parallel Postulate
As shown in, the conjunction of the Lotschnittaxiom and of Aristotle's axiom is equivalent to the Parallel Postulate.
References
Sources
Foundations of geometry | Lotschnittaxiom | [
"Mathematics"
] | 520 | [
"Foundations of geometry",
"Mathematical axioms"
] |
67,205,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matground | Matgrounds are strong surface layers of seabed-hardening bacterial fauna preserved in the Proterozoic and lower Cambrian. Wrinkled matgrounds are informally named "elephant skin" because of its wrinkled surface in the fossil record. Matgrounds supported themselves until early burrowing worms were ubiquitous enough to unharden them. Burrowing animals broke down the hardy mats to further penetrate the underlying sediment for protection and feeding. Once matgrounds disappeared, exceptional preservation of lagerstätten such as the Burgess Shale or Ediacara Hills also did so too. Trace fossils such as Treptichnus are evidence for soft-bodied burrowers more anatomically complex than the Ediacaran biota that also caused the matgrounds disappearance.
See also
Cambrian substrate revolution
References
Proterozoic life
Microbiology
Evolutionary biology
Precambrian | Matground | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 166 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
67,205,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-309 | USA-309, also known as GPS-III SV04, NAVSTAR 80 or Sacagawea, is a United States navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fourth GPS Block III satellite to be launched.
Satellite
SV04 is the fourth GPS Block III satellite to be launched. Launch was pushed back several times due to delays with the earlier satellites.
The spacecraft is built on the Lockheed Martin A2100 satellite bus, and weighs in at .
Launch
USA-309 was launched by SpaceX on 5th of November 2020 at 23:24 UTC atop Falcon 9 booster B1062. The launch took place from SLC-40 of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-309 directly into semi-synchronous orbit. About eight minutes after launch, Falcon 9 B1062 successfully landed on the droneship Of Course I Still Love You.
Orbit
As of 2021, USA-309 was in a 54.9 degree inclination orbit with a perigee of and an apogee of .
References
GPS satellites
USA satellites
SpaceX military payloads
Spacecraft launched in 2020 | USA-309 | [
"Technology"
] | 231 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"GPS satellites"
] |
67,207,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markarian%2050 | Markarian 50 is a young open cluster in the Milky Way galaxy. Located at about 3,460 pc away in the constellation Cassiopeia, its age is estimated at only about 7.5 million years old. Markarian 50 may be a member of the OB association Cassiopeia OB2. The Wolf-Rayet star WR 157 is a member of Markarian 50.
References
Open clusters
Cassiopeia (constellation)
Star-forming regions | Markarian 50 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 94 | [
"Constellations",
"Cepheus (constellation)"
] |
67,207,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopfion | A hopfion is a topological soliton. It is a stable three-dimensional localised configuration of a three-component field with a knotted topological structure. They are the three-dimensional counterparts of 2D skyrmions, which exhibit similar topological properties in 2D. Hopfions are widely studied in many physical systems over the last half century.
The soliton is mobile and stable: i.e. it is protected from a decay by an energy barrier. It can be deformed but always conserves an integer Hopf topological invariant. It is named after the German mathematician, Heinz Hopf.
A model that supports hopfions was proposed as follows:
The terms of higher-order derivatives are required to stabilize the hopfions.
Stable hopfions were predicted within various physical platforms, including Yang–Mills theory, superconductivity and magnetism.
Experimental observation
Hopfions have been observed experimentally in chiral colloidal magnetic materials, in chiral liquid crystals, in Ir/Co/Pt multilayers using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and in the polarization of free-space monochromatic light.
In chiral magnets, a helical-background variant of the hopfion has been theoretically predicted to occur within the spiral magnetic phase, where it was called a "heliknoton". In recent years, the concept of a "fractional hopfion" has also emerged where not all preimages of magnetisation have a nonzero linking.
See also
Skyrmion
Hopf fibration
References
Magnetism
Quasiparticles
External links | Hopfion | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 332 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Quasiparticles",
"Electromagnetism stubs",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
67,208,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liara%20Roux | Liara Roux is an American author, sex worker, pornography director, internet personality and sex worker human rights activist.
Career
Roux is a high-end escort and supports the "decriminalization and protection of consensual adult activity including queer and sex worker rights and safety worldwide". In their view, sex workers can be described as a marginalized group, who were endangered by SESTA and received no benefits from it. Roux was prominently against Tumblr's decision to ban porn from their platform.
They have written for Vice Media and HuffPost. Their first book, Whore of New York: A Confession, was published in October 2021.
Personal life
Roux is both queer and genderqueer. Roux has stated that they use "she/her pronouns in advertising as Liara Roux, but I use he/him/they/them in my personal life". They were diagnosed with autism early in life.
Publications
References
External links
Liara Roux at HuffPost
Liara Roux at Vice
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births
Living people
21st-century American LGBTQ people
American activists
American prostitutes
American non-binary writers
HuffPost writers and columnists
Autistic writers
American queer writers
American sex worker activists
Vice Media
LGBTQ writers with disabilities
American writers with disabilities
American activists with disabilities
Autistic LGBTQ people | Liara Roux | [
"Biology"
] | 279 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
67,209,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3R8me2 | H3R8me2 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the di-methylation at the 8th arginine residue of the histone H3 protein. In epigenetics, arginine methylation of histones H3 and H4 is associated with a more accessible chromatin structure and thus higher levels of transcription. The existence of arginine demethylases that could reverse arginine methylation is controversial.
H3R8me2 is associated with transcriptional repression, and modified by PRMT5, but not CARM1.
As of March 2021, there are no disease associations known for H3R8me2.
Nomenclature
The name of this modification indicates dimethylation of arginine 8 on histone H3 protein subunit:
Arginine
Arginine can be methylated once (monomethylated arginine) or twice (dimethylated arginine). Methylation of arginine residues is catalyzed by three different classes of protein arginine methyltransferases.
Arginine methylation affects the interactions between proteins and has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including protein trafficking, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation.
Arginine methylation plays a major role in gene regulation because of the ability of the PRMTs to deposit key activating (histone H4R3me2, H3R2me2, H3R17me2, H3R26me2) or repressive (H3R2me2, H3R8me2, H4R3me2) histone marks.
Histone modifications
The genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein molecules known as histones. The complexes formed by the looping of the DNA are known as chromatin.
Mechanism and function of modification
The H3R8 site is methylated by PRMT5 and linked to transcriptional repression. PRMT5 is recruited by several transcriptional repressors, such as Snail, ZNF224 and Ski. A prior acetylation of H3K9 or H3K14 prevents methylation of H3R8 by PRMT5.
Epigenetic implications
The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone-modifying complexes or chromatin remodeling complexes is interpreted by the cell and leads to complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a particular region. The current understanding and interpretation of histones comes from two large scale projects: ENCODE and the Epigenomic roadmap. The purpose of the epigenomic study was to investigate epigenetic changes across the entire genome. This led to chromatin states, which define genomic regions by grouping different proteins and/or histone modifications together.
Chromatin states were investigated in Drosophila cells by looking at the binding location of proteins in the genome. Use of ChIP-sequencing revealed regions in the genome characterized by different banding. Different developmental stages were profiled in Drosophila as well, an emphasis was placed on histone modification relevance. A look in to the data obtained led to the definition of chromatin states based on histone modifications. Certain modifications were mapped and enrichment was seen to localize in certain genomic regions.
The human genome is annotated with chromatin states. These annotated states can be used as new ways to annotate a genome independently of the underlying genome sequence. This independence from the DNA sequence enforces the epigenetic nature of histone modifications. Chromatin states are also useful in identifying regulatory elements that have no defined sequence, such as enhancers. This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation.
Clinical significance
PRMT2 was shown to mediate the dorsal developmental program through methylation of H3R8me2a.
Methods
The histone mark H3K4me1 can be detected in a variety of ways:
1. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-sequencing) measures the amount of DNA enrichment once bound to a targeted protein and immunoprecipitated. It results in good optimization and is used in vivo to reveal DNA-protein binding occurring in cells. ChIP-Seq can be used to identify and quantify various DNA fragments for different histone modifications along a genomic region.
2. Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing (MNase-seq) is used to investigate regions that are bound by well-positioned nucleosomes. Use of the micrococcal nuclease enzyme is employed to identify nucleosome positioning. Well-positioned nucleosomes are seen to have enrichment of sequences.
3. Assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) is used to look in to regions that are nucleosome free (open chromatin). It uses hyperactive Tn5 transposon to highlight nucleosome localisation.
See also
Histone methylation
Histone methyltransferase
References
Epigenetics
Post-translational modification | H3R8me2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,098 | [
"Post-translational modification",
"Gene expression",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
67,209,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octachlorotetraphosphazene | Octachlorotetraphosphazene is an inorganic compound with the formula (NPCl2)4. The molecule has a cyclic, unsaturated backbone consisting of alternating phosphorus and nitrogen centers, and can be viewed as a tetramer of the hypothetical compound N≡PCl2.
The compound has not been studied as much as the related species hexachlorotriphosphazene, in the samples of which octachlorotetraphosphazene is usually found as an unwanted contamintant.
Structure and bonding
Octachlorotetraphosphazene has a P4N4 core with six equivalent P–N bonds.
Synthesis
NH4Cl + PCl5 → 1/n (NPCl2)n + HCl
Reactions
Substitution at P
Some spiro-, ansa-, and spiro-ansa-cyclic derivatives have been prepared via nucleophilic substitution of octachlorotetraphosphazene with alkoxides.
References
Chlorine compounds
Nitrogen heterocycles
Inorganic compounds
Nitrides
Phosphorus heterocycles
Eight-membered rings
Phosphazenes
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds | Octachlorotetraphosphazene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 245 | [
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
67,209,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Racism%3A%20The%20New%20Apartheid | Medical Racism: The New Apartheid is a 2021 video production that promotes conspiracy theories about COVID-19 vaccines. Distributed by the anti-vaccination group Children's Health Defense, it alleges the COVID-19 vaccination efforts are a cover to conduct experiments on the African American and Latin communities. Public health communication experts say the video presents past injustices committed against African Americans in order to make debunked anti-vaccination claims more believable.
At the urging of disinformation experts, the film was removed from Facebook.
Production and release
The hour-long video was released on 11 March 2021, on the website of Children's Health Defense. A trailer published on Instagram was viewed more than 160,000 times.
The group's president, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., is credited as a producer, as well David Centner's Centner Productions, Nation of Islam's Tony Muhammad, anti-vaccination author Curtis Cost, and the CEO of anti-vaccination group Urban Global Health Alliance, Kevin Jenkins. The video was directed by David Massey.
Assertions
The video anchors its narrative in past abuses against African Americans, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and other instances when ethical violations have been committed against minorities as part of medical studies. With those historical facts as background, the video continues with what has been described by public health communication experts, as conspiracy theories, notably debunked claims from the anti-vaccination movement.
According to the central assertion of the video, the United States government seeks to harm ethnic minorities through COVID-19 vaccines. The video repeats long-discredited claims that some cases of autism are somehow linked to the MMR vaccine. Conclusive studies have shown vaccination does not increase the probability a child will develop autism.
Similarly, the video misrepresents a 2014 preliminary study indicating Somali immigrants to the United States may have higher levels of antibodies against rubella than the general population. The video falsely concludes this study proves African Americans are receiving higher doses of vaccines, a leap of logic that isn't based on any data. It also repeats anti-vaccination stories about Bill Gates and the Centers for Disease Control.
Viewers are being told African Americans are naturally immune from COVID-19, while in fact the community has been hard hit by the pandemic from the beginning. They are also told taking vitamin D supplement protects against the disease, a common but misleading statement of anti-vaccination activists.
The video ends with Kennedy requesting the viewers disregard information dispensed by health authorities and doctors, and reinforcing the narrative that components in COVID-19 vaccines are unsafe. Contrary to Kennedy's assertions, the safety of common COVID-19 vaccines has been well documented and complete assessments published by health authorities. Vaccines widely distributed in the United States have received authorization based on clinical trials that included a significant number of Black people.
Participants
Medical historian and Yale professor Naomi Rogers, said she feels "used" because she unwittingly participated in what turned out to be "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers". While her statements that appeared in the film were accurate, they are embedded in a wider narrative that she had "enormous problems with" and that the racial justice issues she fervently supports were "twisted for the purpose of this anti-vax movement."
Dr. Oliver Brooks former president of the National Medical Association, regrets appearing in the film because, despite African American legitimate concerns based on past medical mistreatment, Brooks supports getting vaccinated.
Possible impact on public health
The video does not actually present evidence that vaccines are unsafe in any way, but attempts to stir up distrust in health authorities, doctors, and the government in the African-American and Hispanic communities, a common strategy of the anti-vaccination movement. This is despite the 1974 National Research Act which is a federal law giving out ethical guidelines for medical research on human beings. A lot of medical institutions have made race and ethnicity a protected group for medical research, making discriminatory studies like Tuskegee almost impossible to be implemented in the present-day.
The American anti-vaccination movement has long courted minorities, adapting the language of civil rights to paint vaccination initiatives as a threat or an injustice. Actual injustices such as the Tuskegee study make these false narratives more believable for vulnerable communities. Perhaps a result of this tragedy, vaccination rates for those segments of the population are often somewhat lower than average. Experts say that by targeting Black Americans with messaging linking COVID-19 vaccination with the Tuskegee study and other instances when ethical violations have been committed against minorities as part of medical studies, the video's producers are likely to hurt the Black community by increasing vaccine hesitancy within that vulnerable population. Meanwhile, racialized communities have been hit harder by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to socio-economic factors, with mortality rates among Black, Hispanic and Native Americans nearly triple the rate of White Americans.
See also
COVID-19 vaccine
Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Race and health
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019
Other videos promoting medical conspiracy theories
The Other Side of AIDS
House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic
Plandemic
The Greater Good
Died Suddenly
References
2021 works
2020s videos
American propaganda films about vaccination
Anti-vaccination media
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Films about the COVID-19 pandemic
Health-related conspiracy theories
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
Pseudoscience documentary films
American propaganda films about COVID-19 | Medical Racism: The New Apartheid | [
"Technology"
] | 1,175 | [
"Health-related conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
67,209,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwire | Redwire Corporation is an American aerospace manufacturer and space infrastructure technology company headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida. The company was formed on June 1, 2020 by the private equity firm AE Industrial Partners.
History
Formed on June 1, 2020, by AE Industrial Partners, Redwire was initially created through the merger of Adcole Space and Deep Space Systems. Shortly after formation, on June 24, 2020, Redwire acquired Jacksonville, Florida-based Made In Space, Inc. The addition of Made in Space added 3D printing to the company's portfolio. On September 15, 2020, Redwire announced that it was moving its headquarters to Jacksonville.
Longmont, Colorado-based Roccor was acquired by Redwire on October 29, 2020. The acquisition added capabilities in the manufacturing of solar panels, antennas, and deployable booms. The payload launch technology maker, LoadPath, was acquired on December 15, 2020. Redwire acquired Littleton, Colorado-based Oakman Aerospace on January 19, 2021. Deployable Space Systems was acquired by on February 23, 2021, adding Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) capabilities to Redwire's portfolio.
Redwire announced on March 25, 2021 its intentions to go public through a merger with the SPAC Genesis Park Acquisition Corp., valuing the company at US$615 million.
On January 22, 2025, Redwire announced the acquisition of Edge Autonomy, a drone manufacturer specializing in defense capabilities. The deal is a shift for Redwire with more focus into defense markets, in which drone warfare will align with satellite capabilities.
Operations
Redwire and subsidiaries operate throughout the United States, with locations in Florida, Colorado, California, Alabama, Massachusetts, Indiana and New Mexico. The company consists of the following subsidiaries:
Adcole Space
Adcole Space, a former component of Adcole Corporation, specializes in the design, manufacturing, integration and testing of spacecraft components for application in the commercial, research and military sectors. Located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, Adcole Space focuses on high performance, high reliability Sun sensors and other spacecraft components.
Deep Space Systems
Based in Littleton, Colorado, Deep Space Systems (DSS) is focused on systems engineering, spacecraft design, development, integration and testing, deep space mission operations, and high-definition space-qualified cameras. DSS was incorporated in 2001, and was a founding component of Redwire, after its merger on June 1, 2020 with Adcole Space. DSS is considered a "main contractor" for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, and can sub-contract projects to other companies of their choice. DSS is also working on a lander concept focused on scouting south polar lunar resources.
Deployable Space Systems
Deployable Space Systems, Inc. (DSSI) specializes in the development of deployable technologies for space applications. Located in Goleta, California, DSSI designs, analyzes, builds, tests and delivers deployable solar arrays, deployable structures and space system products. Product and research areas include deployable solar array systems, rigid panel, flexible blanket, and concentrator systems with crystalline or thin film photovoltaic deployable structural/mechanical systems, articulated structures, open-lattice structures, booms, elastic deployable structures, roll-out booms, deployable reflectors, deployable occulters, sun shades, subsystems, high efficiency photovoltaic flexible and rigid blanket/panel assemblies (with photovoltaic partners), launch restraint release systems, mechanisms and actuators.
LoadPath
Based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, LoadPath specializes in mechanical, structural, and thermal technologies for satellite and space launch applications. Unique capabilities include space mechanisms, multi-payload launch adapters, structural testing, deployable composite booms, deployable space structures, R&D engineering, spacecraft thermal management components, and thermal analysis. LoadPath is controlled by an AS9100 certified quality management system.
Made In Space, Inc.
Based in Jacksonville, Florida, Made In Space specializes in the development and manufacturing of three-dimensional printers for use in microgravity. Founded in August 2010 by Aaron Kemmer, Jason Dunn, Mike Chen, and Michael Snyder, Made in Space has a general focus on manufacturing technologies that support exploration, national security, and sustainable space settlement.
Oakman Aerospace
Based in Littleton, Colorado, Oakman Aerospace, Inc. was co-founded by Stanley Oakman Kennedy, Jr., Maureen S. O’Brien, and Stanley Oakman Kennedy, Sr. in July 2012. The Littleton facility has approximately 11,300 square feet of test laboratory and office space, which includes 1,000 square feet of engineering laboratory space, several test areas, and modular test stations. OAI has the capability and capacity to simultaneously design, assemble, integrate, and test programs or perform multiple technology test and evaluation efforts. The assembly and test laboratories are equipped with regularly calibrated measuring and test equipment. The laboratories have six independent workstations equipped with modern assembly equipment and tools. The facility is in full compliance with all OSHA and State safety requirements. OAI laboratory space has the ability to host flight components using clean room level laminar flow benches with individual temperature and humidity controls. Oakman is building a satellite ground station with 5.5 m dish at Chippewa County International Airport.
Roccor
Based in Longmont, Colorado, Roccor is a manufacturer of solar panels, antennas, and deployable booms. Launched on May 5, 2010, by founder Will Francis, its acquisition by Redwire was announced on October 29, 2020. Roccor was an 80-person company at the time of acquisition.
QinetiQ Space NV
During October 2022, Redwire acquired Belgium-based satellite design and development company QinetiQ Space NV for £28m. Prior to the acquisition, QinetiQ Space NV had worked with civil and commercial space agency's such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO).
See also
Interorbital Systems
List of crewed spacecraft
Archinaut
Thorlabs
References
External links
Space technology
Aerospace companies of the United States
Commercial spaceflight
Human spaceflight programs
Space tourism
Space technology research institutes
Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
Technology companies established in 2020
Technology companies based in the Jacksonville area
Technology companies based in Florida
Publicly traded companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
Multinational companies based in Jacksonville
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Special-purpose acquisition companies | Redwire | [
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 1,316 | [
"Space technology",
"Space programs",
"Human spaceflight programs",
"Outer space"
] |
67,210,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium%20stannate | Dysprosium stannate (Dy2Sn2O7) is an inorganic compound, a ceramic of the stannate family, with pyrochlore structure.
Dysprosium stannate, like dysprosium titanate and holmium stannate, is a spin ice material. In 2009, quasiparticles resembling magnetic monopoles were observed at low temperature and high magnetic field.
References
Dysprosium compounds
Stannates | Dysprosium stannate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
59,288,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene | A cutscene or event scene (sometimes in-game cinematic or in-game movie) is a sequence in a video game that is not interactive, interrupting the gameplay. Such scenes are used to show conversations between characters, set the mood, reward the player, introduce newer models and gameplay elements, show the effects of a player's actions, create emotional connections, improve pacing or foreshadow future events.
Cutscenes often feature "on the fly" rendering, using the gameplay graphics to create scripted events. Cutscenes can also be pre-rendered computer graphics streamed from a video file. Pre-made videos used in video games (either during cutscenes or during the gameplay itself) are referred to as "full motion videos" or "FMVs". Cutscenes can also appear in other forms, such as a series of images or as plain text and audio.
History
The Sumerian Game (1966), an early mainframe game designed by Mabel Addis, introduced its Sumerian setting with a slideshow synchronized to an audio recording; it was essentially an unskippable introductory cutscene, but not an in-game cutscene. Taito's arcade video game Space Invaders Part II (1979) introduced the use of brief comical intermission scenes between levels, where the last invader who gets shot limps off screen. Namco's Pac-Man (1980) similarly featured cutscenes in the form of brief comical interludes, about Pac-Man and Blinky chasing each other.
Shigeru Miyamoto's Donkey Kong (1981) took the cutscene concept a step further by using cutscenes to visually advance a complete story. Data East's laserdisc video game Bega's Battle (1983) introduced animated full-motion video (FMV) cutscenes with voice acting to develop a story between the game's shooting stages, which became the standard approach to game storytelling years later. The games Bugaboo (The Flea) in 1983 and Karateka (1984) helped introduce the cutscene concept to home computers.
In the point-and-click adventure genre, Ron Gilbert introduced the cutscene concept with non-interactive plot sequences in Maniac Mansion (1987). Tecmo's Ninja Gaiden for the Famicom in 1988 and NES the following year featured over 20 minutes of anime-like "cinema scenes" that helped tell an elaborate story. In addition to an introduction and ending, the cutscenes were intertwined between stages and gradually revealed the plot to the player. The use of animation or full-screen graphics was limited, consisting mostly of still illustrations with sound effects and dialogue written underneath; however the game employed rather sophisticated shots such as low camera angles and close-ups, as well as widescreen letterboxing, to create a movie-like experience.
Other early video games known to use cutscenes extensively include The Portopia Serial Murder Case in 1983; Valis in 1986; Phantasy Star and La Abadía del Crimen in 1987; Ys II: Ancient Ys Vanished – The Final Chapter, and Prince of Persia and Zero Wing in 1989. Since then, cutscenes have been part of many video games, especially in action-adventure and role-playing video games.
Cutscenes became much more common with the rise of CD-ROM as the primary storage medium for video games, as its much greater storage space allowed developers to use more cinematically impressive media such as FMV and high-quality voice tracks.
Types
Live-action cutscenes
Live-action cutscenes have many similarities to films. For example, the cutscenes in Wing Commander IV used both fully constructed sets, and well known actors such as Mark Hamill and Malcolm McDowell for the portrayal of characters.
Some movie tie-in games, such as Electronic Arts' The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars games, have also extensively used film footage and other assets from the film production in their cutscenes. Another movie tie-in, Enter the Matrix, used film footage shot concurrently with The Matrix Reloaded that was also directed by the film's directors, the Wachowskis. In the DreamWorks Interactive (now known as Danger Close Games) 1996 point and click title, The Neverhood Chronicles, full motion video cutscenes were made using the animation technique of stop motion and puppets sculpted out of plasticine, much like the game’s actual worlds and characters. The game’s creator, Douglas TenNapel was in charge of filming the cutscenes, as stated in the game’s behind the scenes video.
Pre-rendered cutscenes
Pre-rendered cutscenes are animated and rendered by the game's developers, and take advantage of the full array of techniques of CGI, cel animation or graphic novel-style panel art. Like live-action shoots, pre-rendered cutscenes are often presented in full motion video.
Real time cutscenes
Real time cutscenes are rendered on-the-fly using the same game engine as the graphics during gameplay. This technique is also known as Machinima.
Real time cutscenes are generally of much lower detail and visual quality than pre-rendered cutscenes, but can adapt to the state of the game. For example, some games allow the player character to wear several different outfits, and appear in cutscenes wearing the outfit the player has chosen, as seen in Super Mario Odyssey, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. It is also possible to give the player control over camera movement during real time cutscenes, as seen in Dungeon Siege, Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, Halo: Reach, and Kane & Lynch: Dead Men.
Mixed media cutscenes
Many games use both pre-rendered and real time cutscenes as the developer feels is appropriate for each scene.
During the 1990s in particular, it was common for the techniques of live action, pre-rendering, and real time rendering to be combined in a single cutscene. For example, popular games such as Myst, Wing Commander III, and Phantasmagoria use film of live actors superimposed upon pre-rendered animated backgrounds for their cutscenes. Though Final Fantasy VII primarily uses real-time cutscenes, it has several scenes in which real-time graphics are combined with pre-rendered full motion video. Though rarer than the other two possible combinations, the pairing of live action video with real time graphics is seen in games such as Killing Time.
Interactive cutscenes
Interactive cutscenes involve the computer taking control of the player character while prompts (such as a sequence of button presses) appear onscreen, requiring the player to follow them in order to continue or succeed at the action. This gameplay mechanic, commonly called quick time events, has its origins in interactive movie laserdisc video games such as Dragon's Lair, Road Blaster, and Space Ace.
Criticism
Director Steven Spielberg, director Guillermo del Toro, and game designer Ken Levine, all of whom are avid video gamers, criticized the use of cutscenes in games, calling them intrusive. Spielberg states that making the story flow naturally into the gameplay is a challenge for future game developers. Hollywood writer Danny Bilson called cinematics the "last resort of game storytelling", as a person doesn't want to watch a movie when they are playing a video game. Game designer Raph Koster criticized cutscenes as being the part that has "the largest possibility for emotional engagement, for art dare we say", while also being the bit that can be cut with no impact on the actual gameplay. Koster claims that because of this, many of the memorable peak emotional moments in video games are actually not given by the game itself at all. It is a common criticism that cutscenes simply belong to a different medium.
Others think of cutscenes as another tool designers can use to make engrossing video games. An article on GameFront calls upon a number of successful video games that make excessive use of cutscenes for storytelling purposes, referring to cutscenes as a highly effective way to communicate a storyteller's vision. Rune Klevjer states: "A cutscene does not cut off gameplay. It is an integral part of the configurative experience", saying that they will always affect the rhythm of a game, but if they are well implemented, cutscenes can be an excellent tool for building suspense or providing the player with helpful or crucial visual information.
See also
References
Video game design
Video game terminology | Cutscene | [
"Technology"
] | 1,762 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Video game terminology"
] |
59,300,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Nuclear%20Regulator | The National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) of South Africa is responsible for the regulatory framework that protects people, property and the environment from any damaging effects of ionizing radiation or radioactive material.
Duties
Its duties include the regulation of safe operating conditions for nuclear or radiation processes and the prevention or mitigation of damage from accidents. It carries out safety case reviews and assessments, authorisations, compliance inspections and enforcement of standards. It drafts regulatory documents and oversees emergency planning and preparedness. Its safety standards are implemented in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and it reports to the Department of Energy.
History
In June 2021, Koeberg Alert's Peter Becker was appointed to the board of the National Nuclear Regulator. He was fired by the Minister of Minerals and Energy, Gwede Mantashe, in February 2022, citing Becker's opposition to nuclear power.
References
Nuclear regulatory organizations | National Nuclear Regulator | [
"Engineering"
] | 200 | [
"Nuclear regulatory organizations",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
59,301,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Data%20Integrator | Space Data Integrator is a process/service platform or tool being developed by the US FAA to integrate space launch and reentry into the US National Airspace System. It intends to oversee and manage airspace safety during space operations, ensuring the safety of vehicles more efficiently than manual processes.
History
The project was initiated in 2015.
No funds for SDI were included in the FAA 2018 budget request.
In March 2018 the FAA initiated a Market Survey on the requirements for SDI.
References
Further reading
Improving the Integration of Launch and Reentry Operations into the National Airspace System Mazzotta and Murray. 2015?
Aerospace engineering | Space Data Integrator | [
"Engineering"
] | 125 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
59,303,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTCA%20-%20The%20Rural%20Broadband%20Association | NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association (NTCA) is a membership association with the goal of improving communications services in rural America. With a membership comprising over 850 independent rural American telecommunications companies in 46 states, NTCA provides training and employee benefit packages to its members. It also advocates rural issues to legislatures, including universal service, rural infrastructure, cybersecurity, telemedicine, and consumer protection.
History
In 1949, the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) loan program was established to give long-term, low-interest loans to rural telephone systems. In response, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) created a committee of representatives from emerging joint electric-telephone cooperative organizations. On June 1, 1954, the eight committee members founded the National Telephone Cooperative Association (NTCA) as a separate national organization that would represent telephone cooperatives. In 1956, NTCA successfully advocated for the maintenance of the REA telephone loan program, which the Eisenhower Administration had attempted to terminate. The organization soon entered into an agreement with NRECA to make the NRECA's insurance and benefit programs available to the employees of NTCA member organizations. By the end of 1956, NTCA’s membership had grown from its original eight members to sixty members, with that figure growing to nearly one hundred members during the 1960s. Throughout the 1960s, NTCA worked to improve the availability of financing to its members by supporting the REA and advocating for the creation of a supplemental bank for rural telephone systems. In 1971, Congress established the Rural Telephone Bank to provide financing to rural telephone companies. In 1970 NTCA allowed locally-owned and controlled commercial telecoms to join the association as non-voting members and in 1971 held its first legislative conference. During the 1970s, NTCA’s membership grew to nearly three hundred.
During the 1990s, NTCA participated in the advocacy efforts that led to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, a rewrite of the communications regulations of the United States that would deregulate and increase competition for the broadcasting and telecommunications markets. NTCA also urged the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to retain effective competition standards for small cable systems and to support the removal of the telephone and cable television cross-ownership ban. In 1994, NTCA established the Foundation for Rural Service, a nonprofit foundation with the goal of spreading awareness of rural issues. In 2002, NTCA changed its name from the National Telephone Cooperative Association to the National Telecommunications Cooperative Association. In 2013, NTCA and the Organization for the Promotion and Advancement of Small Telecommunications Companies (OPASTCO) merged into one organization called NTCA–The Rural Broadband Association. The new organization included NTCA's 580 members and OPASTCO's 372 members.
In 2017, investment in rural infrastructure became a major priority for the federal government. NTCA advocated for including broadband in any infrastructure program.
2019 marked the 50th anniversary of NTCA’s Rural Broadband PAC, previously known as TECO, and the 25th anniversary of the Foundation for Rural Service.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread, causing schools to close and teaching to be conducted online, which placed a spotlight on the importance of broadband. This rise in national attention led policymakers to include broadband funding in two key pieces of legislation passed in 2020: the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act.
In 2021, Congress passed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which significantly increased funding for broadband deployment in rural areas. Throughout the legislative and rulemaking processes, NTCA advocated for provisions to ensure that funding is used on networks are future-proof.
In October 2022, the NTCA was the most active group to lobby the FCC, filing at eight separate instances.
Programs
NTCA has several programs to further its goals of supporting rural telecommunications cooperatives, including Smart Rural Community, the Foundation for Rural Service and CyberShare: The Small Broadband Provider ISAC. Smart Rural Community is a program with the goal of increasing the use of broadband and technology in rural America by providing educational programming, providing grants and giving awards. Gig-Capable Provider certification is a program that certifies telecommunications companies that are capable of delivering gigabit broadband speeds to rural communities. The Foundation for Rural Service spreads awareness of rural issues by distributing educational resources, performing research and giving scholarships to rural students. CyberShare is NTCA’s cybersecurity program. Made specifically for small broadband companies, CyberShare provides high-quality indicators and mitigation strategies for cyber-attacks and gives participants access to daily and weekly reports and a secure web platform. Through its subsidiaries, NTCA also provides insurance and benefits programs to its members, runs a political action committee, and sells telecommunications equipment and technical services at group rates.
See also
Rural Internet in the United States
References
External links
Official site
Digital divide
Internet access
Rural development in the United States | NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association | [
"Technology"
] | 991 | [
"Internet access",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
59,303,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold%20Law%20%28New%20York%29 | The Scaffold Law is a New York State law that holds employers and property owners fully liable when an employee becomes injured due to a gravity-related fall while working at high elevations without proper safety equipment. The law was enacted in 19th century and is contained in New York State Labor Law § 240/241. Critics and politicians have blamed the law for driving up public construction costs in New York State. New York State is the only state that imposes an absolute liability penalty in gravity-related injury cases (Illinois repealed their similar law in 1995).
History
The Scaffold Law was enacted by the New York State Legislature in 1885. The law was enacted at a time in the nation's history when the federal government had not yet enacted widespread worker protection such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or workers compensation programs.
In 1995, the state of Illinois repealed its absolute liability standard law for gravity related injuries, leaving New York as the last and only state with such a statute.
There was a lobbying effort in 2013 on behalf of contractors and minority and women owned business enterprises to replace the absolute liability standard with a comparative standard, which would require a jury or arbitrator to determine the amount of negligence cause by an employee.
In 2018, United States Congressman John Faso introduced a federal bill that passed the U.S. Senate but seemingly did not pass in the U.S. House of Representatives in February 2018 that would have denied funding to construction projects that impose an absolute liability standard for gravity-related falls.
Controversy
Critics have cited the law for increasing public construction costs, increasing insurance costs, and creating barriers to entry for Minority and Women-Owned Business Enterprises. The Rockefeller Institute of Government has blamed the law for costing taxpayers $785 million a year. Habitat for Humanity blamed the law for creating obstacles in rebuilding attempts after Hurricane Sandy. Congressman Faso has blamed the law for adding $200 million to the cost of the new Tappan Zee Bridge. Two state congress members also noted that the law is the last and only absolute liability law in the country for gravity-related construction falls.
References
Construction law
New York (state) law
Politics of New York (state)
1885 establishments in New York (state) | Scaffold Law (New York) | [
"Engineering"
] | 442 | [
"Construction",
"Construction law"
] |
59,309,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20past%20fertility%20rate | This is a list of countries showing past fertility rate, ranging from 1950 to 2015 in five-year periods, as estimated by the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects database by the United Nations Population Division. The fertility rate equals the expected number of children born per woman in her child-bearing years.
List of countries 1950 to 2015
List of regions
References
External links
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Population Division – World Population Prospects, the 2017 Revision
Fertility rate, past
Fertility rate, past
Human geography
Fertility | List of countries by past fertility rate | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 105 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Human geography"
] |
59,311,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20air%20capture | Direct air capture (DAC) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract carbon dioxide () directly from the ambient air. If the extracted is then sequestered in safe long-term storage, the overall process is called direct air carbon capture and sequestration (DACCS), achieving carbon dioxide removal and be a "negative emissions technology" (NET).
DAC is in contrast to carbon capture and storage (CCS), which captures from point sources, such as a cement factory or a bioenergy plant. After the capture, DAC generates a concentrated stream of for sequestration or utilization. Carbon dioxide removal is achieved when ambient air makes contact with chemical media, typically an aqueous alkaline solvent or sorbents. These chemical media are subsequently stripped of CO2 through the application of energy (namely heat), resulting in a CO2 stream that can undergo dehydration and compression, while simultaneously regenerating the chemical media for reuse.
As of 2023, DACCS has yet to be integrated into emissions trading because, at over US$1000, the cost per ton of carbon dioxide is many times the carbon price on those markets. For the end-to-end process to remain net carbon negative, DAC machines must be powered by renewable energy sources, since the process can be quite energy expensive. Future innovations may reduce the energy intensity of this process.
DAC was suggested in 1999 and is still in development. Several commercial plants are planned or in operation in Europe and the US. Large-scale DAC deployment may be accelerated when connected with economical applications or policy incentives.
In contrast to carbon capture and storage (CCS) which captures emissions from a point source such as a factory, DAC reduces the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as a whole. Thus, DAC can be used to capture emissions that originated in non-stationary sources such as airplanes.
Methods of capture
There are the three stages of capture in DAC: the contacting stage, the capture stage, and the separation stage. In the contacting stage, the DAC system transports atmospheric air containing to the equipment using large-scale fans. Subsequently, in the capture stage, rapidly and effectively binds with liquid solvents in chemical reactors or solid sorbents in filters, which must possess binding energies equivalent to that of . Later in the separation stage, external energy sources facilitate the separation of from the solvents or sorbents, yielding pure and regenerated solvents or sorbents. Following the completion of these three stages, the separated pure is either utilized or stored, while the recovered solvents or sorbents are recycled for reuse in the capture process.
The low temperature DAC process uses solid sorbents (S-DAC) and the high temperature process utilizes liquid solvents (L-DAC) that feature different properties in terms of kinetics and heat transfers. Currently, liquid DAC (L-DAC) and solid DAC (S-DAC) represent two mature technologies for industrial deployment. Additionally, several emerging DAC technologies, including electro-swing adsorption (ESA), moisture-swing adsorption (MSA), and membrane-based DAC (m-DAC), are in different stages of development, testing, or limited practical application.
More recently, Ireland-based company Carbon Collect Limited has developed the MechanicalTree™ which simply stands in the wind to capture . The company claims this 'passive capture' of significantly reduces the energy cost of Direct Air Capture, and that its geometry lends itself to scaling for gigaton capture.
Most commercial techniques use a liquid solvent—usually amine-based or caustic—to absorb from a gas. For example, a common caustic solvent: sodium hydroxide reacts with and precipitates a stable sodium carbonate. This carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous stream. Sodium hydroxide can be recycled from sodium carbonate in a process of causticizing. Alternatively, the binds to solid sorbent in the process of chemisorption. Through heat and vacuum, the is then desorbed from the solid.
Among the specific chemical processes that are being explored, three stand out: causticization with alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides, carbonation, and organic−inorganic hybrid sorbents consisting of amines supported in porous adsorbents.
Other explored methods
The idea of using many small dispersed DAC scrubbers—analogous to live plants—to create environmentally significant reduction in levels, has earned the technology a name of artificial trees in popular media.
Moisture swing sorbent
In a cyclical process designed in 2012 by professor Klaus Lackner, the director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions (CNCE), dilute can be efficiently separated using an anionic exchange polymer resin called Marathon MSA, which absorbs air when dry, and releases it when exposed to moisture. A large part of the energy for the process is supplied by the latent heat of phase change of water. The technology requires further research to determine its cost-effectiveness.
Metal-organic frameworks
Other substances which can be used are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs).
Membranes
Membrane-based separation (m-DAC) employs semi-permeable membranes. This method requires little water and has a smaller footprint. Typically polymeric membranes, either glassy or rubbery, are used for direct air capture. Glassy membranes typically exhibit high selectivity with respect to Carbon Dioxide; however, they also have low permeabilities. Membrane capture of carbon dioxide is still in development and needs further research before it can be implemented on a larger scale.
Electro-Swing Adsorption
Electro-swing adsorption (ESA) has also been proposed.
Rock flour
Rock flour, soil ground into nanoparticles by glacier ice, has potential both as a soil conditioner and for carbon capture. Glacier melting deposits one billion tons of rock flour annually, and one ton of Greenlandic rock flour can capture of carbon.
Environmental impact
Proponents of DAC argue that it is an essential component of climate change mitigation. Researchers posit that DAC could help contribute to the goals of the Paris Agreement (namely limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels). However, others claim that relying on this technology is risky and might postpone emission reduction under the notion that it will be possible to fix the problem later, and suggest that reducing emissions may be a better solution.
Opponents of DAC argue that the resources required to operate DAC technologies, are an immense burden that may outweigh the goal of the technology itself. A 2020 analysis revealed that DAC 2 technology may be an unsuitable option to capture the projected 30 Gt-CO2 per year as it requires an enormous amount of materials (16.3–27.8 Gt of NH3 and 3.3–5.6 Gt of EO) The same study found that DAC 1 technology requires at least 8.4–13.1 TW-yr (46–71% TGES), an estimate that was calculated with the exclusion of the associated energy costs for carbon storage.
Energy cost concerns were explored in 2021 and found that In order for DAC technology to maintain a carbon removal of 73-86% per ton of CO2 captured, DAC would demand land occupation and renewable energy equivalent to what is needed for a global switch from gasoline to electric vehicles, with approximately five times higher material consumption.
Some DAC technologies, especially liquid systems, require both high temperature heat and electricity. In these systems the electrical demand is made using natural gas, imported electricity from the grid, and oxyfuel combustion of natural gas. This means that many DAC technologies are powered by fossil fuels, the very thing the technology is meant to eliminate reliance on. The physical scale of the air contactor in any DAC system is a formidable challenge and may also have an impact on the environment. A DAC system meant to combat six million metric tons of CO2 per year, may be sized at about 30 kilometers in length and 10 meters in height
Though using fossil fuel to generate electricity would release more CO2 than captured CO2, the minimum energy required for DAC technologies is estimated to be 250kWh per tonne of CO2m whereas capturing with natural gas and coal power plants requires about 100 and 65 kWh per ton of CO2 This could lead to a new set of environmental impacts in the future.
DAC relying on amine-based absorption demands significant water input. It was estimated, that to capture 3.3 gigatonnes of a year would require 300 km3 of water, or 4% of the water used for irrigation. On the other hand, using sodium hydroxide needs far less water, but the substance itself is highly caustic and dangerous.
DAC also requires much greater energy input in comparison to traditional capture from point sources, like flue gas, due to the low concentration of . The theoretical minimum energy required to extract from ambient air is about 250 kWh per tonne of , while capture from natural gas and coal power plants requires, respectively, about 100 and 65 kWh per tonne of . Because of this implied demand for energy, some have proposed using "small nuclear power plants" connected to DAC installations.
When DAC is combined with a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system, it can produce a negative emissions plant, but it would require a carbon-free electricity source. The use of any fossil-fuel-generated electricity would end up releasing more to the atmosphere than it would capture. Moreover, using DAC for enhanced oil recovery would cancel any supposed climate mitigation benefits.
Applications
Practical applications of DAC include
enhanced oil recovery,
production of carbon-neutral synthetic fuel and plastics,
beverage carbonation,
carbon sequestration,
improving concrete strength,
creating carbon-neutral concrete alternative,
enhancing productivity of algae farms,
enrichment of air in greenhouses
liquid fuels
enhanced coal bed methane
These applications require different concentrations of product formed from the captured gas. Forms of carbon sequestration such as geological storage require pure products (concentration > 99%), while other applications such as agriculture can function with more dilute products (~ 5%). Since the air that is processed through DAC originally contains 0.04% (or 400 ppm), creating a pure product requires more energy than a dilute product and is thus typically more expensive. Capture carbon that is used for food typically requires CO2 with higher purity, ranging from 50+% followed by additional chemical processing.
DAC is not an alternative to traditional, point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), rather it is a complementary technology that could be utilized to manage carbon emissions from distributed sources, fugitive emissions from the CCS network, and leakage from geological formations. Because DAC can be deployed far from the source of pollution, synthetic fuel produced with this method can use already existing fuel transport infrastructure.
Typical discourse surrounding DAC is relegated to its effectiveness at mitigating climate change/global warming issues. However, the majority of existing DAC facilities are small scale, And operate primarily to sell the captured CO2 for use in other products rather than permanently sequestering it. DAC facilities that sell CO2 for beverage production operate with low recovery rates of around 4.7% and produces 58-tCO2 per day. The use of DAC facilities for commercial purposes, reemphasizes the opinion of naysayers, that DAC is a ploy used by corporations to protect and promote financial interest.
Given the myriad of DAC applications, proponents of DAC argue that the political utility of the technology lies in its ability to create new employment opportunities.
Operational/developing DAC facilities
DAC Projects and their respective processes for Carbon removal and/or storage
International DAC development
53 DAC plants are expected to be operational by the end of 2024
93 DAC plants to be operating in 2030 with a combined capacity of 6.4-11.4 MtCO2/yr
By the end of 2024, 18 plants are scheduled to be operational in North America and 24 in Europe
The leading countries in DAC include the US, Canada and European nations
China
DAC technologies have been proposed to help China in its pursuit for carbon neutrality by 2060. Following the 2021 Glasgow Climate Conference, as the leading GHG emitter, China has begun the development of various low-emission strategies. With China's commitment to DAC alone, global warming could decrease by approximately 0.2 °C–0.3 °C. Recent studies on deep decarbonization in China suggest that carbon neutrality can be attained with contribution from carbon capture and storage to dispose of multiple GtCO2 yr-1 point-source emissions. China has developed its own direct air capture (DAC) technology, called "CarbonBox," developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and China Energy Engineering Corporation. Each module can extract over 100 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually, resulting in a 99% pure CO2 product. CarbonBox DAC facilities are the size of a shipping container, can be installed on site and utilize low-carbon energy sources to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.
Iceland
The Orca, pioneered by Zurich-based Climeworks with support from Microsoft in 2021, was the first large-scale DAC plant, removing 4000 tons of CO2 annually this amount corresponds to approximately 1.75 million liters of gasoline. The DAC facility is located in Iceland, Hellisheidi, and is powered by the Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant. Orca consists of 12 amine-holding containers that collect a total of around 600 kg of CO2 per hour. This facility operates in conjunction with CarbFix, an Icelandic technology firm. CarbFix takes the captured CO2 from the DAC facility and injects the CO2 into the Earth's crust (through mineralization) The mineralization process circumvents risks of fire and leaks, that are associated with alternative DAC technologies.
Kenya
Octavia Carbon, founded by Martin Freimüller in 2022, is the first Direct Air Capture Company in the Global South. The company plans to develop DAC technology in alignment with the country's renewable grid and rich geology, both of which are suitable for CO2 storage. This project is still in its development phase, however, following support from the Kenyan government and international DAC companies, the team has swelled to employ 53+ individuals. In collaboration with Carbonfuture, Octavia Carbon now seeks to implement a breakthrough digital Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (dMRV) system for DAC. dMRV systems allow real-time data tracking across the entire carbon removal process. The current DAC pilot facility, Project Hummingbird, is located in Kenya's Rift Valley in Naivasha and is projected to capture and securely store 1000 tons of CO2 annually (1000tCO/yr). Project Hummingbird will utilize the mineralization process by injecting the stored CO2 into the basalt rock formations native to the Rift Valley
Cost
One of the largest hurdles to implementing DAC is the cost of separating and air. Although DAC implementation was initially and optimistically estimated to cost around $100-$300 per tonne, As of 2023 it is estimated that the total system cost is over $1,000 per tonne of CO2. Large-scale DAC deployment can be accelerated by policy incentives. There is discourse surrounding the actual cost of globalized usage of DAC technology as cost values reported by private companies tend to be lower than academic estimates. The Department of Energy estimated costs per tonne to be under $100, while other sources have estimated the cost to be much larger. it is estimated that the total system cost is over $1,000 per tonne of CO2. Large-scale DAC deployment can be accelerated by policy incentives.
Under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the U.S. Department of Energy will invest $3.5 billion in four direct air capture hubs. According to the agency, the hubs have the potential to capture at least 1 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually from the atmosphere. Once captured, the CO2 will be permanently stored in a geologic formation.
The Department of Energy invested $1.2 billion to further developments of direct air capture facilities in Texas and Louisiana. These projects are the result of initial selections from President Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
Development
Carbon engineering
Carbon Engineering is a commercial DAC company founded in 2009 and backed, among others, by Bill Gates and Murray Edwards. , it runs a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada, that has been in use since 2015 and is able to extract about a tonne of a day. An economic study of its pilot plant conducted from 2015 to 2018 estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric removed.
Partnering with California energy company Greyrock, Carbon Engineering converts a portion of its concentrated into synthetic fuel, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
The company uses a potassium hydroxide solution. It reacts with to form potassium carbonate, which removes a certain amount of from the air.
Climeworks
Climeworks's first industrial-scale DAC plant, which started operation in May 2017 in Hinwil, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, can capture 900 tonnes of per year. To lower its energy requirements, the plant uses heat from a local waste incineration plant. The is used to increase vegetable yields in a nearby greenhouse.
The company stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of from the air.
Climeworks partnered with Reykjavik Energy in Carbfix, a project launched in 2007. In 2017, the CarbFix2 project was started and received funding from EuropeanUnion's Horizon2020 research program. The CarbFix2 pilot plant project runs alongside a geothermal power plant in Hellisheidi, Iceland. In this approach, is injected 700 meters under the ground and mineralizes into basaltic bedrock forming carbonate minerals. The DAC plant uses low-grade waste heat from the plant, effectively eliminating more than they both produce.
On May 8, 2024, Climeworks activated the world's largest DAC planet named Mammoth in Iceland. It will be able to pull 36,000 tons of carbon from the atmosphere a year at full capacity, according to Climeworks, equivalent to taking around 7,800 gas-powered cars off the road for a year.
Global thermostat
Global Thermostat is private company founded in 2010, located in Manhattan, New York, with a plant in Huntsville, Alabama. Global Thermostat uses amine-based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from 40 to 50,000 tonnes per year.
The company claims to remove for $120 per tonne at its facility in Huntsville.
Global Thermostat has closed deals with Coca-Cola (which aims to use DAC to source for its carbonated beverages) and ExxonMobil which intends to start a DACtofuel business using Global Thermostat's technology.
Soletair power
Soletair Power is a startup founded in 2016, located in Lappeenranta, Finland, operating in the fields of Direct Air Capture and Power-to-X. The startup is primarily backed by the Finnish technology group Wärtsilä. According to Soletair Power, its technology is the first to combine Direct Air Capture with buildings' HVAC systems. The technology captures from the air running through a building's existing ventilation units inside buildings for removing atmospheric while reducing the building's net emissions. The captured is mineralized to concrete, stored or utilized to create synthetic products like food, textile or renewable fuel. In 2020, Wärtsilä, together with Soletair Power and Q Power, created their first demonstration unit of Power-to-X for Dubai Expo 2020, that can produce synthetic methane from captured from buildings.
Prometheus Fuels
Prometheus Fuels is a start-up company based in Santa Cruz which launched out of Y Combinator in 2019 to remove CO2 from the air and turn it into zero-net-carbon gasoline and jet fuel. The company uses a DAC technology, adsorbing CO2 from the air directly into process electrolytes, where it is converted into alcohols by electrocatalysis. The alcohols are then separated from the electrolytes using carbon nanotube membranes, and upgraded to gasoline and jet fuels. Since the process uses only electricity from renewable sources, the fuels are carbon neutral when used, emitting no net CO2 to the atmosphere.
Heirloom Carbon Technologies
Heirloom's first direct air capture facility opened in Tracy, California, in November 2023. The facility can remove up to 1,000 U.S. tons of annually, which is then mixed into concrete using technologies from CarbonCure. Heirloom also has a contract with Microsoft in which the latter will purchase 315,000 metric tons of removal.
Other companies
Center for Negative Carbon Emissions of Arizona State University
Carbfix – a subsidiary of Reykjavik Energy, Iceland
Energy Impact Center – a research institute that advocates for the use nuclear energy to power direct air capture technologies
Mission Zero Technologies — a startup in London, UK
Carbyon – a startup in Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Innovations in research
Within the research domain, the ETH Zurich team's development of a photoacid solution for direct air capture marks a significant innovation. This technology, still under refinement, stands out for its minimal energy requirements and its novel chemical process that enables efficient CO2 capture and release. This method's potential for scalability and its environmental benefits align it with ongoing efforts by other companies listed in this section, contributing to the global pursuit of effective and sustainable carbon capture solutions.
Political discourse
Environmentalist opposition
In the United States there is conflict between politicians and politically unaffiliated environmental advocates on Direct Air Capture as it relates to economic benefit and efficiency in improving climate change associated risks.
One of the main grievances climate campaigners have is in regards to how DAC is perceived to be at best, a costly irrelevance to the more pressing need to cut emissions and, is a ploy that is utilized to maintain the fossil fuel industry's status quo, and perpetuate pollution The Stratos Project, was purchased by Occidental Petroleum for $1.1 billion. This investment is regarded by some as an attempt to extend the longevity of the fossil fuel industry. The Stratos project is ultimately owned by Occidental Petroleum, an American oil company that bought Carbon Engineering on November 3, 2023 for $1.1bn and views carbon removal as a sort of future-proofing for its industry. Jonathan Foley, executive director of Project Drawdown (a research-based plan to reverse global warming and stop climate change) regards DAC technology as a greenwashing exercise, that mitigates climate change issues but does not seek to solve them. The Consumer's Association of Penang perceive DAC to be something that exacerbates the climate crisis, and is fundamentally against the principle of climate justice.
A study conducted in 2024, analyzed the conditional support of DAC technologies in the United States. The study revealed that most of the participants who were familiar with DAC technology and had concerns about climate change had questions regarding the moral hazards of DAC technology. Participants expressed disdain for the possibility that DAC might allow companies to continue pollutive practices while greenwashing their public image was raised across all focus groups. Other participants worried that DAC technology would be used as a front by fossil fuel corporations, to create the illusion that something was being done to combat climate change without contributing real benefit to the environment.
Environmentalist opposition to DAC often concerns the ecological impacts of the associated energy infrastructure. Complications associated with the impact DAC may have on air quality in specific communities are called into question as well. Some critics of DAC are in opposition to the technology because of the locations they tend to be placed in, as some feel that these projects are always developed in poor areas, objectors expressed that they feel "experimented on."
Another study focusing on perceptions of DAC technology from climate concerned persons from the United States and the United Kingdom found similar results. A theme across all groups was the perception of DAC as a technology that is incongrous with the vision for a sustainable society. Participants reported DAC to be "reactionary" to climate change as opposed to a viable solution to it. A consistent theme across all workshops was the idea that CDR does not necessarily reflect people's ‘vision’ for a sustainable future society: “The survey also showed that "very few people believed that CDR deals with the root cause of emissions." The study revealed that the overall perception was that DAC is merely an intervention that fails to address the root cause of climate change and instead sustains the contributors to the crisis itself.'
Political opposition to DAC technology has also been related to doubts in the feasibility of DAC development and deployment at scale. Technologies analogous with DAC such as CCS and BECCS have been subject to immense public opposition. These technologies have also been characterized by multiple failures and aborted projects, contributing to the already persistent doubt regarding the credibility of DAC projects.
Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
Some environmentalists believe that the 3.5 billion investment in DAC is a "dangerous gamble" that puts the lives of frontline communities at risk. The Institute of Policy studies regards this decision to be risky because "the promise of DAC may never materialize" and should the deployment of this technology fail, the result will be only harm on frontline communities in "new and unacceptable ways". Surveys revealed that among those against DAC Trust in local government was generally low, in addition to mistrust in fossil fuel companies who sponsor DAC development. Environmentalists lack of faith in the bipartisan infrastructure law grew after a 2020 Treasury Department Inspector General investigation revealed that 90% of the tax credits used for carbon capture operations were done so without verifying that any carbon was being captured. Additionally, the IRS decision to not release information about which companies are benefiting from these new investments in DAC increases uncertainty among people who are concerned how their taxes are paying for DAC development.
Partisan perception in the United States
A poll taken in 2023 assessing the opinions on Direct Air Capture based on political party affiliation found that, 42% of Democrats were strongly in favor of DAC, 34% of independent voters were in favor while only 28% of Republicans indicated their fervent support of DAC technology. However, despite the negative response from the climate conscious community, politically, DAC technology has received Bipartisan support in government.
The reason for Bipartisan support for DAC seems to be due to two merits, the environmental benefit of DAC and the potential economic advantages. Republicans argue that DAC can provide economic advantages to the countries and local areas hosting these facilities through job creation, increase tax revenue and economic diversification. The economic utiltiy DAC also provides is protection for fossil fuel industries as many including ExxonMobil have donated generously to DAC research and development. Bipartisan support stems from the perception of DAC as a solution that satisfies economic and environmental concerns. However, despite bipartisan support for DAC in congress, a survey conducted in 2024 revealed that "Republicans and Independents were significantly less likely than Democrats to support the development of DAC in and near their communities and in the U.S."
Much of the discourse surrounding DAC comes from environmental activists, and though there are discrepancies in how Republicans and Democrats view DAC, these differences are generally relegated to the perception of the benefits DAC offers. Some view DAC as a feasible solution to combat global warming (primarily Democrats), whereas Republicans support for DAC lies in the way the technology will not interfere with the economic interests of fossil fuel companies.
Previous direct air capture shortcomings
BECCS project
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has come under scrutiny for a variety of reasons but primarily because the technology is energy intensive, requires large land changes/usage and has the potential to leak carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Environmentalists argued that BECCS was an infeasible option because of the emissions that the project would produce. BECCS is proposed as a solution based on the assumption that bioenergy would be carbon neutral. This assumption was found to be incorrect because many believe that the deforestation, logging and land required to accommodate this technology would offset the amount of carbon the technology removes. Individuals concerned with protecting animal life also argue that increasing demand for land for BECCS would be an additional threat to biodiversity. Opponents also argue that the risk of a Carbon Dioxide leak outweighs the potential benefits if the technology functions properly. Carbon dioxide that is stored underground has a high risk of leakage, and the consequences of a major leak could be catastrophic. "Atmospheric CO2 levels could spike significantly, especially if a leak were to occur from a major storage site." Anxiety surrounding the possibility of a CO2 leakage is common worry among those who doubt DAC.
See also
Artificial photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide removal
CityTrees
Smog tower
References
Carbon dioxide removal
Carbon dioxide
Climate engineering
Sustainability
Direct air capture | Direct air capture | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 6,051 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Geoengineering",
"Carbon dioxide",
"Planetary engineering"
] |
59,318,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windisch%E2%80%93Kolbach%20unit | °WK or degrees Windisch-Kolbach is a unit for measuring the diastatic power of malt, named after the German brewer Wilhelm Windisch and the Luxembourg brewer Paul Kolbach. It is a common unit in beer brewing (especially in Europe) that measures the ability of enzymes in malt to reduce starch to sugar (maltose). It is defined as the amount of maltose formed by 100 g of malt in 30 min at 20 °C. Degrees Lintner is a unit used in the United States for the same purpose. The conversion is as follows:
.
334 °WK = 3.014×10−7 Katal
References
W. Diemair: Analytik der Lebensmittel Nachweis und Bestimmung von Lebensmittel-Inhaltsstoffen, Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1967, S. 255–256.
Units of measurement
Brewing | Windisch–Kolbach unit | [
"Mathematics"
] | 194 | [
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
59,320,517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba%20ng%20talangka | Tabâ ng talangkâ (), also known simply as aligí or aligé (; Philippine Spanish ), is a Filipino seafood paste derived from the roe and reddish or orange tomalley of river swimming crabs or Asian shore crabs (talangkâ).
Commercially sold variants of the condiment are sautéed in garlic, preserved in oil, and sold in glass jars. In parts of Pampanga and Bulacan, a preparation of the dish called burong tabâ ng talangkâ (fermented crab roe) consist of fresh river crabs stored covered in salt as a method of preservation. This variant is served during mealtime and is immediately consumed due to its perishability once removed from the salting container.
It can be served as an accompaniment to white rice, used as a condiment, or used as an ingredient in various dishes. Most notably, it is used as an ingredient of a variant of sinangag (Filipino fried rice) known as inaligíng sinangág.
See also
Bagoong
Tomalley
List of crab dishes
References
Fermented foods
Philippine condiments
Philippine seafood dishes | Taba ng talangka | [
"Biology"
] | 232 | [
"Fermented foods",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
59,320,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Seale | John Richard Seale (7 August 1927 – 19 April 2020) was a British venereologist and advocate in the 1980s of the now-discredited theory that HIV which causes AIDS might have been created in a germ-warfare laboratory by gene-editing. His views and writings were subsequently used to back-up the claims of those that proposed a man-made origin for the virus, and in Soviet propaganda against the United States. A collection of papers relating to Seale's views on HIV are held by the Wellcome Collection.
Early life and education
John Richard Seale was born in Exeter on 7 August 1927. He received his BA from St John's College, Cambridge, in 1948 and his MB BChir in 1951. He became a member of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 1953. Four years later he qualified with an MD.
Career
Early in his career, Seale took an interest in health economics. He was Goodwin Travelling Fellow for St John's College at Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration and wrote on the relative spending on medicine in different countries, publishing on the matter in The Lancet in 1960 when he was senior medical registrar at St Mary's Hospital, London, and at the West Middlesex Hospital, Isleworth.
In 1966, he was appointed consultant venereologist at St Thomas' Hospital in London. He later worked at the Lister Hospital.
Seale was a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine.
Anti-NHS activism
In the late 1950s, Seale became a member of the Fellowship for Freedom in Medicine (FFM), a conservative organisation that resisted the state control of medicine in Britain through the National Health Service (NHS). He was elected to the Fellowship's executive in 1962. His writings in support of the FFM's perspective included an article on "The Supply of Doctors" in the British Medical Journal in 1961 and another in 1964 in that journal on the rate of medical emigration from Britain and Ireland. He identified migration of British doctors to countries such as Canada due to poor employment conditions in the NHS and migration to Britain of doctors from Asia whose training and English language skills he questioned, adding a racial component to the class-based and economic opposition of some British doctors to the imposition of the NHS system on them by the British government. Much of the migration from Britain was of general practitioners in what was seen in the 1960s as a crisis in general practice. In 1962 he appeared on an ITV television programme Questions in the House with fellow FFM member and member of Parliament Dr Donald McIntosh Johnson to discuss medical migration.
In 1962 he undertook a speaking tour of the United States, funded by the American Medical Association, as part of efforts to undermine the Kennedy administration's proposed Medicare bill. In a speech in New York on 21 May 1962, President Kennedy criticised Seale's arguments. After seeing this reported in London's Evening Standard, Seale obtained a copy of the speech from the White House and sued the newspaper's publishers for misrepresenting the President's words.
Seale later became influential in health matters with the free-market supporting Institute for Economic Affairs, contributing to their publications such as their occasional paper Towards a Welfare Society in 1967.
Views on HIV and AIDS
In the 1980s, Seale advocated the now-discredited theory that HIV, which causes AIDS, might have been created in a germ-warfare laboratory by gene-editing and released either deliberately or by accident. In mid 1985, worried by the implications of the spread of the virus, Seale argued that it had national security implications for the west by potentially diminishing the effectiveness of NATO forces to such an extent that the Soviet Union would not need to use nuclear or chemical weapons to win a war, but he continued to believe that the virus had a natural origin in monkeys.
Later, he began to consider the possibility that the virus was man-made after reading an article by Valentin Zapevalov, "Panic in the West: or what Hides Behind the Sensationalism of AIDS", and an interview with professor S. Drozdov, "AIDS: Panic Continues", published in the non-scientific Literaturnaya Gazeta in Russia in October and December 1985 respectively. Zapevalov argued that the virus might have been produced by scientists working for the U.S. military at Fort Detrick in Maryland or at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, while Drozdov said that the virus was "apparently taken out from the deepest regions of Central Africa" thus raising the possibility that it was deliberately collected. He also stated that the virus could have been man-made.
Seale argued that centres for biological warfare research had known about the Visna virus in sheep since 1949 which he said had a similar structure to HIV, differing by only one gene, and caused a disease with similar symptoms. He believed that HIV could have been produced by gene-editing as "Inserting an extra gene into a virus is a routine procedure in modern genetic engineering". His view that the virus could have been created in a laboratory was reported in Britain's communist Morning Star and on Radio Moscow who stated that it supported the possibility that the virus was made by the United States as a weapon. Jakob Segal, an East German biologist, later revealed to be a KGB agent, wrote to Seale in support of his views about a man-made origin for the virus.
His views were criticised by exiled Russian dissident Zhores Medvedev in the letters page of the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine in August 1986 as potentially spreading Soviet disinformation. Seale's reply was printed below in which he made it clear that he did not know for sure where the virus might have been created, but maintaining the likelihood of its man-made origin. He also compared the international spread of the virus to the spread of myxomatosis in rabbits in the 1950s which had been caused by the deliberate release of two infected rabbits on an estate in France.
Seale's theories were supported by his friend at St Thomas's, Henry A. Sanford, with whom he had been a medical student, and Sanford wrote in support of them in the medical and general press. Seale's views and writings, which were mostly in the form of opinion pieces, letters, and book reviews, rather than scientific papers, were used by those that advocated a man-made origin for HIV as evidence of scientific research in support of their position and may have influenced American politician Lyndon LaRouche's views on the need to isolate those with HIV and therefore, indirectly, the proposal in California's Proposition 64 in 1986 to restore AIDS to the list of communicable diseases.
In February 1987, Seale argued in a paper given before the Bristol Medico Chirurgical Society, and later printed in their journal, that the threat from AIDS was so serious that only compulsory government testing and methods to prevent homosexual men infecting each other and non-homosexuals could halt it with an inevitable and justified curtailment of civil rights as occurs when a country faces war. He further argued that the use of condoms would have no effect on the spread of the disease as, in his view, dirty needles, blood, and serum were the most effective methods of transmission. He also blamed homosexuals among AIDS scientists and campaigners for perpetuating, in his view, incorrect ideas about the spread of the disease. In May 1987, Seale and Zhores A. Medvedev argued in an article in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine that HIV in Russia was spread primarily through the re-use of poorly sterilised hypodermic needles rather than through sexual activity.
Records relating to Seale's theories and his supporter Henry A. Sanford are held in the Wellcome Collection which received them from Sanford in 2013.
Personal life and death
Seale married Elisabeth C. Grillet in Cambridge in 1949.
Seale died at his home in Devon on 19 April 2020, at the age of 92.
Selected publications
1960s
"Fixed Costs in the Health Service", The Lancet, Vol. 276, No. 7152 (24 September 1960), pp. 696–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(60)91767-0
"The Supply of Doctors", British Medical Journal, 2, 9 December 1961, 2, pp. 1554–55.
The Supply of Doctors and the Future of the British Medical Profession. Fellowship for Freedom in Medicine, London, 1962.
"Medical Emigration from Great Britain and Ireland", British Medical Journal, 1964, No. 1, pp. 1173–78.
1970s
"Vaginal discharge" in Geoffrey Chamberlain (Ed.) (1977) Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynaecology. London: Northwood.
1980s
References
Further reading
Abel-Smith, Brian, & Kathleen Gales. (1964) British Doctors at Home and Abroad. London. (LSE Occasional Papers No. 8)
External links
1927 births
2020 deaths
British venereologists
Physicians of the Middlesex Hospital
Physicians of St Thomas' Hospital
AIDS origin hypotheses
HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Medical doctors from Exeter
20th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society of Medicine | John R. Seale | [
"Biology"
] | 1,910 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"AIDS origin hypotheses"
] |
59,323,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeRover | CubeRover is a class of planetary rover with a standardized modular format meant to accelerate the pace of space exploration. The idea is equivalent to that of the successful CubeSat format, with standardized off-the-shelf components and architecture to assemble small units that will be all compatible, modular, and inexpensive.
The rover class concept is being developed by Astrobotic Technology in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, and it is partly funded by NASA awards. A Carnegie Mellon University initiative - completely independent of NASA awards - developed Iris, the first flightworthy CubeRover. It was launched on 8 January 2024 along with Peregrine Mission One. Surface operations phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.
Overview
Concept
The idea is to create a practical modular concept similar that used for CubeSats and apply it to rovers, effectively creating a new standardized architecture of small modular planetary rovers with compatible parts, systems, and even instruments so that each mission can be easily tailored to its objectives. The rovers are expendable and do not use solar arrays for electrical power, depending solely on non-rechargeable batteries. This allows it to be lighter, have a larger cooling radiator panel for electronics, and have a simpler avionics design.
The CubeRover program intends that standardizing small rover design with a common architecture will open access to planetary bodies for companies, governments, and universities around the world at a low cost, while increasing functionality, just as the CubeSat has in Earth orbit. This would motivate other members of the space exploration community to develop new systems and instruments that are all compatible with the CubeRover's architecture.
Development
In May 2017 Astrobotic Technology, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, were selected by NASA's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) to receive a $125,000 award to develop a small lunar rover architecture capable of performing small-scale science and exploration on the Moon and other planetary surfaces. During Phase I, the team built a 2-kg rover and performed engineering studies to determine the architecture of a novel chassis, power, computing systems, software and navigation techniques.
In March 2018, the team was awarded funds to move on to Phase II, and under this agreement, Astrobotic and CMU were to produce a flight-ready rover with a mass of approximately .
In future missions, CubeRovers may be designed to take advantage of lander-based systems to shelter for the cold lunar night, that lasts for 14 Earth days. Similarly, future larger CubeRovers may be able to incorporate thermal insulation and systems qualified for ultra-low temperatures.
References
External links
CubeRover official web site
Iris Lunar Rover official web site
Astrobotic to Develop CubeRover Standard for Planetary Surface Mobility . Astrobotic Technology. Press release on 4 May 2017.
CubeRover to Develop Next Generation Planetary Rovers in Luxembourg. Astrobotic Technology, press release on 27 September 2018.
Planetary rovers
Lunar rovers
Space robots
Peregrine Payloads | CubeRover | [
"Astronomy"
] | 613 | [
"Outer space",
"Space robots"
] |
59,323,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE-M | LTE-M or LTE-MTC ("Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication") is a type of low-power wide-area network radio communication technology standard developed by 3GPP for machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. LTE-M includes eMTC ("enhanced Machine Type Communication"), also known as LTE Cat-M1, whose specification was frozen in June 2016 as part of 3GPP Release 13 (LTE Advanced Pro), as well as LTE Cat-M2.
Competing 3GPP IoT technologies include NB-IoT and EC-GSM-IoT.
The advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is its comparatively higher data rate, mobility, and voice over the network, but it requires more bandwidth, is more costly, and cannot be put into guard band portion of the frequency band for now. Compared to LTE Release 12 Cat-0 modem, an LTE-M model is claimed to be 80% less expensive (in terms of the bill of materials), support up to 18 dB better coverage, and a battery lifetime that can last up to several years. In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association reported that over 100 operators had deployed/launched either NB-IoT or LTE-M networks.
3GPP Narrowband Cellular Standards
Deployments
As of March 2019 the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had identified:
60 operators in 35 countries investing in LTE-M networks
34 of those operators in 24 countries had deployed/launched their networks
As of February 2022, GSMA had listed LTE-M as being launched on 60 commercial networks.
See also
NB-IoT
6LoWPAN
Sigfox
LoRa / LoRaWAN
NB-Fi
Weightless
DASH7
LTE User Equipment Categories
Multefire
LTE sidelink
802.11ah (Wi-FI HaLow)
References
External links
Standards for the IoT
Internet of things
LTE (telecommunication)
Mobile technology | LTE-M | [
"Technology"
] | 414 | [
"Computing stubs",
"nan",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
59,325,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20information%20modeling%20in%20green%20building | Building information modeling (BIM) in green buildings aims at enabling sustainable designs and in turn allows architects and engineers to integrate and analyze building performance. It quantifies the environmental impacts of systems and materials to support the decisions needed to produce sustainable buildings, using information about sustainable materials that are stored in the database and interoperability between design and analysis tools. Such data can be useful for building life cycle assessments.
Services
BIM services, including conceptual modeling and topographic modeling, offer an approach to green building.
Conceptual energy analysis
Conceptual energy analysis allows designers and BIM service providers to transfer conceptual modeling into analytical energy models through exporting mass to gbXML. Possible information that can be transferred includes climate data, graphical energy analysis results, and design contrast options.
Solar and shadow analysis
Software tools can aid designers and BIM service providers in envisaging or quantifying solar and shadow effects.
Sustainability analysis
BIM tools and workflow have two phases: inherent BIM features and BIM-based analysis tools.
Inherent BIM features include functions such as 3D Model, visualization clash, and detection, which help integrated project delivery and design optimization.
BIM-based analysis tools are used to analyze energy, solar, thermal, etc. The benefits of those tools are to enable better communication and cooperation, as well as higher accuracy and efficiency.
The following tabulation compares BIM-based software used for green analyses.
Industry Foundation Classes data model
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) or COBie is a standard exchange protocol to be used in data exchange between BIM software and rating systems.
Construction
BIM aids in four main areas— land, water, energy and materials.
Land
BIM and GIS are integrated for site planning. BIM simulations can estimate the progress of construction.
Water
BIM is utilized in large scale schemes as well as across the industry. It helps decrease unnecessary loss and effectively saves water. BIM improves the design process of building water supply and drainage.
Energy
BIM can be used to simulate energy consumption. It integrates and analyzes information at the construction stage to calculate the thermal environment that could shorten the construction period.
Material
BIM tracks material consumption, calculates material requirements, and manages material information uniformly.
Rating systems
Sustainable rating systems are used to evaluate the environmental performance of buildings. These systems have common criteria and are similar in their evaluation of energy consumption, indoor environmental quality, water efficiency, and material. Three rating systems that can integrate with BIM are LEED, BREEAM, and Green Star.
The framework of integrating BIM-based with sustainable rating systems includes "design assistance" and "certification management" modules. The design assistance module assists designers with efficient and sustainable knowledge that is built into the BIM tool to ensure the design-oriented through BIM tool's application programming interface (API). The certification management module is a web-based application used to manage project information, sustainable documentation and submissions for certification purposes.
See also
List of BIM software
References
Sustainable building
Building information modeling | Building information modeling in green building | [
"Engineering"
] | 609 | [
"Building engineering",
"Sustainable building",
"Building information modeling",
"Construction"
] |
49,144,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20size | Leaf size of plants can be described using the terms megaphyll, macrophyll, mesophyll, microphyll, nanophyll and leptophyll (in descending order) in a classification devised in 1934 by Christen C. Raunkiær and since modified by others. Definitions vary, some referring to length and others to area. Raunkiaer's original definitions were by leaf area, and differed by a factor of nine at each stage. Some authors simplified the system to make it specific to particular climates, and have introduced extra terms including notophyll, picophyll, platyphyll and subleptophyll.
In ecology, microphyll and similar terms based on blade size of the leaf are used to describe a flora, for example, a "microphyll rainforest" is often defined as a forest where the dominant trees have leaves less than 7.5 cm in length.
Raunkiaer's work
Christen C. Raunkiaer proposed using leaf size as a relatively easy measurement that could be used to compare the adaptation of a plant community to dryness. We have for a long time been aware of a series of different adaptations in the structure of plants enabling them to endure excessive evaporation, and thus allowing them to live in place where the environment determines intense evaporation, or where the conditions of water absorption of the ground are unfavourable either physically or physiologically. Examples of such structures are: (1) covering of wax, (2) thick cuticle, (3) sub-epidermal protective tissue, (4) water tissue, (5) covering of hairs (6) covering of the stomata, (7) sinking of the stomata, (8) inclusion of the stomata in a space protected from air currents, (9) diminution of the evaporating surface, &c. The matter however is so complicated that it is very difficult to reach an exact appraisal of these adaptations in characterizing the individual plant communities biologically. ... In general we must content ourselves with showing the most frequently occurring adaptations, without going farther into the statistical investigation. ... A preliminary direct consideration of a series of evergreen phanerophytic communities, ... show that amongst the adaptations named, diminution of the transpiring surface, diminution in leaf size, is one of the adaptations generally in evidence; and since this adaptation is easy to observe and comparatively easy to measure, it is convenient to begin with it if we wish to use the statistical method on this domain.
Raunkiaer used the following size classes:
Leptophyll: less than 25 square millimetres
Nanophyll: 25–225 square millimetres
Microphyll: 225-2,025 square millimetres
Mesophyll: 2,025-18,225 square millimetres
Macrophyll: 18,225-164,025 square millimetres
Megaphyll: greater than 164,025 square millimetres
Later authors have modified the classes and have sometimes used leaf length as a simpler measure than leaf area if the leaf shape is approximately an ellipse. For example, L.J. Webb used size classes:
Microphyll: less than 2,025 square millimetres
Notophyll: 2,025–4,500 square millimetres
Mesophyll: greater than 4,500 square millimetres
Examples of definitions
Single vegetable organisms with large leaves
Gunnera manicata, giant ornamental rhubarb; leaves ;
Raphia regalis, composed leaves ;
Manicaria saccifera, Amazonian palm; partially composed leaves ;
Marojejya darianii, big-leaf palm; leaves ;
Johannesteijsmannia altifrons, Joey palm; undivided leaves long;
Amorphophallus titanum, titan arum; leaves area ;
Victoria amazonica, giant Amazonian waterlily; aquatic plant with leaves long; leaves area .
See also
Leaf
References
Ecological metrics
Leaf morphology | Leaf size | [
"Mathematics"
] | 831 | [
"Ecological metrics",
"Quantity",
"Metrics"
] |
49,144,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon%20aglaosoma | Sarcodon aglaosoma is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Papua New Guinea, it was described as new to science in 1976 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. It is quite similar to H. joeides and S. ianthinus, both also from New Guinea.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1976
Fungi of New Guinea
aglaosoma
Fungus species | Sarcodon aglaosoma | [
"Biology"
] | 88 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,144,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20amygdaliolens | Hydnellum amygdaliolens is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Iberian Peninsula, it was described as new to science in 2011. It smells strongly of bitter almonds. Its spores measure 5.25–6.5 by 4.5 μm.
References
External links
Fungi described in 2011
Fungi of Europe
amygdaliolens
Fungus species | Hydnellum amygdaliolens | [
"Biology"
] | 81 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,144,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon%20caliginosus | Sarcodon caliginosus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Papua New Guinea, it was described as new to science in 1974 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. Its fruit bodies have dark grey-brown caps with reddish tinges and brownish-pink coloration at the margins.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1974
Fungi of New Guinea
caliginosus
Fungus species | Sarcodon caliginosus | [
"Biology"
] | 88 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,145,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20National%20Biodiversity%20Institute | The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity, and legally mandated to contribute to the management of the country's biodiversity resources.
It was established in 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, No 10 of 2004, under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (later named Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment).
History
SANBI was established on 1 September 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, No 10 of 2004. Previously, in 1989, the autonomous statutory National Botanical Institute (NBI) had been formed from the National Botanic Gardens and the Botanical Research Institute, which had been founded in the early 20th century to study and conserve the South African flora. The mandate of the National Botanical Institute was expanded by the act to include the full diversity of the South African ecosystems. The NBI had its head office at Kirstenbosch in Cape Town, and gardens and research centres throughout South Africa.
Function and services
Functions include providing knowledge, information, policy support and advice, managing botanical gardens for research, education and public enjoyment, and engaging in ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation programmes and providing models of best practice for biodiversity management.
Core activities include research into conservation and sustainable use, garden development and horticulture, education and provision of biodiversity information systems, ecosystems rehabilitation and development of bioregional planning programmes and policies.
SANBI contributes to the reduction of poverty by providing training and creating sustainable employment in programmes for rehabilitating ecosystems, and programmes to encourage participation in biodiversity science at school level and to strengthen the quality of biodiversity teaching and learning.
Research
Research is a primary component of SANBI's agenda, and includes research into climate change and bio-adaptation. The research is intended to inform climate change policy development and decision making.
Management of biodiversity resources
SANBI is legally mandated to contribute to the management of the country's biodiversity resources. The Institute hosts the Red List of South African Plants, a database with descriptions of the country's indigenous plants and their national conservation status.
SANBI also maintains the website PlantZAfrica, which contains over 1,850 Plant of the Week articles, with two new Plant of the Week articles added every week. The site also contains some basic information on the vegetation of SA and related topics. Content is developed by the horticultural and scientific staff of SANBI to provide easy access to popular information.
Knowledge and information management
SANBI conducts nationwide biodiversity conservation assessments of various classes of animals, which generally involve field trips for the collection of data. Interested members of the public can participate in several citizen science projects.
A biodiversity knowledge and information management system is provided which integrates existing information resources for easy access for both internal and external end-users. Since 2014 Ronell Renett Klopper is the coordinator for the South African National Plant Checklist in the Fundamental Biodiversity Sciences Division of SANBI.
See also
PlantZAfrica - Website celebrating the plants of southern Africa
List of botanical gardens in South Africa
References
External links
Biodiversity
Environmental science
Organisations based in South Africa | South African National Biodiversity Institute | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 620 | [
"nan",
"Biodiversity"
] |
49,146,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon%20conchyliatus | Sarcodon conchyliatus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Malaysia, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. The fruit bodies have finely tomentose caps that are dull ochraceous, greyish or brownish, and typically have drab to purplish tinges. The spines on the cap underside are not decurrent on the stipe. Maas Geesteranus placed the fungus in the section Virescentes, along with S. atroviridis and S. thwaitesii, all species with flesh that dries to a deep olive green color.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1971
Fungi of Asia
conchyliatus
Fungus species | Sarcodon conchyliatus | [
"Biology"
] | 156 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,146,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon%20roseolus | Sarcodon roseolus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1913 by mycologist Howard James Banker, who collected the type specimens in North Carolina.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1913
Fungi of North America
roseolus
Fungus species | Sarcodon roseolus | [
"Biology"
] | 67 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,147,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation%20%28microbiology%29 | In microbiology, the term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest. Historically, the laboratory techniques of isolation first developed in the field of bacteriology and parasitology (during the 19th century), before those in virology during the 20th century.
History
The laboratory techniques of isolating microbes first developed during the 19th century in the field of bacteriology and parasitology using light microscopy. 1860 marked the successful introduction of liquid medium by Louis Pasteur. The liquid culture pasteur developed allowed for the visulization of promoting or inhibiting growth of specific bacteria. This same technique is utilized today through various mediums like Mannitol salt agar, a solid medium. Solid cultures were developed in 1881 when Robert Koch solidified the liquid media through the addition of agar
Proper isolation techniques of virology did not exist prior to the 20th century. The methods of microbial isolation have drastically changed over the past 50 years, from a labor perspective with increasing mechanization, and in regard to the technologies involved, and with it speed and accuracy.
General techniques
In order to isolate a microbe from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil flora, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, one has to separate it from the mix.
Traditionally microbes have been cultured in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest based on its growth characteristics.
Depending on the expected density and viability of microbes present in a liquid sample, physical methods to increase the gradient as for example serial dilution or centrifugation may be chosen.
In order to isolate organisms in materials with high microbial content, such as sewage, soil or stool, serial dilutions will increase the chance of separating a mixture.
In a liquid medium with few or no expected organisms, from an area that is normally sterile (such as CSF, blood inside the circulatory system) centrifugation, decanting the supernatant and using only the sediment will increase the chance to grow and isolate bacteria or the usually cell-associated viruses.
If one expects or looks for a particularly fastidious organism, the microbiological culture and isolation techniques will have to be geared towards that microbe. For example, a bacterium that dies when exposed to air, can only be isolated if the sample is carried and processed under airless or anaerobic conditions. A bacterium that dies when exposed to room temperature (thermophilic) requires a pre-warmed transport container, and a microbe that dries and dies when carried on a cotton swab will need a viral transport medium before it can be cultured successfully.
Bacterial and fungal culture
Inoculation
Laboratory technicians inoculate the sample onto certain solid agar plates with the streak plate method or into liquid culture medium, depending what the objective of the isolation is:
If one wants to isolate only a particular group of bacteria, such as Group A Streptococcus from a throat swab, one can use a selective medium that will suppress the growth of concomitant bacteria expected in the mix (by antibiotics present in the agar), so that only Streptococci are "selected", i.e. visibly stand out. To isolate fungi, Sabouraud agar can be used. Alternatively, lethal conditions for streptococci and gram negative bacteria like high salt concentrations in Mannitol salt agar favor survival of any staphylococci present in a sample of gut bacteria, and phenol red in the agar acts as a ph indicator showing if the bacteria are able to ferment mannitol by excreting acid into the medium. In other agar substances are added to exploit an organism's ability to produce a visible pigment (e.g. granada medium for Group B Streptococcus) which changes the bacterial colony's color, or to dissolve blood agar by hemolysis so that they can be more easily spotted. Some bacteria like Legionella species require particular nutrients or toxin binding as in charcoal to grow and therefore media such as Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar must be used.
If one wants to isolate as many or all strains possible, different nutrient media as well as enriched media, such as blood agar and chocolate agar and anaerobic culture media such as thioglycolate broth need to be inoculated. To enumerate the growth, bacteria can be suspended in molten agar before it becomes solid, and then poured into petri dishes, the so-called 'pour plate method' which is used in environmental microbiology and food microbiology (e.g. dairy testing) to establish the so-called 'aerobic plate count'.
Incubation
After the sample is inoculated into or onto the choice media, they are incubated under the appropriate atmospheric settings, such as aerobic, anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions or with added carbon dioxide (5%), at different temperature settings, for example 37 °C in an incubator or in a refrigerator for cold enrichment, under appropriate light, for example strictly without light wrapped in paper or in a dark bottle for scotochromogen mycobacteria, and for different lengths of time, because different bacteria grow at a different speed, varying from hours (Escherichia coli) to weeks (e.g.mycobacteria).
At regular, serial intervals laboratory technicians and microbiologists inspect the media for signs of visible growth and record it. The inspection again has to occur under conditions favoring the isolate's survival, i.e. in an 'anaerobic chamber' for anaerobe bacteria for example, and under conditions that do not threaten the person looking at the plates from being infected by a particularly infectious microbe, i.e. under a biological safety cabinet for Yersinia pestis (plague) or Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) for example.
Identification
When bacteria have visibly grown, they are often still mixed. The identification of a microbe depends upon the isolation of an individual colony, as biochemical testing of a microbe to determine its different physiological features depends on a pure culture.
To make a subculture, one again works in aseptic technique in microbiology, lifting a single colony off the agar surface with a loop and streaks the material into the 4 quadrants of an agar plate or all over if the colony was singular and did not look mixed.
Gram staining allows for visualization of the bacteria's cell wall composition based on the color the bacteria stains after a series of staining and decolorization steps. This staining process allows for the identification of gram-negative and gram positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria will stain a pink color due to the thin layer of peptidoglycan. If a bacteria stains purple, due to the thick layer of peptidoglycan, the bacteria is a gram-positive bacteria.
In clinical microbiology numerous other staining techniques for particular organisms are used (acid fast bacterial stain for mycobacteria). Immunological staining techniques, such as direct immunofluorescence have been developed for medically important pathogens that are slow growing (Auramine-rhodamine stain for mycobacteria) or difficult to grow (such as Legionella pneumophila species) and where the test result would alter standard management and empirical therapy.
Biochemical testing of bacteria involves a set of agars in vials to separate motile from non-motile bacteria.
In 1970 a miniaturized version was developed, called the analytical profile index.
Successful identification via e.g. genome sequencing and genomics depends on pure cultures.
Bacteria, culture-independent
While the most rapid method to identify bacteria is by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene, which has been PCR-amplified beforehand, this method does not require isolation. Since most bacteria cannot be grown with conventional methods (particularly environmental or soil bacteria) metagenomics or metatranscriptomics are used, shotgun sequencing or PCR directed sequencing of the genome. Sequencing with mass spectrometry as in Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-TOF MS) is used in the analysis of clinical specimens to look for pathogens. Whole genome sequencing is an option for a singular organism that cannot be sufficiently characterized for identification. Small DNA microarrays can also be used for identification.
References
Microbiology | Isolation (microbiology) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,808 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
49,150,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20and%20Behavioral%20Sciences%20Team | The Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (SBST) was established in the US by Executive Order #13707 on September 15, 2015.
The Social and Behavioral Sciences Team was a group of experts in applied behavioral science that translated findings and methods from the social and behavioral sciences into improvements in federal policies and programs for the benefit of the American people. The SBST was chaired by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and represented a dozen member agencies across the Federal Government, as well as offices within the Executive Office of the President. SBST also received critical support from the General Services Administration. The Executive Order charged SBST with providing advice and policy guidance to Federal agencies in support of the order.
The team was chaired by Maya Shankar Ph.D. "The goal is to help people who want to take a given step but may face some barriers," commented Maya.
The SBST aimed to apply insights from social and behavioral science to policy. According to members of the team, they have helped connect veterans with employment and educational counseling benefits and helped struggling student borrowers understand their loan repayment options.
The team is no longer active as of January 21, 2017, with employees having left to other agencies or organizations. During the Trump administration, the team's work was continued by the General Services Administration's Office of Evaluation Sciences.
References
General Services Administration
Behavioural sciences
Nudge theory | Social and Behavioral Sciences Team | [
"Biology"
] | 284 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior"
] |
49,151,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Sky%20Automated%20Survey%20for%20SuperNovae | The All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) is an automated program to search for new supernovae and other astronomical transients, headed by astronomers from the Ohio State University, including Christopher Kochanek and Krzysztof Stanek. It has 20 robotic telescopes in both the northern and southern hemispheres. It can survey the entire sky approximately once every day.
Initially, there were four ASAS-SN telescopes at Haleakala and another four at Cerro Tololo, a Las Cumbres Observatory site. Twelve more telescopes were deployed in 2017 in Chile, South Africa and Texas, with funds from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Ohio State University, the Mount Cuba Astronomical Foundation, China, Chile, Denmark, and Germany. All the telescopes (Nikon telephoto 400mm/F2.8 lenses) have a diameter of 14 cm and ProLine PL230 CCD cameras. The pixel resolution in the cameras is 7.8 arc seconds, so follow-up observations on other telescopes are usually required to get a more accurate location.
The main goal of the project is to look for bright supernovae, and its discoveries have included the most powerful supernova event ever discovered, ASASSN-15lh. However, other transient objects are frequently discovered, including nearby tidal disruption events (TDEs) (e.g., ASASSN-19bt), Galactic novae (e.g., ASASSN-16kt, ASASSN-16ma, and ASASSN-18fv), cataclysmic variables, and stellar flares, including several of the largest flares ever seen. In July 2017 ASAS-SN discovered its first comet, ASASSN1, and in July 2019 it provided crucial data for the near-Earth asteroid 2019 OK. It can detect new objects as dim as apparent magnitude 18.
Objects discovered receive designations starting with ASASSN followed by a dash, a two digit year and letters, for example ASASSN-19bt.
References
External links
— Yes, that Nemesis
Astronomical surveys
Observational astronomy | All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 440 | [
"Astronomical surveys",
"Observational astronomy",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
49,151,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20E01%20engine | The Proton E01 engine, formerly known as the Petronas E01 engine, is an upcoming automobile gasoline engine by the Malaysian carmaker, Proton. Originally developed by the Malaysian oil company Petronas in 1997, the engine patents were acquired by Proton in 2012. The engine is currently being reworked in order to meet the upcoming Euro 6C, as the original engine was designed for Euro 2 standard. The E01 engine will become one of the upcoming seven engines being developed by Proton as successors of the CamPro engine family, which are expected to be ready in 2017.
Technical specifications
The E01 engine is a 2-litre DOHC 16-valve engine featuring gasoline direct injection, aluminum block and continuous variable valve timing system. The engine is capable to produce of power at 7,300 rpm and of torque at 5,300 rpm. The E01 engine can be installed 15 degrees tilting forward or backward of the engine compartment. Besides the initial 2-litre engine, the E01 engine can also be configured to spawn 1.8-litre and 2.2-litre variants.
When the E01 engine was developed by Petronas, the engine was designed to meet the Euro 2 emission standard. As a result, Proton is currently reworking the engine, in addition to the development of an all-new family of six engines, to meet the upcoming Euro 6C standard.
History
The E01 engine was originally developed by Sauber Petronas Engineering, a 60:40 joint-venture between Petronas and Sauber. It was the first commercial automotive engine in Malaysia. The development of the engine started in March 1997, with the engine start-up ceremony being held on 20 February 1998. The engine was intended to be supplied to Proton; however, Proton had ultimately opted for their self-designed CamPro engines instead to be used in their upcoming models. Only 6 known cars were fitted with the Petronas E01 engine - 2 Series 1 Lotus Elise, a Proton Perdana, a Proton Putra, a Proton Satria GTi and a Proton Waja.
After the first failed attempt to sell the engine patents to Proton, Petronas was looking for other carmakers who were willing to buy the engine patents. In 2005, a Chinese carmaker Nanjing Automobile was interested to buy the engine patents. A letter of intent was signed on 2 September 2005. Nanjing Automobile also had set up a plan to mass-produce the E01 engine; however, the plan did not materialize at all.
It was not until 2006 that Proton intended to take over the patents of the E01 engine. A memorandum of intention was signed by both parties on 29 January 2006. However, the patent purchase was only finalized in 2012, as Petronas decided to exit from all engine development activities since 2010. The engine patent purchase provided Proton with an immediate ownership of a family of powertrains consisting 2.0-litre and 2.2-litre engines in normally-aspirated and turbocharged variants. Besides, the ownership of the E01 engine patents also enabled Proton to derive the gasoline direct injection technology which would also be applied to their own Proton GDi engine family.
With the patents of the E01 engine being acquired from Petronas, the E01 engine becomes one of the two upcoming engine families to succeed the CamPro engine which was in service since 2004 via the Proton Gen-2. Both engine families are expected to be debuted by the end of 2017.
References
See also
CamPro engine - the first self-developed engine family by Proton
Proton GDi engine - another new engine family being self-developed as successors of the CamPro engine family
Automobile engines
Proton engines | Proton E01 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 742 | [
"Engines",
"Automobile engines"
] |
49,152,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Welfare%20Trait | The Welfare Trait: How State Benefits Affect Personality is a 2015 book by Adam Perkins, Lecturer in the Neurobiology of Personality at King's College London.
Perkins claims that individuals with aggressive, rule-breaking and anti-social tendencies are over-represented among long-term welfare recipients. He calls this an "employment–resistant personality profile" and finds that it is heritable.
The book was controversial. It initially attracted little attention, with the journal Nature refusing to review it. In 2016, a talk by Perkins was cancelled for fear of disruption. Perkins later wrote "I was no-platformed by student 'radicals' for telling the truth about welfare". That year, Perkins secretly gave a presentation on the book at the London Conference on Intelligence.
The Adam Smith Institute commended the book's "praiseworthy boldness". However the argument was criticised in The Guardian for cherry-picking the data, relying too heavily on mice studies, and resembling eugenics. A professor at University College London reviewed the book negatively, claiming Perkins failed to prove causal links for his assertions, and that "his proposals are more likely to harm, then help, children."
A 2017 review in the British Journal of Psychiatry wrote "it is true that there is good-quality evidence for the transmission of dysfunctional personality traits by epigenetic means across generations".
In 2018, a correction to one of Perkins' papers underlying the book identified seven errors.
References
2015 non-fiction books
Science books
Welfare
Behavioural genetics
Problem behavior
Research on poverty
Palgrave Macmillan books | The Welfare Trait | [
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Behavior",
"Problem behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
49,152,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiTAC%20Computing%20Technology%20Corp. | MiTAC Holdings Corporation was formed on September 12, 2013, through a stock swap from MiTAC International Corp. As part of a restructuring aimed at future operational objectives, the Group established MiTAC Computing Technology Corporation on September 1, 2014, to focus on designs and manufactures servers for data centers and enterprises, offering solutions from edge to cloud computing, including hyperscale data centers, AI/HPC systems, and energy-efficient technologies like liquid cooling.
MiTAC entering the server ODM business in 1999, has designed and manufactured servers utilizing various processors, including Intel x86, SPARC, IBM Power ISA, and ARM architectures. The company expanded its capabilities in 2007 by acquiring Tyan Computer, that strengthened its ability to offer high-performance server solutions.
In 2015, MiTAC Computing entered a distribution agreement with Avnet Embedded to distribute its cloud database and computing equipment. The company has maintained partnerships with industry leaders, including AMD and Intel, contributing to advancements in server technology. In 2023, MiTAC Computing acquired Intel’s Data Center Solutions Group (DSG) server business, further expanding its market presence.
In 2024, MiTAC Computing integrated the Tyan server brand into its operations, consolidating product branding under the MiTAC Computing name and updating its logo and website.
History
1999:MiTAC entered the server ODM industry, becoming one of the early participants in Taiwan.
2007:MiTAC acquired Tyan Computer, strengthening its capabilities in high-performance server design.
2013:MiTAC Holdings Corporation, the parent company of MiTAC Computing Technology Corp., was established and listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE: 3706). MiTAC, along with TYAN, IBM, Google, Mellanox, and NVIDIA formed the OpenPOWER Consortium.
2014:MiTAC International Corp. spun off its Cloud Computing Business Group to create MiTAC Computing Technology Corp., which became operational on September 1. TYAN continued as a key server brand under MiTAC Computing. That same year, MiTAC received the 2013 Supplier Award from Fujitsu.
2016:MiTAC Computing, through its TYAN brand, introduced the TN71-BP012 server featuring the IBM POWER 8 Architecture, in line with the OpenPOWER Foundation’s design principles..
2021:MiTAC launched 5G RAN solutions and the Capri OPC server at the OCP Global Summit 2021, contributing to the 5G O-RAN ecosystem and the Open Compute Project (OCP) community..
2023:Intel transferred the rights to manufacture and sell products based on its Data Center Solutions Group (DSG) designs to MiTAC Computing Technology Corp. MiTAC also introduced high-performance server solutions integrating Intel’s Max and Flex series Data Center GPUs with 5th Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors and unveiled a new immersion cooling solution. The company also showcased Intel Server M50FCP and D50DNP family solutions for cloud and data center environments and launched new OCP server solutions, including the Capri 2, Goldstone, and Whitestone2 WS1S12.
2024:At COMPUTEX 2024, MiTAC launched servers based on Intel® Xeon® 6th Generation Processors, targeting AI, HPC, cloud, and enterprise workloads. MiTAC announced the full integration of the TYAN® server brand into its operations, effective October 1. At SC24, MiTAC Computing' showcasing the server featured AMD EPYC 9005 CPUs and AMD Instinct MI325X GPUs, designed for AI and HPC workloads.
Products
MiTAC Computing Technology Corporation offers a range of products, including:
Rack-Mount Servers
Tower Server
ORAN servers
HPC Servers
AI Servers
Storage Servers
Blade Servers
GPU Servers
Cloud Computing Servers
OCP Servers
References
External links
Official website (English)
Taiwanese brands
Servers (computing)
Server hardware
Information technology | MiTAC Computing Technology Corp. | [
"Technology"
] | 790 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Information technology"
] |
49,153,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeocollybia%20herrerae | Phaeocollybia herrerae is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Found in Morelos, Mexico, where it grows in subtropical (mesophytic) forest with oak and in pine-oak forest, it was described as new to science in 1996 by mycologists Victor Bandala and Leticia Montoya. It is in the section Microsporae of genus Phaeocollybia. Its roughly ellipsoid to somewhat egg-shaped spores measure 5–5.5 by 2.5–3 μm. The specific epithet herrerae honors Teófilo Herrera Suárez, "because of his prominent contribution to Mexican mycology 50 year ago".
References
External links
Cortinariaceae
Fungi described in 1996
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Phaeocollybia herrerae | [
"Biology"
] | 167 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,153,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeocollybia%20amygdalospora | Phaeocollybia amygdalospora is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Found in Durango, Mexico, where it grows under pine, it was described as new to science in 1996 by mycologists Victor Bandala and Egon Horak. It has amygdaliform (almond-shaped) spores (for which it is named) that measure 6.5–9 by 4–5 μm.
References
External links
Cortinariaceae
Fungi described in 1996
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Phaeocollybia amygdalospora | [
"Biology"
] | 118 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,153,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeocollybia%20pseudolugubris | Phaeocollybia pseudolugubris is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Found in the Popocatépetl region of México State, where it grows in forests of sacred fir (Abies religiosa) and pine, it was described as new to science in 1996 by mycologists Victor Bandala and Egon Horak. It is a member of section Versicolores in the genus Phaeocollybia. Its spores are more or less ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, typically measuring 8–9 by 4–5 μm. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae.
References
Cortinariaceae
Fungi described in 1996
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Taxa named by Egon Horak
Fungus species | Phaeocollybia pseudolugubris | [
"Biology"
] | 166 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,153,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeocollybia%20moseri | Phaeocollybia moseri is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Found in Chiapas, Mexico, where it grows under pine, it was described as new to science in 1996 by Victor Bandala and Gastón Guzmán. It belongs to the section Versicolores of the genus Phaeocollybia. The specific epithet moseri honors Dutch mycologist Meinhard Moser, "on the occasion of his 70th anniversary and for his contribution to agaric systematics".
References
Cortinariaceae
Fungi described in 1996
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Phaeocollybia moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,153,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortinarius%20moserianus | Cortinarius moserianus is an agaric fungus of the genus Cortinarius found in Europe. It was described as new to science in 1970 by the Hungarian mycologist Gábor Bohus, from collections made in Hungary.
See also
List of Cortinarius species
References
External links
moserianus
Fungi described in 1970
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Cortinarius moserianus | [
"Biology"
] | 78 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,153,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinite | Philippinites, or rizalites are tektites found in the Philippines. They are considered to be about 710,000 years old on the average and generally ranging in size from millimeters to centimeters. Their age corresponds with the age of other tektites in the Australian strewn tektite field. In 1964, a very large philippinite, weighing with dimensions 6.5 x 6.2 x 5.2 cm, was purchased by the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Astronomy. The heaviest philippinite ever found weighs in its splash-form, which is also the heaviest tektite of this kind.
Etymology
The term rizalite was named after the Philippine province of Rizal where the first black tektites were rediscovered in October 1926 at Novaliches (which was then part of Rizal). Although, it was only in 1928 that the term was proposed by American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer, dubbed as the father of Philippine tektite studies, to refer to tektites found in the Philippines. Philippinite has become the more favored term because other tektites were found in other areas of the Philippines such as the Bicol region and the town of Anda in the province of Pangasinan. Some early authors referred to Philippine tektites as "obsidianites" but that too has fallen out of use due to the introduction of the term philippinite by succeeding authors.
Uses
In ancient Philippines, tektites were used by early settlers in the Philippines as arrowheads and other tools as well as decorative purposes. During the Philippine Iron Age, due to the polish features of philippinites found in graves, it was evidenced that philippinites were used as amulets or charms. In modern times, it is generally used as a collector's item.
Composition
The following table details the chemical composition of philippinite:
Notes
Splash-form tektites are tektites that are shaped like spheres, ellipsoids, teardrops, dumbbells, and other forms. They have shaped this way due to the ejecta or splash of silicate liquid following a meteorite impact, scattering them to a distance up to thousands of kilometers.
References
Glass in nature
Impact event minerals
Amorphous solids
Geology of the Philippines | Philippinite | [
"Physics"
] | 467 | [
"Amorphous solids",
"Unsolved problems in physics"
] |
49,154,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-42165279 | JNJ-42165279 is a drug developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), with an IC50 of 70 nM. It is described as a covalently binding but slowly reversible selective inhibitor of FAAH. JNJ-42165279 is being developed for the treatment of anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Clinical development has progressed as far as Phase II human trials with two studies in patients with mood disorders registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.
In early 2016, a trial with a different FAAH inhibitor — Bial's BIA 10-2474 — resulted in a series of severe adverse events, including a death. In response, Janssen announced that it was temporarily suspending dosing in its two Phase II clinical trials with JNJ-42165279, describing the decision as "precautionary measure follows safety issue with different drug in class". Janssen was emphatic that no serious adverse events had been reported in any of the clinical trials with JNJ-42165279 to date. The suspension is to remain in effect until more information is available about the BIA 10-2474 study.
As of 2018, the trials had resumed.
See also
List of investigational anxiolytics
LY-2183240
URB-597
PF-3845
BIA 10-2474
References
Cannabinoids
Experimental anxiolytics
Enzyme inhibitors
Benzodioxoles
Ureas
Chloropyridines
Organofluorides | JNJ-42165279 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 338 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
49,154,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cericlamine | Cericlamine (INN; developmental code JO-1017) is a potent and moderately selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) of the amphetamine family (specifically, a derivative of phentermine, and closely related to chlorphentermine, a highly selective serotonin releasing agent) that was investigated as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and anorexia nervosa by Jouveinal but did not complete development and was never marketed. It reached phase III clinical trials in 1996 before development was discontinued in 1999.
According to Czech scientists, cericlamine is claimed to be part of a highly advanced “fifth generation” of antidepressants as was venlafaxine.
The daily dosage was reported to be 300mg.
See also
3,4-Dichloroamphetamine
Alaproclate
Bupropion
Chlorphentermine
Clortermine
Cloforex
Etolorex
Femoxetine
Ifoxetine
Indalpine
Methylenedioxyphentermine
Omiloxetine
Panuramine
para-Chloroamphetamine
para-Chloromethamphetamine
Phentermine
Pirandamine
Seproxetine
Viqualine
Zimelidine
References
Abandoned drugs
Antidepressants
Chlorobenzene derivatives
Dimethylamino compounds
Phentermines
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Cericlamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 299 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
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