id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
49,186,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%20Singh%20Virmani | Sant Singh Virmani is a US-based Indian plant breeder, rice scientist and a former principal scientist at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). He served IRRI from 1979 to 2005 and retired from its service as the deputy head of the Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biochemistry Division.
Virmani is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and a recipient of the International Service in Crop Science Award from the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA). He received the TWAS Prize in 2000 followed by the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman of the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Government of India in 2003. The Government of India honoured him again with the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2008, for his contributions to agricultural science. A few months later, Netlink Foundation honoured him for his service to humanity in combating hunger and poverty around the world with a plaque.
See also
International Rice Research Institute
References
External links
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian agriculturalists
Plant breeding
TWAS fellows
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman | Sant Singh Virmani | [
"Chemistry"
] | 254 | [
"Plant breeding",
"Molecular biology"
] |
49,187,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20beam%20balance | The triple beam balance is an instrument used to measure weight or mass very precisely. Such devices typically have a reading error of ±0.05 grams. Its name refers to its three beams, where the middle beam is the largest, the far beam of medium size, and the front beam the smallest. The difference in size of the beams indicates the difference in weights and reading scale that each beam measures. Typically, the reading scale of the middle beam reads in 100 gram increments, the far beam in 10 gram increments, and the front beam can read from 0 to 10 grams. The triple beam balance can be used to measure mass directly from the objects, find mass by difference for liquid, and measure out substances.
Parts
The parts of triple beam balance are identified as the following.
Weighing pan - The area in which an object is placed in order to be weighed.
Base - The base rests underneath the weighing pan and can usually be customized to fit on a workbench or set up with tripod legs.
Beams - The three beams on the balance are used to set the level of precision, with each beam working at different increments (1-10 grams, 10 grams and 100 grams). When using the triple beam balance, it is recommended that one start with the lowest level of precision (e.g 100 gram increments). For example, if an object weighs 327 grams, the 100 gram pointer will drop below the fixed mark on the 4th notch (400g); it will then need to be moved back to the third notch (300g). This process will then need to be repeated for the 10 gram increments (20g) and then single figure units (7g).
Riders - The riders are the sliding pointers placed on top of the balance beams to indicate the mass in grams on the pan and beam.
Pointers - The scale pointer marks the equal point of the object's mass on the scale and mass on the beam
Zero adjustment knob - This is used to manually adjust the triple beam balance to the 'zero' mark (check to ensure that the pointer is at zero before use).
Before using triple beam balance, the scale pointer should be at zero. The zero adjustment knob can be used to adjust the scale pointer. The objects are placed on the pan and the riders are adjusted. The hundred rider should be initially adjusted and follow by the tens rider. The ones rider is adjusted until the scale pointer is at zero again.
Image
See also
Analytical balance
Weighing scale
References
Weighing instruments
Laboratory equipment | Triple beam balance | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 517 | [
"Weighing instruments",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
49,187,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire%20manipulator | Tire Manipulator is a piece of equipment, or tool that is used for handling large OTR tires, or large wheels. Other names that are used for tire manipulator are tire handler or tire clamp. Tire manipulator is generally manufactured as an attachment which is a part of another vehicle. For example, a forklift, loader or another truck.
Use
Tire manipulator is commonly developed and manufactured to customer specification because sizes of tires varies in every industry. In mining industry it is common to use tires with diameter over 3 meters. One of the biggest haulers in the world has tires with diameter of 4 meters. They can weigh over 2 000 kg. On the other hand, in agriculture tires are rarely greater than 2 meters, with weigh up to 1,000 kg.
Companies started to use tire manipulators mostly because of safety and effectiveness. In the past, many people were injured, or even killed by heavy tires exploding or falling. It was also time consuming to change tires. Mainly for these two reasons companies realised there is a need for special equipment that can handle large tires and service heavy wheels.
Nowadays, there are a number of tire manipulators in the market. Some of them are engineered to handle tires in agriculture, building industry, or material handling. You could find them under name Easy Gripper 2160, Tire Handler, Tire Manipulator, Giant Tire Handler, or Tire Clamp.
References
Vehicle technology | Tire manipulator | [
"Engineering"
] | 302 | [
"Vehicle technology",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
49,190,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20blob | The cold blob in the North Atlantic (also called the North Atlantic warming hole) describes a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) which is part of the thermohaline circulation, possibly related to global warming-induced melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
General
AMOC is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. The major possible mechanism causing the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly is based on the fact that freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. Observed freshwater increase originates probably from Greenland ice melt.
Research
2015 and earlier
Climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggested that the observed cold pattern during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening. They published their findings, and concluded that the AMOC circulation shows exceptional slowdown in the last century, and that Greenland melt is a possible contributor. Tom Delworth of NOAA suggested that natural variability, which includes different modes, here namely the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through wind driven ocean temperatures are also a factor. A 2014 study by Jon Robson et al. from the University of Reading concluded about the anomaly, "...suggest that a substantial change in the AMOC is unfolding now." Another study by Didier Swingedouw concluded that the slowdown of AMOC in the 1970s may have been unprecedented over the last millennium.
2016
A study published in 2016, by researchers from the University of South Florida, Canada and the Netherlands, used GRACE satellite data to estimate freshwater flux from Greenland. They concluded that freshwater runoff is accelerating, and could eventually cause a disruption of AMOC in the future, which would affect Europe and North America.
Another study published in 2016, found further evidence for a considerable impact from sea level rise for the U.S. East Coast. The study confirms earlier research findings which identified the region as a hotspot for rising seas, with a potential to divert 3–4 times higher than the global average sea level rise rate. The researchers attribute the possible increase to an ocean circulation mechanism called deep water formation, which is reduced due to AMOC slow down, leading to more warmer water pockets below the surface. Additionally, the study noted: "Our results suggest that higher carbon emission rates also contribute to increased [sea level rise] in this region compared to the global average".
Background
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern latitudes, and polar ice melts as a consequence. By flooding the northern seas with excessive fresh water, global warming could, in theory, divert the Gulf Stream waters that usually flow northward, past the British Isles and Norway, and cause them to instead circulate toward the equator. Were this to happen, Europe's climate would be seriously impacted.
Don Chambers from the USF College of Marine Science mentioned, "The major effect of a slowing AMOC is expected to be cooler winters and summers around the North Atlantic, and small regional increases in sea level on the North American coast." James Hansen and Makiko Sato stated, "AMOC slowdown that causes cooling ~1°C and perhaps affects weather patterns is very different from an AMOC shutdown that cools the North Atlantic several degrees Celsius; the latter would have dramatic effects on storms and be irreversible on the century time scale." Downturn of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise.
Measurements
Since 2004 the RAPID program monitors the ocean circulation.
See also
Abrupt climate change
The Blob (Pacific Ocean)
Deglaciation
Physical impacts of climate change
References
External links
Extended lecture by Stefan Rahmstorf about AMOC slowdown (May 27, 2016)
A Nasty Surprise in the Greenhouse (video about the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, 2015)
Blizzard Jonas and the slowdown of the Gulf Stream System (RealClimate January 24, 2016)
Atlantic Ocean
Effects of climate change
Physical oceanography
Chemical oceanography
Anomalous weather | Cold blob | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 904 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Weather",
"Chemical oceanography",
"Physical oceanography",
"Anomalous weather"
] |
49,190,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmqvist%20method | The Palmqvist method, or the Palmqvist toughness test, (after Sven Robert Palmqvist) is a common method to determine the fracture toughness for cemented carbides. In this case, the material's fracture toughness is given by the critical stress intensity factor KIc.
Approach
The Palmqvist-method uses the lengths of the cracks from a number of Vickers indentions to determine the fracture toughness. The Palmqvist fracture toughness is given by
in units of MPa,
where HV is the Vickers hardness in N/mm2 (or MPa) (i.e., 9.81 x numerical HV), P is the indentation load in N (typically 30 kgf is used) and T is the total crack length (mm) after application of the indenter.
Notes
Materials testing
Fracture mechanics | Palmqvist method | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 173 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Materials testing",
"Materials degradation"
] |
49,190,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Biochemistry%20and%20Physiology | The Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology is a defunct peer-reviewed scientific journal of biochemistry and physiology established in 1954 as the continuation of the Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences and published by NRC Research Press. In 1964 it split into two different journals Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.
During its life the Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology published almost 2000 papers, of which one had been cited 48000 times by early 2023, half of the total number for the journal. The journal was particularly strong in relation to early enzymology, including, for example, a study of the spectrophotometric determination of various proteolytic enzymes, and one of the first systematic treatments of the kinetics of two-substrate reactions, antedating the better known work of W. Wallace Cleland.
References
External links
(still functional despite the demise of the journal)
Academic journals established in 1954
Publications disestablished in 1963
Biochemistry journals
Physiology journals
Defunct journals
Canadian Science Publishing academic journals | Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology | [
"Chemistry"
] | 205 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry journals",
"Biochemistry literature",
"Biochemistry journal stubs"
] |
49,191,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20stannate | Barium stannate is an oxide of barium and tin with the chemical formula BaSnO3. It is a wide band gap semiconductor with a perovskite crystal structure.
References
Barium compounds
Stannates
Semiconductor materials
Perovskites | Barium stannate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 51 | [
"Semiconductor materials"
] |
42,875,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20Democracy%20%28Poland%29 | Direct Democracy () was a Polish political party founded in 2012. Its goal was to change the Polish political system by moving it closer to the political concept of direct democracy.
The party's creation has been inspired by the 2012 protests against ACTA.
References
Direct Democracy Party in Poland
Eurostart e-polityków, rp.pl, Wiktor Ferfecki 15-01-2014
External links
Homepage
2012 establishments in Poland
Direct democracy parties
E-democracy
Political parties established in 2012
Political parties in Poland
Populist parties | Direct Democracy (Poland) | [
"Technology"
] | 111 | [
"E-democracy",
"Computing and society"
] |
42,876,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former%20Tangrong%20Brick%20Kiln | The Former Tangrong Brick Kiln () is a former brick manufacturing factory in Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
History
Empire of Japan
The building was originally a tile factory established in 1899 by the Japanese government. Latest technology was introduced to this kiln and after around two decades, the brick production in this factory accounted for around 70% of bricks in Taiwan. Demand for bricks grew exponentially as the economy prospered, thus the government integrated all existing kilns in Taiwan in 1913 to form the . Six more kilns capable of high yield bricks were added and the bricks produced here was branded the Taiwan Renga.
Republic of China
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, Taiwan Renga turned into a state-owned factory and was sold to a private company Tangrong Ironworks. However, after the company financial crisis in 1957, the Ministry of Economic Affairs acquired the factory in 1962. During the period of rapid economic growth, the kiln brought produced high profit for Tangrong but eventually the entire factory was shut down in 1985 due to rising labor costs and environmental concern. Since 2002, the site has remained idle and unoccupied. Its administrative building however was still continue to operate until 2002. In 2005, the site was renovated to be a tourist attraction.
Transportation
The building is accessible within walking distance west from Kaohsiung Main Station.
The building is also accessible within walking distance east from Gushan Station.
See also
List of tourist attractions in Taiwan
References
1899 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Kaohsiung
Industrial buildings completed in 1899
Kilns in Taiwan
National monuments of Taiwan
Tourist attractions in Kaohsiung | Former Tangrong Brick Kiln | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 343 | [
"Kilns",
"Kilns in Taiwan"
] |
42,877,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship%20between%20mathematics%20and%20physics | The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since antiquity, and more recently also by historians and educators. Generally considered a relationship of great intimacy, mathematics has been described as "an essential tool for physics" and physics has been described as "a rich source of inspiration and insight in mathematics". Some of the oldest and most discussed themes are about the main differences between the two subjects, their mutual influence, the role of mathematical rigor in physics, and the problem of explaining the effectiveness of mathematics in physics.
In his work Physics, one of the topics treated by Aristotle is about how the study carried out by mathematicians differs from that carried out by physicists. Considerations about mathematics being the language of nature can be found in the ideas of the Pythagoreans: the convictions that "Numbers rule the world" and "All is number", and two millennia later were also expressed by Galileo Galilei: "The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics".
Historical interplay
Before giving a mathematical proof for the formula for the volume of a sphere, Archimedes used physical reasoning to discover the solution (imagining the balancing of bodies on a scale). Aristotle classified physics and mathematics as theoretical sciences, in contrast to practical sciences (like ethics or politics) and to productive sciences (like medicine or botany).
From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following centuries (although in the nineteenth century mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics). The creation and development of calculus were strongly linked to the needs of physics: There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with the new dynamics that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. The concept of derivative was needed, Newton did not have the modern concept of limits, and instead employed infinitesimals, which lacked a rigorous foundation at that time. During this period there was little distinction between physics and mathematics; as an example, Newton regarded geometry as a branch of mechanics.
Non-Euclidean geometry, as formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss, János Bolyai, Nikolai Lobachevsky, and Bernhard Riemann, freed physics from the limitation of a single Euclidean geometry. A version of non-Euclidean geometry, called Riemannian geometry, enabled Einstein to develop general relativity by providing the key mathematical framework on which he fit his physical ideas of gravity.
In the 19th century Auguste Comte in his hierarchy of the sciences, placed physics and astronomy as less general and more complex than mathematics, as both depend on it. In 1900, David Hilbert in his 23 problems for the advancement of mathematical science, considered the axiomatization of physics as his sixth problem. The problem remains open.
In 1930, Paul Dirac invented the Dirac delta function which produced a single value when used in an integral.
The mathematical rigor of this function was in doubt until the mathematician Laurent Schwartz developed on the theory of distributions.
Connections between the two fields sometimes only require identifing similar concepts by different names, as shown in the 1975 Wu–Yang dictionary, that related concepts of gauge theory with differential geometry.
Physics is not mathematics
Despite the close relationship between math and physics, they are not synonyms. In mathematics objects can be defined exactly and logically related, but the object need have no relationship to experimental measurements. In physics, definitions are abstractions or idealizations, approximations adequate when compared to the natural world. In 1960, Georg Rasch noted that no models are ever true, not even Newton's laws, emphasizing that models should not be evaluated based on truth but on their applicability for a given purpose. For example, Newton built a physical model around definitions like his second law of motion based on observations, leading to the development of calculus and highly accurate planetary mechanics, but later this definition was superseded by improved models of mechanics. Mathematics deals with entities whose properties can be known with certainty. According to David Hume, only statements that deal solely with ideas themselves—such as those encountered in mathematics—can be demonstrated to be true with certainty, while any conclusions pertaining to experiences of the real world can only be achieved via "probable reasoning". This leads to a situation that was put by Albert Einstein as "No number of experiments can prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong." The ultimate goal in research in pure mathematics are rigorous proofs, while in physics heuristic arguments may sometimes suffice in leading-edge research. In short, the methods and goals of physicists and mathematicians are different. Nonetheless, according to Roland Omnès, the axioms of mathematics are not mere conventions, but have physical origins.
Role of rigor in physics
Rigor is indispensable in pure mathematics. But many definitions and arguments found in the physics literature involve concepts and ideas that are not up to the standards of rigor in mathematics.
For example,
Freeman Dyson characterized quantum field theory as having two "faces". The outward face looked at nature and there the predictions of quantum field theory are exceptionally successful. The inward face looked at mathematical foundations and found inconsistency and mystery. The success of the physical theory comes despite its lack of rigorous mathematical backing.
Philosophical problems
Some of the problems considered in the philosophy of mathematics are the following:
Explain the effectiveness of mathematics in the study of the physical world: "At this point an enigma presents itself which in all ages has agitated inquiring minds. How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?" —Albert Einstein, in Geometry and Experience (1921).
Clearly delineate mathematics and physics: For some results or discoveries, it is difficult to say to which area they belong: to the mathematics or to physics.
What is the geometry of physical space?
What is the origin of the axioms of mathematics?
How does the already existing mathematics influence in the creation and development of physical theories?
Is arithmetic analytic or synthetic? (from Kant, see Analytic–synthetic distinction)
What is essentially different between doing a physical experiment to see the result and making a mathematical calculation to see the result? (from the Turing–Wittgenstein debate)
Do Gödel's incompleteness theorems imply that physical theories will always be incomplete? (from Stephen Hawking)
Is mathematics invented or discovered? (millennia-old question, raised among others by Mario Livio)
Education
In recent times the two disciplines have most often been taught separately, despite all the interrelations between physics and mathematics. This led some professional mathematicians who were also interested in mathematics education, such as Felix Klein, Richard Courant, Vladimir Arnold and Morris Kline, to strongly advocate teaching mathematics in a way more closely related to the physical sciences. The initial courses of mathematics for college students of physics are often taught by mathematicians, despite the differences in "ways of thinking" of physicists and mathematicians about those traditional courses and how they are used in the physics courses classes thereafter.
See also
Non-Euclidean geometry
Fourier series
Conic section
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Saving the phenomena
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
Mathematical universe hypothesis
Zeno's paradoxes
Axiomatic system
Mathematical model
Empiricism
Logicism
Formalism
Mathematics of general relativity
Bourbaki
Experimental mathematics
History of Maxwell's equations
History of astronomy
Why Johnny Can't Add
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Scientific modelling
All models are wrong
References
Further reading
(part 1) (part 2).
External links
Gregory W. Moore – Physical Mathematics and the Future (July 4, 2014)
IOP Institute of Physics – Mathematical Physics: What is it and why do we need it? (September 2014)
Feynman explaining the differences between mathematics and physics in a video available on YouTube
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of mathematics
History of science
Mathematics education
Physics education
Foundations of mathematics
History of mathematics
History of physics
mathematics | Relationship between mathematics and physics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,631 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"History of science",
"Physics education",
"nan",
"History of science and technology"
] |
42,878,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafting%20film | Drafting film is a sturdier and more dimensionally stable substitute for drafting paper sometimes used for technical drawings, especially architectural drawings, and for art layout drawings, replacing drafting linen for these purposes. Linen and paper, such as bond and vellum, for reason of the organic origins like cotton, may shrink due to humidity and changes in the temperature.
Nowadays it is almost invariably made of transparent biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate, which should last several centuries under normal storage conditions, with one or two translucent matte surfaces provided by a coating. However, some older drafting films are cellulose acetate, which degrades in only a few decades due to the vinegar syndrome. Uncoated films are preferred for archival, because there is then no possibility that the coating material could deteriorate over time or react with other materials.
Uncoated films require the use of an etching ink that penetrates the surface of the film.
Because non-etching ink doesn't penetrate the surface of the film the way it penetrates paper, it is often possible to remove inked lines from drafting film when drawing on it by hand; an abrasive-free vinyl drafting eraser is the preferred tool for this, although a scalpel works too. For the same reason, graphite on the surface tends to smear; there are polyester pencil drafting leads available as a substitute for graphite for drawing on drafting film. Different matte coatings (generally consisting of amorphous silica particles dispersed in a resin) are better suited for graphite or for polyester leads.
Manual drawing on drafting film requires special care with cleanliness, because oil from the illustrator's hands can form skid patches on the film's nonporous surface, where ink and pencil will not adhere to the matte surface, while drafting paper will absorb the oil.
Dimensional stability is important for scale drawings that don't have explicit dimensions, such as maps, because measurements may be taken directly from the drawing, so drawings that expand and shrink with temperature and humidity can introduce great imprecision into these measurements; some undimensioned drawing standards require the use of drafting film for such drawings.
References
Technical drawing
Printing materials
Preservation (library and archival science) | Drafting film | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 464 | [
"Design engineering",
"Materials",
"Civil engineering",
"Printing materials",
"Technical drawing",
"Matter"
] |
42,878,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Rasmussen%20%28human%20factors%20expert%29 | Jens Rasmussen (11 May 1926 – 5 February 2018) was a system safety, human factors and cognitive systems engineering researcher at the Risø National Laboratory in Risø, Denmark. He was highly influential within the field of safety science, human error and accident research. His contributions include the skills, rules, knowledge (SRK) framework, risk management framework, dynamic safety model, AcciMap Approach, and others.
Biography
Rasmussen was born in Ribe, Denmark. In 1950, he earned an M.Sc. degree in electronic engineering, with a background in control engineering. After completing his degree, he worked for several years at the Radio Receiver Research Laboratory.
In 1956, Rasmussen was recruited to work at the Danish Atomic Energy Commission. After several years, he was named the head of the Electronics Department at the Atomic Research Establishment Risø (eventually renamed Risø National Laboratory).
In 1981, Rasmussen was appointed Research Professor at both the Technical University of Denmark and at Risø National Laboratory.
Contributions
Dynamic safety model
Rasmussen proposed a state-based model of a socio-technical system as a system that moves within a region of a state space. The region is surrounded by three boundaries:
economic failure
unacceptable work load
functionality acceptable performance
Incentives push the system towards the boundary of acceptable performance: accidents happen when the boundary is exceeded.
Risk management framework
Rasmussen proposed a multi-layer view of socio-technical systems, with hazardous processes and work at the lowest level, and government at the highest level. The different levels involve different research disciplines (e.g., mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering at the lowest level, political science, law, economics, and sociology at the highest level, and other domains in-between) and different environmental stressors (e.g., changing political climate at the top level, fast pace of technological change at the lowest level)
Skills, rules, knowledge (SRK) framework
See Skills, Rules, Knowledge (SRK) framework.
Abstraction hierarchy
See the abstraction hierarchy.
Ecological interface design
See Ecological interface design.
AcciMaps
See AcciMap approach.
Selected publications
Books
Jens Rasmussen (2000). Proactive Risk Management in a Dynamic Society. Swedish Rescue Services Agency. ISBN 9172530847.
Papers
References
The Legacy of Jens Rasmussen, special issue of Applied Ergonomics, Volume 59, Part, B, Pages 471-656 (March 2017)
The Legacy of Jens Rasmussen, Adjunct ODAM 2014 Symposium
1926 births
2018 deaths
Danish academics
Safety researchers
People from Ribe
Academic staff of the Technical University of Denmark
Electrical engineers | Jens Rasmussen (human factors expert) | [
"Engineering"
] | 530 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Safety researchers",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
42,879,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperPose | SuperPose is a freely available web server designed to perform both pairwise and multiple protein structure superpositions. The “Structural superposition” term refers to the rotations and translations performed on one structure to make it match or align with another structure or structures. Structural superposition can be quantified either in terms of similarity or difference measures. The optimal superposition is the one in which the similarity measure is maximized (the former case) or the difference measure (the later case) is minimized. The “SuperPose” web server uses “RMSD” or Root-Mean-Square Deviation as a difference measure to find the optimal pairwise or multiple protein structure superposition. After an initial sequence and secondary structure (in case of low sequence identity) alignment, SuperPose generates a Difference Distance (DD) matrix from the equivalent C-alpha atoms of two molecules. The sequence/structure alignment and DD matrix analysis information is then fed into a modified quaternion eigenvalue algorithm to rapidly perform the structural superposition and calculate the RMSD between aligned regions of two macromolecules.
Input and output
The SuperPose web server requires PDB formatted files (of two or more protein structures to be superimposed) or their PDB accession numbers as input. SuperPose can handle both X-ray and NMR structures. NMR structures often consist of 20-30 near-identical structures that need to be superimposed on each other to create a multistructure “blurogram”. For a superposition of two or more structures, SuperPose generates sequence alignments, structure alignments, PDB (Protein Data Bank) coordinates and RMSD statistics, as well as difference distance plots and images (both static and interactive) of the superimposed molecules. All superimposed structure images can be reformatted as wireframe or ribbon, colour or greyscale, stereo or mono using the Output Options menu. The background colour of the images can also be toggled from black to white.
General scope
SuperPose is very flexible and is able to superimpose structures that have substantial differences in sequence, size or shape. As a result, it can handle a much larger variety of superposition queries and situations than most other programs or servers. In particular, SuperPose can handle superpositions with: (i) identical sequences but slightly different structures; (ii) identical sequences but profoundly different structures (e.g. open and closed forms of calmodulin); (iii) modestly dissimilar sequences, lengths and structures; (iv) different sequence lengths but similar structures or sequences; and (v) largely different sequences but largely similar structures. Superpose is able to calculate both pairwise and multiple structure superpositions. It can also generate average and pairwise RMSD values for alpha carbons, backbone atoms, heavy atoms and all atoms. In case of identical sequence comparison, SuperPose generates “per-residue” RMSD tables and plots that allow users to identify, assess and view individual residue shifts or positional displacements.
Figure
Figure: Screenshot images of SuperPose server showing different kinds of graphical and textual outputs available. (a) A WebMol viewer, (b) a MolScript image, (c) a pairwise alignment, (d) a difference distance matrix and (e) the RMSD output for a pairwise superposition of 2TRX_A and 3TRX_A (Escherichia coli thioredoxin and human thioredoxin) are shown. Note that the sequence identity between two proteins is 29%.
See also
Structural Alignment
Quaternion
References
External links
SuperPose web server
Biological databases | SuperPose | [
"Biology"
] | 758 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
42,881,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAGENassist | METAGENassist is a freely available web server for comparative metagenomic analysis. Comparative metagenomic studies involve the large-scale comparison of genomic or taxonomic census data from bacterial samples across different environments. Historically this has required a sound knowledge of statistics, computer programming, genetics and microbiology. As a result, only a small number of researchers are routinely able to perform comparative metagenomic studies. To circumvent these limitations, METAGENassist was developed to allow metagenomic analyses to be performed by non-specialists, easily and intuitively over the web. METAGENassist is particularly notable for its rich graphical output and its extensive database of bacterial phenotypic information.
Features
METAGENassist is designed to support a wide range of statistical comparisons across metagenomic samples. METAGENassist accepts a wide range of bacterial census data or taxonomic profile data derived from 16S rRNA data, classical DNA sequencing, NextGen shotgun sequencing or even classical microbial culturing techniques. These taxonomic profile data can be in different formats including standard comma-separated value (CSV) formats or in program-specific formats generated by tools such as mothur and QIIME. Once the data are uploaded to the website, METAGENassist offers users a large selection of data pre-processing and data quality checking tools such as: 1) taxonomic name normalization; 2) taxonomic-to-phenotypic mapping; 3) data integrity/quality checks and 4) data normalization. METAGENassist also supports an extensive collection of classical univariate and multivariate analyses, such as fold-change analysis, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Each of these analyses generates colorful, informative graphs and tables in PNG or PDF formats. All of the processed data and images are also available for download. These data analysis and visualization tools can be used to visualize key features that distinguish or characterize microbial populations in different environments or in different conditions. METAGENassist distinguishes itself from most other metagenomics data analysis tools through its extensive use of automated taxonomic-to-phenotypic mapping and its ability to support sophisticated data analyses with the resulting phenotypic data. METAGENassist’s phenotype database covers more than 11,000 microbial species annotated with 20 different phenotypic categories, including oxygen requirements, energy source(s), metabolism, and GC content. This gives users substantially more features with which to compare and analyze different samples. The phenotype database is regularly updated with information retrieved from several resources including BacMap, GOLD, and other NCBI taxonomy resources.
See also
BASys
References
Biological databases | METAGENassist | [
"Biology"
] | 571 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
42,881,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novabench | Novabench is a computer benchmarking utility for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. The program tests the performance of computer components and assigns proprietary scores, with higher scores indicating better performance. An online repository is available where submitted scores can be compared. A user can create an account to keep all of their submitted scores in one place. The tool has been noted for its speed and simplicity.
History
Microsoft Windows
Version 1.0 of Novabench for Windows was released in February 2007.
Version 2.0 of Novabench for Windows was released in February 2008.
Version 3.0 of Novabench for Windows was released in May 2010.
Version 4.0 of Novabench for Windows was released in August 2017.
MacOS
Version 1.0 of Novabench for MacOS was released in January 2011.
Version 4.0 of Novabench for MacOS was released in August 2017.
Linux
Version 4.0 of Novabench for Linux was released in October 2018.
Limitations
Novabench does not take advantage of AMD CrossFireX or SLI during graphics testing on Windows, although dual-GPU testing does work on Mac. It also does not test secondary, 3rd, 4th, etc. hard drives; it only tests the system (primary) drive. Windows XP and below are no longer supported with version 3.0.4, and in Novabench 4.0, only Windows 7 and up will be supported.
See also
Benchmark (computing)
References
Benchmarks (computing) | Novabench | [
"Technology"
] | 309 | [
"Benchmarks (computing)",
"Computing comparisons",
"Computer performance"
] |
42,882,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield%20Hardline | Battlefield Hardline is a first-person shooter video game developed by Visceral Games and published by Electronic Arts. It was released in March 2015 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. The game is chronologically set between Battlefield 3 and Battlefield 4, Hardline focuses on crime, heist and policing elements instead of military warfare. Upon release, the game received a mixed critical reception, with critics praising the game's multiplayer mode, accessibility and voice acting, while criticizing the game's plot, stealth and narrative. It is the final Battlefield game to be released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms. It was also the last game to be developed by Visceral Games before the company shut down in 2017.
Gameplay
The focus of the game is the "war on crime", breaking away from the military setting that characterized the series. As such, the main factions in Hardline are the police Special Response Units and criminals. Players have access to various military-grade weapons and vehicles, such as the Lenco BearCat, as well as having police equipment such as tasers and handcuffs.
Hardline also uses the "Levolution" mechanic from Battlefield 4. For example, in the map "Downtown" players can send a construction crane crashing into the building, ripping down debris from the central buildings in downtown, which falls down on the streets of Los Angeles. This time, every map features multiple Levolution events, both small and large.
Many new game modes are featured in Hardline, including "Heist", "Rescue", "Hotwire", "Blood Money", and "Crosshair" Mode.
Heist: The criminals must break into a cash filled vault (or as featured in some maps, blow open the doors of an armoured truck) then move the cash filled packages to an extraction point; the police must stop them. If the Criminals manage to escape by bringing all the money to the extraction point, they win.
Blood Money: Both factions must retrieve money from an open crate in the center of the map, then move it back to their respective side's armored truck. Players can also steal money from the opposing team's truck. The team that first deposits $5 million worth of money into their truck or the team with the most money under a time limit wins.
Hotwire: Drivable cars take the role of traditional Conquest "flags". Like Conquest, capturing cars (done by driving above a certain "cruising" speed) will bleed the enemy team's reinforcement tickets. The team who reduces the other's to zero or who has the most tickets remaining after the time limit wins.
Rescue: In a 3 minute long 5 vs 5 competitive mode, S.W.A.T. officers must try to rescue hostages held by criminal forces. The cops win by either rescuing the hostage(s) or by killing all the criminals. Criminals win by killing all the cops, or defending the hostages until the negotiations are over. Each player has only one life in this mode, which means no respawns.
Crosshair: The second competitive game mode in Battlefield Hardline. Crosshair is also 3 minutes long, 5 vs 5 with only one life. In Crosshair the criminals are trying to kill a player controlled VIP on the cops side who is a former gang member turned states witness. The criminals win by killing the VIP and the cops win by getting the VIP to the extraction point.
Visceral Games ratified that the single-player campaign will not be linear and promised to deliver a better one than the predecessors. The campaign features episodic crime dramas where choices will change situational outcomes and gameplay experiences. As a cop, players can use multiple police gadgets and personal equipment. The police badge can be used to order criminals to lay down their weapons, the scanner is used to stake out a situation, identify high-value targets, log evidences, tag alarms, and mark other threats. To slip past unnoticed, players can use bullet cases to distract enemies.
Synopsis
Setting
Miami is embroiled in a drug war and Officer Nicholas "Nick" Mendoza (voiced by Philip Anthony-Rodriguez, motion captured by Nicholas Gonzalez) has just made detective. Alongside his partner, veteran detective Khai Minh Dao (Kelly Hu), he follows the drug supply chain from the streets to the source. In a series of increasingly off-the-books cases, the two detectives come to realize that power and corruption can affect both sides of the law.
Plot
In 2012, Miami Police Detectives Nick Mendoza and Carl Stoddard (Travis Willingham) make a drug bust that goes violent. After arresting a fleeing suspect, Captain Julian Dawes (Benito Martinez) has Nick partner up with Khai Minh Dao to follow a lead to cocaine broker Tyson Latchford (Adam J. Harrington). Forcing his associate Tap (David DeSantos) to wear a wire, they find a new drug called Hot Shot being sold in the streets of Miami and rescue Tyson from a group of armed men. In the process Khai is severely wounded, putting her out of action for several weeks. After returning (against her doctor's orders), Dawes orders the two to bring in Leo Ray (Graham Shiels) from the Elmore Hotel but are forced to fight their way through armed men connected to drug dealer Remy Neltz (T.J. Storm), who is distributing the Hot Shot drug. While capturing Leo, Khai beats him up for seemingly insulting her.
Leo's information leads the two detectives to the Everglades, where drug bales are being dropped. Investigating the area, they discover several of Neltz's drug operations and Leo's mutilated corpse, who was presumably killed for cooperating with the Miami Police. They eventually find Neltz only to escape back to Miami. Before leaving, he mentions that he took a deal from Stoddard. The officers corner him in a Miami warehouse only for Stoddard to kill Neltz as he was about to elaborate more on their deal. Nick leaves in disgust after Stoddard and Khai take some cash before more officers arrive. Later, as a hurricane makes landfall, Dawes sends Nick and Khai back to the crime scene for any evidence incriminating Stoddard. Finding Neltz's recording implicating Stoddard, Nick finds his former partner in a meeting with other dealers but is forced to work with him to rescue Khai from more armed men. The three later meet Dawes, who destroys the evidence implicating Stoddard and revealing that himself and Khai are corrupt. The three betray Nick due to his refusal to go along with their scheme, framing him for laundering Neltz's drug money.
Three years later in 2015, while on a prison bus, Nick escapes with the help of Tap and Tyson. The mastermind behind Nick's escape is none other than Khai. Despite raw feelings about her betrayal and being framed, Nick leaves with Khai and Tyson for Los Angeles. Khai briefs Nick that during the three years he has been in prison, Dawes founded private law enforcement firm Preferred Outcomes, having 'cleaned up' Miami and is starting to expand into other US cities. Wanting to ruin Dawes, Khai sends Nick and Tyson to rendezvous with Marcus "Boomer" Boone (Eugene Byrd) and the three of them disrupt Korean Mafia leader Kang's drug business (Dawes' main drug distribution spot in LA). Although not finding much, Nick and Khai follow another lead to the house of drug kingpin Neil Roark (Mark Rolston). During Roark's meeting, Nick comes up with the idea to steal Dawes' money before he can launder it and uses Khai's phone as a makeshift tracking device by placing it in a briefcase to be taken to where the rest of Dawes' money is being kept. After surviving a brief assault by Roark's men, Nick and Khai make their escape.
Dawes' money is kept in the penthouse of his corporate HQ skyscraper back in Miami and behind an impregnable vault, Boomer calls a former associate of his for a safecracking robot. He and Nick drive to the desert to meet Boomer's contact, his ex-girlfriend Dune (Alexandra Daddario), who sets up a meeting with her father, Tony Alpert (Fred Tatasciore). Alpert backstabs them, however, revealing he knows Nick is an escaped felon and that Stoddard has placed a bounty on him for his capture alive. Nick and Boomer escape their prison and retrieve their gear from Alpert's compound. Along the way, Nick discovers that Alpert was behind the creation and manufacturing of the Hot Shot drug, and murdered an ATF agent named Darius Barnes (Josh Keaton) to cover up his plans of starting a civil war. Dune helps the two escape to an abandoned airfield, but they separate after surviving Alpert's ambush at a gas station. At the airfield, Nick retrieves the safecracking robot and wins a tank duel against Alpert, before he and Boomer escape in a plane Boomer had repaired.
As Khai, Nick, Boomer, and Tyson prepare to leave for Miami they are ambushed by Stoddard and his men. Nick kills his former partner and sends a picture of Stoddard's body to Dawes. The group arrive in Miami and infiltrate Preferred Outcomes HQ. They find the vault in Dawes' penthouse only to find it booby-trapped. Tyson is gravely wounded by the blast but survives. Nick answers Khai's ringing phone in the empty vault to hear Dawes on the other side, telling Nick to come find him at Santa Rosita off the coast of Florida. Nick departs from his group on the island, who leave to find medical attention for Tyson, and infiltrates it alone to Dawes' mansion. Nick finds his former captain in his office, where Dawes tells him that he wishes Nick to join him and take over Preferred Outcomes once Dawes is gone and that the two are akin to be "more criminal than cop". Nick agrees to the last remark and unhesitantly shoots Dawes dead. Searching his office, he finds a letter addressed to him from Dawes explaining why he framed Nick three years earlier and follows a passage to his underground vault. Inside the vault, Nick finds Dawes' laundered fortune, which is now his, left to wonder how he will use it.
Development
Battlefield Hardline was revealed on an EA blog post by vice president and general manager of Visceral Games, Steve Papoutsis. The game was due for announcement during E3 2014, but information was leaked early. Unlike other games in the Battlefield franchise that feature military warfare, Hardline features a "cops and robbers" gameplay style. The leaked trailer refers to the game as Omaha. "Visceral started work on Battlefield Hardline about a year before Dead Space 3 shipped," creative director Ian Milham has revealed, suggesting that the game may have entered development in early 2012.
On June 14, 2014, the Battlefield Hardline beta went public, coming after an official announcement at E3 2014 that the beta would be coming soon to PC and PlayStation 4. The beta ended on June 26, 2014.
Later at E3 2014, EA confirmed that the game would be running at 1080p on the PlayStation 4 and was aiming to achieve the same resolution for the Xbox One version. However, on March 8, 2015, Visceral Games revealed that the PlayStation 4 version would only run at 900p, with the Xbox One version running at 720p. On February 3, 2015, the Battlefield Hardline beta became publicly active for all platforms. It was reported that 7 million people participated in the open beta and it was met with positive reception from both critics and players. On February 24, 2015, Electronic Arts confirmed that the game had been declared gold, indicating it was being prepared for production and release.
Release
On July 22, 2014, EA announced that they would delay Battlefield Hardline from October 21, 2014, to March 17, 2015. The reason for the delay was to implement the feedback given during the public beta.
The Premium Edition of the game was announced on March 2, 2015. Players who purchased the Premium Edition will unlock several features, including masks, a Gun bench that allows player to customize their weapons and "Legendary Status", a feature relating to the progression system of the game. On the same day, the four expansion packs of the game, namely Criminal Activity, Robbery, Getaway, and Betrayal were announced. Similar to Battlefield 4s Premium Program, premium members of Hardline gained access to the four expansion packs two weeks before other players.
Four new maps, as well as new vehicles, masks, and weapons were introduced to the game through the Criminal Activity DLC. According to the lead multiplayer producer Zach Mumbach, the pack would put more emphasis on "destructibility". A new game mode called "Bounty Hunter" is also featured. It was released in June 2015. The second expansion, Robbery, features a five-versus-five multiplayer modes called Squad Heist, new paints, weapons and "Legendary Super Feature". The expansion pack was released in September 2015. The third expansion, Getaway, which adds a new mode called "Capture the Bag" and new maps to the game, was released on January 12, 2016. The final expansion, Betrayal, was released in March 2016.
Reception
Critical response
The PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received "mixed or average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the game was ported for release on March 19, 2015 (the same release date as the PAL version), Famitsu gave the console versions each a score of two nines and two eights for a total of 34 out of 40.
Anthony LaBella of GameRevolution praised PS4 version's stealth element, action-packed sequences, detailed single-player campaign, compelling and fast-paced multiplayer and the Heist mode, which requires players to utilize teamwork. He also praised the other new modes featured in the game such as Hotwire and Crosshair, which he stated "has showcased the transition from warfare to crime and provide plenty of entertainment outside of the traditional Battlefield experience". However, he criticized the predictable plot, flat characters, poor presentation of the campaign and the uninteresting story. He summarized the review by saying that "The combination of the stealth-focused campaign and many multiplayer modes establishes Battlefield Hardline as a worthwhile standalone entry in the popular FPS franchise." Brian Albert of IGN praised the game's enjoyable campaign, surprising comedic moments, decent plot, voice-acting and animation, likeable characters, well-designed levels, realistic weapons and audio, rewarding stealth, as well as the single-player campaign for requiring the player to utilize patience and skill and the game for encouraging players to use non-lethal takedown. He also praised the huge variety of multiplayer modes, the dynamic Hotwire mode and the well-designed and varied maps. He also praised the new gameplay features such as the grappling hook and zip-line for making transversal faster. However, he criticized the unlock system for not awarding players in accordance to their playstyles and the overly-simplistic AI. He summarized the review by saying that "Battlefields first foray into stealth makes for a fresh campaign, and the multiplayer has something for everyone."
Jeff Marchiafava of Game Informer said that the PS4 version's single-player campaign "is a mess", and that its ending is "facepalm-worthy". However, he also said that the multiplayer mode is "still worthy of the Battlefield name". He summarized his review by saying that while the single-player campaign "falls flat, the heart of the Battlefield franchise beats on – albeit at a different tempo". Ben Griffin of GamesRadar+ praised its new-players friendly and compelling multiplayer, refreshing multiplayer modes, rewarding interrogations system and detailed character models. However, he criticised the unfocused campaign, simplistic and predictable AI, as well as the campaign's over-reliance on stealth, which he stated "has never evolved during the campaign". He summarized the review by saying that "While not quite as main-event-essential as previous Battlefield blockbusters, the tighter, faster Hardline is most definitely the good cop."
Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb praised the game's collectibles, which he stated "have actual context"; he criticised the idiotic AI partners as well as the poor story which has failed to deliver character development, tension and logic. He summarized the review by saying that "Battlefield Hardline is hardly a disaster, but it feels like a franchise spinning its wheels with minor adjustments, rather than truly advancing forward." He also noted that the game generally enjoyed a more stable launch than its predecessor Battlefield 4, as he stated that the game performs functionally across all platforms. Brett Phillips of VideoGamer.com strongly criticized the PS4 version's campaign, calling it "the worst campaign in the entire series". He also criticized its poorly-designed spawn points, unnecessary item-scanning, clichéd twists, anarchic and inconsistent Conquest mode, boring and frustrating Hotwire mode, as well as the removal of heavy weapons such as rocket launcher from the weapon menu. The progression system was also criticized for being incongruous with the narrative of the game. He also criticized the map design for lacking imagination and verticality, matches for lasting too long and the game itself for not taking any risks. He called the game "a forgettable, immature experience rather than one worth talking about" and he summarized the review by saying that "Battlefield Hardline could have been something unique, a chance for Visceral to place its own stamp on a long-standing franchise. What we instead get is a laughably-shambolic campaign and multiplayer that is merely serviceable and too timid to step out of Battlefield 4s shadow."
Adam Rosenberg of Digital Trends gave the Xbox One version a score of four-and-a-half stars out of five, calling it "a two-pronged success, with a killer cops-and-robbers story backed by a speedy take on competitive play." Dean Takahashi of VentureBeat gave the Xbox One version a score of 86 out of 100, saying, "Overall, I think that EA and Visceral have established a new franchise within the Battlefield series, and one that could live on for many years to come." Chris Holzworth of EGMNow gave the PS4 version 7.5 out of 10, saying that it "might not reinvent the wheel the series rolls on, but it certainly makes it spin a whole lot smoother. Speeded up gameplay, an opened-up single-player, and a robust suite of new multiplayer modes lends itself to the best Battlefield to date—though that's not saying much, a decade later." Edge gave the PC version a score of seven out of ten, saying, "It feels like just that: a lower-budget sideshow to the glitzy main event." Mat Growcott of Push Square gave the PS4 version a score of seven stars out of ten, calling it "a decent game that gets points for originality of concept, but how much value it has is down to how much you enjoyed previous entries in the franchise, and how much you'd like to see the Cop FPS genre become a thing." Kirk McKeand of The Daily Telegraph gave the same PS4 version a score of six out of ten, saying, "There is still a great multiplayer shooter here, but it feels more like an expansion than a full sequel - if it wasn't for the campaign, Hardline would be Battlefield 4s version of Bad Company 2s Vietnam expansion - it even has the vehicle music. It just forgot to bring the personality."
James McMurtie of National Post gave the PC version seven out of ten, saying, "Hardlines release was smooth, and although it did feel like a modified BF4, it also plays like something novel and worthwhile all on its own." Mike LeChavalier of Slant Magazine gave the PS4 version a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "It wouldn't be a Battlefield game without a host of multiplayer scenarios, and Hardline is definitely no slouch in that department, even if the assortment of options lack a certain sweeping freshness that would have been greatly appreciated." David Jenkins of Metro gave the same PS4 version seven out of ten, saying, "The cops 'n' robbers theme often does more harm than good to the Battlefield formula, but this peculiar spin-off has just enough tricks of is own to be worth a collar." Andrew Phillips of The Digital Fix gave the Xbox One version six out of ten, calling it "a Battlefield game with weak single player and solid if underwhelming multiplayer - absolutely no one saw this coming." Ebenezer Samuel of New York Daily News gave the same console version three stars out of five, saying, "The end result is a Battlefield game that's solid, but not spectacular. Visceral takes the series narrative where its never been before, builds a solid story, and adds little pieces that have potential." However, Michael Thomsen of The Washington Post gave the PC version an unfavorable review, saying, "Hardline works best in its multiplayer portion where it abandons the pretensions of police work and storytelling. Playing Battlefield online is stepping into a sprawling tempest of gunfire with 63 other players. Here, violence has a cross-canceling effect, in which neither side is granted automatic authority and every power and ability can be questioned by the other side."
One aspect of the game that was singled out by games media was a set of Easter eggs: when reloading a gun, there is a one in 10000 chance that instead of the standard reload animation, a comically absurd animation will play, which the press called "hilarious" and "zany".
Sales
The retail version of Battlefield Hardline debuted at No. 1 in the UK software sales chart in its first launch week. It also became the best-selling title in the UK in 2015 as of March 23, 2015. According to NPD Group, the game was the best-selling game in March in the United States.
Notes
References
External links
2015 video games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Battlefield (video game series)
First-person shooters
Frostbite (game engine) games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Stealth video games
Fiction about theft
Video games about police officers
Video games about terrorism
Video games about the illegal drug trade
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in California
Video games set in Colorado
Video games set in Detroit
Video games set in Florida
Video games set in Los Angeles
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in Miami
Video games set in 2012
Video games set in 2015
Video games that support Mantle (API)
Visceral Games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Video games using Havok
Video games scored by Paul Leonard-Morgan | Battlefield Hardline | [
"Physics"
] | 4,815 | [
"Asymmetrical multiplayer video games",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
42,882,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Spokane%20Street%20Bridge | The West Spokane Street Bridge was a pair of bascule bridges that crossed the west fork of the Duwamish River in Seattle, Washington, United States. The bridges connected the SoDo and West Seattle neighborhoods over the river. The original bridge opened to traffic in 1924; a second bridge carrying eastbound traffic was opened in 1930, with the 1924 bridge reconfigured to carry westbound traffic.
Both bridges carried traffic until 1978, when a freighter rammed into the 1924 bridge; the 1930 bridge was subsequently reconfigured to handle two-way traffic as a result. The 1930 bridge was replaced in official capacity by the higher-level Jeanette Williams Memorial Bridge ( the West Seattle Bridge) in 1984. The 1930 span of the bridge was closed in 1989 and subsequently demolished to make way for a lower swing bridge connecting West Seattle to Harbor Island (now known as the Spokane Street Bridge, which opened in 1991).
Background and early years
The West Spokane Street Bridge crossed the Duwamish River from Harbor Island to West Seattle. "Spokane Street" has long been used as designation for the streets running along the latitude of the current West Seattle Bridge. Before any permanent bridge was built along the line of Spokane Street, there had been three temporary bridges, built , , and . The first one was basically a swinging gate in what had been primarily built as a water main; the second was a swing bridge that also carried a water main, and the third was a swing bridge after the water main had been rerouted elsewhere.
A more permanent bascule bridge was constructed in 1924, which lasted for several decades; a second, parallel bridge was constructed south of the first in 1930. In 1945, one of Seattle's oldest freeways (the Spokane Street Viaduct) connected the bridge to Beacon Hill. Prior to the construction of Interstate 5, the viaduct was separated from the bridge by the main north-south corridor, U.S. Route 99.
Replacement project
By the 1970s, the West Spokane Street Bridge was one of Seattle's worst bottlenecks, due to the large number of ships in Duwamish Waterway and the frequent bridge openings. City leaders began planning a higher bridge, without a drawbridge, in the 1960s. Planning for the bridge was hampered by difficulties in receiving funding. In large part, this is because the bridge was not a designated highway. A 1968 Forward Thrust ballot measure included $16.7 million in funding for the bridge, largely to receive votes from West Seattle residents. Other funding sources included a state program for funding urban streets and money from a maintenance fund.
After a long drawn-out process, three companies eventually bid to design the bridge for $1.5 million. However, the city engineer chose a fourth company that was financially connected to the speaker of the state house. The price from this fourth company was triple the cost of the other three. This was a result of a series of bribes involving the head of the House Transportation Committee, the city engineer and others. Despite the 68 percent support in the 1968 ballot measure, the state withdrew its urban streets money due to the scandal. In 1976 and 1977, the conspirators were placed on trial and imprisoned.
After the scandal, the project was considered dead. Norbert Tiemann, a federal highway regulator, stated that there would essentially be no chance of the project receiving federal funds for completion. Tiemann also quipped, "Short of a tug knocking it down (which could trigger federal special bridge replacement funds), there is nothing else. And you certainly wouldn't want to go that route." In March 1978, several prominent West Seattle residents filed a petition to organize a secession referendum, with the hopes of finding state funding for a new bridge to serve their independent city. The secession campaign was required to gather 29,000 signatures for a ballot measure, but were unable to meet the threshold before the northern or westbound drawbridge was permanently closed and all east-west traffic was funneled over the southern span.
1978 collision
At 2:38 a.m. on June 11, 1978, the freighter Chavez rammed the West Spokane Street Bridge over the Duwamish West Waterway. No one was hurt in the collision, but it resulted in irreparable damage with the bridge's spans stuck open; the bridge was permanently closed as a result. A US Coast Guard inquiry found the ship's pilot, Rolf Neslund, and master, Gojko Gospodnetic, were negligent; Gospodnetic was fired and Neslund forced into retirement. Neslund later disappeared in 1980. Although he was never found, his wife was convicted of his murder.
Replacement bridges
The high span West Seattle Bridge project qualified for funds from the federal Office of Special Bridge Replacement as a result of the 1978 collision. However, with many other damaged bridges to replace, this program alone did not have sufficient funding. While federal lawmakers were opposed to appropriating funds to a high-level bridge, Seattle City Council member Jeanette Williams, who served on the council from 1970 to 1989, lobbied Congress for the bridge and successfully secured funds with help from Senator Warren Magnuson. The high span bridge was completed in 1984, though demolition of the 1924 bridge continued until January 1986. Meanwhile, the 1930 bridge continued to carry traffic (around 12,000 vehicles per day) until it was closed on May 23, 1989, and subsequently demolished to make way for construction of the similarly-named Spokane Street Bridge, a swing bridge that opened in 1991; Kiewit Corporation handled both projects. Before the West Seattle Bridge opened, many of the neighborhoods in West Seattle had low property values because of the difficulty in getting downtown.
The West Seattle Bridge was closed in March 2020 after cracks in the underside were found to be growing rapidly, necessitating a major repair amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The bridge reopened in September 2022.
References
External links
West Seattle Bridge exhibit at the Seattle Municipal Archives
Bridges in Seattle
Bascule bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1924
Road bridges in Washington (state)
1978 disasters in the United States
1978 in Washington (state)
1978 road incidents
June 1978 events in the United States
Bridge disasters caused by collision
Bridge disasters in the United States | West Spokane Street Bridge | [
"Technology"
] | 1,264 | [
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Bridge disasters caused by collision"
] |
42,884,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrant%20force | In mechanics, an equilibrant force is a force which brings a body into mechanical equilibrium. According to Newton's second law, a body has zero acceleration when the vector sum of all the forces acting upon it is zero:
Therefore, an equilibrant force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant of all the other forces acting on a body. The term has been attested since the late 19th century.
Example
Suppose that two known forces, which are going to represented as vectors, A and B are pushing an object and an unknown equilibrant force, C, is acting to maintain that object in a fixed position. Force A points to the west and has a magnitude of 10 N and is represented by the vector <-10, 0>N. Force B points to the south and has a magnitude of 8.0 N and is represented by the vector <0, -8>N. Since these forces are vectors, they can be added by using the parallelogram rule or vector addition. This addition will look like A + B = <-10, 0>N + <0, -8>N = <-10, -8>N which is the vector representation of the resultant force. By the Pythagorean theorem, the magnitude of the resultant force is [(-10)2 + (-8)2]1/2 ≈ 12.8 N, which is also the magnitude of the equilibrant force. The angle of the equilibrant force can be found by trigonometry to be approximately 51 degrees north of east. Because the angle of the equilibrant force is opposite of the resultant force, if 180 degrees are added or subtracted to the resultant force's angle, the equilibrant force's angle will be known. Multiplying the resultant force vector by a -1 will give the correct equilibrant force vector: <-10, -8>N x (-1) = <10, 8>N = C.
References
External links
Equilibrium
Force | Equilibrant force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 426 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
42,885,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Emigrants%20Database | The German Emigrants Database is a research project on European emigration to the United States of America. It is hosted by the Historisches Museum Bremerhaven. The database contains information about individuals who emigrated during the period of 1820-1939 mainly through German ports towards the United States. The aim of the GED is to make the collected data available to historical and social science research worldwide. Furthermore, the GED enables socio-statistical evaluations of emigrant data. In addition, the GED allows interested people to look for immigrant ancestors. The German Emigrants Database is financed by private donations and income generated by the database. Thus it receives no public subsidy. The revenues will be used entirely for the further expansion of the database. Legal and financial holder of the GED is the charitable “Association of Friends of the Historisches Museum Bremerhaven e.V.”
Passenger manifests
The data collected is based on the passenger manifests of the emigrant ships. These lists had to be presented to the American immigration authorities upon arrival in the United States. Depending on the requirements of the U.S. immigration policy the detailedness of the data collected changed.
At the beginning of the 19th century 14 specific items of information were collected on the passenger manifests by the respective immigrants. At the beginning of the 20th century, already 40 specific items of information were collected. As a rule, age, sex, occupation, country of origin, name of the ship, departure, arrival ports and the arrival date were recorded in the United States. In the German Emigrants Database the information of the passenger manifests is supplemented by other sources, such as certificates and civil registers. Since the 1980s, passenger lists are recorded electronically in the United States. One leader in data digitization was the "Center for Immigration Research" at the University of Philadelphia/ Pennsylvania. The German Emigrants Database has received its extensive overall data for the years 1850-1891 from the Center for Immigration Research. The GED accesses the electronic recording of the passenger lists provided by the National Archives of the USA since 1999. The GED has not yet been completed, but keeps on completing its data. Currently, it contains the data of around 5 million emigrants. This data covers the periods of 1820–1897, 1904 and 1907.
Data quality
Since passenger manifests are hand-written forms, there are great discrepancies in quality. The readability can be affected by damage of the paper, illegible manuscripts, deletions or corrections. In addition, entries are sometimes not unique to a person. For example, some first and last names may occur several times.
Often, the information is based on verbal statements of the passengers. Thus, some typical mistakes that occurred due to misspelling or mishearing might still be part of the lists used.
Research
Visitors to the Historisches Museum Bremerhaven have the possibility to conduct a personal research at two terminals in the museum's exhibition hall. It is also possible to issue a research contract for the GED. Online research in the GED is possible since 2007.
This sort of research offered is grated by fees depending on the emigrated person, family or group requested. Unless noted otherwise, the user receives a certificate to any person found with the traditional data of emigration, after the research is completed.
References
External links
German Emigrants Database
The Balch Institute
Archives in Germany
Bremerhaven
German diaspora
German emigrants to the United States
German-American history
Genealogy publications
History of immigration to the United States
Information systems
Databases in Germany | German Emigrants Database | [
"Technology"
] | 727 | [
"Information systems",
"Information technology"
] |
55,941,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldspurger%20formula | In representation theory of mathematics, the Waldspurger formula relates the special values of two L-functions of two related admissible irreducible representations. Let be the base field, be an automorphic form over , be the representation associated via the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence with . Goro Shimura (1976) proved this formula, when and is a cusp form; Günter Harder made the same discovery at the same time in an unpublished paper. Marie-France Vignéras (1980) proved this formula, when and is a newform. Jean-Loup Waldspurger, for whom the formula is named, reproved and generalized the result of Vignéras in 1985 via a totally different method which was widely used thereafter by mathematicians to prove similar formulas.
Statement
Let be a number field, be its adele ring, be the subgroup of invertible elements of , be the subgroup of the invertible elements of , be three quadratic characters over , , be the space of all cusp forms over , be the Hecke algebra of . Assume that, is an admissible irreducible representation from to , the central character of π is trivial, when is an archimedean place, is a subspace of such that . We suppose further that, is the Langlands -constant [ ; ] associated to and at . There is a such that .
Definition 1. The Legendre symbol
Comment. Because all the terms in the right either have value +1, or have value −1, the term in the left can only take value in the set {+1, −1}.
Definition 2. Let be the discriminant of .
Definition 3. Let .
Definition 4. Let be a maximal torus of , be the center of , .
Comment. It is not obvious though, that the function is a generalization of the Gauss sum.
Let be a field such that . One can choose a K-subspace of such that (i) ; (ii) . De facto, there is only one such modulo homothety. Let be two maximal tori of such that and . We can choose two elements of such that and .
Definition 5. Let be the discriminants of .
Comment. When the , the right hand side of Definition 5 becomes trivial.
We take to be the set {all the finite -places doesn't map non-zero vectors invariant under the action of to zero}, to be the set of (all -places is real, or finite and special).
Comments:
The case when and is a metaplectic cusp form
Let p be prime number, be the field with p elements, be the integer ring of . Assume that, , D is squarefree of even degree and coprime to N, the prime factorization of is . We take to the set to be the set of all cusp forms of level N and depth 0. Suppose that, .
Definition 1. Let be the Legendre symbol of c modulo d, . Metaplectic morphism
Definition 2. Let . Petersson inner product
Definition 3. Let . Gauss sum
Let be the Laplace eigenvalue of . There is a constant such that
Definition 4. Assume that . Whittaker function
Definition 5. Fourier–Whittaker expansion One calls the Fourier–Whittaker coefficients of .
Definition 6. Atkin–Lehner operator with
Definition 7. Assume that, is a Hecke eigenform. Atkin–Lehner eigenvalue with
Definition 8.
Let be the metaplectic version of , be a nice Hecke eigenbasis for with respect to the Petersson inner product. We note the Shimura correspondence by
Theorem [ , Thm 5.1, p. 60 ]. Suppose that , is a quadratic character with . Then
References
Representation theory
Algebraic number theory
Harmonic analysis
Langlands program | Waldspurger formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 799 | [
"Langlands program",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic number theory",
"Representation theory",
"Number theory"
] |
55,941,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar%20Conference%20on%20Beneficial%20AI | The Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI was a conference organized by the Future of Life Institute, held January 5–8, 2017, at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in California. More than 100 thought leaders and researchers in economics, law, ethics, and philosophy met at the conference, to address and formulate principles of beneficial AI. Its outcome was the creation of a set of guidelines for AI research – the 23 Asilomar AI Principles.
The principles, published as an open letter, received signatures from scientist Stephen Hawking, CEO of Google Deepmind Demis Hassabis, AI researchers Ilya Sutskever, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Stuart Russell, philosophers Sam Harris and Will MacAskill, and actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt, amongst others.
Notes and references
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Ethics of science and technology
Events in the Monterey Bay Area | Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI | [
"Technology"
] | 182 | [
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
55,941,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX%20Centauri | SX Centauri is a variable star in the constellation Centaurus. An RV Tauri variable, its light curve alternates between deep and shallow minima, varying its apparent magnitude from 9.1 to 12.4. From the period-luminosity relationship, it is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc (5200 light-years) from Earth. Gaia Data Release 2 gives a parallax of 0.2175 mas, corresponding to distance of about . Henrietta Leavitt announced the discovery of this variable star, in 1906, when it was called CPD-48° 4730. It was given its variable star designation, SX Centauri, in 1907.
RV Tauri variables like SX Centauri are supergiant pulsating stars and a subtype of the population II Cepheids. They are stars that have already passed the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) and are in the last stage of their evolution before becoming a planetary nebula. This transition phase is very fast, and may last for less than a thousand years. SX Centauri is in the beginning of this process and is estimated to be leaving the AGB right now, or to have left the AGB a few decades ago. Its pulsations are radial in nature and have a period of about 32.9 days (from deep minimum to deep minimum), causing the effective temperature of the star to vary between 5,000 and 6,500 K and the radius between 21 and 29 solar radii. The radius seems to have the same value in both the primary and secondary minima, while the temperature shows a 500 K variation between minima.
The spectrum of SX Centauri shows infrared excess, indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk of hot dust around the star. interferometric observations constrained the diameter of the disk to less than 11 arcseconds (18 AU at the star's distance), indicating a very compact system. The infrared emission is consistent with a hotter component (715 K) corresponding to 4% of the dust, and a colder one (244 K) corresponding to 96% of the dust. This material is composed mainly of amorphous carbon and graphite (83%), with the remainder being pyroxene and olivine. The disk is related to a depletion of refractory elements (with high condensation temperature) in the star's photosphere; this is caused by separation of gas from dust rich in refractories, followed by accretion of the gas by the star.
SX Centauri is a spectroscopic binary, having a companion star with an orbital period of 592 days and an orbital eccentricity of 0.16. This companion has a mass estimated between 1.4 and 1.9 solar masses and is probably an unevolved main sequence star. The system must have interacted in the past when the primary was a red giant, which is likely related to the formation of disk. All RV Tauri stars with dust disks are believed to be part of a binary system.
Slow periodic variations in the mean brightness of SX Centauri have been detected, leading the star to be classified as an RV Tauri star of the photometric class b (RVb). The period of this variation is approximately equal to the orbital period of the system. This phenomenon can be explained as variation of the circumstellar extinction during the orbital motion of the disk.
References
Centaurus
Centauri, SX
RV Tauri variables
Spectroscopic binaries
107439
Durchmusterung objects | SX Centauri | [
"Astronomy"
] | 752 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
55,943,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS%20Block%20IIIF | GPS Block IIIF, or GPS III Follow On (GPS IIIF), is the second set of GPS Block III satellites, consisting of up to 22 space vehicles. The United States Air Force began the GPS Block IIIF acquisition effort in 2016. On 14 September 2018, a manufacturing contract with options worth up to $7.2 billion was awarded to Lockheed Martin. The 22 satellites in Block IIIF are projected to start launching in 2027, with launches estimated to last through at least 2037.
System enhancements
Engineering efforts for Block IIIF satellites began upon contract award in 2016—a full 16 years after the government approved entry into the initial modernization efforts for GPS III in 2000. As a result, GPS Block IIIF introduces a number of improvements and novel capabilities compared to all previous GPS satellite blocks.
Improvements
Nuclear detonation detection system
Block IIIF satellites host a redesigned U.S. Nuclear Detonation Detection System (USNDS) capability that is both smaller and lighter than previous systems.
The USNDS is a worldwide system of space-based sensors and ground processing equipment designed to detect, identify, locate, characterize, and report nuclear detonations in the Earth's atmosphere and in space.
Fully-digital navigation
GPS IIIF satellites are the first to feature a 100% digital navigation payload.
The fully-digital navigation payload introduced by Block IIIF (SV11+) produces improved accuracy, better reliability, and stronger signals compared to the 70% digital navigation payload used by GPS Block III (SV01-SV10).
Improved satellite bus
GPS IIIF-03 and beyond (GPS III SV13+) will incorporate the Lockheed Martin LM2100 Combat Bus, an improvement on the LM2100M bus used in GPS III SV01 through SV12. The LM2100 Combat Bus provides improved resilience to cyber attacks, as well as improved spacecraft power, propulsion, and electronics.
Novel capabilities
Energetic charged particle sensor
GPS IIIF satellites will be the first GPS satellites to host an Energetic Charged Particle (ECP) sensor payload.
In March 2015, the U.S. Secretary of the Air Force enacted policy mandating all new Air Force satellite programs must include ECP sensors. Aggregating ECP data from multiple satellites allows for enhanced space domain awareness, enabling improved detection of space weather effects as well as differentiation between anomalies induced by hostile activity, the natural environment, or other non-hostile causes.
Search and rescue distress beacon detection
GPS IIIF will be the first GPS satellite block to have all space vehicles participate in the Cospas-Sarsat system. The Cospas-Sarsat system is an international collection of satellites spanning low-earth, medium-earth, and geostationary orbit satellites which all listen for 406 MHz distress signals generated by beacons on earth. Satellites relay distress signals to ground stations to initiate timely emergency response efforts.
Laser retro-reflector array
Adding laser retro-reflector arrays (LRAs) to all GPS IIIF Space Vehicles allows GPS monitoring stations on earth equipped with laser rangefinding equipment to determine much more precise 3D locations for every GPS IIIF satellite. This improves the ability of the GPS system to provide more accurate time/position fixes to GPS receivers. Estimates are that as more GPS satellites host LRAs, the location accuracy will improve from one meter achievable today to one centimeter accuracy, an improvement of several orders of magnitude.
Unified S-band capability compliance
Block IIIF will be compliant with the Unified S-Band (USB) capabilities, allowing for consolidation of radio frequencies used for telemetry, tracking, and commanding of Block IIIF satellites.
Regional military protection capability
Regional Military Protection (RMP) is an anti-jamming technology for military GPS consumers. RMP involves directing a massively-amplified spot beam which only includes military GPS signals over a small geographic area. US/allied military GPS receivers located within the RMP spot beam's signal footprint are significantly more difficult for adversaries to jam due to the extremely-amplified signal strength in the area.
On-orbit servicing
GPS IIIF-03 and newer satellites (GPS III SV13+) will incorporate Lockheed-Martin's LM2100 Combat Bus. Satellites based on the Combat Bus are capable of hosting the "Augmentation System Port Interface" (ASPIN), an interface that allows for future on-orbit servicing and upgrade opportunities.
Launch history
The first GPS Block IIIF satellite is planned to launch in 2027.
Navigational signals
Note: none of the navigation signals that GPS Block IIIF satellites transmit are new in Block IIIF; all signals were first supported in previous generation (Block I, Block II, or Block III) GPS satellites.
Civilian
Design
GPS IIIF is an evolution of GPS III, which uses the A2100 bus as its core. The new models use the modernized LM2100 bus along with a fully digital navigation payload from L3Harris, a significant upgrade from the previous 70% digital payload used in GPS III.
An upgraded version known as the LM2100 Combat Bus will be used starting with the third service vehicle. It will enable on-orbit servicing at a later date, which may include hardware upgrades, component replacement, or refuelling.
Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue (MEOSAR) payloads are being provided by the Canadian government on behalf of the Canadian Armed Forces. The time it takes to detect and locate a distress signal will be reduced from an hour to five minutes, along with greatly improved accuracy in locating a distress beacon.
Laser Retroreflector Arrays (LRAs) will be built by the United States Naval Research Lab. This is a passive reflector system that improves accuracy and provides better ephemeris data. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) will fund the integration costs of the LRA.
Other significant enhancements include: unified S-Band (USB) interface compliance, integration of hosted payloads including a redesigned United States Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System (USNDS) payload, Energetic Charged Particles (ECP) sensor, and Regional Military Protection (RMP) capabilities that provide the ability to deliver high-power regional Military Code (M-Code) signals in specific areas of intended effect.
The U.S. Air Force has identified four "technology insertion points" for GPS Block IIIF. These four points are the only four times during the block's lifecycle where new capabilities will be allowed to be introduced to Block IIIF satellites.
Technology Insertion Point 1 (estimated FY2026)
First Space Vehicle: GPS IIIF-01
Proposed/possible new functionality:
On Orbit Reprogrammable Digital Payload
High Power Amplifiers (SSPA's)
Regional Military Protection (RMP)
Technology Insertion Point 2 (estimated FY2028)
First Space Vehicle: GPS IIIF-07
Proposed/possible new functionality:
M-Code Space Service Volume
Technology Insertion Point 3 (estimated FY2030)
First Space Vehicle: GPS IIIF-13
Proposed/possible new functionality:
Near Real-Time Commanding
Advanced Clocks
Technology Insertion Point 4 (estimated FY2033)
First Space Vehicle: GPS IIIF-19
Proposed/possible new functionality:
TBD
Development
Space Segment (Satellites)
The U.S. Air Force employed a two-phase competitive bid acquisition process for the GPS Block IIIF satellites.
Phase One: Production Feasibility Assessment
On 5 May 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded three Phase One Production Readiness Feasibility Assessment contracts for GPS III Space Vehicles (SV's) 11+, one each to Boeing Network and Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, and Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. The phase one contracts were worth up to six million dollars each. During the phase one effort, both Boeing and Northrop Grumman demonstrated working navigation payloads.
Phase Two: Satellite Manufacturing
On 19 April 2017, the U.S. Air Force Space Command announced the start of the second phase of its acquisition strategy with the publication of a special notice for an "Industry Day" for companies planning on bidding for the contract to manufacture GPS III vehicles 11+. During the Industry Day event, the Air Force shared the tentative acquisition strategy which it will use to evaluate proposals, then solicited feedback from potential bidders.
In July 2017, the Deputy Director of the U.S. Air Force GPS Directorate stated the acquisition strategy for GPS Block IIIF would be to award the manufacturing contracts for all 22 Block IIIF satellites to the same contractor.
In November 2017, the Deputy Director of the U.S. Air Force's GPS Directorate announced the name of the second tranche of GPS III satellites was "GPS Block IIIF".
Also in November 2017, it was announced that development of the fully digital navigation payload for GPS Block IIIF satellites had completed. The Block IIIA program schedule was delayed multiple times due to issues with the navigation payload.
Bidding
While the Air Force originally expected to publish the formal Request For Proposals (RFP) for GPS Block IIIF production in September 2017, it was not released until 13 February 2018. The RFP was for a firm-fixed price (FFP) contract for a single company to manufacture all 22 space vehicles. All three participants from phase one (Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman) were believed to be likely to submit proposals. The government held a pre-proposal conference in El Segundo, California, to be held on 15 March 2018 for potential bidders to ask the Air Force questions about the solicitation. The submission deadline for proposals was 16 April 2018.
The bid status of companies who participated in phase one, in alphabetical order:
Boeing: declined to submit a proposal
Lockheed Martin: submitted a proposal
Northrop: declined to submit a proposal
Funding
On 14 September 2018, the Air Force awarded a manufacturing contract with options worth up to US$7.2 billion to Lockheed Martin.
Control Segment (Ground-Based Command & Control)
GPS Block IIIF's ground control system of record will be the same used for GPS Block III, the Next Generation GPS Operational Control System (OCX).
In order to be able to command and control Block IIIF satellites, in April 2021 the U.S. Space Force awarded a $228 million contract to Raytheon Intelligence and Space called OCX Block 3F, which builds on the existing OCX Block 2 system and adds the ability to perform Launch and Checkout of Block IIIF satellites.
OCX Block 3F delivery was expected in July 2025, with operational acceptance expected in late 2027.
See also
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
BeiDou-2 (COMPASS) navigation system
Galileo (satellite navigation)
GLONASS
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
References
Global Positioning System | GPS Block IIIF | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,193 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"Wireless locating",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
55,943,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrepresentation | In representation theory, a subrepresentation of a representation of a group G is a representation such that W is a vector subspace of V and .
A nonzero finite-dimensional representation always contains a nonzero subrepresentation that is irreducible, the fact seen by induction on dimension. This fact is generally false for infinite-dimensional representations.
If is a representation of G, then there is the trivial subrepresentation:
If is an equivariant map between two representations, then its kernel is a subrepresentation of and its image is a subrepresentation of .
References
Representation theory | Subrepresentation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 130 | [
"Representation theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra"
] |
55,944,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Basil%20Christian | Harold Basil Christian (28 October 1871 – 12 May 1950) was a Cape Colony-born Rhodesian farmer, horticulturist, and botanist. Christian attended Eton College in the United Kingdom, where he was a distinguished athlete. He served in the Imperial Light Horse of the British Army during the Second Boer War, during which he fought in the Siege of Ladysmith. In the decade after the war, he worked in what is now South Africa for De Beers and later as an engineer for a mining company. In 1911, Christian moved to Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe). There, he purchased a sizable farm, which he named Ewanrigg. He was best known for his study and cultivation of aloe on his extensive estate, which was donated to the state upon his death and became a national park.
Christian initially attempted to grow imported European plants on his farm, but these tree species, which tend to be conifers, were not well-suited to the region's heat, dryness, and low altitude. In 1916, after it proved impossible to remove an unsightly rock from a spacious lawn in front of the house, Christian took an Aloe cameronii from a nearby hill and planted it in front of the stone. He was very impressed when the aloe flowered the next year despite not having been watered, and decided to focus thereafter on aloes rather than imported trees. During the 1930s, he expanded his garden and publishing his research on aloes in periodicals like the Rhodesian Agricultural Journal. Over the years, he became recognized by botanists around the world as an authority on African aloe species. One species was named Aloe christianii in his honor. In his later years, Christian focused on the cultivation of cycads as well.
Early life, family, and education
Harold Basil Christian was born on 28 October 1871 in Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony (today South Africa). His father Henry Bailey Christian, was prominent in the city's agriculture, trade, and politics. Christian's grandfather, Ewan Christian, arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on his uncle Admiral Hugh Cloberry Christian's ship. His family was of Manx, English, and Welsh descent.
Christian's paternal ancestors were descended from the Cumberland family of deemsters, or judges, on the Isle of Man. One of his notable ancestors was Fletcher Christian, a participant in the mutiny on the Bounty. Fletcher was one of the mutineers who in 1790, settled on Pitcairn Island and established an isolated community. Christian's father, Henry Bailey Christian, a veteran of the 1846 Xhosas War, was a successful farmer and merchant and a prominent public figure.
Christian grew up Kragga Kama, the family farm, located 12 miles outside Port Elizabeth. He had three older brothers and four sisters. He studied at Eton College in the United Kingdom. There, he was a skilled athlete. The Eton College Chronicle in 1887 and 1888 reports his success in Association football (soccer), sculling, and rowing. In South Africa, he was an award-winning equestrian, an activity he shared with his father, who owned racehorses.
Military service and early career
Second Boer War
After graduating from Eton, Christian returned to South Africa and served in the British Army in the Second Boer War. He served in the Imperial Light Horse and was the second to ride into battle at the Siege of Ladysmith. He later carried an injured comrade through heavy gunfire for 1.5 miles at the Battle of the Tugela Heights.
Work in mining
After the war until around 1910, Christian worked for De Beers in Kimberley, and later as an engineer for a mining company in the Witwatersrand. During this period, he met Cecil Rhodes while working in Kimberley. Christian said that on Rhodes' instruction, he became the first man to write "Rhodesia" on a map. An article in the journal Rhodesiana wrote that this story is "reasonably possible", as the British South Africa Company had used the term "Rhodesia" since 1895.
Life in Rhodesia
Farming, discovery of aloes, and marriage
While working in the Northern Cape during his career in the mining business, Christian likely heard much about the colony of Rhodesia to the north. Christian emigrated to Rhodesia in 1911. Three years later, he purchased Mount Shannon Farm from Gerald Ernest George Fitzgibbon. The farm was located about 40 kilometers northeast of Salisbury (now Harare), in what today is Mashonaland East Province. He paid £5,000 for the 662-morgen farm, and renamed it Ewanrigg, after an old family property in the Isle of Man.
After purchasing his farm, Christian constructed a house on a kopje and added a croquet lawn in front. He constructed a water garden, including a waterfall, which was popular with visitors. While the water feature appeared to flow continuously with a pump, in reality, water was brought up from a nearby stream in an ox-drawn cart and poured into a tank behind the waterfall, and the tap was opened just before visitors arrived. Spacious lawns were cleared in front of the house where Christian planned to develop a garden. He originally planted imported European alpines, inspired by the designs of the English gardeners he knew growing up on his father's farm in South Africa. However, the imported plants, which thrive in high altitudes, cooler temperatures, and generous amounts of water, were not suited to the hot, dry climate of Southern Africa.
In the center of the lawn, a large rock protruded above the ground and was unable to be removed despite much digging. In 1916, Christian's farm surveyor went to a hill close by, uprooted an Aloe cameronii, and planted it "to hide the stark appearance of this unsightly rock". When the plant flowered the next year despite no watering, Christian was so pleased that he decided to focus on gardening native African aloes instead of imported plants. From 1916 on, numerous rockeries were constructed and more and more aloes were acquired for the garden.
On 18 December 1920, Christian married Annabella Roberta Kemp Saint, a Scottish woman. Their marriage was held at the Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints in Salisbury, and was solemnized by Bishop William Carter of the Anglican Diocese of Cape Town. They had a short, difficult marriage, and in September 1923, they signed a separation agreement. She moved back to Scotland and died in 1955.
In addition to gardening, which began as a hobby, Christian was an active farmer and leading figure in the Rhodesian agriculture community. He was involved in starting a maize-growing competition in Mashonaland in which farmers competed to grow the most maize on one acre. He was often chosen to judge maize competitions. He was also instrumental in encouraging Rhodesian farmers to use fertilizer and better irrigation. He served as President of the Rhodesian Agricultural Union (today the Commercial Farmers' Union) from 1929 to 1931.
Cultivation and study of aloe
By the 1920s, Christian spent increasing amounts of time focusing on his garden. In the 1930s, he began traveling throughout Rhodesia and South Africa, searching for new varieties of aloe for his garden. He diligently collected, identified, cultivated, studied, and photographed different species, and published his research. In 1937, he journeyed throughout eastern Rhodesia, and the following year, he traveled to Nyasaland (today Malawi) to study the aloes there. From 1933 to 1952, he published articles and papers in various periodicals, and several were published posthumously. In 1933, he published his first article, "Notes on African Aloes," in the Rhodesian Agricultural Journal. In it, he advocated for the use of aloes as decorative plants due to their perennial nature, and requirement of little water.
Christian, and Gilbert W. Reynolds, South African optometrist, were the two foremost aloe enthusiasts at the time. Reynolds' study of aloe began in 1930, and in 1933, a friend in Port Elizabeth arranged for them to meet. They met for breakfast at the King Edward Hotel in Port Elizabeth, where they were both so engaged that neither man touched his food. The outcome of that first meeting was that the two decided that Christian would focus on aloes growing above the Limpopo River, while Reynolds would concentrate on aloes occurring south of the river.
In 1937 his right arm was amputated above the elbow, a consequence of a modest injury that did not heal properly. His disability forced him to give up other hobbies and focus almost entirely on gardening. In addition to aloes, he also had an interest in Barberton daisies. For the next decade and half, Christian spent much time preparing a book on tropical African aloe species. He filled several large leather-bound notebooks and plant registers with the fruits of his studies, but the idea of a book ultimately did not come about.
In mid-1939, Gilbert Reynolds visited Ewanrigg Farm. He published a detail description of his visit in the South African Horticultural Journal, in which he noted the rockeries, pools, and the prevalence of Aloe cameronii, which were in bloom at the time of his visit. He called the gardens "the finest and most complete collection of Aloes in existence".
Christian's growing reputation as an expert on the aloe genus, as well as requests to botanists at Kew Gardens in London and the South African Division of Botany in Pretoria, meant that crates and packages of aloes arrived at Ewanrigg with frequency. Upon arrival, they aloes were recorded and planted, and when they bloomed, their flowers were described and the descriptions were published. With the help of Inez Clare Verdoorn, they recorded 28 previously unidentified species. By the early 1940s, the gardens had been expanded to seven acres, and had earned an international reputation. Christian was by now seen as a top expert on aloe and on African aloes in particular. Governors of Southern Rhodesia were often invited to visit. The Minister of Internal Affairs declared the garden national monument in 1943.
During his later years, Christian continued to cultivate aloes but also began collecting and propagating cycads and other genera. He developed an extensive collection of African cycads, and nearly all species of the genus Encephalartos could be found at Ewanrigg. In 1947, he went on a thorough cycad tour of South Africa with Inez Clare Verdoorn and others, where they traveled from the Transvaal through Natal and examined all known localities of encephalartos. In addition to cycads, he was interested in euphorbia. In the 1941 book Succulent Euphorbieae of Southern Africa, Christian is listed in the acknowledgements, and several of his photographs were used in the book.
One variety of aloe, recorded by Gilbert Reynolds as a species which Christian first collected at his farm, was named Aloe christianii in his honor, and a plant was donated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
In 1948, he subdivided his estate, selling some portions and retaining 707 acres. On 5 June 1948, with William Daniel Gale and J. B. Richards serving as witnesses, Christian signed a codicil to his will in which he granted part of his farm, including his garden, to the state. Christian's decision to leave his garden to the state was appreciatively received by The Rhodesia Herald, which published an article on 8 June 1948 that read, "If the offer of the owner Mr. Basil Christian is accepted by the Rhodesian Government, the finest and most complete collection of aloes and cycads in the world will become the property of the Colony for all time." Christian said in an interview his work could not have been achieved and his collection could not have been expanded such were it not for the botanists at Kew and the South African government's Division of Botany, who frequently sent him new specimens. In the interview, he noted that while other gardens had a greater number of species, Ewanrigg had still made a significant contribution to science, and that the complete records of all the species would be donated to the state along with the garden.
Death and legacy
After a lengthy illness, Christian died on Friday, 12 May 1950, at St Anne's Hospital in Salisbury, aged 79. He was buried the following day at Salisbury Cemetery, following a funeral liturgy at the city's Anglican cathedral. In tributes publishing following his death, Christian was remembered as a proud Old Etonian, an enthusiastic member of the Rhodesian Agricultural Union, an active member of The Salisbury Club, and a skilled horseback rider. A plaque was placed at Ewanrigg in his memory by the Botanical Society of Southern Rhodesia.
His 1921 will could not be located, nor could a 1923 codicil. However, a 1927 codicil confirming part of the original 1921 will was available, in addition to the codicil from 1948 that left his garden to the state. Some doubts existed about whether Christian had planned to donate his entire 707-acre Ewanrigg Farm, or only the 14.5 acres that were declared a national monument in 1943. The 1948 codicil was worded as such that the issue was not immediately settled. The matter was resolved amicably when his executor, his wife's lawyer, and the Minister of Internal Affairs agreed that the Christian's intention was that the entirety of Ewanrigg should be transferred to the government's Natural Resources Board and the Commission for the Preservation of Natural and Historical Monuments and Relics. It was also decided that all income of Ewanrigg should go to his wife, Annabella Roberta Kemp Saint, from whom he had been separated since 1923.
In 1950, the estate was named Ewanrigg Botanical Garden and became open to the public. In 1960, Governor Humphrey Gibbs declared it a national park. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority manage the garden today.
See also
List of professional gardeners
List of Old Etonians born in the 19th century
References
1871 births
1950 deaths
19th-century Anglicans
20th-century Anglicans
British military personnel of the Second Boer War
British horticulturists
Imperial Light Horse officers
Mining engineers
People educated at Eton College
People from Mashonaland East Province
People from Gqeberha
Rhodesian Anglicans
Rhodesian botanists
Rhodesian engineers
Rhodesian farmers
Rhodesian people of British descent
Rhodesian people with disabilities
South African Anglicans
South African emigrants to Rhodesia
South African engineers
Cape Colony people
South African racehorse owners and breeders
Trade union leaders
White Rhodesian people
White South African people
Scientists with disabilities
South African people with disabilities | Harold Basil Christian | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,998 | [
"Mining engineering",
"Mining engineers"
] |
55,945,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204871 | NGC 4871 is a lenticular galaxy located about 310 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. NGC 4871 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 10, 1863. It is a member of the Coma Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
NGC 4874
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Coma Berenices
4871
44606
Astronomical objects discovered in 1863
Coma Cluster
Discoveries by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest | NGC 4871 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 101 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
55,945,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Lyra | Project Lyra is a feasibility study of a mission to interstellar objects such as ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov, initiated on 30 October 2017 by the Initiative for Interstellar Studies (i4is). In January 2022, researchers proposed that a spacecraft launched from Earth could catch up to 'Oumuamua in 26 years for further close-up studies.
Overview
Options suggested by i4is initially (which have now been superseded) for sending a spacecraft to ʻOumuamua within a time-frame of 5 to 10 years were based on a launch in 2021, and required travelling first to Jupiter to conduct a flyby, followed by a close solar flyby at 3 to 10 solar radii, in order to take advantage of the Oberth effect. Subsequent research revealed further launch possibilities, notably in 2030 or 2033, using the same scenario (except the 2030 launch has an additional Vinfinity Leveraging Maneuver), but with a total flight duration of 22 years. Thus, there are still future opportunities for a mission to 'Oumuamua.
Furthermore alternative trajectory options were also explored by i4is, all of which utilized the much less technically challenging Jupiter Oberth rather than the previously assumed Solar Oberth. Launch years for these range between 2026 and 2033, depending on the chosen combination of gravity assists leading up to the Jupiter encounter.
Alternatively i4is proposed more advanced options such as a solar sail, laser sail, or nuclear propulsion.
Solar Oberth
ʻOumuamua was at first thought to be traveling too fast for any existing spacecraft to reach.
The Initiative for Interstellar Studies (i4is) launched Project Lyra to assess the feasibility of a mission to ʻOumuamua. Several options for sending a spacecraft to ʻOumuamua within a time-frame of 5 to 25 years were suggested.
The challenge highlighted by i4is is to get to the asteroid in a reasonable amount of time (and so at a reasonable distance from Earth), and yet be able to gain useful scientific information. To do this, decelerating the spacecraft at ʻOumuamua would be "highly desirable, due to the minimal science return from a hyper-velocity encounter". If the investigative craft goes too fast, it would not be able to get into orbit or land on the asteroid, and would fly past it. The authors conclude that, although challenging, an encounter mission would be feasible using near-term technology. Seligman and Laughlin adopt a complementary approach to the Lyra study, but also conclude that such missions, though challenging to mount, are both feasible and scientifically attractive.
One option suggested by i4is is using first a Jupiter flyby, followed by a close solar flyby at , in order to take advantage of the Oberth effect. Subsequent proposals have relaxed the distance to up to .
Initial research conducted by i4is indicated that a spacecraft with a mass of tens of kilograms, using a heat shield like that in the Parker Solar Probe, atop a Falcon Heavy-class launcher, with a trajectory including a powered Jupiter flyby and a Solar Oberth maneuver, was capable of reaching ʻOumuamua, had it been launched in 2021.
However, subsequent investigations revealed further opportunities for missions to 'Oumuamua will be possible, using a Solar Oberth at , the soonest being in 2030/2033 – the choice of year depending on whether the trajectory exploits a 3 year leveraging maneuver or not. These involve flight durations in excess of 20 years which, although admittedly protracted, should be placed in the context of the Voyager probes, which launched over 45 years ago and are still to some extent operational today.
Jupiter Oberth
Further investigations conducted by the i4is Project Lyra team revealed that viable missions to 'Oumuamua exist in the future, with launch for example in 2028, and do not necessarily require a Solar Oberth, exploiting instead a powered flyby of Jupiter, alternatively known as a Jupiter Oberth.
Other options
More advanced options such as solar, laser electric propulsion, laser sail propulsion based on Breakthrough Starshot technology, and nuclear propulsion have also been considered.
References
Spaceflight concepts
Proposed space probes
Hyperbolic asteroids
Interstellar travel
External links
Initiative for Interstellar Studies
2D Animation of Project Lyra with Solar Oberth Manoeuvre
Institute for Interstellar Studies (US)
Principium – Quarterly Publication of i4is
Oumuamua: A Second Chance? A Personal Memoir | Project Lyra | [
"Astronomy"
] | 925 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Interstellar travel"
] |
55,947,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin%20associated%20protein%205-6 | Keratin associated protein 5-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRTAP5-6 gene.
References | Keratin associated protein 5-6 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 29 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
55,947,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Watkins%20Reserve | Jack Watkins Reserve is a park in the Australian state of South Australia situated adjacent to the Islington Railway Workshops in the suburb of Kilburn within the local government area of City of Port Adelaide Enfield. The park was named after Jack Watkins, a union organiser and former president of The Asbestos Diseases Society of South Australia who successfully lobbied to remove asbestos and other toxic contaminants from the railway site and adjacent properties. The park was opened in late August 2003 as a tribute to the large number of former railway workers who succumbed to asbestos-related diseases while working at the yard.
The park contains a memorial walkway leading to a central memorial featuring four pillars, inscribed Tough Times, Strength, mates and ratbags. The park also contains a playground, public murals, barbecue facilities and a dog park. A memorial service is held each year in the park on 24 November to honour the victims of asbestos related disease.
On 25 November 2016, the day after Asbestos Victims Memorial Day, the park was shut indefinitely due to eight pieces of asbestos being found, risking a health hazard to members of the public. Mayor Gary Johanson stated that "someone deliberately went and seeded the reserve with asbestos particles". The park has since been decontaminated and reopened while a full investigation is underway
See also
List of Adelaide parks and gardens
References
Parks in Adelaide
Asbestos | Jack Watkins Reserve | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 268 | [
"Toxicology",
"Asbestos"
] |
55,947,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon%20Musk%27s%20Tesla%20Roadster | Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster is an electric sports car that served as the dummy payload for the February 2018 Falcon Heavy test flight and became an artificial satellite of the Sun. A mannequin in a spacesuit, dubbed "Starman", occupies the driver's seat. The car and rocket are products of Tesla and SpaceX, respectively, both companies headed by Elon Musk. The 2010 Roadster is personally owned by and previously used by Musk for commuting to work. It is the first production car launched into space.
The car, mounted on the rocket's second stage, was launched on an escape trajectory and entered an elliptical heliocentric orbit crossing the orbit of Mars. The orbit reaches a maximum distance from the Sun at aphelion of 1.66 astronomical units (au). Video of the Roadster during the launch was transmitted back to the mission control center and live-streamed.
Advertising analysts noted Musk's sense of brand management and use of new media for his decision to launch a Tesla into space. Musk explained he wanted to inspire the public about the "possibility of something new happening in space" as part of his larger vision for spreading humanity to other planets.
Background
In March 2017, SpaceX's founder, Elon Musk, said that because the launch of the new Falcon Heavy vehicle was risky, it would carry the "silliest thing we can imagine".
In June 2017, one of his Twitter followers suggested that the silly thing be a Tesla Model S, to which Musk replied: "Suggestions welcome!"
In December 2017, Musk announced that the payload would be his personal "midnight cherry Tesla Roadster".
One of the test flight objectives was to demonstrate that the new rocket could carry a payload as far as the orbit of Mars. NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver stated that SpaceX had "offered free launches to NASA, Air Force etc. but got no takers", and that "the Tesla gimmick was the backup".
The Roadster is the first standard roadworthy vehicle sent into space, following several special-purpose lunar and Mars rovers.
Roadster as payload
The car was permanently mounted on the rocket in an inclined position above the payload adapter. Tubular structures were added to mount front and side cameras. Photos of the car prior to payload encapsulation were released.
Positioned in the driver's seat is "Starman", a full-scale human mannequin clad in a SpaceX pressure spacesuit. It was placed with the right hand on the steering wheel and the left elbow resting on the open window sill. The mannequin was named after the David Bowie song "Starman", and the car's sound system was set before launch to continuously loop the Bowie song "Space Oddity".
A copy of Douglas Adams' novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is in the glove box, along with references to the book in the form of a towel and a sign on the dashboard that reads "DON'T PANIC!".
A Hot Wheels miniature Roadster with a miniature Starman is mounted on the dashboard. A plaque bearing the names of the employees who worked on the project is placed underneath the car, and a message on the vehicle's circuit board reads "Made on Earth by humans". The car carries a copy of Isaac Asimov's Foundation trilogy on a 5D optical disc, a proof of concept for high-density long-lasting data storage, donated to Musk by the Arch Mission Foundation.
Trajectory
The US Office of Commercial Space Transportation issued the test flight's launch license on February 2, 2018. The rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center at 15:45 EST (20:45 UTC) on February 6. The upper stage supporting the car was initially placed in an Earth parking orbit. It spent six hours coasting through the Van Allen radiation belts, thereby demonstrating a new capability requested by the U.S. Air Force for direct insertion of heavy intelligence satellites into geostationary orbit. Then, the upper stage performed a second boost to reach the desired escape trajectory.
The launch was live streamed, and video feeds from space showed the Roadster at various angles, with Earth in the background, thanks to cameras placed inside and outside the car, on booms attached to the vehicle's custom adaptor atop the upper stage. Musk had estimated the car's battery would last over 12 hours, but the live stream ran for just over four hours, thus ending before the final boost out of Earth orbit. The images were released by SpaceX into the public domain on their Flickr account.
Following the launch, the rocket stage carrying the car was given the Satellite Catalog Number 43205, named "TESLA ROADSTER/FALCON 9H", along with the COSPAR designation 2018-017A. The JPL Horizons system publishes solutions for the trajectory as target body "-143205".
The Roadster is in a heliocentric orbit that crosses the orbit of Mars and reaches a distance of from the Sun. With an inclination of roughly 1 degree to the ecliptic plane, compared to Mars' 1.85° inclination, this trajectory by design cannot intercept Mars, so the car will neither fly by Mars nor enter an orbit around Mars. This was the second object launched by SpaceX to leave Earth orbit, after the DSCOVR mission to the Earth–Sun Lagrangian point. Nine months after launch, the Tesla had travelled beyond the orbit of Mars, reaching aphelion at 12:48 UTC on November 9, 2018, at a distance of from the Sun. The maximum speed of the car relative to the Sun will be approximately at perihelion.
Even if the rocket had targeted an actual Mars transfer orbit, the car could not have been placed into orbit around Mars, because the upper stage that carries it is not equipped with the necessary propellant, maneuvering, and communications capabilities. This flight simply demonstrated that Falcon Heavy is capable of launching significant payloads towards Mars in potential future missions.
Cultural impact
The car in space quickly became a topic for Internet memes. Western Australia Police distributed a picture of a radar gun aimed at the Roadster whilst above Australia. Škoda produced a parody video of a Škoda Superb being driven to Mars, a village in central France. An attempt was made by Donut Media to launch a Hot Wheels Tesla Model X to the stratosphere using a weather balloon. ToSky, a Russian start-up, sent a scale model of a Soviet-era Lada carrying a mannequin of Roscosmos head Dmitry Rogozin to an altitude of 20 km (12 miles) to gather test data for the design of stratostats.
Some news reports observed a similarity between the real pictures of a car orbiting the Earth and the title sequence of the animated cult classic film Heavy Metal (1981), where a space traveler lands on Earth in a two-seater Chevrolet Corvette convertible.
The SpaceX launch live stream reached over 2.3 million concurrent viewers on YouTube, which made it the second most watched live event on the platform, behind another space-related event: Felix Baumgartner's jump from the stratosphere in 2012.
Reactions
The choice of the Roadster as a dummy payload was variously interpreted as marketing for Tesla, or a work of art, with some worrying about the risk to contamination of otherwise sterile solar system bodies. Some also commented on how the Roadster was not a space debris risk.
Marketing
Musk was lauded as a visionary marketer and brand manager by controlling both the timing and the content of his corporate public relations. After the launch, Scientific American said using a car was not entirely pointless, in the sense that something of that size and weight was necessary for a meaningful test. "Thematically, it was a perfect fit" to use the Tesla car, and there was no reason not to take the opportunity to remind the auto industry that Musk was challenging the status quo in that arena, as well as in space.
Advertising Age agreed with Business Insider that the Roadster space launch was the "greatest ever car commercial without a dime spent on advertising", demonstrating that Musk is "miles ahead of the rest" in reaching young consumers, where "mere mortals scrabble about spending millions to fight each other over seconds of air time", Musk "just executes his vision." Alex Hern, technology reporter for The Guardian, said the choice to launch a car was a "hybrid of genuine breakthrough and nerd-baiting publicity stunt" without "any real point beyond generating good press pics", which should not detract from the much more important technological milestone represented by the launch of the rocket itself.
Lori Garver, a former NASA deputy director, initially said the choice of payload for the Falcon Heavy maiden flight is a gimmick and a loss of opportunity to further advance science—but later clarified that "I was told by a SpaceX VP (vice president) at the launch that they offered free launches to NASA, Air Force etc. but got no takers."
Musk responded to the critics stating he wanted to inspire the public about the "possibility of something new happening in space," as part of his larger vision for spreading humanity to other planets.
Work of art
The Verge likened the Roadster to a "ready-made" work of art, such as Marcel Duchamp's 1917 piece Fountain, created by placing an everyday object in an unusual position, context and orientation.
Alice Gorman, a lecturer in archaeology and space studies at Flinders University in Australia, said that the Roadster's primary purpose is symbolic communication, that "the red sports car symbolises masculinity – power, wealth and speed – but also how fragile masculinity is." Drawing on anthropological theories of symbols, she argues that "The car is also an armour against dying, a talisman that quells a profound fear of mortality." Gorman wrote that "the spacesuit is also about death. [...] The Starman was never alive, but now he's haunting space."
Space debris non-risk
Orbital debris expert Darren McKnight stated that the car poses no risk because it is far from Earth orbit. He added: "The enthusiasm and interest that [Musk] generates more than offsets the infinitesimally small 'littering' of the cosmos." Tommy Sanford, director of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, said that the car and its rocket stage are no more "space junk" than the mundane material usually launched on other test flights. Mass simulators are often deliberately placed in a graveyard orbit or sent on a deep space trajectory, where they are not a hazard.
Bacteriological contamination
The Planetary Society was concerned that launching a non-sterile object to interplanetary space may risk biological contamination of a foreign world. Scientists at Purdue University noted that the vehicle will be sterilized by solar radiation over time and the vehicle is most likely to hit the Earth in the future, though some bacteria might survive on some components of the vehicle which could contaminate Mars in the distant future if it were to hit Mars instead.
Orbit tracking
The car and the upper stage were passivated by intentionally removing remaining chemical and electrical energy, at which point they ceased transmitting telemetry. Based on optical observations made using a robotic telescope at the Warrumbungle Observatory, Dubbo, Australia and refinement of the orbit, a close re-encounter with Earth (originally predicted for 2073) is not possible. In October 2020 the car made a close approach to Mars, about away, at which distance Mars's gravity had no significant effect on the Roadster's orbit.
The Virtual Telescope Project observed the Tesla two days after its launch, where it had an apparent magnitude of 15.5, comparable to that of Pluto's moon Charon. The Roadster was automatically spotted and logged by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescope operated by the University of Hawaiʻi. The car was observed by the Deimos Sky Survey (DeSS) at a distance of with a flashing effect suggesting spinning.
Through measuring changes in apparent brightness of the object, astronomers have determined that the Roadster is rotating with a period of 4.7589 ± 0.0060 minutes (i.e. 4 minutes, 46 seconds). By February 11, 2018, astrometry measurements from 241 independent observations had been collated, refining the positions to within one-tenth of an arcsecond and published by the SeeSat-L mailing list, a group of amateur satellite spotters—more accurate than for most observations of objects in space.
Predictions
The roadster made its first close approach to Mars on October 7, 2020. The next close approach to Earth will be in the year 2047 at a distance of 5 million kilometers, about 13 times the distance between Earth and the Moon. Simulations over a 3-million-year timespan found a probability of the Roadster colliding with Earth at approximately 6%, or with Venus at approximately 2.5%. These probabilities of collision are similar to those of other near-Earth objects. The half-life for the tested orbits was calculated as approximately 20 million years, but with trajectories varying significantly following a close approach to the Earth–Moon system in 2091.
Musk had originally speculated that the car could drift in space for a billion years. According to chemist William Carroll, solar radiation, cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid impacts will structurally degrade the car over time. Radiation will eventually break down any material with carbon–carbon bonds, including carbon fiber parts. Tires, paint, plastic and leather might have lasted only about a year, while carbon fiber parts will last considerably longer. Eventually, only the aluminum frame, inert metals, and glass not shattered by meteoroids will remain.
Potential follow up mission
In August 2019, as the Roadster completed its first orbit around the Sun, Musk stated that SpaceX may one day launch a small spacecraft or Starship to catch up with the Roadster and take photographs or even return it to Earth for studying solar erosion on it just as Apollo 12 did with Surveyor 3 lander's components.
See also
List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit
List of passive satellites
References
External links
Real-time
Trajectory animation, past and future events, orbital elements.
Individual cars
Tesla vehicles
Tesla Roadster
Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
Message artifacts
Spacecraft launched in 2018
Spacecraft launched by Falcon rockets
Found object
Publicity stunts
Passive satellites
Space debris
SpaceX spacecraft | Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 2,993 | [
"Message artifacts",
"Space debris",
"Outer space"
] |
55,947,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clips4Sale | Clips4Sale (C4S) is an adult video content selling website and is known for fetish content. It launched in 2003. Clips4Sale is the largest clip site on the internet with over 8 million clips and 105,000 independent content producers on its platform. It is based in the United States, with an overseas branch registered in Cyprus for EU/EEA operations.
In 2021, Clips4Sale was acquired by Centro Ventures, an adult influencer network.
On August 22, 2022, Clips4Sale re-branded with a new wordmark and logo.
Market
A significant part of the market for Clips4Sale has come from consumers of amateur pornography. Some models on Clips4Sale have previously performed on webcam sites and saw Clips4Sale as an opportunity for an additional stream of income by marketing pornographic videos of themselves.
Clips4Sale has been referenced by mainstream entertainment and the music industry when fetish related topics have been in the news.
Awards
2020 XBIZ Awards: Fetish Clip Site Of The Year
2015 AVN Awards: Best Alternative Website
2014 XBIZ Awards: Fetish Site of the Year
2011 Venus Awards: Best Fetish Website
References
External links
Multilingual websites
American erotica and pornography websites
Video hosting
2003 establishments in the United States
Internet properties established in 2003 | Clips4Sale | [
"Technology"
] | 271 | [
"Computing stubs",
"World Wide Web stubs"
] |
55,948,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20965 | NGC 965 is a spiral galaxy approximately 294 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cetus. It was discovered by American astronomer Ormond Stone in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
Soviet/Russian astrophysicist Vorontsov-Velyaminov B. and Arhipova V. P. have noted in their "Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies" that NGC 965 "looks almost like two flattened galaxies i=I and i=III in contact and very disturbed".
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
SEDS
Spiral galaxies
Cetus
965
9666
Astronomical objects discovered in 1886
Discoveries by Ormond Stone | NGC 965 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 144 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
55,949,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon%20Ice%20Patches | The Yukon Ice Patches are a series of dozens of ice patches in the southern Yukon discovered in 1997, which have preserved hundreds of archaeological artifacts, with some more than 9,000 years old. The first ice patch was discovered on the mountain Thandlät, west of the Kusawa Lake campground which is west of Whitehorse, Yukon. The Yukon Ice Patch Project began shortly afterwards with a partnership between archaeologists in partnership with six Yukon First Nations, on whose traditional territory the ice patches were found. They include the Carcross/Tagish First Nation, the Kwanlin Dün First Nation, the Ta’an Kwäch’än Council, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, the Kluane First Nation, and the Teslin Tlingit Council.
Ice patches
Cryologists describe how ice patches, such the rare Yukon alpine region ice patches, differ from glaciers. The latter are constantly moving; they gradually build up mass over time until they reach a certain size, when they slowly flow downhill. Unlike glaciers, ice patches do not move. As some of the snow remaining from winter accumulation melts, the rest is gradually compressed into ice. Ice patches do not achieve enough mass to flow downhill so any artifacts within are preserved intact without being crushed.
History
In the 1990s "during a period of extremely warm summer temperatures" with ice patches melting, the Yukon Ice Patch Project began. In September 1997, Gerald W. Kuzyk discovered the first of the Yukon ice patches artifacts, an atlatl dart fragment, on mountain Thandlät at an elevation of .
The Yukon Ice Patches are studied by archaeologists in partnership with six Yukon First Nations, on whose traditional territory the ice patches were found. They include the Carcross/Tagish First Nation, the Kwanlin Dün First Nation, the Ta’an Kwäch’än Council, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, the Kluane First Nation, and the Teslin Tlingit Council.
The 43 Yukon Ice Patches in southern Yukon included "more than 207 archaeological objects and 1700 faunal remains have been recovered from 43 melting ice patches in the southern Yukon. The artifacts range in age from a 9000-year-old (calendar) dart shaft to a 19th-century musket ball...Of particular interest is the description of three different techniques for the construction of throwing darts and the observation of stability in the hunting technology employed in the study area over seven millennia. Radiocarbon chronologies indicate that this period of stability was followed by an abrupt technological replacement of the throwing dart by the bow and arrow after 1200 BP." The artifacts are curated by the Yukon Archaeology Program, Government of Yukon.
In the Kusawa Lake area, there are no longer any caribou, but in her 1987 interviews, Elder Mary Ned (born 1890s-) spoke about caribou being “all over this place.” Evidence of this was proven by the nearby discovery of the Ice Patch artifacts...Oral history tells us that a corral, or caribou fence was located on the east side of the lake, between the lake and the mountain."
References
Geography of the Arctic
Geomorphology
Montane ecology
Pedology
Physical geography
Earth sciences
Planetary science
Paleoclimatology
Archaeological sites in Yukon | Yukon Ice Patches | [
"Astronomy"
] | 662 | [
"Planetary science",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
55,951,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-tank%20toilet%20cleaning%20tablet | In-tank toilet cleaners (also known as toilet water tablets or drop-in toilet bowl cleaners) are tablets or cartridges that add chemicals to toilet tank water to reduce toilet bowl stains. They are commonly used to prevent toilet bowl stains from calcium, limescale, mold, etc. Most contain chlorine bleach as its main active ingredient, however some may use other main active ingredients.
History
It is originally invented by Flushco, Inc. in 1978, branded as 2000 Flushes (acquired and now owned by WD-40 Company).
Eventually, some other brands and companies such as S.C. Johnson Scrubbing Bubbles, Clorox, and Ty-D-Bol sold their own in-tank toilet cleaner tablets.
View from professionals and plumbers
Many plumbers, manufacturer of toilets, and other professionals discouraged in-tank toilet cleaning products due to major disadvantages. A major complication that may occur includes bleach breaking down rubber gaskets and corroding steel parts. Another issue is the blue dye commonly used in in-tank cleaning tablets may cover up iron deposits.
Many manufacturers of toilets have discouraged the use of in-tank cleaners by voiding warranty of toilets that are damaged from use of in-tank cleaners
See also
Toilet cleaner
References
Cleaning products | In-tank toilet cleaning tablet | [
"Chemistry"
] | 268 | [
"Cleaning products",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
41,453,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta1%20Muscae | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Zeta1 Muscae}}
Zeta1 Muscae, Latinized from ζ1 Muscae and abbreviated ζ1 Mus, is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the constellation Musca, located 2.6° west of Beta Muscae. It is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.73, forming a visual pair with nearby Zeta2 Muscae. The ζ1 Mus system is around 417 light-years distant from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +21 km/s.
The suspected astrometric component of the ζ1 Mus system was identified from acceleration behavior in the proper motion of the main star. The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0III; a star that has used up its core hydrogen and is cooling and expanding. It now has 15 times the girth of the Sun and is radiating 98.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,737 K.
References
K-type giants
Musca
Muscae, Zeta1
Durchmusterung objects
107567
060329
4704 | Zeta1 Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 270 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,454,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Blattner | Ludwig Blattner (5 February 1880 – 29 October 1935) was a German-born inventor, film producer, director and studio owner in the United Kingdom, and developer of one of the earliest magnetic sound recording devices.
Career
Ludwig Blattner, also known as Louis Blattner, was a pioneer of early magnetic sound recording, licensing a steel wire-based design from German inventor Dr. Kurt Stille, and enhancing it to use steel tape instead of wire, thereby creating an early form of tape recorder. This device was marketed as the Blattnerphone. Whilst on a promotional tour of his sound recording technology in 1928 he would choose ladies from the audience to dance with to music being played from a Blattnerphone.
Prior to the First World War, Blattner was involved in the entertainment industry in the Liverpool City Region: he managed the "La Scala" cinema in Wallasey from 1912 to 1914, conducted the cinema's orchestra, and composed a waltz "The Ladies of Wallasey". In about 1920 he moved to Manchester where he managed a chain of cinemas. There, in 1923 he composed and published a piece of music about the film actress Pola Negri titled "Pola Negri Grand Souvenir March". Later in the 1920s, he bought the British film rights to Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Jew Süss although the film was not made until 1934 after Blattner had sold the rights to Gaumont British. In early 1928, press reports appeared saying that Blattner was planning a 400-acre "Hollywood, England" complex with a hospital, 150 room hotel, aeroplane club and the largest collection of studios in the world, for which he was planning to spend between 2 million and 5 million pounds. Blattner later formed the Ludwig Blattner Picture Corporation in Borehamwood in the studio complex that is now known as BBC Elstree Centre, buying the Ideal Film Company studio (formerly known as Neptune Studios) in 1928, renaming it as Blattner Studios. In 1928 his company produced a series of short films of musical performances such as "Albert Sandler and His Violin [Serenade – Schubert]" and "Teddy Brown and His Xylophone". The best known films produced by his film company were A Knight in London (1929) and My Lucky Star (1933), which was co-directed by Blattner. Films produced by other companies at the Blattner Studios included Dorothy Gish and Charles Laughton's first drama talkie Wolves (1930), the 1934 adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart", Rookery Nook (1930) and A Lucky Sweep (1932).
Ludwig Blattner was also involved in an early colour motion picture process: in about 1929 he bought the rights for the use outside the USA of a lenticular colour process called Keller-Dorian cinematography. This process was then known as the Blattner Keller-Dorian process, which lost out to rival colour systems.
Ludwig Blattner originally intended the Blattnerphone to be used as a system of recording and playback for talking pictures, but the BBC saw its potential to record and "timeshift" BBC radio programmes for use with the BBC Empire Service, and rented several Blattnerphones from 1930 onwards, one of which was used to record King George V's speech at the opening of the India Round Table Conference on 12 November 1930. The 1932 BBC Year Book (covering November 1930 to October 1931) said: In 1939, the BBC used a Blattnerphone (not the later Marconi-Stille recorder) to record Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's announcement to Britain of the outbreak of World War II.
In 1930, Blattner promoted a version of his Blattnerphone technology as one of the first telephone answering machines, and in 1931 Blatter promoted a version of the Blattnerphone as the Blattner Book Reader, an early Audiobook playback system for the blind.
Despite being a "promoter of genius with far-seeing ideas about technical developments in sound and colour" according to the film director Michael Powell, business problems with the studio, due to the advent of rival talking picture systems, led to heavy financial loss, and in 1934 Joe Rock leased Elstree Studios from Ludwig Blattner, and bought it outright in 1936, a year after Blattner's suicide.
Personal life
Born into a Jewish family in Altona, Hamburg, Blattner first visited Great Britain in 1897. He appears to have returned later and worked for a while in the publicity department of Mellin's Food probably arranged through family contact with Gustav Mellin. He moved to Birkenhead by 1901 and settled in New Brighton, Merseyside where he married Margaret Mary Gracey and they had two British-born children, Gerry Blattner (born 1913 in Liverpool), and Betty Blattner (born in 1914 in Cheshire). They both followed their father into the film business, Gerry as a producer and Betty as a makeup artist. Ludwig Blattner never became a British citizen, and during the First World War he remained in an internment camp, which interrupted his management of the Gaiety cinema in Wallasey. The hearsay based suggestion in a letter by Jay Leyda in 1968 that he married Else (also known as Elisabeth), the widow of Edmund Meisel the composer of the score for Battleship Potemkin, some time after Meisel's death in 1930, is without any hard evidence. Indeed, he was resident with his wife Margaret Mary at the Country Club in Elstree when he took his own life in 1935.
Ludwig hanged himself at the Elstree Country Club in October 1935, when his son was 22 and his daughter was 21. Ludwig and Gerry were honoured by the naming of Blattner Close in Elstree in the mid-1990s.
References
External links
Blattnerphone at the BBC's A History of the World
Blattner Close at streetmap.co.uk
British film producers
Audio engineering
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
19th-century German Jews
20th-century German inventors
1881 births
Suicides by hanging in England
1935 suicides
1935 deaths | Ludwig Blattner | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,276 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering"
] |
41,454,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20B.%20Anderson | James Bernhard Anderson (November 16, 1935 – January 14, 2021) was an American chemist and physicist. From 1995 to 2014 he was Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and Physics at the Pennsylvania State University. He specialized in Quantum Chemistry by Monte Carlo methods, molecular dynamics of reactive collisions, kinetics and mechanisms of gas phase reactions, and rare-event theory.
Life
James Anderson was born in 1935 in Cleveland, Ohio to American-born parents of Swedish descent, Bertil and Lorraine Anderson. He was raised in Morgantown, West Virginia and spent his childhood summers on the island of Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Anderson earned a B.S. in chemical engineering from the Pennsylvania State University, an M.S. from the University of Illinois, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University.
Anderson married his wife Nancy Anderson (née Trotter) in 1958. They have three children and six grandchildren.
He died on January 14, 2021, in State College, Pennsylvania.
Career
Anderson began his professional career as an engineer in petrochemical research and development with Shell Chemical Company from 1958–60 in Deer Park, Texas. He began his academic career as a professor of chemical engineering at Princeton University in 1964 and continued as a professor of engineering at Yale University in 1968 before moving to the Pennsylvania State University in 1974. From 1995 until his retirement in 2014, he was Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and Physics at the Pennsylvania State University. Anderson also served as a visiting professor at Cambridge University, the University of Milan, the University of Kaiserslautern, the University of Göttingen, Free University of Berlin, and RWTH Aachen University.
Research
Anderson made key contributions in several areas of chemistry and physics. The main areas of impact are: reaction kinetics and molecular dynamics, the 'rare-event' approach to chemical reactions, Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods, Monte Carlo simulation of radiative processes, and direct Monte Carlo simulation of reaction systems.
Anderson's first contributions were experimental and theoretical in the area of nozzle-source molecular beams (supersonic beams) and the free jet fuels and skimmers for generating such beams. This research contributed to success in generating molecular beams of high energy and narrow velocity distributions.
Anderson's experiments with supersonic beams for the reaction HI + HI → H2 + I2 led him to early studies using classical trajectory methods. He carried out the first calculations of the F-H-H system with a study of the energy requirements for the reaction H + HF → H2 + F and followed this work with calculations for F + H2 → HF + H, a reaction basic to the understanding of molecular dynamics.
Trajectory calculations for the HI + HI reaction, a rare event, led to his work on predicting rare events in molecular dynamics by sampling trajectories crossing a surface in phase space. Initially called "variational theory of reaction rate" by James C. Keck (1960), it has since 1973 often been called "the reactive flux method." Anderson extended Keck's original method and defended it against a number of critics. The earliest applications were to three- and four-body reactions, but it has been extended to reactions in solution, to condensed matter, to protein folding, and most recently to enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Anderson pioneered the development of the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method of simulating the Schrödinger equation. His 1975–76 papers were the first to describe applications of random walk methods to polyatomic systems and many-electron systems. Today, QMC methods are often the methods of choice for high accuracy for a range of systems: small and large molecules, molecules in solution, electron gas, clusters, solid materials, vibrating molecules, and many others.
Anderson succeeded in bringing the power of modern computers to the direct simulation of reacting systems. His extension of an earlier method for rarefied gas dynamics by Graeme Bird (1963) eliminates the use of differential equations and treats reaction kinetics on a probabilistic basis collision-by-collision. It is the method of choice for many low-density systems with coupled relaxation and reaction, and with non-equilibrium distributions. It has been applied to the complete simulation of detonations as well as to the prediction of ultra-fast detonations.
Awards and honors
Bausch & Lomb Award
Evan Pugh Medal (Silver), The Pennsylvania State University
Evan Pugh Medal (Gold), The Pennsylvania State University
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1988)
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Faculty Scholar Medal, The Pennsylvania State University
Senior Research Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany
Selected publications
See The Anderson Group webpage for a full list of publications.
Molecular Beams and Free Jets (Supersonic Beams)
Classical Trajectory Calculations
Rare Event Theory (Combined Phase-Space Trajectory Method)
Quantum Monte Carlo
J. B. Anderson, (Book) Quantum Monte Carlo: Origins, Development, Applications, Oxford University Press, 2007. .
Simulation of Radiative Processes
Direct Simulation of Chemical Reactions
Simulations of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
Scientists from Cleveland
21st-century American physicists
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century American chemists
American quantum physicists
Monte Carlo methods
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology | James B. Anderson | [
"Physics"
] | 1,102 | [
"Monte Carlo methods",
"Computational physics"
] |
41,457,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METIS | METIS is a software package for graph partitioning that implements various multilevel algorithms. METIS' multilevel approach has three phases and comes with several algorithms for each phase:
Coarsen the graph by generating a sequence of graphs G0, G1, ..., GN, where G0 is the original graph and for each 0 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ N, the number of vertices in Gi is greater than the number of vertices in Gj.
Compute a partition of GN
Project the partition back through the sequence in the order of GN, ..., G0, refining it with respect to each graph.
The final partition computed during the third phase (the refined partition projected onto G0) is a partition of the original graph.
According to Metis authors Karypis and Kumar, "Metis is the Greek word for wisdom. Metis was a titaness in Greek mythology. She was the consort of Zeus and the mother of Athena. She presided over all wisdom and knowledge".
References
External links
METIS website
Graph algorithms
Mathematical software | METIS | [
"Mathematics"
] | 213 | [
"Mathematical software"
] |
41,458,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocybe%20spectabilis | Macrocybe spectabilis is a species of mushroom-forming fungus. It is found in Mauritius, Japan, and Hawaii. It is associated with sugarcane. It and Macrocybe titans contain large concentrations of cyanide. This mushroom is listed 食用 (edible) in the book きのこ ("Mushrooms") in the series "New Yama-Kei Pocket Guide."
References
Fungi described in 1973
Fungi of Mauritius
Fungi of Japan
Fungi of Hawaii
Tricholomataceae
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Macrocybe spectabilis | [
"Biology"
] | 109 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,459,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20Muscae | R Muscae is a yellow-white hued variable star in the southern constellation of Musca. It has a nominal apparent visual magnitude of 6.31, which is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of , is around 3,260 light years.
This is an F-type supergiant star with a baseline stellar classification of F7 Ib. It is a Classical Cepheid variable ranging from apparent magnitude 5.93 to 6.73 over 7.51 days, while varying between spectral types F7 Ib and G2. The star was suspected of having a detectable companion, but this finding was later disputed. Gaia and HST observations have shown that there is a companion, a 15th-magnitude star away. There is an X-ray source with a luminosity of located at an angular separation of from R Muscae.
References
Classical Cepheid variables
F-type supergiants
Musca
Durchmusterung objects
110311
061981
4820
Muscae, R | R Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 230 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,459,312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20Muscae | S Muscae is a classical (δ) Cepheid variable star in the constellation Musca about 2,600 light years away.
S Muscae is a yellow supergiant ranging between spectral types F6Ib and G0Ib and magnitudes 5.89 to 6.49 over a period of 9.66 days. It is a luminous star around six times as massive as the Sun and 65.1 times the radius of the Sun. It is a binary star with a blue-white main sequence star companion likely to be of spectral type B3V to B5V with a mass of just over five solar masses, one of the hottest and brightest companions of a Cepheid known. The two stars orbit each other every 505 days.
S Muscae has been found to lie within the faint star cluster ASCC 69.
References
Musca
Classical Cepheid variables
Muscae, S
4645
106111
059551
CD-69 00977
Binary stars | S Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 207 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,459,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20112410 | HD 112410 is a star in the southern constellation of Musca. It has a yellow hue and is too dim to be readily visible to the average sight, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.86. The distance to this star is 513 light years based on parallax, and it is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of 73 km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of 1.22.
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8III. It is cooling and expanding along the red giant branch, having evolved off the main sequence after exhausting its core supply of hydrogen fuel. At present it has 10 times the Sun's radius. Mass estimates range from 1.21 up to 2.32 times the mass of the Sun. The star has a lower metallicity the Sun – what astronomers term the abundance of elements with more mass than helium – and it is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.3 km/s. It is radiating 50.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,793 K.
Planetary system
HD 112410 has a substellar companion calculated to have a mass at least 9.2 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 124.6 days at a typical separation of approximately 0.57 astronomical units (AU). As of 2013, this is the nearest exoplanet orbiting around any ascending red giant branch star, and second-closest planet to a giant star after the companion of HIP 13044.
References
G-type giants
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Musca
CD −64 676
112410
063242 | HD 112410 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 345 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,460,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20Review%20of%20Environment%20and%20Resources | The Annual Review of Environment and Resources is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes review articles about environmental science and environmental engineering. It was first published in 1976 under the name the Annual Review of Energy. In 1991, the name was changed to the Annual Review of Energy and the Environment; it was again retitled in 2003 to the Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Beginning in 2020, it was published open access under the Subscribe to Open (S2O) publishing model.
History
The first volume of the journal was published in by Annual Reviews in 1976, under the title the Annual Review of Energy. One of the events that sparked its creation was the 1970s energy crisis. Unlike previous Annual Reviews titles, its subject area was interdisciplinary and lacked a history of literature. The first volume covered the energy system of the United States, and the journal's first editor was Jack M. Hollander.
In 1991, the journal's name was changed to the Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. This was done in recognition that energy research and issues were interconnected with environmental issues. In 2003, the focus on the environment was further emphasized with an additional name change, to the Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Content published in the journal relates to environmental science and environmental engineering, such as ecology, conservation biology, energy development, hydrology, climate change, oceanography, and agriculture.
Under Annual Reviews's Subscribe to Open publishing model, it was announced that the 2020 volume of Annual Review of Environment and Resources would be published open access, a first for the journal. As of 2020, it was published both in print and electronically.
Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 15.5 ranking it third of 182 journals in the category "Environmental Studies (SSCI)" and sixth of 358 journals in the category "Environmental Science (SCIE)".
Editors of volumes
Dates indicate publication years in which someone was credited as a lead editor or co-editor of a journal volume. The planning process for a volume begins well before the volume appears, so appointment to the position of lead editor generally occurred prior to the first year shown here. An editor who has retired or died may be credited as a lead editor of a volume that they helped to plan, even if it is published after their retirement or death.
Jack M. Hollander (1975–1992)
Robert H. Socolow (1993–2002)
Pamela Matson (2003–2008)
Ashok Gadgil and Diana Liverman (2009–2014)
Gadgil, Liverman and Thomas P. Tomich (2015)
Gadgil & Tomich (2016–present)
References
External links
Environment and Resources
Environmental science journals
Academic journals established in 1976
Annual journals
English-language journals | Annual Review of Environment and Resources | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 567 | [
"Environmental science journals"
] |
41,460,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20mukteshwarica | Russula mukteshwarica is a mushroom closely related to R. violeipes. It has a purple planoconvex cap 65–130 mm in diameter, and gills that are yellow to yellow-green. The type specimen was collected from a forested region in Uttaranchand State in northern India.
See also
List of Russula species
References
External links
mukteshwarica
Fungi described in 2006
Fungi of Asia
Fungus species | Russula mukteshwarica | [
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,460,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egerin | Egerin is a web search engine. It is the first search engine in Kurdish language and is focused on providing a fully functional search and blog system, including videos, image, and news for the Kurds.
The Concept
Egerin was founded by Kawa Onatli, a Kurdish businessman who lives in Sweden. Onatli wanted to provide an alternative to the big search engines that do not have the Kurdish language available, targeting a wide audience of between 26 and 34 million Kurds.
Technology
The search technology used is Solr with the rest of the technology stack being PostgreSQL, Scrapy and Python web frameworks.
See also
Comparison of web search engines
List of search engines
Timeline of web search engines
References
External links
STRA Marketing Company
Internet search engines | Egerin | [
"Technology"
] | 158 | [
"Computing stubs",
"World Wide Web stubs"
] |
41,460,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arofylline | Arofylline (codenamed LAS 31025) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Xanthines
Propyl compounds | Arofylline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 47 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
41,460,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostamide | Cilostamide is a PDE3 inhibitor.
References
PDE3 inhibitors
2-Quinolone ethers at the benzene ring
Butyramides | Cilostamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 34 | [] |
41,460,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMUP-1 | KMUP-1 is a xanthine derivative with phosphodiesterase inhibitor activity.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Xanthines
Piperazines
2-Chlorophenyl compounds | KMUP-1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 45 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
41,460,633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siguazodan | Siguazodan is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Cyanamides
Guanidines
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Siguazodan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 32 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Guanidines",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Cyanamides",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
41,460,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trequinsin | Trequinsin is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It has been shown to improve sperm motility in vitro.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Trequinsin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 35 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardaverine | Zardaverine is a dual-selective PDE3/4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Studies in vitro suggest that it may have useful anti-cancer properties.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Zardaverine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 46 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode%20of%20Life%20Data%20System | The Barcode of Life Data System (commonly known as BOLD or BOLDSystems) is a web platform specifically devoted to DNA barcoding. It is a cloud-based data storage and analysis platform developed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics in Canada. It consists of four main modules, a data portal, an educational portal, a registry of BINs (putative species), and a data collection and analysis workbench which provides an online platform for analyzing DNA sequences. Since its launch in 2005, BOLD has been extended to provide a range of functionality including data organization, validation, visualization and publication. The most recent version of the system, version 4, launched in 2017, brings a set of improvements supporting data collection and analysis but also includes novel functionality improving data dissemination, citation, and annotation. Before November 16, 2020, BOLD already contained barcode sequences for 318,105 formally described species covering animals, plants, fungi, protists (with ~8.9 million specimens).
BOLD is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA Barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids in the publication of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the international nucleotide sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances.
Data release of BOLD mainly originated from a project BARCODE 500K executed by the International Barcode of Life (iBOL) Consortium from 2010 to 2015. It aimed for data acquisition of DNA barcode records for 5M specimens representing 500K species. All the specimens collection, sequences assignment, information sorting are contributed by great amount of scientists, collaborators and facilities from nations over the world. Data accumulation increases the accuracy of DNA barcode identification and facilitates the attainment of barcoding of life.
References
External links
Biological databases | Barcode of Life Data System | [
"Biology"
] | 381 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
41,460,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsogladine | Irsogladine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
Antiulcer drug.
Synthesis
2,4-Dichloro-6-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine [61479-79-6] (1)
(2)
Dicyandiamide [461-58-5] (3)
2,5-Dichlorobenzonitrile [21663-61-6] (4)
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Triazines
Chloroarenes | Irsogladine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 126 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM-976 | YM-976 is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | YM-976 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 25 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atizoram | Atizoram (CP-80633) is a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor.
References
PDE4 inhibitors | Atizoram | [
"Chemistry"
] | 29 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCH-51866 | SCH-51866 is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Imidazoles
Cyclopentanes | SCH-51866 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 42 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MY-5445 | MY-5445 is a relatively specific phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor.
See also
Vatalanib — a structurally related angiogenesis inhibitor
References
PDE5 inhibitors
Phthalazines
3-Chlorophenyl compounds | MY-5445 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 50 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-0156 | T-0156 is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor.
References
Naphthyridines
PDE5 inhibitors
Lactams
Pyridines
Pyrimidines
Methyl esters
Phenol ethers
Methoxy compounds | T-0156 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 51 | [] |
41,460,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAY%2060-7550 | BAY 60-7550 is a type 2 phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
PDE2 inhibitors | BAY 60-7550 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 24 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-63197 | ICI-63197 is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | ICI-63197 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 26 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,460,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota1%20Muscae | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Iota1 Muscae}}
ι1 Muscae, Latinised as Iota1 Muscae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Musca, near the southern constellation border with Chamaeleon. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude is 5.05. The star is located around 222 light-years distant from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 27.5 km/s.
This object is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0III; a star that has used up its core hydrogen and is cooling and expanding. At present it has nearly 12 times the girth of the Sun. The star is radiating 56.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of about .
References
K-type giants
Musca
Muscae, Iota1
Durchmusterung objects
116244
065468
5042 | Iota1 Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 219 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,460,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | 8-Methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (MMPX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Xanthines | 8-Methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 50 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
41,460,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota2%20Muscae | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Iota2 Muscae}}
ι2 Muscae, Latinised as Iota2 Muscae, is a blue-white-hued star in the southern constellation Musca, near the constellation's southern border with Chamaeleon. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.62, which is just below the normal limit of stellar brightness visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located around from the Sun. It is a member of the Hyades Stream, but is not part of the Hyades or Praesepe open clusters.
This is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9V. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 116 km/s. The star has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 71 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about .
References
B-type main-sequence stars
Hyades Stream
Musca
Muscae, Iota2
Durchmusterung objects
116579
065628
5051 | Iota2 Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 240 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,460,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapromine | Adapromine is an antiviral drug of the adamantane group related to amantadine (1-aminoadamantane), rimantadine (1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane), and memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane) that is marketed in Russia for the treatment and prevention of influenza. It is an alkyl analogue of rimantadine and is similar to rimantadine in its antiviral activity but possesses a broader spectrum of action, being effective against influenza viruses of both type A and B. Strains of type A influenza virus with resistance to adapromine and rimantadine and the related drug deitiforine were encountered in Mongolia and the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
Electroencephalography (EEG) studies of animals suggest that adapromine and related adamantanes including amantadine, bromantane (1-amino-2-bromophenyladamantane), and memantine have psychostimulant-like and possibly antidepressant-like effects, and that these effects may be mediated via catecholaminergic processes. These psychostimulant effects differ qualitatively from those of conventional psychostimulants like amphetamine however, and the adamantane derivatives have been described contrarily as "adaptogens" and as "actoprotectors".
In 2004, it was discovered that amantadine and memantine bind to and act as agonists of the σ1 receptor (Ki = 7.44 μM and 2.60 μM, respectively) and that activation of the σ1 receptor is involved in the dopaminergic effects of amantadine at therapeutically relevant concentrations. These findings might also extend to the other adamantanes such as adapromine, rimantadine, and bromantane and could explain the psychostimulant-like effects of this family of compounds.
Synthesis
The first synthesis of adapromine was disclosed in patents by DuPont published in 1967.
1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid, as its acid chloride, is treated with a cadmium-modified Grignard reagent, which gives the ketone (6). Oxime formation with hydroxylamine, followed by reduction using lithium aluminium hydride yields adapromine.
See also
Tromantadine
List of Russian drugs
References
Adamantanes
Amines
Anti-influenza agents
Anti–RNA virus drugs
Russian drugs
Stimulants
Drugs in the Soviet Union | Adapromine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 532 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
41,460,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeospinax | Palaeospinax is an extinct genus of synechodontiform cartilaginous fish. Although several species have been described, the genus is considered nomen dubium because the type-specimen of the type species, Palaeospinax priscus, from the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic of Europe lacks appropriate diagnostic characters to define the genus.
Other species originally described as Synechodus were transferred to the genus Palidiplospinax.
References
Further reading
Palaeospinacidae
Prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
Triassic cartilaginous fish
Jurassic cartilaginous fish
Cretaceous cartilaginous fish
Paleocene cartilaginous fish
Eocene cartilaginous fish
Prehistoric fish of Europe
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 1872 | Palaeospinax | [
"Biology"
] | 157 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Nomina dubia",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
41,461,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-13119 | GBR-13119 is a psychostimulant and dopamine re-uptake inhibitor.
References
Stimulants | GBR-13119 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 29 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
41,461,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefexamide | Mefexamide (INN, USAN) (brand names Perneuron, Peroxinorm, Timodyne; developmental code name ANP-297), also known as mefexadyne and mexephenamide, is a central nervous system stimulant that is no longer marketed.
See also
Clofexamide
Dimethocaine
Meclofenoxate
References
Abandoned drugs
Phenol ethers
Stimulants
Diethylamino compounds
4-Methoxyphenyl compounds | Mefexamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 111 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
41,461,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamedrine | Cinnamedrine (, ), also known as N-cinnamylephedrine, is a sympathomimetic drug with similar effects relative to those of ephedrine. It also has some local anesthetic activity. Cinnamedrine was previously used, in combination with analgesics, as an antispasmodic to treat dysmenorrhea in the over-the-counter drug Midol in the 1980s. There is a case series of the drug being abused as a psychostimulant.
See also
Methylephedrine
Etafedrine
References
Abandoned drugs
Antispasmodics
Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
Local anesthetics
Methamphetamines
Norepinephrine releasing agents
Sympathomimetics | Cinnamedrine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 165 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
41,461,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It is a slightly more potent stimulant than MDMA in rodents. The drug is substantially less potent than MDMA as a monoamine releasing agent in vitro. Nonetheless, HMMA has been found to induce the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine with values of 589nM, 625nM, and 607–2884nM, respectively, and hence acts as a lower-potency serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The predicted log P of HMMA is 1.2.
See also
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA)
3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine)
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA; α-methylepinine)
2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THA)
2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA)
References
Human drug metabolites
Methamphetamines
Methoxy compounds
Phenols
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Stimulants | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 308 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
41,461,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Struminsky | Boris Vladimirovich Struminsky (; 14 August 1939 – 18 January 2003) was a Russian and Ukrainian physicist known for his contribution to theoretical elementary particle physics.
Biography
Boris Struminsky was born on 14 August 1939 in Malakhovka, a settlement in Ukhtomsky District (now Lyuberetsky District), Moscow Oblast, RSFSR, USSR. His father was academician Vladimir Vasilyevich Struminsky (1914—1998).
After finishing the school Boris Struminsky started his studies at Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which he graduated in 1962.
From 1962 to 1965 Struminsky was a doctoral student at Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow. From 1965 he continued his work at the same institute as a junior researcher. In 1965 he successfully defended his doctoral (C.Sc.) thesis devoted to Higher-order symmetries and composite models of elementary particles.
In 1966 Struminsky started his work at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, first as a researcher, and then, from 1967, as a senior researcher of the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics.
In 1971 Boris Struminsky moved to Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR (now Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) in Kyiv, where he worked until the end of his life, first as a senior researcher, and then as a leading researcher. In 1973 Struminsky successfully defended his D.Sc. thesis devoted to Finite energy sum rules and the dual resonance model.
Research
The main scientific results of Boris Struminsky are related to the quark structure of hadrons — elementary particles held together by the strong force. His two 1965 papers (he is the only author of the first one, and the second one was written together with Nikolay Bogolyubov and Albert Tavkhelidze) contained an idea to introduce a new quantum number for the quarks, which was later called a color charge. Later on, this has become one of the basic ideas of quantum chromodynamics — the theory describing strong interaction of elementary particles.
Many papers by Boris Struminsky deal with various problems related to the structure of hadrons, as well as interaction of hadrons and nuclei. He published about 100 papers devoted to these topics.
Recognition of the discovery: Sociological aspect
In 1988 the group of scientists (A.M. Baldin, P.N. Bogolyubov, V.A. Matveev, A.N. Tavkhelidze, R.M. Muradyan) was awarded the Lenin Prize "for a cycle of works on the "New quantum number — color charge and establishment of dynamic regularities in the quark structure of elementary particles and atomic nuclei" (1965—1977)". (See: Lenin Prize Laureates for 1988)
B. V. Struminsky, who discovered a new quantum number — color charge — was not awarded the Lenin Prize "for a cycle of works on the "New quantum number — color charge..." (1965—1977)".
This situation is so striking that it requires a more detailed description in terms of the sociology of science.
Selected papers
B.V. Struminsky, Magnetic moments of baryons in the quark model JINR Publication P-1939, Dubna, 1965
N.N. Bogolyubov, B.V. Struminsky, and A.N. Tavkhelidze, On the composite models in theories of elementary particles, JINR Publication D-1968, Dubna, 1965
B.V. Struminsky and A.N. Tavkhelidze, Quarks and composite models of elementary particles , in: High Energy Physics and Elementary Particles Theory, pp. 625–634. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1967
V.A. Matveev, B.V. Struminsky, and A.N. Tavkhelidze, Dispersion sum rules and SU(3) symmetry, Physics Letters, 22, No.2, 146, 1966
A.N. Vall, L.L. Jenkovszky, and B.V. Struminsky, High energy hadron interactions, Soviet Journal of Particles and Nuclei (ЭЧАЯ), 19, p. 180—223, 1988
References
External links
Color of Quarks — Workshop in memory of B.V. Struminsky (May 16—17, 2013, Kyiv), Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics
V.A. Matveev, In memory of Boris Vladimirovich Struminsky
F.V. Tkachov, A contribution to the history of quarks: Boris Struminsky's 1965 JINR publication, arXiv:0904.0343
1939 births
2003 deaths
Theoretical physicists
Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
20th-century Ukrainian physicists
21st-century Russian physicists
21st-century Ukrainian physicists
Moscow State University alumni | Boris Struminsky | [
"Physics"
] | 1,038 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
41,465,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20%28unit%29 | The shannon (symbol: Sh) is a unit of information named after Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory. IEC 80000-13 defines the shannon as the information content associated with an event when the probability of the event occurring is . It is understood as such within the realm of information theory, and is conceptually distinct from the bit, a term used in data processing and storage to denote a single instance of a binary signal. A sequence of n binary symbols (such as contained in computer memory or a binary data transmission) is properly described as consisting of n bits, but the information content of those n symbols may be more or less than n shannons depending on the a priori probability of the actual sequence of symbols.
The shannon also serves as a unit of the information entropy of an event, which is defined as the expected value of the information content of the event (i.e., the probability-weighted average of the information content of all potential events). Given a number of possible outcomes, unlike information content, the entropy has an upper bound, which is reached when the possible outcomes are equiprobable. The maximum entropy of n bits is n Sh. A further quantity that it is used for is channel capacity, which is generally the maximum of the expected value of the information content encoded over a channel that can be transferred with negligible probability of error, typically in the form of an information rate.
Nevertheless, the term bits of information or simply bits is more often heard, even in the fields of information and communication theory, rather than shannons; just saying bits can therefore be ambiguous. Using the unit shannon is an explicit reference to a quantity of information content, information entropy or channel capacity, and is not restricted to binary data, whereas bits can as well refer to the number of binary symbols involved, as is the term used in fields such as data processing.
Similar units
The shannon is connected through constants of proportionality to two other units of information:
The hartley, a seldom-used unit, is named after Ralph Hartley, an electronics engineer interested in the capacity of communications channels. Although of a more limited nature, his early work, preceding that of Shannon, makes him recognized also as a pioneer of information theory. Just as the shannon describes the maximum possible information capacity of a binary symbol, the hartley describes the information that can be contained in a 10-ary symbol, that is, a digit value in the range 0 to 9 when the a priori probability of each value is . The conversion factor quoted above is given by log10(2).
In mathematical expressions, the nat is a more natural unit of information, but 1 nat does not correspond to a case in which all possibilities are equiprobable, unlike with the shannon and hartley. In each case, formulae for the quantification of information capacity or entropy involve taking the logarithm of an expression involving probabilities. If base-2 logarithms are employed, the result is expressed in shannons, if base-10 (common logarithms) then the result is in hartleys, and if natural logarithms (base e), the result is in nats. For instance, the information capacity of a 16-bit sequence (achieved when all 65536 possible sequences are equally probable) is given by log(65536), thus , , or .
Information measures
In information theory and derivative fields such as coding theory, one cannot quantify the 'information' in a single message (sequence of symbols) out of context, but rather a reference is made to the model of a channel (such as bit error rate) or to the underlying statistics of an information source. There are thus various measures of or related to information, all of which may use the shannon as a unit.
For instance, in the above example, a 16-bit channel could be said to have a channel capacity of 16 Sh, but when connected to a particular information source that only sends one of 8 possible messages, one would compute the entropy of its output as no more than 3 Sh. And if one already had been informed through a side channel in which set of 4 possible messages the message is, then one could calculate the mutual information of the new message (having 8 possible states) as no more than 2 Sh. Although there are infinite possibilities for a real number chosen between 0 and 1, so-called differential entropy can be used to quantify the information content of an analog signal, such as related to the enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio or confidence of a hypothesis test.
References
Units of information
unit | Shannon (unit) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 940 | [
"Units of information",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
41,465,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley%20%28unit%29 | The hartley (symbol Hart), also called a ban, or a dit (short for "decimal digit"), is a logarithmic unit that measures information or entropy, based on base 10 logarithms and powers of 10. One hartley is the information content of an event if the probability of that event occurring is . It is therefore equal to the information contained in one decimal digit (or dit), assuming a priori equiprobability of each possible value. It is named after Ralph Hartley.
If base 2 logarithms and powers of 2 are used instead, then the unit of information is the shannon or bit, which is the information content of an event if the probability of that event occurring is . Natural logarithms and powers of e define the nat.
One ban corresponds to ln(10) nat = log2(10) Sh, or approximately 2.303 nat, or 3.322 bit (3.322 Sh). A deciban is one tenth of a ban (or about 0.332 Sh); the name is formed from ban by the SI prefix deci-.
Though there is no associated SI unit, information entropy is part of the International System of Quantities, defined by International Standard IEC 80000-13 of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
History
The term hartley is named after Ralph Hartley, who suggested in 1928 to measure information using a logarithmic base equal to the number of distinguishable states in its representation, which would be the base 10 for a decimal digit.
The ban and the deciban were invented by Alan Turing with Irving John "Jack" Good in 1940, to measure the amount of information that could be deduced by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park using the Banburismus procedure, towards determining each day's unknown setting of the German naval Enigma cipher machine. The name was inspired by the enormous sheets of card, printed in the town of Banbury about 30 miles away, that were used in the process.
Good argued that the sequential summation of decibans to build up a measure of the weight of evidence in favour of a hypothesis, is essentially Bayesian inference. Donald A. Gillies, however, argued the ban is, in effect, the same as Karl Popper's measure of the severity of a test.
Usage as a unit of odds
The deciban is a particularly useful unit for log-odds, notably as a measure of information in Bayes factors, odds ratios (ratio of odds, so log is difference of log-odds), or weights of evidence. 10 decibans corresponds to odds of 10:1; 20 decibans to 100:1 odds, etc. According to Good, a change in a weight of evidence of 1 deciban (i.e., a change in the odds from evens to about 5:4) is about as finely as humans can reasonably be expected to quantify their degree of belief in a hypothesis.
Odds corresponding to integer decibans can often be well-approximated by simple integer ratios; these are collated below. Value to two decimal places, simple approximation (to within about 5%), with more accurate approximation (to within 1%) if simple one is inaccurate:
See also
bit
decibel
Notes
References
Units of information
Units of level | Hartley (unit) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 686 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of information",
"Units of measurement"
] |
41,467,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese%20violet | Manganese violet is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4MnP2O7. As implied by its name and composition, it is a purple, inorganic pigment. Because it is often impure, the pigment's hue is varied. Notable artists who have used the pigment include Claude Monet, who relied on manganese violet in his Rouen Cathedral series to further his exploration of shadows. Beyond the artistic community, manganese violet has been used in cosmetics to color products like lipstick and eyeshadow.
History
The pigment was originally named Nurnberg violet, and little is known about its early history beyond its creation in 1866 by E. Leykeuf. The first documented production of the pigment was in 1890 by Messers Winsor and Newton (currently known as Winsor & Newton). In the Winsor & Newton 1892 catalog, both permanent violet and permanent mauve were listed. The two were distinguished by the company in 1896 when permanent mauve was described as phosphate of Manganese (which is another name for manganese violet). In 1898, the paint supplier Reeves listed permanent violet and permanent mauve as the same color.
Synthesis and structure
The compound can be generated by combining manganese dioxide, phosphoric acid, and ammonium dihydrogenphosphate. For the synthesis from Mn(III) oxide, an idealized equation follows:
The pigment has two polymorphs: α- and β-forms. Both are stable to about 340 °C. The optical properties of manganese violet arise from the distorted octahedral sites. The infrared spectroscopy, reflectance spectrum, and fluorescence spectroscopy can be found on ColourLex.
According the X-ray crystallography, both polymorphs of manganese violet have similar structures. The feature octahedral Mn(III) centers, which are distorted by Jahn-Teller effect, as expected for a high spin (quintet state) d4 ions.
Pigment characteristics
Manganese violet is a fine, vibrant purple pigment that is synthetically generated. It exhibits exceptional permanence and high lightfastness.
Some artists historically avoided manganese violet because of they found its color to be dull. Variances in visual characteristics can arise from impurities. The visual characteristics of manganese violet remain a source of contention among the artistic community. Some sources claim that manganese violet is actually a more accurate violet hue than previous pigments like cobalt violet, which has a redder tone. Conversely, some sources assert that manganese violet (as well as cobalt violet) should not be categorized as violet according to modern color measurements.
Artistic use
The manganese violet pigment is compatible with many artistic techniques; however, it is incompatible with fresco and stereochromy. The pigments' popularity was short lived within the artistic community because of its dullness and poor hiding power.
A number of nineteenth-century artists used the pigment when representing shadows. In Édouard Manet's The Waitress, manganese violet was used to create the red or purple colors. Claude Monet was an avid proponent of manganese violet's usage for shadows. Monet was quoted saying "I have finally discovered the true color of the atmosphere. It's violet. Fresh air is violet. Three years from now, everyone will work in violet." Impressionists used violet in place of black, which they argued was not found in nature. In Monet's Rouen Cathedral series, he utilized diverse colors to display how the perception of the same cathedral changes based on the lighting during the course of the day. In The Rouen Cathedral, West Facade, Sunlight and The Portal of Rouen Cathedral in the Morning Light, Monet manipulated the shadows through using manganese violet and other pigments to represent the time of the day.
Georges Seurat also employed manganese violet in his paintings, though he used it sparingly because he saw it as impure. He tended to use what he regarded as pure pigments, such as cobalt blue, French ultramarine, and lead white. For many of his works, Seurat would combine other pure pigments to create a violet hue and, consequently, he would only utilize impure pigments like manganese violet for specific purposes. In Seurat's painting Channel of Gravelines, Grand Fort-Philippe, for example, manganese violet was used in the border. There is speculation that Seurat utilized manganese violet in the border because of its low tinting power. In comparison to manganese violet, pure pigments and their mixtures have high tinting powers, which may have been undesirable in this case; therefore, Seurat opted to use manganese violet for this painting.
Cosmetic use
Beyond the artistic community, manganese violet is used various cosmetics such as lipstick and eye products. The United States categorizes it as a safe compound for products used around the eyes such as eyeshadow. Additionally, the pigment is often used in lipstick to counter brighter pigments. Health concerns have been raised about manganese violet and other metal pigments in cosmetics.
See also
List of inorganic pigments
Metal toxicity
References
Manganese(III) compounds
Pyrophosphate salts
Inorganic pigments
Double salts
Purple | Manganese violet | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,059 | [
"Inorganic pigments",
"Double salts",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
41,467,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20literal | A character literal is a type of literal in programming for the representation of a single character's value within the source code of a computer program.
Languages that have a dedicated character data type generally include character literals; these include C, C++, Java, and Visual Basic. Languages without character data types (like Python or PHP) will typically use strings of length 1 to serve the same purpose a character data type would fulfil. This simplifies the implementation and basic usage of a language but also introduces new scope for programming errors.
A common convention for expressing a character literal is to use a single quote (') for character literals, as contrasted by the use of a double quote (") for string literals. For example, 'a' indicates the single character a while "a" indicates the string a of length 1.
The representation of a character within the computer memory, in storage, and in data transmission, is dependent on a particular character encoding scheme. For example, an ASCII (or extended ASCII) scheme will use a single byte of computer memory, while a UTF-8 scheme will use one or more bytes, depending on the particular character being encoded.
Alternative ways to encode character values include specifying an integer value for a code point, such as an ASCII code value or a Unicode code point. This may be done directly via converting an integer literal to a character, or via an escape sequence.
See also
String literal
XML Literals
– for multicharacter literals
References
Character encoding
Data types | Character literal | [
"Technology"
] | 319 | [
"Natural language and computing",
"Character encoding"
] |
65,758,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20genome | Fungal genomes are among the smallest genomes of eukaryotes. The sizes of fungal genomes range from less than 10 Mbp to hundreds of Mbp. The average genome size is approximately 37 Mbp in Ascomycota, 47 Mbp in Basidiomycota and 75 Mbp in Oomycota. The sizes and gene numbers of the smallest genomes of free-living fungi such as those of Wallemia ichthyophaga, Wallemia mellicola or Malassezia restricta are comparable to bacterial genomes. The genome of the extensively researched yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains approximately 12 Mbp and was the first completely sequenced eukaryotic genome. Due to their compact size fungal genomes can be sequenced with less resources than most other eukaryotic genomes and are thus important models for research. Some fungi exist as stable haploid, diploid, or polyploid cells, others change ploidy in response to environmental conditions and aneuploidy is also observed in novel environments or during periods of stress.
Genome comparisons
The comparison of fungal genomes has been used to study the evolution of fungi, to improve the resolution of the phylogeny of fungal species, and to determine the time of the emergence and changes in species traits and lifestyles, such as the evolution symbiotic or pathogenic interactions, and the evolution of different morphologies. Major chromosomal rearrangements in fungi were found to be more frequent than in other eukaryotes, thus macrosynteny in fungi is rare. However, in filamentous ascomycetes genes were found to be conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations, a phenomenon named mesosynteny. Mesosynteny was also observed in the basidiomycetous genus Rhodotorula. A comparison of more than 1000 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes was used to identify the geographical origin and several domestication events of the species as well as map genomic variants to the species-wide phenotypic landscape of the yeast. Comparisons of several genomes of the same species led to discovery of high levels of recombination in species that were previously considered asexual. In the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii it was discovered that while the species is clonal, both haploid and diploid strains can be found in nature and the diploid strains are highly heterozygous hybrids, which appear to be stable over large time scales and geographical distances.
Use in taxonomy
While genomic distance measures such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) are used routinely to distinguish bacterial species, the use of fungal genomes in taxonomy is currently rare. Genome sequences can be used to expand the number of genes used in phylogenetic analyses, but many publicly available genomes lack gene annotations and popular rDNA markers are typically missing from genomic sequences or are incorrectly assembled. Suggested measures of overall genome related indices in yeast include ANI, digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and Kr distance. Genomic collinearity was suggested as a possible source of markers to resolve species complexes. Pairwise Kr genomic distances and average nucleotide identity were used in the description of new species within the genera Aureobasidium and Tilletia.
Alternatively, quick and simple to calculate similarity measures based on MinHash also appear to produce usefully accurate estimates of distance between genomes. For example, a fixed threshold genomic distance calculated tools such as Mash and Dashing was able to determine whether two genomes belong to the same or to different species with over 90% accuracy, indicating that simple measures of genomic distance might be useful to delineate fungal species and still largely support the existing fungal taxonomy.
References
Fungi
Genomics | Fungal genome | [
"Biology"
] | 807 | [
"Fungi"
] |
65,758,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdi%C3%A2%20Barkhatova | Klavdiya Aleksandrovna Barkhatova (; 1917-1990) was a Soviet astronomer. She became notable for he studies into stellar astronomy and eventually became a highly respected specialist in the field, producing a large body of scientific works. Kourovka Astronomical Observatory in Kourovka, Sverdlovsk Oblast is named in her honor.
Biography
Barkhatova was born in November 1917 in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, the daughter of Alexander Barkhatov, a prominent Bolshevik. According to one source, Alexander was assigned to Nizhnyaya Salda during the Soviet Union's collectivized agriculture program and so Klavdiâ grew up in that town. After graduating high school Barkhatova enrolled in Ural State University, graduating in August 1941.
Upon graduating from college, Barkhatova was hired on as an assistant as Ural State University, going on to become an assistant professor by 1948. While working at the university she continued her education, successfully defending her thesis in 1949. She also went on to pursue a doctorate at Moscow State University. She was appointed as the head of the department of science and mathematics as Ural State University in 1951, continuing in this role until 1953. She also became a member of the International Astronomical Union; according to the IAU's directory, Barkhatova worked as an organizer for a committee dedicated to the study of star clusters and associations.
During her time at Ural State University, Barkhatova became known as an expert on stellar astronomy. In the late 1950s she became a proponent for the construction of observatories at Ural State, which had constructed its first in 1957. She would go on to become the driving force behind the construction of Kourovka Astronomical Observatory in the town Kourovka. When construction finished in 1965, Barkhatova became the first director of the observatory (which would later be named the K.A. Barkhatova Kourovka Astronomical Observatory in her honor). A minor planet, 5781 Barkhatova, is also named in honor of Barkhatova. The Academic Council of the Faculty of Physics of the Ural State University has awarded a scholarship in honor of Barkhatova.
Barkhatova died in 1990 and is interred in Shirokorechenskoye cemetery in Yekaterinburg.
References
Soviet astronomers
Women astronomers
1917 births
1990 deaths
People from Nizhny Tagil
Ural State University alumni | Klavdiâ Barkhatova | [
"Astronomy"
] | 502 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers"
] |
65,758,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Oregon%20Ballot%20Measure%20110 | In November 2020, voters in the U.S. state of Oregon passed Ballot Measure 110, reclassifying] possession/penalties for specified drugs". It reclassifies possession of drugs including heroin, methamphetamine, PCP, LSD and oxycodone as a Class E civil violation. The Drug Policy Alliance, a New York-based non-profit organization was behind the measure and the measure also received financial support from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative.
The new law aimed to reverse racial disparities in policing, and was projected to reduce black arrests by 94%.
The new law came into effect on February 1, 2021.
In 2024, the measure was significantly amended by House Bill 4002, which repealed the drug decriminalization portion in response to growing public backlash against said component. The bill, however, retains the provision of expanded access to drug addiction treatment using cannabis tax dollars. Starting September 1, 2024, possession of hard drugs became classified as a criminal misdemeanor outside of the regular A-E categorization system, carrying a sentence of up to 6 months of jail, which may be waived if the convictee enters into mandatory drug treatment.
Results by county
See also
List of Oregon ballot measures
Drug policy of Oregon
References
External links
Drug Addiction Treatment and Recovery Act (Measure 110) on Oregon Health Authority website
Oregon Measure 110, Drug Decriminalization and Addiction Treatment Initiative (2020) on Ballotpedia website
2020 Oregon ballot measures
Controlled substances in Oregon
Criminal justice reform in the United States
Drug policy reform
Health policy in the United States
Public health in the United States
Criminal penalty ballot measures in the United States | 2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 110 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 339 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
65,759,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan%20recognition%20protein%204 | Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4 (PGLYRP4, formerly PGRP-Iβ) is an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory innate immunity protein that in humans is encoded by the PGLYRP4 gene.
Discovery
PGLYRP4 (formerly PGRP-Iβ), a member of a family of human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs), was discovered in 2001 by Roman Dziarski and coworkers who cloned and identified the genes for three human PGRPs, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ (named for long and intermediate size transcripts), and established that human genome codes for a family of 4 PGRPs: PGRP-S (short PGRP or PGRP-S) and PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ. Subsequently, the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee changed the gene symbols of PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ to PGLYRP1 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 1), PGLYRP2 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 2), PGLYRP3 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 3), and PGLYRP4 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 4), respectively, and this nomenclature is currently also used for other mammalian PGRPs.
Tissue distribution and secretion
PGLYRP4 has similar expression to PGLYRP3 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 3) but not identical. PGLYRP4 is constitutively expressed in the skin, in the eye, in the mucous membranes in the tongue, throat, and esophagus, in the salivary glands and mucus-secreting cells in the throat, and at a much lower level in the remaining parts of the intestinal tract. Bacteria and their products increase the expression of PGLYRP4 in keratinocytes and oral epithelial cells. Mouse PGLYRP4 is also differentially expressed in the developing brain and this expression is influenced by the intestinal microbiome. PGLYRP4 is secreted and forms disulfide-linked dimers.
Structure
PGLYRP4, similar to PGLYRP3, has two peptidoglycan-binding type 2 amidase domains (also known as PGRP domains), which are not identical (have 34% amino acid identity in humans) and do not have amidase enzymatic activity. PGLYRP4 is secreted, it is glycosylated, and its glycosylation is required for its bactericidal activity. PGLYRP4 forms disulfide-linked homodimers, but when expressed in the same cells with PGLYRP3, it forms PGLYRP3:PGLYRP4 disulfide-linked heterodimers.
The C-terminal peptidoglycan-binding domain of human PGLYRP4 has been crystallized and its structure solved (in a free form and in a complex with peptidoglycan fragment, disaccharide-pentapeptide) and is similar to human PGLYRP1 and PGLYRP3. PGLYRP4 C-terminal PGRP domain contains central β-sheet composed of six β-strands surrounded by three α-helices and three short helices and N-terminal segment unique to PGRPs and not found in bacteriophage and prokaryotic amidases. PGLYRP4 C-terminal PGRP domain contains three disulfide bonds, one broadly conserved in invertebrate and vertebrate PRGPs, one conserved in all mammalian PGRPs, and one unique to mammalian PGLYRP1, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4, but not found in the amidase-active PGLYRP2. The structures of the entire PGLYRP4 molecule (with two PGRP domains) and of the disulfide-linked dimer are unknown.
Functions
The PGLYRP4 protein plays an important role in the innate immune responses.
Peptidoglycan binding
PGLYRP4 binds peptidoglycan, a polymer of β(1-4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) cross-linked by short peptides, the main component of bacterial cell wall. PGLYRP4 (its C-terminal PGRP domain) binds peptidoglycan fragment, MurNAc-pentapeptide (MurNAc-L-Ala-γ-D-Gln-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala), with Kd = 1.2 x 10−5, but similar to PGLYRP3 (and unlike PGLYRP1) does not bind meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP)-containing fragment (MurNAc-L-Ala-γ-D-Gln-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala). m-DAP is present in the third position of peptidoglycan peptide in Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacilli, whereas L-lysine is in this position in peptidoglycan peptide in Gram-positive cocci. Thus, PGLYRP4 C-terminal PGRP domain has a preference for binding peptidoglycan fragments from Gram-positive cocci. The fine specificity of the PGLYRP4 N-terminal PGRP domain is not known.
Bactericidal activity
Human PGLYRP4 is directly bactericidal for both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enterica) bacteria and is also active against Chlamydia trachomatis.
In Gram-positive bacteria, human PGLYRP4 binds to the separation sites of the newly formed daughter cells, created by bacterial peptidoglycan-lytic endopeptidases, LytE and LytF in B. subtilis, which separate the daughter cells after cell division. These cell-separating endopeptidases likely expose PGLYRP4-binding muramyl peptides, as shown by co-localization of PGLYRP4 and LytE and LytF at the cell-separation sites, and no binding of PGLYRP4 to other regions of the cell wall with highly cross-linked peptidoglycan. This localization is necessary for the bacterial killing, because mutants that lack LytE and LytF endopeptidases and do not separate after cell division, do not bind PGLYRP4, and are also not readily killed by PGLYRP4.
The mechanism of bacterial killing by PGLYRP4 is based on induction of lethal envelope stress, which eventually leads to the shutdown of transcription and translation. PGLYRP4-induced killing involves simultaneous induction of three stress responses in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: oxidative stress due to production of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals), thiol stress due to depletion (oxidation) of cellular thiols, and metal stress due to an increase in intracellular free (labile) metal ions. PGLYRP4-induced oxidative and thiol stress involve malfunction of the respiratory electron transport chain in bacteria. PGLYRP4-induced bacterial killing does not involve cell membrane permeabilization, which is typical for defensins and other antimicrobial peptides, cell wall hydrolysis, or osmotic shock. Human PGLYRP4 has synergistic bactericidal activity with antibacterial peptides.
Defense against infections
PGLYRP4 plays a limited role in host defense against infections. Intranasal administration of PGLYRP4 protects mice from lung infection with S. aureus and E. coli and PGLYRP4-deficient mice are more sensitive to Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia.
Maintaining microbiome
Mouse PGLYRP4 plays a role in maintaining healthy microbiome, as PGLYRP4-deficient mice have significant changes in the composition of their intestinal microbiome, which affects their increased sensitivity to lung inflammation and severity of S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia.
Effects on inflammation
Mouse PGLYRP4 plays a role in maintaining anti- and pro-inflammatory homeostasis in the intestine, skin, and lungs. PGLYRP4-deficient mice are more sensitive than wild type mice to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, which indicates that PGLYRP4 protects mice from DSS-induced colitis.
PGLYRP4-deficient mice are also more sensitive than wild type mice to experimentally induced atopic dermatitis. These results indicate that mouse PGLYRP4 is anti-inflammatory and protects skin from inflammation. This anti-inflammatory effect in the skin is due to decreased numbers and activity of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and increased numbers of T regulatory (Treg) cells. PGLYRP4-deficient mice also have increased inflammatory responses in the lungs during S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia associated with impaired bacterial clearance and more severe pulmonary inflammation following Bordetella pertussis infection, indicating anti-inflammatory role of PGLYRP4 in the lungs.
Medical relevance
Genetic PGLYRP4 variants are associated with some diseases. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have significantly more frequent missense variants in PGLYRP4 gene (and also in the other three PGLYRP genes) than healthy controls. PGLYRP4 variants are also associated with Parkinson's disease, psoriasis, and ovarian cancer. These results suggest that PGLYRP4 protects humans from these diseases, and that mutations in PGLYRP4 gene are among the genetic factors predisposing to these diseases. PGLYRP4 variants are also associated with the composition of airway microbiome.
See also
Peptidoglycan recognition protein
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
Peptidoglycan
Innate immune system
Bacterial cell walls
References
Further reading
Proteins
Genetics | Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,220 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
65,761,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Mail%20%28magazine%29 | Air Mail is a digital weekly newsletter launched in July 2019 by former Vanity Fair editor-in-chief Graydon Carter and former New York Times reporter Alessandra Stanley. Private equity firm TPG Capital served as Air Mails majority investor.
The New York Times announced the launch of Air Mail, calling it a weekly newsletter for "worldly cosmopolitans." The weekly's writers include
Alessandra Stanley, Michael Lewis, William D. Cohan, and others.
In 2022, Air Mail published a list of The "Downtown Set", 50 New Yorkers in the arts and culture spheres living and working in Lower Manhattan. The feature included black-and-white portraits by James Emmerman.
In October 2023, Air Mail published an investigation titled The Grift, the Prince, and the Twist written by Hannah Ghorashi and George Pendle, involving Amar Singh and Liza-Johanna Holgersson.
References
External links
Newsletters
Digital media
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2019
2019 establishments in New York City | Air Mail (magazine) | [
"Technology"
] | 214 | [
"Multimedia",
"Digital media"
] |
65,761,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia%20Merminga | Nikolitsa (Lia) Merminga is a Greek-born accelerator physicist. In 2022, she was appointed director of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the first woman to hold the position. She has worked at other national laboratories in Canada and the United States.
Education
Merminga grew up in Greece, where she attended all-girl middle and high schools. By the time she was sixteen years old, she knew she wanted to be a physicist, having been inspired by her family members, a high school physics teacher, and a biography of Marie Curie. She received her undergraduate degree from National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 1983, where she studied physics. She then moved to the United States to pursue a PhD in physics at the University of Michigan. There, she completed a Master’s of Science in Physics and a Master’s of Science in Mathematics and worked with doctoral advisors Lawrence W. Jones and Donald A. Edwards. She completed her thesis, A Study of Nonlinear Dynamics in the Fermilab Tevatron, using data from Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator and completed her PhD in 1989.
Career
After completing her PhD, Merminga held a postdoctoral position at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in the accelerator theory group. In 1992, she joined Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility as a member of the Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators (CASA). In 2002, she became director of CASA's beam physics group, her first managerial position. In 2008, she joined Canada's TRIUMF laboratory as head of their accelerator program, one of the most senior scientific positions in Canada. There, she oversaw the design and construction of an accelerator that produced rare isotopes for use in medicine and nuclear physics. She returned to SLAC in 2015, when she became that lab's Associate Director for Accelerators and a professor at Stanford University. Around the same time, she took on another leadership role as a member of the U.S. Department of Energy's inaugural Energy Sciences Leadership Group from 2016 to 2017. Merminga returned to Fermilab in 2018 as director of the lab's Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) project, the first particle accelerator project with major contributions by other countries to be hosted in the United States.
On 5 April 2022, it was announced that Merminga had been appointed as the next director of Fermilab. In addition to her role at Fermilab, as of February 10, 2023, Merminga serves as a member of the Board of Trustees at Illinois State University.
Awards and honors
Elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), in 2006, after a nomination from the APS Division of Physics of Beams, "for leadership in designing and developing energy recovery linacs, and applications to light sources and electron-ion colliders"
Minerva BC Women In™ Science Community Leadership and Excellence Award, 2013
Member of the U.S. Department of Energy's inaugural Energy Sciences Leadership Group, 2016-2017
References
External links
Author page at INSPIRE-HEP
Particle physicists
Accelerator physicists
21st-century Greek physicists
20th-century Greek physicists
University of Michigan alumni
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
People associated with Fermilab
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Lia Merminga | [
"Physics"
] | 681 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
65,762,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Cheng | Maggie Xiaoyan Cheng is an applied mathematician and computer scientist who works as a professor of applied mathematics at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where she directs the Center for Interdisciplinary Scientific Computation. Her research interests include cyber security and Machine Learning.
Education and career
Cheng has a bachelor's and master's degree from the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. She completed a Ph.D. in computer science in 2003 from the University of Minnesota.
After completing her doctorate, she became an assistant professor of computer science at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. She moved to the Martin Tuchman School of Management of the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2016, and moved to the Illinois Institute of Technology in 2018, and she was promoted to full professor in 2020.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
American computer scientists
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese mathematicians
Chinese women mathematicians
American women computer scientists
Applied mathematicians
Beihang University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Missouri University of Science and Technology faculty
New Jersey Institute of Technology faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Chinese women computer scientists
21st-century American women mathematicians | Maggie Cheng | [
"Mathematics"
] | 231 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
65,762,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Cabinetmakers%27%20Guild%20Exhibition | Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild Exhibition (Danish: Københavns Snedkerlaugs Møbeludstilling) was an annual furniture exhibition and competition held from 1927 to 1966 that served as an well-known institution of Danish Design and a vehicle for the emergence of the Danish Modern art movement. Many recognizable icons of Danish Modern were first unveiled as prototypes at the exhibition, including Hans Wegner's Round Chair, Aksel Bender Madsen and Ejnar Larsen's Metropolitan chair, Børge Mogensen's Spokeback Chair, and Finn Juhl’s Chieftain Chair.
History
The Exhibition was originally created out of fear that the Danish cabinetmaking craft industry would not be able to compete with more affordable furniture imports (primarily from Germany). After the Copenhagen Cabinetmakers Guild failed to lobby the Danish government to limit furniture imports, the organization established the exhibition to in order to increase awareness of the traditional craft and dissuade consumer from purchasing the cheaper imports.
The event sought to foster greater collaboration and experimentation between master cabinetmakers and architects. In some cases, these pairs established long-term working relationships, including Hans J. Wegner and Johannes Hansen, Finn Juhl and Niels Vodder, Ole Wanscher and A.J. Iversen, Jacob Kjær and Peder Moos, and Kaare Klint and Rud Rasmussen. In 1933, a design competition was added to the event format.
When American journalists attended the event the first time in 1949, their report of the event was the first coverage Danish Modern in the American media and helped foster international hype for the design trend in the 1950s. The Cabinetmakers' Guild held its final exhibition in 1966 after a decline in Danish furniture and few cabinetmakers remained in Copenhagen to sustain it.
Revival
In 1981, the Snedkernes Efterårsudstilling was founded to revive the tradition of the defunct Cabinetmakers' Guild Exhibition: organizing an annual furniture exhibition for designers and manufacturers in Denmark.
See also
Danish Modern
Stockholm Exhibition
Further reading
Grete Jalk, Dansk Møbelkunst gennam 40 aar : Københavns Snedkerlaugs møbeludstillinger [40 years of Danish furniture design; the Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild exhibitions]. Taastrup: Teknologisk instituts forlag. 1987. . .
References
External links
Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild website
Archival footage of the 1959 event on Dansk Kulturarv
Exhibition Booklets from the Royal Library of Denmark's Digital collections
Danish modern
Design events
Danish furniture
History of furniture
20th century in Denmark
Annual events in Denmark
Recurring events established in 1927
Recurring events disestablished in 1966 | Copenhagen Cabinetmakers' Guild Exhibition | [
"Engineering"
] | 557 | [
"Design",
"Design events"
] |
65,762,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP139%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 139, also known as CYP139, is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family in bacteria. The first gene identified in this family is CYP139A1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most member of this family belonged to the subfamily A, and involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites in many mycobacterial species.
References
139
Protein families | CYP139 family | [
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
65,763,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Richard%20King | William Richard King, the thirty-sixth President of The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS), is a retired American university professor who studied and researched management science and information systems at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. He was the Founding President of the Association for Information Systems, co-founder of the International Conference on Information Systems, and the founder of the America's Conference on Information Systems. He has an h-index of 77 when including all of the fields in which he has published, according to Google Scholar.
Biography
William R. King was born on December 24, 1938, in Southwestern Pennsylvania to Dewey Clark and Cambria Edith (Jones) King. He grew up in a small town called Elrama in Southwestern Pennsylvania. He described himself as a "township kid" at the time he went to Clairton High School. In high school, he was chosen to speak for his class of 450 at the graduation ceremony. In a memoir which was written in September 2011, he recalled a story that happened in tenth grade and he thought his life changed at Clairton High School.
King received his bachelor's degree (with honors) at Pennsylvania State University in 1960. In college, he was in the Air Force ROTC and was named "Outstanding Cadet" in his junior year and "Distinguished Military Graduate" on graduation. After graduation, he worked as an industrial engineer for Pittsburgh Steel Company. Then he enrolled in graduate school and received his master's degree at Case Institute of Technology in 1962, and Ph.D. in Operations Research at Case Institute of Technology in 1964. Professor Russell L. Ackoff was his advisor. King shaped his professional goals with the help of Professor Russell L. Ackoff and he transferred from a jet pilot to a scholar and consultant.
After getting his Ph.D., King was appointed Assistant Professor of Operations Research at Case and served from 1964 to 1965, a very unusual thing for a graduate to be so appointed. From 1965 to 1967, he served as a First Lieutenant in the US Air Force. He was an Assistant Professor of Statistics and Operations Research at the Air Force Institute of Technology.
In 1967, King became an Associate Professor at the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Business. In 1968, he was promoted to Full Professor, the youngest person to be so named in the modern history of the University. After arriving at the University of Pittsburgh, King led the redesign of the doctoral program and the creation of a multi-school "MS in Telecommunications" degree, "Techno MBA" and MS-MBA Double Degree programs. These programs grew significantly under his leadership.
King remained at the University of Pittsburgh for 41 years. During this time, he had a number of Visiting (in-residence) assignments at City University of Hong Kong, University of California-Berkeley, Singapore National University, Auckland University, National Sun Yat-Sen University (Taiwan), Travelers Insurance's Research Department, among others. He mentored over 100 Ph.D. graduates. In 2008, he retired as "University Professor", which is the most distinguished academic rank from the University of Pittsburgh.
Dr. King married his beautiful high-school sweetheart, Fay Eileen Bickerton, in 1958. They have 3 children and 10 grandchildren. As retirees, they are "snowbirds" who reside at their beachfront home in Port Charlotte, FL in the Winter and at their Pittsburgh home in Fox Chapel Borough in the Summer.
Recognition
William R. King received the Marquis Who's Who Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019. In 2004, he received the "AIS LEO Award". LEO Award is an honor to recognize outstanding scholars who have an impact on the field of information systems globally and also have an impact outside the field. In 2002, he was recognized as Institute for Operations Research and the Management Science Fellow (INFORMS Fellow). INFORMS Fellow receipts are expected to be outstanding lifetime achievements in operations research and management sciences and have significant accomplishments in advancing of operations research and management science. In 1999, he was awarded "AIS Fellow Award". AIS Fellow Award is an honor to recognize scholars who have a high degree of professional and personal integrity, and have significant contributions to the field globally. He was awarded Fellow of the Decision Science Institute and a full member of the Association for the Advancement of Science.
Dr. King has a profound impact on the fields of operations research, management science, and information systems. He established AIS (Association for Information Systems) and served as the first president of AIS from 1994 to 1995. His presidency of TIMS (The Institute of Management Sciences) led to the establishment of INFORMS in 1995. He was co-founder of the annual International Conference on Information System. He founded the annual America's Conference on Information Systems.
Research and Professional Activities
King has authored 325 papers (according to Google Scholar) and 19 books.
King's research interest includes strategic planning, project management, information systems in management, system analysis, knowledge management, knowledge management systems, organizational learning, business planning, and strategic use of information systems. His findings in research have been applied to business and finance. King's method has been applied to develop FICO scores. He also developed a concept that laid out the foundation of strategic information systems. The McKinsey Foundation recognized "Systems Analysis and Project Management", a book he co-authored with David Cleland, as a seminal work to management. "Project Management Handbook", which he co-edited, was recognized as the AIIE's Book-of-Year Award.
King was very active throughout his career in the area of journals, having served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), as Associate Editor of six other journals and having conceived of, founded and obtained a publisher for the highly-respected journal Information Systems Research (ISR).
In addition to academic activities, King is co-owner of Cleland-King Inc., a consulting firm. He advised corporations and public organizations all over the world. The most interesting recognition King has received was a "King-is-a Liar" demonstration held in Red Square in Moscow. CIA analysts revealed that Vladimir Putin had plagiarized significant portions of one of King's books for his master thesis.
King served as a Senior Staff Member to the US Senate Budget Committee in 1976-1977. Sam Nunn, a United States Senator from Georgia (1976-1997) as a member of the Democratic Party, was the appointer. King is a licensed private pilot and motorcyclist and a certified sailboat captain and SCUBA diver. He jokes that he is also a CPA - Certified Pesticide Applicator - a certification that he found useful to obtain when he bought a farm with an orchard.
Selected publications
Selected books
Organizational Transformation through Business Process Reengineering: Applying Lessons Learned (1998)
Marketing Management Information Systems (1977)
Systems Analysis and Project Management (1983)
Marketing Scientific and Technical Information (2020)
Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning (2009)
Strategic Planning and Policy (1978)
Planning for Information Systems (2009)
School Days: Coming of Age in the Mid-20th Century (2012)
School Days II (2013)
References
1938 births
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Management scientists
Information systems researchers
Living people
Management Information Systems Quarterly editors | William Richard King | [
"Technology"
] | 1,476 | [
"Information systems",
"Information systems researchers"
] |
65,764,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog%20%28geometry%29 | In differential geometry, a hedgehog or plane hedgehog is a type of plane curve, the envelope of a family of lines determined by a support function. More intuitively, sufficiently well-behaved hedgehogs are plane curves with one tangent line in each oriented direction. A projective hedgehog is a restricted type of hedgehog, defined from an anti-symmetric support function, and (again when sufficiently well-behaved) forms a curve with one tangent line in each direction, regardless of orientation.
Every closed strictly convex curve, the envelope of its supporting lines. The astroid forms a non-convex hedgehog, and the deltoid curve forms a projective hedgehog.
Hedgehogs can also be defined from support functions of hyperplanes in higher dimensions.
Definitions
Formally, a planar support function can be defined as a continuously differentiable function from the unit circle in the plane to real numbers, or equivalently as a function from angles to real numbers. For each point on the unit circle, it defines a line, the set of points for which . This line is perpendicular to vector , passes through the point , and is at distance from the origin. A support function is anti-symmetric when, for all , , or equivalently in terms of angles , so that and define the same line as each other.
Given any support function , its hedgehog is denoted . In terms of the function and the angle it has the parametric equations
A hedgehog is non-singular when it has a tangent line at each of its points. A projective hedgehog is defined by an anti-symmetric support function. Hedgehogs can also be defined in the same way in higher dimensions, as envelopes of hyperplanes defined by support functions.
Examples
The support function describing the supporting lines for a convex set is defined by . The hedgehog of the support function of any strictly convex set is its boundary, parameterized by the angle of its supporting lines. When a convex set is not strictly convex (it has a line segment in its boundary), its support function is continuous but not continuously differentiable, and the parametric equations above jump discontinuously across the line segment instead of defining a continuous curve, so it is not defined as a hedgehog. The astroid provides an example of a non-convex hedgehog.
An example of a projective hedgehog, defined from an anti-symmetric support function, is given by the deltoid curve. The deltoid is a simple closed curve but other hedgehogs may self-intersect, or otherwise behave badly. In particular, there exist anti-symmetric support functions based on the Weierstrass function whose corresponding projective hedgehogs are fractal curves that are continuous but nowhere differentiable and have infinite length.
Every strictly convex body in the plane defines a projective hedgehog, its middle hedgehog, the envelope of lines halfway between each pair of parallel supporting lines. Although triangles are not strictly convex, the envelope defined in this way for a triangle is its medial triangle. The points of the middle hedgehog are the midpoints of line segments connecting the pairs of points where each pair of parallel supporting lines contact the body. It has finite length, equal to half the perimeter of the given body. Each extreme point of the convex hull of the middle hedgehog is a convexity point, a point such that the union of the body with its reflection through this point is convex. There are always at least three such points, and the triangles and Reuleaux triangle provide examples where there are exactly three.
Properties
A non-singular hedgehog has a unique tangent line in each oriented direction, belonging to its defining family of lines. Correspondingly, any sufficiently well-behaved projective hedgehog has a unique tangent line in each direction without respect to orientation.
Pairs of hedgehogs can be combined by the pointwise sum of their support functions. This operation extends Minkowski addition of convex bodies and is analogous to Minkowski addition in multiple ways. It can be used to characterize curves of constant width: a convex hedgehog has constant width if and only if its support function is formed by adding to the support function of a projective hedgehog. That is, the curves of constant width are exactly the convex hedgehogs formed as sums of projective hedgehogs and circles.
Every projective hedgehog has at least three singularities (typically, cusps). When a projective hedgehog has finite length, a construction of Leonhard Euler shows that its involutes of sufficiently high radius are curves of constant width.
Generalization
More generally, hedgehogs are the natural geometrical objects that represent the formal differences of convex bodies: given (K,L) an ordered pair of convex bodies in the Euclidean vector space , there exists one, and only one, hedgehog that represents the formal difference K – L in .
Polygonal case in the plane:
Case of smooth convex bodies with positive Gauss curvature:
Subtracting two convex hypersurfaces (with positive Gauss curvature) by subtracting the points corresponding to a same outer unit normal to obtain a (possibly singular and self-intersecting) hypersurface:
The idea of using Minkowski differences of convex bodies may be traced back to a couple of papers by A.D. Alexandrov and H. Geppert in the 1930s. Many classical notions for convex bodies extend to hedgehogs and quite a number of classical results find their counterparts. Of course, a few adaptations are necessary. In particular, volumes have to be replaced by their algebraic versions.
In a long series of papers, hedgehogs and their extensions were studied by Y. Martinez-Maure under various aspects. The most striking result of this hedgehog theory was the construction of counterexamples to an old conjectured characterization of the 2-sphere.
References
Plane curves
Differential geometry | Hedgehog (geometry) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,185 | [
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Plane curves"
] |
65,764,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20patent%20394325 | The United Kingdom patent 394325 'Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems' is a fundamental work on stereophonic sound, written by Alan Blumlein in 1931 and published in 1933. The work exists only in the form of a patent and two accompanying memos addressed to Isaac Shoenberg. The text is exceptionally long for a patent of the period, having 70 numbered claims. It contains a brief summary of sound localization theory, a roadmap for introduction of surround sound in sound film and recording industry, and a description of Blumlein's inventions related to stereophony, notably the matrix processing of stereo signals, the Blumlein stereo microphone and the 45/45 mechanical recording system.
In 1933–1935 Blumlein built experimental stereo recording equipment and recorded two sets of stereo recordings using mechanical and optical media. Commercial implementation of his invention became a reality in the late 1950s, when the patent had expired. Blumlein's 45/45 system became a worldwide standard for stereo LP records, and Blumlein himself was proclaimed "the inventor of stereo".
Background
In 1881 Clément Ader presented the Théâtrophone – a working system for live delivery of opera performances over telephone lines. The théâtrophone was a one-to-one network, employing one carbon microphone to energize one remote telephone receiver, and required rows of microphones placed along the stage. While experimenting with parallel lines, Ader accidentally discovered stereo effect. By placing pairs of microphones at either side of the stage, near the footlights, Ader achieved strong binaural sound localization, simulating the effect of sitting at the edge of the stage, hearing actors and instruments as if they were spread in front of the listener. Ader himself explained the effect as the result of the differences in apparent loudness registered by the ears of the listener. Binaural théâtrophone, advertized as "auro-stereroscopic" or "binaural audition" failed to attract customers due to the need to have two telephone lines per subscriber, and overall low fidelity. Conventional, monaural théâtrophone operated successfully in France, Hungary, Italy and the United Kingdom until the end of the 1920s.
In the 1900s Lord Rayleigh formulated the scientific sound localization theory. In Rayleigh's model, human hearing localizes low-frequency sounds based on phase difference between the signals registered by left and right ears (interaural time difference, ITD); high-frequency sounds are localized based on relative loudness of two signals (interaural level difference, ILD). Rayleigh's duplex (two-factor) model remains valid in the 21st century, with the addition of a third mechanism, the analysis of spectral cues provided by mechanical filtering of incoming soundwaves by human torso, head and pinna.
During World War I acoustic location was actively researched for military applications of air defense, artillery sound ranging and naval hydroacoustics. Valve amplifiers that emerged at about the same time allowed reproduction of sound via loudspeakers. Early experiments with amplified reproduction of binaural signals ended in failure: binaural effect that was easily reproduced via stereo headphones was either weakened or completely absent.
In the end of the 1920s researchers of American and British corporations approached the amplified stereo problem; basic strategy for solving it had taken shape in the early 1930s. Stereophony could not bring immediate financial gains: the main potential customer, cinema, was content with crude monaural sound film equipment; the Great Depression ruled out investments in new sound systems. However, the corporations were eagerly accumulating patent portfolios in anticipation of economic recovery, and continued financing research. Arthur C. Keller and Harvey Fletcher of Bell Labs and Alan Blumlein of Columbia Graphophone Company and EMI were the first to obtain practical results. Each of the three inventors had a different objective, and followed a different course of research.
Fletcher followed Bell Labs strategy for the improvement of traditional telephony. He concentrated on transmission of sound field images of the original for binaural reproduction via headphones. His experimental equipment successfully recreated high-quality spatial sonic imagery, but like all binaural systems did not work well with loudspeakers.
Keller was primarily interested in amplified public address sound; he placed arrays of microphones on the stage and transmitted parallel audio signals to arrays of amplified loudspeakers in a remote listening hall, trying to capture and recreate the original "sound front". Best results were obtained with expensive two-dimensional arrays, capable of recreating both width and depth of the original; linear (one-dimensional) arrays could produce almost perfect sense of width, but not depth. The minimal working configuration required three channels (left, centre and right). It was adequate for recreating width, and even a limited sense of depth, but only for the listeners sitting close to the axis of the centre channel, and too expensive for the consumer market. A cheaper two-channel stereo setup could not reproduce the sound field; the sound inevitably broke up into left and right point sources with a "hole in the middle".
Blumlein envisaged introduction of surround sound in the film industry. He rejected the binaural model from the start. Instead of recreating spatial sound fields or "sound front" radiated by the orchestra, he settled on recreating the sound that is heard by a listener sitting in a concert hall, or by a camera operator on a film set. He reasoned that the microphone array should mimic human hearing apparatus, thus the two microphones must be placed close together (and close to the film camera). The resulting binaural signals cannot be used directly in an amplified stereo setup. However, wrote Blumlein, a two-channel recording with carefully altered phase and level differences can deceive the listener with a lifelike spatial illusion.
Publication
Very little is known about Blumlein's work on stereo prior to filing the patent application. According to biographer Robert Alexander, theoretical studies probably commenced not earlier than March 1931. Blumlein did not keep work journals, and did not publish journal articles; the first written evidence of his studies, a work paper explaining the shuffling technique, is dated 25 September 1931. Practical experiments in 1931 were impossible due to the merger of Columbia and the Gramophone Company into EMI, subsequent restructuring and relocation of Blumlein's laboratory to the new building in Hayes.
On 14 December 1931 Blumlein filed patent application at The Patent Office. The final revision of the application was filed 10 November 1932 and was granted patent status 14 June 1933 with priority right since 10 November 1932. The first, official publication was 24 pages long (22 text pages and 11 illustrations on two pages). The text contained an extraordinary 70 (or "more than 70") claims (a typical patent of the period contained six).
On 4 July 1932 Blumlein compiled an eighteen-page long handwritten summary of the patent, probably intended for Isaac Shoenberg. The second, much shorter memo contains eight typewritten pages. It was signed by Blumlein on 21 July 1932 and duly received and read by Shoenberg. Both memos are now preserved at the British Library.
Neither the patent, nor the memos ever mention the word stereo or its derivatives: Blumlein used the term binaural. There are no references to preceding works, apart from the unnamed military hydroacoustics researchers. In the 1950s and the 1980s American critics hypothesized that Blumlein, who worked in the London branch of Western Electric in the 1920s, could have been familiar with concurrent work by Keller and Fletcher, however, no substantive evidence was ever found. The only certain connection is the fact that Blumlein used Western Electric microphones and disk recorders, which were already retired from EMI studios. According to Barry Fox, the issue of priority has no answer. The origins of the ideas and the paths of thought remain unknown; the technical implementations of these ideas were too different to suspect any exchange. There was no commercial incentive to beat the competition in developing a marketable product; the inventors were working, literally, for the next generation.
Ideas and inventions
Psychoacoustics of sound localization
Blumlein was a modest man who never sought publicity; according to Alexander, "quite often [he was] not fully aware of his genius" or the value of many of his inventions. This wasn't the case with patent 394325: Blumlein "certainly had some feeling for the enormity of this work", and thus prefaced the patent formula with a summary on psychoacoustics of sound localization. Blumlein's theory follows Rayleigh's duplex model, with minor amendments:
At low frequencies or long wavelengths localization is determined by the difference in phase. The head is too small to register any differences in sound pressure levels, leaving phase as the only directional clue;
At high frequencies or short wavelengths phase ceases to be a reliable clue. However, now the head forms a relatively large baffle, physically separate left and right signals. Thus the brain can rely on relative differences in sound intensity;
Fast percussive high-frequency sounds are localized based on the time differences between arriving attack transients, in a manner similar to low-frequency phase differences.
Rayleigh drew the line between low and high frequencies at 1.5–3kHz. Blumlein noted that the "line" is actually several octaves wide, starting at around 700 Hz. Within this band, human hearing can register and evaluate phase and level differences simultaneously. Phase mechanism alone works only below 700 Hz. It is the low-frequency phase information that is lost when binaural signals are reproduced via loudspeakers.
Blumlein tracked the cause of this loss to omnidirectional pressure microphones which were the principal type used in studio recording. Blumlein proved mathematically that phase differences registered by pressure microphones and clearly heard via headphones will be inevitably lost when reproduced via loudspeakers. He suggested compensating losses of phase with pre-emphasizing low-frequency level differences between two stereo channels. When spatial clues present in source signals indicate that the virtual sound source must be positioned to the left of the listener, playback equipment must increase the gain in left channel and attenuate the right channel, and vice versa. These manipulations had to be limited lo low-frequency content; Blumlein specifically warned against tampering with treble signals. The known anomalies of high-frequency hearing were not properly researched and understood yet, so the inventor confined his research to already well-understood low frequencies.
Matrix processing of stereo signals
Popular perception of stereo that emerged decades after the death of Blumlein usually treats stereo signal as the aggregate of two independent channels, left (L) and right (R). Blumlein proposed an alternative approach: stereo consists of a monaural signal M, which is common to both left and right louspeaker channels, and a differential side signal S that defines spatial distribution of sound. The M and S signals are easily derived from L and R by addition and subtraction:
M = 0.7017 (L+R)
S = 0.7017 (LR),
and can be converted back to L and R just as easily:
L = 0.7017 (M+S)
R = 0.7017 (MS).
The electronic adder-subtractor performing these conversion is called MS matrix or MS array. Blumlein's original, bidirectional passive array used two wideband transformers; in the semiconductor age MS arrays are usually unidirectional, built around operational amplifiers and precision resistors. The scaling coefficients of 0.7017 (square root of 0.5) in the above formulae assure equality of input and output power: L2+R2 = M2+S2. In practice the coefficients and polarities may be chosen at will.
The simplest use of matrix processing devised by Blumlein in patent 394325 is the stereo width control. Attenuation of S while keeping M constant decreases stereo width; attenuation of S to zero eliminates any spatial cues. Amplification of S increases stereo width. Increasing low-frequency components of S (below 700 Hz) by a factor of 1.62.5 produces a particularly strong sense of spaciousness. Finally, inversion of side channel polarity flips left and right signals, producing a mirror image of the original sound field.
Blumlein shuffling
When an off-center, low-frequency sound source is registered with binaural pressure microphones, the resulting L and R signals have the same intensities and differ only in phase. As a result, the corresponding side signal S is shifted exactly +90° or −90° relative to M. (positive or negative sign of the shift indicates left or right localization of sound source). Simple stereo width manipulation described above can increase phase difference between the widened L' and R' signals, but cannot alter distribution of energy. The intensity of L' remains equal to the intensity of R'.
However, as Blumlein explained in patent 394325, matrix processing of phase enables channeling energy from L to R or vice versa. This requires shifting side signal S by +90° or −90°. The new, shifted signal S" is now in phase with the original M (for signals localized to the left) or out of phase with it (for signals localized to the right). Addition of M and S" and subtraction of S" from M creates new left and right signals L" and R", having different intensities and zero or 180° phase shift. Energy is channeled into the L" or R", depending on the localization of the original sound source. This operation – conversion of interchannel timing differences into interchannel level differences – became known as the Blumlein shuffling, and the required MS array is called the Blumlein shuffler. Patent 394325 provides only a cursory description of the shuffler; it was described at length in the application for patent 429022, filed in October 1933.
Stereo microphones
Shuffling technique was invented specifically for pressure microphones, which are unable to register level differences between two stereo channels. Ribbon microphones (velocity microphones in Blumlein's patent) with bidirectional (figure 8) polar pattern can register both phase and level differences, and don't need shuffling.
Blumlein proposed three alternative configurations for stereo pairs of ribbon microphones. All three require placement of two ribbon microphones on a common vertical axis, as close together as possible:
MS: central channel microphone (M) points directly to the center of the soundstage (Blumlein used the word screen, emphasizing use in cinema). Side channel microphone S is placed at right angle to M;
XY (later the Blumlein pair): left (X) and right (Y) channel microphones are placed at −45° and 45° to the direction the center of the soundstage
Splayed XY is similar, but the angle between X and Y is set arbitrarily, to fit the conditions at the set and avoid further processing of stereo signals.
Studio-grade ribbon microphones did not exist yet in 1931. Practical stereo microphone technique was tested and patented by Blumlein later, in 1934–1935.
45/45 mechanical recording
Prior to the Blumlein patent, there were two alternative approaches to mechanical stereo recording. The 0/90 system combined two independent soundtracks in a single groove. One track (or stereo channel) was recorded vertically ("0"), another laterally ("90"). In the 1920s John Logie Baird used this approach for recording audio and video signals in his mechanical television. The 0/90 system was a poor choice for stereo sound due to different distortion patterns of lateral and vertical recordings.
The alternative double-groove system employed two cutters for recording parallel grooves, and two pickups for playing them back. On 12 March 1932 Keller used this experimental system to record the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski – the first ever stereo recording. Double-groove recording did not develop beyond experiments due to the difficulties in placing two pickups on a disc.
Patent 394325 put forward a third proposition: the single cutter should be driven by two orthogonal actuators, placed at 45° and −45° to the surface of the disc. Polarities of electrical L and R signals that drive the actuators must be chosen in such a way that the lateral movement of the cutter corresponds to monaural signal M, and vertical movement corresponds to the difference between two stereo channels, S. This ensures backward compatibility with traditional monaural pick-ups of the most common, lateral-cut system.
Alternatively, the actuators may be placed at 0° and 90° to disc surface, as in the 0/90 system, but driven with M and S electrical signals instead of L and R. The resulting recording is identical to true 45/45 recordings, except for different frequency response and distortion patterns of lateral (M) and vertical (S) recording channels. Blumlein believed that this configuration simplifies construction of the stereo cutter, because only the critical lateral actuator must fully meet fidelity standards, including treble response to at least 10 kHz. Bandwidth of the vertical actuator could have been limited to 3 kHz.
Concurrently with Blumlein, and independent of him, Arthur C. Keller and Irad S. Rafuse of Bell Labs invented their own variant of the single-groove 45/45 system. However, due to the Great Depression, peculiarities of the United States patent law, and no immediate prospects of commercializing the invention, corporate patent attorneys did not see an urgent need to patent it. The company filed a patent application only in June 1936, more than five years after Blumlein. According to Keller, he learnt of Blumlein's work only in the 1950s.
New materials for mechanical recording
Prior to the introduction of the LP record, master discs for pressing coarsegroove shellac records were cut on thick reusable discs of ozokerite-based wax. Wax was a low-fidelity medium; it inevitably degraded on each playback and in storage. Wax could not be archived for future reissues. After the first and only production run the wax master was erased with a mechanical shaver, and the recorded original was forever lost. The only storable mechanical medium of the interwar period was the shellac record, which had even lower fidelity than the wax master. Shellac was naturally noisy, and even more surface noise was added by the conductive graphite powder applied to the wax master prior to electroplating and making intermediate stamper discs.
Keller and A. G. Russell proposed replacing graphite powder with a thin layer of gold, sputtered onto the master disc in a vacuum chamber. The process created a high quality conductive layer, without added noise. On 1 December 1931 Keller, Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra made the first recording using the new technology. Bandwidth of the first gold-plated masters extended to 9 kHz, and was soon improved to 10 and later 13 kHz, making these masters the first high fidelity medium. Sample pressings from were made on quiet cellulose triacetate, rather than noisy shellac.
In patent 394325 Blumlein also considered cellulose triacetate, but in a different role – as the mastering material. The proposal materialized after World War II, when the industry switched from wax to acetate lacquer master discs. In 1935 Blumlein researched various resin mixes for pressing production records, but none of these was significantly better than shellac. The solution – synthetic vinyl resin compound – already existed and was used for distributing records within American radio networks. It was yet too expensive for mass production. Vinyl pressings in the United States began in 1943, in response to wartime shortages of natural shellac, and were limited to propaganda programs for the troops. Mass pressings for the civilian market began later, in the end of the 1940s.
Prototypes and tests
On 21 July 1932 Blumlein sent a detailed memo explaining the principles of stereophonic sound to his superior and mentor, technical director of EMI Isaac Shoenberg. It is likely that Shoenberg did not understand the value and depth of Blumlein's proposal, but he trusted Blumlein's intuition and approved construction of an experimental setup consisting of a stereo microphone, a shuffler, a mechanical wax cutter and pickup. Likewise, EMI researchers did not grasp Blumlein's ideas; for a while, the inventor was left alone with his plans. Throughout 1932, Blumlein's team was still engaged in the monaural recording project, evaluating potential patent weaknesses in the EMI design and identifying infringements of EMI patents by the competitors. Work on the stereo prototype commenced only in January 1933.
Mechanical recording
In February 1933 Blumlein completed the shuffler, and in March 1933 he assembled the first stereo recording set. First experiments were a failure: shellac test records and Western Electric pressure microphones were not fit for handling the subtleties of stereo sound. By July 1933 the record cutter was fully functional, although its treble response did not extend beyond 4 kHz. By December Blumlein's team had tested at least three different configuration of a magnetic stereo pickup and achieved acceptable sound quality. On 9 December 1933 Blumlein completed fine-tuning his stereo cutting lathe with 0/90 arrangement of actuators driven with MS signals, and made first test recording using commercial gramophone records as sound sources. The set, according to Blumlein's notes, achieved good channel separation which was a prerequisite for stereo recording.
On 14 December15, 1933 Blumlein recorded the first set of ten stereo wax masters at the EMI amateur theatre auditorium. Blumlein and three of his associates themselves performed as live sound sources, walking and talking in front of the microphones. Next day Blumlein evaluated the "walking and talking" recordings and reported "definite binaural effect". Shoenberg concurred, and authorized the use of the EMI Recording Studios for experimental live recordings. Over the New Year holidays Blumlein and his team moved their equipment to the largest room at Abbey Road, then called Studio No. 1, and later known as Studio No. 2 and The Beatles Studio.
On 11 January13, 1934 Blumlein recorded piano and chamber music. The recorded binaural effect was present but weak, far weaker than in recordings of speech. On 19 January Blumlein began recording the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Thomas Beecham. The results, in Blumlein's own words, varied between "not bad" and "marginal". Blumlein's experimental cutting lathe could record the orchestra in stereo, but the available microphones could not capture and preserve true stereophonic image. This problem was partially solved during subsequent tests in the spring of 1934; the solution, now known as the Blumlein pair, was patented in 1935.
Optical recording
In the beginning of 1935 Cecil Oswald Brown has built the first film camera with synchronous stereo sound recording on a single optical soundtrack. Left and right edges of the soundtrack were modulated independently by the left and right audio amplifiers. Total width between the left and right edges varied proportionally to the monaural signal M, thus the system was backward-compatible with standard monaural cinema projector (and, incidentally, with Dolby Stereo projectors introduced in the 1970s). The prototype camera needed tweaks and tuning, and was ready for test shots only in June 1935.
The first surviving film, Trains in Hayes, is a documentary of railroad traffic at Hayes & Harlington railway station, taken from the roof of nearby office building. The film lasts for 5 minutes and 11 seconds, and combines different takes of similar scenes recorded with different microphone placement. Sonically, Trains in Hayes is the most advanced of all Blumlein recordings. Some of its fragments achieve realistic width and depth of stereophonic sound despite obvious distortion caused by overloaded microphones.
After Trains in Hayes, Blumlein shot five more test films indoors, using his staff and himself as "walking and talking" technology demonstrators. On 26 July 1935 Blumlein began shooting Move the Orchestra – a live action comedy short intended to be a marketing vehicle for his technology. The action took place along a six-meter-long pub bar; the camera remained stationary and fixed, while the actors and the eponymous "orchestra" (a gramophone placed behind the backdrop) moved left and right. Both surviving takes were filmed on the same day, 26 July, and edited in August–September 1935.
Blumlein believed that his test recordings and films had proved the feasibility of surround sound in cinema. According to Eric Nind, the EMI management initiated market studies, planning to supply at least a few experimental sound sets to the theatres, but the venture was terminated before any practical results could be obtained. Louis Sterling, co-founder and marketing director of EMI, felt that improvements in cinema sound could be worthwhile only after the introduction of colour. Likewise, gramophone record industry needed new long-play and low-noise technology prior to introduction of stereo. The Great Depression ruled out investments in yet untested technology; the company had already decided to concentrate on a different target – the television. Schonberg, the main proponent of the EMI TV project, cancelled research in stereo sound in the end of 1935. By this time Blumlein was already engaged full-time on the construction of the BBC Television station at Alexandra Palace.
Military applications
In 1938 Air Defence Experimental Establishment contracted EMI to manufacture the Mark VIII sound locator. Traditional sound locators relied on the operator's hearing; Blumlein suggested augmenting it with a visual display that incorporated principles of binaural recording. The experimental Visual Indicating Equipment (VIE), presented for tests in October 1938, employed two cathode ray tubes for displaying of target bearing and elevation. The VIE was incorporated into the series production Mark IX sound locator, and retrofitted to thousands of older locators, filling the gap until the deployment of gun-laying radars.
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II Blumlein applied the ideas of patent 394325 to long-range anti-aircraft radars. Unlike the VIE, which handled electrical audio signals directly, Blumlein's radar visualization station worked with the envelopes of amplitude-modulated high-frequency signals. Blumlein proved mathematically that his shuffling approach would work with envelopes just like it did with audio waves. Envelope processing technique became the subject of patent 581920, filed in July 1939. The experimental radar installation in Lake Farm Country Park, operating at 66MHz carrier wave, began trials in the end of 1939.
Further development and mass production
LP records
According to British law, the patent remained in force for sixteen years, and was due to expire in 1947. EMI applied for extension to compensate for wartime losses, and the patent was prolonged until 13 December 1953. By this time European entertainment industry was developing rapidly; the British recorded music market was governed by the duopoly of EMI and Decca Records. The format war on the emerging long-play record market was almost over. The winning format, advanced by Columbia Records, was standardized in the United States in 1954 and adopted by British industry in 1955. In 1953 EMI began preparations for production of stereophonic records. Project manager Philip Vanderlyn, a former colleague of Blumlein, evaluated the alternatives and made a choice in favour of the 45/45 system.
Cutting stereo masters and pressing stereo vinyl records did not present any technical problems. The real challenge, preservation of spatial information during recording, remained as elusive as it was in the 1930s. Recording engineers and musicians were seeking the solution by trial and error, with the help of a device not available to Blumlein – the two-track stereo tape recorder. In February 1954 RCA made the first successful stereo recording of an orchestral performance (La damnation de Faust conducted by Charles Munch). In April 1954 the EMI Recording Studios began tests of stereo recordings, using Blumlein's XY microphone. In May, Arthur Haddy of Decca Records made the first recording with a three-microphone Decca tree. Decca engineers, who learned of Blumlein's patent only recently, in the 1950s, tried to develop their own system to a patentable form but failed. Every conceivable aspect of stereophonic sound had already been covered in patent 394325.
The developments at Decca forced EMI to speed up their half-hearted effort. The management believed that stereo recording technology was still unreliable, and refrained from rushing stereo records into production. Instead, in 1957 the company released an expensive intermediate format – prerecorded Stereosonic magnetic tapes. The proprietary recording technique was developed by Blumlein's former colleagues Vanderlyn, Clark and Dutton, and relied on the use of XY Blumlein pairs and Blumlein shufflers that introduced crosstalk at frequencies above 700 Hz. Shuffling was intended to equalize high-frequency and low-frequency sound localization, however, it was a poor match to practical studio environment at Abbey Road. The tapes were too expensive for the consumer market and were soon discontinued.
Other European companies were confident that stereo vinyl is ready for production, and sided with Decca. On 28 November 1957 an industry conference arranged by Haddy approved the 45/45 system, making it the de facto European standard. Haddy flew to the United States to recruit more supporters, and found out that the Americans were ready to launch their own stereo format. The American version of the 45/45 system was patented in the United States by Westrex (a spin off Western Electric), independently of the Blumlein patent, and more than two decades after it. On 25 March 1958 the RIAA adopted the Westrex system as the national standard.
Neither Westrex, nor the RIAA ever credited Blumlein. The British were enraged; even the conservative Gramophone chastised the Americans for "failing to discover Europe", as well as prewar work by Fletcher, Keller and Rafuse. Under pressure, the Audio Engineering Society recognized Blumlein's priority. In an unprecedented move, in April 1958 the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society reprinted the full text of patent 394325. The Westrex patent was now void; the 45/45 system became a worldwide free standard. Blumlein's notion of binaural sound was, however, deemed inappropriate for a commercial product. Instead, the industry used stereophonic and stereo as a free universal trademark. Gramophone objected, again, to no avail. The notion of stereo, which was once loosely applied to any manipulations intended to produce spatial effects, changed its meaning and became synonymous with two-channel sound. Initially, stereo pressings was limited to classical repertoire. Popular music, intended for replay via cheap low-fidelity players, was pressed in mono throughout the 1960s, and was sold at lesser prices than "upscale" stereo records.
Microphones
The Blumlein pair, in all three variants discussed in patent 394325, remains in use for recording acoustic music. The most common configuration uses XY arrangement of two bidirectional figure-8 microphones. It is unique for being a constant power instrument: due to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity, any sound source located in the front quadrant will be picked up at uniform combined power, without dips or peaks. In the listening space, two resulting stereo signals will add up acoustically, creating constant-power phantom sound sources. A recording made with an XY pair conveys excellent lateral stereo imaging, filling the entire space between the two loudspeakers. It also excels at picking up reverberations from the back quadrant, which are essential for conveying sense of space and presence. However, proper placement of an XY pair in front of an orchestra can often be difficult or outright impossible. The MS Blumlein pair, using a figure-8 microphone for the S channel and a cardioid microphone for the M channel is similar to the XY pair, but is far less sensitive to rear-quadrant sounds, and is fully compatible with monaural equipment. For these reasons, the MS pair is used primarily in radio, television and cinema. The splayed XY pair is the configuration of choice for using cardioid microphones. In normal, 90-degree XY arrangement such microphones compress the recorded stereo image; increasing the angle to 120...135° effectively restores stereo width.
Shufflers
Matrix processing of stereo signals is a staple of studio recording technology, but the Blumlein shuffling has seen little use. In the 1980s Richard Kaufman, Michael Gerzon and David Griesinger independently proposed three binaural recording techniques based on the Blumlein shuffling, but their ideas did not gain wide acceptance, either.
In the 1990s researchers found that the Blumlein shuffling has a biomechanical analogue in the world of insects. Females of predator fly Ormia ochracea feed on crickets, and seek their prey at night, by homing on the crickets' chirp. The distance between the fly's timpanic membranes is too short to be a reliable sound localization instrument. However, the fly possesses a system of ligaments that converts minor phase differences between left and right signals into substantial level differences. In the 21st century the Ormia ochracea hearing apparatus became a model for supercompact microelectromechanical stereo microphones intended for hearing aids. Developers claim that such microphones can improve localization, and at the same time improve legibility of amplified speech in noisy environments.
Notes
References
Sources
Patent
Official publication:
American reprint:
Memorandums to Isaac Shoenberg:
Typewritten memo, 21 July 1932:
Handwritten memo, 4 July 1932:
Biographies
Journal articles
Australian reprint:
Reviews and encyclopaedias
Stereophonic sound
Sound recording technology
English inventions
Audiovisual introductions in 1932
Historical physics publications
1931 works
1931 in England
1932 in England
1933 in England
1934 in England
1931 in science
1932 in science
1933 in science
1934 in science | United Kingdom patent 394325 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,056 | [
"Recording devices",
"Audio engineering",
"Sound recording technology",
"Stereophonic sound"
] |
65,764,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-blind%20technology | Solar-blind technology is a set of technologies to produce images without interference from the Sun. This is done by using wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are totally absorbed by the ozone layer, yet are transmitted in the Earth's atmosphere. Wavelengths from 240 to 280 nm are completely absorbed by the ozone layer. Elements of this technology are ultraviolet light sources, ultraviolet image detectors, and filters that only transmit the range of wavelengths that are blocked by ozone. A system will also have a signal processing system, and a way to display the results (image).
Ultraviolet sources
Ultraviolet illumination can be produced from longer wavelengths using non-linear optical materials. These can be a second harmonic generator. They must have a suitable birefringence in order to phase match the output frequency doubled UV light. One compound commercially used is L-arginine phosphate monohydrate known as LAP. Research is underway for substances that are very non-linear, have a suitable birefringence, are transparent in the spectrum and have a high degree of resistance to damage from lasers.
Optical system
Normal glass does not transmit below 350 nm, so it is not used for optics in solar-blind systems. Instead calcium fluoride, fused silica, and magnesium fluoride are used as they are transparent to shorter wavelengths.
Filters
An optical filter can be used to block out visible light and near-ultraviolet light. It is important to have a high transmittance within the solar-blind spectrum, but to strongly block the other wavelengths.
Interference filters can pass 25% of the wanted rays, and reduce others by 1000 to 10,000 times. However they are unstable and have a narrow field of view.
Absorption filters may only pass 10% of wanted UV, but can reject by a ratio of 1012. They can have a wide field of view and are stable.
Ultraviolet detectors
Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors are solid state, and convert an ultraviolet photon into an electric pulse. If they are transparent to visible light, then they will not be sensitive to light.
Use
Solar-blind imaging can be used to detect corona discharge, in electrical infrastructure. Missile exhaust can be detected from the troposphere or ground. Also when looking down on the Earth from space, the Earth appears dark in this range, so rockets can be easily detected from above once they pass the ozone layer.
Israel, People's Republic of China, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, and United States are developing this technology.
References
Ultraviolet radiation
Military optical devices | Solar-blind technology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 503 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Ultraviolet radiation"
] |
65,765,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Ahmedabad%20chemical%20factory%20blast | On 4 November 2020, a blast at a chemical factory in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India caused deaths of 12 people and injuries to nine others.
Incident
A blast occurred at Sahil Enterprise, a chemical factory on Piplaj road in Pirana, Ahmedabad at 11:22 am IST. Kanika Texo Fab, a textile facility next to the factory, had around 30 people working when the blast occurred. The building collapsed and several people died and others injured due to the fallen debris. A total 12 people, including five women, died. Nine others, including four women, were admitted to the L G Hospital, six of whom were in critical condition.
Rescue and compensation
The fire brigade arrived with 60 firefighters and 24 fire engines. The rescue operation lasted till 8:00 pm IST.
The Government of Gujarat had announced an ex gratia of each to the families of those killed.
Investigation
The Chief Minister of Gujarat Vijay Rupani had ordered the investigation. An inquiry commission comprising two members was formed for investigation. The FIR was filed by Gujarat Police against the owner of the chemical factory and two owners of the estate on 5 November 2020.
See also
2020 Dahej chemical plant explosion
Visakhapatnam gas leak
List of industrial disasters
References
2020 disasters in India
2020 industrial disasters
2020s in Gujarat
Chemical plant explosions
Disasters in Gujarat
Explosions in 2020
Industrial fires and explosions in India
2020 chemical factory blast
November 2020 events in India
Events in Ahmedabad | 2020 Ahmedabad chemical factory blast | [
"Chemistry"
] | 289 | [
"Chemical plant explosions",
"Explosions"
] |
65,766,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207592 | NGC 7592 is an interacting galaxy system located 300 million light years away in the constellation Aquarius. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 20, 1784. The total infrared luminosity is , and thus it is categorised as a luminous infrared galaxy. One of the galaxies hosts a type 2 Seyfert nucleus.
Characteristics
NGC 7592 is an interacting galaxy system and ongoing galaxy merger between an early type galaxy and a late type spiral galaxy. The system has at least two faint diffuse tidal tails, with the longer one extending about 2 arcminutes towards the south. Based on the total infrared luminosity of the galaxy (), NGC 7592 is categorised as a luminous infrared galaxy. Luminous infrared galaxies are characterised by increased star formation. The star formation rate of NGC 7592 is estimated to be 26 per year.
Nuclei
The two galactic nuclei, whose projected separation is 14 arcseconds, have nearly equal luminance in near infrared imaging. The west nucleus is known to be a Seyfert, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). Based on its spectral lines, it has been categorised as type 1.9 or type 2. The most accepted theory for the energy source of AGNs is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. It has been suggested that around the Seyfert nucleus lies a rotating, star-forming knotty disk or ring with a diameter of about 1.5 kpc viewed nearly edge-on, and which is perpendicular to the galactic plane. It is possible that it is material accreted from the other galaxy. The east nucleus features a complex structure, probably due to extinction. There is diffuse X-ray emission around both nuclei.
At the end of one tidal tail lies a bright source in visual light that is identified as NGC 7592C. It is located about 12 arcseconds south from the mid-distance of the two other nuclei. It has been suggested that it is another galaxy taking part in the merger, however its infrared emission is fainter than the other two nuclei and it has not been detected in x-rays by Chandra X-ray Observatory. Its spectrum, both optical and infrared, suggests it is an extranuclear star formation region. Based on its kinematics, the south condensation is part of the spiral galaxy.
See also
NGC 5256 - a similar interacting galactic pair
References
External links
Interacting galaxies
Peculiar galaxies
Luminous infrared galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Aquarius (constellation)
7592
70999
928 | NGC 7592 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 537 | [
"Constellations",
"Aquarius (constellation)"
] |
65,766,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20hydrosulfide | Calcium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula or . It is formed from the reaction of calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate with hydrogen sulfide:
Ca(OH)2 + 2H2S → Ca(HS)2 + 2H2O
CaCO3 + 2H2S → Ca(HS)2+H2O+CO2
References
Calcium compounds
Hydrosulfides | Calcium hydrosulfide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 82 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
65,767,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Placzek%20ratio | Landau–Placzek ratio is a ratio of the integrated intensity of Rayleigh scattering to the combined integrated intensity of Brillouin scattering of a triplet frequency spectrum of light scattered by homogenous liquids or gases. The triplet consists of two frequency shifted Brillouin scattering and a central unshifted Rayleigh scattering line split. The triplet structure was explained by Lev Landau and George Placzek in 1934 in a short publication, summarizing major results of their analysis. Landau and Placzek noted in their short paper that a more detailed discussion will be published later although that paper does not seem to have been published. However, a detailed discussion is provided in Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz's book.
The Landau–Placzek ratio is defined as
where
is the integral intensity of central Rayleigh peak
is the integral intensity of Brillouin peak.
The Landau–Placzek formula provides an approximate theoretical prediction for the Landau–Placzek ratio,
where
is the specific heat at constant pressure
is the specific heat at constant volume.
References
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Scattering
Light
Fiber-optic communications
Lev Landau | Landau–Placzek ratio | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 238 | [
"Physical phenomena",
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Scattering",
"Light",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
65,768,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Delphi%20%28software%29 | This page details the history of the programming language and software product Delphi.
Roots and birth
Delphi evolved from Borland's Turbo Pascal for Windows, itself an evolution with Windows support from Borland's Turbo Pascal and Borland Pascal with Objects, very fast 16-bit native-code MS-DOS compilers with their own sophisticated integrated development environment (IDE) and textual user interface toolkit for DOS (Turbo Vision). Early Turbo Pascal (for MS-DOS) was written in a dialect of the Pascal programming language; in later versions support for objects was added, and it was named Object Pascal.
Delphi was originally one of many codenames of a pre-release development tool project at Borland. Borland developer Danny Thorpe suggested the Delphi codename in reference to the Oracle at Delphi. One of the design goals of the product was to provide database connectivity to programmers as a key feature and a popular database package at the time was Oracle database; hence, "If you want to talk to [the] Oracle, go to Delphi".
As development continued towards the first release, the Delphi codename gained popularity among the development team and beta testing group. However, the Borland marketing leadership preferred a functional product name over an iconic name and made preparations to release the product under the name Borland AppBuilder.
Shortly before the release of the Borland product in 1995, Novell AppBuilder was released, leaving Borland in need of a new product name. After much debate and many market research surveys, the Delphi codename became the Delphi product name.
Early Borland years (1995–2003)
Borland Delphi
Delphi (later known as Delphi 1) was released in 1995 for the 16-bit Windows 3.1, and was an early example of what became known as Rapid Application Development (RAD) tools. Delphi 1 features included:
Visual two-way tools
Property Method Event (PME) model
TObject, records, component, and owner memory management
Visual Component Library (VCL)
Runtime Library (RTL)
Structured exception handling
Data-aware components live at design time
Database support via BDE and SQL Links
Borland Delphi 2
Delphi 2, released in 1996, supported 32-bit Windows environments and bundled with Delphi 1 to retain 16-bit Windows 3.1 application development. New Quickreport components replacing Borland ReportSmith. Delphi 2 also introduced:
Database Grid
OLE automation
Visual form inheritance
TDataModule
Long strings (beyond 255 ASCII characters)
Borland Delphi 3
Delphi 3, released in 1997, added:
New VCL components encapsulating the 4.71 version of Windows Common Controls (such as Rebar and Toolbar)
TDataset architecture separated from BDE
DLL debugging
Code insight technology
Component packages, and templates, and integration with COM through interfaces.
DecisionCube and Teechart components for statistical graphing
WebBroker
ActiveForms
MIDAS three tier architecture
Inprise Delphi 4
Inprise Delphi 4, released in 1998, completely overhauled the editor and became dockable. It was the last version shipped with Delphi 1 for 16-bit programming. New features included:
VCL added support for ActionLists anchors and constraints.
Method overloading
Dynamic arrays
High performance database drivers
Windows 98 and Microsoft BackOffice support
Java interoperability
CORBA development
Borland Delphi 5
Borland Delphi 5 was released in 1999 and improved upon Delphi 4 by adding:
Frames
Parallel development
Translation capabilities
Enhanced integrated debugger
XML support
ADO database support
Reference counting interfaces
Borland Delphi 6
Shipped in 2001, Delphi 6 supported both Linux (using the name Kylix) and Windows for the first time and offered a cross-platform alternative to the VCL known as CLX. Delphi 6 also added:
The Structure window
SOAP web services
dbExpress
BizSnap, WebSnap, and DataSnap
Borland Delphi 7
Delphi 7, released in August 2002, added support for:
Web application development
Windows XP Themes
Used by more Delphi developers than any other single version, Delphi 7 is one of the most successful IDEs created by Borland. Its stability, speed, and low hardware requirements led to active use through 2020.
Later Borland years (2003–2008)
Borland Delphi 8
Delphi 8 (Borland Developer Studio 2.0), released December 2003, was a .NET-only release that compiled Delphi Object Pascal code into .NET CIL. The IDE changed to a docked interface (called Galileo) similar to Microsoft's Visual Studio.NET. Delphi 8 was highly criticized for its low quality and its inability to create native applications (Win32 API/x86 code). The inability to generate native applications is only applicable to this release; the capability would be restored in the next release.
Borland Delphi 2005
The next version, Delphi 2005 (Delphi 9, also Borland Developer Studio 3.0), included the Win32 and .NET development in a single IDE, reiterating Borland's commitment to Win32 developers. Delphi 2005 included:
Regained ability to compile native windows applications (*.exe) after being removed in Delphi 8.
Design-time manipulation of live data from a database
Improved IDE with multiple themes
for ... in statement (like C#'s foreach) to the language.
Multi-unit namespaces
Error insight
History tab
Function inlining
Refactoring
Wild-card in uses statements
Data Explorer
Integrated unit testing
Delphi 2005 was widely criticized for its bugs; both Delphi 8 and Delphi 2005 had stability problems when shipped, which were only partially resolved in service packs. CLX support was dropped for new applications from this release onwards.
Borland Delphi 2006
In late 2005 Delphi 2006 (Delphi 10, also Borland Developer Studio 4.0) was released combining development of C# and Delphi.NET, Delphi Win32 and C++ (Preview when it was shipped but stabilized in Update 1) into a single IDE. It was much more stable than Delphi 8 or Delphi 2005 when shipped, and improved further with the release of two updates and several hotfixes. Delphi 2006 included:
Operator overloading
Static methods and properties
Designer Guidelines, Form positioner view
Live code templates, block completion
Line numbers, change bars, sync-edit
Code folding and method navigation
Debugging Tool-Tips
Searchable Tool Palette
FastMM memory manager
Support for MySQL
Unicode support in dbExpress
Turbo Delphi and Turbo Delphi for .NET
On September 6, 2006, The Developer Tools Group (the working name of the not yet spun off company) of Borland Software Corporation released single-language editions of Borland Developer Studio 2006, bringing back the Turbo name. The Turbo product set included Turbo Delphi for Win32, Turbo Delphi for .NET, Turbo C++, and Turbo C#. There were two variants of each edition: Explorer, a free downloadable flavor, and a Professional flavor, priced at US$899 for new users and US$399 for upgrades, which opened access to thousands of third-party components. Unlike earlier Personal editions of Delphi, Explorer editions could be used for commercial development.
Delphi Transfer
On February 8, 2006, Borland announced that it was looking for a buyer for its IDE and database line of products, including Delphi, to concentrate on its ALM line. Instead of selling it, Borland transferred the development tools group to an independent, wholly owned subsidiary company named CodeGear on November 14, 2006.
Codegear Delphi 2007
Delphi 2007 (Delphi 11), the first version by CodeGear, was released on March 16, 2007. The Win32 personality was released first, before the .NET personality of Delphi 2007 based on .NET Framework 2.0 was released as part of the CodeGear RAD Studio 2007 product. For the first time, Delphi could be downloaded from the internet and activated with a license key. New features included:
Support for MSBuild, build events, and build configurations
Enhancements to the VCL for Windows Vista
dbExpress 4 with connection pooling and delegate drivers
CPU viewer windows
FastCode enhancements
IntraWeb / AJAX support
Language support for French, German, and Japanese
Delphi 2007 also dropped a few features:
C#Builder due to low sales as a result of Visual Studio also offering C#.
The Windows Form designer for Delphi .NET because it was based on part of the .NET framework API changed so drastically in .NET 2.0 that updating the IDE would have been a major undertaking.
Internationalized versions of Delphi 2007 shipped simultaneously in English, French, German and Japanese. RAD Studio 2007 (code named Highlander), which included .NET and C++Builder development, was released on September 5, 2007.
Delphi for PHP
The CodeGear era produced an IDE targeting PHP development despite the word "Delphi" in the product name. Delphi for PHP was a VCL-like PHP framework that enabled the same Rapid Application Development methodology for PHP as in ASP.NET Web Form. Versions 1.0 and 2.0 were released in March 2007 and April 2008 respectively. The IDE would later evolve into RadPHP after CodeGear's acquisition by Embarcadero.
Embarcadero years (2008–2015)
Borland sold CodeGear to Embarcadero Technologies in 2008. Embarcadero retained the CodeGear division created by Borland to identify its tool and database offerings but identified its own database tools under the DatabaseGear name.
Codegear Delphi 2009
Delphi 2009 (Delphi 12, code named Tiburón), added many new features:
Full Unicode support in VCL and RTL components
Generics
Anonymous methods for Win32 native development
Ribbon controls
DataSnap library updates
Build configurations
Class Explorer
PNG support
Delphi 2009 dropped support for .NET development, replaced by the Delphi Prism developed by RemObjects Software.
Codegear Delphi 2010
Delphi 2010 (code-named Weaver, aka Delphi 14; there was no version 13), was released on August 25, 2009, and is the second Unicode release of Delphi. It included:
A new compiler run-time type information (RTTI) system
Support for Windows 7
Direct2D canvas
Touch screen and gestures
Source code formatter
Debugger visualizers
Thread-specific breakpoints
Background compilation
Source Code Audits and Metrics
The option to also have the old style component palette in the IDE.
Embarcadero Delphi XE
Delphi XE (aka Delphi 2011, code named Fulcrum), was released on August 30, 2010, and improved upon the development environment and language with:
Regular Expression library
Subversion integration
dbExpress filters, authentication, proxy generation, JavaScript framework, and REST support
Indy WebBroker
Support for Amazon EC2 and Microsoft Azure
Build groups
Named Threads in the debugger
Command line audits, metrics, and document generation
Delphi Starter Edition
On January 27, 2011, Embarcadero announced the availability of a new Starter Edition that gives independent developers, students and micro businesses a slightly reduced feature set for a price less than a quarter of that of the next-cheapest version. This Starter edition is based upon Delphi XE with update 1.
Embarcadero Delphi XE2
On September 1, 2011, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE2 (code-named Pulsar), which included Delphi XE2, C++Builder, Embarcadero Prism XE2 (Version 5.0 later upgraded to XE2.5 Version 5.1) which was rebranded from Delphi Prism and RadPHP XE2 (Version 4.0). Delphi XE2 included:
Native support for 64-bit Windows (except the starter edition) in addition to the long-supported 32-bit versions, with some backwards compatibility. Applications for 64-bit platforms could be compiled, but not tested or run, on the 32-bit platform. The XE2 IDE cannot debug 64-bit programs on Windows 8 and above.
A new library called FireMonkey that supports Windows, Mac OS X and the Apple iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad portable devices. FireMonkey and VCL are not compatible; one or the other must be used, and older VCL applications cannot use FireMonkey unless user interfaces are recreated with FireMonkey forms and controls. Third parties have published information on how to use FireMonkey forms in VCL software, to facilitate gradual migration, but even then VCL and FireMonkey controls cannot be used on the same form.
Live Bindings for VCL and FireMonkey
VCL Styles
Unit scope names
Platform Assistant
DataSnap connectors for mobile devices, cloud API, HTTPS support, and TCP monitoring
dbExpress support for ODBC drivers
Deployment manager
Embarcadero said that Linux operating system support "is being considered for the roadmap", as is Android, and that they are "committed to ... FireMonkey. ... expect regular and frequent updates to FireMonkey". Pre-2013 versions only supported iOS platform development with Xcode 4.2.1 and lower, OS X version 10.7 and lower, and iOS SDK 4.3 and earlier.
Embarcadero Delphi XE3
On September 4, 2012, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE3, which included Delphi XE3, C++Builder, Embarcadero Prism XE3 (Version 5.2) and HTML5 Builder XE3 (Version 5.0) which was upgraded and rebranded from RadPHP. Delphi XE3 added:
Native support for both 32-bit and 64-bit editions of Windows (including Windows 8), Mac OS X with the Firemonkey 2/FM² framework.
FMX (FireMonkey) actions, touch/gestures, layouts, and anchors
FMX support for bitmap styles
FMX audio/video
VCL/FMX support for sensor devices
FMX location sensor component
Virtual keyboard support
DirectX 10 support
Embarcadero Delphi XE4
On April 22, 2013, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE4, which included Delphi XE4, and C++Builder but dropped Embarcadero Prism and HTML5 Builder. XE4 included the following changes:
Two new compilers for Delphi mobile applications – the Delphi Cross Compiler for the iOS Simulator and the Delphi Cross Compiler for the iOS Devices. These compilers significantly differ from the Win64 desktop compiler as they do not support COM, inline assembly of CPU instructions, and six older string types such as PChar. The new mobile compilers advance the notion of eliminating pointers. The new compilers require an explicit style of marshalling data to and from external APIs and libraries.
Delphi XE4 Run-Time Library (RTL) is optimized for 0-based, read-only (immutable) Unicode strings, that cannot be indexed for the purpose of changing their individual characters. The RTL also adds status-bit based exception routines for ARM CPUs that do not generate exception interrupts.
iOS styles, retina styles, virtual keyboards, app store deployment manager
Mobile form designer
Web browser component, motion and orientation sensor components
ListView component
Platform services and notifications
FireDAC universal data access components
Interbase IBLite and IBToGO
Embarcadero Delphi XE5
On September 12, 2013, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE5, which included Delphi XE5 and C++Builder. It added:
Android support (specifically: ARM v7 devices running Gingerbread (2.3.3–2.3.7), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0.3–4.0.4) and Jelly Bean (4.1.x, 4.2.x, 4.3.x))
Deployment manager for Android
iOS 7 style support
REST Services client access and authentication components
Embarcadero Delphi XE6
On April 15, 2014, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE6, which included Delphi XE6 and C++Builder. It allows developers to create natively compiled apps for all platforms for desktop, mobile, and wearable devices like Google Glass, with a single C++ or Object Pascal (Delphi) codebase. RAD Studio XE6 added:
Windows 7 and 8.1 styles
Access to Cloud-based RESTful web services
FireDAC compatibility with more databases
Fully integrated InterBase support
Embarcadero Delphi XE7
On September 2, 2014, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE7, which included Delphi XE7 and C++Builder. Its biggest development enabled Delphi/Object Pascal and C++ developers to extend existing Windows applications and build apps that connect desktop and mobile devices with gadgets, cloud services, and enterprise data and API by compiling FMX projects for both desktop and mobile devices. XE7 also included:
IBLite embeddable database for Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS
Multi-display support
Multi-touch support and gesture changes
Full-screen immersive mode for Android
Pull-to-refresh feature for TListView on iOS and Android
FMX save state feature.
Embarcadero Delphi XE8
On April 7, 2015, Embarcadero released RAD Studio XE8, which included Delphi XE8 and C++Builder. XE8 added the following tools:
GetIt Package Manager
Embarcadero Community toolbar
Native presentation of TListView, TSwitch, TMemo, TCalendar, TMultiView, and TEdit on iOS
Interactive maps
New options for Media Library
InputQuery support for masking input fields
FireDAC improvements
Embarcadero Delphi 10 Seattle
On August 31, 2015, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10 Seattle, which included Delphi and C++Builder. Seattle included:
Android Background Services support
TBeaconDevice class for turning a supported platform device into a "beacon"
FireDAC support for NoSQL MongoDB database
FireMonkey controls zOrder support for Windows
Support for calling WinRT APIs
StyleViewer for Windows 10 Style in Bitmap Style Designer
High-DPI awareness and 4k monitor support
Update 1 (Delphi 10.0.1) was released November 2015 and added
FMX Grid control for iOS
iOS native UI styling
New FMX feature demos
Platform support for iOS 10 and macOS Sierra
Idera years (since 2015, branded Embarcadero)
In October 2015, Embarcadero was purchased by Idera Software. Idera continues to run the developer tools division under the Embarcadero brand.
Embarcadero Delphi 10.1 Berlin
On April 20, 2016, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.1 Berlin, which included Delphi and C++Builder, both generating native code for the 32- and 64-bit Windows platforms, OSX, iOS and Android (ARM, MIPS and X86 processors). Delphi 10.1 Berlin introduced:
Windows Desktop Bridge support
Android 6.0 support
EMS Apache Server support
Hint property changes
Address book for iOS and Android
CalendarView control
Delphi 10.1.1 Update 1
Released September 2016, Update 1 added:
TGrid support for iOS
ControlType toggle for Platform or Render
FMX ListView Items Designer
FMX Search Filter
Deployment of iOS apps to macOS Sierra
50+ Internet of Things packages
Delphi 10.1.2 Update 2
Released December 2016, Update 2 included:
Windows 10 App Store deployment
Quick Edit feature for VCL Form Designer
VCL calendar controls that mimic Window RT and provide backwards compatibility
Windows 10 styles for VCL and FMX
Embarcadero Delphi 10.2 Tokyo
On March 22, 2017, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.2 Tokyo, adding:
64-bit Linux support, limited to console and non-visual applications.
FireDAC Linux support for Linux-capable DBMS
MariaDB, MySQL, and SQL Server support, InterBase 2017 included in main installation
Firebird support for Direct I/O
New VCL controls for Windows 10
Delphi 10.2.1 Update 1
Released August 2017, Update 1 included:
Improved QPS (Quality, Performance, Stability)
Over 140 fixes to customer reported Quality Portal issues
BPL package loading for Windows Creators Update
Improved support for latest versions of iOS and XCode
TEdit improvements on latest Android, faster controls rendering
Parse API for other providers
FireDAC improvements for SQL Server, InterBase 2017, ODBC
Delphi 10.2.2 Update 2
Released December 2017, Update 2 included:
New VCL Controls and Layouts (Panels)
Dataset to JSON
Mobile platforms QPS
RAD Server licensing
User Experience improvements (manage platforms, progress bar on loading etc.)
FMX QuickEdits
Dark IDE Theme
Delphi 10.2.3 Update 3
Released March 2018, Update 3 included:
Expanded RAD Server/ExtJS support
InterBase 2017 included in main installation
Mobile Support included in basic package
FMX UI Templates
Embarcadero Delphi 10.2 Tokyo (Community Edition)
On July 18, 2018, Embarcadero released Community Edition for free download. Commercial use limited to earning no more than US$5,000. Similar to Professional, but library source code and VCL/FMX components are more limited.
Embarcadero Delphi 10.3 Rio
On November 21, 2018, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.3 Rio. This release had many improvements, including:
New Delphi language features – inline block-local variable declarations and type inference
FireMonkey Android zOrder, native controls, and API Level 26
Windows 10 VCL and High DPI improvements
RAD Server architecture extension and Docker support
Android push notification
Delphi 10.3.1 Update 1
Released February 2019, Update 1 included:
Expanded support for iOS 12 and iPhone X series devices
RAD Server Console UI redesign and migration to the Ext JS framework
Improved FireDAC support for Firebird 3.0.4 and Firebird embedded
New VCL and FMX Multi-Device Styles
IDE Productivity Components
Quality improvements to over 150 customer reported issues
Delphi 10.3.2 Update 2
Released July 2019, Update 2 and included:
Delphi macOS 64-bit
RAD Server Wizards and Deployment Improvements
Android Push Notification Support with Firebase
Delphi Linux FireMonkey GUI Application Support
Delphi Android 64-bit support
macOS Catalina (Delphi) and iOS 13 support
RAD Server Docker support
Delphi 10.3.3 Update 3
Released November 2019, Update 3 included:
Delphi Android 64-bit support
Delphi iOS 13 and macOS Catalina support
RAD Server Docker deployment
Improved App Tethering stability
Improved iOS push notification support
Debugger improvements
Embarcadero Delphi 10.4 Sydney
On May 26, 2020, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 10.4 Sydney with new features such as:
Major Delphi Code Insight improvements
Unified Memory Management across all supported platforms
Enhanced Delphi multi-device platform support
Unified installer for online and offline installations
Windows Server 2019 support
Parallel programming component updates
Metal API support on OS X and IOS. See full list of changes
Delphi 10.4.1 Update 1
Released September 2020, Update 1 included:
850+ enhancements and fixes
Windows Server 2019 support
Multi-monitor and 4k scaling improvements
Parallel programming component updates
Delphi 10.4.2 Update 2
Released February 24, 2021, Update 2 included:
New VCL controls: TControlList and TNumberBox
MSIX app packaging format support
Installer supports silent, automated installations
Enhanced Migration Tool
Major compiler/IDE speed increases (over 30 IDE fix pack integrations)
Android 11, macOS11, iOS 14 support
Embarcadero Delphi 11 Alexandria
On September 9, 2021, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 11 Alexandria with new features including:
High-DPI enabled IDE
VCL styles in the form designer
FireMonkey design guidelines
macOS ARM 64-bit target platform
Android API 30 support
Delphi 11.1 Update 1
On March 15, 2022, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 11.1 with new features including:
Many IDE Improvements
Extensive High DPI IDE quality, plus improved use of the IDE with Remote Desktop
Improvements with High DPI designers for VCL and FireMonkey and the styled VCL form designer
GetIt Library Manager enhancements
Code Insight Across Delphi and C++Builder
The Delphi LSP engine saw big performance improvements
The Delphi and C++ compilers for the various platforms were improved in terms of stability and performance
Improved RTL, UI, and Database Libraries
Delphi 11.2 Update 2
Released September 5, 2022, Update 2 included:
Quality-focused release
Removing Internet Explorer
iOS Simulator for Delphi
Delphi 11.3 Update 3
Released February 27, 2023, Update 3 included:
IDE enhancements, notably around ToolsAPI and Delphi LSP
Quality improvements in all areas of the application
Ubuntu 22 and Windows Server 2022 support
Embarcadero Delphi 12 Athens
On November 7, 2023, Embarcadero released RAD Studio 12 Athens with new features.
References
External links
Delphi Fandom Page
Delphi Version Release Dates
Pascal (programming language)
Pascal (programming language) software
Software version histories
History of software
Software topical history overviews | History of Delphi (software) | [
"Technology"
] | 5,324 | [
"History of software",
"History of computing"
] |
65,769,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-78 | WASP-78, is a single F-type main-sequence star about 2350 light-years away. It is likely to be younger than the Sun at 3.4 billion years. WASP-78 is depleted in heavy elements, having a 45% concentration of iron compared to the Sun.
Planetary system
In 2012 a transiting hot Jupiter planet b was detected on a circular orbit. The planetary equilibrium temperature is 2350 K, while the nightside temperature measured in 2019 is 2200 K. The dayside planetary temperature measured in 2020 is 2560 K.
A survey in 2016 measured a Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and found the planetary orbit is well aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment equal to −6.4° The planet cannot have formed in its current orbit and has likely undergone in the past a migration from the initial highly eccentric orbit.
References
Eridanus (constellation)
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
J04150149-2206591 | WASP-78 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 211 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,770,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanka%20%28fortification%29 | A palanka (), also known as parkan in Southern Hungary and palanga, was a wooden fortification used by the Ottoman Empire extensively in certain regions of Southeast Europe, including Hungary, the Balkans and the Black Sea coast against rival states, especially the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. Such wooden forts could be built and expanded quickly, and usually contained a small garrison. These fortifications varied in size and shape but were primarily constructed of palisades. Palankas could be adjacent to a town and later they could be replaced by a more formidable stone fortress as in the case of Uyvar. Palankas could also be built as an extension of the main fortress. Many Ottoman forts were a mixture of palanka type fortifications and stonework. Evliya Çelebi describes the word palanka also as a technique of timber masonry.
Some palankas developed into larger settlements and word palanga has been also used to describe rural settlements which originates from palankas in Erzincan, Eastern Anatolia.
Etymology
The word comes from Hungarian , which itself comes from Middle Latin meaning log, which is derived from Ancient Greek or (, ) also meaning log.
Architecture
Typical palanka had a rectangular plan and its entrance could be guarded by a watchtower called ağaçtan lonca köşkü. Walls of a palanka could be made of a single palisade as well as two rows of stockade, creating a gap in between which is filled with earth which might be acquired from the ditch dug around the fortification, called şarampa, thus creating a protected walkway. The inner and outer palisades were held together by transverse beams, whose ends were fixed to the outer walls by wooden pins, to counter the pressure of earth filling. In order to increase resistance against cannon fire, wooden walls could be strengthened by applying mortar in a technique called horasani palanka. After that, military buildings such as bastions which cannons are placed, towers, barracks and civilian buildings such as inns, marketplaces, mosques, cisterns could be added. Lastly, a stockade could be constructed around the palanka as a secondary fortification.
Characteristics
Palankas were the basis of Ottoman frontier defence system in Europe and their purpose was to protect military and riverine routes, which had strategic value, and travellers, who were passing through these routes, against plunderers. These routes connected palankas, thus leading to creation of a defense network. They also allowed effective communication between strategic areas. When Ottoman reached the limit of their conquests in Europe, they used these structures to stabilize the frontier.
Although palankas were not indestructible on their own, they were interconnected structures, and if an army too strong to resist attacked, the forces of the other palankas would come to their aid. Wooden walls of palankas were difficult to ignite since they were filled with earth; and stakes used to build them were damp. Most of the troops in palankas were azaps and a palanka functioning in the frontier could have a higher ratio of cavalry troops compared to a fortress defended by cannons.
Palankas showed similarities to Roman limes system. In the pre-Ottoman period, there used to be fortifications, where palankas were constructed, and after the conquests these fortifications were rebuilt with remarkable Ottoman characteristics. Due to their makeshift aspect few palankas survive today but researches show that this kind of structures were used between 14th and late 19th century.
Havale
Havale, which is the fortification that palanka was inspired by, acted as a base for troops and artillery during sieges of the early Ottoman era. 15th century Ottoman historian Aşıkpaşazade mentions that this kind of fortresses were built during the Siege of Bursa (1326). Havale type forts were also built during the Siege of Sivrihisar in Karaman, and in Giurgiu during the campaign to Hungary (1435–36) by Murad II.
Gallery
Related towns
Serbia
Bačka Palanka
Smederevska Palanka
Bela Palanka
Brza Palanka
Banatska Palanka
Macedonia
Kriva Palanka
References
Bibliography
Fortifications | Palanka (fortification) | [
"Engineering"
] | 867 | [
"Fortifications",
"Military engineering"
] |
65,770,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian%20metallurgy | From the 7th to 3rd Century BC, the Scythian people of the Pontic–Caspian steppe engaged in the widespread practice of metallurgy. Though Scythian society was heavily based around a nomadic, mobile lifestyle, the culture was capable of practicing metallurgy and of producing metal objects. Many works of Scythian metalworking have subsequently been found throughout the range of the people.
Description
The Scythians emerged as a people prior to the 7th Century BC, when they were first mentioned in historical records. The Scythian civilization consisted of a number of distinct tribal groups scattered across the Pontic Steppes, Caucasus, and Central Asia. Though primarily a nomadic people, the Scythians established a number of settlements across their territory; these establishments in turn allowed for the development of a sedentary society and the accompanying development of trade skills, including metalworking.
Scythian knowledge of metalworking likely originated with the peoples of Iran and China, with this knowledge spreading along trade routes and arriving in the steppes from the 2nd to 1st Millennium BC. Early Scythian metallurgy was centered around bronzeworking, as these skills had already been widely adopted by the Scythians' neighbors. The Minusinsk Basin of Siberia has been speculated as the origin point for the raw materials used in Bronze-age Scythian metallurgy, and Scythian access to this region fueled the peoples' later centuries of expansion. During the 8th Century BC Scythians were often employed by nations in the Near East and these returning soldiers may have brought knowledge of iron-working back to their homeland, and by the start of the 6th-century BC the practice was widespread in the Pontic steppes. In addition to bronze and iron working, gold and copper-working were also present in Scythian society; in his commentary on the Scythian people, Greek historian Herodotus remarked on their fondness for making things from gold and copper.
Metallurgy held a major place in Scythian society as metalworkers were needed to produce material goods to support the Scythian way of life. As a nomadic society with broad borders, the Scythians often raided neighboring peoples and as such required metal weaponry - particularly iron swords and bronze arrowheads. It has been speculated that the Scythian's use of stylized metal adornments may have been copied from their opponents during these conflicts. In addition, jewelry and other adornment was in demand among all classes of society, as can be seen with the discovery of metal adornments in the burial tombs attributed to the Scythians. One notable aspect of Scythian clothing was the widespread use of metal belts.
Other signs of Scythian metalworking can be found throughout sites attributed to the people. Several notable Scythian archeological sites contain the remnants of metalworking operations; at one settlement along the Dnieper, remnants of blast furnaces and slag have been found, implying the existence of a large metallurgical center. Studies of other Scythian sites have also led to the remains of metal workshops and tools being found, further supporting the theory that the Scythians were organized craftspeople. Scythian metalworkers were particularly renowned for the high quality of their copper crafting. During war, portable molds were brought to forge arrowheads for the Scythian cavalry. Scythian metallurgy also influenced the metallurgy of the Koban people of the North Caucasus.
References
See also
Scythian art
Scythian clothing
History of metallurgy
Scythia | Scythian metallurgy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 734 | [
"Metallurgy",
"History of metallurgy"
] |
65,771,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28III%29%20nitrate | Indium(III) nitrate is a nitrate salt of indium which forms various hydrates. Only the pentahydrate has been crystallographically verified. Other hydrates are also reported in literature, such as the trihydrate.
Production and reactions
Indium(III) nitrate hydrate is produced by the dissolution of indium metal in concentrated nitric acid followed by evaporation of the solution:
The hydrate first decomposes to a basic salt and then to indium(III) oxide at 240 °C. Anhydrous indium(III) nitrate is claimed to be produced by the reaction of anhydrous indium(III) chloride and dinitrogen pentoxide.
In the presence of excess nitrate ions, indium(III) nitrate converts to the [In(NO3)4]− ion.
The hydrolysis of indium(III) nitrate yields indium(III) hydroxide. It also reacts with sodium tungstate to form In(OH)WO4, [In(OH)2]2WO4, NaInWO4 or In2(WO4)3 depending on pH.
Structure
Only the pentahydrate has been structurally elucidated. The pentahydrate consists of octahedral [In(NO3)(H2O)5]2+ centers as well as two nitrates and is monoclinic.
References
Indium compounds
Nitrates | Indium(III) nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 302 | [
"Oxidizing agents",
"Nitrates",
"Salts"
] |
60,770,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20Web%20Services%20Language | The Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) is a general-purpose logical language for specifying Semantic Web Services Ontologies (SWSOs), as well as individual Web services. The Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) describes the syntax elements of SWSL and its semantic and semantic foundations. It can be used with the underlying language and network structure of Semantic Web Services. Syntactically, first-order logic (including all connections used in first-order logic) is a subset of the Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL).
The Semantic Web Services Language consists of two different basic languages: Declarative Logic Programs (SWSL Rule) and First Order Classical Logic (SWSL-FOL). Semantically, the two sub-language of SWSL are incompatible, but the two sub-language can cooperate.
SWSL-Rules is a non-monotonic semantic and rule-based language. SWSL-FOL is a complete first word logic language.
SWSL-FOL and SWSL-Rules follow the semantics of the Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL).
Background
Twelve authors from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Research Council of Canada, SRI International, Stanford University, Toshiba and Southampton University submitted four documents:
Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL)
Semantic Web Services Framework (SWSF) Overview
Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO)
SWSF Application Scenarios
The four documents defined the Semantic Web Services Framework (SWSF). The Semantic Web Services Framework (SWSF) includes Ontology Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO) and Descriptive Language Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) . The Semantic Web Service Ontology (SWSO) and Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) semantics can work together to accomplish tasks.
The Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO) is expressed in both FLOWS and ROWS. FLOWS is the First-order Logic Ontology for Web Services; ROWS is the Rules Ontology for Web Services.
Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO) develops a first-order logic language along with its sister general-purpose logic language Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL). The expected semantics of the concepts in FLOWS in the Semantic Web Services Ontology (SWSO) can be used in SWSL-FOL; partial semantics of ROWS can also be used in SWSL-Rules.
Uses of SWSL
The Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) features include URIs, integration of XML built-in types, and XML-compatible namespaces and import mechanisms. Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) works with the basic language of the Web to meet the requirements of a single Semantic Web Service and Semantic Web Service Ontology (SWSO).
The use of The Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) also includes helping SWSL-Rules work with SWSL-FOL.
Developed with Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) is FLOWS, which provides a framework for description and reasoning services.
The cases of Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL)
Negotiation and contracting
When shopping online, buyers and sellers represent “a financing service” and “a delivery service” respectively. When there is a natural conflict of interest between the parties: the seller wants to sell the goods, the buyer wants to benefit from the loss of the goods.
Process Modeling
Process Modeling can be easily divided into three steps: Generic Planning Services; Single or Multiagent Plan Coordination Service and e-Service Composition in a Behavior based Framework.
1. Generic Planning Services: "This is an example of a service to support the selection or generation of plans and their reliable execution."
2.Single or Multiagent Plan Coordination Service: Single or Multiagent Plan The nature of the Coordination Service is a service, which is designed to coordinate multiple or one plan, handle conflicts and take advantage of collaboration opportunities.
3.e-Service Composition in a Behavior based Framework: e-Service is an operation of outputting and inputting parameters. Under the conditions and effects of both message-based and activity-based, the interactive e-Service can have different combinations. The result of composition can be divided into one-time and reusable. One-time means that the combined results can only be used once and cannot be used for requests from other users. Reusable means that the combined result can be used multiple times and can be used for requests from other users.
Process Enactment
This section shows an example of SWSL using DAML-S, and the services of federated resource coordination operations are constrained by heterogeneous distributed policy sets.
SWSL-FOL
Definition
SWSL-FOL, which is SWSL-First-order Logic, is a complete first word logic language that extends HiLog's functionality and F-Logic's frame syntax. SWSL-FOL has a Layers structure.
SWSL-FOL and SWSL-Rules are sub-language of the Semantic Web Services Language. There is a grammatical overlap between the two. Although each connection used by SWSL-FOL can be used for SWSL-Rules, this does not mean that SWSL-FOL is a subset of the SWSL rules.
The Syntax And Semantic Extension Of SWSL-FOL
The most basic syntax and semantics of SWSL-FOL's syntax and semantics is SWSL-FOL. Three other enhancements based on SWSL-FOL include: SWSL-FOL + Equality, SWSL-FOL + HiLog and SWSL-FOL + Frames. This helps the SWSL-FOL language to have more powerful features.
The SWSL-FOL + Equality formula adds an equality operator based on SWSL-FOL:=:.In this situation, the end of the SWSL-FOL formula uses the (".") symbol.The SWSL-FOL + HiLog formula extends the object-oriented syntax of the Frames layer of SWSL-Rules.This formula extends the semantics and syntax usage rules of the HiLog and HiLog atomic formulas to extend SWSL-FOL. The combination of SWSL-FOL + Equality and SWSL-FOL + HiLog can also extend the syntax and semantics of SWSL-FOL + HiLog, but this does not help SWSL-FOL + Equality upgrade syntax and semantics.The SWSL-FOL + Frames formula extends the object-oriented syntax of the HiLog layer of SWSL-Rules.The combination of SWSL-FOL + Equality and SWSL-FOL + Frame can extend the semantics and syntax of both formulas simultaneously.
Uses
SWSL-FOL is mainly used to express the formal characteristics of Web services concepts and Semantic Web services, especially the process model:
The composition of the service and the process model;
Verification and verification services after analysis of the process model;
SWSL-FOL is in the form of first-order classical logic.
SWSL-FOL applies the ability to oppose reasoning and/or presence to many use case scenarios and can be used to formally specify service features.
SWSL-Rules
Definition
SWSL-Rules, which is Declarative Logic Programs, is a non-monotonic semantic and rule-based language. SWSL-Rules is not first-order. SWSL-Rules has a Layers structure.
Among them, the pure Horn subset in SWSL-Rules constitutes the core of the SWSL-Rules.
The Syntax And Semantic Extension Of SWSL-Rules
SWSL-Rules is a Declarative Logic Programs that combines different layers of SWSL-Rules syntax and semantics into a knowledge representation language. The structure of SWSL-Rules can be easily divided into NAF, Courteous, HiLog, Frames and Reification layers. In the SWSL-Rules different branches are orthogonal and can be combined.
NAF indicates the negation and failure of SWSL-Rules in the semantic sense. The Courteous extension features SWSL-Rules, adding syntax to limit classic negation and priority rules. Nonmon LT extends the semantics and syntax of SWSL-Rules by extending the meaning of quantifiers and rule bodies. HiLog belongs to the first order, enabling highly metaprogramming by allowing variables to transcend predicate symbols, function symbols, and formulas.
Frames layer introduces the most common object-oriented features. Both the HiLog and Frames layers extend the syntax and semantics of SWSL-Rules at different levels in different ways. The Reification layer is used to create objects with WSL-Rules formulas. The Lloyd-Topor extension and the Courteous rule extension provide all normal first-order connections for SWSL rules.
Therefore, the syntax SWSL rule contains all the connections of the complete first-order logic, which provides a bridge for SWSL-FOL.
Uses
SWSL-Rules is mainly used to express the formal characteristics of Web services concepts and Semantic Web services, especially the process model:
rust in security, privacy and confidentiality authorization policies;
Contracts and advertising;
Supervise certain procedures for identifying and resolving anomalies;
Semantic mediation of translation between different ontology or context;
Use an object-oriented ontology with default inheritance with priority and/or cancellation (for example, in the Program Manual. The logically non-monotonic nature of SWSL rules is widely used for negative failures and/or polite priority conflict handling and similar events.
SWSL-FOL applies the ability to oppose reasoning and/or presence to many use-case scenarios that can be used to formalize service features, while SWSL rules are used to infer these features and perform service.
Language
The Layered Structure
The semantics and syntax within the layer enhance the language modeling capabilities of SWSL. It makes it easier for learners and administrators to learn and manipulate the language and understand the relationships between different functions within the layer.
In addition, the semantics and syntax of the sub-language SWSL-Rules or SWSL-FOL inside SWSL is usually extended by updating most of the layers that are the core of the language. The layers are independent of each other, but can be combined with each other, and the specific combination is different in the two sub-language. This can provide some guidance for vendors who may only be interested in a particular subset of features.
Main layers
The Monotonic Lloyd-Topor Layer:
The Monotonic Lloyd-Topor Layer extends the Horn layer by using Disjunction in the rule body; Conjunction in the rule head; and allowing new symbols of classical implication to be used in the rule head.
The forms of classical implication: formula1 ==> formula2; formula1 <== formula2
The new symbols of classical implication in Monotonic Lloyd-Topor Layer: formula1 <==> formula2
The NAF Layer
The NAF layer add the negation-as-failure symbol, naf.
The form of NAF layer: p(?X,?Y) :- q(?X,?Z) and naf r(?Z,?Y)
The NAF layer extends the semantics of SWSL-Rules by adding a negative failure symbol naf. The main advantage of this semantic is that it is easy to calculate, and the definition of its model is unique.
The form before the NAF layer extends naf syntax: ... :- ... and naf r(?X) and ...
The form after the NAF layer extends naf syntax: ... :- ... and ∃ X (naf r(?X)) and ... or ... :- ... and ∀ X (naf r(?X)) and ...
The Nonmonotonic Lloyd-Topor Layer
The Nonmonotonic Lloyd-Topor Layer introduces explicit bounded quantifiers: <==, ==> and the bi-implication symbol <==> in the rule body.
For example, classical implication A <== B is interpreted in a non-classical way: as (A or naf B) rather than (A or neg B).
The Courteous Rules Layer
The Courteous Rules Layer is upgraded for conflict handling, and syntax and semantics extend four new features:
Rule labels: The name that prioritizes between rules. The form of rule labels in Courteous Rules Layer :{label} head :- body.
Classical negation of atoms; prioritization predicate: rules can be sorted by priority
The HiLog Layer
The HiLog Layer extends the first-order syntax of Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) by allowing variables to be used beyond the function notation, predicate symbol, and atomic formula range. The expanded functionality of The HiLog Layer supports materialization and plays a key role in exploring unknown knowledge structures.
"HiLog term (abbr., H-term): A HiLog term is either a first-order term or an expression of the following form: t(t1,...,tn), where t, t1, ..., tn are HiLog terms."
The Equality Layer
The Equality Layer adds a complete equality predicate to the Semantic Web Services Language (SWSL) that obeys the equal congruence axioms of equality, :=: .
The equality predicates in The Equality Layer are transitive and symmetrical.
The logical implication relationship is constant when it is equal to or equal to or equal to.
The Frames Layer
The Frames Layer mimics F-logic's addition of Frame syntax to extend semantics. The Frames are called molecules in the Frames Layer, which introduces object-oriented syntax.
The Frame syntax.
Path expressions.
Class membership and class subclasses.
The signature molecules will give a representation of the type specification.
References
External links
XML-based standards
Semantic Web | Semantic Web Services Language | [
"Technology"
] | 2,825 | [
"Computer standards",
"XML-based standards"
] |
60,771,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-4-3-12%20tiling | In geometry of the Euclidean plane, the 3-4-3-12 tiling is one of 20 2-uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons, containing regular triangles, squares, and dodecagons, arranged in two vertex configuration: 3.4.3.12 and 3.12.12.
The 3.12.12 vertex figure alone generates a truncated hexagonal tiling, while the 3.4.3.12 only exists in this 2-uniform tiling. There are 2 3-uniform tilings that contain both of these vertex figures among one more.
It has square symmetry, p4m, [4,4], (*442). It is also called a demiregular tiling by some authors.
Circle Packing
This 2-uniform tiling can be used as a circle packing. Cyan circles are in contact with 3 other circles (1 cyan, 2 pink), corresponding to the V3.122 planigon, and pink circles are in contact with 4 other circles (2 cyan, 2 pink), corresponding to the V3.4.3.12 planigon. It is homeomorphic to the ambo operation on the tiling, with the cyan and pink gap polygons corresponding to the cyan and pink circles (one dimensional duals to the respective planigons). Both images coincide.
Dual tiling
The dual tiling has kite ('ties') and isosceles triangle faces, defined by face configurations: V3.4.3.12 and V3.12.12. The kites meet in sets of 4 around a center vertex, and the triangles are in pairs making planigon rhombi. Every four kites and four isosceles triangles make a square of side length .
This is one of the only dual uniform tilings which only uses planigons (and semiplanigons) containing a 30° angle. Conversely, 3.4.3.12; 3.122 is one of the only uniform tilings in which every vertex is contained on a dodecagon.
Related tilings
It has 2 related 3-uniform tilings that include both 3.4.3.12 and 3.12.12 vertex figures:
This tiling can be seen in a series as a lattice of 4n-gons starting from the square tiling. For 16-gons (n=4), the gaps can be filled with isogonal octagons and isosceles triangles.
Notes
References
Keith Critchlow, Order in Space: A design source book, 1970, pp. 62–67
Ghyka, M. The Geometry of Art and Life, (1946), 2nd edition, New York: Dover, 1977. Demiregular tiling
pp. 35–43
p. 65
Sacred Geometry Design Sourcebook: Universal Dimensional Patterns, Bruce Rawles, 1997. pp. 36–37
External links
In Search of Demiregular Tilings, Helmer Aslaksen
n-uniform tilings Brian Galebach, 2-Uniform Tiling 2 of 20
Euclidean plane geometry
Tessellation | 3-4-3-12 tiling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 649 | [
"Tessellation",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
60,771,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Yeflov | Boris Alexandrovich Yeflov (; born 31 December 1926, Village Selishche, Rayon Borisoglebsky, Oblast Yaroslavl – died 17 March 2013, Kostroma) – Soviet/Russian painter, drawing artist, and master of rural landscape.
Biography
Family
Boris Alexandrovich Yeflov was born on 31 December 1926 in Selishche village, Borisoglebsky Rayon, Yaroslavl Oblast, not far from the deployment of the military unit where his father was serving in the army. His father Yeflov Aleksandr Grigorievich was a career army officer and his mother Kolchina Klavdiya Vasilyevna was born into a well-off peasant family. When quite young, Boris was left without his father, who was arrested and executed by shooting in 1938, however posthumously rehabilitated in the subsequent years. For this reason, the family was forced to move to their friends’ home in Kostroma.
As a child, Boris took a great interest in drawing, making copies and imitating classical works of famous painters. Because of the dire need and poverty of the family Boris volunteered to join the army although he was not even seventeen.
Army
After a short military schooling, Boris was ordered to the operating units of the Black Sea Fleet. He served aboard the Krasny Krym guards cruiser, and in the ensuing years through to his discharge, aboard the destroyer Ognevoi as a gun layer. In the course of the infrequent leaves he attended drawing courses at an art studio in Sevastopol. The preserved drawings of that time were exhibited at various thematic exhibitions.
Kostroma
When he came back home, in 1951, he started to work at Kostroma Puppet Theater as a scene-painter. In 1952 Boris Yeflov entered marriage with Anisimova (Yeflova) Valentina Alexandrovna, who gave birth to two sons Vladimir (1955) and Aleksandr (1959). 1953 to 1958 he studied at Kostroma Art School. Afterwards through to his retirement, he worked in the studios of the Art Foundation of the Russian Federation.
Being a painter by both vocation and profession, Boris would always love to spend some time to paint en plain air. Inspired by the tranquility and beauty of the Russian countryside, he drew multitudes of sketches turning them later in the silence of his studio into the unique paintings rich in colour and profound meaning such as Indian Summer, Leaf Fall, By the River, by the River…
His trips to the small town Kirillov in Vologda Oblast gave rise to a series of the most famous water-colours of the painter including Corner Tower, The Road to Church, The Holy Gates, etc.
During his visit to Severomorsk, Boris was inspired by the unforgettable austere beauty of the northern nature. This magical attraction of the North brought him later to Karelia. It was the first of his numerous tours to this land. Gaining great satisfaction from these landscapes, he produced several of his best and monumental paintings, which he called Karelia and Karelian Stones.
As of 1957, he participated in numerous exhibitions, most of which were one-man shows. Paintings by Boris Eflov are sold and actively find their new owners at large European auctions (Catawiki-curated online auction, painting “In the Winter Backwater”, 1960, auction date 06.01.2024).
He died on 17 March 2013 at the age of 86 in Kostroma. Boris Yeflov was interred in the Ilyinskoye village not far from Kostroma.
Gallery
Exhibitions
From 1958 now on Boris Yeflov’s works have been exhibited at dozens of exhibitions. Over recent years, almost all these exhibitions were one-man show. The most significant of them are listed below:
The art exhibition of Russian painters. Italy. Firm Sytko (1992)
‘The Transparent Light of the Water-Colour.’ Kostroma, Perpetuum Art Gallery (2006)
Anniversary exhibition in honour of the Painter’s eightieth birthday. Kostroma. Romanov Museum (2007)
‘Farewell to the Painter.’ Exhibition at the Exhibition Hall in Kostroma City Administration building (2013)
Exhibition of graphic portraits and drawings. Kostroma Synagogue (2014)
‘The Forest Road’. Kostroma Regional Museum of Nature (2016)
‘Varvara’s House’. The exhibition dedicated to the Painter’s ninetieth anniversary. Kostroma. Former Nobility Assembly Hall (2017)
‘The Magic of the North through the eyes of Boris Yeflov’. Karelia. Sortavala (2017)
‘Dance of Reflections’ Museum Kierikkikeskus, Oulu, Finland. (2021)
Literary sources
Прозрачный свет акварели. Ефлов Борис Александрович. – Кострома: Издательский Дом «Линия График Кострома», 2007. – 34 с.
Виртуоз пейзажа. Борис Ефлов. Живопись. – Кострома: Издательский Дом «Линия График Кострома», 2007. - 80 с: ил.
О друзьях-товарищах. Борис Ефлов. – Ярославль: Издательское бюро «Филигрань», 2015. - 44 с.
Варварин дом Бориса Ефлова. – Кострома: Издательский Дом «Линия График Кострома», 2017. - 56 с: ил.
Магия севера глазами Бориса Ефлова. – Кострома: Издательский Дом «Линия График Кострома», 2017. - 80 с.: ил.
Бузин А.И. Художники-фронтовики 1941 – 1945 г. – Кострома: Типография издательства «Северная правда», 1975. – 68 с.
Художники Костромы. – Кострома: Издание Костромской организации художников, 1994. – 128 с.
Костромские художники – ветераны войны и труда. – Кострома: Издание Костромской организации художников и администрации Костромской области, 1995. – 296 с.
Бузин А.И., Касторская Т.М., Туловская Т.И., Неганова Г.Д. Художники земли Костромской. – Кострома: Костромаиздат, 2013. – 376 с.: ил.
Бузин А.И. Великая Отечественная война в творчестве костромских художников. – Кострома: Костромаиздат. – 2015. – 120 с.
ХУДОЖНИКИ НАРОДОВ СССР, Библиографический словарь., том. 4, кн. 1, стр. 75, Москва, «Искусство», 1983. – 592 с.
Arte soviético. Realismo socialista 1945-1980 (Catálogo Exposición Galería Ynguanzo, Octubre-Noviemb). – Romano Canavese: Tipografia Ferrero, 1991. – 19-21 p.
External links
Exhibition of graduation sketches of graduates of the Kostroma Art School
«Transparent light of watercolor»
The Memory of the Heart exhibition of local painters has opened in Kostroma
The Haystack exhibition by Boris Eflov has opened in Kostroma
Boris Yeflov’s painting
Boris Yeflov. The Varvara’s House
The art exhibition has opened in the Kostroma synagogue
Alone with the pictures
Opening of the exhibition of Boris Yeflov’s paintings
Kostroma front-linepainters. Materials for the exhibition of works by Kostroma painters, participants of the Great Patriotic War
Soviet painters
Russian painters
1926 births
2013 deaths
Draughtsmen | Boris Yeflov | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,157 | [
"Design engineering",
"Draughtsmen"
] |
60,772,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamada%20Ltd. | Kamada Ltd. is a global biopharmaceutical company specializing in the research, manufacturing, and commercialization of specialty pharmaceuticals derived from human plasma.
The company’s portfolio includes 6 FDA-approved plasma-derived products, which are distributed in over 30 international markets.
The company's headquarters and laboratories are located in the park of Kiryat Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. The production facility is located in Kibbutz Beit Kama, Israel. The company also has offices in the United States, located in Hoboken, New Jersey.
History
Kamada was founded in 1990 by David Tzur, Ralph Hahn and Kamapharam Ltd., which was wholly owned by Kibbutz Beit Kama, until then Kamapharam was producing albumin, and its production facilities were acquired in full by Kamada In 1999, (35%) to a company owned by Hahn and another investor for $2.5 million. Hahn and Tzur headed the company by the beginning of 2013. The company completed its first public offering in 2005 on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.
Today, the company specializes in the development, manufacture and marketing of proteins, especially for orphan diseases. The company produces about 10 injectable and marketed drugs in more than 15 countries around the world.
Kamada is a member of the Biomed index on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, and as of December 2012, its shares were included in the Tel Aviv 100 index.
In 2012, the company was ranked 456 among the 500 fastest growing companies in Europe (and 15th in Israel) according to the Deloitte Index, based on their income in 2007–2011.
In May 2014, the company announced that it had not met the target set for the trial for a hereditary emphysema in inhalation. Following the failure of the experiment, the company's market value fell within a year from $500 million to $150 million.
Products
Glassia: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin for infusion (AAT IV)
Glassia is approved by the FDA to treat lung disease caused by alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. The active ingredient in the drug is the protein alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT). Glassia is indicated for patients suffering from lung disease called emphysema, due to a genetic deficiency in the AAT protein. Takeda holds the license to manufacture and distribute Glassia in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, following a completed technology transfer from Kamada. Under the terms of the agreement between the companies, Kamada is entitled to royalties from Glassia sales in Takeda’s markets. In other countries where Glassia is available, Kamada partners with local distributors to sell the medicine.
Production of immunoglobulins
The company has developed a technological platform for the production of specific immunoglobulins (IgG's). It produces a specific antibody against the rabies virus, and a product for the treatment of HDN - disease of the newborn hemolytic (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) - a disease caused from Rh negative in the fetus.
The company cooperates with the Israeli Ministry of Health, in the framework of which it established a GMP standard for the production of serum against snake venom. The product is manufactured from the serum of hyper-immune horses .
The company has a strategic agreement with Kedrion Pharmaceuticals for the development and marketing of the KamRab rabies immunoglobulin in the United States.
See also
Economy of Israel
Research and development in Israel
References
External links
Kamada Ltd. - the company's website
Kamada Ltd. - on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies of Israel
Science and technology in Israel
Israeli brands
Rehovot
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1990
Life sciences industry
Multinational companies headquartered in Israel
Companies listed on the Nasdaq | Kamada Ltd. | [
"Biology"
] | 806 | [
"Life sciences industry"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.