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56,056,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenebis%28dibutyldithiocarbamate%29 | Methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH2(SC(S)NBu2)2 (Bu = C4H9). It is a derivative of dibutyldithiocarbamate that is used as an additive to various lubricants, both as an antioxidant and to prevent metal surfaces. It is prepared by alkylation of the dithiocarbamate with dichloromethane. Although it is described as colored, simple esters of dithiocarbamate are typically colorless.
References
Dithiocarbamates
Oil additives | Methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"Dithiocarbamates",
"Functional groups"
] |
56,057,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20508 | NGC 508, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5099 or UGC 939, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 247 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 12 September 1784 by British astronomer William Herschel.
Observation history
Herschel discovered NGC 508 along with NGC 507 and described the objects as "Two. Both eF, S, but unequal.". His observed position was catalogued and is accurate. John Louis Emil Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, described the galaxy as "very faint, small, northern of two", with the other object being NGC 507.
Description
The galaxy has an apparent size of 1.1 × 1.1 arcmins and a recessional velocity of 5525 kilometers per second. It is thought to be a group member with NGC 507, but as there is no evidence of interaction between the objects, the two are not necessarily a physical pair. Although NGC 508 is usually treated as part of Arp 229, the description of the Arp-galaxy only applies to the larger NGC 507. Therefore, the term Arp 229 should only be used as an alternative designation for NGC 507.
See also
Elliptical galaxy
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
Pisces (constellation)
References
External links
SEDS
Elliptical galaxies
Pisces (constellation)
0508
5099
0939
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 508 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 303 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
56,057,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-covalent%20interactions%20index | The Non-Covalent Interactions index, commonly referred to as simply Non-Covalent Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation that Non-covalent interactions can be associated with the regions of small reduced density gradient at low electronic densities. In quantum chemistry, the non-covalent interactions index is used to visualize non-covalent interactions in three-dimensional space.
Its visual representation arises from the isosurfaces of the reduced density gradient colored by a scale of strength. The strength is usually estimated through the product of the electron density and the second eigenvalue (λ) of the Hessian of the electron density in each point of the isosurface, with the attractive or repulsive character being determined by the sign of λ. This allows for a direct representation and characterization of non-covalent interactions in three-dimensional space, including hydrogen bonds and steric clashes. Being based on the electron density and derived scalar fields, NCI indexes are invariant with respect to the transformation of molecular orbitals. Furthermore, the electron density of a system can be calculated both by X-ray diffraction experiments and theoretical wavefunction calculations.
The reduced density gradient (s) is a scalar field of the electron density (ρ) that can be defined as
Within the Density Functional Theory framework the reduced density gradient arises in the definition of the Generalized Gradient Approximation of the exchange functional. The original definition is
in which k is the Fermi momentum of the free electron gas.
The NCI was developed by Canadian computational chemist Erin Johnson while she was a postdoctoral fellow at Duke University in the group of Weitao Yang.
References
Chemical bonding | Non-covalent interactions index | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 359 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
56,057,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGSN | Lengsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGSN gene.
Lengsin is a survivor of an ancient family of class I glutamine synthetases in eukaryotes that has undergone evolutionary re-engineering for a tissue-specific, noncatalytic role in the lens of the vertebrate eye. Lengsin is the result of the recruitment of an ancient enzyme may act as a component of the cytoskeleton or as a chaperone for the reorganization of intermediate filament proteins during terminal differentiation in the lens. It does not seem to have enzymatic activity.
References
Further reading
External links
Proteins | LGSN | [
"Chemistry"
] | 137 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
56,057,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion%20design%20copyright | Fashion design copyright refers to the web of domestic and international laws that protect unique clothing or apparel designs. The roots of fashion design copyright may be traced in Europe to as early as the 15th century.
As of 2016, in most countries (including the United States and the United Kingdom), fashion design does not have the same protection as other creative works (art, film, literature, etc.), because apparel (clothes, shoes, handbags, etc.) are classified as "functional items", except when copyright laws can be applied. This explains the success of the knockoff businesses to the detriment of established labels and emerging designers, the latter ones being especially damaged, because they rely on relatively few designs.
History
French king Francis I gave out specific privileges related to the production of textiles. By 1711, in Lyon, illegalities were already being defined in regards to fashion materials, and in 1787, in England and Scotland fashion designers had fruitfully pushed their needs for protection into basic legislation. In 1876 Germany began protecting fashion patterns as well as models, and in 2002 European regulation on designs that were new and provided an aspect of fresh character or aesthetic were brought under protection. From 2004 to 2006 the "total production volume for clothing decreased by about 5% each year... [and by] 2006 the European union trade deficit for clothing was at 33.7 billion." These statistics show that while there are benefits of their advanced design legislation, the economic and external factors still hindered their industry growth in ways the U.S. can empathize with. As 2007 came to a close, WIPO, or the World Intellectual Property Organization, had registered twenty-nine international designs.
Current regulation
The protection of fashion design varies greatly from one country to the other.
European Union
Unlike in the USA, when the laws regarding the clothing industry were created in Europe, the continent had a booming fashion industry that already started to reshape the clothing manufacturing industry.
In the European Union, the Creative Designs Directive and the European Designs Directive are in effect to protect new designs for three or five years. The European Union Intellectual Property Office are responsible for managing intellectual property in the EU.
United States
The US laws written in 1976 identify fashion as a manufacturing industry rather than a creative one, because fashion design had not reshaped the clothing manufacturing industry yet. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998 originally brought more limits to fashion design copyrighting, but a sui generis protection to the design of vessel hulls (DMCA-Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act or VHDPA) was included to give more protection to some useful articles. The House of Representatives deemed fit to enable tighter fashion design copyrights through an extension of the VHDPA. There is no official design rights system, so brands and companies have to use design patents (a technical component of the design) and trademarks (names, slogans, logos) to "copyright" their products. Another option for highly-recognizable fashion designs is to register it as a trade dress with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (ex Hermès and the Birkin bag).
In the 2017 Supreme Court case. Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc., it was ruled that Fashion design can be covered by copyright.
This decision enhanced the protection of unique fashion works, which are often knocked off by fast-fashion retailers who turn the vast grey area of fashion copyrights into a profit.
Infringement cases
From 2009 to 2018, Gucci and Guess were in a copyrights feud over the use of a logo: Courts in the USA, China and Australia had ruled in favor of Gucci, while courts in France and Italy had ruled in favor of Guess.
In 2010, Alexander McQueen destroyed all its products containing the Hells Angels' trademarked winged death heads symbol after the motorcycle club threatened to sue.
In the 2012 case of Yves Saint Laurent v. Christian Louboutin, a court ruled that a brand could reuse Louboutin's signature red on shoes as long as the whole shoe is covered in red, because having only the soles in red was indeed a copyright violation.
In the UK, in the 2023 case of Adidas v. Thom Browne, a court ruled that Adidas' 3-stripe signature could be used by other brands.
Societal impact
Researcher Johanna Blakley argues that the very lack of regulation of fashion design has allowed the fashion industry to do very well economically and has led to the birth of fast fashion and a much faster changing of fashion trends and has enabled pieces of clothing to become pieces of art. She also refers to Tom Ford pointing out that the people who buy cheap lookalikes are a different demographic compared with people who buy the original very high-end products and that while many exclusive designers get copied, also the high end designers often attribute the inspiration of their creations to following street fashion, so the copying is a two-way street.
Digital fashion copyrights
When a garment is replicated digitally, the copyrights holder of the physical garment does not necessarily remain the copyrights holder of the digital garment. For example, if a design agency does 3D applications for a fashion company, those 3D animations belong to the agency. Licence agreements are essential if several agencies are involved. Facing digitization, the fashion industry may go through the same disruption the music and film industries went through.
The Hermès v. MetaBirkins case, the copyrights holder of the Birkin bag, the Hermès group, filed a lawsuit against the company MetaBirkins which had created an almost identical NFT bag sold $450 apiece. It was ruled in 2023 that NFTs were not protected by the First Amendment and had to respect copyrighted fashion designs.
See also
Design patent
References
External links
How Is Fashion Protected by Copyright Law?, Copyrightalliance.org
Fashion Design and Copyright in the US and EU, Wipo.int
Fashion design
Copyright law | Fashion design copyright | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,205 | [
"Design",
"Fashion design"
] |
56,058,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20B.%20Ries | Justin Baker Ries is an American marine scientist, best known for his contributions to ocean acidification, carbon sequestration, and biomineralization research.
Biography
Ries was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and attended the Friends School of Baltimore. He received a B.A. from Franklin and Marshall College and a Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University for a dissertation 'Experiments on the effect of secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcite and aragonite seas) on calcareous biomineralization'. He received postdoctoral training at the Johns Hopkins University, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the California Institute of Technology. Ries was a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for five years before becoming a professor at Northeastern University in 2013. At Northeastern, he is affiliated with the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, the Marine Science Center, and the Institute for Coastal Sustainability.
Major discoveries
Ries is best known for his contributions to ocean acidification and biomineralization research. He and his colleagues made the publicized and controversial discovery that anthropogenic CO2-induced ocean acidification does not negatively impact all species of marine calcifying organisms, but can also have neutral and even positive effects on some species. Ries also discovered that ocean acidification can alter the shell mineralogy, shell structure, predator-prey dynamics, and calcifying fluid pH of marine organisms, and produced the first geochemical model of the calcifying fluid that could predict organisms' responses to future ocean acidification. Ries and colleagues are also credited with discovering that the current rate of CO2-induced ocean acidification is the fastest in Earth history and that many species of marine calcifiers today inhabit seawater that is already undersaturated with respect to their shell mineral.
Inventions
Ries holds carbon sequestration patents describing biologically and geologically inspired methods for removing and mineralizing CO2 from the flue-streams of fossil-fuel-fired power plants and transoceanic vessels, production of carbon-negative cement, and alleviating bottlenecks in the global carbon cycle.
Honors
Honors include induction into the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi honor societies, receipt of the German Award and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ocean and Climate Change Postdoctoral Fellowship. Ries was elected into the National Academy of Inventors in 2024.
References
1976 births
Living people
Scientists from Baltimore
American male writers
Biogeochemists
Paleobiologists
21st-century American zoologists
Sedimentologists
American ecologists
Franklin & Marshall College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Northeastern University faculty
21st-century American inventors | Justin B. Ries | [
"Chemistry"
] | 542 | [
"Geochemists",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Biogeochemists"
] |
56,058,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresis%20Hall | Columbia Hall, commonly known as Paresis Hall, was a brothel and gay bar located on 392 Bowery in Manhattan, New York City, in the 1890s. Located near Cooper Union, the Hall was owned by the gangster James T. Ellison.
Name
Paresis Hall took its common nickname from general paresis, a term for syphilitic insanity.
Jennie June wrote that the name "Paresis Hall" was the popular name, but androgynes disliked that name, and instead referred to it as "the Hall". June wrote that the term paresis was used as a general term for insanity, but also wrote that the name followed a superstition that androgynes could cause virile men to succumb to insanity, later discovered to be a side effect of advanced syphilis.
Floors
On the ground floor, Paresis Hall had a small bar room in front, and a small beer garden behind it. The two floors above the ground floor were rented out in small rooms. At least ten rooms above the bar were used for private encounters.
Cercle Hermaphroditos
One space above the bar was permanently rented by the Cercle Hermaphroditos, an early transgender advocacy organization. They stored clothing there due to the illegality of and public hostility to dressing in women's clothing.
According to historian Susan Stryker, the Cercle Hermaphroditos was the first group in the United States to be concerned with what today would be considered transgender social justice issues.
Opposition
Paresis Hall was particularly renowned and reviled even at the time, and was a common target for both police activity and religious protests. Despite this, evidence suggests it was active until at least 1899.
See also
Cross-dressing#Legal issues
LGBT culture in New York City
References
Bibliography
External links
Historical Marker Database: Paresis Hall
Bowery
Brothels in New York (state)
Defunct LGBTQ drinking establishments in New York City
Defunct LGBTQ nightclubs in New York (state)
Drinking establishments in Manhattan
LGBTQ places in the United States
NoHo, Manhattan
LGBTQ sex clubs | Paresis Hall | [
"Biology"
] | 426 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
56,058,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Soissons | William of Soissons; French: Guillaume de Soissons; was a French logician who lived in Paris in the 12th century. He belonged to a school of logicians, called the Parvipontians.
William of Soissons fundamental logical problem and solution
William of Soissons seems to have been the first one to answer the question, "Why is a contradiction not accepted in logic reasoning?" by the principle of explosion. Exposing a contradiction was already in the ancient days of Plato a way of showing that some reasoning was wrong, but there was no explicit argument as to why contradictions were incorrect. William of Soissons gave a proof in which he showed that from a contradiction any assertion can be inferred as true. In example from: It is raining (P) and it is not raining (¬P) you may infer that there are trees on the moon (or whatever else)(E). In symbolic language: P & ¬P → E.
If a contradiction makes anything true then it makes it impossible to say anything meaningful: whatever you say, its contradiction is also true.
C. I. Lewis's reconstruction of his proof
William's contemporaries compared his proof with a siege engine (12th century). Clarence Irving Lewis formalized this proof as follows:
Proof
V : or
& : and
→ : inference
P : proposition
¬ P : denial of P
P &¬ P : contradiction.
E : any possible assertion (Explosion).
(1) P &¬ P → P (If P and ¬ P are both true then P is true)
(2) P → P∨E (If P is true then P or E is true)
(3) P &¬ P → P∨E (If P and ¬ P are both true then P or E are true (from (2))
(4) P &¬ P → ¬P (If P and ¬ P are both true then ¬P is true)
(5) P &¬ P → (P∨E) &¬P (If P and ¬ P are both true then (P∨E) is true (from (3)) and ¬P is true (from (4)))
(6) (P∨E) &¬P → E (If (P∨E) is true and ¬P is true then E is true)
(7) P &¬ P → E (From (5) and (6) one after the other follows (7))
Acceptance and criticism in later ages
In the 15th century this proof was rejected by a school in Cologne. They didn't accept step (6). In 19th-century classical logic, the Principle of Explosion was widely accepted as self-evident, e.g. by logicians like George Boole and Gottlob Frege, though the formalization of the Soissons proof by Lewis provided additional grounding for the Principle of Explosion.
References
Logicians
Theorems in propositional logic | William of Soissons | [
"Mathematics"
] | 609 | [
"Theorems in propositional logic",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
56,058,729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laricoideae | The Laricoideae are a subfamily of the Pinaceae, a Pinophyta division family. They take their name from the genus Larix (larches), which contains inside most of the species of the group and is one of only two deciduous genera of the pines complex (together with Pseudolarix, which however belongs to a different subfamily, the Abietoideae). Ecologically important trees, the Laricoideae form pure or mixed forest associations often dominant in the ecosystems in which they are present, thanks also to their biological adaptations to natural disturbances, to reproductive strategies put in place and high average longevity of the individuals. Currently are assigned to this subfamily three genera (Larix, Pseudotsuga and Cathaya) and its members can be found only in Northern Hemisphere. The various species live for the most part in temperate or cold climates and are the more northerly conifers; some constitute an important source of timber and non-timber forest products.
Description
The species of the subfamily Laricoideae are evergreen or deciduous trees that can reach the greater heights in the Pinaceae family (over 100 meters with Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii). The leaves are needle-like and have primary stomatal bands only on the abaxial surface (below the phloem vessels). All members are monoecious, with separate sexes on the same plant but in different reproductive structures. The annual cones (strobili) have no distinct umbo and the scales show a broad base which, at observation, completely hides the seeds from the abaxial view. These last are whitish and firmly fixed to the wing (this thin membrane also keeps the seed well attached to the scale during maturation); furthermore, among the typical distinctive features of the group, we have the micropylar fluid of the strobilus absent, no resin vesicles on the seeds and the presence, in the vascular cylinder of the young root, of two characteristic small resiniferous canals. The bark and the wood of the genera Larix and Pseudotsuga have a similar anatomy and morphology: the reddish color of the heartwood and the white-yellowish of the sapwood, the high specific weight compared to other conifers, the distribution of late and earlywood, the presence of resiniferous channels and their localization in the tissuets, the molecules that form the resin and extractives, the chemical, physical and mechanical properties as well as the class of resistance to the attack of pathogens such as fungi and insects are a clue of a common ancestral origin. Similar between the two genera are also some aspects of the phenology, the degree of shade tolerance, the fire-resistant marbled bark and the appearance of the young shoots.
Taxonomy
The subfamily Laricoideae was described with the actual name by Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger and Hans Melchior in late 1954 and subsequently modified by other authors in the course of time as regards the taxa of belonging. Before that, the genera Larix, Pseudotsuga and Cedrus were gathered in a provisional subfamily called Laricinae, defined for the first time by Melchior and Werdermann always in 1954 (...“trees that have both short and long shoots, monomorphic leaves, and strobili borne on the short shoots”...) and rechristened immediately after with the current term. The grouping in this form was confirmed by Hart (1987) through cladistic analysis, but already in 1988 Frankis replaced Cedrus with Cathaya (a genus described for the first time in 1962) in a new classification (now obsolete) that saw Larix as a distinct twin group compared to Cathaya - Pseudotsuga.
Historically the Laricoideae were the subfamily of the Pinaceae comprising the trees with needles inserted both on the macroblasts and on the brachiblasts; for this reason in the past they have been also included in it the genera Pseudolarix (for a short time) and Cedrus, subsequently eliminated following the most recent systematic updates developed on the basis of molecular genetic phylogeny, reproductive morphology, chromosome numbers and immunology. Currently, based on these studies, there are three genera in the subfamily Laricoideae, of which one of which is monotypic as it consists of only one species:
Within the subfamily the genera Larix and Pseudotsuga are more closely correlated to each other (sister taxa) than Cathaya. This evidence is demonstrated by numerous biological and macro-micro morphological similarities between the larches and the Douglas-firs including, but not only, a various tissues common anatomy, immunology of seed protein and the absence of the two air sacs in the pollen, typicals instead of the other Pinaceae. The similarities between the pollen grains of the genera Larix and Pseudotsuga however do not stop here and include other aspects as: granules not buoyant, atectate, with external wall (exospore) granular, pollination drop containing xylose and the presence of an exine shell during microgametophyte germination.
Doyle and O'Leary (1935) furthermore described a pollination process very similar in Larix and Pseudotsuga where the granule, which lacks air sacs, lands on an almost stigmatic extension of the integument, the margins of which tend to inroll. The contact with the nucellus may (Larix) or may not (Pseudotsuga) be needed for pollen tubes to develop, but the mechanism is almost analogous. The time from pollination to fertilization in these two genera may be over a year and the granules germination can take months (Little et al., 2014).
Price et al. he supposed in 1977 that the Laricoideae were a subfamily sister of the Abietoideae rather than the Pinoideae - Piceoideae group and this version was confirmed by Hart (1987), Frankis (1988), Farjon (1990), Wang et al. (2000) and Gernandt et al. (2008), although it has not yet found application in the literature.
Dichotomous key
The dichotomous key to recognizing the genera included to the subfamily Laricoideae is relatively simple, since only three of them belong to it and one of these is deciduous. Below is reported the taxonomic identification scheme in the form of a table:
Revisions and research
According to the latest research still in progress, the genus Cathaya would be attributed to the grouping of pines (subfamily Pinoideae), leaving therefore only Larix and Pseudotsuga to forming the subfamily Laricoideae. Furthermore, studying the mitochondrial rps3 gene, Ran et al. (2010) found that Larix and Pseudotsuga are evolutionarily sister genera to all other Pinaceae, highlighting a different (sub-parallel) origin compared than the remaining species. Spellenberg, Earle and Nelson (2014) report that the larches and Douglas firs evolved from the Pinaceae 135 million years ago and they kept a common ancestor until 7 million years ago, thus forming a divided and closely related taxonomic line between them compared to the rest of the group, while maintaining a strong degree of kinship with it. For Wang et al. (2000), instead, Pseudotsuga differentiated himself from Larix in Western North America about 65 million years ago, in an era between the late Cretaceous and the Paleocene. These revisions and interactions, which would find evidence in genetics, however are not universally accepted and many botanics, researchers and scientists still use the previous classification waiting for further developments.
For other authors, finally, the subfamily Laricoideae would have no taxonomic dignity of its own, recognizing only two large multi-group clades (Pinoid and Abietoid) or subfamilies (Pinoideae and Abietoideae) in their cladistics systems. Larix, Pseudotsuga and Cathaya would be included in the pines complex.
See also
Pinaceae
Abietoideae
Pinoideae
Piceoideae
Larix
Pseudotsuga
Cathaya
Subfamily
References
Bibliography
Pinaceae, Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera: Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea. Aljos Farjon. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1990 - 330 pages.
External links
Taxonomicon.nl Subfamily Laricoideae on taxonomicon.nl
The Gymnosperm Database – Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae)
Laricoideae in Pinaceae (Missouri Botanical Garden)
Subfamily Laricoideae - (Rendle) Pilger & Melchior in BioLib.cz
Pinaceae
Plant subfamilies | Laricoideae | [
"Biology"
] | 1,839 | [
"Plant subfamilies",
"Plants"
] |
56,058,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard%20Guillaume | Édouard Guillaume (1881–1959) was a Swiss physicist and patent examiner, notorious for his published papers attacking Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. He is also noteworthy for his work on mathematical economics.
Édouard Guillaume was the younger cousin of Charles Édouard Guillaume, who won the Nobel prize in physics in 1920. Both of the Guillaume cousins received doctorates in physics from the Zurich Polytechnique (ETH Zurich). Édouard Guillaume (the younger cousin) worked at the Swiss patent office where Einstein worked from 1902 to 1909. Beginning in 1913 Guillaume began publishing in the Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles papers arguing for a Lorentzian electrodynamics with a universal time. He claimed that Einstein's theory mistakes changes in the units of measurement for physical changes and that time can be regarded as absolute. Guillaume opposed the theory of relativity, though most of his objections were related to special relativity.
Beginning in 1917, Einstein started to reply to some of the letters Guillaume sent to him. The correspondence went on for a number of years, but Einstein was unable to convince Guillaume.
In 1915 he moved from the Swiss patent office to the Swiss Federal Office for Insurance. From 1916 to 1946 when he retired, he worked for the Swiss insurance company La Neuchâteloise, of which he became a director. For the academic year 1936-1937 he lectured on financial economics as a privat docent at the University of Neuchâtel.
Édouard Guillaume was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg, where he presented his ideas concerning relativity theory. In 1932 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 in Zurich, where he gave a talk stemming from the Guillaume brothers' work on mathematical economics.
Selected publications
Guillaume, Édouard. "La théorie de la relativité et le temps universel." Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 25, no. 3 (1918): 285-323.
Guillaume, Édouard. "La théorie de la relativité et sa signification." Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 27, no. 4 (1920): 423-469.
References
1881 births
1959 deaths
ETH Zurich alumni
Patent examiners
Relativity critics | Édouard Guillaume | [
"Physics"
] | 453 | [
"Relativity critics",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
56,059,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla%20machine | A tortilla machine, called in Spanish máquina tortilladora, is a machine for processing corn dough (masa) into corn tortillas.
History
The earliest tortilla machines were invented by Evarardo Rodríguez Arce and Luis Romero, and patented in 1904. Their machine formed dough balls into square tortillas, and was not commercially successful.
Mexican inventor Fausto Celorio Mendoza is credited with the invention of the first automatic tortilla machine. Celorio's 1947 machine pressed dough into round flats, then transported the flats to a series of three ovens for baking, and could produce one tortilla per minute. Celorio worked with engineer Alfonso Gándara to improve the machine's product and efficiency, so that by 1963 the machines were capable of producing of tortillas per hour.
References
Mexican inventions
Machines | Tortilla machine | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 177 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
56,059,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postia%20cylindrica | Postia cylindrica is a species of poroid fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Found in Southern China, it was described as a new species in 2017 by Hai-Sheng Yuan. The type collection was found growing on a dead pine tree in Jiangxi. The fungus is characterized macroscopically by crust-like to effused-reflexed fruit bodies with a cream to buff coloured cap surface and a reddish-brown margin that curves inward. There are gloeoplerous (oily) hyphal cells in the cuticular layer, and an absence of cystidia in the hymenium. The fungus produces smooth, cylindrical, thin-walled spores measuring 4.7–5.2 by 1.3–1.5 μm.
References
Fungi described in 2017
Fungi of China
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Postia cylindrica | [
"Biology"
] | 174 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
56,059,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20mapping | In algebra, a polynomial map or polynomial mapping between vector spaces over an infinite field k is a polynomial in linear functionals with coefficients in k; i.e., it can be written as
where the are linear functionals and the are vectors in W. For example, if , then a polynomial mapping can be expressed as where the are (scalar-valued) polynomial functions on V. (The abstract definition has an advantage that the map is manifestly free of a choice of basis.)
When V, W are finite-dimensional vector spaces and are viewed as algebraic varieties, then a polynomial mapping is precisely a morphism of algebraic varieties.
One fundamental outstanding question regarding polynomial mappings is the Jacobian conjecture, which concerns the sufficiency of a polynomial mapping to be invertible.
See also
Polynomial functor
References
Claudio Procesi (2007) Lie Groups: an approach through invariants and representation, Springer, .
Algebra | Polynomial mapping | [
"Mathematics"
] | 191 | [
"Algebra stubs",
"Algebra"
] |
56,059,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opetope | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, an opetope, a portmanteau of "operation" and "polytope", is a shape that captures higher-dimensional substitutions. It was introduced by John C. Baez and James Dolan so that they could define a weak n-category as a certain presheaf on the category of opetopes.
See also
higher-order operad
References
External links
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/opetope
Category theory | Opetope | [
"Mathematics"
] | 111 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
56,060,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLQP-62 | TLQP-62 (amino acid 556-617) is a VGF-derived C-terminal peptide that was first discovered by Trani et al. TLQP-62 is derived from VGF precursor protein via proteolytic cleavage by prohormone convertases PC1/3 at the RPR555 site. TLQP-62 is named after its first four N-terminal amino acids and its peptide length.
Function
Although the receptor(s) for TLQP-62 has not been identified so far, extensive studies have demonstrated that it acts on central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and endocrine tissue to exert its biological functions.
Synaptic plasticity
Acute TLQP-62 treatment rapidly increases synaptic activity in hippocampal neurons, and potentiates CA1 field excitatory postsynaptic potential fEPSP in the hippocampal slices, thus facilitating hippocampal synaptic transmission. TLQP-62 also increases dendritic branching and length in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Neurogenesis
TLQP-62 treatment enhances hippocampal neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by promoting the proliferation in neuronal progenitor cells.
Antidepressant efficacy
Intrahippocampal TLQP-62 infusion produces both rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test. TLQP-62's processed peptide AQEE-30, when given via intracerebroventricular route, also elicits antidepressant-like effects.
Memory and learning
Acute intrahippocampal TLQP-62 infusion enhances memory formation via BDNF/TrkB signaling.
Pain
Acute intrathecal administration of TLQP-62 induces hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli that recapitulates neuropathic pain, potentially by regulating the excitability of dorsal horn neurons.
Insulin secretion
TLQP-62 treatment increases insulin secretion in cultured insulinoma cells by increasing intracellular calcium mobilization.
References
Peptides | TLQP-62 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 453 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Peptides",
"Molecular biology"
] |
56,061,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriporia%20albomellea | Ceriporia albomellea is a species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. Found in China, it was described as new to science in 2017 by mycologists Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Hong Ji, Fang Wu, and Jia-Jia Chen. The fungus is characterized by its thin crust-like fruit body with a cottony white margin, and
white to cinnamon-buff pores; it is this latter feature for which the fungus is named. Its spores are oblong to ellipsoid and measure 3.1–3.8 by 1.7–2 μm. The type locality is southern China's Hainan Island, a location rich with wood-inhabiting fungi.
References
Fungi described in 2017
Fungi of China
Irpicaceae
Fungus species | Ceriporia albomellea | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
56,061,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouquet%20graph | In mathematics, a bouquet graph , for an integer parameter , is an undirected graph with one vertex and edges, all of which are self-loops. It is the graph-theoretic analogue of the topological rose, a space of circles joined at a point. When the context of graph theory is clear, it can be called more simply a bouquet.
Although bouquets have a very simple structure as graphs, they are of some importance in topological graph theory because their graph embeddings can still be non-trivial. In particular, every cellularly embedded graph can be reduced to an embedded bouquet by a partial duality applied to the edges of any spanning tree of the graph, or alternatively by contracting the edges of any spanning tree.
In graph-theoretic approaches to group theory, every Cayley–Serre graph (a variant of Cayley graphs with doubled edges) can be represented as the covering graph of a bouquet.
References
Parametric families of graphs | Bouquet graph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 200 | [
"Graph theory stubs",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
56,061,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepidanaerobacter%20acetatoxydans | Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans is an anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Tepidanaerobacter.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Anaerobes
Bacteria described in 2011 | Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans | [
"Biology"
] | 46 | [
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepidanaerobacter%20syntrophicus | Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus is an anaerobic, moderately thermophilic and syntrophic bacterium from the genus of Tepidanaerobacter which has been isolated from sewage sludge in Niigata in Japan.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Thermophiles
Anaerobes
Bacteria described in 2006 | Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus | [
"Biology"
] | 75 | [
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorella%20glycerini | Moorella glycerini is a thermophilic, homoacetogenic, anaerobic and endospore-forming bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from a hot spring from the Calcite Spring area from the Yellowstone National Park in the United States. This microorganism utilizes glycerol as a growth substrate and is considered Gram-positive type.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Bacteria described in 1997
Thermophiles
Anaerobes
Acetogens | Moorella glycerini | [
"Biology"
] | 107 | [
"Acetogens",
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorella%20humiferrea | Moorella humiferrea is a Gram-positive thermophilic, anaerobic and endospore-forming bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from sediments from the Grot geyser, Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka, Russia. This microorganism is able to grow and reduce iron(III) oxide when small amounts of humic acid are available.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Bacteria described in 2012
Thermophiles
Anaerobes | Moorella humiferrea | [
"Biology"
] | 108 | [
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorella%20mulderi | Moorella mulderi is a Gram-positive, thermophilic, homoacetogenic, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from a sulfate reducing bioreactor in Wageningen in the Netherlands.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Bacteria described in 2005
Thermophiles
Anaerobes
Acetogens | Moorella mulderi | [
"Biology"
] | 82 | [
"Acetogens",
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201255 | NGC 1255 is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 69 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Fornax.
Observational history
NGC 1255 was discovered by American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard on August 30, 1883 with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt University. He described it as a "faint nebula, not large, pretty even in light. A faint star close p and slightly south probably involved. Star is s and f the nebula by about 30'". American astronomer Ormond Stone made an independent discovery in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, recording "4.1'x2.0', PA 315°".
Supernovae
Supernova SN 1980O of magnitude 17.0 was detected in NGC 1255 on October 30, 1980. It was discovered by German astronomer Hans-Emil Schuster with the 1.0-m Schmidt telescope. The supernova was classified as type II, and it was located at the following coordinates: RA 03h 13m 27s, Dec -25° 44.50′ (J2000 epoch). By December 30, 1980 the supernova had faded by about 4 magnitudes and showed strong P-Cyg-type profiles.
A second supernova, SN 2022ame (type II, mag. 17.3), was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 27 January, 2022.
See also
Types and morphology of galaxies
Classification of supernovae
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
Fornax
1255
12007
Astronomical objects discovered in 1883
Discoveries by Edward Emerson Barnard | NGC 1255 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 334 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
56,061,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorella%20stamsii | Moorella stamsii is a thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from the suspended sludge in a municipal solid waste digester in Barcelona, Spain.
References
Thermoanaerobacterales
Bacteria described in 2013
Thermophiles
Anaerobes | Moorella stamsii | [
"Biology"
] | 67 | [
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
56,061,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephaloticoccus | Cephaloticoccus is a Gram-negative and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Opitutaceae which occur in the guts of Cephalotes ants.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
Verrucomicrobiota
Bacteria genera | Cephaloticoccus | [
"Biology"
] | 60 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
56,061,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephaloticoccus%20capnophilus | Cephaloticoccus capnophilus is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Cephaloticoccus which has been isolated from the gut of the ant Cephalotes varians from the Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Florida in the United States.
References
External links
Type strain of Cephaloticoccus capnophilus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/cephaloticoccus-capnophilus
Verrucomicrobiota
Bacteria described in 2016 | Cephaloticoccus capnophilus | [
"Biology"
] | 123 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
56,061,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuong%20tree | In graph theory, a Xuong tree is a spanning tree of a given graph with the property that, in the remaining graph , the number of connected components with an odd number of edges is as small as possible.
They are named after Nguyen Huy Xuong, who used them to characterize the cellular embeddings of a given graph having the largest possible genus.
According to Xuong's results, if is a Xuong tree
and the numbers of edges in the components of are , then the maximum genus of an embedding of is .
Any one of these components, having edges, can be partitioned into edge-disjoint two-edge paths, with possibly one additional left-over edge.
An embedding of maximum genus may be obtained from a planar embedding of the Xuong tree by adding each two-edge path to the embedding in such a way that it increases the genus by one.
A Xuong tree, and a maximum-genus embedding derived from it, may be found in any graph in polynomial time, by a transformation to a more general computational problem on matroids, the matroid parity problem for linear matroids.
References
Spanning tree
Topological graph theory | Xuong tree | [
"Mathematics"
] | 251 | [
"Topology",
"Topological graph theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
56,062,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular%20set | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a globular set is a higher-dimensional generalization of a directed graph. Precisely, it is a sequence of sets equipped with pairs of functions such that
(Equivalently, it is a presheaf on the category of “globes”.) The letters "s", "t" stand for "source" and "target" and one imagines consists of directed edges at level n.
A variant of the notion was used by Grothendieck to introduce the notion of an ∞-groupoid. Extending Grothendieck's work, gave a definition of a weak ∞-category in terms of globular sets.
References
Further reading
Dimitri Ara. On the homotopy theory of Grothendieck ∞ -groupoids. J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 217(7):1237–1278, 2013, arXiv:1206.2941 .
External links
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/globular+set
Category theory | Globular set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 223 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Category theory"
] |
56,062,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfonatronovibrio | Desulfonatronovibrio is a Gram-negative, vibrios, anaerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Desulfohalobiaceae with a single polar flagellum.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
Further reading
Bacteria genera
Desulfovibrionales | Desulfonatronovibrio | [
"Biology"
] | 105 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
65,856,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Liebeck | Martin Liebeck (born 23 September 1954) is a professor of Pure Mathematics at Imperial College London whose research interests include group theory and algebraic combinatorics.
Career and research
Martin Liebeck studied mathematics at the University of Oxford earning a First Class BA in 1976, an MSc in 1977, and a D.Phil. in 1979, with the Dissertation Finite Permutation Groups under Peter M. Neumann.
In January 1991 he was appointed Professor at Imperial College London and became Head of the Pure Mathematics section there in 1997. Liebeck has published over 150 research articles and 10 books. His research interests include algebraic combinatorics, algebraic groups, permutation groups, and finite simple groups.
He was elected Fellow of the American Mathematical Society (AMS) in 2019, and was awarded the London Mathematical Society’s Pólya Prize in 2020.
In February of 2020 he and Colva Roney-Dougal organized a programme titled "Groups, Representations and Applications" at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.
Personal life
Martin is the son of mathematician Hans Liebeck and mathematics educationalist Pamela Liebeck. His wife Ann is a professional musician, and they have two sons Jonathan and Matthew. Martin's main hobbies are playing tennis, especially doubles, and the violin, particularly chamber music.
Selected publications
Papers
1990: "The maximal factorizations of the finite simple groups and their automorphism groups", Memoirs Amer. Math. Soc. 86, pp. 1–151 (with C.E. Praeger and Jan Saxl)
1995: "The probability of generating a finite simple group", Geom. Dedicata 56, 103-113 (with A. Shalev)
1998: "On the subgroup structure of classical groups", Invent. Math. 134, 427-453 (with G.M. Seitz)
1999: "Simple groups, permutation groups, and probability", J. Amer. Math. Soc. 12, 497-520 (with A. Shalev)
2001: "Diameters of finite simple groups: sharp bounds and applications", Annals of Math. 154, 383-406 (with A. Shalev)
2004: "The maximal subgroups of positive dimension in exceptional algebraic groups", Memoirs Amer. Math. Soc. 169, no. 802, pp. 1–227 (with G.M. Seitz)
2010: "The Ore Conjecture", J. European Math. Soc., 12, 939–1008 (with E. O’Brien, A. Shalev, P. Tiep)
2018: "Character bounds for finite groups of Lie type", Acta Math. 221, 1–57 (with R. Bezrukavnikov, A. Shalev and P. Tiep)
2019: "Algorithms determining finite simple images of finitely presented groups", Inventiones Math. 218, 623–648 (with M. Bridson, D.M. Evans and D. Segal)
Books
1990: The Subgroup Structure of the Finite Classical Groups, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Series No. 129, Cambridge Univ. Press, 303pp. (with P. Kleidman)
2000: A Concise Introduction to Pure Mathematics, CRC Press, 2000; Second Edition, 2005; Third Edition, 2010; Fourth Edition, 2015
2012: Unipotent and Nilpotent Classes in Simple Algebraic Groups and Lie Algebras, Math. Surveys and Monographs Series, Vol. 180, American Math. Soc., 380pp. (with G.M. Seitz)
Awards and distinctions
Johnson University Prize, Oxford University, 1979
Senior Mathematical Prize, Oxford University, 1979
ISI Highly Cited Researcher, 2011
Simons Research Professor, MSRI 2018
The President's Award for Excellence in Leadership, 2019
Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, 2019
London Mathematical Society (LMS) Pólya Prize in 2020
See also
O'Nan–Scott theorem
Rank 3 permutation group
References
External links
Personal web page
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Group theorists
Algebraists
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Academics of Imperial College London
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Living people
1954 births | Martin Liebeck | [
"Mathematics"
] | 861 | [
"Algebra",
"Algebraists"
] |
65,857,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Life | Lego Life was the name for a social media app and magazine, both produced by The Lego Group.
App
Development and launch
According to Lego, the idea for Lego Life originated in monitoring how children shared their Lego builds in LEGO Club Magazine's "Cool Creations" section and posted their creations on the company's message boards. Lego Life was developed to transfer this desire to share creations into an online environment.
The app was released for Android and iOS on 31 January 2017. It was initially launched in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, Austria and Switzerland. Lego then officially announced that it will be replaced on August 15, 2024, by LEGO Play. This event has sparked numerous posts with the hashtag; #saveLL. Their efforts may of affected the original close date: July 5th, which was moved to the current one.
Usage
Lego Life aimed to offer an online version of the physical Lego product. A company named Crisp conducted content moderation for uploaded images before they were published on the site. The app did not offer in-app purchases, however ads for Lego were present within it. If parental consent was obtained, the app unlocked features such as commenting with free text instead of the emoticons offered by default.
Lego Life was used by approximately 9 million children around the world, across 78 countries.
Reception
SAFE.BecauseFamily.org praised the concepts and challenges presented to children, but criticised the merchandising and advertising aspect of the app. Similarly, Common Sense Media praised the child safety functions within the app but also noted that "there's no escape from the commercial nature of this experience".
Magazine
The Lego Life magazine was a quarterly publication that promoted use of Lego products. It was aimed at children between the ages of five and thirteen. Launched in 2017 as the replacement for the Lego Club Magazine, it was produced in hard copy and digital versions. In November 2024 the name was changed to simply Lego Magazine.
Awards and nominations
References
Lego products
Social media
Anonymous social media | Lego Life | [
"Technology"
] | 413 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
65,857,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice%20Musfeldt | Janice Musfeldt is a professor at University of Tennessee, Knoxville in physical and materials chemistry and experimental physics. She received her B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1987 and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Florida in 1992. She served as a post-doctoral research associate at the Departement de Physique, Universite de Sherbrooke in 1993-1994. She received the 2001 Creativity award from the Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation and the 2010 Chancellor's award for research and creative achievement at the University of Tennessee. She has served on the user committee of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory between 2010 and 2013 and between 2018 and the present and was elected its chair in 2010. In 2014 she founded the biannual Gordon Research Conference on Multiferroics and Magnetoelectric materials. In 2017, she was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society for her contribution to the spectroscopy of quantum materials with an emphasis on high magnetic field effects in multiferroics, quantum magnets, and nanomaterials.
References
21st-century women physicists
Women chemists
Physical chemists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Janice Musfeldt | [
"Chemistry"
] | 254 | [
"Physical chemists"
] |
65,858,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Civic%20Art%20Society | The National Civic Art Society is a nonprofit organization that advocates and promotes public art, architecture, and urbanism in the classical tradition and opposes the inclusion of modern and contemporary architectural styles. The Society has various regional chapters that host local events and outreach. The organization is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Society has been active in discussions regarding memorials in Washington, D.C., and the rebuilding of the original Penn Station in New York City. The Society led a six-year campaign against Frank Gehry's proposed design for the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, which forced the architect to make changes to his original scheme.
In 2020, the Society organized a survey of 2,000 American adults by The Harris Poll to determine people's preferred architecture for federal buildings and U.S. courthouses. The survey showed participants pairs of side-by-side photographs of federal buildings similar in shape, size, and color, with one of the buildings being traditional, the other modern. As Bloomberg reported, "The responses did not vary by demographic group: When asked to choose from the two images, Americans of every age, sex, race and class category pulled the lever for traditional designs by a nearly three to one margin. Overall, classical won out over modern by 72% to 28%."
The National Civic Art Society's president is Justin Shubow, a former chairman of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. Under his leadership, the Society is reported to have played a key role in the passage of the Executive Order "Promoting Beautiful Federal Civic Architecture," which encouraged traditional and classical architecture for federal buildings.
See also
Classical order
Classical architecture
Traditional architecture
New Classical architecture
References
External links
National Civic Art Society
Architecture organizations based in the United States
Arts organizations based in Washington, D.C.
New Classical architecture in the United States
Classical architecture | National Civic Art Society | [
"Engineering"
] | 374 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Architecture"
] |
65,858,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20density | Plant density is the number of individual plants present per unit of ground area. It is most easily interpreted in the case of monospecific stands, where all plants belong to the same species and have germinated at the same time. However, it could also indicate the number of individual plants found at a given location.
Definition and concepts
Plant density is defined as the number of plants present per unit area of ground. In nature, plant densities can be especially high when seeds present in a seed bank germinate after winter, or in a forest understory after a tree fall opens a gap in the canopy. Due to competition for light, nutrients and water, individual plants will not be able to take up all resources that are required for optimal growth. This indicates that plant density not only depends on the space available to grow but it is also determined by the amount of resources available. Especially in the case of light, smaller plants will take up fewer resources than bigger plants, even less than would be expected on the basis of their size differences. As plant density increases it will affect the structure of the plant as well as the developmental patterns of the plant. This is called 'asymmetric competition' and will cause some subordinate plants to die off, in a process that has been named 'self-thinning'. The remaining plants perform better as fewer plants will now compete for resources. A key factor in agronomy and forestry is plant population density, which provides an experimental approach for better understanding plant-plant competition.
Monostands
Many of the processes related to plant density can well be studied in monocultures of even-aged individuals that are sown or planted at the same time. These can be referred to as 'monostands' and are often studied in the context of agricultural, horticultural or silvicultural questions. However, they are also highly relevant in ecology. In general, the total above-ground biomass of a monostand increases with increasing density, up to the point where the biomass saturates. This is what has been dubbed 'constant final yield', and refers to the total plant biomass per unit ground area. Seed production per ground area is not constant, but often declines with density after total biomass per ground area reached its maximum value.
Plant density and self-thinning
Experiments with herbaceous plants have been carried out with extremely high densities (up to 80,000 plants per square meter). At such high densities, these plants will start to compete soon after germination, and eventually a large number of those individuals (up to 95%) will die. In agriculture, farmers avoid these very high densities as they do not contribute to seed yield. Normal densities in modern agriculture depend on final plant size and vary between 5-10 plants per square meter for Maize till 200-300 plants per square meter for Rice or Barley. In forestry, normal densities are less than 0.1 plants per square meter.
Not only the biomass per square meter increases with density, but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI, leaf area per ground area). The higher the Leaf Area Index, the higher the fraction of intercepted sunlight will be, but the gain in light interception and photosynthesis will not match the increase in LAI, and this is the reason that total biomass per ground area saturates at high plant densities.
The individual plant in a monostand
Biomass
Contrary to the total biomass per unit ground area, which increases with density until reaching saturation, the average biomass of individual plants in a monostand strongly declines with plant density, such that for every doubling in density individual plants will become ~30-40% smaller. Plants in higher density stands invest relatively more of their biomass in stems (higher Stem Mass Fraction), and less in leaves and roots.
Apart from their weight, plants will change their phenotype in many other ways and at different integration levels:
Leaves
Individual plants in dense stands have fewer leaves and they are often smaller and more narrow (see photo). Leaves of high-density plants are thinner (higher SLA – leaf area per unit mass), especially lower in the vegetation, with a similar concentration of nitrogen per unit mass, but a lower nitrogen content per area.
Stems
Average plant height or vegetation height often remains remarkably similar, but a very consistent difference is that the stems of high-density plants have a much smaller diameter. They also have fewer side shoots (tillers) in the case of grasses, or branches in the case of herbs and trees.
Roots
Root growth in environments with high plant density show that there will be fewer roots per plant and but the length and general density of the individual root remain somewhat the same, this is expected to still cause issues for the plant in future growth.
Physiology
In dense stands, there is a strong gradient of light from top to bottom. Lower leaves in high-density stands will therefore have a lower photosynthetic rate and a lower transpiration rate than similar leaves of plants in open stands. There are indications that also the well-illuminated top leaves may have a lower photosynthetic capacity in densely-grown plants.
Seed production
Because densely-grown plants are smaller, they will also produce fewer seeds per individual. But also the seed production as a fraction of total plant biomass (harvest index) is lower, and so is the seed weight of an individual seed.
See also
Intraspecific competition
References
Agriculture
Ecology | Plant density | [
"Biology"
] | 1,100 | [
"Plant ecology",
"Plants",
"Botany"
] |
65,858,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Zimmermann | Stephanie Zimmermann (October 29, 1973-November 10, 2020) was a German physicist who worked on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. As a researcher from the University of Freiburg, she was involved in the Muon Detector Control System activities, and she served as muon run-coordinator. She was elected and served as ATLAS Run-Coordinator in 2012–2014. She then became Project Leader of the New Small Wheel project (NSW), part of an extensive upgrade, the largest phase 1 upgrade project for the ATLAS detector.
Education
Zimmermann studied physics at the University of Freiburg, where she earned Master's and Ph.D. degrees, supervised by R.Schneider, Gregor Herten, and A.Bamberger.
Career
As a master's student in 1999, Zimmermann joined the ATLAS experiment, working on the muon system of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. She continued her work in the ATLAS collaboration during her doctoral thesis, a research fellowship at CERN, and as a University of Freiburg researcher.
Muon Run-Coordinator
As research fellow she coordinated integration of the Monitored Drift Tube and Resistive Plate Chambers. This work ensured this task was completed on time for installation in the ATLAS underground hall. According to Andrew Millington she was "a leading member of the ATLAS muon group", with a major role in the Muon Detector Control System activities, and she served as muon run-coordinator.
ATLAS Run-Coordinator
As ATLAS Run-Coordinator she was in charge of running the detector. Zimmermann said, "It was a very interesting phase because my first half in that role was the main part of data taking during the period up to the discovery of the Higgs. It was then followed by the first half of the shutdown with all the improvement works and managing the maintenance, and now also managing the start of getting things back together into a state for the run of 2015..."
New Small Wheel Project Leader
Zimmermann had also served as New Small Wheel (NSW) Project Leader. Bernd Stelzer of the ATLAS Muon Collaboration wrote that ATLAS is "undergoing an extensive upgrade program over the coming decade. The largest phase 1 upgrade project for the ATLAS Muon System is the replacement of the present first station in the forward regions with the so-called New Small Wheels." Auriane Canesse wrote that NSW is designed to produce approximately a seven-fold "increase in rejection rate for fake muon triggers and an improved muon momentum measurement at HL-LHC. According to Cristina Agrigoroae, "The New Small Wheels will allow much more stringent selection criteria for muons and provide new detector technology to handle the high backgrounds and high pile-up rates — the two main requirements for the High-Luminosity LHC." Zimmermann co-authored the University of Freiburg Detector Group report which said, "The present ATLAS Muon Spectrometer chambers are not able to cope with the background rates expected in the High Luminosity LHC phase; an upgrade is therefore needed, and will happen in two steps — first with a replacement of the innermost endcap muon stations with a new detector assembly known as the 'New Small Wheels', and in a second phase a replacement of chambers in the inner part of the barrel and a complete overhaul of the Muon electronics."
Awards and honors
Zimmermann received university awards for the best master's thesis and also for the best 2004 doctoral thesis, which was titled, "High Rate and Ageing Studies for the Drift Tubes of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer".
She was also awarded the 2006 Marc Virchaux Prize "for best Ph.D. thesis concerned with the design and construction of, and the analysis of data from, the ATLAS muon spectrometer."
Zimmermann was elected ATLAS run coordinator for a two-year term, March 2012 – March 2014.
Selected publications
As an ATLAS collaboration member, Zimmermann was an author on more than 900 publications. Two of the most significant are:
References
External links
(video in German, 3:38) "The Freiburg physicist Dr. Stephanie Zimmermann from the group of Prof. Dr. Gregor Herten explains how the ATLAS detector at CERN, the European Laboratory for Elementary Particle Research in Geneva / Switzerland, works and what happens during the maintenance phases. She also reports on the project that she is leading, in which the so-called muon chambers are being further developed and improved."
ATLAS Phase-1 Upgrades Overview, Status and Prospects by Stephanie Zimmermann, University of Freiburg, for the ATLAS Collaboration
1973 births
2020 deaths
21st-century German physicists
German women physicists
Particle physicists
People associated with CERN
University of Freiburg alumni | Stephanie Zimmermann | [
"Physics"
] | 967 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
65,859,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing%20Places%20%28campaign%29 | Changing Places is a British consortium and campaign which aims to improve accessible toilet facilities. It maintains a list of toilets which meet its requirements - as of March 2020, 1460 had been registered. Locations include 100 Tesco supermarkets, and the Tower of London.
History
The Changing Places consortium was established in 2005.
In 2019, the Scottish Government launched a consultation on changes to planning rules which would see the introduction of requirements for Changing Places facilities.
From 2021, it will be compulsory in England for many new buildings to include a Changing Places facility. It was also announced that Changing Places facilities would be installed at 37 motorway services which would mean that 87 of England's 118 services will have a Changing Places facility.
Work
The consortium states that standard accessible toilets do not meet the requirements of around 250,000 disabled people in the United Kingdom and has created a list of requirements for a Changing Places facility. These include a minimum area for the facility, a hoist, changing bench, and curtain.
A map of Changing Places facilities can be viewed on the Changing Places website, and reviews can be written via an app.
References
External links
Official website
Accessible building
Toilet types | Changing Places (campaign) | [
"Engineering"
] | 231 | [
"Accessible building",
"Architecture"
] |
65,859,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely%20online | An extremely online (often capitalized), terminally online, or chronically online individual is someone who is closely engaged with Internet culture. People said to be extremely online often believe that online posts are very important. Events and phenomena can themselves be extremely online; while often used as a descriptive term, the phenomenon of extreme online usage has been described as "both a reformation of the delivery of ideas – shared through words and videos and memes and GIFs and copypasta – and the ideas themselves". Here, "online" is used to describe "a way of doing things, not [simply] the place they are done".
Criteria
While the term was in use as early as 2014, it gained use over the latter half of the 2010s in conjunction with the increasing prevalence and notability of Internet phenomena in all areas of life. Extremely online people, according to The Daily Dot, are interested in topics "no normal, healthy person could possibly care about", and have been analogized to "pop culture fandoms, just without the pop". Extremely online phenomena such as fan culture and reaction GIFs have been described as "swallowing democracy" by journalists such as Amanda Hess in The New York Times; who claimed that a "great convergence between politics and culture, values and aesthetics, citizenship and commercialism" had become "a dominant mode of experiencing politics". Vulture – formerly the pop culture section of New York magazine, now a stand-alone website – has a section for articles tagged "extremely online".
Historical background
In the 2010s, many categories and labels came into wide use from media outlets to describe Internet-mediated cultural trends, such as the alt-right, the dirtbag left, and doomerism. These ideological categories are often defined by their close association with online discourse. For example, the term "alt-right" was added to the Associated Press' stylebook in 2016 to describe the "digital presence" of far-right ideologies, the dirtbag left refers to a group of "underemployed and overly online millennials" who "have no time for the pieties of traditional political discourse", and the doomer's "blackpilled despair" is combined with spending "too much time on message boards in high school" to produce an eclectic "anti-socialism".
Extreme onlineness transcends ideological boundaries. For example, right-wing figures like Alex Jones and Laura Loomer have been described as "extremely online", but so have those on the left like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and fans of the Chapo Trap House podcast. Extremely online phenomena can range from acts of offline violence (such as the 2019 Christchurch shootings) to "[going] on NPR to explain the anti-capitalist irony inherent in kids eating Tide Pods".
Former United States President Donald Trump's posts on social media have been frequently cited as extremely online, during both his presidency and his 2020 presidential campaign; Vox claimed his approach to re-election veered into being "Too Online", and Reason questioned whether the final presidential debate was "incomprehensible to normies". While individual people are often given the description, being extremely online has also been posited as an overall cultural phenomenon, applying to trends like lifestyle movements suffixed with "-wave" and "-core" based heavily on Internet media, as well as an increasing expectation for digital social researchers to have an "online presence" to advance in their careers.
Participants and media coverage
One example of a phenomenon considered to be extremely online is the "wife guy" (a guy who posts about his wife); despite being a "stupid online thing" which spent several years as a piece of Internet slang, in 2019 it became the subject of five articles in leading U.S. media outlets.
Like many extremely online phrases and phenomena, the "wife guy" has been attributed in part to the in-character Twitter account @dril. The account frequently parodies how people behave on the Internet, and has been widely cited as influential on online culture. In one tweet, his character refuses to stop using the Internet, even when someone shouts outside his house that he should log off.
Many of dril's other coinages have become ubiquitous parts of Internet slang. Throughout the 2010s, posters such as dril inspired commonly used terms like "corncobbing" (referring to someone losing an argument and failing to admit it); while originally a piece of obscure Internet slang used on sites like Twitter, use of the term (and controversy over its misinterpretation) became a subject of reporting from traditional publications, with some noting that keeping up with the rapid turnover of inside jokes, memes, and quotes online required daily attention to avoid embarrassment.
Twitch has been described as "talk radio for the extremely online". Another example of an event cited as extremely online is No Nut November. Increasingly, researchers are expected to have more of an online presence, to advance in their careers, as networking and portfolios continue to transition to the digital world.
In November 2020, an article in The Washington Post criticized the filter bubble theory of online discourse on the basis that it "overgeneralized" based on a "small subset of extremely online people".
The 2021 storming of the United States Capitol was described as extremely online, with "pro-Trump internet personalities", such as Baked Alaska, and fans livestreaming and taking selfies.
People who have been described as extremely online include Chrissy Teigen, Jon Ossoff, and Andrew Yang. In contrast, Joe Biden has been cited as the antithesis of extremely online—The New York Times wrote in 2019 that he had "zero meme energy".
See also
4chan
Da share z0ne
Kill All Normies
List of Generation Z slang
Netizen
Owning the libs
Post-Internet
Shitposting
Stan Twitter
References
Internet culture
Social media
Journalism
Politics and technology
Blogging | Extremely online | [
"Technology"
] | 1,216 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
65,859,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapsic%20acid | Thapsic acid (hexadecanedioic acid) is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the formula
C16H30O4. The name is derived from Thapsia, the Latin name for a Mediterranean perennial whose roots contain thapsic acid.
It has a role as a human metabolite. It is the conjugate acid of hexadecanedioate.
References
Dicarboxylic acids | Thapsic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 94 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
65,859,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20weight | Vehicle weight is a measurement of wheeled motor vehicles; either an actual measured weight of the vehicle under defined conditions or a gross weight rating for its weight carrying capacity.
Curb or kerb weight
Curb weight (American English) or kerb weight (British English) is the total mass of a vehicle with standard equipment and all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil, transmission oil, brake fluid, coolant, air conditioning refrigerant, and sometimes a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo. The gross vehicle weight is larger and includes the maximum payload of passengers and cargo.
This definition may differ from definitions used by governmental regulatory agencies or other organizations. For example, many European Union manufacturers include the weight of a driver and luggage to follow EU Directive 95/48/EC. Organizations may also define curb weight with fixed levels of fuel and other variables to equalize the value for the comparison of different vehicles.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations define curb weight as the actual or the manufacturer's estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with §86.1832–01; incomplete light-duty trucks have the curb weight specified by the manufacturer.
For a motorcycle, wet weight is the equivalent term.
Dry weight
Dry weight is the weight of a vehicle without any consumables, passengers, or cargo. It is significantly less than the weight of a vehicle in a drivable condition and therefore rarely used. Quoting a dry weight can make a car's weight and power-to-weight figures appear far more favorable than those of rival cars using curb weight.
The difference between dry weight and curb weight depends on many variables such as the capacity of the fuel tank. There is no standard for dry weight, so it's open to interpretations.
Some vehicle manufacturers have used the term shipping weight, which refers to the vehicle in as-built, no-option condition. This would include engine oil, coolant, brake fluid and at least some small quantity of fuel, as vehicles have traditionally been driven off the assembly line and these fluids were necessary to do so.
Motorcycles
The dry weight of a motorcycle excludes some or all of the following: gasoline (or other fuel), engine oil, coolant, brake fluid, or battery.
There is no standardized way to test the dry weight of a motorcycle. Inconsistencies will almost always be found between a motorcycle manufacturer's published dry weight and motorcycle press and media outlet's published dry weight. This is due to different testing techniques, differences in what is being excluded, and a lack of defining how testing was conducted by the organization doing the testing.
Gross weight ratings
Gross vehicle weight rating
The gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), or gross vehicle mass (GVM), is the maximum operating weight/mass of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo but excluding that of any trailers.
The weight of a vehicle is influenced by passengers, cargo, even fuel level, so a number of terms are used to express the weight of a vehicle in a designated state. Gross combined weight rating (GCWR) refers to the total mass of a vehicle including all trailers. GVWR and GCWR are used to specify weight limitations and restrictions. Gross trailer weight rating specifies the maximum weight of a trailer and the gross axle weight rating specifies the maximum weight on any particular axle.
Australia
A car driver licence is limited to driving vehicles up to a maximum GVM of . Beyond this, a different class of licence is required. A vehicle with a GVM up to 4,500 kg is termed a light vehicle, while those over 4,500 kg are termed heavy vehicles.
Many models of small trucks are manufactured to have a GVM rating of but sold with the option of a GVM of just under 4,500 kg so that they can be driven on a car licence.
Many minor roads, including some in rural areas and some in suburban areas, have GVM restrictions such as 5,000 kg or 8,000 kg. These restrictions may be applied for technical reasons such as load limited bridges, or as a method of reducing the number of heavy vehicles on local roads.
United Kingdom
A standard car driving licence issued by an EU country (i.e. class B) limits the licence-holder to driving vehicles with a "maximum authorised mass" (i.e. GVWR) of . This includes holders of UK class B driving licences who passed their driving tests on or after 1 January 1997. The gross vehicle weight is also referred to as the revenue weight.
A UK driving licence holder who passed his or her class B driving test in or before 1996 is limited to driving vehicles with a GVWR of or less, including minibuses not used for hire or reward.
Anyone looking to drive a heavy goods vehicle (i.e. any vehicle other than those used for passenger transport) with a GVWR of over must obtain a class C licence. Anyone looking to drive any vehicle with a GVWR of up to must obtain a class C1 licence. Anyone with a class C licence can drive class C1 vehicles.
United States
In the United States, three important GVWR limitations are . Vehicles over 6,000 lb are restricted from some city roadways, although it is not always clear if this restriction is for actual curb weight or GVWR. Commercial vehicles over the 8,500 lb threshold are required to have insurance under the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and .
Vehicles or combinations with a GVWR over generally require a Commercial Driver License (CDL) or a Non-Commercial Class "A" or "B" license. A CDL is also required for certain vehicles under 26,000 lb GVWR, such as buses and for-hire passenger vehicles of 16 or more passengers, all vehicles transporting placarded hazardous materials or wastes regardless of weight or load class, and any vehicle towing a trailer with a Gross Trailer Weight over where the combined weight ratings of the vehicle and trailer are greater than 26,000 lbs.
Laws vary from state to state, but typically vehicles over 10,000 lb are required to stop at weigh stations. Sometimes large passenger or non-commercial vehicles such as RVs are exempt from this. Additionally, many states use the GVWR for registration purposes, where over a certain weight such as 8,000 lb, a mill rate is applied to the GVWR to arrive at a registration fee..
Labeling
On vehicles designed for the North American market, the GVWR can be found alongside other vehicle technical specifications on the Vehicle ID Plate that is usually located on the interior of the B-pillar according to U.S. or Canadian Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (inside the driver's door, near the door latch).
Most U.S. and Australian commercial trucks are required by licensing authorities to have this information printed on the outside of the vehicle, and for it to be clearly visible from a specified distance.
Gross trailer weight rating
The gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) is the total mass of a road trailer that is loaded to capacity, including the weight of the trailer itself, plus fluids and cargo, that a vehicle is rated to tow by the manufacturer. In the United States and Canada, the static tongue load, the weight of the trailer as measured at the trailer coupling, is generally recommended to be 10–15% of the GTWR.
In the United States and Canada, there are four main weight classes of trailer hitches as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):
Class I – rated to
Class II – rated to
Class III – rated to
Class IV – rated to
Gross combined weight rating
The gross combined weight rating or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), also referred to as the gross combination mass (GCM), gross train weight (GTW), is the maximum allowable combined mass of a road vehicle, the passengers and cargo in the tow vehicle, plus the mass of the trailer and cargo in the trailer. This rating is set by the vehicle manufacturer.
The GCWR is a function of the torque output of the engine, the capacity and ratios of the transmission, the capacity of the driving axles and tires, the capacity of the radiator, and the ability of the chassis to withstand that torque.
Gross axle weight rating
The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) is the maximum distributed weight that may be supported by an axle of a road vehicle. Typically, GAWR is followed by either the letters FR or RR, which indicate front or rear axles respectively.
Importance
Road damage rises steeply with axle weight, and is estimated "as a rule of thumb... for reasonably strong pavement surfaces" to be proportional to the fourth power of the axle weight. This means that doubling the axle weight will increase road damage (2×2×2×2)=16 times. For this reason, trucks with a high axle weight are heavily taxed in most countries.
Examples of GAWR on common axles:
Maximum weight laws
In the EU and U.S. legal maximum load restrictions are placed on weight, independent of the manufacturer's rating. In the EU a tractor can generally have on a single axle, with suspension type and number of tires often allowing slightly higher loads. In the U.S. weight restrictions are generally on a single axle, and (less than two single axles) on a tandem. The primary factor is distance between axle centerlines, also used to measure bridge formulas. A bridge formula does not reduce axle load allowance, rather gross vehicle weight (GVW), which can affect load distribution and actual axle weights.
References
See also
Vehicular metrics
Vehicle size class
Mass
Vehicle technology | Vehicle weight | [
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65,860,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno%20Azot | Grodno Azot (Belarusian «Гро́дна Азо́т») is an open joint-stock company, Belarusian state-run producer of nitrogen compounds and fertilizers located in Grodno, Belarus.
History
The construction of temporary auxiliary facilities started in October 1960. In January 1965, the first lines of Ammiak-1 and Karbamid-1 workshops were put in operation. In October 1970, Grodno Nitrogen and Fertiliser Plant was transformed into Grodno Chemicals Plant named after Siarhei Prytytski. In May 1975, it was transformed into Grodno Production Association Azot named after Siarhei Prytytski.
In August 2000, the association was changed into a unitary enterprise and in 2002 it became OJSC Grodno Azot.
Sanctions
In 2006, the United States imposed sanctions against nine Belarusian companies including Grodno Azot and its affiliate Grodno Khimvolokno for "undermining the democratic process”. In October 2015, the sanctions were partially lifted.
After the falsified Belarusian Presidential elections on August 9, 2020, Grodno Azot workers joined the opposition protests and national strike; however, many were detained and beaten by the police on multiple occasions.
In 2021, the United States reported that the sanctions against Grodno Azot can be renewed. On 30 March 2021, Grodno Azot's subsidiary announced a tender for the shipment of its goods. One of the terms of the tender was the possibility of not marking the affiliation of the cargo with the Grodno Azot. It was caused by the threat of sanctions, according to the tender documentation and media.
In April 2021, full-scale US sanctions against Grodno Azot and Grodno Khimvolokno were renewed. On 9 August 2021, the US has added Grodno Azot CEO Igor Lyashenko to the SDN list.
In September 2021, several Grodno Azot workers were detained. New arrests were associated with the threat of Alexander Lukashenko that workers who reveal the ways of bypassing the sanctions would be put in jail for a long time.
In December 2021, European Union sanctioned Grodno Azot and Grodno Khimvolokno. Switzerland joined the EU sanctions on December 20.
In 2022, Japan and Ukraine joined the sanctions against Grodno Azot.
In 2023, several sanctions circumvention schemes involving companies registered in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Serbia and Lithuania were identified as a result of journalistic investigations by the Belarusian Investigative Center and Siena. In October 2024, it was reported that Grodno Azot products were being supplied to Ukraine under the guise of being produced in Turkmenistan through a company registered in the United Arab Emirates.
On February 21, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg rejected the claim of Grodno Azot and its subsidiary Khimvolokno, which had demanded the lifting of the European sanctions.
See also
Economy of Belarus
Belneftekhim
References
Bibliography
Официальный сайт
Гродненское производственное объединение «Азот» им. С. О. Притыцкого
Завершено объединение «Гродно Азота» и «Гродно Химволокно»
Belarus: Amid vicious crackdown on peaceful protesters, authorities arrest workers planning strike
Grodno
Grodno region
Companies of Belarus
Chemical industry
Chemical engineering organizations
Belarusian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Chemical companies of the Soviet Union
Chemical companies of Belarus | Grodno Azot | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 811 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineering organizations",
"nan"
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65,860,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20industry%20in%20Taiwan | The semiconductor industry, including Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing, design, and packaging, forms a major part of Taiwan's IT industry. Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself as a leading microchip manufacturer and dominate the global marketplace. Taiwan’s semiconductor sector accounted for US$115 billion, around 20 percent of the global semiconductor industry. In sectors such as foundry operations, Taiwanese companies account for 50 percent of the world market, with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) the biggest player in the foundry market.
Overview
TSMC and United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) are the two largest contract chipmakers in the world, while MediaTek is the fourth-largest fabless semiconductor company globally. ASE Group is also the world's largest Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) provider.
History
The Taiwanese semiconductor industry got its start in 1974. In 1976 the government convinced RCA to transfer semiconductor technology to Taiwan. Under the direction of Chiang Ching-Kuo the government appointed the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) to lead the development of the industry with an emphasis on developing commercial products rather than pure scientific advances. ITRI sent four teams of engineers to train at RCA before building a demonstration factory in Taiwan. The demonstration factory was able to achieve higher yields than RCA's fabs in the US. The demonstration factory was spun off by ITRI in 1980 as UMC. UMC received initial investment from both private and public sources.
In 1987, TSMC pioneered the fabless foundry model, reshaping the global semiconductor industry. From ITRI's first 3-inch wafer fabrication plant built in 1977 and the founding of UMC in 1980, the industry had developed into a world leader with 40 fabs in operation by 2002. In 2007, the semiconductor industry overtook that of the United States, second only to Japan.
The sector output reached US$39 billion in 2009, ranking first in global market share in IC manufacturing, packaging, and testing, and second in IC design. Although the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2010 affected sales and exports, the industry has rebounded with companies posting record profits for 2010. In 2010 Taiwan had the largest share of 300 nm, 90 nm, and 60 nm manufacturing capacities worldwide, and was expected to pass Japan in total IC fab capacity by mid-2011. By 2020, Taiwan was the unmatched leader of the global semiconductor industry with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) alone accounting for more than 50% of the global market.
In the 2020s artificial intelligence processing emerged as a significant demand driver for the Taiwanese semiconductor industry.
Sustainability
The semiconductor industry uses a large portion of the power produced in Taiwan. By 2022 TSMC alone is estimated to consume 7.2% of Taiwan's total power output. Due to pressure from customers and government regulations the semiconductor industry has been switching to green power. In July 2020 TSMC signed a 20-year deal with Ørsted to buy the entire production of two offshore wind farms under development off Taiwan's west coast. At the time of its signing it was the largest corporate green energy order ever made. Much of the switch to renewable energy has been mandated by Apple Inc. whose primary components suppliers are located on Taiwan.
Cybersecurity
The Taiwanese semiconductor industry is one of the top targets of Chinese intelligence activity abroad.
Geopolitics
Taiwanese TSMC and South Korean rival Samsung have near total control of the leading edge of the semiconductor industry with TSMC significantly ahead of Samsung. This situation in which global production capabilities have been concentrated in just a few selected countries leads to significant geopolitical challenges and contributes heavily to changes in global techno-politics.
Due to its significant position in both the American and Chinese tech industry supply chains, Taiwan has been enmeshed in the technological front of the China–United States trade war and the larger geopolitical conflict between the two powers. The US prohibited companies which use American equipment or IP from exporting products to prohibited companies in China. This forced Taiwanese semiconductor companies to stop doing business with major Chinese clients like Huawei.
In January 2021 the German government appealed to the Taiwanese government to help persuade Taiwanese semiconductor companies to ramp up production as a global semiconductor shortage was hampering the German economy's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A lack of semiconductors had caused vehicle production lines to be idled, leading German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier to personally reach out to Taiwan's economics affairs minister Wang Mei-hua in an attempt to get Taiwanese semiconductor companies to increase their manufacturing capacity. Similar requests had been made by the United States, the European Union, and Japan. The Taiwanese government and TSMC announced that as much as possible priority would be given to automakers from Taiwan's close geopolitical allies.
In April 2021 the US Government blacklisted seven Chinese supercomputing companies due to alleged involvement in supplying equipment to the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), Chinese military–industrial complex, and Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) programs. In response Taiwanese chipmakers Alchip and TSMC suspended new orders from Chinese supercomputing company Tianjin Phytium Information Technology.
The geopolitical strength of the semiconductor industry is often referred to as Taiwan's "Silicon Shield." According to the New York Times, "Taiwan has relied on its dominance of the microchip industry for its defense," and that, "because its semiconductor industry is so important to Chinese manufacturing and the United States consumer economy, actions that threaten its foundries would be too risky." In 2022 Matthew Pottinger challenged the existence of a Silicon Shield arguing that China does not behave in ways which appear rational to audiences in democratic countries.
International policy measures have been taken in attempts to ensure the longevity TSMC's manufacturing output by third parties such as the United States. Through policy efforts such as the CHIPS and Science Act, the United States and Taiwanese governments have taken steps to bolster TSMC's manufacturing capability on U.S. soil. Such policy efforts were put in place after geopolitical tensions between the United States and China demonstrated a potential weak point in the nation's reliance on foreign manufacturing. Notably, TSMC announced plans to build a $12 billion semiconductor manufacturing plant in Arizona, enhancing their semiconductor production capabilities on international land.
In April 2024, the United States Department of Commerce provided TSMC Arizona with a grant for a total of $6.6 billion in funding under the CHIPS and Science Act. Additionally, the two countries are investing in joint research initiatives and workforce development programs to provide a steady pipeline of skilled workers for the semiconductor industry. TSMC's expansion into the United States has also been met with significant challenges, particularly in its Arizona plant, facing a 1-year delay on its planned operating date. Some TSMC managers have attributed the plant's troubled development to cultural clashes between TSMC's management and American workers.
See also
Defense industry of Taiwan
Taiwania (supercomputer)
Taiwania 3
References
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor industry by country
Industry in Taiwan | Semiconductor industry in Taiwan | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,455 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
65,860,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochureware | Brochureware was a term used to describe "simply listing products and services on a Web site." To emphasize what's lacking, Advertising Age referred to "static brochureware" - it just stands there and "is little more than a brochure."
Overview
The New York Times wrote that it's "not the kindest of terms." IBM's initial online annual report was "standard brochureware: sticking the print annual report on the Web;" the third year they made it "easy to navigate" and added features to enable viewers to "create charts slicing the company's figures any number of bean-counting ways." In 1999 The Economist referred to "stodgily designed billboards, known in the business as brochureware which do little more than ..." Pre-Y2K political websites were described as "bland brochureware."
History
'Get us on the internet' was the mandate at a time when low dial-up speeds did not allow much use of computer graphics, and interactive features were minimal. "They put us on the internet" was a praiseworthy accomplishment.
Even after Y2K it was considered news to headline "Toyota Elevating Its Site From Brochureware." Technology was not the only obstacle. In 1997, it was still the case that "Federal financial disclosure regulations still favor paper over electrons" (something not scheduled to be remedied by SEC rule changes until 2021). Even brochureware was not that simple: "brochureware that works in multiple languages" was needed.
The computer industry's trade shows were described as hype, crowds, and "bags of brochureware." Concurrently, half of the advertising field's top 10 agencies were shoeless shoemakers, and Advertising Age wrote: "Three of the top agencies have pages that boast a full site will be coming…"
xWare
Earlier than brochureware was the use of the word vaporware. Based on an alleged 1982 coining of the word following Ann Winblad's investigating Microsoft Xenix's non-future, Esther Dyson publicized the word in 1983: the first time it appeared in print. By 1985, Computerworld used the word in a survey. A still earlier xWare-related word is FUD: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt.
Shelfware is a computer-industry term still in use.
References
Business terms
Vaporware | Brochureware | [
"Technology"
] | 509 | [
"Computer industry",
"Vaporware"
] |
65,863,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Technology%20Centre | The Shell Technology Centre was a chemical and oil products research institute in northern Cheshire, near Stanlow, owned by Anglo-Dutch Shell.
History
World War II
The site was first set up, in 1941, by Shell for the Ministry of Aircraft Production as the Aero Engine Research Laboratory.
It tested a BMW 801 engine with different octane ratings of fuel in the early 1940s.
Opening
It returned to Shell ownership in April 1947. The site had 70 scientists, and around 250 technicians working on quartz combustion tubes, direct fuel injection, butane fuel and the atomisation of fuel. It claimed to be the largest oil research centre in the British Empire. The site was 30 acres and 730,000 square feet, with 900 staff. The site had developed synthetic rubber, paint, varnish and soap. A new 85-acre chemicals plant was to open in 1948 (the Stanlow refinery).
Stanlow made around 24,000 tons of chemicals per year. The neighbouring oil refinery opened in 1949, although a smaller plant had been there since 1924. The Shellhaven plant, in Essex, would make 30,000 tons of chemicals. It opened officially on Thursday 20 May 1948 as Shell Research Centre, by George Legh-Jones. Also attending the opening was Lt-Gen Jimmy Doolittle, known for his strategy of bombing Germany, John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer), First Sea Lord, and Air Chief Marshal Arthur Barratt
Vehicle engineering
In the 1950s it was one of three main Shell research sites in the UK, the others being in Kent and Buckinghamshire.
In 1962, Shell spent £25m on research, with 19 worldwide research centres, 8 in Europe, and 11 in the US.
Pre-ignition was prevented by Ignition Control Additive (ICA), developed at the centre, which was added to Shell petrol, in the UK, from Monday 11 January 1954. ICA contained tricresyl phosphate.
Vehicle testing was conducted at the former RAF Poulton, but in 1957, this was moved to the former RAF Hooton Park, when flying operations ceased. The site had 1000 staff, with 200 graduates in 1957.
In October 1960 a three-day international symposium held entitled Wear in the gasoline engine. Prof Frank Philip Bowden FRS spoke at the meeting.
Testing work in the 1960s took place at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry in France, and MIRA in Leicestershire.
By the early 1960s Shell also had its Central Laboratories in Surrey (which opened in 1956), the Tunstall Laboratory, and Chemical Enzymology Laboratory at Sittingbourne in Kent. Shell X-100 was Europe's top selling motor oil (lubrication).
North Sea oil was produced from 1975.
Overseas research
In the mid 1970s Shell had around 5,000 worldwide research staff. In 1975 it closed two of its four British research sites, and one in Delft in the Netherlands. The Surrey research site closed with its 430 employees, with its work transferred work to Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Cheshire with the centre's 850 employees. Before the closures, Shell had 2080 employees at British research centres.
The main Dutch research sites were at Amsterdam (Royal Shell Laboratory Amsterdam) and Rijswijk.
Directors
1947 Ralph Bagnold FRS
1948, CG Williams.
Dr C.B. Davies
1958 R G Larsen, US citizen
3 April 1967, Sir Morris Sugden FRS
December 1975, GG Rose
1980s, David Parkes
1990s, Graeme Sweeney
Visits
Minister of State for Energy, and Conservative MP for Chester, Sir Peter Morrison visited on Friday 3 March 1989, with the chairman of Shell Ltd, Sir Bob Reid, where a meeting of the Offshore Energy Technology Board was held.
Ayrton Senna and Ron Dennis visited in September 1991, and Ayrton Senna visited again in November 1991.
Local schools
It has had much contact with local schools. In the 1960s it worked informally with Ellesmere Port County Grammar School for Boys
In the 1990s it worked with Stanney High School (now Ellesmere Port Church of England College), Pensby High School,
and Helsby High School.
Closure
Shell closed its research centres in the UK in 2014, moving the research to Germany. Shell had sold the neighbouring oil refinery. 280 staff moved to London and Manchester, with 170 to northern Germany.
Research
The site was largely an automotive engineering research facility. Work was carried out on direct fuel injection and butane-powered engines.
Fuel cells
A 5 kW fuel cell had been first demonstrated at Cambridge in 1959 by Francis Thomas Bacon; the site looked into fuel cell technology. A methanol fuel cell was demonstrated in December 1964. The world's first liquid fuel cell in 1964 was made by the Surface Reactions Division, with K.R. Williams; it was a direct methanol fuel cell, with a sulphuric acid electrolyte, with a palladium-silver membrane.
Work was also conducted at the Koninklijke Shell Laboratorium (now called the Energy Transition Campus Amsterdam). The proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) took over in the late 1980s.
In 1972 it made the world's first fuel cell car, a converted DAF 44.
Aircraft engines
The site had worked on early jet engines in the war, on work for the Comet, and would work on lubrication and fuel for Concorde. By 1961 around 500 scientists and 350 technicians.
Fuel-efficient vehicles
In 1977 made a record-breaking vehicle that did 1141 mpg, with bicycle wheels. In 1977 it was predicted that oil would run out by 1990.
A competition run by the centre for fuel efficient vehicles took place on 5 July 1977 at Mallory Park, with teams from 23 universities - the Shell Mileage Marathon. The Shell vehicle had a Honda 50cc engine, and consumed 1252 mpg.
At a Deutsche Shell Mileage Marathon at Hockenheim, it managed 1373 mpg, but three German vehicles consumed less, with one managing 1904 mpg. Shell now run the Shell Eco-marathon, which largely the only international event of its kind.
Environmental research
In 1994, Shell decided to invest £70m in new buildings at the site, when it moved out from its Kent site at the end of 1995, so environmental research and 140 scientists moved to Cheshire. Alfred McAlpine started construction in August 1994. In 1997, Shell took fuel additive research away from Cheshire, when it undertook joint research work with Esso.
Lubricants
Its scientists researched lubrication with the Ubbelohde viscometer. In 1949 Britain's first diesel train, with an English Electric engine, had Shell lubricating oil. Two-thirds of the lubricating oil made in UK was Shell, with Shell conducting £6m of research in 1949. The centre researched tyres, paint, textiles, and detergents.
BEA airliners only had Shell lubricants.
In the 1960s automotive companies from Europe would test automotive engines there.
In May 1985, an automated £14m lubrication oil laboratory opened, called ELMA - Engine Laboratory Modernisation and Automation, with sixteen engine test beds, for different driving cycles. With ELMA, it developed the petrol known as Formula Shell, sold from 19 May 1986.
Pollution
The site conducted work with British Leyland on pollution in the late 1960s, due to increasing legislation in the US, costing £100,000 a year, overlooked by Morris Sugden. BP conducted similar research at its Sunbury Research Centre.
Formula 1 racing
The site researched fuel for the Ferrari F1 team (Scuderia Ferrari).
Structure
The site is 66 acres. It was situated north of the M56, north-west of junction 14, at the Hapsford services (a Shell services), to the north of the A5117. It is directly east of the large oil refinery, south of the neighbouring Hooton–Helsby line.
See also
Castrol Technology Centre in Oxfordshire (owned by BP)
The former Esso Research Centre in Oxfordshire
Widnes Laboratory
Winnington Laboratory
References
1941 establishments in the United Kingdom
Automotive engineering
Automotive industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical research institutes
Energy research institutes
Engine technology
Engineering research institutes
Fuel cells
History of the petroleum industry in the United Kingdom
Laboratories in the United Kingdom
Petroleum organizations
Physics laboratories
Research institutes established in 1941
Research institutes in Cheshire
Shell plc buildings and structures | Shell Technology Centre | [
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"Technology",
"Engineering"
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"Engine technology",
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum organizations",
"Chemical research institutes",
"Energy research institutes",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Automotive engineering",
"Energy organizations"
] |
65,865,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20vaccine | Most vaccines consist of viruses that have been attenuated, disabled, weakened or killed in some way so that their virulent properties are no longer effective. A simple
genetically modified vaccine, based on a thymidine kinase deficient mutant of pseudorabies virus was reportedly available as early as 2001 as a commercial vaccine to control Aujeszky's disease in Europe, North America and Japan.
References
Vaccines
Viruses
Genetically modified organisms | Genetically modified vaccine | [
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"Biology"
] | 89 | [
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"Genetic engineering",
"Vaccination",
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65,866,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20macroinvertebrates | Aquatic macroinvertebrates are insects in their nymph and larval stages, snails, worms, crayfish, and clams that spend at least part of their lives in water. These insects play a large role in freshwater ecosystems by recycling nutrients as well as providing food to higher trophic levels.
They are visible to the naked eye, do not possess a vertebral column, and spend at least a portion of their lives in water. These invertebrates are ubiquitous to freshwater ecosystems around the world and are present in both lotic and lentic ecosystems, often living among the rocks and sediment. Aquatic macroinvertebrates include insects, bivalves, gastropods, annelids, and crustaceans. Aquatic insect orders include Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Megaloptera, Plecoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera.
Life histories
Aquatic macroinvertebrates are oviparous, however their life history strategies vary. Their reproductive strategies fall along a continuum between semelparous and iteroparous, and involve differences in egg number, egg size, and brood care. Once they hatch, the majority of aquatic macroinvertebrates undergo three main life stages: nymph, pupa, and adult. Some taxa, like dragonflies, spend their adult stage outside the water. Other taxa, like water beetles, are aquatic for their entire lives. The evolution of different life history strategies of aquatic macroinvertebrates has allowed species to take advantage of differences in food supply and allow some to better tolerate extreme environmental conditions.
Feeding
Macroinvertebrates play an important role in aquatic food webs as they are major food sources for higher trophic levels. Macroinvertebrates are also crucial in aquatic nutrient cycling. They are often food generalists and have therefore been classified into five main groups called functional feeding groups. This facilitates the incorporation of their ecological roles into research studies. Their classification into these five groups is based on a combination of their morphological characteristics and behavioral mechanisms of feeding. These groups include shredders, grazers, gatherers, filterers, and predators.
The River Continuum Concept proposed by Vannote, predicts the functional distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a stream based on food resources. This concept highlights the importance of freshwater ecosystem inputs to food resources and how this influences aquatic macroinvertebrate communities
Shredders
Shredders feed on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) from terrestrial leaf litter inputs. Using their mouthparts, they shred organic matter to feed and in doing so, suspend smaller particles into the water column. Examples include Diptera (e.g. Tipulidae) and Plecoptera (e.g. Tallaperla).
Grazers
Grazers use rasping mouthparts to scrape biofilm and algae off rocks and submerged aquatic vegetation and include Ephemeroptera (e.g. Baetidae). Their grazing affects algal biomass in aquatic ecosystems and therefore primary production in aquatic ecosystems.
Collectors/Gatherers
Collectors/gatherers primarily scavenge stream or lakebed substrates for deposited fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) and dead organisms. They play a role in bioturbation and resuspension of organic matter and include Diptera (e.g. Chironomidae).
Filterers
Filterers remove suspended FPOM from the water column using a variety of filtering mechanisms. They expend less energy searching for food, rather relying on sufficient current velocity and upstream food supply. Examples include Diptera (e.g. Simuliidae) and Coleoptera (e.g. Elmidae).
Predators
Predators consume animal tissue and therefore have direct top-down effects on the food web. Some predator species include Odonata and Plecoptera larvae which utilize grasping mouthparts to ambush their prey.
Bioindicators
Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are strongly influenced by their environment, and act as bioindicators for the overall condition of freshwater ecosystems. Species have been classified based on their tolerance to environmental changes, and their assemblages can therefore indicate if an ecosystem is healthy. The orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera are sensitive to pollutants so they are used to calculate an EPT index to indicate water general quality. Specific effects of pesticides can be indicated with the SPEAR index. E.g. German stream monitoring of pesticide exposure and effects.
==References==
Aquatic organisms | Aquatic macroinvertebrates | [
"Biology"
] | 930 | [
"Organisms by adaptation",
"Aquatic organisms"
] |
65,866,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugate%20filter | A rugate filter, also known as a gradient-index filter, is an optical filter based on a dielectric mirror that selectively reflects specific wavelength ranges of light. This effect is achieved by a periodic, continuous change of the refractive index of the dielectric coating. The word "rugate" is derived from corrugated structures found in nature, which also selectively reflect certain wavelength ranges of light, for example the wings of the Morpho butterfly.
Characteristics
In rugate filters the refractive index varies periodically and continuously as a function of the depth of the mirror coating. This is similar to Bragg mirrors with the difference that the refractive index profile of a Bragg mirror is discontinuous. The refractive index profiles of a Rugate and a Bragg mirror are shown in the graph on the right. In Bragg mirrors, the discontinuous transitions are responsible for reflection of incident light, whereas in rugate filters, incident light is reflected throughout the thickness of the coating. According to the Fresnel equations, however, the reflection coefficient is greatest where the greatest change in refractive index occurs. For rugate filters, these are the inflection points in the refractive index profile. The theory of the Bragg mirror leads to a calculation of the wavelength at which the reflection of a rugate filter is greatest. For an alternating sequence in the Bragg mirror, the maximum reflection at a wavelength is:
In this equation and stand for the high and low refractive indices of the Bragg mirror while and are the respective thicknesses of these layers. For the more general case that the refractive index changes continuously, the previous equation can be rewritten as:
On the left hand side is the integral over the refractive index over one period of the refractive index profile divided by the period length . This term corresponds to the mean value of the refractive index profile. As a sanity check for the correctness of this equation, one can solve the integral for a discrete refractive index profile and substitute the period of a Bragg mirror .
The figure on the right shows the reflection spectra calculated by the transfer-matrix method for the refractive index profiles of a Bragg and Rugate filter. It can be seen that both mirrors have their maximum reflectivity at 700 nm, whereas the rugate filter has a lower bandwidth. For this reason rugate filters are often used as optical notch filters. Furthermore, one can see a smaller peak in the spectrum of the rugate filter at . This peak is not present in the spectrum of the Bragg mirror because of its discrete layer system, which causes destructive interference at this wavelength. However, Bragg mirrors have secondary maxima at wavelengths of , which may be undesirable if you only want to filter out a certain wavelength. Rugate filters are better suited for this purpose because the sinusoidal refractive index profile has anti-reflection properties similar to those of black silicon. This reduces the intensity of the secondary maxima.
Production
Rugate filters can be produced by sputtering and chemical vapor deposition. A special challenge is the creation of the continuous refractive index profile. To achieve this, the chemical composition of the mirror must also change continuously as a function of the layer thickness. This can be achieved by continuously changing the gas composition during the deposition process. Another possibility for the production of rugate filters is electrochemical porosification of silicon. Here, the current density during the etching process is selected so that the resulting porosity and thus the refractive index varies sinusoidally with the layer thickness.
References
Optical filters
Electrodynamics
Physical optics | Rugate filter | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 726 | [
"Electrodynamics",
"Optical filters",
"Filters",
"Dynamical systems"
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65,869,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20evaluation%20of%20time | In organizational behavior and psychology, Economic evaluation of time refers to perceiving of time in terms of money. (Other forms of evaluation of time are concerned with costs and benefits to the general community of changes in time-dependent activities.)
When a person evaluates their time in monetary terms, time is viewed as a scarce resource that should be used as efficiently as possible to maximize the perceived monetary gains. Therefore, people who evaluate their time in terms of money are more likely to trade their time for money (i.e., workers provide their time to organizations in exchange for money)—as illustrated by research examining time and money trade-offs.
Trading time for money is revealed through people's time use decisions. Across both mundane and major life decisions, people who evaluate their time in terms of money tend to spend their time in ways that give them more money at the expense of acquiring more time (e.g., driving to a cheaper, yet farther away gas station). Research found that, across these decisions, choosing to get more money at the expense of getting more time is associated with lower subjective well-being.
Furthermore, the activation of economic evaluation of time has primarily been studied in organizational behavior research with hourly payment schedules and performance incentives, which are robust predictors of economic evaluation of time. The psychological effects of receiving hourly payment and performance incentives promote the economic evaluations of time, and in turn lead employees to spend their time in ways that maximize personal success and economic gains, such as working more hours, socializing less with loved ones, and volunteering less.
Time and Money
Time is money
The idea that time can be evaluated in monetary terms was first introduced by Benjamin Franklin in his 1748 essay Advice to a Young Tradesman. His famous adage 'time is money', that appeared in this essay, was intended to convey that wasting time in frivolous pursuits results in lost money. He believed that wasting time wasted money in two ways. First, by not earning money. Second, by spending money during non-working time.
A great number of researchers argue that this aphorism is true in Western societies. Jean-Claude Usunier noted that "the United States is quite emblematic of the 'time is money' cultures, where time is an economic good. Since time is a scarce resource, or at least perceived as such, people should try to reach its optimal allocation, between competing ways of using it." Consistent with this line of thought, literature on economic evaluation of time views that people can treat time and money in similar ways (and they are tradeable) in certain contexts. Specifically, organizational practices, such as hourly payment schedules and exposure to the concept of 'money', are significant activators of economic evaluation of time.
Differences in time and money
However, a different line of research provides contrasting arguments by showing that people evaluate time and money very differently. In particular, money has a readily exchangeable market where people can buy, sell, borrow, and save, which is impossible to do with time. A lost dollar has potential to be earned back tomorrow, yet a lost minute cannot be recouped.
In a study done by LeClerc, Schmitt, and Dube, people were more risk-averse to uncertainties that involved losses of time compared to money (whereas, according to prospect theory, people are risk-seeking under decisions that involve losses of money). For example, people were less likely to choose to wait 90 minutes over 60 minutes for sure than they were to choose the chance of losing $15 over $10 for sure. Okada and Hoch also found systematic differences in how people spent time versus money, and these differences in spending patternIn organizational behavior and psychology, Economic evaluation of time refers to perceiving of time in terms of money. (Other forms of evaluation of time are concerned with costs and benefits to the general community of changes in time-dependent activities.)
When a person evaluates their time in monetary terms, time is viewed as a scarce resource that should be used as efficiently as possible to maximize the perceived monetary gains. Therefore, people who evaluate their time in terms of money are more likely to trade their time for money (i.e., workers provide their time to organizations in exchange for money)—as illustrated by research examining time and money trade-offs.
Trading time for money is revealed through people's time use decisions. Across both mundane and major life decisions, people who evaluate their time in terms of money tend to spend their time in ways that give them more money at the expense of acquiring more time (e.g., driving to a cheaper, yet farther away gas station). Research found that, across these decisions, choosing to get more money at the expense of getting more time is associated with lower subjective well-being.
Furthermore, the activation of economic evaluation of time has primarily been studied in the organizational behavior research with hourly payment schedules and performance incentives, which are robust predictors of economic evaluation of time. The psychological effects of receiving hourly payment and performance incentives promote the economic evaluations of time, and in turn lead employees to spend their time in ways that maximize personal success and economic gains, such as working more hours, socializing less with loved ones, and volunteering less.
Time and Money
Time is money
The idea that time can be evaluated in monetary terms was first introduced by Benjamin Franklin in his 1748 essay Advice to a Young Tradesman. His famous adage 'time is money', that appeared in this essay, was intended to convey that wasting time in frivolous pursuits results in lost money. He believed that wasting time wasted money in two ways. First, by not earning money. Second, by spending money during non-working time.
A great number of researchers argue that this aphorism is true in Western societies. Jean-Claude Usunier noted that "the United States is quite emblematic of the 'time is money' cultures, where time is an economic good. Since time is a scarce resource, or at least perceived as such, people should try to reach its optimal allocation, between competing ways of using it." Consistent with this line of thought, literature on economic evaluation of time views that people can treat time and money in similar ways (and they are tradeable) in certain contexts. Specifically, organizational practices, such as hourly payment schedules and exposure to the concept of 'money', are significant activators of economic evaluation of time.
Differences in time and money
However, a different line of research provides contrasting arguments by showing that people evaluate time and money very differently. In particular, money has a readily exchangeable market where people can buy, sell, borrow, and save, which is impossible to do with time. A lost dollar has a potential to be earned back tomorrow, yet a lost minute cannot be recouped.
In a study done by LeClerc, Schmitt, and Dube, people were more risk-averse to uncertainties that involved losses of time compared to money (whereas, according to prospect theory, people are risk-seeking under decisions that involve losses of money). For example, people were less likely to choose to wait 90 minutes over 60 minutes for sure than they were to choose the chance of losing $15 over $10 for sure. Okada and Hoch also found systematic differences in how people spent time versus money, and these differences in spending patterns were explained by the ambiguity in the value of time in contrast to money that was perceived as more fungible. For example, people believed that they will have more time in the future than now (which leads to greater slack and procrastination), yet people did not overestimate the amount of money they will have in the future than now.
Time and money also differ in their connections to people's self-concepts. People perceive that their temporal expenditures, such as spending leisure time, are more reflective of their self-concept, as compared to their monetary expenditures. For instance, Reed and his colleagues found that people view donations of time (e.g., volunteering) as higher in moral value and more self-expressive than monetary donations. Similarly, Carter and Gilovich found that people’s experiences are more critical to their personal narrative than material goods. Therefore, although people do express aspects of their self-identity through purchasing of material goods as well, expenditures of time may constitute people’s lives more strongly. Together, the fact that people can view their time in terms of money may not be true across all contexts.
Factors that Promote Economic Evaluation of Time
Money
Research looking at the relationship between time and money found that activating the concept of money can heighten people's focus on the goal of maximizing economic gains. Thinking about their time in terms of money (economic evaluation of time), subsequently impacts people's decisions about time-use and attitude toward others (see 'Consequences' section). The focus on money can be induced in laboratory settings, as well as in organizational contexts, such as under hourly payment schedules and performance incentives, which are explained in detail below.
Laboratory tasks
People can be primed to think about money through simple laboratory procedures. Studies found that people who were asked to formulate sentences using money-relevant words (e.g., price) versus time-relevant words (e.g., clock) primed people to think about money, and they became more self-focused in their decisions about time use. For example, participants who were primed to think about money spent more time working and less time socializing with friends. They were also far less likely to help others or seek help. There are various other manipulation techniques used to prime the concept of money. The 'descrambling task' consists of 30 sets of five jumbled words, where participants are asked to formulate sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control conditions, all 30 of the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., “cold it desk outside is” descrambled to “it is cold outside”). In the money-prime condition, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., “high a salary desk paying” descrambled to “a high-paying salary”). Other studies presented participants with money bills versus paper sheets to prime the concept of money.
However, some of the recent studies in the money-priming research failed to replicate these results. Across several experiments, the same manipulation (e.g., showing an image of a $100 bill) did reliably activate the concept of money; however, it did not have consistent effects on several dependent measures including subjective wealth, self-sufficiency, agency, and communion, which are theorized to be influenced by the thought of money. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, and political ideology did not moderate these effects of money primes. Since variance in study population and methods are inevitable across experiments, these laboratory studies should therefore be interpreted with caution. Caruso and his colleagues suggest that using large-scale pre-registered experiment and assessing wide-ranging individual factors within the same heterogeneous sample will be helpful in identifying meaningful variations among the dependent variables.
Performance incentive
The research found that certain organizational practices promote economic evaluation of time. One such factor is performance incentives, a ubiquitous payment system used in various domains including education, health, and management. The main alternative to performance incentives is task-based incentive (also known as fixed incentive)—a fixed amount of payment for completing a task. Performance incentives, as compared to task-based incentives, increase people's attention to reward objects, which in turn heighten their desire for money. This desire then motivates people's focus on earning monetary and material rewards, and decreases prosocial spending like making donations.
Hourly payment
One of the most salient features in organizations that induce the economic evaluation of time is hourly pay, a type of payment schedule that approximately 58% of employees work under in the United States. Time and money connection is particularly salient under hourly payment because people's income is a direct function of the number of hours they worked, multiplied by their rate of pay. Sanford DeVoe and Jeffery Pfeffer found that workers who were paid by the hour showed more similarity in how they evaluated time and money, as compared to workers who were paid by salary. Specifically, people who were paid by the hour (vs. salary) applied mental accounting rules to time that are typically only applied to money. Participants were asked to rate their endorsement on a mental accounting questionnaire (e.g., "If I have wasted money [time] on a particular activity or item, I try to save it on another activity or item."), where DeVoe and Pfeffer found that hourly wage participants showed high similarity in how they applied mental accounting rules to both time and money, whereas salaried participants did not apply mental accounting rules to time.
Furthermore, research looking at the economic evaluation of time proved that 'economic mindset' can be induced in laboratory settings through hourly wage calculations. Although not everyone is paid by the hour, every worker has an implicit hourly wage—their total income divided by the number of hours they worked. Therefore, participants who calculated their hourly wage in an experiment versus who did not calculate their hourly wage were more likely to adopt an economic mindset and were more willing to trade their time for money.
DeVoe and Pfeffer also showed that the mechanism for how hourly wage payment activates economic evaluation of time is the people's viewing of themselves as the economic evaluator in their decision-making. This suggests that the mere activation of an economic concept, such as hourly wage in general or of another person, itself cannot activate economic evaluation of time. Rather, a person's own prior experience with hourly payment or calculating one's own hourly wage (vs. another person's hourly wage) is what activates the economic evaluation. Therefore, the degree to which hourly payment impacts an individual's attitudes and behaviors depends on the extent to which the economic evaluation becomes more central to one's self-concept.
Consequences
Devaluing non-compensated time
Economic evaluation of time impacts people's decisions about time use. A salient outcome for adopting an economic mindset, or thinking about time in terms of money, is devaluing of non-compensated time. Results from a survey of nationally representative sample of Americans from the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS) Work Schedule Supplement showed that people who were paid by the hour, compared to those not paid by the hour, weighed the monetary returns more strongly when making decisions about time use. Therefore, they showed greater willingness to give up their free time to earn more money ("Work more hours but earn more money" vs. "Work fewer hours but earn less money"). Another study demonstrated that technical contractors who sold their services by the hour came to evaluate their time in terms of money, which led the contractors to devalue non-compensated time (e.g., volunteering). These non-compensated time use domains are discussed below.
Volunteering
People who are paid by the hour (vs. salary) volunteer less. In the laboratory, participants who calculated their hourly wage (vs. those who did not calculate their hourly wage), volunteered less and also reported that they are less willing to volunteer their time.
Pro-environmental behavior
were explained by the ambiguity in the value of time in contrast to money that was perceived as more fungible. For example, people believed that they will have more time in the future than now (which leads to greater slack and procrastination), yet people did not overestimate the amount of money they will have in the future than now.
Time and money also differ in their connections to people's self-concepts. People perceive that their temporal expenditures, such as spending leisure time, are more reflective of their self-concept, as compared to their monetary expenditures. For instance, Reed and his colleagues found that people view donations of time (e.g., volunteering) as higher in moral value and more self-expressive than monetary donations. Similarly, Carter and Gilovich found that people’s experiences are more critical to their personal narrative than material goods. Therefore, although people do express aspects of their self-identity through purchasing of material goods as well, expenditures of time may constitute people’s lives more strongly. Together, the fact that people can view their time in terms of money may not be true across all contexts.
Factors that Promote Economic Evaluation of Time
Money
Research looking at the relationship between time and money found that activating the concept of money can heighten people's focus on the goal of maximizing economic gains. Thinking about their time in terms of money (economic evaluation of time), subsequently impacts people's decisions about time-use and attitude toward others (see 'Consequences' section). The focus on money can be induced in laboratory settings, as well as in organizational contexts, such as under hourly payment schedules and performance incentives, which are explained in detail below.
Laboratory tasks
People can be primed to think about money through simple laboratory procedures. Studies found that people who were asked to formulate sentences using money-relevant words (e.g., price) versus time-relevant words (e.g., clock) primed people to think about money, and they became more self-focused in their decisions about time use. For example, participants who were primed to think about money spent more time working and less time socializing with friends. They were also far less likely to help others or seek help. There are various other manipulation techniques used to prime the concept of money. The 'descrambling task' consists of 30 sets of five jumbled words, where participants are asked to formulate sensible phrases using four of the five words. In the control conditions, all 30 of the phrases primed neutral concepts (e.g., “cold it desk outside is” descrambled to “it is cold outside”). In the money-prime condition, 15 of the phrases primed the concept of money (e.g., “high a salary desk paying” descrambled to “a high-paying salary”). Other studies presented participants with money bills versus paper sheets to prime the concept of money.
However, some of recent studies in the money-priming research failed to replicate these results. Across several experiments, the same manipulation (e.g., showing an image of a $100 bill) did reliably activate the concept of money; however, it did not have consistent effects on several dependent measures including subjective wealth, self-sufficiency, agency, and communion, which are theorized to be influenced by the thought of money. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, and political ideology did not moderate these effects of money primes. Since variance in study population and methods are inevitable across experiments, these laboratory studies should therefore be interpreted with caution. Caruso and his colleagues suggest that using large-scale pre-registered experiment and assessing wide-ranging individual factors within the same heterogeneous sample will be helpful in identifying meaningful variations among the dependent variables.
Performance incentive
Research found that certain organizational practices promote economic evaluation of time. One such factor is performance incentives, a ubiquitous payment system used in various domains including education, health, and management. The main alternative to performance incentives is task-based incentive (also known as fixed incentive)—a fixed amount of payment for completing a task. Performance incentives, as compared to task-based incentives, increase people's attention to reward objects, which in turn heighten their desire for money. This desire then motivates people's focus on earning monetary and material rewards, and decreases prosocial spending like making donations.
Hourly payment
One of the most salient features in organizations that induce the economic evaluation of time is hourly pay, a type of payment schedule that approximately 58% of employees work under in the United States. Time and money connection is particularly salient under hourly payment because people's income is a direct function of the number of hours they worked, multiplied by their rate of pay. Sanford DeVoe and Jeffery Pfeffer found that workers who were paid by the hour showed more similarity in how they evaluated time and money, as compared to workers who were paid by salary. Specifically, people who were paid by the hour (vs. salary) applied mental accounting rules to time that are typically only applied to money. Participants were asked to rate their endorsement on a mental accounting questionnaire (e.g., "If I have wasted money [time] on a particular activity or item, I try to save it on another activity or item."), where DeVoe and Pfeffer found that hourly wage participants showed high similarity in how they applied mental accounting rules to both time and money, whereas salaried participants did not apply mental accounting rules to time.
Furthermore, research looking at the economic evaluation of time proved that an 'economic mindset' can be induced in laboratory settings through hourly wage calculations. Although not everyone is paid by the hour, every worker has an implicit hourly wage—their total income divided by the number of hours they work. Therefore, participants who calculated their hourly wage in an experiment versus those who did not calculate their hourly wage were more likely to adopt an economic mindset and were more willing to trade their time for money.
DeVoe and Pfeffer also showed that the mechanism for how hourly wage payment activates economic evaluation of time is the people's viewing of themselves as the economic evaluator in their decision-making. This suggests that the mere activation of an economic concept, such as hourly wage in general or of another person, itself cannot activate the economic evaluation of time. Rather, a person's own prior experience with hourly payment or calculating one's own hourly wage (vs. another person's hourly wage) is what activates the economic evaluation. Therefore, the degree to which hourly payment impacts an individual's attitudes and behaviors depends on the extent to which the economic evaluation becomes more central to one's self-concept.
Consequences
Devaluing non-compensated time
Economic evaluation of time impacts people's decisions about time use. A salient outcome for adopting an economic mindset, or thinking about time in terms of money, is devaluing of non-compensated time. Results from a survey of nationally representative sample of Americans from the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS) Work Schedule Supplement showed that people who were paid by the hour, compared to those not paid by the hour, weighed the monetary returns more strongly when making decisions about time use. Therefore, they showed greater willingness to give up their free time to earn more money ("Work more hours but earn more money" vs. "Work fewer hours but earn less money"). Another study demonstrated that technical contractors who sold their services by the hour came to evaluate their time in terms of money, which led the contractors to devalue non-compensated time (e.g., volunteering). These non-compensated time use domains are discussed below.
Volunteering
People who are paid by the hour (vs. salary) volunteer less. In the laboratory, participants who calculated their hourly wage (vs. those who did not calculate their hourly wage), volunteered less and also reported that they are less willing to volunteer their time.
Pro-environmental behavior
People who are paid by the hour are less likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, such as recycling. Simply asking participants to calculate their hourly wage lowered their willingness to engage in environmental behaviors as well as their actual behaviors in recycling scrap papers in a laboratory experiment. This is due to the hourly participants' spontaneous recognition of the trade-offs they are making with every minute of their time. People feel as if they are losing money when engaging in environmental activities because these are non-compensated.
Social interaction
Economic evaluation of time undermines social interactions. Thinking about money increases people's willingness to work and reduces their willingness to spend time with others. In an experiment done by Cassie Mogilner, participants who thought about money-related words (e.g., price), compared to participants who thought about time-related words (e.g., clock), were significantly more likely to spend time working more and socializing less with loved ones. As such, people who are focused on money are less interpersonally attuned—they are less caring and warm and rather in a business mindset.
Well-being
Economic evaluation of time has multiple negative implications for well-being. Economic evaluation of time activates the human motivation system that is associated with self-focused values. People with an economic mindset therefore tend to prioritize personal achievement more than the wellbeing of others and spend time in ways that maximize personal gains. This tendency negatively contributes to well-being.
First, evaluating time in terms of money motivates people to work more because every hour they put into non-compensated activities is lost money. Although this may be useful when trying to meet a short deadline at work, work time does not typically translate into happiness. However, spending time with loved ones, such as family and friends, spending time volunteering, and engaging in pro-environmental behaviors have been found to contribute to greater happiness. Daniel Kahneman also demonstrated that being prosocial and socializing with friends are known to be the happiest part of most people's days. Economic evaluation of time that decreases these happiness-promoting activities may therefore have grave consequences on well-being.
References
Economics and time
Psychological effects
Organizational behavior
Personal finance | Economic evaluation of time | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 5,251 | [
"Behavior",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Organizational behavior",
"Economics and time",
"Spacetime",
"Human behavior"
] |
65,869,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joubert%27s%20theorem | In polynomial algebra and field theory, Joubert's theorem states that if and are fields, is a separable field extension of of degree 6, and the characteristic of is not equal to 2, then is generated over by some element λ in , such that the minimal polynomial of λ has the form = , for some constants in . The theorem is named in honor of Charles Joubert, a French mathematician, lycée professor, and Jesuit priest.
In 1867 Joubert published his theorem in his paper Sur l'équation du sixième degré in tome 64 of Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. He seems to have made the assumption that the fields involved in the theorem are subfields of the complex field.
Using arithmetic properties of hypersurfaces, Daniel F. Coray gave, in 1987, a proof of Joubert's theorem (with the assumption that the characteristic of is neither 2 nor 3). In 2006 gave a proof of Joubert's theorem "based on an enhanced version of Joubert’s argument". In 2014 Zinovy Reichstein proved that the condition characteristic() ≠ 2 is necessary in general to prove the theorem, but the theorem's conclusion can be proved in the characteristic 2 case with some additional assumptions on and .
References
Field (mathematics)
Theorems in abstract algebra | Joubert's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 290 | [
"Theorems in algebra",
"Algebra stubs",
"Algebra",
"Theorems in abstract algebra"
] |
65,870,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1tima%20de%20Madrid | Fátima de Madrid is the name given to an Arab Muslim astronomer and mathematician who supposedly lived during the late 10th and early 11th centuries in Islamic Spain. She was purportedly the daughter of the astronomer Maslama al-Majriti, with whom she is said to have worked on several astronomical and mathematical treatises, including the astronomical tables of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. The earliest known account of her is the 1924 edition of the Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, and historians have cast doubt on whether she actually existed.
Purported career
Fátima de Madrid is said to have lived in Córdoba, under the Caliphate of Córdoba, during the late 10th and early 11th centuries. She is said to have been the daughter of the famous Islamic astronomer and scientist Maslama al-Majriti.
Her most famous supposed work, known as the "Corrections from Fátima," are a series of astronomical and mathematical treatises, though no copy of it has ever been found. She also supposedly co-authored "A Treatise on the Astrolabe" with her father, which contains information about how to use astrolabes. Today, the manuscript is still allegedly preserved in the library of the monastery of El Escorial.
Fátima supposedly helped her father edit and adapt the astronomical tables of al-Khwarizmi, replacing the Persian solar calendar used in his models with the Islamic lunar calendar. They supposedly corrected the tables also to account for the geographical location of Córdoba, as well as for the meridian passing through it. With her father, she also supposedly translated the numeration of Persian to Arab years and determined the positions of the planets on the day of the Hijra. Fátima also supposedly helped her father correct Ptolemy's Almagest, which contained mistakes in the calculations of eclipses.
In addition, Fátima supposedly wrote several zījes, a type of Islamic astronomical treatise. These covered topics including calendars, ephemerides of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon, and solar and lunar eclipses.
Apart from her work on astronomy, Fátima was said to be able to speak, read, or write in Arabic, Spanish, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.
Historicity
Whether Fátima de Madrid actually existed is contested. The earliest known reference to her existence is the 1924 edition of the Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe. As Ángel Requena Fraile, a historian of mathematics, explains:
Arabist, historian, and biographer of Al-Andalus Manuela Marín similarly holds that Fátima is a historical invention from the Espasa-Calpe. Marín attributes continued discussion about her, such as on the internet and with her inclusion in a 2009 calendar titled "Astronomers who made history", to uncritical repetition of the Espasa-Calpe's content.
References
10th-century people from al-Andalus
11th-century people from al-Andalus
Arab women
Astronomers from al-Andalus
Fictional mathematicians
People from Córdoba, Spain
Possibly fictional Spanish people
Mathematicians from al-Andalus
Spanish women mathematicians
Women astronomers
Women mathematicians
Women from al-Andalus
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medieval women scientists | Fátima de Madrid | [
"Astronomy"
] | 649 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers",
"Fictional astronomers"
] |
65,870,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/218%20West%2057th%20Street | 218 West 57th Street (formerly known as the Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers or the ASCE Society House) is a building on 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz in the French Renaissance Revival style, with an annex built to designs by Eidlitz and Andrew C. McKenzie. The building served as the headquarters of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) from 1897 to 1917.
218 West 57th Street is four stories tall, with a basement, though the top two stories only cover a portion of the site. The facade is made largely of white glazed brick with ornamentation made of elaborately carved Indiana Limestone. The second story contains an elliptical ogee arch with a tripartite window, while the top of the building has a cornice with modillions. The interior originally contained a lounge, reading room, auditorium, offices, and stacks for the ASCE's library. When the ASCE moved out, the interior was converted to commercial space, and escalators and elevators were installed.
The building was proposed in early 1895 to replace the ASCE's previous overcrowded headquarters, and Eidlitz was selected as the architect as a result of an architectural design competition. The building opened on November 24, 1897, and an annex was built between 1905 and 1906 to accommodate the ASCE's increased attendance. After moving out, the ASCE continued to own 218 West 57th Street until 1966, leasing the space to automotive showrooms and various office tenants. The building also housed a Schrafft's restaurant between 1928 and the 1970s, and Lee's Art Shop between 1975 and 2016. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 2008.
Site
218 West 57th Street is on the southern side of 57th Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue two blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The site covers approximately . It is wide, with a depth ranging from on the eastern side to on the western side. The building carries the alternate addresses 218–222 West 57th Street.
218 West 57th Street abuts 224 West 57th Street to the west, and a public plaza and 888 Seventh Avenue to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Central Park Tower to the northwest, the American Fine Arts Society (also known as the Art Students League of New York building) to the north, the Osborne Apartments to the northeast, the Rodin Studios to the east, and 1740 Broadway to the south.
218 West 57th Street is part of a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway. The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall at Seventh Avenue in 1891. The area contained several headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the ASCE Society House. By the 21st century, the artistic hub had largely been replaced with Billionaires' Row, a series of luxury skyscrapers around the southern end of Central Park. Furthermore, in the 20th century, the area was part of Manhattan's "Automobile Row", a stretch of Broadway extending mainly between Times Square at 42nd Street and Sherman Square at 72nd Street. In the late 1900s and early 1910s, several large automobile showrooms, stores, and garages were built nearby, including the U.S. Rubber Company Building at 1790 Broadway, the B.F. Goodrich showroom at 1780 Broadway, and the A. T. Demarest and Peerless Motor Company showrooms at 224 West 57th Street.
Architecture
The original building, constructed from 1896 to 1897, was designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz in the French Renaissance Revival style, as the headquarters of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The annex, built from 1905 to 1906, was designed by Eidlitz and Andrew C. McKenzie. The original structure was constructed by Charles T. Wills, and the annex was built by William L. Crow. The design was meant to complement the American Fine Arts Society and Carnegie Hall.
The front of the building is at the north, near the main entrance on 57th Street, while the rear of the building is at the south. The building contains four stories and a basement, although the third and fourth stories are smaller and only occupy the front portion of the lot.
Facade
The main elevation, or side, of the building faces north toward 57th Street. The facade of the ground story is made of Indiana Limestone, while that of the upper floors is made mostly of white brick, with some limestone decoration. As viewed from 57th Street, the three vertical bays on the left, or eastern side, are part of the original building. The two bays on the right, or western, side are part of the annex. The central bay of the original building, the second-easternmost in the current design, is wider than the other bays. The facades of the original building and annex have vertical quoins at their edges.
In the original design, the central entrance on the first floor contained a stoop, with two-part windows on either side. The annex also originally had a pair of windows at ground level. The first floor was clad in stone during a 1918 renovation, and the original windows were placed with large display windows. On the second floor, in the central bay of the original building, is a canopied ogee arch with a tripartite window and ornamental reliefs in the tympanum. The other second-story windows have rectangular windows, which are topped by lintels shaped like ogee arches. On the third story, the original central bay contains a tripartite window, while the other windows have rectangular windows with small sills and decorative lintels. In the original design, a molded band course made of stone stretched horizontally between the third and fourth stories. The rectangular fourth-story windows were enlarged in 1939 so that they extended downward into the band course. There is a modillioned stone cornice above the fourth floor.
The eastern wall, made of brick, is visible from the plaza to the east. A sign advertising Lee's Art Shop, a former tenant, is painted on the eastern wall.
Interior
The building has of space. It was built with a superstructure made of steel girders and timber. When used by the ASCE, the basement had a heating and electrical plant that projected underneath the sidewalk, as well as storage and publication rooms and a janitors' apartment. The first floor had a reception room and coat room to the left of the main entrance; a secretary's office to the right; and a lounge in the rear, occupying the entire width of the building and accessed by the main hallway. A main staircase led to the second floor, which had a reading room at the front and an auditorium in the rear. There were executive and editorial offices on the third floor. The stacks for the ASCE's library, on the fourth floor, could hold more than 100,000 volumes. Because the upper two floors were not likely to be heavily used, the original design did not include an elevator, but there was a book lift between the second and fourth floors. Electricity was provided by two gas engines. The lounge's and auditorium's areas were expanded by 50% in the 1905–1906 construction of the annex. In addition, a staircase was built between the lounge and auditorium.
After the ASCE moved out, the building was used mostly as commercial and office space. A brass and iron staircase was added for the Schrafft's restaurant in the building in 1928, and the former auditorium was converted into storage space. In addition, a marble-clad elevator was added to the second floor. The Schrafft's restaurant took up the first and second floors and could fit 500 guests. When Lee's Art Shop renovated the building in 2002, escalators were added between the first, second, and third floors, and an elevator and staircase were built from the first to the fourth floors. Many of the original interior designs had been preserved or recreated by Lee's Art Shop.
History
The ASCE was founded in 1852 and held its first meetings at the Croton Aqueduct Department building in City Hall Park, Manhattan. The meetings occurred regularly through 1855 when the society suspended its activities until 1867. The reconvened ASCE met at the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York until 1875 when the society moved to 4 East 23rd Street. The ASCE moved again in 1877 to 104 East 20th Street and in 1881 to 127 East 23rd Street. By the 1890s, the ASCE's headquarters on 127 East 23rd Street were becoming overcrowded. A historian for the society wrote that many regular meetings were standing-room only, while its annual conventions had to be held in a church because the headquarters were insufficient.
Planning and construction
In May 1895, the ASCE sent a circular to all members concerning the need for a new Society House. At the society's annual convention the following month, the ASCE's members responded overwhelmingly in favor of a new Society House, and the matter was forwarded to ASCE's Board of Direction. By October 1895, the board had selected a site at 218-220 West 57th Street. The site was near the established arts hub on 57th Street and was well-served by public transit, and the eastern border of the site faced what was then the Central Presbyterian Church.
The ASCE acquired the site in January 1896 for $80,000. Immediately afterward, the society convened a committee to oversee the design, contract procurement, and construction of its new Society House. The committee was led by George A. Just and contained seven other members, including William Rich Hutton. The original plans, to cost $90,000, were prepared by ASCE vice president Joseph M. Wilson and called for reception and meeting rooms on the first floor, offices on the second, and the ASCE's library on the third floor. The total cost of the project was $45,000 greater than the cost advertised on the circular, so the ASCE started soliciting for subscriptions to fund the building. By March, the ASCE board instead decided to host an architectural design competition in which ASCE members and a few "specially invited" architects could participate. Twelve plans were submitted, and the committee picked Eidlitz's design in May 1896.
Excavation at the Society House's site started on July 9, 1896, and cost $4,500. At the time, The New York Times reported that the building would be made of brick and granite, with terracotta detail. Due to uncertainties over funding, the ASCE building committee delayed the awarding of construction contracts until a new president was elected in late 1896. By November, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York agreed to fund the project, giving the society a $135,000 mortgage. The next month, the ASCE's new president Thomas Curtis Clarke announced that a construction contract had been awarded to Charles T. Wills for $86,775. The Society House was supposed to have been completed by September 1897, but construction was further held up by strikes among the plasterers and steamfitters working on the project.
ASCE headquarters
The ASCE Society House officially opened on November 24, 1897, and ultimately cost $206,284 (). At the building's opening, Benjamin M. Harrod, ASCE's president, stated that the building had been designed as a headquarters of a professional association rather than as a clubhouse. The ASCE stated in a pamphlet that the Society House was the first building in the United States to be built "solely for the use of a professional engineering society". The committee in charge of overseeing the society house's construction was disbanded in late 1898, their work having been completed.
In 1903, Andrew Carnegie offered to donate $1 million for the construction of the new Engineering Societies' Building on 39th Street. The ASCE and several other engineering societies were invited to participate in construction. However, the ASCE's members voted against joining the Engineering Societies' Building in March 1904. Instead, the board decided to purchase an additional lot to the west of the existing ASCE Society House, measuring about . Plans for the annex were filed in May, and the next month, the ASCE purchased the additional lot from the Island Realty Company for over $100,000. That December, the ASCE created a committee to oversee the construction of an annex. A contract was awarded to William L. Crow in May 1905. The work cost approximately $61,000 and was substantially completed at the time of the ASCE's annual meeting in January 1906.
After the owners of the Engineering Societies' Building paid off the debt on that structure in 1914, they again invited the ASCE to move there. If the ASCE agreed, it would be designated a "founding society" of the Engineering Societies' Building. The ASCE acquiesced and moved its headquarters to the Engineering Societies' Building by December 1917, after two additional stories were erected for the society there. The ASCE continued to own 218 West 57th Street, leasing the building at great profit.
Automobile Row
After the ASCE's relocation, the Federal Food Board immediately leased the space, moving to 218 West 57th Street in December 1917. Another tenant, the National Agricultural Prize Commission, had offices in the building between 1917 and 1918.
The Ajax Rubber Company, at the time one of the largest pneumatic tire makers in the United States, leased 218 West 57th Street in July 1918. Subsequently, Arnold W. Brunner modified the ground floor into Ajax's tire showrooms, and the renovation was completed by January 1919. The building thus came to be one of several automotive and tire showrooms on Automobile Row. Elias A. Cohen leased the underlying from the ASCE in 1926, intending to replace the old Society House with a skyscraper, though the plans did not come to fruition. A Stearns-Knight and Willys-Knight vehicle showroom was opened on the ground floor in July 1927. Willys, manufacturer of Stearns-Knight and Willys-Knight vehicles, subleased the salesroom from Ajax the next month. The Stearns-Knight salesroom only operated for one year. Ajax subsidiary Racine Rubber Company, as well as the Stearns-Knight Sales Corporation, remained in the building through at least 1935.
Schrafft's and offices
The F. G. Shattuck and Company leased the entire building in March 1928. Twelve months later, the company opened its 500-seat Schrafft's restaurant on the first and second floors of the building. The restaurant was near both Carnegie Hall and Manhattan's Theater District, operating more than sixteen hours a day. It included a second-story grill catering exclusively to men, as well as spaces that could be rented for events. The New York State Federation of Women's Clubs moved its headquarters to the building's fourth floor in May 1932. After Prohibition in the United States was repealed in 1933, Shattuck requested a liquor license for the 57th Street restaurant the next year. The bar, known as the Columbus Room, opened in 1936.
The third and fourth stories were converted to apartments by 1939, and Bloch & Hesse renovated the restaurant's interior the next year. The Federation of Women's Clubs headquarters, as well as the Schrafft's restaurant, hosted a variety of dinners and fundraising events during the 1930s through the 1950s. The building was also leased to other tenants, such as a travel agency that occupied the building from 1940 to 1970, as well as winemakers Fromm & Sichel from 1946 to 1956.
The ASCE finally sold its old Society House in May 1966 for $850,000, to a syndicate headed by George M. Horn. Two years later, the Arlen Realty and Development Corporation acquired 218 West 57th Street from Horn for about $1 million, and also purchased several adjacent plots to the east. The adjacent plots were used the development of a skyscraper on 888 Seventh Avenue, which was completed in 1971. Arlen preserved 218 West 57th Street, and built a privately owned public plaza separating the old Society House from the new skyscraper, to receive a zoning credit that allowed the skyscraper's maximum height to be increased. Meanwhile, Schrafft's was experiencing a financial downturn by 1972, when it sold off several buildings and moved its accounting offices to 218 West 57th Street. Xenia Clubs International subleased in the building the next year for its executive offices.
Lee's Art Shop and luxury retail
Lee's Art Shop rented space at 218 West 57th Street in 1975. The family-owned store, founded by Gilbert and Ruth Steinberg in 1951, had previously been located across the street in the Osborne. The move had been necessitated because Lee's needed ten times the space of its previous location, which required an open-plan layout for the store. The relocation included the renovation of the barrel-vaulted space and the installation of full-height display windows. Lee's initially occupied only the first floor, while the upper floors remained in use as offices. The upper floors were leased to tenants such as the state's Department of Mental Hygiene and the Restaurant League of New York, as well as public-relations firms, construction contractors, and companies selling typewriter and geriatric equipment. The Steinbergs bought 218 West 57th Street from Arlen Realty in 1994 or 1995.
By 2000, Lee's Art Shop was restoring the building's original features. IBEX Construction conducted the renovation, which cost $8 million. After the project was completed in 2002, the store's area was expanded from , and it occupied all four floors of 218 West 57th Street. The Steinbergs' furniture and lighting business, in a nearby building, also moved to 218 West 57th Street's upper floors. Following Gilbert and Ruth Steinberg's deaths in 2008, ownership of the building passed to their children David Steinberg and Jill Isaacs, who continued to operate Lee's Art Shop. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 218 West 57th Street as an official city landmark on December 18, 2008.
Besen & Associates, brokers, had first inquired about the Steinbergs' willingness to sell the store in 2005, to which the family declined. However, the Steinberg children were more willing to sell the store after they took over operations of the shop. In May 2013, Joseph Safdieh signed a contract to buy 218 West 57th Street from Steinberg and Isaacs for $65 million. Two months later, Safdieh sued Steinberg and Isaacs for $10 million over a breach of a sale agreement, and alleged that the store was illegally using the upper stories because they were zoned for office use. The lawsuit was subsequently dismissed, and in 2014, Thor Equities and General Growth Properties (GGP) went into contract to the building for $85 million. This prompted Safdieh to sue Thor and GGP for allegedly conspiring against him in the sale, though the claims against Thor were subsequently dropped.
Steinberg and Isaacs, in their contract with Thor and GGP, had requested two and a half years to wind down their operations, and Lee's Art Shop ultimately closed in mid-2016. That June, Thor and GGP finalized the building's purchase, along with of air rights around and above the property. Thor and GGP planned to renovate the interior into luxury retail space for $20 million. To maximize retail income at 218 West 57th Street, the new owners opted to wait until after 2019, when the Nordstrom store in the neighboring Central Park Tower was set to open. During late 2017 and early 2018, the vacant building was used for an interactive exhibit themed to the TV series Downton Abbey. The next year, 218 West 57th Street was rethemed to the film Trolls and the accompanying web television series Trolls: The Beat Goes On!, for one year.
Critical reception
The Real Estate Record and Guide, in an 1897 piece criticizing various works of architecture on West 57th Street, lauded the building for complementing the American Fine Arts Society. The Iron Age and the Times both praised the building's "richly carved" Indiana limestone facade. The Iron Age described the building as a "notable addition to the ever increasing list of New York's handsome buildings". Architectural critic Christopher Gray wrote in 2001 that "the light, sophisticated front of the building fit right in with the artistic ambience of West 57th" when it was completed.
See also
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
1897 establishments in New York City
57th Street (Manhattan)
American Society of Civil Engineers
Commercial buildings in Manhattan
Commercial buildings completed in 1897
Midtown Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Renaissance Revival architecture in New York City | 218 West 57th Street | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,282 | [
"American Society of Civil Engineers",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
65,871,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian%20Centre%20of%20Industrial%20Biotechnology | The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) is an international research institution for industrial biotechnology. Research facilities are located in Graz, Linz, Innsbruck, Tulln and Vienna. The administrative headquarters are located in Graz.
History
ACIB was founded in 2010 and is a COMET Centre (K2) in the funding program COMET – Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies. It was preceded by the Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis in Graz and the Austrian Center of Biopharmaceutical Technology in Vienna. Owners of acib are the University of Graz, the Graz University of Technology, the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna and Joanneum Research. The K2 center is funded within the COMET program by the BMAW, BMK as well as the federal states of Styria, Vienna, Lower Austria and Tyrol. The COMET program is managed by the FFG.
Research
ACIB is developing more environmentally friendly and economic processes for the biotechnological, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. All these processes are modelled on methods and tools from nature.
Research areas include biocatalysis and chemical analytics, enzyme technologies and protein engineering, microbial biotechnology, cell line development and epigenetic, bioinformatic and simulations, bioprocess technologies as well as bioeconomy and environmental biotechnology.
Notes
External links
Research institutes in Austria
Research institutes established in 2010
Biotechnology organizations
Biochemistry research institutes
Biotechnology companies established in 2010
Biotechnology companies of Austria
Graz University of Technology
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
University of Graz
2010 establishments in Austria | Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Biochemistry research institutes",
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biochemistry organizations"
] |
64,387,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice%20Limson | Janice Leigh Limson is a South African Professor of Biotechnology, former Chairperson the School of Biotechnology at Rhodes University and the SARChI Chair in Biotechnology Innovation & Engagement at Rhodes University. She is founder and editor-in-chief of the magazine Science in Africa, the first popular online science magazine for Africa. Her research focuses on topics ranging from the development of nanotechnology biosensors for cancer diagnostics, drug delivery, detection of pathogens in food to the design of fuel cell technology.
Education and career
Limson grew up in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. She subsequently moved to Grahamstown, and she studied at Rhodes University where she completed her BSc (Honours) in 1994. In 1997 she was awarded a PhD in Chemistry at Rhodes University. She completed a Postgraduate diploma in Tertiary education from 2006 to 2008.
In 1999 Limson was a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The next year she founded the online magazine Science in Africa and became its editor in chief. The magazine aims to serve "as a platform for scientists in a broad range of fields in Africa to report on their research, giving their expert views on topical issues in science and providing the right information to an African public seeking a deeper understanding of science and of the dynamic role it plays in everyone's lives."
In 2003 Limson established the BioSENS (Sensors, Energy and Nanomaterials) Research Group at Rhodes for the development of nanotechnology biosensors for cancer diagnostics and drug delivery. The establishment in 2007 of the DST/Mintek-sponsored Nanotechnology Innovation Centre at the University of the Western Cape, University of Johannesburg and Rhodes University greatly assisted this research.
From 2003 until 2009 Limson was a lecturer at Rhodes university, and in 2010 she was appointed Associate Professor at Rhodes. She also received the Vice-Chancellor's Distinguished Research Award in that year for "the volume and impact of her research outputs". In 2011 she became Chairperson of the Rhodes University School of Biotechnology. In 2014 she was awarded Professor of Biotechnology and was appointed Director of Rhodes University Biotechnology Innovation Centre. The Centre has since launched its first products, catalysts for sensors, and is working on sensors for CD4 and malaria in a partnership with UNICEF and the South African Medical Research Council.
In 2015 she was appointed to the DSI/NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) Chair in Biotechnology Innovation & Engagement at Rhodes.
In March 2019 she contributed to a series of public lectures on "Truth and Trustworthiness in Science" co-ordinated by the ASSAf and the British High Commission in South Africa. The discussion she was involved with was entitled: "Misunderstandings and Misuses: Science Journalism".
Limson is the editor of the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) Nanotechnology Public Engagement Programme’s newsletter, called Nanotech Public Engagement, and is a fellow of The African Academy of Sciences.
Awards and recognition
Limson has received numerous awards, including:
2011 Department of Science and Technology Women in Science Awards in the Life Sciences. First Runner Up
2010 Vice-Chancellor's Distinguished Research Medal, Rhodes University
2010 M&G Top Young South Africans To Take To Lunch!
2009 M&G Top Young South Africans To Take To Lunch!
2002 NSTF Awards for Outstanding Contribution to Science, Engineering & Technology, South Africa
2001 Highway Africa “Innovative use of New Media in Africa” Journalism Award.
Selected publications
Journals
Books
References
External links
Science in Africa website
Living people
South African women scientists
Rhodes University alumni
Academic staff of Rhodes University
Women biotechnologists
People from Gqeberha
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences | Janice Limson | [
"Biology"
] | 752 | [
"Biotechnologists",
"Women biotechnologists"
] |
64,387,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelling%20%28fishing%29 | Shelling (or conching) is a rare, innovative tool-based foraging strategy observed in bottle nose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). This behavior includes dolphins driving prey into an empty conch shell, and then pouring the shells contents into its mouth.
History
The behavior have been observed in bottlenose dolphin by Simon Allen, of the University of Bristol in England, and Michael Krützen, of the University of Zurich who have surveyed Shark Bay since 2007, collecting both genetic and behavioral data for more than 1,000 dolphins; 19 of which have been observed to use the shelling strategy a total of 42 times. The shelling strategy is rarely observed and may be a new and innovative foraging strategy developed by bottlenose dolphins.
Transmission of Behavior
Research has shown that the shelling behavior spreads not only via a vertical social transmission mechanism, but a non-vertical mechanism as well. Non-vertical social transmission refers to the fact that the behavior can be learned from associates (peer to peer), compared to vertical transmission where learning happens through the mother-calf bond. Dolphins have been shown to primarily use vertical transmission as a learning mechanism, and non-vertical transmission is rarely seen.
Implications of the Discovery
Tool-Usage in Aquatic Life
Tool-use in regards to animal behavior can be defined as:the conditional external employment of an unattached or manipulable attached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself, when the user holds and directly manipulates the tool during or prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool.Tool-use behavior has most commonly been assessed in land-based animals, and is rarely seen in aquatic life. This is not necessarily due to a lack of ability, but rather a lack of need. For example, even though dolphins have larger brains compared to primates and could thus be expected to engage in more tool-use foraging behavior, they have other methods like echolocation for attaining resources. With that being said, conching is just one example of tool-use behavior found in dolphins.
Inter-species Cultural Similarities
Dolphins are not the only animals who show this cultural, non-vertical transmission mechanism. It can be seen in members of the Hominidae family, also known as the great apes, which suggests similarities in culture. Research has suggested that these cultural similarities may stem from the comparable life history characteristics, cognitive abilities, and social systems between the great apes and dolphins. Specifically, both great apes and dolphins live in highly social communities, which enables considerable levels of social interaction. These high levels of social interaction have been shown to be important in the transmission of socially learned foraging behavior.
See also
Cultural hitchhiking#In dolphins (sponging)
References
Dolphins
Mammal behavior
Carnivory | Shelling (fishing) | [
"Biology"
] | 576 | [
"Behavior by type of animal",
"Behavior",
"Mammal behavior",
"Carnivory",
"Eating behaviors"
] |
64,388,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciechocinek%20graduation%20towers | The Ciechocinek graduation towers are a complex of three brine graduation towers, erected in the nineteenth century in Ciechocinek, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. They constitute the largest wooden structure of this type in Europe. The complex of graduation towers and salt breweries, together with two surrounding parks, are designated as a Historic Monument.
History
The towers were designed by Jakub Graff, professor of the Mining Academy in Kielce, based on the brine sources discovered here back in the second half of the eighteenth century, although the local community extracted and brewed salt as early as in the thirteenth century under the permissions given by Konrad I Mazowiecki.
The graduation tower I with a capacity of and the graduation tower II with a capacity of , were built between 1824 and 1828. The graduation tower III with a capacity of , was built in 1859. The base of the towers is made up of 7000 oak piles driven into the ground, on which a spruce-and-pine structure planted with blackthorn was placed, where brine flows. The towers are arranged in the shape of a horseshoe with a total length of ; each is high. The brine with a concentration of 5.8% is pumped a depth of in spring No. 11 (the so-called Grzybek fountain) into dedicated channels at the top of the graduation towers. The brine seeps on the walls of the towers, on the blackthorn, and evaporates under the influence of wind and sun, creating a microclimate rich in iodine, sodium, chlorine and bromine, thanks to which a natural healing inhalatorium developed.
The towers are the second stage in the salt production process, where the brine concentration is gradually increased. The smallest concentration occurs at tower No. I (9%); the brine concentration increases at tower No. III (16%) and becomes greatest at tower No. II (30%). From the latter, the brine flows in pipelines to the salt-brewing plant (the third stage of salt production) where salt, sludge and therapeutic lye are produced. The first stage in the process of salt production is pumping brine from the source No. 11 "Grzybek fountain". The graduation towers also act as a giant air filter. In 1996, radioactive caesium isotopes (Cs-134 and Cs-137) from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster (1986) were detected in the sludge and salt from the towers; however, their concentration in these products did not pose a threat to human health.
In 2017, the complex of graduation towers and salt breweries, together with the Tężniowy and Zdrojowy parks, was entered on the list of Historic Monuments.
In 2019, the Ciechocinek Health Resort obtained PLN 15 million from European funds for the renovation of the graduation towers (total cost of the project: 21.6 million). The project "Modernization and extension of the infrastructure of the graduation tower complex in Ciechocinek" includes renovation of tower No. I (replacement of blackthorn), tower No. III (general overhaul: replacement of structural elements and reinforcement of foundations) and the brine-pumping-station building, as well as paths and areas near the towers and the pumping station. Gardening work will also be carried out, and an installation to illuminate the towers at night will be constructed. The work, scheduled from March 2020 to December 2021, started with tower No. III.
Gallery
References
Salt production
Aleksandrów County
Buildings and structures in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | Ciechocinek graduation towers | [
"Chemistry"
] | 751 | [
"Salt production",
"Salts"
] |
64,388,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications%20of%20sensitivity%20analysis%20to%20multi-criteria%20decision%20making | A sensitivity analysis may reveal surprising insights in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) studies aimed to select the best alternative among a number of competing alternatives.
This is an important task in decision making. In such a setting each alternative is described in terms of a set of evaluative criteria. These criteria are associated with weights of importance. Intuitively, one may think that the larger the weight for a criterion is, the more critical that criterion should be. However, this may not be the case. It is important to distinguish here the notion of criticality with that of importance. By critical, we mean that a criterion with small change (as a percentage) in its weight, may cause a significant change of the final solution. It is possible criteria with rather small weights of importance (i.e., ones that are not so important in that respect) to be much more critical in a given situation than ones with larger weights. That is, a sensitivity analysis may shed light into issues not anticipated at the beginning of a study. This, in turn, may dramatically improve the effectiveness of the initial study and assist in the successful implementation of the final solution.
References
Mathematical modeling
Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics) | Applications of sensitivity analysis to multi-criteria decision making | [
"Mathematics"
] | 245 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical modeling"
] |
64,388,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20Fourier%20transform | In mathematics, the graph Fourier transform is a mathematical transform which eigendecomposes the Laplacian matrix of a graph into eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Analogously to the classical Fourier transform, the eigenvalues represent frequencies and eigenvectors form what is known as a graph Fourier basis.
The Graph Fourier transform is important in spectral graph theory. It is widely applied in the recent study of graph structured learning algorithms, such as the widely employed convolutional networks.
Definition
Given an undirected weighted graph , where is the set of nodes with ( being the number of nodes) and is the set of edges, a graph signal is a function defined on the vertices of the graph . The signal maps every vertex to a real number . Any graph signal can be projected on the eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix . Let and be the eigenvalue and eigenvector of the Laplacian matrix (the eigenvalues are sorted in an increasing order, i.e., ), the graph Fourier transform (GFT) of a graph signal on the vertices of is the expansion of in terms of the eigenfunctions of . It is defined as:
where .
Since is a real symmetric matrix, its eigenvectors form an orthogonal basis. Hence an inverse graph Fourier transform (IGFT) exists, and it is written as:
Analogously to the classical Fourier transform, graph Fourier transform provides a way to represent a signal in two different domains: the vertex domain and the graph spectral domain. Note that the definition of the graph Fourier transform and its inverse depend on the choice of Laplacian eigenvectors, which are not necessarily unique. The eigenvectors of the normalized Laplacian matrix are also a possible base to define the forward and inverse graph Fourier transform.
Properties
Parseval's identity
The Parseval relation holds for the graph Fourier transform, that is, for any
This gives us Parseval's identity:
Generalized convolution operator
The definition of convolution between two functions and cannot be directly applied to graph signals, because the signal translation is not defined in the context of graphs. However, by replacing the complex exponential shift in classical Fourier transform with the graph Laplacian eigenvectors, convolution of two graph signals can be defined as:
Properties of the convolution operator
The generalized convolution operator satisfies the following properties:
Generalized convolution in the vertex domain is multiplication in the graph spectral domain:
Commutativity:
Distributivity:
Associativity:
Associativity with scalar multiplication: , for any .
Multiplicative identity: , where is an identity for the generalized convolution operator.
The sum of the generalized convolution of two signals is a constant times the product of the sums of the two signals:
Generalized translation operator
As previously stated, the classical translation operator cannot be generalized to the graph setting. One way to define a generalized translation operator is through generalized convolution with a delta function centered at vertex :
where
The normalization constant ensures that the translation operator preserves the signal mean, i.e.,
Properties of the translation operator
The generalized convolution operator satisfies the following properties:
For any , and ,
Applications
Image compression
Representing signals in frequency domain is a common approach to data compression. As graph signals can be sparse in their graph spectral domain, the graph Fourier transform can also be used for image compression.
Graph noise reduction
Similar to classical noise reduction of signals based on Fourier transform, graph filters based on the graph Fourier transform can be designed for graph signal denoising.
Data classification
As the graph Fourier transform enables the definition of convolution on graphs, it makes possible to adapt the conventional convolutional neural networks (CNN) to work on graphs. Graph structured semi-supervised learning algorithms such as graph convolutional network (GCN), are able to propagate the labels of a graph signal throughout the graph with a small subset of labeled nodes, theoretically operating as a first order approximation of spectral graph convolutions without computing the graph Laplacian and its eigendecomposition.
Toolbox
GSPBOX is a toolbox for signal processing of graphs, including the graph Fourier transform. It supports both Python and MATLAB languages.
References
External links
DeepGraphLibrary A free Python package built for easy implementation of graph neural networks.
Graph theory
Fourier analysis | Graph Fourier transform | [
"Mathematics"
] | 935 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
64,388,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications%20of%20sensitivity%20analysis%20to%20model%20calibration | Sensitivity analysis has important applications in model calibration.
One application of sensitivity analysis addresses the question of "What's important to model or system development?" One can seek to identify important connections between observations, model inputs, and predictions or forecasts. That is, one can seek to understand what observations (measurements of dependent variables) are most and least important to model inputs (parameters representing system characteristics or excitation), what model inputs are most and least important to predictions or forecasts, and what observations are most and least important to the predictions and forecasts. Often the results are surprising, lead to finding problems in the data or model development, and fixing the problems. This leads to better models.
In biomedical engineering, sensitivity analysis can be used to determine system dynamics in ODE-based kinetic models. Parameters corresponding to stages of differentiation can be varied to determine which parameter is most influential on cell fate. Therefore, the most limiting step can be identified and the cell state for most advantageous scale-up and expansion can be determined. Additionally, complex networks in systems biology can be better understood through fitting mass-action kinetic models. Sensitivity analysis on rate coefficients can then be conducted to determine optimal therapeutic targets within the system of interest.
References
Mathematical modeling
Mathematical analysis | Applications of sensitivity analysis to model calibration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 255 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical modeling"
] |
64,390,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder-forte | Powder-forte (poudre forte) was a medieval spice mix similar to poudre douce, but often incorporating more pungent flavors like pepper. Spice mixes like powder-forte were a common ingredient in the recorded recipes of medieval cuisine, often used in combination with foods that are not heavily spiced in modern preparations. One example is a recipe for cherries, washed clean with wine and filtered through a cloth, then heated with "white grease" and rice flour in a pot until stiff. To this cherry mixture, the cook would add honey, vinegar, egg yolk and "strong powder" - in this case, a mix of cinnamon and cypress root. Along with poudre douce, poudre fine and poudre lombard it is one of four medieval spice mixtures found throughout an assortment of medieval cookery manuscripts.
References
Medieval cuisine
Herb and spice mixtures
Forte | Powder-forte | [
"Physics"
] | 182 | [
"Materials",
"Powders",
"Matter"
] |
64,392,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20descriptive%20plant%20species%20epithets%20%28A%E2%80%93H%29 | Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species. These scientific names have been catalogued in a variety of works, including Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
The first column below lists seed-bearing species epithets from Stearn's Dictionary, Latin for Gardeners by Lorraine Harrison, The A to Z of Plant Names by Allen Coombes, The Gardener's Botanical by Ross Bayton, and the glossary of Stearn's Botanical Latin. Epithets from proper nouns, proper adjectives, and two or more nouns are excluded, along with epithets used only in species names that are no longer widely accepted. Classical and modern meanings are provided in the third column, along with citations to Charlton T. Lewis's An Elementary Latin Dictionary.
Key
LG = language: (L)atin or (G)reek
L = derived from Latin, or both Classical Latin and Greek (unless otherwise noted)
G = derived from Greek
H = listed by Harrison, and (except as noted) by Bayton
D = listed in Stearn's Dictionary
S = listed in Stearn's Botanical Latin
DS = listed in Stearn's Dictionary, with the word or root word listed in Botanical Latin
C = listed by Coombes
Epithets
See also
Glossary of botanical terms
List of Greek and Latin roots in English
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of plant genus names with etymologies: A–C, D–K, L–P, Q–Z
List of plant genera named for people: A–C, D–J, K–P, Q–Z
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations
References
Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
See terms of use.
Further reading
Reprint of the 1888/1889 edition. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
Systematic
Plant species epithets,A
Systematic
Systematic
Plant species epithets,A
Descriptive plant species epithets,A
Plant species epithets,A
Epithets,A
Wikipedia glossaries using tables | List of descriptive plant species epithets (A–H) | [
"Biology"
] | 510 | [
"Lists of plants",
"Plants",
"Lists of biota",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Taxonomic lists",
"Glossaries of biology"
] |
64,393,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20esters | In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (). Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well (i.e. esters of acidic , , , and groups). According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well (e.g. amides), but not according to the IUPAC.
An example of an ester formation is the substitution reaction between a carboxylic acid () and an alcohol (R'OH), forming an ester (), where R and R′ are organyl groups, or H in the case of esters of formic acid. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters of carboxylic acids with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters of carboxylic acids usually have a sweet smell and are considered high-quality solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers. They are also one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market.
By number of R' group carbons (R−C(=O)−O−R')
1 carbon
2 carbons
3 carbons
4 carbons
5 carbons
7 carbons
8 carbons
10 carbons
By number of R group carbons (R−C(=O)−O−R')
0 carbons
1 carbon
2 carbons
3 carbons
4 carbons
5 carbons
6 carbons
7 carbons
8 carbons
9 carbons
10 carbons
16 carbons
List of ester odorants
Many esters of carboxylic acid have distinctive fruit-like odors, and many occur naturally in fruits and the essential oils of plants. This has also led to their common use in artificial flavorings and fragrances which aim to mimic those odors.
Lactones
Lactones are a specific class cyclic carboxylic esters that are formed through intramolecular esterification.
References
Esters
Esters | List of esters | [
"Chemistry"
] | 560 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"nan"
] |
64,393,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20alkanols | This list is ordered by the number of carbon atoms in an alcohol.
C1
Methanol
C2
Ethanol
C3
1-Propanol
Isopropyl alcohol
C4
n-Butanol
Isobutanol
sec-Butanol
tert-Butyl alcohol
C5
1-Pentanol
Isoamyl alcohol
2-Methyl-1-butanol
Neopentyl alcohol
2-Pentanol
3-Methyl-2-butanol
3-Pentanol
tert-Amyl alcohol
C6
1-Hexanol
2-Hexanol
3-Hexanol
2-Methyl-1-pentanol
3-Methyl-1-pentanol
4-Methyl-1-pentanol
2-Methyl-2-pentanol
3-Methyl-2-pentanol
4-Methyl-2-pentanol
2-Methyl-3-pentanol
3-Methyl-3-pentanol
2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol
2,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol
3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol
Alcohols | List of alkanols | [
"Chemistry"
] | 239 | [
"nan"
] |
64,394,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Naval%20Medicine | The Institute of Naval Medicine is the main research centre and training facility of the Royal Navy Medical Service. The Institute was established in Alverstoke, Gosport, in 1969.
The Institute today offers 'specialist medical training, guidance and support from service entry to resettlement', and provides 'extensive research, laboratory and clinical facilities' for use across the armed services.
History
Royal Naval Medical School
First established at Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1912, the Royal Naval Medical School provided induction training for new-entry medical officers, and promotion training for the rank of Fleet Surgeon (later Surgeon Lieutenant Commander). The initial course provided prospective naval surgeons with the skills to function as a sole practitioner at sea; subjects taught included naval hygiene, dentistry, radiography, anaesthetics and tropical medicine. It was from the start a research-focused institution, which in its early decades played a key role in the production of vaccines and sera. Clinical training took place initially at the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital, then (after the First World War) at the London Hospital; courses prior to the Second World War were validated by the University of London.
In the early 1930s induction training moved to Haslar, but other teaching and research work continued to be based at Greenwich; by that time the RMNS was engaged in 'a very large amount of highly technical work of the greatest importance to the health of the Navy', including research, analytics, pathological examinations, tropical disease investigations and vaccine making.
The Royal Naval Medical School was removed from Greenwich to Clevedon at the start of World War II, where it remained until 1948. During the war its work continued: in the back garden of a house on Elton Road, Clevedon, in 1942 the RNMS constructed the world's first fully functional factory for the mass production of penicillin.
In 1948 the Royal Naval Medical School was relocated to Monckton House, Alverstoke. The Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory had been established here in 1942, a joint project of the RN Scientific Service and the RN Medical Service.
In the 1960s short courses were offered in atomic, underwater and tropical medicine. At the same time, the RNMS began to undertake increasingly specialised medical research in support of the Polaris submarine-launched nuclear weapons programme. Specialised research, training and radiological protection facilities were built in the grounds of Monckton House, and in 1969 the establishment was renamed the Institute of Naval Medicine.
Institute of Naval Medicine
At a safety conference on Saturday 25 March 1972 at the University of Birmingham, organised by the National Council of British Mountaineering, with around five hundred climbing experts present, Surgeon Commander Duncan Walters (August 1927 - August 2021) showed a film entitled Give Him Air, about a swimmer in Malta that was accidentally speared in the lung by a harpoon gun. The film showed the gruesome after-effects of the harpoon incident, which caused eight conference attendees to faint, and had to be carried outside. The film was on the subjects of mountaineering injuries, and expedition medicine. The conference chairman was Sir Jack Longland. It was recommended that walkers on mountains in North Wales were guided by someone with the Mountain Leadership Certificate. In 1970, 43% of those injured on mountains in North Wales were aged 15 to 20.
In November 1973 a £200,000 environmental medical centre opened, which simulated life inside a submarine. From 12 November 1973, four sailors (medical ratings) were shut inside this for thirty days, to test atmospheric pollution.
J and P Engineering Reading Ltd developed a photo-sensitive radiation detector for the institute, later sold to the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) in Oxfordshire and for CERN.
At a conference in Aberdeen in September 1988, Surgeon Captain Ramsay Pearson, head of undersea medicine, said that recreational diving in the UK had too many accidents, due to decompression computers, which he claimed did not have built-in safety factors. The National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen (built by the government in 1987) agreed with him.
In August 2000 the site sent four doctors and two staff to the Kursk submarine disaster in a team of twenty-seven from the UK.
As of 2005 the Institute's mission statement was 'to improve the operational capability of the Royal Navy by promoting good health and safety and maximising the effectiveness of personnel'. Its five 'principal business areas' were:
Scientific advice on maritime and military health and safety
Operationally deployable specialist medical and scientific staff (principally focusing on diving, submarine and radiation medicine)
Specialist training
Research and equipment testing
Corporate services (including medico-legal advice, medical resettlement, libraries and biostatistics).
Sports and survival medicine
The Channel 5 documentary Survivor featured the institute, and surviving cold temperatures on the Cascade Range, on Wednesday 28 January 1998. Sir Ranulph Fiennes visited on Monday 11 October 1999, when he was put in an immersion tank.
The British Olympic coxless four men's rowing team had medical tests, with a vitalograph for lung function in 2008, later winning the gold medal in August 2012.
Activity
Training
It trained medical staff for the Naval Emergency Monitoring Team at three sites at Gare Loch, Portsmouth and Plymouth, which worked with the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NARO) at the Clyde Submarine Base (HMNB Clyde)
In 1970s, nurses in the navy trained at the navy hospitals in Gosport and Plymouth; the Royal Naval School of Nursing began around 1962, in Gosport. There is longer a navy site at Plymouth, but there is a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit - MODHU at Plymouth hospital; all medical assistants would complete 22 weeks of training at the RN Hospital in Gosport, followed by another 32 weeks at the RN hospitals at Gosport or Plymouth for naval (ship) medical assistants. Submarine medical assistants (MASM) would be trained at the institute, such as in radiation decontamination.
Medical assistants are trained at the Defence Medical Academy in Whittington, Staffordshire, with nuclear training at the Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan in Gosport, which will move to Scotland. The Department of Nuclear Science and Technology moved from London in October 1998.
Research
Drowning
The site has done much research into drowning, which kills 700–1000 a year in the UK, with a third being males aged 15–35. Surgeon Commander Frank Golden (5 June 1936 - 5 January 2014), the Director of Research in the 1980s, conducted many important investigations. Many able swimmers died, no more than 10 yards from refuge, from effects of cold water. Frank Golden later worked with Professor Mike Tipton at the University of Surrey Robens Institute. Together they wrote wrote the book Essentials of Sea Survival in 2002. ()
So-called 'dry drowning' is caused by the shock of cold water. A possible cause is cold water causing the larynx to spasm. Animals have a 'diving response', but humans hyperventilate, and the heart beats too quickly due to a chemical imbalance.
Drowning is the third most common form of accidental death in the UK after road accidents and home injuries. It is often competent swimmers in canals, rivers or flooded quarries in spring or early summer, and there has not been much research on this form of drowning. Most deaths occur in the first three minutes, and those who last 15 minutes mostly last to 30 minutes. Admiral Frank Golden in the 1990s thought that the deaths were linked to the gasp reflex as found in cold showers. There is a big increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Uncontrolled rate breathing makes swimming impossible due to the cold shock response. Work had neen carried out with the University of Leeds on 'immersion hypothermia'.
Diving
In the 1990s, Surgeon Commander James Francis found 'nitrogen narcosis' below 30m of water depth.
James Francis became Head of Undersea Medicine and left the Navy in 1996.
The INM works with The Physiological Society, and staff have given lectures at the Society in London.
Exposure and cold temperatures
Surgeon Commander Jim Sykes, the Professor of Naval Occupation Medicine, researched exposure.
Surgeon Commander Howard Oakley researched exposure in the 1990s, and drowning, and premature junctional contraction.
Seasickness
In November 1979 the site tested a new seasickness pill on HMS Broadsword, called cinnarizine, with reference to the previous medication hyoscine (scopolamine), and worked with the MRC
Women submariners
In 2010 the USA allowed women on its submarines but women submariners were not allowed in the UK as carbon dioxide in a submarine's atmosphere could damage a foetus.
In December 2011 women were allowed on submarines, with officers first then all women from 2015. All women would serve on the Astute class submarines from 2016. Women had been on surface ships since 1990. There are around 3420 females in the Royal Navy, about 9%.
Structure
It is situated in the south of Gosport. The Medical Officer-in-Charge is also the Dean of Naval Medicine.
Departments
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, when known as the Undersea Medicine Department, it worked with the Submarine Escape Training Tank and HMS Reclaim
Submarine and Radiation Medicine; the Naval Radiological Protection Service became the Defence R P S in 1982 which became DERA Radiation Protection Services
Environmental and Industrial Hazards Laboratories, investigates drinking water
Environmental Medicine and Science; the EMU - Environmental Medicine Unit had a Fitness Anthropometric Clinic
Applied Physiology and Human Factors, investigates nutrition and supports the Defence Nutrition Advisory Service
Acoustics and Vibration, has worked with the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research at the University of Southampton; the Royal Navy has an exemption from the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
Cold Injury Clinic
RNMS School, works with the Resuscitation Council UK on first aid
Medical Officers in Charge
Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir James Watt 1969–72
Surgeon Rear Admiral A. O'Connor 24 July 1972 - 1975
Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Rawlins 1975–77
Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Harrison 30 March 1977 - 1981
Surgeon Rear Admiral R. J. A. Lambert 1981-1983
Surgeon Captain E. P. Beck 1983-1985
Surgeon Commodore J. W. Richardson 1985-1987
Surgeon Captain R. W. F. Paul 1987-1989
Surgeon Captain A. Craig 1989-1990
Surgeon Captain J. W. Davies 1991-1993
Surgeon Rear Admiral A. Craig 1993-1994
Surgeon Commodore F Reed OBE - 2005
Surgeon Commodore Jim Sykes 2005-2008
Surgeon Captain D.C. Brown 25 September 2008 - 2011
Surgeon Captain N.P. Butterfield August 2011 - 2012
Surgeon Captain M.A. Howell September 2012 -
See also
in Devon
in Bedfordshire
, military medical research site in France
References
External links
Institute of Naval Medicine
1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
Underwater diving medicine organizations
Gosport
Medical research institutes in the United Kingdom
Medical schools in England
Military education and training in Hampshire
Military medical research organisations of the United Kingdom
Military medical training establishments
Radiation protection organizations
Research institutes established in 1969
Research institutes in Hampshire
Royal Navy bases in Hampshire
Royal Navy Medical Service
Submarine education and training
Thermal medicine
Toxicology in the United Kingdom
Toxicology organizations
Underwater diving in the United Kingdom | Institute of Naval Medicine | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,252 | [
"Toxicology",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Toxicology in the United Kingdom",
"Toxicology organizations",
"Radiation protection organizations"
] |
64,398,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MsQuic | MsQuic is a free and open source implementation of the IETF QUIC protocol written in C that is officially supported on the Microsoft Windows (including Server), Linux, and Xbox platforms. The project also provides libraries for macOS and Android, which are unsupported. It is designed to be a cross-platform general purpose QUIC library optimized for client and server applications benefitting from maximal throughput and minimal latency. By the end of 2021 the codebase had over 200,000 lines of production code, with 50,000 lines of "core" code, sharable across platforms. The source code is licensed under MIT License and available on GitHub.
Among its features are, in part, support for asynchronous IO, receive-side scaling (RSS), UDP send and receive coalescing, and connection migrations that persist connections between client and server to overcome client IP or port changes, such as when moving throughout mobile networks.
Both the HTTP/3 and SMB stacks of Microsoft Windows leverage MsQuic, with msquic.sys providing kernel-mode functionality. Being dependent upon Schannel for TLS 1.3, kernel mode therefore does not support 0-RTT.
User-mode programs can implement MsQuic, with support 0-RTT, through msquic.dll, which can be built from source code or downloaded as a shared library through binary releases on the repository.
Its support for the Microsoft Game Development Kit makes MsQuic possible on both Xbox and Windows.
See also
Transmission Control Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
HTTP/2
XDP for Windows
References
External links
MsQuic Performance Dashboard (Interactive)
MsQuic is Open Source
Making MsQuic Blazing Fast
Deploying HTTP/3 on Windows Server at Scale
C (programming language) libraries
Computer networking
Microsoft free software
Software using the MIT license
2019 software | MsQuic | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 388 | [
"Computer networking",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering"
] |
47,531,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20428 | NGC 428 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus (The Sea Monster), with its spiral structure distorted and warped, possibly the result of the collision of two galaxies. There appears to be a substantial amount of star formation occurring within NGC 428 and it lacks well defined arms — a telltale sign of a galaxy merger. In 2015 the Hubble Space Telescope made a close-up shot of the galaxy with its Advanced Camera for Surveys and its Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. The structure of NGC 428 has been compared to NGC 5645.
Discoveries
NGC 428 was discovered by William Herschel in December 1786. A type Ia supernova designated SN2013ct was discovered May 11, 2013, within the galaxy by Stuart Parker of the Backyard Observatory Supernova Search (BOSS) project in Australia and New Zealand.
Smoker et al. reported in 1996 on the NGC 428 field, with the HI tail and LSB dwarf 0110+008, assessing star formation properties based on molecule density distributions, and concluded that the tail formation most likely originated through tidal interactions between two galaxies.
Further reading
H-alpha kinematics of S4G spiral galaxies-II. Data description and non-circular motions
Comparative internal kinematics of the HII regions in interacting and isolated galaxies: implications for massive star formation modes
A classical morphological analysis of galaxies in the spitzer survey of stellar structure in galaxies (S4G)
Kinematics of disk galaxies with known masses of their supermassive black holes. Observations Cherepashchuk, A.; Afanas’ev, V.; Zasov, A.; and Katkov, I. Astronomy Reports, 2010, Vol.54(7), pp. 578–589.
See also
Galaxy merger
List of galaxies
References
External links
The galaxy NGC 428 (Location dependent info when to observe the galaxy in the sky)
Supernovae 2013ct in NGC 428
NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
Images of NGC 428
Barred spiral galaxies
Magellanic spiral galaxies
Cetus
Galaxies discovered in 1786
0428
004367
00763
IRAS catalogue objects | NGC 428 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 438 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
47,531,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Navicula%20species | List of plankton species in the genus Navicula.
Species
, Algaebase lists 1280 accepted species and more than 1900 proposed species in the plankton genus Navicula. They include:
A
Navicula abbotti
Navicula abbottii
Navicula abbreviata
Navicula abdita
Navicula abducta
Navicula abelioensis
Navicula aberrans
Navicula abica
Navicula abiskoensis
Navicula aboensis
Navicula abonuensis
Navicula abraensis
Navicula abrupta
Navicula abscondita
Navicula abstrusa
Navicula abuensis
Navicula abunda
Navicula abundoides
Navicula acacia
Navicula accedens
Navicula accommoda
Navicula accurata
Navicula achthera
Navicula acephala
Navicula achnanthoides
Navicula achthera
Navicula acidobionta
Navicula acidobiontica
Navicula acidophila
Navicula acrosphaeria
Navicula actinota
Navicula acus
Navicula acuta
Navicula acuticuneata
Navicula acuticuneatula
Navicula acutirostris
Navicula acutissima
Navicula acutissima
Navicula adakensis
Navicula adakensis
Navicula adamantiformis
Navicula adamata
Navicula addae
Navicula admenda
Navicula adami
Navicula adampeensis
Navicula adamsii
Navicula addaae
Navicula addae
Navicula addicta
Navicula admenda
Navicula adminensis
Navicula adnatoides
Navicula adonis
Navicula adumbrata
Navicula advena
Navicula adversa
Navicula adversatrix
Navicula aedifex
Navicula aegyptiaca
Navicula aemula
Navicula aequalis
Navicula aequinoctialis
Navicula aequora
Navicula aequoria
Navicula aestimata
Navicula aestiva
Navicula affinis
Navicula affirmata
Navicula africana
Navicula agatkae
Navicula agma
Navicula agellus
Navicula aggerica
Navicula aggesta
Navicula aglaos
Navicula agnita
Navicula agma
Navicula agmastriata
Navicula agnewii
Navicula agnita
Navicula agrestiformis
Navicula agulhasica
Navicula ahmedabadensis
Navicula aikenenses
Navicula aikenensis
Navicula airdevronsixii
Navicula aitchelbee
Navicula ajajensis
Navicula aikensis
Navicula airdevronsixii
Navicula ajajensis
Navicula ajenaensis
Navicula aketechiensis
Navicula albanica
Navicula akimensis
Navicula aktinoides
Navicula alaskana
Navicula alea
Navicula aleemi
Navicula algor
Navicula aleemii
Navicula algeriensis
Navicula aleksandrae
Navicula algida
Navicula algor
Navicula alineae
Navicula alisoviana
Navicula altiplanensis
Navicula alineae
Navicula alisoviana
Navicula allista
Navicula allmaniana
Navicula allorgei
Navicula alpestris
Navicula alpha
Navicula alpina
Navicula alternans
Navicula alterofasciata
Navicula altiplanensis
Navicula amabilis
Navicula ambigua
Navicula americana
Navicula amerinda
Navicula amica
Navicula amicii
Navicula amicorum
Navicula ammophila
Navicula amnicola
Navicula amoena
Navicula amoena
Navicula amoenaeformis
Navicula amphibola
Navicula amphiceropsis
Navicula amphiceros
Navicula amphilepta
Navicula amphirhychus
Navicula amphirhynchus
Navicula amphirrhina
Navicula amphirhychus
Navicula amphisphenia
Navicula amphistylus
Navicula amphoroides
Navicula ampliata
Navicula amygdalina
Navicula anassae
Navicula anatis
Navicula anca
Navicula anceps
Navicula ancilla
Navicula ancilla
Navicula ancisa
Navicula ancora
Navicula anderabensis
Navicula anderssonii
Navicula andesitica
Navicula andicola
Navicula andium
Navicula andrussowii
Navicula anenuta
Navicula angelica
Navicula angelorum
Navicula angleana
Navicula anglica
Navicula anglophila
Navicula angolensis
Navicula angulati
Navicula angulosa
Navicula angarae
Navicula angelica
Navicula angulosa
Navicula angusta
Navicula anguste-fasciata
Navicula angustissima
Navicula anhuiensis
Navicula anna
Navicula ankobraensis
Navicula annexa
Navicula annulana
Navicula anopaia
Navicula antarctica
Navicula antarctica
Navicula antediluviana
Navicula antediluvianum
Navicula anthracis
Navicula antigua
Navicula antillarum
Navicula antiqua
Navicula antonii
Navicula antonioides
Navicula aparta
Navicula aperta
Navicula apia
Navicula apiculata
Navicula antediluvianum
Navicula antigua
Navicula antiqua
Navicula antonii
Navicula antonioides
Navicula antverpiensis
Navicula apiculata
Navicula apiculatoreinhardtii
Navicula applicita
Navicula applicitoides
Navicula approximatella
Navicula aquaedurae
Navicula applicitoides
Navicula approximata
Navicula apsteinii
Navicula apta
Navicula aquaeductae
Navicula aquitaniae
Navicula aquitaniae
Navicula aquosa
Navicula aradina
Navicula aranaria
Navicula arata
Navicula araucaniana
Navicula arcana
Navicula archeriana
Navicula archibaldiana
Navicula arcta
Navicula arctica
Navicula arctotenelloides
Navicula arcuata
Navicula ardis
Navicula ardua
Navicula arenaria
Navicula archeriana
Navicula arctotenelloides
Navicula applanata
Navicula applicita
Navicula appendiculata
Navicula arenariaeformis
Navicula arenicola
Navicula arenosa
Navicula arenaria
Navicula arenariaeformis
Navicula arenicola
Navicula arenula
Navicula argens
Navicula argunensis
Navicula argutiola
Navicula ariiensis
Navicula arkona
Navicula armata
Navicula armoricana
Navicula arenula
Navicula areschougiana
Navicula argens
Navicula arguens
Navicula argunensis
Navicula argutiola
Navicula arkona
Navicula armata
Navicula armoricana
Navicula arraniensis
Navicula artemidis
Navicula artificiosa
Navicula arvensiformis
Navicula arvensis
Navicula arverna
Navicula aspergilla
Navicula associata
Navicula asymbasia
Navicula arvensoides
Navicula arverna
Navicula asanwinsoensis
Navicula ashantiensis
Navicula asiatica
Navicula asklepieionensis
Navicula aspera
Navicula aspergilla
Navicula aspersa
Navicula asperula
Navicula associata
Navicula assula
Navicula assuloides
Navicula assymetrica
Navicula astrolabensis
Navicula asymbasia
Navicula asymetrica
Navicula asymmetrica
Navicula atacamana
Navicula atacamae
Navicula atasensis
Navicula athenae
Navicula atlantica
Navicula atwateri
Navicula arvensoides
Navicula arverna
Navicula asanwinsoensis
Navicula ashantiensis
Navicula asiatica
Navicula asklepieionensis
Navicula aspera
Navicula aspergilla
Navicula aspersa
Navicula asperula
Navicula associata
Navicula assula
Navicula assuloides
Navicula assymetrica
Navicula astrolabensis
Navicula asymbasia
Navicula asymetrica
Navicula asymmetrica
Navicula atacamae
Navicula atacamana
Navicula atalos
Navicula athenae
Navicula atlantica
Navicula atomarius
Navicula atomoides
Navicula atomus
Navicula atomus
Navicula atwateri
Navicula aubertii
Navicula aucklandica
Navicula aueri
Navicula aulacophaena
Navicula aurangabadensis
Navicula aurantiaca
Navicula aurora
Navicula australica
Navicula australomediocris
Navicula australoceanica
Navicula australoshetlandica
Navicula austrocollegarum
Navicula avenaceoides
Navicula avonensis
B
Navicula baardsethii
Navicula baccata
Navicula bacillaris
Navicula bacillifera
Navicula bacilliformis
Navicula bacillum
Navicula bacterium
Navicula bacula
Navicula bahiensis
Navicula bahuensoides
Navicula bahusiensis
Navicula baileyana
Navicula baileyi
Navicula bainii
Navicula balcanica
Navicula balnearis
Navicula bamboiensis
Navicula bannajensis
Navicula bansoensis
Navicula barbadense
Navicula barbadensis
Navicula barbara
Navicula barbarica
Navicula barberiana
Navicula barbitos
Navicula barclayana
Navicula barentsii
Navicula barkeriana
Navicula barklayana
Navicula barodensis
Navicula barrowiana
Navicula bartholomei
Navicula basaltaeproxima
Navicula basilica
Navicula basillica
Navicula bastianii
Navicula bastowii
Navicula bauemleri
Navicula bauemlerii
Navicula bawdiaensis
Navicula bayleana
Navicula bdesma
Navicula beaufortiana
Navicula beccariana
Navicula beckii
Navicula begeri
Navicula begerii
Navicula beketowii
Navicula bella
Navicula bellatii
Navicula belliatula
Navicula bellissima
Navicula belsesiensis
Navicula bendaensis
Navicula bengalensis
Navicula bergenensis
Navicula bergeni
Navicula bergerii
Navicula berriati
Navicula bertelsenii
Navicula bertrandi
Navicula besarensis
Navicula beta
Navicula beyrichiana
Navicula biaculeata
Navicula biakensis
Navicula bicapitata
Navicula bicapitellata
Navicula bicarinata
Navicula bicephala
Navicula bicephaloides
Navicula biceps
Navicula biclavata
Navicula biconica
Navicula biconifera
Navicula biconstricta
Navicula bicontracta
Navicula bicuneolus
Navicula bicuspidata
Navicula biddulphioides
Navicula bidentula
Navicula bievexa
Navicula bifax
Navicula bifissa
Navicula biflexa
Navicula bifurcatula
Navicula bigemmata
Navicula biglobosa
Navicula bilineata
Navicula bilobata
Navicula bimaculata
Navicula binaria
Navicula binodis
Navicula binodulosa
Navicula bintila
Navicula bioculata
Navicula bipectinalis
Navicula bipunctata
Navicula bipunctata
Navicula bipustulata
Navicula birhis
Navicula birostrata
Navicula birostris
Navicula biscalaris
Navicula biseriata
Navicula biskanterae
Navicula biskanteri
Navicula bistriata
Navicula bisulcata
Navicula bita
Navicula bituminosa
Navicula biwaensis
Navicula bjoernoeyaensis
Navicula blasii
Navicula bleischiana
Navicula bleischii
Navicula blessingii
Navicula blotii
Navicula bodosensis
Navicula boeckii
Navicula boergesenii
Navicula bogotensis
Navicula bolleana
Navicula bombiformis
Navicula bomboides
Navicula bombus
Navicula bongrainii
Navicula bonnieri
Navicula borbassii
Navicula borealis
Navicula borinquensis
Navicula borneoensis
Navicula borowkae
Navicula borrichii
Navicula borussica
Navicula boryana
Navicula boseana
Navicula bossvikensis
Navicula bosumtwiensis
Navicula botteriana
Navicula bottnica
Navicula boudetii
Navicula bouhardi
Navicula bourgi
Navicula bourrellyi
Navicula bourrellyivera
Navicula boyei
Navicula bozenae
Navicula branchiata
Navicula brasiliana
Navicula brasiliensis
Navicula braunii
Navicula brebissonii
Navicula breenii
Navicula brehmi
Navicula brehmii
Navicula brehmioides
Navicula breitenbuchii
Navicula brekkaensis
Navicula bremensis
Navicula bremeyeri
Navicula breviata
Navicula brevirostrata
Navicula brevis
Navicula brevissima
Navicula brockmanni
Navicula brockmannii
Navicula broetzii
Navicula bruchi
Navicula bruchii
Navicula brunelii
Navicula bruni
Navicula brunii
Navicula bruyanti
Navicula bryophila
Navicula bryophiloides
Navicula buccella
Navicula buchansiana
Navicula budayana
Navicula budda
Navicula budensis
Navicula buderiformis
Navicula bullata
Navicula bulnheimii
Navicula burcki
Navicula bushmanorum
Navicula butreensis
C
Navicula caddoensis
Navicula caenosus
Navicula calcuttensis
Navicula calcuttensis
Navicula caldwellii
Navicula calida
Navicula californica
Navicula caliginosa
Navicula calva
Navicula calvata
Navicula camerata
Navicula campanilae
Navicula campbellii
Navicula campylodiscus
Navicula canaliculata
Navicula canalis
Navicula canariana
Navicula cancelleta
Navicula candida
Navicula cantonatii
Navicula cantonensis
Navicula capensis
Navicula capillata
Navicula capitata
Navicula capitatoradiata
Navicula capitellata
Navicula capitoradiata
Navicula capitulata
Navicula capsa
Navicula capsula
Navicula caractacus
Navicula carassius
Navicula cardinaliculus
Navicula cardinalis
Navicula carecti
Navicula cari
Navicula caribaea
Navicula carinata
Navicula carinifera
Navicula cariocincta
Navicula carissima
Navicula carloffii
Navicula carminata
Navicula carolinensis
Navicula carpathorum
Navicula carstensenii
Navicula carteri
Navicula carvajaliana
Navicula casca
Navicula cascadensis
Navicula casertana
Navicula cassieana
Navicula castracanei
Navicula catalanogermanica
Navicula cataracta-rheni
Navicula cataractarum
Navicula catarinensis
Navicula caterva
Navicula catharinae
Navicula caupulus
Navicula cavernae
Navicula ceciliae
Navicula celinei
Navicula cellesensis
Navicula cendronii
Navicula centraster
Navicula centropunctata
Navicula cephalodes
Navicula ceratogramma
Navicula ceratostigma
Navicula ceres
Navicula cerneutia
Navicula cesatii
Navicula ceylanensis
Navicula chaberti
Navicula chadwickii
Navicula chandolensis
Navicula charlatii
Navicula charlottae
Navicula charontis
Navicula chasei
Navicula chasmaensis
Navicula chasmigera
Navicula chaspula
Navicula chassagnei
Navicula chauhanii
Navicula cherubim
Navicula chi
Navicula chiarae
Navicula chiengmaiensis
Navicula chilena
Navicula chilensis
Navicula chimmoana
Navicula chinensis
Navicula chingmaiensis
Navicula chloridorum
Navicula cholnokyana
Navicula cholnokyii
Navicula chordata
Navicula chrissiana
Navicula chutteri
Navicula chyzerii
Navicula ciliata
Navicula cimex
Navicula cincta
Navicula cinctaeformis
Navicula cingens
Navicula cingulatoides
Navicula cinna
Navicula circumnodosa
Navicula circumtexta
Navicula circumvallata
Navicula cistella
Navicula citrea
Navicula citriformis
Navicula clagesii
Navicula clamans
Navicula clarensiana
Navicula claromontensis
Navicula clathrata
Navicula clavata
Navicula claviana
Navicula claytoni
Navicula claytonii
Navicula clementis
Navicula clementoides
Navicula climacospheniae
Navicula cluthensis
Navicula cluthensoides
Navicula clypeus
Navicula coarctata
Navicula coccinella
Navicula cocconeiformis
Navicula cocconeoides
Navicula cocconioides
Navicula coccus
Navicula cochlearis
Navicula coei
Navicula coelata
Navicula coerulea
Navicula coffeiformis
Navicula colii
Navicula collersonii
Navicula collertsonii
Navicula collisiana
Navicula columbiana
Navicula columnaris
Navicula comerei
Navicula commixta
Navicula commutabilis
Navicula commutata
Navicula comoides
Navicula compacta
Navicula compar
Navicula comperei
Navicula complanata
Navicula complanatoides
Navicula completa 1
Navicula completaoides
Navicula compositestriata
Navicula compressicauda
Navicula concamerata
Navicula concentrica
Navicula concilians
Navicula concinna
Navicula confecta
Navicula confervacea
Navicula confidens
Navicula congerana
Navicula congolensis
Navicula congrua
Navicula conjugata
Navicula conjuncta
Navicula connectens
Navicula conops
Navicula consanguinea
Navicula conscensa
Navicula consentanea
Navicula consimilis
Navicula consors
Navicula conspersa
Navicula constans
Navicula constantinii
Navicula constricta
Navicula contempta
Navicula contenta
Navicula contentaeformis
Navicula contermina
Navicula contigua
Navicula contorta
Navicula contortula
Navicula contracta
Navicula contraria
Navicula controversa
Navicula conveniens
Navicula convergens
Navicula conveyi
Navicula copiosa
Navicula coquedensis
Navicula coraliana
Navicula corbieri
Navicula cordillerae
Navicula cornubiensis
Navicula coronensis
Navicula corpulenta
Navicula correpta
Navicula corrugata
Navicula cortanensis
Navicula corticola
Navicula corymbosa
Navicula cosmaria
Navicula costata
Navicula costei
Navicula costulata
Navicula costuloides
Navicula cotiformis
Navicula couperi
Navicula crabro
Navicula crabroniformis
Navicula crassirostris
Navicula crassula
Navicula crassulexigua
Navicula crassuliexigua
Navicula crateri
Navicula craticula
Navicula craticularis
Navicula craveni
Navicula creguti
Navicula cremeri
Navicula cremorne
Navicula crepitacula
Navicula creuzbergensis
Navicula criophila
Navicula crispa
Navicula cristula
Navicula crocodili
Navicula cronullensis
Navicula crucialis
Navicula cruciata
Navicula crucifera
Navicula crucifix
Navicula cruciformis
Navicula crucigera
Navicula crucigeriformis
Navicula crux
Navicula cruxmeridionalis
Navicula cryophila
Navicula cryptocephala
Navicula cryptocephaloides
Navicula cryptofallax
Navicula cryptonella
Navicula cryptorrhynchus
Navicula cryptostriata
Navicula cryptotenella
Navicula cryptotenelloides
Navicula csaszkaae
Navicula cubitus
Navicula cumbriensis
Navicula cumvibia
Navicula cunctans
Navicula curiosa
Navicula cursoria
Navicula curta
Navicula curtestria
Navicula curtisterna
Navicula curvilineata
Navicula curvinervia
Navicula curvipunctata
Navicula cuspidata
Navicula cuspis
Navicula cuvella
Navicula cyclophora
Navicula cyclops
Navicula cymatopleura
Navicula cymbelliformis
Navicula cymbelloides
Navicula cymbula
Navicula cyprinus
Navicula czekehazensis
D
Navicula dactylus
Navicula dahomensis
Navicula dahurica
Navicula dailyi
Navicula dalmatica
Navicula damasii
Navicula damongensis
Navicula dariana
Navicula dartevellei
Navicula darwiniana
Navicula davidsoniana
Navicula de-toniana
Navicula de-wittiana
Navicula dealpina
Navicula debegenica
Navicula debilis
Navicula debilissima
Navicula debilitata
Navicula deblockii
Navicula debyi
Navicula dechambrei
Navicula decipiens
Navicula decissa
Navicula declinata
Navicula decora
Navicula decrescens
Navicula decumana
Navicula decurrens
Navicula decussata
Navicula decussepunctata
Navicula definita
Navicula defluens
Navicula degenii
Navicula dehissa
Navicula delastriata
Navicula delata
Navicula delawarensis
Navicula delecta
Navicula delginensis
Navicula deliberata
Navicula delicata
Navicula delognei
Navicula delpiroui
Navicula delta
Navicula deltaica
Navicula demerara
Navicula demerarae
Navicula demeraroides
Navicula demissa
Navicula demta
Navicula denizotii
Navicula densa
Navicula denselineolata
Navicula densepunctata
Navicula densestriata
Navicula densilineolata
Navicula densistriata
Navicula densuensis
Navicula denticulata
Navicula denudata
Navicula depauxii
Navicula depressa
Navicula derasa
Navicula descripta
Navicula deserti
Navicula destituta
Navicula detenta
Navicula detersa
Navicula diabolica
Navicula diaculus
Navicula diagonalis
Navicula diahotana
Navicula diaphana
Navicula diaphanea
Navicula dibola
Navicula dicephala
Navicula dicurvata
Navicula didyma
Navicula diengensis
Navicula differta
Navicula difficilis
Navicula difficillima
Navicula difficillimoides
Navicula diffluens
Navicula difformis
Navicula diffusa
Navicula dificilis
Navicula digito
Navicula digito-radiata
Navicula digitoconvergens
Navicula digitoradiata
Navicula digitulus
Navicula digna
Navicula digrediens
Navicula digtoradiata
Navicula dilata
Navicula dilatata
Navicula dilucida
Navicula dimidiata
Navicula diomphala
Navicula diploneiformis
Navicula diplosticta
Navicula directa
Navicula dirhynchus
Navicula dirrhombus
Navicula discernenda
Navicula disclusa
Navicula discrepans
Navicula disertoides
Navicula disjuncta
Navicula disjunctoides
Navicula dispar
Navicula disparalis
Navicula disparata
Navicula dispensata
Navicula dispersa
Navicula dispersepunctata
Navicula dispersepunctulata
Navicula disposita
Navicula disputans
Navicula dissimilis
Navicula dissipata
Navicula dissipata
Navicula dissuta
Navicula distans
Navicula distantepunctata
Navicula distauridium
Navicula distenta
Navicula disticha
Navicula distincta
Navicula distinctastriata
Navicula distoma
Navicula diuturna
Navicula diuturnoides
Navicula divaricata
Navicula divergens
Navicula diversa
Navicula diversestriata
Navicula diversipunctata
Navicula diversistriata
Navicula diverta
Navicula dobrinatemniskovae
Navicula dodowaensis
Navicula doehleri
Navicula doello-juradoi
Navicula doeringii
Navicula doljensis
Navicula dolosa
Navicula dolosa
Navicula donkinia
Navicula dorenbergi
Navicula dorogostaiskyi
Navicula dosseti-azpeitia
Navicula dubia
Navicula dubitata
Navicula dubravicensis
Navicula duerrenbergiana
Navicula dugaensis
Navicula dulcioides
Navicula dulcis
Navicula dumontiae
Navicula dunstonii
Navicula duomedia
Navicula duplex
Navicula duplicata
Navicula duplocapitata
Navicula durandii
Navicula dutoitana
Navicula dux
Navicula dvorachekii
Navicula dystrophica
E
Navicula ebor
Navicula eburnea
Navicula ectoris
Navicula effrenata
Navicula egena
Navicula egeria
Navicula egregia
Navicula egyptiaca
Navicula ehrenbergii
Navicula ehrlichiae
Navicula eichhorniaephila
Navicula eichhorniophila
Navicula eidrigeana
Navicula eiowana
Navicula ekholmensis
Navicula el-kab
Navicula elaborata
Navicula elaphros
Navicula electa
Navicula electrolytifuga
Navicula elegans
Navicula elegantissima
Navicula elegantoides
Navicula elegantula
Navicula elenkinii
Navicula elephantis
Navicula elesdiana
Navicula elevata
Navicula elginensis
Navicula elkab
Navicula ellips
Navicula ellipsis
Navicula elliptica
Navicula elmorei
Navicula elongata
Navicula elongatula
Navicula elpatievskyi
Navicula elsae-thum
Navicula elsoniana
Navicula emarginata
Navicula endophytica
Navicula engelbrechtii
Navicula ennediensis
Navicula entoleia
Navicula entomon
Navicula entzii
Navicula enucleata
Navicula eocaenica
Navicula episcopalis
Navicula eponka
Navicula epsilon
Navicula equiornata
Navicula erdmannensis
Navicula ergadensis
Navicula erifuga
Navicula erosa
Navicula erythraea
Navicula esamangensis
Navicula escambia
Navicula esoculus
Navicula esox
Navicula eta
Navicula eugeniae
Navicula eumontana
Navicula euryale
Navicula eurycephala
Navicula eurysoma
Navicula evexa
Navicula evulsa
Navicula exasperans
Navicula excavata
Navicula excavata
Navicula excellens
Navicula excentrica
Navicula excepta
Navicula exemta
Navicula exigua
Navicula exiguiformis
Navicula exiguoides
Navicula exiguoidis
Navicula exiliformis
Navicula exilior
Navicula exilis
Navicula exilissima
Navicula exillima
Navicula eximia
Navicula expecta
Navicula expectilis
Navicula expedita
Navicula expeditionis
Navicula explanata
Navicula expleta
Navicula explicata
Navicula explicatoides
Navicula explorata
Navicula eymei
F
Navicula faba
Navicula faceta
Navicula facilis
Navicula falaisiensis
Navicula falax
Navicula falklandiae
Navicula fallax
Navicula falsalyra
Navicula famintzinii
Navicula faoensis
Navicula farakulumensis
Navicula farcimen
Navicula farta
Navicula fasciata
Navicula fatigans
Navicula fauta
Navicula fawumangensis
Navicula febigeri
Navicula febigerii
Navicula fennica
Navicula fennoscandica
Navicula fernandae
Navicula fernandesii
Navicula fernandi-koburg
Navicula ferrazae
Navicula festiva
Navicula feuerborni
Navicula feuerbornii
Navicula filarszkyana
Navicula filarszkyi
Navicula filholi
Navicula filiformis
Navicula finitima
Navicula finmarchica
Navicula finnmarchica
Navicula firma
Navicula fischeri
Navicula flabellata
Navicula flagellifera
Navicula flahaulti
Navicula flamma
Navicula flammarionensis
Navicula flammula
Navicula flanatica
Navicula flattii
Navicula flebilis
Navicula flexuosa
Navicula florentina
Navicula floridae
Navicula floridana
Navicula florinae
Navicula floriniae
Navicula fluens
Navicula fluitans
Navicula fluminensis
Navicula fluminisirtysch
Navicula fluminitica
Navicula fluviae-jenisseyi
Navicula foliola
Navicula folium
Navicula fontana
Navicula fontellii
Navicula fonticola
Navicula fontinalis
Navicula forcipata
Navicula formenterae
Navicula formicata
Navicula formicina
Navicula formosa
Navicula fortis
Navicula fortunata
Navicula fossilioides
Navicula fossilis
Navicula fragilarioides
Navicula fragilis
Navicula franciscae
Navicula frasnensis
Navicula fraudulenta
Navicula freesei
Navicula frenguellii
Navicula frequens
Navicula frickei
Navicula frickei
Navicula friesneri
Navicula frigida
Navicula frisiae
Navicula friska
Navicula fromenterae
Navicula frugalis
Navicula frustuliaeformis
Navicula frustuloides
Navicula fuchsii
Navicula fuegiana
Navicula fuegiana
Navicula fuenzalidae
Navicula fukiensis
Navicula fundata
Navicula funiculata
Navicula furtiva
Navicula fusca
Navicula fuscata
Navicula fusidium
Navicula fusiformis
Navicula fusiformis-vahliana
Navicula fusioides
Navicula fustis
Navicula fusus
Navicula futilis
G
Navicula galapagoensis
Navicula galea
Navicula galikii
Navicula gallapagensis
Navicula gallica
Navicula galvagensis
Navicula gamma
Navicula gandhii
Navicula gandrupi
Navicula garganica
Navicula garkeana
Navicula gasilidei
Navicula gastriformis
Navicula gastroides
Navicula gastrum
Navicula gauthieri
Navicula gebhardi
Navicula gebhardii
Navicula geinitzi
Navicula geisslerae
Navicula geitleri
Navicula gelida
Navicula gemina
Navicula geminata
Navicula gemmata
Navicula gemmatula
Navicula gemmeta
Navicula gendrei
Navicula genevensis
Navicula geniculata
Navicula genifera
Navicula genovefae
Navicula genustriata
Navicula gerloffi
Navicula gerloffii
Navicula germanopolonica
Navicula geronimensis
Navicula gibba
Navicula gibberula
Navicula gibbosa
Navicula giebelii
Navicula gieskesii
Navicula gigantorum
Navicula gigas
Navicula gilva
Navicula girodi
Navicula girondica
Navicula glaberrima
Navicula glaberrimum
Navicula glabra
Navicula glabrissima n
Navicula glabriuscula
Navicula glacialis
Navicula glaciei
Navicula glangeaudi
Navicula glans
Navicula glasovii
Navicula globiceps
Navicula globifera
Navicula globosa
Navicula globosaoides
Navicula globulifera
Navicula globuliferiformis
Navicula glomus
Navicula gloriosa
Navicula gloriosa
Navicula godfroyi
Navicula goeppertiana
Navicula goersii
Navicula gomontiana
Navicula gomphonemacea
Navicula gomphonemoides
Navicula gondwana
Navicula gonzalvesiana
Navicula gordonii
Navicula gorjanovicii
Navicula gothlandica
Navicula gotlandica
Navicula gottlandica
Navicula gourdonii
Navicula gouwsii
Navicula gracilis
Navicula gracillima
Navicula graciloides
Navicula gradata
Navicula gradatoides
Navicula graeffii
Navicula gralana
Navicula grammitis
Navicula granii
Navicula granoryza
Navicula granulata
Navicula granulifer
Navicula granum
Navicula granum-avenae
Navicula grasmueckii
Navicula grata
Navicula gratissima
Navicula gregaria
Navicula gregaria
Navicula gregaria
Navicula gregarioides
Navicula gregoriana
Navicula gregorii
Navicula gretharum
Navicula grevilleana
Navicula grevillei
Navicula grevilleoides
Navicula grevillii
Navicula grimmei
Navicula grimmeioides
Navicula grimmii
Navicula grimmioides
Navicula grippii
Navicula groenlandica
Navicula groschopfi
Navicula groschopfii
Navicula grovei
Navicula grudeensis
Navicula gruendleri
Navicula gruendleriana
Navicula grundtvigii
Navicula grunovii
Navicula grunowii
Navicula guadalupensis
Navicula guarujana
Navicula guatemalensis
Navicula guaynaboensis
Navicula guetharyana
Navicula guihotii
Navicula guinardiana
Navicula guluensis
Navicula gurovii
Navicula guttata
Navicula guttulifera
Navicula gutwinskii
Navicula gyrinida
Navicula gysigensis
H
Navicula h-album
Navicula habena
Navicula habita
Navicula hagelsteinii
Navicula hahni
Navicula hahnii
Navicula halinae
Navicula halionata
Navicula halophila
Navicula halophiloides
Navicula hamiltonii
Navicula hamulifera
Navicula hangchowensis
Navicula hankae
Navicula hanseatica
Navicula hanseniana
Navicula hantkenii
Navicula haradaae
Navicula harbinensis
Navicula harderi
Navicula harpa
Navicula harrisoniana
Navicula hartii
Navicula hartzii
Navicula hasta
Navicula hastaeformis
Navicula hastata
Navicula hastatula
Navicula hauckii
Navicula haueri
Navicula hawaiensis
Navicula hawaiiensis
Navicula haynaldii
Navicula haytiana
Navicula hazslinszkyi
Navicula hebes
Navicula hecateia
Navicula heeri
Navicula heilprinensis
Navicula heimansioides
Navicula heimii
Navicula helea
Navicula helensoides
Navicula helmandensis
Navicula helminae
Navicula helvetica
Navicula hemiptera
Navicula hemiviridula
Navicula henckeli
Navicula hennedyi
Navicula hennedyii
Navicula henriquesii
Navicula herbstiae
Navicula heribaudi
Navicula hermanii
Navicula heteroflexa
Navicula heterostriata
Navicula heterovalvata
Navicula heufleri
Navicula heufleriana
Navicula hevesensis
Navicula hexapla
Navicula hibernica
Navicula hilarula
Navicula hilliardi
Navicula hilliardii
Navicula hintzii
Navicula hirudo
Navicula hitchcocki
Navicula hochstetteri
Navicula hochstetteriana
Navicula hodgeana
Navicula hoefleri
Navicula hoeflerii
Navicula hoffmannii
Navicula hofmanniae
Navicula hollandica
Navicula hollerupensis
Navicula holmiensis
Navicula holstii
Navicula holubyi
Navicula homburgiana
Navicula hordeiformis
Navicula hornigii
Navicula horstii
Navicula hospes
Navicula huei
Navicula hugenottarum
Navicula humboldtiana
Navicula humerosa arabica
Navicula humjibreensis
Navicula hungarica
Navicula huniensis
Navicula husi
Navicula hustedtiana
Navicula hustedtii
Navicula hyalina
Navicula hyalina
Navicula hyalosira
Navicula hybrida
Navicula hyperborea
Navicula hyrtlii
I
Navicula iasnitskii
Navicula iberica
Navicula icostauron
Navicula ignobilis
Navicula ignota
Navicula ikari
Navicula illicita
Navicula illinoensis
Navicula illustra
Navicula illustris
Navicula ilopangoensis
Navicula imbecilla
Navicula imbellis
Navicula impangenica
Navicula imperfecta
Navicula imperialis
Navicula impertila
Navicula impexa
Navicula implana
Navicula impossibilis
Navicula impressa
Navicula inattigens
Navicula incarum
Navicula incisa
Navicula inclinata
Navicula includens
Navicula incognita
Navicula incomitatus
Navicula incomperta
Navicula incomposita
Navicula incongruens
Navicula incudiformis
Navicula inculta
Navicula incurva
Navicula incus
Navicula indefinita
Navicula indemnis
Navicula index
Navicula indianensis
Navicula indica
Navicula indigens
Navicula inducens
Navicula indulgens
Navicula inelegans
Navicula inexacta
Navicula inexpectans
Navicula inexplorata
Navicula infaceta
Navicula infirma
Navicula infirmata
Navicula infirmitata
Navicula inflasa
Navicula inflata
Navicula inflatoides
Navicula inflexa
Navicula infrenis
Navicula ingapirca
Navicula ingens
Navicula ingenua
Navicula ingoldii
Navicula ingrata
Navicula ingstadii
Navicula ingustata
Navicula inhalata
Navicula inhalata
Navicula injusta
Navicula innommata
Navicula inornata
Navicula inpunctata
Navicula inquisitor
Navicula inscendens
Navicula insepta
Navicula insequens
Navicula inserata
Navicula inseriata
Navicula insignificans
Navicula insignis
Navicula insignita
Navicula insociabilis
Navicula insolita
Navicula insolubilis
Navicula insularis
Navicula insulsa
Navicula insuta
Navicula intacta
Navicula integra
Navicula intercedens
Navicula interglacialis
Navicula interlineata
Navicula intermedia
Navicula intermixta
Navicula interrupta
Navicula interruptestriata
Navicula intractata
Navicula intricata
Navicula inutilis
Navicula invenusta
Navicula inversa
Navicula invicta
Navicula invisitata
Navicula involata
Navicula involuta
Navicula iota
Navicula iranensis
Navicula irata
Navicula ireneae
Navicula iridis
Navicula irmengardis
Navicula irregularis
Navicula irreversa
Navicula irritans
Navicula irrorata
Navicula irroratoides
Navicula isabelensiformis
Navicula isabelensiminor
Navicula isabelensis
Navicula isabelensoides
Navicula iserentantii
Navicula isertii
Navicula islandica
Navicula isocephala
Navicula isostauron
Navicula iversenii
Navicula ivigtutensis
Navicula izsopallagae
J
Navicula jacobii
Navicula jacotiae
Navicula jaernefeltioides
Navicula jakkalsica
Navicula jakovljevici
Navicula jakovljevicii
Navicula jamaicensis
Navicula jasnitskii
Navicula jasnitskyi
Navicula jatobensis
Navicula javanensis
Navicula javanica
Navicula jeffreyae
Navicula jejuna
Navicula jejunoides
Navicula jejunoides
Navicula jenneri
Navicula jentzschii
Navicula jequitinhonhae
Navicula jessenii
Navicula jimboi
Navicula jogensis
Navicula johanrossii
Navicula johnsonii
Navicula jonssoni
Navicula jonssonii
Navicula jordani
Navicula josephi
Navicula joubaudi
Navicula joubaudii
Navicula joursacensis
Navicula jouseana
Navicula juanitalinda
Navicula juba
Navicula jucunda
Navicula jucunda
Navicula jugata
Navicula julieni
Navicula jungi
Navicula jungii
Navicula jurassensis
Navicula jurgensii
Navicula jurilji
K
Navicula kaapensis
Navicula kaelfvensis
Navicula kaikonkiensis
Navicula kamorthensis
Navicula kanemi
Navicula kanitzii
Navicula kantsiensis
Navicula kappa
Navicula karelica
Navicula kariana
Navicula karsia
Navicula karstenii
Navicula kawamurae
Navicula kefvingensis
Navicula kelleri
Navicula kenon
Navicula kenyae
Navicula kepesii
Navicula kerguelensis
Navicula kernensis
Navicula kertschiana
Navicula kincaidii
Navicula kinkeriana
Navicula kinkerii
Navicula kirchneriana
Navicula kisber
Navicula kittoniana
Navicula kizakensis
Navicula kjellmanii
Navicula klavsenii
Navicula kleerekoperi
Navicula knysnensis
Navicula knysnesis
Navicula kochii
Navicula koeiei
Navicula kohlenbachii
Navicula kohlmaieri
Navicula kolbei
Navicula kolentiensis
Navicula kolugoensis
Navicula koniamboensis
Navicula konstantini
Navicula korzeniewskii
Navicula kossuthii
Navicula kotschii
Navicula kotschyana
Navicula kotschyi
Navicula kovalchookiana
Navicula kpongensis
Navicula krammerae
Navicula krasskei
Navicula krookii
Navicula kryokonites
Navicula kryophila
Navicula kuetzingiana
Navicula kuetzingii
Navicula kuolensis
Navicula kuripanensis
Navicula kurzii
Navicula kuseliana
Navicula kutzingiana
Navicula kuusamensis
Navicula kuwaitiana
Navicula kwamkuji
Navicula laciniosa
L
Navicula laciniosa
Navicula lacrimans
Navicula lacrymans
Navicula lacuna
Navicula lacunarum
Navicula lacunicola
Navicula lacus-karluki
Navicula lacus-baicali
Navicula lacus-lemani
Navicula lacustris
Navicula ladogensis
Navicula laevimarginata
Navicula laevis
Navicula laevissima
Navicula lagerheimii
Navicula lagerstedti
Navicula lagunae
Navicula laingii
Navicula lalia
Navicula lambda
Navicula lambertensis
Navicula lamella
Navicula lamii
Navicula lampra
Navicula lamprocampa
Navicula lanceolata
Navicula langoraensis
Navicula lapidosa
Navicula lapila
Navicula lapsa
Navicula lata
Navicula latefasciata
Navicula latelongitudinalis
Navicula lateropunctata
Navicula laterostrata
Navicula latevittata
Navicula laticeps
Navicula latissima
Navicula lauca
Navicula lauta
Navicula lawsonii
Navicula le-tourneurii
Navicula leboimei
Navicula leemanniae
Navicula lefevrei
Navicula legumen
Navicula lehmanniae
Navicula leistikowii
Navicula lemmermanni
Navicula lemmermannii
Navicula lenis
Navicula lenoblei
Navicula lenticula
Navicula lenzi
Navicula leonardi
Navicula leonardii
Navicula leonis
Navicula lepida
Navicula lepta
Navicula leptoceros
Navicula leptoloba
Navicula leptorhynchus
Navicula leptostigma
Navicula leptostriata
Navicula leptostylus
Navicula leptotermia
Navicula lesinensis
Navicula lesothensis
Navicula letulenta
Navicula leudugeri
Navicula levanderi
Navicula leveillei
Navicula levensis
Navicula levis
Navicula liaotungiensis
Navicula libellus
Navicula liber
Navicula libonensis
Navicula liburnica
Navicula lignieri
Navicula limanense
Navicula limata
Navicula limatoides
Navicula limbata
Navicula limicola
Navicula limitanea
Navicula limosa
Navicula limpida
Navicula lindae
Navicula lineola
Navicula lineostriata
Navicula linter
Navicula liostauron
Navicula liouvillei
Navicula lirata
Navicula lithognatha
Navicula lithognathoides
Navicula litoris
Navicula litos
Navicula littoralis
Navicula ljugneri
Navicula ljungneri
Navicula lobata
Navicula loczyi
Navicula lohmannii
Navicula loibl-sittlerii
Navicula lomastriata
Navicula londonensis
Navicula longa
Navicula longi
Navicula longicephala
Navicula longifissa
Navicula longirostris
Navicula longistriata
Navicula lorcana
Navicula lorenzii
Navicula lovenii
Navicula loveridgei
Navicula lubetii
Navicula lucenoides
Navicula lucentiformis
Navicula luciae A.Witkowski
Navicula luciana
Navicula lucida
Navicula lucidula
Navicula lucifica
Navicula ludloviana
Navicula luisii
Navicula lumbricastriata
Navicula lumen
Navicula lunata
Navicula lunatapicalis
Navicula lundii
Navicula lundstroemii
Navicula lunula
Navicula lunulifera
Navicula lunyacsekii
Navicula lupula
Navicula lurinda
Navicula lusitanica
Navicula lusoria
Navicula luxoriensis
Navicula luxuriosa
Navicula luzonensis
Navicula lybica
Navicula lyra
Navicula lyrans
Navicula lyrella
Navicula lyrigera
Navicula lyroides
M
Navicula macdonaghi
Navicula macer
Navicula maceria
Navicula macilenta
Navicula macraeana
Navicula macrogongyla
Navicula macromphala
Navicula macropunctata
Navicula macula
Navicula maculata
Navicula maculosa
Navicula madagascarensis
Navicula madagascariensis
Navicula madeirensis
Navicula madrae
Navicula maeandriana
Navicula maeandrinoides
Navicula maendrina
Navicula maeotica
Navicula magapolitana
Navicula magellanica
Navicula magna
Navicula magnifica
Navicula maharashtrensis
Navicula mahoodii
Navicula maidanae
Navicula major
Navicula malacarae
Navicula maliana
Navicula malica
Navicula malinvaudi
Navicula malombensis
Navicula malutiana
Navicula mammalis
Navicula manapiensis
Navicula manginii
Navicula manifesta
Navicula mannii
Navicula manokwariensis
Navicula mansiensis
Navicula mantichora
Navicula manubialis
Navicula mardansouensis
Navicula margalithii
Navicula margarita
Navicula margaritacea
Navicula margaritata
Navicula margaritiana
Navicula marginata
Navicula marginestriata
Navicula margino-nodularis
Navicula margino-ornata
Navicula marginulata
Navicula maria
Navicula mariagracielae
Navicula mariposae
Navicula marlieri
Navicula marlierii
Navicula marmorata
Navicula marnieri
Navicula marnierii
Navicula martini
Navicula martinii
Navicula martyi
Navicula mascarenae
Navicula mastogloidea
Navicula mauleri
Navicula mauriciana
Navicula maxima
Navicula mayeri
Navicula meadeensis
Navicula meadensis
Navicula mediacomplexa
Navicula mediahelos
Navicula medica
Navicula medioconvexa
Navicula mediocostata
Navicula mediocriformis
Navicula mediocris
Navicula medioincrassata
Navicula medioinflata
Navicula mediopartita
Navicula mediopunctata
Navicula mediterranea
Navicula megacuspidata
Navicula megalodon
Navicula megaloptera
Navicula megapolitana
Navicula megastauros
Navicula meisteri
Navicula meisterii
Navicula melanesica
Navicula melchersi
Navicula meleagris
Navicula menaiana
Navicula menda
Navicula mendica
Navicula mengeae
Navicula menilitica
Navicula meniscoides
Navicula menisculoides
Navicula menisculus
Navicula meniscus
Navicula mentzii
Navicula mereschkowskyi
Navicula meridiepacifica
Navicula meridionalis
Navicula meridiorecens
Navicula mersa
Navicula mesogongyla
Navicula mesolaia
Navicula mesoleiae
Navicula mesolepta
Navicula mesopachya
Navicula mexicana
Navicula meyeri
Navicula mica
Navicula microcari
Navicula microcephala
Navicula microdicta
Navicula microdigitoradiata
Navicula microlyra
Navicula micropupula
Navicula microrhombus
Navicula microrhynchus
Navicula microstauron
Navicula microstoma
Navicula migma
Navicula mikado
Navicula mikrotatos
Navicula millotiana
Navicula millsi
Navicula milthersii
Navicula mimicans
Navicula mimula
Navicula mina
Navicula minima
Navicula miniscula
Navicula minisculoides
Navicula minnewaukonensis
Navicula minor
Navicula minthe
Navicula mintracta
Navicula minuscula
Navicula minuta
Navicula minutissima
Navicula minutula
Navicula mira
Navicula mirabilis
Navicula mirabunda
Navicula miramaris
Navicula mirifica
Navicula misella
Navicula misionera
Navicula mobiliensis
Navicula mocsarensis
Navicula modesta
Navicula modica
Navicula moendrina
Navicula moenofranconica
Navicula moerckii
Navicula moesta
Navicula moesziana
Navicula molesta
Navicula mollicula
Navicula mollis
Navicula mollissima
Navicula monela
Navicula monile
Navicula monilifera
Navicula moniliformis
Navicula monmouthiana
Navicula monmouthianastodderi
Navicula monodi
Navicula monodon
Navicula monradii
Navicula montana
Navicula montanestris
Navicula montisatrae
Navicula mooreana
Navicula moorosiana
Navicula moreii
Navicula mormonorum
Navicula morricei
Navicula moscarensis
Navicula moskalii
Navicula mossbergensis
Navicula mournei
Navicula mucicola
Navicula mucicoloides
Navicula mucronula
Navicula muelleri
Navicula mugadensis
Navicula mujibensis
Navicula multicostata
Navicula multicostata
Navicula multigramme
Navicula multiperla
Navicula multiplex
Navicula multiseriata
Navicula multistriata
Navicula muncki
Navicula munckii
Navicula munda
Navicula muralibionta
Navicula muraliformis
Navicula muralis
Navicula murrayi
Navicula musca
Navicula muscaeformis
Navicula muscatinei
Navicula muscerda
Navicula muscosa
Navicula mutabilis
Navicula mutat
Navicula mutica
Navicula muticopsiforme
Navicula muticopsis
Navicula my
N
Navicula nadjae
Navicula namibica
Navicula nanissima
Navicula nansenii
Navicula narinosa
Navicula neglecta
Navicula neglecta
Navicula nemoris
Navicula neomundana
Navicula neoreversa
Navicula neoventricosa
Navicula nepouiana
Navicula nevrovae
Navicula niceaencis
Navicula nienta
Navicula nimbus
Navicula nobilis
Navicula norae
Navicula nordenskioeldii
Navicula normalis
Navicula normaloides
Navicula northumbrica
Navicula notanda
Navicula notha
Navicula novae-guineaensis
Navicula novaesiberica
Navicula novasiberica
Navicula nuda
Navicula nugalis
Navicula nungaensis
O
Navicula oahuensis
Navicula obesa
Navicula objecta
Navicula oblonga
Navicula oblongata
Navicula oblongiformis
Navicula obtecta
Navicula obtusangula
Navicula ocalli
Navicula octavosignata
Navicula odiosa
Navicula oerensis
Navicula oetzvallensis
Navicula ognjanovae
Navicula ohiensis
Navicula okunoi
Navicula oliffi
Navicula oligotraphenta
Navicula onoensis
Navicula opieorum
Navicula opima
Navicula opportuna
Navicula oppugnata
Navicula orangiana
Navicula orbiculata
Navicula orbis
Navicula orvinii
Navicula ostenfeldii
Navicula ostrogothica
Navicula ovalis
Navicula ovata
P
Navicula paanaensis
Navicula paca
Navicula pacardi
Navicula pagophila
Navicula palearctica
Navicula pallescens
Navicula palpebralis
Navicula pampaeana
Navicula papilioarea
Navicula parabilis
Navicula parablis
Navicula parabryophila
Navicula paracari
Navicula parahasta
Navicula paranipponica
Navicula paraobesa
Navicula parapontica
Navicula parastriolata
Navicula parasura
Navicula paratunkae
Navicula parca
Navicula parenculoides
Navicula pargemina
Navicula parinacota
Navicula parodia
Navicula parvipenda
Navicula parvula
Navicula patula
Navicula paucivisitata
Navicula paulensis
Navicula paul-schulzii
Navicula paupercula
Navicula pavillardi
Navicula pavillardii
Navicula pelagica
Navicula peltoensis
Navicula pennata
Navicula peracuta
Navicula peragalli
Navicula peregrina
Navicula peregrinopsis
Navicula peripontica
Navicula perlatoides
Navicula perlepida
Navicula permakarevichae
Navicula perminuta
Navicula perobesa
Navicula peroblonga
Navicula perotii
Navicula perparva
Navicula perpendicularis
Navicula perpicea
Navicula perrhombus
Navicula perspicilliata
Navicula perturbata
Navicula petersenii
Navicula peticolasii
Navicula petrmarvanii
Navicula petrovii
Navicula petrovskae
Navicula phyllepta
Navicula phylleptosoma
Navicula phylleptosomaformis
Navicula picea
Navicula piercei
Navicula pierre-comperei
Navicula pinna
Navicula pinnata
Navicula planiceps
Navicula planmembranacea
Navicula platalea
Navicula platensis
Navicula plathii
Navicula platycephala
Navicula platystoma
Navicula platyventris
Navicula pletura
Navicula podolica
Navicula podzorskii
Navicula polae
Navicula polysticta
Navicula ponticulus
Navicula poretzkiae
Navicula porifera
Navicula porta-aurata
Navicula portomontana
Navicula potzgeri
Navicula praeterita
Navicula pragma
Navicula prespanensis
Navicula prinslooii
Navicula producta
Navicula psendoacceptata
Navicula pseudislandica
Navicula pseudoanglica
Navicula pseudoannulata
Navicula pseudoantonii
Navicula pseudoarvensis
Navicula pseudobrasiliana
Navicula pseudobrebissonii
Navicula pseudobryophila
Navicula pseudocarinifera
Navicula pseudoclamans
Navicula pseudoclavata
Navicula pseudoclementis
Navicula pseudoconcamerata
Navicula pseudocryptocephala
Navicula pseudodemerarae
Navicula pseudofaceta
Navicula pseudofossalis
Navicula pseudofrickia
Navicula pseudofrugalis
Navicula pseudoglacialis
Navicula pseudogrimmei
Navicula pseudohasta
Navicula pseudohastata
Navicula pseudohumilis
Navicula pseudojacobii
Navicula pseudokryokonites
Navicula pseudolagerheimii
Navicula pseudolanceolata
Navicula pseudolinearis
Navicula pseudolitoricola
Navicula pseudolucidula
Navicula pseudomenisculus
Navicula pseudoorthoneoides
Navicula pseudopalpebralis
Navicula pseudopelliculosa
Navicula pseudoppugnata
Navicula pseudoreinhardtii
Navicula pseudosalinarioides
Navicula pseudo-schoenfeldii
Navicula pseudosilicula
Navicula pseudostrearia
Navicula pseudostundii
Navicula pseudotenelloides
Navicula pseudotenelloides
Navicula pseudotenelloides
Navicula pseudothienemannii
Navicula pulchripora
Navicula pungens
Navicula pusilloides
Q-R
Navicula quadrisinuata
Navicula quadriundulata
Navicula quasidisjuncta
Navicula quaternaria
Navicula quechua
Navicula quincunx
Navicula quinquenodis
Navicula radians
Navicula radiopunctata
Navicula radiosa
Navicula radiosafallax
Navicula radiosiola
Navicula radiostriata
Navicula rainierensis
Navicula rajmundii
Navicula rakowskae
Navicula ramosissima
Navicula raphoneis
Navicula ravinae
Navicula recava
Navicula recens
Navicula recognita
Navicula recondita
Navicula rectiformis
Navicula rectum
Navicula regata
Navicula regelli
Navicula regressa
Navicula reichardtiana
Navicula reimeri
Navicula reinhardtii
Navicula reinickeana
Navicula reissii
Navicula relicta
Navicula resecta
Navicula restitua
Navicula restituta
Navicula retusa
Navicula rhodana
Navicula rhombica
Navicula rhynchocephala
Navicula rhynchotella
Navicula ricardae
Navicula ricardii
Navicula ridelii
Navicula riediana
Navicula riotecensis
Navicula rivalis
Navicula rivularis
Navicula rivulorum
Navicula rogalli
Navicula rolandii
Navicula rossii
Navicula rotaeana
Navicula rotaena
Navicula rotula
Navicula ruga
Navicula rumaniensis
Navicula rusticensis
S
Navicula sabae
Navicula sabiniana
Navicula sarcophagus
Navicula sagitta
Navicula salinarum
Navicula salinicola
Navicula sanctacrux
Navicula sanctaecrucis
Navicula sancti-naumii
Navicula sandegrinii
Navicula sansegana
Navicula sarolata
Navicula saugerii
Navicula savannahiana
Navicula scalifera
Navicula scandinavica
Navicula scaniae
Navicula schadei
Navicula schaeferi
Navicula schassmanii
Navicula schassmannii
Navicula schefterae
Navicula schmassmannii
Navicula schmidtii
Navicula schonfeldii
Navicula schonkenii
Navicula schroeteri
Navicula schubartii
Navicula schultzei
Navicula schwabei
Navicula schweigeri
Navicula scirpus
Navicula scoliopleuroides
Navicula scoresbyi
Navicula scotica
Navicula scutelloides
Navicula scutum
Navicula seductilis
Navicula seibigiana
Navicula seibigii
Navicula seippiana
Navicula sejuncta
Navicula semen
Navicula semenicula
Navicula semenoides
Navicula semiaperta
Navicula semiarea
Navicula semihyalina
Navicula seminoides
Navicula seminuloides
Navicula semivirgata
Navicula senegalensis
Navicula septaeoides
Navicula septenaria
Navicula septentrionalis
Navicula sequens
Navicula serdicensis
Navicula serotina
Navicula shanwangensis
Navicula shiloi
Navicula siamexilis
Navicula siamlinearis
Navicula sibirica
Navicula sieminskiae
Navicula sigma
Navicula silenda
Navicula silens
Navicula simplex
Navicula simplexoides
Navicula simula
Navicula simulans
Navicula singularis
Navicula siofokensis
Navicula sjoersii
Navicula skabitchewskyayae
Navicula skabitschewskyi
Navicula skiftei
Navicula skuae
Navicula slesvicensis
Navicula slesvicensus
Navicula smeerenburgensis
Navicula smithii
Navicula söhrensis
Navicula solaris
Navicula solida
Navicula sorella
Navicula sovereignae
Navicula sovereignii
Navicula spartinetensis
Navicula sphaerophora
Navicula spirata
Navicula splendicula
Navicula sponsa
Navicula spuria
Navicula stachurae
Navicula staffordiae
Navicula stankovicii
Navicula starmachii
Navicula starmachioides
Navicula staurifera
Navicula stercumuscarum
Navicula stigmatifera
Navicula stoermeri
Navicula strangulata
Navicula streckerae
Navicula strelnikovae
Navicula strenzkii
Navicula striolata
Navicula structa
Navicula stuxbergii
Navicula subacuta
Navicula subadnata
Navicula subajajensis
Navicula subalpina
Navicula sub-bacillum
Navicula subbotnica
Navicula subbottnica
Navicula subcancellata
Navicula subclementis
Navicula subconcentrica
Navicula subdelicata
Navicula subelata
Navicula subfasciata
Navicula subfortis
Navicula subfossalis
Navicula subfraudulenta
Navicula subfrigidicola
Navicula subgastriformis
Navicula subgrimmei
Navicula subhasta
Navicula subhastatula
Navicula subhexagona
Navicula subinflatoides
Navicula sublanceolata
Navicula subnympharum
Navicula subocculata
Navicula subocculta
Navicula subplacentula
Navicula subretusa
Navicula subrhynchocephala
Navicula subrotundata
Navicula subsulcata
Navicula subtrophicatrix
Navicula subviridula
Navicula sudora
Navicula suecicarum
Navicula supergregaria
Navicula superhasta
Navicula supleeorum
Navicula supralitoralis
Navicula suprinii
Navicula suriana
Navicula surinamensis
Navicula suspica
Navicula sverdrupii
Navicula swaniana
Navicula symmetrica
Navicula syvertsenii
Navicula szlachetkoi
T
Navicula taedens
Navicula tairuaensis
Navicula tamnaeana
Navicula tanakae
Navicula tantula
Navicula taylorii
Navicula temniskovae
Navicula tenelloides
Navicula tenuicephala
Navicula tenuipunctata
Navicula tenuis (now Adlafia tenuis
Navicula termes
Navicula terricola
Navicula tersa
Navicula testa
Navicula testata
Navicula texana
Navicula theelii
Navicula theinemannii
Navicula thienemannii
Navicula thiennemanii
Navicula thoroddsenii
Navicula tibetica
Navicula toba
Navicula torellii
Navicula torganae
Navicula torneensis
Navicula toulaae
Navicula toxa
Navicula tracery
Navicula tranciloba
Navicula transistantioides
Navicula transitans
Navicula tranversa
Navicula traucilola
Navicula triconfusa
Navicula tridentula
Navicula trigonocephala
Navicula trilatera
Navicula triumvirorum
Navicula trivialis
Navicula trochus
Navicula trophicatrix
Navicula tropicoidea
Navicula tsetsegmaae
Navicula tubulosa
Navicula turris
Navicula tuulensis
Navicula tuzoni
Navicula twymania
Navicula twymanniana
U-V
Navicula udintsevii
Navicula ultratenelloides
Navicula umbra
Navicula umkantziensis
Navicula undosa
Navicula undulata
Navicula undulata
Navicula unilaterarea
Navicula uniseriata
Navicula usoltsevae
Navicula utermoehlii
Navicula utlandshoerniensis
Navicula vacillans
Navicula vahlii
Navicula valdestriata
Navicula valdicostata
Navicula valeriana
Navicula validicostata
Navicula vandamii
Navicula vaneei
Navicula vanei
Navicula vanhoeffenii
Navicula vanmeeli
Navicula vara
Navicula varians
Navicula variolinea
Navicula vaupelli
Navicula vekhovii
Navicula venerablis
Navicula venetiformis
Navicula venetoides
Navicula ventricosa
Navicula verecundoides
Navicula vetita
Navicula vicina
Navicula vilaplanii
Navicula viminea
Navicula virgata
Navicula viridis
Navicula viridis
Navicula viridula
Navicula viridulacalcis
Navicula virihensis
Navicula virosa
Navicula vixcylindrata
Navicula vula
Navicula vulpina
W-Z
Navicula waernensis
Navicula walkeri
Navicula wardii
Navicula wasmundii
Navicula weberi
Navicula wendlingii
Navicula wetzelii
Navicula whitefishensis
Navicula wiesneri
Navicula wilczekii
Navicula wildii
Navicula willisiae
Navicula winona
Navicula wisei
Navicula woltereckii
Navicula worochinii
Navicula wrightii
Navicula wulfii
Navicula wunsamiae
Navicula wygaschii
Navicula yaarensis
Navicula zachariasii
Navicula zanonii
Navicula zeta
Navicula zichyi
Navicula zohdyi
Navicula zostereti
Navicula zsivnyana
References
Further reading
Lists of algae
Taxonomic lists (species) | List of Navicula species | [
"Biology"
] | 16,144 | [
"Algae",
"Lists of algae"
] |
47,532,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoMentum%20Station | GoMentum Station is a testing ground for connected and autonomous vehicles at the former Concord Naval Weapons Station (CNWS) in Concord, California, United States. The property was acquired and repurposed by the Contra Costa Transportation Authority.
In October 2014, the Contra Costa Transportation Authority announced that the GoMentum Station proving grounds would be used to test self-driving cars; according to them, "The public will not have access to the test site, and the self-driving cars will be restricted to the test bed site. With of testing area and of paved roadway, the CNWS is currently the largest secure test bed site in the United States". Mercedes-Benz is reported to have licenses to test new driving technology, including smart infrastructure such as traffic signals that communicate with cars. Among the site's other notable features: "a -long roadway is great for testing high-speed driving, and a pair of -long tunnels" for sensor testing.
Among the roughly 30 partners listed on the company's site are automakers Toyota and Honda, ridesharing companies Uber and Lyft and China-based autonomous driving company Baidu. In summer 2015, reports suggested the Apple electric car project was interested in using the site, as members of Apple's Special Project group were reported to have met GoMentum representatives but there were no subsequent reports of Apple personnel and vehicles actually using the site.
In August 2019, GoMentum announced the October launch of its V2X (vehicles-to-everything) testing facility.
References
External links
Video
Movie from Honda about an autonomous driving test of the company on the grounds of GoMentum station of 23 July 2015; accessed on 15 January 2016 – provides an interesting insight into the area.
Buildings and structures in Concord, California
Self-driving cars | GoMentum Station | [
"Engineering"
] | 364 | [
"Automotive engineering",
"Self-driving cars"
] |
47,532,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie%20the%20All-Time%20Teller | Tillie the All-Time Teller was one of the first ATMs, run by the First National Bank of Atlanta and considered to be one of the most successful ATMs in the banking industry. Tillie the All-Time Teller had a picture of a smiling blonde girl on the front of the machine to suggest it was user-friendly, had an apparent personality, and could greet people by name. Many banks hired women dressed as this person to show their customers how to use Tillie the All-Time Teller.
History
It was introduced by the First National Bank of Atlanta on May 15, 1974. It started out at only eleven locations. They were in commerce starting May 20, 1974. Starting 1977, other banks purchased rights to use Tillie the All-Time Teller as their ATM system. By March 21, 1981, they were available at 70 locations, including on a college campus. On October 15, 2013, Susan Bennett revealed that she played the voice for Tillie the All-Time Teller, noting that she "started [her] life as a machine quite young."
Appearance
Tillie the All-Time Teller machines were red and gold to make them look more attractive. On the bottom left was the place to enter an "access card," which featured a cartoon character. Above that was a place to enter a "secret code" that the customer chose. On the bottom center was a picture of a cartoon blonde girl with china-blue eyes and a red hat. Above that was the place it handed out cash and coins. On the top right was the place to enter a desired amount of money.
How it worked
Customers could use Tillie the All-Time Teller by following these steps:
Inserting an "Alltime Tellercard"
Following instructions presented on its TV screen
Entering a "secret code" and entering a desired amount of money on the "money keyboard" ($200 was the limit)
The machine would automatically hand out the desired amount of money.
Entering a transaction envelope into the deposit slot
Advertising
There were a variety of advertisements made by the First National Bank of Atlanta in order to promote Tillie the All-Time Teller. These include:
In one of the advertisements, a blonde woman that wore a red and white polka-dotted dress sang "I'm Tillie the All-Time Teller, I work for First National Bank" while standing beside the machine.
In another advertisement, a balding, middle-aged man approached the machine singing "If You Knew Tillie" to the tune of "If You Knew Susie." The song went like:
For Tillie the All-Time Teller's third anniversary, the machine was featured in an advertisement where they sang "She's a Jolly Good Teller." It originally aired on KSEL-TV and KAMC.
In popular culture
The word "Tillie" has become a slang to describe any ATM.
References
Further reading
Advertisement: I'm Tillie : Florida National's Alltime Teller, Page 10A, Lakeland Ledger - Oct 17, 1979
"Tillie The All Time Teller" from Wells Fargo (from archive.org)
Automated teller machines
Banking equipment
Banking technology
Computer-related introductions in 1974
Embedded systems
Wells Fargo | Tillie the All-Time Teller | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 648 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Embedded systems",
"Automation",
"Computer systems",
"Computer science",
"Automated teller machines"
] |
47,532,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPL%20network | The NPL network, or NPL Data Communications Network, was a local area computer network operated by a team from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London that pioneered the concept of packet switching.
Based on designs first conceived by Donald Davies in 1965, development work began in 1966. Construction began in 1968 and elements of the first version of the network, the Mark I, became operational in early 1969 then fully operational in January 1970. The Mark II version operated from 1973 until 1986. The NPL network was the first computer network to implement packet switching and NPL was the first to use high-speed links. Its original design, along with the innovations implemented in the ARPANET and the CYCLADES network, laid down the technical foundations of the modern Internet.
Origins
In 1965, Donald Davies, who was later appointed to head of the NPL Division of Computer Science, proposed a commercial national data network in the United Kingdom based on packet switching in Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing. The following year, he refined his ideas in Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for OnLine Data Processing. The design was the first to describe the concept of an "interface computer", today known as a router.
A written version of the proposal entitled A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals was presented by Roger Scantlebury at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967. The design involved transmitting signals (packets) across a network with a hierarchical structure. It was proposed that "local networks" be constructed with interface computers which had responsibility for multiplexing among a number of user systems (time-sharing computers and other users) and for communicating with "high level network". The latter would be constructed with "switching nodes" connected together with megabit rate circuits (T1 links, which run with a 1.544 Mbit/s line rate). In Scantlebury's report following the conference, he noted "It would appear that the ideas in the NPL paper at the moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA".
Packet switching
The first theoretical foundation of packet switching was the work of Paul Baran, at RAND, in which data was transmitted in small chunks and routed independently by a method similar to store-and-forward techniques between intermediate networking nodes. Davies independently arrived at the same model in 1965 and named it packet switching. He chose the term "packet" after consulting with an NPL linguist because it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise. In July 1968, NPL put on a demonstration of real and simulated networks at an event organised by the Real Time Club at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Davies gave the first public presentation of packet switching on 5 August 1968 at the IFIP Congress in Edinburgh.
Davies' original ideas influenced other research around the world. Larry Roberts incorporated these concepts into the design for the ARPANET. The NPL network initially proposed a line speed of 768 kbit/s. Influenced by this, the planned line speed for ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s and a similar packet format adopted. Louis Pouzin's CYCLADES project in France was also influenced by Davies' work. These networks laid down the technical foundations of the modern Internet.
Implementation and further research
Network development
Beginning in late 1966, Davies' tasked Derek Barber, his deputy, to establish a team to build a local-area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. The team consisted of:
Data communications and team leader: Roger Scantlebury
Software: Peter Wilkinson (lead), John Laws, Carol Walsh, Keith Wilkinson (no relation) and Rex Haymes.
Hardware: Keith Bartlett (lead), Les Pink, Patrick Woodroffe, Brian Aldous, Peter Carter, Peter Neale and a few others.
The team worked through 1967 to produce design concepts for a wide-area network and a local-area network to demonstrate the technology. Construction of the local-area network began in 1968 using a Honeywell 516 node. The NPL team liaised with Honeywell in the adaptation of the DDP516 input/output controller, and, the following year, the ARPANET chose the same computer to serve as Interface Message Processors (IMPs).
Elements of the first version of the network, Mark I NPL Network, became operational in early 1969 (before the ARPANET installed its first node). The network was fully operational in January 1970. The local-area NPL network followed by the wide-area ARPANET in the United States were the first two computer networks that implemented packet switching. The network used high-speed links, the first computer network to do so.
The NPL network was later interconnected with other networks, including the Post Office Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) and the European Informatics Network (EIN) in 1976.
In 1976, 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached, and more were added. The network remained in operation until 1986.
Protocol development
The first use of the term protocol in a modern data-commutations context occurs in a memorandum entitled A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network written by Roger Scantlebury and Keith Bartlett in April 1967. A further publication by Bartlett in 1968 introduced the concept of an alternating bit protocol (later used by the ARPANET and the EIN) and described the need for three levels of data transmission, roughly corresponding to the lower levels of the seven-layer OSI model that emerged a decade later.
The Mark II version, which operated from 1973, used such a "layered" protocol architecture.
The NPL team also introduced the idea of protocol verification. Protocol verification was discussed in the November 1978 special edition of the Proceedings of the IEEE on packet switching.
Simulation studies
The NPL team also carried out simulation work on the performance of wide-area packet networks, studying datagrams and network congestion. This work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K.
Davies proposed an adaptive method of congestion control that he called isarithmic.
Internetworking
The NPL network was a testbed for internetworking research throughout the 1970s. Davies, Scantlebury and Barber were active members of the International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in 1972. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn acknowledged Davies and Scantlebury in their 1974 paper A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, which DARPA developed into the Internet protocol suite used in the modern Internet.
Barber was appointed director of the European COST 11 project and played a leading part in the European Informatics Network (EIN). Scantlebury led the UK technical contribution, reporting directly to Donald Davies. The EIN protocol helped to launch the INWG and X.25 protocols. INWG proposed an international end to end protocol in 1975/6, although this was not widely adopted. Barber became the chair of INWG in 1976. He proposed and implemented a mail protocol for EIN.
NPL investigated the "basic dilemma" involved in internetworking; that is, a common host protocol would require restructuring existing networks if they were not designed to use the same protocol. NPL connected with the European Informatics Network by translating between two different host protocols while the NPL connection to the Post Office Experimental Packet Switched Service used a common host protocol in both networks. This work confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient.
Davies and Barber published Communication networks for computers in 1973 and Computer networks and their protocols in 1979. They spoke at the Data Communications Symposium in 1975 about the "battle for access standards" between datagrams and virtual circuits, with Barber saying the "lack of standard access interfaces for emerging public packet-switched communication networks is creating 'some kind of monster' for users". For a long period of time, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, commonly known as the Protocol Wars. It was unclear which type of protocol would result in the best and most robust computer networks.
Email
Derek Barber proposed an electronic mail protocol in 1979 in INWG 192 and implemented it on the EIN. This was referenced by Jon Postel in his early work on Internet email, published in the Internet Experiment Note series.
Network security
Davies' later research at NPL focused on data security for computer networks.
Legacy
The concepts of packet switching, high-speed routers, layered communication protocols, hierarchical computer networks, and the essence of the end-to-end principle that were researched and developed at the NPL became fundamental to data communication in modern computer networks including the Internet.
Beyond NPL, and the designs of Paul Baran at RAND, DARPA was the most important institutional force, creating the ARPANET, the first wide-area packet-switched network, to which many other network designs at the time were compared or replicated. The ARPANET's routing, flow control, software design and network control were developed independently by the IMP team working for Bolt Beranek & Newman. The CYCLADES network designed by Louis Pouzin at the IRIA in France built on the work of Donald Davies and pioneered important improvements to the ARPANET design.
Moreover, in the view of some, the research and development of internetworking, and TCP/IP in particular (which was sponsored by DARPA), marks the true beginnings of the Internet. The adoption of TCP/IP and the early governance of the Internet were also fostered by DARPA.
NPL sponsors a gallery, opened in 2009, about the "Technology of the Internet" at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park.
See also
Coloured Book protocols
History of the Internet
Internet in the United Kingdom
JANET
UK Post Office Telecommunications and later British Telecommunications
Packet Switch Stream
International Packet Switched Service
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
Primary sources
.
.
.
.
Davies, D.W. (February 1967), A Store-and-Forward Communication Network for Real-Time Computers and their Peripherals. PO Colloquium on Message Switching.
Scantlebury, R. A.; K. A. Bartlett (February 1967). An NPL Data Communications Network Based on the Plessey XL12 Computer. Private papers.
.
Davies, D.W. (July 1967) Some Design Aspects of a Communication Network for Rapid-Response Computers. Computer Technology Conference.
External links
NPL Data Communications Network NPL video, 1970s
Government loses way in computer networks New Scientist, 1975
The Story of Packet Switching Interview with Roger Scantlebury, Peter Wilkinson, Keith Bartlett, and Brian Aldous, 2011
The birth of the Internet in the UK Google video featuring Roger Scantlebury, Peter Wilkinson, Peter Kirstein and Vint Cerf, 2013
1967 establishments in England
Computer networking
Computer-related introductions in 1967
Experimental computer networks
History of computing in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
History of the Internet
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Packets (information technology)
Telecommunications engineering | NPL network | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,255 | [
"Computer networking",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"History of computing in the United Kingdom",
"Computer science",
"Electrical engineering",
"History of computing"
] |
47,533,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20fellows%20of%20the%20Royal%20Academy%20of%20Engineering | The page lists female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng), elected by the Royal Academy of Engineering in the UK.
The Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng), founded in 1976, is the youngest of the five national academies in the UK. It represents the nation's best practising engineers, innovators, and entrepreneurs, who are very often in leading roles in industry, business, and academia. Fellowship of the RAEng is a national honour, bringing prestige to both the individual and any organisation the Fellow is associated with. In recent years between 50 and 60 new fellows have been chosen each year by peer review from nominations made by the current fellowship;. Those proposed for fellowship must come "from among eminent engineers regarded by virtue of their personal achievements in the field of engineering as being of exceptional merit and distinction".
All 130 of the founding fellows in 1976 were men. Four women were elected in the first 20 years, the first in 1982. In all, 13 female fellows pre-date 2000, with a further 20 elected before 2010 and 65 in the decade before 2020. In 2010 the Council determined a policy that over time 10–20% of newly elected fellows should be women.
The Academy published a diversity and inclusion action plan for the five years from 2020 but does not regularly publish the proportion of female engineers in the current fellowship, estimated in 2019 to be less than 7%. In July 2020 it launched a campaign aimed at delivering a 'Fellowship that is Fit for the Future' by the time it celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2026 and set an aspiration that at least half of all candidates elected each year will be from under-represented target groups. In 2023 six of the 60 new fellows and in 2024 twenty one of the 60 were female.
As of 2024, 158 women have been elected to Fellowship, plus thirteen international fellows, thirteen honorary fellows, and one royal fellow.
Fellows
2024
International Fellows
International Fellows are engineers of international distinction who are not of British nationality and who are not resident and working in Britain. The number of International Fellows cannot exceed one-tenth of the number of Fellows, and no more than ten may be elected in any year.
2024
Elaine Oran
Honorary Fellows
Persons not being Fellows who have made or are making a distinguished contribution to the practice of engineering are eligible for election as Honorary Fellows. Their number cannot exceed fifty and no more than five may be elected in any year.
2024
Rebecca Fitzgerald
Royal Fellows
Royal Fellows are such members of the Royal Family as on the invitation of the Board shall agree to become Royal Fellows.
References
General
Specific
External links
RAEng Awards Prizes and Medals
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Academy of Engineering, Fellows, Female
Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Academy of Engineering
. | List of female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering | [
"Technology"
] | 560 | [
"Lists of women in STEM fields",
"Lists of engineers",
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
47,534,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civility | Civility may denote orderly behavior and politeness. Historically, civility also meant training in the humanities.
Etymology
Late Middle English: from Old French , from Latin , from "relating to citizens" (see civil). In early use, the term denoted the state of being a citizen and hence good citizenship or orderly behavior. The sense "politeness" arose in the mid-16th century.
Developmental model
Adolf G. Gundersen and Suzanne Goodney Lea developed a civility model grounded in empirical data that "stresses the notion that civility is a sequence, not a single thing or set of things". The model conceives of civility as a continuum or scale consisting of increasingly demanding traits ranging from "indifference" to "commentary", "conversation", "co-exploration" and, from there, to "habituation". According to the authors, such a developmental model has several advantages, not least of which is that it allows civility to be viewed as something everyone can get better at.
Empathy in civility
Many experts say civility goes beyond good manners and listening attentively, but includes sharing our own beliefs and values with others through some type of engagement with the intent of sincere respect towards one another. This also requires a willingness and open mindedness to having our opinions and biases challenged by others who share different and perhaps unique points of view.
Experts say that our ability to act with civility is connected with our ability to understand our own emotions. Understanding our feelings helps us to recognize how we are feeling in real-time and give us a greater ability to have empathy for others. Furthermore, discerning and recognizing our feelings can help us to evaluate the things that trigger us emotionally and therefore become more aware of how we will possibly react and feel in certain situations. By taking the time to understand our thoughts and emotions in these situations, this practice can lead to self-recognition and acceptance of how similar situations may affect others, including those that may share a unique perspective.
Sharon Styles-Anderson established Emotional Civility Day, March 6. Emotional Civility, a concept developed by Anderson, helps the world recognize that there is a connection between the way people feel and the way they interact with others.
Lack of civility
Incivility is the opposite of civility—a lack of civility. Verbal or physical attacks on others, cyber bullying, rudeness, religious intolerance, discrimination, and vandalism are some of the acts that are generally considered uncivil. Incivility is an issue on the global stage. Social media and the web give people the ability to freely exchange ideas, but this has not come without consequences.
Politicians in the U.S. frequently say that they encounter a lack of civility in their workplace, and have disregarded it as unfortunate aspect of politics. But polls indicate that "going negative" can help candidates win elections. During the 2016 presidential campaign, candidate Donald Trump regularly called his rivals "stupid, incompetent, and losers".
Recognizing that people harassing others online has become a problem and can have negative consequences for businesses, many companies stepped up to create more awareness and initiatives to help. Intel in collaboration with organizations such as the Born This Way Foundation and Vox Media initiated "Hack Harassment" aimed to increase awareness of online harassment and anti-harassment technologies. the Data & Society/CiPHR Measuring Cyberabuse poll indicated that nearly 70% of people between the ages of 15 and 29 are harassed or abused online. Although there are tactics to block cyber-bullying, such as censorship and banning users from accessing a site, it does not correct the underlying issues on what causes it. 75% of technology professionals believe a universal code of online conduct would also help curb online harassment.
On April 22, 2016, The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago released a report citing that 74 percent of Americans think manners and behavior have declined in the United States. In this study they discovered that people in most cases can agree with what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. They found that 8 out of 10 Americans find jokes made based on race, gender, or sexuality are considered inappropriate, but only a small number of people own up to making these types of jokes. The report suggests that nearly half of all Americans aged 18–29 find it acceptable to use their cell phones in a restaurant, while fewer than 22 percent of people over the age of 60 agree.
Movements to foster civility
Worldwide
In October 2019, the United Nations announced that the World Civility Index would be a part of their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The new Sustainable Development Goals initiative serves as the updated global targets that were set forth initially in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of 2000 to 2015. Under the Sustainable Development Goals initiatives, the United Nations identified seventeen core challenges that have an interconnected part in achieving a more sustainable future for all. The World Civility Index is designed to be implemented as a tool for employers and organizations around the world to create a system of consistent measurements of soft skills that are related to civility. Other global organizations, like the Worldwide Civility Council, also aim to centralize civility resources and tools, such as the Civility Scorecard and Masonic Family Civility Project, in order to help promote civility and assist various civility organizations around the world. One of the core ideas promoted by the United Nation's goal on achieving worldwide civility is having a universal system for measuring civility, because setting a standard of measurement helps to more accurately measure levels of civility. Furthermore, having meaningful measurements will help in creating more effective and efficient training to assist people in acquiring the soft skills needed, like civility, in the modern workplace and foreseeable future.
In 2020, the Worldwide Civility Council launched the Certified Civil initiative to recognize the commitment to civil behavior and communication by individuals, organizations, and groups around the world, which also includes but is not limited to businesses, publications, websites, and social media sites. A Certified Civil designation can only be awarded based on a demonstrated ability to act and foster civility. At the core of the civility certification process are several commitments, including advocating for dignity and respect in all dealings, listening to create constructive dialogues, speaking in a manner that reflects respect, ensuring all public content is within bounds defined by the Certified Civil standards, displaying the Certified Civil logo, and maintaining good standing through continuous certification.
In the United States
Opinion polls
A 2010 Allegheny College poll found that nearly all Americans (95 percent) believe civility is important in politics.
In a 2012 poll conducted by Weber Shandwick, 65% of Americans reported an increase in incivility due to a weakened U.S. economy during the Great Recession. Almost 50% of those Americans indicated they have removed themselves from participating in politics because of fear of incivility or bullying. Of the 1000 people surveyed, a follow-up study revealed that 86% of those people reported being subjected to incivility. In this report, part of an annual follow-up research report in January 2016 sharing findings on attitudes and sentiment about civility, 95% of Americans believe that incivility is a very visible issue, while 74% recognized that civility in general had declined during the past few years. Over 90% of voters claimed that the presidential candidates' attitudes and civil behavior would play a significant role in their voting decision in the upcoming 2016 election.
In poll conducted by Georgetown University in 2019, 88% of Americans polled expressed concern and frustration about uncivil and rude behavior of many politicians. 87% said they are tired of leaders compromising their values and ideals, while 80% of those same Americans want both "compromise and common ground" as well as leaders who "will stand up for the other side".
In the legal profession
Penn State University conducted a study on perceptions of the legal profession and its relation to civility. They found that general opinion pointed to a drop in civility within the legal profession. To counteract demeaning and unprofessional behavior, there have been several initiatives put in place by state bar associations. However, the legal profession is not the only industry that has adopted civility standards. Many other companies and organizations across several industries have adopted civility standards that also help to increase workplace civility.
In schools
Numerous universities in the U.S., such as the University of Colorado, the University of Missouri, University of California Davis, Johns Hopkins University, University of Wisconsin, Rutgers University, American University, and California State University San Marcos have created programs designed to foster and define what civility means on their campuses. The Center on Civility & Democratic Engagement at University of California, Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy recognizes that public dialogue often lacks civility and focuses on preparing leaders to successfully engage people of diverse perspectives in finding solutions for pressing public policy issues. Some colleges, such as the Arizona State University, offer an undergraduate certificate in Civil Communication. Other universities, such as Kansas State University, developed programs in dialogue and deliberation which involve codes of behavior that foster constructive, civil discourse. Although many colleges have adopted programs to foster civility efforts, there are still many colleges and universities, including many of the Ivy League schools, that do not have or list no visible place online about any civility initiatives, codes or standards.
In the community
Numerous community groups have formed in the U.S. to restore constructive civility in the public space. The Civility Toolkit with approximately 300 civility tools aggregated by the Civility Center provides access to resources regarding civility to help restore civility in society. Many of these groups are members of the National Coalition for Dialogue and Deliberation.
Arnett and Arneson define civility as "a metaphor that points to the importance of public respect in interpersonal interaction." The difference between tolerating someone and respecting them is that toleration does not imply respect, but respect requires understanding of another person's perspective. Having social intelligence or "Social IQ" impacts our ability to empathize with people, and realize all people are human and that if respect or common ground cannot be met that we strive for at least toleration in order to be civil.
In Psychology Today, Price-Mitchell describes civility as a personal attitude that acknowledges other humans' rights to live and coexist together in a manner that does not harm others. The psychology of civility indicates awareness, ability to control one's passions, as well as have a deeper understanding of others. This may suggest that civility goes beyond mere toleration, but may imply a mutual co-existence and respect for humankind.
In the academic journal Philosophy & Public Affairs, Calhoun delineates civility as an element of dialogue that sheds light on "basic moral attitudes of respect, tolerance, and considerateness". Calhoun considers civility to be one of the moral virtues that can differ from what is socially acceptable, since what is socially acceptable is not always morally correct.
In the Washington Post, Peter Wehner, author and former deputy director of speechwriting for President George W. Bush, expressed three central points on how civility makes society function and noble. The first of these points illustrates that civility is what holds our families, communities, conversations, and establishments together. Civility enables civic cohesion and eliminates excuses for invective conversations or conflict. Wehner's second point suggests that civility is also an expression of a work of divine art and respect for all human beings. In some ways this mirrors the words written in the United States Declaration of Independence on Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness in that all people are worthy of the inherent and unalienable respect of human dignity. The third point made by Wehner is that civility is an expression of epistemological humility where truth is not relative, but suggests that truth can cover a more widely spread understanding than what is preconceived or imagined.
The Smithsonian coordinated with Olúfémi O. Táíwò, assistant professor of political philosophy and ethics at Georgetown University, to discuss the important role that civility has played in the pursuit of social justice. The presentation outlined that civility seemed to have declined in recent years by increasing political and social polarization coupled with simplistic mass communication systems. Additionally, Táíwò examines social norms, like the formal female adult address of calling a woman "Ms.", as well as emerging norms of social etiquette that could encourage people to think and ask others about their pronouns. Hosting community events around civility can lead to interesting conversations and can broaden perspectives, and as Táíwò points out, civility will continue to play an important role in how justice for all will be shaped in the future.
Masons and civility
The Freemasons and members of the Masonic family have had a long history of fostering civil dialogue and building civil societies. Masonic Lodges represent a peaceful assembly of people that are of different places of origin, languages, backgrounds, and beliefs. The principles and tenets of Freemasonry aim to promote and restore civility in the United States and around the globe. In 2015, Grand Master Charvonia of the Grand Lodge of California declared May 25, 2015 to be the "Champion Civility Month", which encouraged Freemasons throughout California to make an effort to bring more civility into their local lodges and community. Additionally, Freemasons from around the world have been working to repair civility through the Masonic Family Civility Project. This Civility Project was built to help raise awareness of civility, by providing social conversations, civility resources, multimedia education, and information for anyone to access.
From April 30 to May 1 of 2019, an Urgency of Civility Conference was hosted in Washington D.C. at the George Washington Masonic National Memorial. Civility experts convened to discuss civility in arenas of government, education, media, community, and the workplace. During the conference, Congressman Emanuel Cleaver II made a presentation in recognition of Virginia Forni and her late husband, P.M. Forni, for their efforts on the Johns Hopkins Civility Initiative. Advocates of civility shared their thoughts, ideas, and efforts to promote civility in various sectors. Attendees worked together to form action items required to help further civility initiatives, including innovative thinking, engaging the community, and maintaining steadfast persistence.
In the workplace
Studies and polls from 2014 indicate that Americans find workplace incivility to be a growing problem that has a negative impact on them and their duties at work. One study suggests 60% of employees think that their co-workers' irritating habits have negatively affected them at their job. In the same study, 40% reported that they are looking for another job opportunity because of a negative co-worker. These studies suggest that incivility in the workplace dampens productivity and has an adverse effect on an organization's bottom line. This data does not account for how many people encounter workplace incivility and are not sure what they can do about it. Furthermore, it does not take into consideration how many of these workplaces have civility tools or initiatives.
Various organizations, including the United States government, have taken steps to prevent incivility at work. One strategy is addressing sexual harassment cases, which the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines as unlawful in all states. This involves preventing gender-based mistreatment during employment or hiring. Harassment encompasses "sexual harassment" as well as workplace bullying, cyberbullying, and threats. Although sexual harassment's illegality is widely accepted, it gained significant attention in the U.S. starting in 1964. In the past, unclear legal boundaries resulted in more people experiencing unwanted behavior due to legal ambiguity. The term's clearer definition has enhanced workplace protection, but individuals need to actively contribute by speaking up and reporting incidents.
Organizational behavior
Human resource managers are aware of the effects of social behavior in the workplace. Inappropriate workplace behavior has led HR personnel to pay more attention to problems arising from incivility, bullying, and abusive supervision within organizations. Research concluded that incivility can have a negative impact of organizational behavior, including: decreased satisfaction, reduced job performance, increased perceptions of injustice, increased depression, and can lead to employees to experience psychological withdrawal.
Organizations are improving their workplaces by reducing incident rates and limiting liability. Some companies offer employees civility training specifically geared to foster civility by facilitating conversations about it. Research indicates that civility training shows a positive increase in respect, job satisfaction, and overall trust, while effects of incivility, cynicism, and employee absenteeism decreased. The results suggest civility training can improve the workplace climate, foster a culture of positive behaviors, and minimize workplace issues.
In Canada
In July 2012, the President of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada addressed civility at the 5th Biennial International Legal Ethics Conference. In 2012, the Law Society of Upper Canada decided that Joe Groia was guilty of incivility to opposing counsel during his successful defense of John Felderhof on Insider trading and securities charges. On the same case, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the decision of Bar of Quebec that Giles Dore was guilty of professional misconduct because of an uncivil letter he wrote to a judge. This high-profile case brought a lot of attention to the legal definition of the word civility, and what it means to be civil in the legal profession. It has since defined a broader set of rules of what is legally considered civil in the court of law in Canada.
Since the Groia case, The Law Society of Upper Canada launched several initiatives to guard against incivility in the Canadian legal profession. To enforce its stance on civility in the Canadian legal system, they issued verbal warnings to lawyers who are not civil with judges and other lawyers. The counter argument against civility measures is that the new guidelines may inhibit their ability to defend their clients. Since laws and rules are often open to interpretation, some lawyers consider it a conflict of interest to be civil with their opponents as they do not believe there is any way to accomplish their goals while remaining civil.
In January 2017, the B.C. & Yukon Freemasons in Canada stated civility was like The Golden Rule: "treating others as you would want them to treat you". This statement was in part to a recent civility initiative.
In New Zealand
At a recent address with Gisborne's top businesswomen in early 2016, Lara Meyer, an adviser to the Australian Government, cited incivility in the workplace has cost New Zealand approximately a year. Noting that Australia is also losing out about a year due to a lack of workplace civility. There could potentially be more loss that is unaccounted for in New Zealand businesses, as the cost of rudeness could be holding them back from working together more politely and agreeably.
In Hungary
Civil Összefogás Fórum (Civil Cooperation Forum), founded on April 5, 2009, is a kind of umbrella organisation for numerous community groups throughout Hungary.
Famous quotes on civility
"So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." ―John F. Kennedy
"Civility does not here mean the mere outward gentleness of speech cultivated for the occasion, but an inborn gentleness and desire to do the opponent good." ―Mohandas K. Gandhi
"Civility costs nothing and buys you everything" ―Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
"If a man continually blusters, if he lacks civility, a big stick will not save him from trouble, and neither will speaking softly avail, if back of the softness there does not lie strength, power." ―Theodore Roosevelt
"Civility also requires relearning how to disagree without being disagreeable... surely you can question my policies without questioning my faith." ―Barack Obama
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Etiquette
Habits
Popular culture | Civility | [
"Biology"
] | 4,088 | [
"Etiquette",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Habits"
] |
47,535,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword%20extraction | Keyword extraction is tasked with the automatic identification of terms that best describe the subject of a document.
Key phrases, key terms, key segments or just keywords are the terminology which is used for defining the terms that represent the most relevant information contained in the document. Although the terminology is different, function is the same: characterization of the topic discussed in a document. The task of keyword extraction is an important problem in text mining, information extraction, information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP).
Keyword assignment vs. extraction
Keyword assignment methods can be roughly divided into:
keyword assignment (keywords are chosen from controlled vocabulary or taxonomy) and
keyword extraction (keywords are chosen from words that are explicitly mentioned in original text).
Methods for automatic keyword extraction can be supervised, semi-supervised, or unsupervised. Unsupervised methods can be further divided into simple statistics, linguistics or graph-based, or ensemble methods that combine some or most of these methods.
References
Further reading
Natural language processing | Keyword extraction | [
"Technology"
] | 212 | [
"Natural language processing",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
47,536,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloboletus%20kluzakii | Caloboletus kluzakii is a bolete fungus native to Europe. Until 2014, it was known as Boletus kluzakii. Recent changes in the phylogenetic framework of the family Boletaceae prompted the transfer of this species, along with several other related boletes, including Caloboletus calopus, to the genus Caloboletus. It was described scientifically in 2006 by Josef Šutara and Pavel Špinar, from specimens collected in the Czech Republic. The fungus had earlier been published with the name Boletus fallax by Czech mycologist Zdeněk Kluzák in 1988, but this was invalid, as that name had been used previously by E.J.H. Corner for a Malaysian bolete (later transferred to the genus Boletellus as Boletellus fallax). The epithet honours Kluzák's contributions in describing the species.
References
External links
kluzakii
Fungi described in 2006
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Caloboletus kluzakii | [
"Biology"
] | 202 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,538,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20roseolateritius | Boletus roseolateritius is a bolete fungus found in the southern United States and northeast Mexico. It was described as a new species in 2003 by Alan Bessette, Ernst Both, and Dail Dunaway. The type collection was made in Mississippi, where it was found growing on the ground under American beech (Fagus grandifolia), near hickory and oak. The bolete was reported from a Mexican beech (Fagus mexicana) forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010.
The fruit body has a cap that changes color depending on its age: it is initially dark reddish to orangish, later reddish brown at maturity, fading to brownish orange or brownish pink with dull yellow tints, and finally turning dull dingy yellow in age. It has a pale yellow stipe. Its spores measure 8.5–12 by 3.5–4.5 μm.
See also
List of Boletus species
List of North American boletes
References
External links
roseolateritius
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi of the United States
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Boletus roseolateritius | [
"Biology"
] | 224 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,538,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago%20do%20Vale | Tiago do Vale () is a Portuguese architect. He heads the architectural practice Tiago do Vale Architects.
Background and education
Do Vale was born in 1978 in the north of Portugal. He enrolled in the University of Coimbra's Department of Architecture in 1996 studying, among others, under Fernando Távora and Gonçalo Byrne. He went on to integrate the University of Coimbra's managing bodies, both as a Senator and as an Assembly Member.
Postgraduate on Advanced Studies in Architectural Heritage by the Porto School of Architecture.
Career
Tiago do Vale regularly lectures and writes about architectural matters.
Do Vale was curator of the 2014's "Urban Dialogues, International Architecture Congress", in Portugal and of the 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 editions of the “Mesturas, International Architecture Encounters Galicia-Portugal” (Spain and Portugal).
He was juror for the 2016 and 2017 DAS Awards in Moldavia, for the 2016 and 2017 editions of the João de Almada Award in Portugal, for the Architecture MasterPrize since its 2020 edition in the United States of America, and for the Muse Design Awards since 2020 in the United States of America.
Awards
2014: ArchDaily Building of the Year Awards, First Prize (Refurbishment)
2014: Institute of Housing and Urban Renewal Award, First Honorable Mention
2015: Architizer A+ Awards, First Prize (Architecture +Preservation)
2016: American Architecture Prize, Third Prize (Heritage Architecture)
2017: COAG Architecture Awards, Finalist (Research and Dissemination)
2017: American Architecture Prize, First Prize (Interior Design, Retail)
2018: International Design Awards, Third Prize (Sustainable Living)
2018: Architizer A+Awards, Double First Prize (Architecture +Preservation)
2018: Global Architecture & Design Awards, Honorable Mention (Interior Design, Retail)
2018: International Architecture Awards, Third Prize (Interior Design, Commercial)
2018: Blueprint Awards, First Prize (Best Sustainable Project)
2018: Architecture MasterPrize, Honorable Mention (Small Architecture)
2019: Muse Design Awards, Platinum Award (Historic Restoration), Gold Award (Sustainable Living) and Gold Award (Residential)
2019: Baku International Architecture Award, First Prize (Historic Interior Restoration) and Honorable Mention (Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Historic Building)
2019: Architecture Masterprize, Small Firm of the Year (Multi-Disciplinary Architecture)
2020: DNA Paris Design Awards, Winner (Green Architecture)
2021: International Design Awards, Bronze Prize (Residencial Architecture)
2021: LOOP Design Awards, Honorable Mention (Sustainable Architecture)
2022: LOOP Design Awards, Winner (Best Small Architecture Firm Award), Winner (Best Renovation Firm Award) and Winner (Design & Small Scale)
Publications
Tiago do Vale, Urban Complex, Design Media Publishing Ltd 2014, 288 pages,
Tiago do Vale, 城市综合体, Liaoning Science and Technology Publishing House Ltd 2014, 285 pages,
Tiago do Vale Projetos / Projects, Archi&Book's, 168 pages,
References
External links
Tiago do Vale Architects
1978 births
Living people
21st-century Portuguese architects
University of Coimbra alumni
Architecture educators
Architecture writers | Tiago do Vale | [
"Engineering"
] | 637 | [
"Architecture writers",
"Architecture"
] |
47,538,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%20Aganagi%C4%87 | Mina Aganagić is a mathematical physicist who works as a professor in the Center for Theoretical Physics, the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Aganagić was raised in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia.
She has a bachelor's degree and a doctorate from the California Institute of Technology, in 1995 and 1999 respectively; her PhD advisor was John Henry Schwarz. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard University physics department
from 1999 to 2003. She then joined the physics faculty at the University of Washington, where she became a Sloan Research Fellow and a DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator. She moved to UC Berkeley in 2004. In 2016 the Simons Foundation gave her a Simons Investigator Award and the same year American Physical Society had awarded her with its fellowship.
Research
She is known for applying string theory to various problems in mathematics, including knot theory (refined Chern–Simons theory), enumerative geometry, mirror symmetry, and the geometric Langlands correspondence.
Selected publications
References
External links
Physics Department home page
Math Department home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of Washington faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Bosnia and Herzegovina mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Mathematical physicists
Simons Investigator
21st-century American women mathematicians
American string theorists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
American women physicists
21st-century American women scientists
Quantum physicists | Mina Aganagić | [
"Physics"
] | 297 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
47,538,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig%20Langecker | Hedwig Langecker (29 January 1894 – 31 January 1989) was a Bohemian, Czech, and German pharmacologist known for her discovery of the pharmacological properties of Polygonatum officinale and Polygonatum multiflorum. She was also known for her studies of steroid hormone biochemistry and her prolific output, which included over 200 scientific articles and several textbooks. Her career began at the German University in Prague, where she earned her M.D. in 1920 and a Ph.D. in 1923, and was habilitated in 1926; Langecker then became a professor and served in that role until 1945. That year, she moved to the Free University of Berlin, where she was a professor until 1959 and an emerita professor until her death in 1989.
References
Pharmacologists
Czechoslovak emigrants to Germany
Women biochemists
Women pharmacologists
Czechoslovak scientists
1894 births
1989 deaths | Hedwig Langecker | [
"Chemistry"
] | 191 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Biochemists",
"Pharmacologists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
47,538,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch.io | itch.io (stylized in all lowercase) is a website for users to host, sell and download indie video games, indie role-playing games, game assets, comics, zines and music. Launched in March 2013 by Leaf Corcoran, the service hosts over 1,000,000 products .
Itch.io allows users to host game jams, events where participants have limited time to create a game. Itch.io also allows multiple users to sell their products together in "bundles".
History
In 2012, an American hobbyist programmer named Leaf Corcoran created his own programming language, "MoonScript", and started making games in it, but had nowhere to distribute them. Steam, the leading video game distribution platform, had implemented a greenlight system for games based on community voting. Corcoran decided to create a more open marketplace for indie games in MoonScript, inspired by Bandcamp's model. He started coding in January 2013 and the website was launched on March 3, on his unused domain name itch.io. However, it attracted little attention at first and mostly served as his personal repository. Itch.io started to become noticed through his participation in the game jam Ludum Dare, and so Corcoran added contest-hosting tools to the platform. In early 2014, Itch.io hosted a Flappy Birdthemed Flappy Jam after the popular game was removed from the App Store. It attracted hundreds of submissions and received media coverage. At the end of the year, Corcoran said that he had lost over $8,000 running Itch.io. It had been a one-man operation the whole way.
By 2015, Itch.io had become established as a dedicated platform for indie developers. By June, it had paid over $393,000 and hosted over 15,000 creations, a figure which had tripled over the previous nine months. A desktop application for Itch.io was released in early 2016. By February 2017, Itch.io had reached five million game downloads.
In 2021, during the lawsuit Epic Games v. Apple, Epic Games protested that Apple was unwilling to host competing stores on Apple's App Store. Itch.io had been added to the Epic Games Store shortly before, which commentators saw as an attempt to demonstrate that they did not do the same. Apple's lawyers argued that Epic indirectly facilitated access to games that they have not vetted by drawing attention to "unspeakable games" with sexualized content on Itch.io. Itch.io's indie community was skeptical of both companies, but some found the debate humorous. One user launched the "Unspeakable Jam" and Itch.io joked on Twitter that Apple's lawyers called and said to “turn off ALL the games". ScreenHub Australia's Chantelle McColl thought that the response was moot, considering that such third-party applications could be accessed on Apple devices.
The most recent public report in 2019 revealed that Itch.io hosted over 200,000 games.
On December 8th, 2024, Itch.io's domain was made inaccessible due to an automated phishing report generated by BrandShield's AI platform on behalf of Funko. Their domain registrar, iwantmyname, set the itch.io domain status to "serverHold" despite the issue having been resolved several days prior. Itch.io was brought back online later the same day.
Features and functionality
itch.io is a common platform for small and independent developers. Anybody can publish on the website. It uses a pay-what-you-want model for both customers and developers. Developers can set a minimum price for their games, but buyers can choose to pay extra. Since 2015, itch.io has let developers dictate how much revenue the website receives from their sales. It is set at 10% by default, which at the time was below an industry norm of 30%, but can be set at any amount, including 0%. One of itch.io's most well known features are its customizable store pages.
During the platform's early years, Corcoran implemented unusual requests from the community. Alan Hazelden, creator of A Good Snowman Is Hard to Build (2015), asked for a "price-changing API" which changed the cost to match real-world temperatures. The "Refinery" early access tools debuted in 2016 after a request from Overland developer Adam Saltsman. Developers can use secret URLs, password protection and limit the number of sales, and add tiered purchases and rewards.
Itch.io is often viewed as a platform for beginner developers, a "stepping-stone" to Steam, which has wider brand recognition and a higher entry standard; it costs $100 to post games on Steam and legal paperwork must be completed before registering. Corcoran viewed this perception of his platform as disheartening. He cited a 2017 game called Clone Drone in the Danger Zone, which was a financial success on Itch.io but its sales on the website dropped by 20% after it moved to Steam.
Bundles
Game developers can sell bundles of games together. Bundles are usually organized around a shared topic, genre or community. In addition to bundles for shared profit among game developers, Itch.io also hosts charity bundles to raise money for various causes. Itch.io lets users split up bundle profits between accounts any way they want, either evenly or by percentages of total sales.
In 2021 and 2022, Itch.io ran a Queer Games Bundle during Pride Month to raise money cooperatively for LGBTQ game developers and zine makers. The 2022 version contained more than 500 items and raised US$216,000 for 431 creators even though it had a "pay what you want" option.
Itch.io has launched many bundles surrounding social issues to raise money for charities. In support of the George Floyd protests, Itch.io organized the Bundle for Racial Justice and Equality in June 2020. It initially launched with over 700 games, but increased to over 1,500 as additional developers offered to contribute. In 11 days, the bundle raised US$8.1 million for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and Community Bail Fund. Other charity bundles include the "TTRPGs for Trans Rights" series; the 2022 "Bundle for Ukraine" for the International Medical Corps and Voices of Children, which raised over $400,000 on its first day, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; and the 2022 "Indie Bundle for Abortion Funds" which raised over $380,000 in response to the overturning of Roe v. Wade.
Content
Library
Itch.io's store largely contains small and experimental indie games. Other products, such as books, music, and assets, can be uploaded to Itch.io; the product descriptor can be changed to anything. There has been a trend of low poly and pixelated horror games on the platform.
Most Itch.io games are not well-known. A review of Itch.io by PC Mag's Jordan Miner praised its library of more unique and artistic indie games, but conceded it catered to a more specific, "indie-centric" audience.
Community
Itch.io has developed a dedicated community of niche indie creators, for which it has become a prominent platform. They regularly host game jams.
See also
Game jam
Indie game
References
External links
Internet properties established in 2013
Mobile software distribution platforms
Online-only retailers of video games
Pay what you want game vendors
Video game websites
Role-playing game publishing companies
Browser-based game websites | Itch.io | [
"Technology"
] | 1,571 | [
"Mobile content",
"Mobile software distribution platforms"
] |
47,540,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX%20Trianguli | XX Trianguli, abbreviated XX Tri, is a variable star in the northern constellation of Triangulum, about 1.5° to the WNW of Beta Trianguli along the constellation border with Andromeda. It is classified as a RS Canum Venaticorum variable and ranges in brightness from magnitude 8.1 down to 8.7, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of approximately 642 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −26 km/s.
This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 23.96924 days. The visible component is an orange-hued K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded off the main sequence. It is around eight billion years old with 26% more mass than the Sun and has expanded to 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating roughly 30 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,620 K.
The star is "covered with large high-latitude and even polar spots and with occasional small equatorial spots". XX Tri is notable for having a huge starspot larger than the diameter of the Sun, discovered using Doppler imaging. For its size, the star has a relatively rapid rotation rate of about 24 days. It has a weak, Sun-like differential rotation. The star appears to show a magnetic activity cycle of , although only a single cycle has been observed as of 2015.
In a more recent study, the authors used more than 2,000 high-resolution spectra collected over 16 years with the STELLA robotic telescopes in Tenerife, an unprecedented amount of homogeneous spectroscopic data from a star. From the data, 99 time-series Doppler images were reconstructed, showing the spot evolution on the stellar surface between 2006 and 2022. One of the main findings of the study is that the surface changes of XX Tri do not show Sun-like magnetic cycles, based on which the authors conclude that the star's dynamo is non-periodic in nature, most likely chaotic.
This study is the first to demonstrate how the huge starspots cause a tiny displacement of XX Tri in the sky, which appears virtually as a point source when observed from Earth. The reason for this is that while the photocenter of a homogeneous (=unspotted) stellar disk is the same as the geometric center of the star, huge starspots on the stellar disk repel the photocenter in the opposite direction to the spots. In the case of XX Tri, which is 630 light-years away, the photocenter of the stellar disk can shift by up to 10% of the star's radius relative to the geometric center, causing an apparent displacement of 24 micro-arcseconds in the celestial position of the star (the diameter of a hair at a distance of 1000 km). This is similar to the expected astrometric displacement caused by a Saturn-mass planet in a one year orbit around a Sun at about 300 lightyears distance. Therefore, separating the effects of spots and exoplanets seems very challenging, if not impossible, in particular in cases of similar periodicity, the study concludes.
References
K-type giants
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
Spectroscopic binaries
Triangulum
BD+34 0363
3130
012545
009630
Trianguli, XX | XX Trianguli | [
"Astronomy"
] | 738 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
47,540,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20senticosum | Penicillium senticosum is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
References
senticosum
Fungi described in 1968
Fungus species | Penicillium senticosum | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,792,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%20Fashion%20Week | Serbia Fashion Week is a fashion show held twice a year in Novi Sad, Serbia. Occurring in April and November, the event attracts local and international fashion designers, such as Thierry Mugler and Anna Fendi. In addition to runway shows, seminars and exhibits, the "Fashion Talent Design Competition" helps promote young Serbian designers by showcasing their collections. The seven day festival also highlights the works of applied artists, musicians, interior decorators, multimedia experts and architects.
The fashion show portion is often held at the Congress Centre Master of the Novi Sad Fair, a multi-functional venue situated near the center of the city. Other locations are used as well, for the opening shows, concerts, and art exhibits. Each year, about 30,000 visitors attend with approximately 60 fashion designers, from 20 different countries, presenting their collections.
About
Partially sponsored by the municipal government, Serbia Fashion Week was founded in 2013 by current head Svetlana Horvat. Having worked as a womenswear designer, she is also the current president of the National Serbian Chamber of Fashion.
On October 31, 2013, Horvat made the fashion week official by signing the "Protocol on Cooperation" with the national Fashion Councils of eight other European countries.
The event's main objective is to present Serbian talent alongside designers from established European fashion capitals. Other goals include encouraging the local textile and manufacturing industries, as well as promoting tourism in the area.
Highlights
SFW 2013
The very first Serbia Fashion Week took place from October 31 to November 2, 2013. It featured designers from Serbia, the Netherlands, Hungary, Bulgaria, among others. French designer Eymeric François opened the show and Marcellous L. Jones, owner of "Fashion Insider TV", acted as adviser for the event. Two main themes defined the festival, High Fashion and Urban Fashion, with runway shows held at locations such as the Assembly of Vojvodina. A conference on fashion branding also took place at the assembly building. About 2,500 visitors attended the first festival in 2013. As part of the "Designer Exchange" program, local talent Biljana Tipsarević was later able to represent Serbia at Malta Fashion Week.
SFW 2014
The special guest of honour, at the October 2014 edition, was Maastricht mayor, Onno Hoes, who participated in the Fashion Educational Conference Series. He spoke about the role of city governments in helping fashion events evolve. The opening ceremony took place at the Eđšeg chateau. Local designers, who presented their collections, included Verica Rakocević, Marija Šabić, Zvonko Marković, Bata Spasojević, and Milena Radović. That same year, Dutch designers began regularly showing their clothing lines, after a cooperation agreement between Serbia Fashion Week and FashionClash festival. Art exhibits included the works of French photographer Thomas Devaux and Serbian sculptor Vladimir Labat Rovnjev. The festival saw 14,000 visitors in 2014.
SFW 2015
Inspired by David Bowie, one runway show in April 2015 was called "Heros" and spotlighted about 20 Serbian designers. Italian Vogue covered the event's spring edition, mentioning local talents Zorana Milicic and Marija Stankovic. French designer Eymeric François also participated, presenting his collection on the second day. A seminar on "Digital Marketing in the Fashion Industry" took place as well. At the November show, the awards ceremony was held at the Petrovaradin Fortress, with presentations made by fashion critic Marcellous L. Jones and Donald Potard, former managing director of the Jean Paul Gautier fashion house.
SFW 2016
In 2016, Novi Sad's Popovic sisters, Mila and Tijana, focused on eco-design, by presenting garments made of recycled materials. International designers at the show included German Isabell De Hellerin and Slovenian Nika Ravnik, as well as Lesia Semi from Ukraine. Prizes were handed out at the French embassy in Belgrade, with jury members consisting of fashion expert Donald Potard and designer Anna Fendi. Fendi also visited Novi Sad to promote her new selection of wines from her AFV label. Additionally, the Novi Sad event was showcased at New York Fashion Week, featuring the collections of local designers Bata Spasojević and Marina Ilić. An exchange of designers also took place between D.C. Fashion Week and Serbia Fashion Week.
SFW 2017
In 2017, designer Suzana Perić had a runway show noted for its boho style and local pop singer Ana Stanić performed at the festival. Italian fashion was highlighted, as well as showcasing designers from Croatia, Spain, Romania and Belarus. A new segment at the event, featuring films about fashion, was inaugurated, with cinematic works from various film festivals being shown. Additionally, a number of foreign fashion press were in attendance, including World of Fashion (Italy), Runway Manhattan (USA), Fashion Insider (USA), and El Sharkiah Magazine (Saudi Arabia). The executive director of Malta Fashion Week, Adrian Mizzi, gave out awards at the closing ceremonies, held at the Italian embassy in Belgrade. He was accompanied by Gucci Fashion House heiress, Patricia Gucci, who also signed copies of her new book, which was published in the Serbian language and examines her family's clothing empire. By 2017, the number of visitors to Serbia Fashion Week had jumped to 30,000.
SFW 2018
In April 2018, fashion designer Thierry Mugler was the special guest and featured designer, celebrating the 10th jubilee edition of the festival. The opening ceremony took place on a giant runway in Danube Park and the awards ceremony was held at the Serbian National Theater. Designer Zvonko Marković celebrated 20 years in the fashion industry by presenting a special collection. Local pop singer Tijana Bogićević performed her Eurovision entry "In Too Deep" while wearing a 60 meter long dress. Sales advisor Barbara Locatelli and fashion editor Myra Postolache led some of the educational seminars on business and public relations. Representatives from Vancouver Fashion Week and Holland's Fashionclash show were also in attendance.
See also
Belgrade Fashion Week
Belgrade Design Week
The Applied Artists and Designers Association of Serbia
References
April
November
Events in Novi Sad
Fashion events in Serbia
Annual events in Serbia
Spring (season) events in Serbia
Fashion festivals
International conferences
Design awards
Festivals in Serbia
Recurring events established in 2013
2013 establishments in Serbia
Culture in Novi Sad
Fashion weeks | Serbia Fashion Week | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,297 | [
"Design",
"Design awards"
] |
57,793,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center%20security | Data center security is the set of policies, precautions and practices adopted at a data center to avoid unauthorized access and manipulation of its resources. The data center houses the enterprise applications and data, hence why providing a proper security system is critical. Denial of service (DoS), theft of confidential information, data alteration, and data loss are some of the common security problems afflicting data center environments.
Data security issues can be harmful to many companies sometimes, so it is very important to know what are the issues and find useful solutions for them. The purpose of data security is to protect digital information from unauthorized access. It is also important to note that data security is different from data privacy. There are many situations where data center security would be threatened on, especially for cloud-based data.
Overview
According to the Cost of a Data Breach Survey, in which 49 U.S. companies in 14 different industry sectors participated, they noticed that:
39% of companies say negligence was the primary cause of data breaches
Malicious or criminal attacks account for 37 percent of total breaches.
The average cost of a breach is $5.5 million.
Many big companies nowadays are using the cloud to store their and their customers' data, but the risks of saving data in the cloud can be enormous. Cyber attacks can be very harmful to many companies. There were 64% of companies worldwide that had troubles with cyber attacks in the year 2020 alone. Some cyber attacks targeted personal information such as identity theft can hurt someone's credits with life-changing influences.
The need for a secure data center
Physical security is needed to protect the value of the hardware therein.
Data protection
The cost of a breach of security can have severe consequences on both the company managing the data center and on the customers whose data are copied. The 2012 breach at Global Payments, a processing vendor for Visa, where 1.5 million credit card numbers were stolen, highlights the risks of storing and managing valuable and confidential data. As a result, Global Payments' partnership with Visa was terminated; it was estimated that they lost over $100 million.
Insider attacks
Defenses against exploitable software vulnerabilities are often built on the assumption that "insiders" can be trusted. Studies show that internal attacks tend to be more damaging because of the variety and amount of information available inside organizations.
Vulnerabilities and common attacks
The quantity of data stored in data centers has increased, partly due to the concentrations created by cloud-computing
Threats
Some of the most common threats to data centers:
DoS (Denial of Service)
Data theft or alteration
Unauthorized use of computing resources
Identity theft
Vulnerabilities
Common vulnerabilities include:
Implementation: Software design and protocol flaws, coding errors, and incomplete testing
Configuration: Use of defaults, elements inappropriately configured
Exploitation of out-of-date software
Many "worm" attacks on data centers exploited well-known vulnerabilities:
CodeRed
Nimda and
SQL Slammer
Exploitation of software defaults
Many systems are shipped with default accounts and passwords, which are exploited for unauthorized access and theft of information.
Common attacks
Common attacks include:
Scanning or probing: One example of a probe- or scan-based attack is a port scan - whereby "requests to a range of server port addresses on a host" are used, to find "an active port" and then cause harm via "a known vulnerability of that service.". This reconnaissance activity often precedes an attack; its goal is to gain access by discovering information about a system or network.
DoS (Denial of service): A denial-of-service attack occurs when legitimate users are unable to access information systems, devices, or other network resources due to the actions of a malicious cyber threat actor. This type of attack generates a large volume of data to deliberately consume limited resources such as bandwidth, CPU cycles, and memory blocks.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS): This kind of attack is a particular case of DoS where a large number of systems are compromised and used as source or traffic on a synchronized attack. In this kind of attack, the hacker does not use only one IP address but thousands of them. thumb|center | 400px
Unauthorized access: When someone other than an account owner uses privileges associated to a compromised account to access to restricted resources using a valid account or a backdoor.
Eavesdropping: Etymologically, Eavesdropping means Secretly listen to a conversation. In the networking field, it is an unauthorized interception of information (usernames, passwords) that travels on the network. User logons are the most common signals sought.
Viruses and worms: These are malicious code that, when executed produce undesired results. Worms are self-replicating malware, whereas viruses, which also can replicate, need some kind of human action to cause damage.
Internet infrastructure attacks: This kind of attack targets the critical components of the Internet infrastructure rather than individual systems or networks.
Trust exploitation: These attacks exploit the trust relationships that computer systems have to communicate.
Session hijacking also known as cookie hijacking: Consists of stealing a legitimate session established between a target and a trusted host. The attacker intercepts the session and makes the target believe it is communicating with the trusted host.
Buffer overflow attacks: When a program allocates memory buffer space beyond what it had reserved, it results in memory corruption affecting the data stored in the memory areas that were overflowed.
Layer 2 attacks: This type of attack exploit the vulnerabilities of data link layer protocols and their implementations on layer 2 switching platforms.
SQL injection: Also known as code injection, this is where input to a data-entry form's, due to incomplete data validation, allows entering harmful input that causes harmful instructions to be executed.
Network security infrastructure
The network security infrastructure includes the security tools used in data centers to enforce security policies. The tools include packet-filtering technologies such as ACLs, firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDSs) both network-based and host-based.
ACLs (Access Control List)
ACLs are filtering mechanisms explicitly defined based on packet header information to permit or deny traffic on specific interfaces. ACLs are used in multiple locations within the Data Center such as the Internet Edge and the intranet server farm. The following describes standard and extended access lists:
Standard ACLs: the simplest type of ACL filtering traffic solely based on source IP addresses. Standard ACLs are typically deployed to control access to network devices for network management or remote access. For example, one can configure a standard ACL in a router to specify which systems are allowed to Telnet to it. Standard ACLs are not recommended option for traffic filtering due to their lack of granularity. Standard ACLSs are configured with a number between 1 and 99 in Cisco routers.
Extended ACLs:
Extended ACL filtering decisions are based on the source and destination IP addresses, Layer 4 protocols, Layer 4 ports, ICMP message type and code, type of service, and precedence. In Cisco routers, one can define extended ACLs by name or by a number in the 100 to 199 range.
Firewalls
A firewall is a sophisticated filtering device that separates LAN segments, giving each segment a different security level and establishing a security perimeter that controls the traffic flow between segments. Firewalls are most commonly deployed at the Internet Edge where they act as boundary to the internal networks. They are expected to have the following characteristics: Performance: the main goal of a firewall is to separate the secured and the unsecured areas of a network. Firewalls are then post in the primary traffic path potentially exposed to large volumes of data. Hence, performance becomes a natural design factor to ensure that the firewall meets the particular requirements.
Application support: Another important aspect is the ability of a firewall to control and protect a particular application or protocol, such as Telnet, FTP, and HTTP. The firewall is expected to understand application-level packet exchanges to determine whether packets do follow the application behavior and, if they do not, do deny the traffic.
There are different types of firewalls based on their packet-processing capabilities and their awareness of application-level information:
Packet-filtering firewalls
Proxy firewalls
Stateful firewalls
Hybrid firewalls
IDSs
IDSs are real-time systems that can detect intruders and suspicious activities and report them to a monitoring system. They are configured to block or mitigate intrusions in progress and eventually immunize the systems from future attacks. They have two fundamental components:
Sensors: Appliances and software agents that analyze the traffic on the network or the resource usage on end systems to identify intrusions and suspicious activities.
IDS management: Single- or multi-device system used to configure and administer sensors and to additionally collect all the alarm information generated by the sensors. The sensors are equivalent to surveillance tools, and IDS management is the control center watching the information produced by the surveillance tools.
Layer 2 security
Cisco Layer 2 switches provide tools to prevent the common Layer 2 attacks (Scanning or Probing, DoS, DDoS, etc.). The following are some security features covered by the Layer 2 Security:
Port Security
ARP Inspection
Private VLANs
Private VLANs and Firewalls
Security measures
The process of securing a data center requires both a comprehensive system-analysis approach and an ongoing process that improves the security levels as the Data Center evolves. The data center is constantly evolving as new applications or services become available. Attacks are becoming more sophisticated and more frequent. These trends require a steady evaluation of security readiness.
A key component of the security-readiness evaluation is the policies that govern the application of security in the network including the data center. The application includes both the design best practices and the implementation details. As a result, security is often considered as a key component of the main infrastructure requirement. Since a key responsibility of the data centers is to make sure of the availability of the services, data center management systems often consider how its security affects traffic flows, failures, and scalability. Due to the fact that security measures may vary depending on the data center design, the use of unique features, compliance requirements or the company's business goals, there is no set of specific measures that cover all possible scenarios.
There exist in general two types of data center security: physical security and virtual security.
Physical security
The physical security of a data center is the set of protocol built-in within the data center facilities in order to prevent any physical damage to the machines storing the data. Those protocols should be able to handle everything ranging from natural disasters to corporate espionage to terrorist attacks.
To prevent physical attacks, data centers use techniques such as:
CCTV security network: locations and access points with 90-day video retention.
24×7
on-site security guards,
Network operations center (NOC) Services and technical team
Anti-tailgating/Anti-pass-back turnstile gate. Only permits one person to pass through after authentication.
Single entry point into co-location facility.
Minimization of traffic through dedicated data halls, suites, and cages.
Further access restriction to private cages
Three-factor authentication
SSAE 16 compliant facilities.
Checking the provenance and design of hardware in use
Reducing insider risk by monitoring activities and keeping their credentials safe
Monitoring of temperature and humidity
Fire prevention with zoned dry-pipe sprinkler
Natural disaster risk-free locations
Virtual security
Virtual security is security measures put in place by the data centers to prevent remote unauthorized access that will affect the integrity, availability or confidentiality of data stored on servers.
Virtual or network security is a hard task to handle as there exist many ways it could be attacked. The worst part of it is that it is evolving years after years. For instance, an attacker could decide to use a malware (or similar exploits) in order to bypass the various firewalls to access the data. Old systems may as well put security at risk as they do not contain modern methods of data security.
Virtual attacks can be prevented with techniques such as
Heavy data encryption during transfer or not: 256-bit SSL encryption for web applications.1024-bit RSA public keys for data transfers. AES 256-bit encryption for files and databases.
Logs auditing activities of all users.
Secured usernames and passwords: Encrypted via 256-bit SSL, requirements for complex passwords, set up of scheduled expirations, prevention of password reuse.
Access based on the level of clearance.
AD/LDAP integration.
Control based on IP addresses.
Encryption of session ID cookies in order to identify each unique user.
Two-factor authentication availability.
Third party penetration testing performed annually
Malware prevention through firewalls and automated scanner
Company security
Some possible strategies on how to upgrade data security in a company:
Determine the risks. Find all the tools that may store the data such as computers and databases, and make sure everything is stored in a compliant manner.
Review current data security systems. Check for any updates in the current data security system if there are one. Sometimes, the stale data should be removed and it is also helpful to have cleanup software installed to help the company delete the unused or unneeded data.
Gather a data security team. Build a professional internal security team that can help the company to secure its data and save money on hiring other security teams. The security team must have a recovery plan just in case something unexpected may happen.
Update data security approach. Make sure only the authorized people can access the system. Encryption software is needed because it can protect the data from people who decrypt the system. If the proper key was not provided, the software can make the data seem useless to other people. Data masking software is another software that is helpful since it can hide some sensitive information from being seen. The last software is risk assessment software, which is a tool that helps users to monitor and check their network securities.
References
Computer network security
Data breaches
Data centers
Data security
Information management | Data center security | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,851 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data centers",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Information management",
"Information systems",
"Computer network security",
"Data security",
"Computers"
] |
57,797,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20jellyfish | A space jellyfish (also jellyfish UFO or rocket jellyfish) is a rocket launch-related phenomenon caused by sunlight reflecting off the high-altitude rocket plume gases emitted by a launching rocket during morning or evening twilight. The observer is in darkness, while the exhaust plumes at high altitudes are still in direct sunlight. This luminous apparition is reminiscent of a jellyfish. Sightings of the phenomenon have led to panic, fear of nuclear missile strike, and reports of unidentified flying objects.
List of rocket launches causing space jellyfish
See also
Noctilucent cloud
Exhaust gas
Contrail
Twilight phenomenon
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Associated Press, , 10 December 2009
News4JAX (WJXT4), , 6 May 2022
UFO-related phenomena
Atmospheric optical phenomena
Rocketry
Smoke | Space jellyfish | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 162 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
"Rocketry",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena"
] |
57,797,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn%20set | In mathematics, a Heilbronn set is an infinite set S of natural numbers for which every real number can be arbitrarily closely approximated by a fraction whose denominator is in S. For any given real number and natural number , it is easy to find the integer such that is closest to . For example, for the real number and we have . If we call the closeness of to the difference between and , the closeness is always less than 1/2 (in our example it is 0.15926...). A collection of numbers is a Heilbronn set if for any we can always find a sequence of values for in the set where the closeness tends to zero.
More mathematically let denote the distance from to the nearest integer then is a Heilbronn set if and only if for every real number and every there exists such that .
Examples
The natural numbers are a Heilbronn set as Dirichlet's approximation theorem shows that there exists with .
The th powers of integers are a Heilbronn set. This follows from a result of I. M. Vinogradov who showed that for every and there exists an exponent and such that . In the case Hans Heilbronn was able to show that may be taken arbitrarily close to 1/2. Alexandru Zaharescu has improved Heilbronn's result to show that may be taken arbitrarily close to 4/7.
Any Van der Corput set is also a Heilbronn set.
Example of a non-Heilbronn set
The powers of 10 are not a Heilbronn set. Take then the statement that for some is equivalent to saying that the decimal expansion of has run of three zeros or three nines somewhere. This is not true for all real numbers.
References
Analytic number theory
Diophantine approximation | Heilbronn set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 389 | [
"Analytic number theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Diophantine approximation",
"Approximations",
"Number theory"
] |
57,800,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDS%2070 | PDS 70 (V1032 Centauri) is a very young T Tauri star in the constellation Centaurus. Located from Earth, it has a mass of and is approximately 5.4 million years old. The star has a protoplanetary disk containing two nascent exoplanets, named PDS 70b and PDS 70c, which have been directly imaged by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. PDS 70b was the first confirmed protoplanet to be directly imaged.
Discovery and naming
The "PDS" in this star's name stands for Pico dos Dias Survey, a survey that looked for pre-main-sequence stars based on the star's infrared colors measured by the IRAS satellite.
PDS 70 was identified as a T Tauri variable star in 1992, from these infrared colors. PDS 70's brightness varies quasi-periodically with an amplitude of a few hundredths of a magnitude in visible light. Measurements of the star's period in the astronomical literature are inconsistent, ranging from 3.007 days to 5.1 or 5.6 days.
Protoplanetary disk
The protoplanetary disk around PDS 70 was first hypothesized in 1992 and fully imaged in 2006 with phase-mask coronagraph on the VLT. The disk has a radius of approximately . In 2012 a large gap (~) in the disk was discovered, which was thought to be caused by planetary formation.
The gap was later found to have multiple regions: large dust grains were absent out to 80 au, while small dust grains were only absent out to the previously-observed . There is an asymmetry in the overall shape of the gap; these factors indicate that there are likely multiple planets affecting the shape of the gap and the dust distribution.
The James Webb Space Telescope has been used to detect water vapor in the inner part of the disk, where terrestrial planets may be forming.
Planetary system
In results published in 2018, a planet in the disk, named PDS 70 b, was imaged with SPHERE planet imager at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). With a mass estimated to be a few times greater than Jupiter, the planet is thought to have a temperature of around and an atmosphere with clouds; its orbit has an approximate radius of , taking around 120 years for a revolution.
The emission spectrum of the planet PDS 70 b is gray and featureless, and no molecular species were detected by 2021.
A second planet, named PDS 70 c, was discovered in 2019 using the VLT's MUSE integral field spectrograph. The planet orbits its host star at a distance of , farther away than PDS 70 b. PDS 70 c is in a near 1:2 orbital resonance with PDS 70 b, meaning that PDS 70 c completes nearly one revolution once every time PDS 70 b completes nearly two.
Circumplanetary disks
Modelling predicts that PDS 70 b has acquired its own accretion disk. The accretion disk was at first observationally supported in 2019, however, in 2020 evidence was presented that the current data favors a model with a single blackbody component of the planet. The accretion rate was measured to be at least 5*10−7 Jupiter masses per year. A 2021 study with newer methods and data suggested a lower accretion rate of 1.4*10−8 /year. It is not clear how to reconcile these results with each other and with existing planetary accretion models; future research in accretion mechanisms and Hα emissions production should offer clarity.
The photospheric blackbody radius of the planet is 3.0 . Its bolometric temperature is 1193 K, while only upper limits on these quantities can be derived for the optically thick accretion disk, significantly larger than the planet itself. However, weak evidence that the current data favors a model with a single blackbody component is found.
In July 2019, astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) reported the first-ever detection of a moon-forming circumplanetary disk. The disk was detected around PDS 70 c, with a potential disk observed around PDS 70 b. The two planets and the superposition of PDS 70 c and the protoplanetary disk was confirmed by Caltech-led researchers using the W. M. Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, whose research was published in May 2020. An image of the circumplanetary disk around PDS 70 c separated from the protoplanetary disk was finally confirming the circumplanetary disk and was published in November 2021.
Possible planet d
VLT/SPHERE observations showed a third object 0.12 arcseconds from the star. Its spectrum is very blue, possibly due to star light reflected in dust. It could be a feature of the inner disk. The possibility does still exist that this object is a planetary mass object enshrouded by a dust envelope. For this second scenario the mass of the planet would be on the order of a few tens . JWST NIRCam observations also detected this object. It is located at around 13.5 AU and if it is a planet, it would be in a 1:2:4 mean-motion resonance with the other protoplanets.
Possible co-orbital body
In July 2023, the likely detection of a cloud of debris co-orbital with the planet PDS 70 b was announced. This debris is thought to have a mass 0.03-2 times that of the Moon, and could be evidence of a Trojan planet or one in the process of forming.
Gallery
See also
List of brightest stars
List of nearest bright stars
Lists of stars
Historical brightest stars
References
External links
(ESO; July 2021)
Centaurus
Planetary systems with two confirmed planets
IRAS catalogue objects
K-type stars
Centauri, V1032
T Tauri stars
J14081015-4123525 | PDS 70 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,224 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
57,800,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Naphthalenethiol | 1-Naphthalenethiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C10H7SH. It is a white solid. It is one of two monothiols of naphthalene, the other being 2-naphthalenethiol.
Synthesis
A practical synthesis involves the tin/HCl-reduction of the naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride.
1-Naphthalenethiol can also be prepared from 1-bromonaphthalene by Pd-catalyzed reaction with the silylthiolate iPr3SiSK followed by hydrolysis of the silathioether. It was first prepared from the Grignard reagent generated from 1-bromonaphthalene. Treatment of that reagent with elemental sulfur followed by acidification gave the compound. It has been produced by the iodine-catalyzed reduction of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid with triphenylphosphine.
Reactions
Treating 1-naphthalenethiol with butyl lithium in the presence of tmeda affords the 2-lithio derivative.
References
Thiols
1-Naphthyl compounds
Foul-smelling chemicals | 1-Naphthalenethiol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 251 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Thiols"
] |
57,800,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%27s%20theorem%20%28large%20deviations%29 | Cramér's theorem is a fundamental result in the theory of large deviations, a subdiscipline of probability theory. It determines the rate function of a series of iid random variables.
A weak version of this result was first shown by Harald Cramér in 1938.
Statement
The logarithmic moment generating function (which is the cumulant-generating function) of a random variable is defined as:
Let be a sequence of iid real random variables with finite logarithmic moment generating function, i.e. for all .
Then the Legendre transform of :
satisfies,
for all
In the terminology of the theory of large deviations the result can be reformulated as follows:
If is a series of iid random variables, then the distributions satisfy a large deviation principle with rate function .
References
Large deviations theory
Probability theorems | Cramér's theorem (large deviations) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 174 | [
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
57,800,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20masters%20programs%20in%20bioethics | This is a list of Master's degree programs with formal specializations / concentrations in Bioethics, by country. Degree programs may include, for example, Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Health Science and Master of Bioethics (MBE). These may be dedicated programs, or specializations within other disciplinary programs, such as philosophy, law or health sciences, and refer to bioethics, health ethics, healthcare ethics, etc.
Topics in Bioethics may be the subject of study within many disciplines in the Humanities, Law, the Social sciences and Health sciences, and not exclusively within dedicated bioethics programs. They may also be associated with Bioethics Centers and Institutes. Here are listed only those programs with formal bioethics designations or concentrations.
Africa
Nigeria
University of Ibadan - Master of Science and Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Bioethics
Australasia
Australia
Monash University - Master of Bioethics
University of Sydney - Master of Bioethics
University of Notre Dame Australia - Master of Bioethics
New Zealand
University of Otago - Master of Bioethics and Health Law
Asia
Hong Kong
University of Hong Kong - Master of Laws in Medical Ethics and Law
Indonesia
Gadjah Mada University - Master of Science in Bioethics
Pakistan
Aga Khan University - Master of Bioethics
Philippines
University of the Philippines Manila - Master of Science in Bioethics
Europe
Austria
https://www.jku.at - Professional Master of Ethics (Medical Ethic)
Belgium
KU Leuven - Master in Bioethics
Université catholique de Louvain - Master in Ethics, Biomedical ethics and Bioethics specialization
Université libre de Bruxelles - Master in Ethics, Bioethics concentration
France
Aix-Marseille University - Master in Ethics: Ethics, Science, Health, Society
École des hautes études en santé publique & Université de Rennes 1 - Master Law, Health and Ethics
University of Paris (2019) - Master in Ethics: Research Ethics and Bioethics
University of Lorraine - Master in Ethics: Ethics of Health, Public Health and New Technologies
University of Nantes - Master in Ethics: Autonomous Decisions and Practices; Autonomy, Responsibility and Healthcare
University of Paris-Saclay - Master in Ethics: Ethics, Science, Health and Society
University of Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - Master in Ethics: Applied Medical and Hospital Ethics
University of Strasbourg - Master in Ethics and Society
University of Toulouse-Jean-Jaurès - Master in Heath Ethics and Research (philosophy, medicine, law)
Greece
Democritus University of Thrace - Master in Bioethics
University of Crete - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Ireland
University College Cork - Master of Science in End-of-Life Healthcare Ethics
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Master of Science in Healthcare Ethics and Law
Spain
Universidad Pontificia Comillas - Master in Bioethics
Netherlands
University of Utrecht - Master in Applied Ethics
VU University Amsterdam - Master's specialization in Philosophy, Bioethics and Health
Spain
King Juan Carlos University - Master in Bioethics
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia - Master in Bioethics
University of Barcelona - Master in Bioethics and Law
University of La Laguna - Master in Bioethics and Health Law
Institut Borja of Bioethics- Ramon Llull University - Master in Bioethics
United Kingdom
Keele University
Master of Arts in Medical Ethics and Law
Master of Arts in Medical Ethics and Palliative Care
King's College London
Master of Science in Bioethics & Society
Master of Science in Global Health & Social Justice
Master of Arts in Medical Ethics and Law
Nottingham Trent University - LL.M. in Health Law and Ethics
St Mary's University, Twickenham - Bioethics and Medical Law
University College London
Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics of Health
Master of Arts in Health Humanities
University of Edinburgh - LL.M. in Medical Law & Ethics
University of Leeds - Master of Arts in Biomedical and Healthcare Ethics
University of Manchester
LL.M. in Healthcare Ethics and Law
Master of Arts in Healthcare Ethics and Law
University of Oxford - Master of Studies (MSt) in Practical Ethics
North America
Canada
McGill University - Specialization in Bioethics: Master of Arts (Philosophy, Religious Studies), LL.M. (Law), M.Sc (Medicine)
Memorial University of Newfoundland - Master of Health Ethics (MHE)
Université de Montréal
Master of Arts in Bioethics
Master of Biomedical Science, clinical ethics option
University of Ottawa - LL.M. with Concentration in Health Law, Policy and Ethics
University of Toronto
Master of Health Sciences in Bioethics
LL.M., M.A., M.HSc., M.Sc., M.N., M.PH. bioethics specialization
Mexico
Colegio de Bioética de Nuevo León - Master of Bioethics
Universidad Anáhuac México - Master of Bioethics
United States
Source:
Albany Medical College - Master of Science in Bioethics
Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Master of Science in Bioethics
Case Western Reserve University - Master of Arts in Bioethics and Medical Humanities
Clarkson University & Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai - Master of Science in Bioethics
Creighton University - Master of Science in Health Care Ethics
Columbia University - Master of Science in Bioethics
Drew University - Master of Medical Humanities
Duke University - Master of Arts in Applied Ethics & Policy
Duquesne University - Master of Arts in Healthcare Ethics
Emory University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Fordham University - Master of Arts in Ethics and Society
George Washington University - Master of Arts in Philosophy and Social Policy, concentration in Bioethics and Health Policy
Harvard Medical School - Master of Bioethics
Hofstra University - Master of Arts in Bioethics, JD/MA Bioethics, MD/MA Bioethics, Certificate in Clinical Bioethics
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis - Master of Arts in Philosophy, Bioethics concentration
Johns Hopkins University - Master of Bioethics
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences - Dual diploma, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and Master of Arts in Bioethics
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine - Master of Science in Biomedical Ethics
Loma Linda University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Loyola Marymount University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Loyola University Chicago - Master of Arts in Bioethics & Health Policy
Medical College of Wisconsin - Master of Arts in Bioethics
New York University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Northwestern University - Master of Arts in Medical Humanities & Bioethics
Ohio State University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
St. Thomas University - Master of Science in Bioethics
Stony Brook University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Temple University - Master of Arts in Urban Bioethics
Trinity International University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Tulane University - Master of Science in Bioethics and Medical Humanities
University of Louisville - Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies, concentration in Bioethics and Medical Humanities
University of Mary - Master of Science in Bioethics
University of Minnesota - Master of Arts in Bioethics
University of Pennsylvania
Master of Bioethics
Master of Science in Medical Ethics
University of Pittsburgh - Interdisciplinary Master of Arts in Bioethics
University of Rochester - Master of Science in Medical Humanities
University of Texas Medical Branch - Master of Arts in Medical Humanities
University of Washington - Master of Arts in Bioethics
Vanderbilt University - Master of Arts in Medicine, Health and Society
Wake Forest University - Master of Arts in Bioethics
South America
Argentina
FLACSO Latin American School of Social Sciences (Argentina) - Master in Bioethics
Universidad del Museo Social Argentino - Master in Bioethics
National University of Córdoba - Master in Bioethics
Brazil
Universidade de Brasília - Master in Bioethics
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Master in Bioethics
Colombia
El Bosque University - Master in Bioethics
Pontifical Xavierian University - Master in Bioethics
Chile
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - Master in Bioethics
University of Chile - Master in Bioethics
Universidad del Desarrollo - Master in Bioethics
Ecuador
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador - Maestría en Bioética
Sources
The Hastings Center - Graduate Programs
American Society for Bioethics and Humanities - Bioethics and Humanities Academic Programs
Bioethics.com - Academic Degree and Certificate Programs
List of Canadian bioethics programs
References
Postgraduate schools
Bioethics | List of masters programs in bioethics | [
"Technology"
] | 1,723 | [
"Bioethics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
57,800,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20data%20center | A green data center, or sustainable data center, is a service facility which utilizes energy-efficient technologies. They do not contain obsolete systems (such as inactive or underused servers), and take advantage of newer, more efficient technologies.
With the exponential growth and usage of the Internet, power consumption in data centers has increased significantly. Due to the resulting environmental impact, increase in public awareness, higher cost of energy and legislative action, increased pressure has been placed on companies to follow a green policy. For these reasons, the creation of sustainable data centers has become essential in an environmental and a business sense.
Energy use
The use of high-performance computing techniques has increased, trading energy consumption for increased performance. Industry estimates suggest that data centers consume three to five percent of the world's global energy. According to an AFCOM State of the Data Center survey, 70 percent of data-center providers indicated that power density per rack has increased significantly since 2013. Managers have been forced to find new ways to power their data centers with renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, geothermal, and wind. More efficient technologies were developed to decrease data-center power consumption.
Metrics
Several metrics have been developed to measure power efficiency in data centers. Power usage effectiveness (PUE) and carbon usage effectiveness (CUE) are two frequently-used metrics created by the Green Grid (TGG), a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers.
Power usage effectiveness
PUE was invented in 2007, and proposed new guidelines to measure energy use in data centers.
This ratio describes how much extra energy a data center needs to maintain IT equipment for every watt delivered to the equipment. The best PUE a data center can have is 1: an ideal situation, with no extra energy use. When PUE was introduced, studies found that the industry-average PUE was between 2.5 and 3. In more recent studies, the average PUE fell to about 1.7 by using this framework. PUE began the shift of the data-center industry towards energy efficiency.
Although PUE is the most-frequently-used metric for data centers to measure energy efficiency, its reliability is still debated;
Carbon usage effectiveness
Carbon usage effectiveness (CUE) is another metric used to measure energy usage and sustainability in data centers. It is calculated with the following formula:
Another way to express this formula is as the product of the carbon dioxide emission factor (CEF) and the PUE, where the CEF is the kg of CO2 produced for each kilowatt-hour of electricity:
×
Water usage effectiveness
Certifications
Data centers in the United States may apply to be certified as green data centers. The most widely used green building rating system is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, it is available in several categories. Depending on ratings, data centers may receive a silver, gold or platinum certification. The platinum certification is given to data centers with the highest level of environmentally-responsible construction and efficient use of resources.
Data centers may also be certified under the National Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Program by Energy Star, part of an initiative by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program certifies buildings and consumer products for energy efficiency. Only data centers which are in the top 25 percent in energy performance may receive Energy Star certification.
Technologies
Several technologies increase efficiency and decrease energy consumption in data centers.
Low-power servers
Low-power servers are more energy-efficient than conventional servers in data centers. They use the technology of smartphone computing, which tries to balance performance with energy consumption. The first low-power servers were introduced in 2012 by large IT providers such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Used correctly, low-power servers can be much more efficient than conventional servers. They can have a significant impact on data-center efficiency, decreasing power consumption and the operating cost of cooling facilities.
Modular data centers
A modular data center is a portable data center which can be placed anywhere data capacity is needed. Compared with traditional data centers, they are designed for rapid deployment, energy efficiency and high density. These ready-made data centers in a box became very popular. The HP EcoPod modular data center supports over 4,000 data centers with a PUE rating of 1.05 in and free-air cooling.
Free air cooling
Free air cooling systems uses external wind instead of traditional data-center computer room air conditioner (CRAC) units. Although outdoor air still needs to be filtered and moisturized, much less energy is required to cool a data center with this method. Outdoor air temperature is an issue here, and the data center's location plays a critical role in this technology.
Hot and cold aisle containment
In this method, the rows of racks are aligned with the backs of the servers facing each other; the aisles are enclosed, to capture the air. In hot aisle containment, the heat produced by the servers is pumped to the cooling units. In cold aisle containment, cold air is pumped to the enclosed aisles. Both containment methods are more effective than traditional cooling technologies, and can help reduce energy consumption (and its impact). Although it may be more difficult to implement, hot aisle containment is more effective than cold aisle containment.
Reusing waste heat
Data centers use electric power, releasing more than 98 percent of this electricity as heat. Waste heat can be actively reused, and a data center becomes a closed-loop heating system with no waste. Examples include:
The IBM Reusing Data Center in Switzerland, where the heat warms a local swimming pool
In Finland, the Yandex and Academica data centers replacing the heat used by 500-1,000 homes with data-center energy.
Amazon reused heat from a nearby data center for a biosphere project in Seattle.
Ultrasonic humidification
Some humidity is necessary for data centers to work efficiently and prevent damage to devices and servers. Ultrasonic humidification uses ultrasound to create moisture, using 90 percent less energy than conventional methods such as resistance steam humidifiers.
Evaporative cooling
Evaporative cooling reduces heat by the evaporation of water. Two main methods are used: evaporation pads and high-pressure spray systems. With evaporation pads – the more popular method – air is drawn through the pads, making water evaporate and cooling the air. The other technique, high-pressure spray systems, needs a larger area and consumes more energy with pumps. Evaporative cooling is dependent on geographical location and season, because both affect the moisture level of the air. Compared to traditional mechanical cooling systems, evaporative cooling generally uses significantly less electricity.
Nuclear Power
Tech companies are increasingly exploring nuclear power as a reliable, low-carbon energy solution for data centers. As data consumption rises, the need for stable, scalable power sources is growing, and nuclear energy offers a consistent output that can support the high demand of large-scale data centers. Companies like Microsoft have started investigating the potential of nuclear energy, including small modular reactors (SMRs), to reduce their carbon footprints while ensuring energy reliability. However, challenges such as high costs, regulatory hurdles, and public concerns about safety and waste management continue to be significant considerations for widespread adoption .
Direct current data centers
Direct current data centers are data centers that produce direct current on site with solar panels and store the electricity on site in a battery storage power station. Computers run on direct current and the need for inverting the AC power from the grid would be eliminated. The data center site could still use AC power as a grid-as-a-backup solution. DC data centers could be 10% more efficient and use less floor space for inverting components.
Investment in Green Data Center
According to a new study by Arizton Advisory & Intelligence, the total investment in the green data center market across the globe marked $35.58 billion in 2021. The investment is expected to grow by a CAGR of 7.6%.
References
Data centers
Computers and the environment | Green data center | [
"Technology"
] | 1,632 | [
"Data centers",
"Computing and society",
"Computers",
"Computers and the environment"
] |
57,801,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20Ecology%20%28journal%29 | Evolutionary Ecology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of ecology from an evolutionary perspective. It was established in 1987 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Matthew Symonds (Deakin University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.133.
References
External links
Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary biology journals
Ecology journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1987
English-language journals | Evolutionary Ecology (journal) | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 105 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Ecology journals",
"Environmental science journal stubs"
] |
57,802,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage%20shapes | Although the vast majority of coins are round, coins are made in a variety of other shapes, including squares, diamonds, hexagons, heptagons, octagons, decagons, and dodecagons. They have also been struck with scalloped (wavy) edges, and with holes in the middle. Coins in the shape of polygons often have rounded edges or are Reuleaux polygons.
This article focuses mainly on circulating coins; a number of non-circulating commemorative coins have been made in special shapes, including guitars, pyramids, and maps. There is a list with more unusual shapes of non-circulating commemorative coins at the end of this page, that all have been issued officially by various countries.
Triangular
The Cook Islands have a circulating 2 dollar triangular coin with rounded corners.
Squares and diamonds
Indo-Greek coins were often square. Aruba has a large circulating square 50 cents coin.
Many countries have struck square coins with rounded corners. Some of these, such as the Netherlands zinc 5 cent coin of World War II (1941–1943) and the Bangladesh 5 poisha coin (1977–1994) are oriented as a square, while others, such as the Netherlands 5 cents (1913–1940), the Netherlands Antilles 50 cent, the Bangladesh 5 poisha (1973–1974) and the 1981 Jersey 1 pound coin, are oriented as a diamond. Ceylon (the current Sri Lanka) issued its first square coin in 1909, followed by several others. India has had various circulating square coins as well, like denominated 1/2 and 2 anna coins, as well as 1 and 5 paisa coins.
Siege money, such as Klippe coins or the siege money of Newark, was often in the shape of a lozenge (rhombus).
Pentagonal
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen introduced pentagonal and rial coins in 1948. In 2014 Transnistria was the next country to issue a circulating pentagonal 5 rubles hard plastic coin.
Hexagonal
The Belgian Congo had a hexagonal 2 franc coin, as did the Kingdom of Egypt (2 piastres, also known as 2 qirsh). India used to have 3 paise and 20 paise coins that were hexagonal with rounded corners. The Burma (25 pyas) is scalloped hexagonal.
Heptagonal
The Madagascar 10 ariary coin is seven-sided. The British twenty pence and fifty pence coins are heptagonal Reuleaux polygons, as is the United Arab Emirates 50 fils coin, the Barbados one dollar coin, and several coins from Botswana. Many countries in the Commonwealth of Nations have issued heptagonal coins. Reuleaux polygons have constant width, which means the currency detectors in coin-operated machines do not need an extra mechanism to detect shape.
Octagonal
The Chile 1 peso and 5 pesos coins issued from 1992 to 2015 are eight-sided. So was the old circulating Malta 25 cent coin commemorating Malta's first anniversary of the republic and some California gold coins. Some other countries that have issued circulating octagonal coins are the Lebanon and Sierra Leone.
Nonagonal
In 1972 the first country to issue a circulating nine-sided coin was Thailand with a 1972 regular 5 baht coin, followed by Kenya in 1973 with a special issue coin. The third and final circulating nonagonal coin issued in the 20th century and is the regular 1976 50 cent coin from Tuvalu. Currently, the Philippines issues nonagonal 5-peso coins from 2019 as an enhanced design of the round version to make it distinct from the other denominations.
Decagonal
Hong Kong issued a ten-sided 5 dollar coin from 1976 to 1979, while the Philippines issued ten-sided two piso (peso) coins from 1983 to 1990. Some other countries that have issued ten-sided circulation coins are Chile, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Madagascar.
Hendecagonal
The old Indian 2-rupee coin was eleven-sided, while the Canadian one dollar coin is an eleven-sided Reuleaux polygon. Also Madagascar has issued some circulating eleven-sided coins.
Dodecagonal
Many countries have struck twelve-sided coins, mostly countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations. Several of these are threepence coins from the pre-decimal pound. Coins currently circulating include the British one pound coin, 50 cent coins from Australia, Fiji and the Solomon Islands, the Tongan 50 seniti coin and the circulating commemorative Croatian 25 kuna coins.
Tridecagonal
In 1993, the Czech Republic was the first country to issue a 13 sided 20 koruna coin. In 2013, Tunisia followed with a 13-sided 200 millièmes coin.
Pentadecagonal
A 5 dirham commemorative coin from the UAE in 1981 had 15 sides, commemorating the 15th century of Hejira.
Scalloped
Many countries have coins with scalloped (wavy) edges. These usually have twelve bumps (e.g. the Vanuatu 100 vatu or the Hong Kong 20 cents), but can have other numbers such as eight (the Eswatini 10 cents or the Ang Bagong Lipunan Philippine five centavo coin) or sixteen (the Libya 50 dirhams).
Holed
Often a round coin will have a central hole. In some countries this was to allow them to be strung together, while other reasons include difficulty of counterfeiting and ability for visually impaired people to distinguish them from other coins.
Some coins give the impression that holes were used to save metal, though it may not be possible to prove with certainty that this was the reason for creating the holes. An example of such a coin with a fairly large hexagonal hole is a undated tin 1 cash coin, minted in the period 1550–1596, that circulated in the Banten Sultanate on Java and Sumatra (Indonesia). Also, several tin 1 pitis coins with exceptionally large round holes, of which some were made in octagonal coins, were used in Jambi Sultanate on Northern Sumatra (Indonesia). Due to the soft metal tin used to make these thin old coins, they can easily be bent. In the years 1943–1947 India produced 1 pice coins for circulation with very large holes, continued by Pakistan producing 1 pice coins of equal shape in the years 1948–1952.
Chinese cash coins had a square hole, while many modern coins have a round hole. Examples include the Japan 5 yen coin and 50 yen coin, and the Denmark 1 krone coin.
Other shapes
Rectangles: In the Edo period Japan issued several circulating silver and gold rectangular coins, as well as a copper clad lead issue with a hole.
Near oval: Japan also issued various near oval coins in the Edo period.
Half circle: for Barbados Spanish coins were cut in half, it is hard to detect originals though, many forgeries exist.
Additional shapes among non-circulating coins
Triangular: Bermuda has some special issue triangular coins from 1997 onward with curved edges.
The Isle of Man has some triangular special issue coins where the triangle is not regular (the angles are not all 60 degrees).
Octagonal: The U.S. Panama–Pacific commemorative 50 dollar coins of 1915 is shaped like a true octagon.
Tetradecagonal: In 1976, Malaysia was the first country to issue 14-sided coins, the non-circulating 10 (silver) and 200 (gold) ringgit. Australia started to issue a series of non-circulating 14-sided 50 cents coins dedicated to the Chinese zodiac in 2012.
Rectangular: Jersey and Fiji have issued non-circulating rectangular coins.
Oval: Fiji and Poland have issued some non-circulating oval coins.
Quarter circle: Poland has issued a 10 złotych coin in the shape of a quarter circle.
Spheres: Niue issued the first official (non-circulating) spherical coin with a face value of 7 New Zealand dollars. Several other countries followed soon with spherical coins, like Poland and Barbados. A 2008–2014 1 dollar sphere issue from Somalia is considered a fantasy coin, it was not officially issued by Somalia.
Yin Yang: Fiji has issued some Yin Yang shaped coins.
Arc (section of a circle with a hole): China started to issue a series of arc-shaped coins in the year 2000.
Heart: Several countries have issued non-circulating heart shaped coins, like China, Cook Islands and Poland.
Maps: Nauru has issued some non-circulating map shaped coins. Australia also has issued some non-circulating map shaped coins (1 dollar coins in the shape of the map of Australia).
Coca-Cola cap: Fiji has issued some non-circulating coins shaped like the cap of a Coca-Cola bottle.
Cannabis leaf: Benin issued a non-circulating 100 CFA francs coin shaped like a cannabis leaf in 2011.
Masks: Fiji issued an Iron Man Mask and a Spider-Man Mask coin in 2019, both non-circulating.
See also
Spanish flower
References
External links
Unusual / odd coins around the world
Geometric shapes
Production of coins | Coinage shapes | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,835 | [
"Geometric shapes",
"Mathematical objects",
"Geometric objects"
] |
57,802,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20and%20Drug%20Administration%20%28Taiwan%29 | The Food and Drug Administration (FDA; ) is an agency of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan, which is responsible for the safety and quality of food, drug, medical service and cosmetics. FDA is a regulatory member of ICH association.
History
On 3 June 2009, the Food and Drug Administration Organization Act was promulgated. On 1 January 2010, Bureau of Food Safety, Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis and Bureau of Controlled Drugs were merged to form the Food and Drug Administration. On 23 July 2013, the agency was placed under the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Organizational structures
Operational divisions
Planning and research development
Food safety
Medicinal products
Medical devices and cosmetics
Controlled drugs
Research and analysis
Risk management
Administrative office
Secretariat
Personnel
Accounting
Service ethics
Information management
References
External links
2010 establishments in Taiwan
Executive Yuan
Food safety organizations
National agencies for drug regulation
Regulation in Taiwan | Food and Drug Administration (Taiwan) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 174 | [
"National agencies for drug regulation",
"Drug safety"
] |
57,803,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alruba | Alruba, a name derived from Arabic for "the foal", is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It is just barely visible to the naked eye as a dim point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.76. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Gaia mission, it is located at a distance of about from the Sun. The system is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −2 km/s.
The visible component is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. It is about 58 million years old with three times the mass of the Sun and has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 170 km/s. The star is radiating 147 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,226 K. The system is a source for X-ray emission, which is most likely coming from the unseen companion.
Nomenclature
In the Henry Draper catalogue this system has the designation HD 161693, while it has the identifier HR 6618 in the Bright Star Catalogue.
It bore the traditional Arabic name الربع Al Rubaʽ "the foal" (specifically a young camel born in the spring), a member of the Mother Camels asterism in early Arabic astronomy.
In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Alruba for this star on 1 June 2018 and it is now so entered on the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Draco (constellation)
161693
086782
6618
Alruba
BD+53 1978 | Alruba | [
"Astronomy"
] | 382 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
57,805,098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20doctoral%20programs%20in%20bioethics | This is a list of Doctorate degree programs (PhD or professional doctorate) with formal specializations / concentrations in Bioethics, by country. These may be dedicated degrees in Bioethics, or specializations within other disciplinary programs, such as philosophy, law or health sciences. They may refer to bioethics, health ethics, healthcare ethics, etc. And they may also be associated or offered in conjunction with Bioethics Centers and Institutes.
Africa
Nigeria
University of Ibadan - PhD in Bioethics
Australasia
Australia
Monash University - PhD in Philosophy, Bioethics specialization
University of Sydney - PhD, Bioethics specialization
New Zealand
University of Otago - PhD in Bioethics
Europe
Belgium
University of Leuven - Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law - PhD in Biomedical Sciences, Bioethics specialization
Czech Republic
Masaryk University - PhD in Bioethics
Greece
University of Crete - PhD in Bioethics
Portugal
University of Porto - PhD in Bioethics
Spain
University of Barcelona - PhD in Bioethics and Law
Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr - PhD in Bioethics
Switzerland
University of Basel - PhD in Bioethics, Health Policy and Legal Medicine
University of Geneva - PhD in Biomedical Science, Bioethics specialization
University of Zurich - PhD in Biomedical Ethics and Law
ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich) - PhD in Bioethics
United Kingdom
University of Birmingham
PhD in Biomedical Ethics
PhD in Philosophy, Global Ethics specialization
University of Bristol - PhD in Ethics and Medicine
University of Manchester - PhD in Bioethics and Medical Jurisprudence
Intergovernmental
EUCLID (University) - PhD in Bioethics (Clinical and Global Health Bioethics)
North America
Canada
Université de Montréal
PhD in Bioethics
PhD in Biomedical Science, clinical ethics option
University of Toronto
PhD (Philosophy, Nursing, Health Sciences, etc.) bioethics specialization
Mexico
Universidad Anáhuac México - Doctorate of Bioethics
United States
Albany Medical College - Doctorate of Professional Studies in Bioethics
Duquesne University - PhD and DHCE in Healthcare Ethics
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai & Clarkson University - PhD in Philosophy/Master in Bioethics
Johns Hopkins University - PhD in Health Policy & Management, concentration in Bioethics & Health Policy
Loyola University Chicago - Doctor of Bioethics
Case Western Reserve University - PhD in Bioethics
Michigan State University - PhD in Philosophy, Concentration in Philosophy and Ethics of Health Care
Pennsylvania State University - PhD in Anthropology and Bioethics; PhD in Biobehavioral Health and Bioethics; PhD in Communication Arts and Sciences and Bioethics; PhD in Kinesiology and Bioethics; and PhD in Nursing and Bioethics
Saint Louis University - PhD in Health Care Ethics
University at Albany, SUNY - PhD in Philosophy/MS Bioethics
South America
Colombia
El Bosque University - PhD in Bioethics
Nueva Granada Military University - PhD in Bioethics
Sources
The Hastings Center - Graduate Programs
American Society for Bioethics and Humanities - Bioethics and Humanities Academic Programs
Bioethics.com - Academic Degree and Certificate Programs
List of Canadian bioethics programs
References
Postgraduate schools
Bioethics | List of doctoral programs in bioethics | [
"Technology"
] | 638 | [
"Bioethics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
53,186,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20Power%20Management%20Interface | The System Power Management Interface (SPMI) is a high-speed, low-latency, bi-directional, two-wire serial bus suitable for real-time control of voltage and frequency scaled multi-core application processors and its power management of auxiliary components. SPMI obsoletes a number of legacy, custom point-to-point interfaces and provides a low pin count, high-speed control bus for up to 4 master and 16 slave devices. SPMI is specified by the MIPI Alliance (Mobile Industry Process Interface Alliance).
References
Serial buses
Computer standards
MIPI Alliance standards | System Power Management Interface | [
"Technology"
] | 119 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer standards",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
53,188,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Serpentis | The Bayer designation A Serpentis is shared by two stars in the head of the constellation Serpens:
A1 Serpentis (11 Serpentis)
A2 Serpentis (25 Serpentis)
References
Serpentis, A
Serpens | A Serpentis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 47 | [
"Constellations",
"Serpens"
] |
53,188,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20behavior%20consultant | An animal behavior consultant is a practitioner of applied behavior analysis or clinical animal behaviour, who helps resolve behavior problems in animals, usually companion animals. Animal behavior consultants are usually employed to identify the cause of a behavior problem, to develop an intervention plan to change the problem behavior, and to help the owners learn how to execute that plan. Animal behavior consultants are distinct from animal trainers, in that their primary goal is not to train an animal to have basic manners or to perform a task, such as agility competition for dogs, but to mitigate behaviors that are problems for the animal's owner. Animal behavior consultants may also be known as clinical animal behaviourists, pet behavior counsellors or pet psychologists.
Overview
The issues that an animal behavior consultant will typically be called upon to address depend on the species of animal and its living situation. There are, however, some problems that are common to all species of companion animal. These include aggression towards other animals or humans, self-injury and stereotypies, phobias, isolation and separation-related stress behaviors, destructiveness, making excessive noise, and resource guarding. The kinds of behaviors that consultants are called in to address may not be ethologically abnormal for the animal; they may be inappropriate given the individual animal's living situation and either undesirable from the client's point of view, a cause of diminished welfare for the animal, or both.
Animal behavior consultants may hold group classes for some behavior problems, and may work on-site at laboratories, zoos, sanctuaries or animal shelters; many work in clients’ homes.
A typical in-home animal behavior consultation usually includes the following stages:
Intake questionnaire or interview. After the initial contact, the animal behavior consultant collects a history of the animal's life so far, a description of the current living situation, a description of the problem behavior and the circumstances in which the behavior happens, and a history of what the clients have done to address the issue so far.
Initial consultation and observation. The consultant will visit the client and animal in its current environment, and observe the animal. If practically and ethically possible, the consultant will observe the animal engaging in the problem behavior and identify the antecedents and consequences of that behavior.
Intervention design. Certain certifying bodies require animal behavior consultants will design interventions that conform to the Least Invasive, Minimally Aversive (LIMA) model of behavior modification. However this approach is not empirically tested. Interventions that focus on identifying the functional reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior and developing an individualized intervention that maximizes benefits and minimizes harms is recommended.
Implementation. In most cases, the consultant will teach the client some basic animal training skills, such as how to use a marker, such as a clicker, and how to deliver appropriate reinforcement or punishment. They will also teach the client to recognize the environmental antecedents to the problem behavior—what occasions the behavior to happen—and basic observation of the animal's body language and recognition of stress signals. The client will then follow the consultant's plan, with follow-up sessions as necessary.
Most animal behavior consultants work face to face with the animal and human client; however, in some cases, the consultant will work remotely over video and email. Remote consultation is a particularly common modality in separation related problems cases.
Relationship to veterinary medicine
Behavior consultants do not practice veterinary medicine, unless they are also veterinarians. Veterinarians may choose to refer animals with behavioral issues to behavior consultants, and some veterinarians maintain working relationships with specific behavior consultants for this purpose. Some general practice veterinarians also choose to see behavior cases themselves. While few veterinary schools have extensive behavioral programs, some general practice veterinarians may choose to further their own education in this area. Additionally, a veterinary behavior specialty exists. Veterinary behaviorists are veterinary specialists with extensive education and experience in working with behavior problems. Behavior consultants may refer cases to veterinary behaviorists, especially animals who may benefit from behavioral medication, as only veterinarians are legally able to prescribe medications for animals.
Education
Animal behavior consultants need education in a variety of different areas to be successful. They need to know about the normal behaviors of their chosen species, to understand the etiology of abnormal behaviors and have the skills to develop effective interventions to change abnormal behaviors and instruct their clients in implementing these interventions.
This knowledge can come from a variety of sources: undergraduate and graduate studies in animal behavior or a related discipline such as psychology from accredited colleges; online courses through professional and technical schools; or in-person classes through humane societies and other animal education organizations. There is no single course of study that will fully equip an aspiring animal behavior consultant for the job.
As animal behavior consulting requires the practitioner to be highly skilled in the mechanics of training animals—for example, in the timing of markers and delivery of reinforcers—aspiring consultants often undertake practical training. This can be in the form of a mentorship under a more experienced animal trainer or behavior consultant, classes as part of advanced training for volunteers at animal shelters and humane societies, and/or workshops that form part of certificates and diplomas.
Animal behavior consultants also need to develop strong observational and interpersonal skills. Developing these skills to a high enough level to be successful requires that a prospective animal behavior consultant has some in-person observation and assessment of how they work. Often, an aspiring animal behavior consultant will shadow a more experienced colleague, accompanying them to visits and working with them in developing behavioral intervention plans and providing written guidelines for clients.
Certification
The term “certified animal behavior consultant” or “Certificated Clinical Animal Behaviourist” can be used to describe an individual who either has been awarded a certificate, or who holds a current professional certification in animal behavior consulting. The major difference between a certificate and certification is that certifications are awarded retrospectively, based on an independent assessment of an applicant's knowledge and skills, whereas certificates are awarded on completion of a program of study, and assess the student's knowledge of that program.
There are certifying organizations for animal behavior consultants in the United States, United Kingdom, and internationally. Certification is awarded by professional organizations to individuals who have completed their application process and paid their dues. Organizations have different standards, admission requirements, and assessment procedures. The majority of certifying organizations are species-specific; however, a small number, such as the International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants or the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, offer separate certifications for different species.
Most organizations require recertification annually or every 3-5 years. To recertify, an animal behavior consultant must provide evidence of continuing education, usually in the form of continuing education units (CEUs) and in some cases evidence that of an ongoing caseload.
Certifying organizations
There is no legal requirement for an animal behavior consultant to become certified, licensed, or otherwise recognized by any professional organizations in order to practice. In most of the world, no specific regulations apply to the profession of animal training or behavior consulting.
Certifications exist for dog, cat, parrot, and horse behavior consultants, but clients can hire behavior consultants to work with any species. It is generally recommended that potential clients hire a consultant with experience in their animal's species. Experience is necessary because applied behavior analysis requires knowledge of typical behaviors in the species, how to observe and interpret body language, and the best way to reinforce desired behaviors.
References
Ethology
Animal training | Animal behavior consultant | [
"Biology"
] | 1,517 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
53,189,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Tauri | The Bayer designation A Tauri (A Tau) is shared by two stars in the constellation Taurus:
A1 Tauri (37 Tauri)
A2 Tauri (39 Tauri)
See also
Alpha Tauri (α Tauri, 87 Tauri), the star Aldebaran; sometimes mistakenly rendered as "Α Tauri" (Greek uppercase alpha) or "A Tauri" (Latin letter "A")
AlphaTauri (disambiguation)
Tauri, A
Taurus (constellation) | A Tauri | [
"Astronomy"
] | 108 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
53,189,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confide | Confide is an encrypted instant messaging application for most major operating systems. It was first released in 2013, on iOS, and is known for its self-destructing messaging system that deletes messages immediately after reading. The platform offers both free and paid features for individuals and businesses.
In 2017, the news outlet Axios reported that it had gained popularity among, “numerous senior GOP operatives and several members of the Trump administration.” After receiving more media attention, there were concerns about the security of the app, as it is closed source and an independent review by Kudelski Security indicated it may use an older, less secure version of OpenSSL. The app's first full security audit found multiple critical vulnerabilities including impersonating another user by hijacking an account session or by guessing a password, learning the contact details of Confide users, becoming an intermediary in a conversation and decrypting messages, and potentially altering the contents of a message or attachment in transit without first decrypting it. WIRED reported that the encryption in Confide was based on the "PGP standard," and used Transport Layer Security.
In January 2018, Confide, Inc. developers announced their newly developed ScreenShieldKit SDK (Software Development Kit) which was originally intended only for the Confide application. The API allows developers to incorporate the same screenshot-proof functionality of Confide into their own applications by simply importing the SDK replacing UITextView and UIImageView – two commonly used iOS development components used to display data to end users. The SDK prevents screenshots by blanking out the data and supports protection from a variety of capture methods including screenshots, screen recordings, screen mirrorings, and even screenshots from Apple's Xcode (the main development platform for iOS).
Confide was referred to as an application that was used during communications between an accuser and a boss during the scandal surrounding the then governor in New York in 2021.
See also
Comparison of instant messaging clients
Signal
Wire
References
External links
Cryptographic software
Secure communication
IOS software
Internet privacy software | Confide | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 435 | [
"Mobile software stubs",
"Cryptographic software",
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Mathematical software"
] |
53,190,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunShot%20Initiative | The SunShot Initiative is a federal government program run by the US Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Office. It bills itself as a national effort to support solar energy adoption in order to make solar energy affordable for all Americans. The initiative is a collaboration of private companies, universities, state and local governments, and nonprofits, as well as national laboratories.
Background
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) announced its sponsorship of the SunShot Initiative in 2011 and was established as a way to; increase utility of, photovoltaic goods and services in the United States by decreasing its original costs in order to: (1)enable the competitiveness of the Solar Powered energy market, and supply chain comparatively to other energy sources, (2) increase the competitiveness of solar power energy market, (3) foster growth of research and development within the energy sector, specifically in solar energy alternatives, and (4) address the growing concern of climate change by triggering a more natural shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources in the long-run. The initial goal set forth by the SunShot Initiative is to reduce carbon emissions to 20% of what they were at their highest recorded levels in 1990, by 2050.
In order to achieve this goal, the DOE focused its efforts on using the increased feasibility of policy implementation processes in local governments to streamline the approach. By funding 25 major U.S. Cities through Solar America Program, the DOE sought to create readily available examples of the SunShot Initiative underlying mission at work. This in turn, would facilitate the study of effectiveness in implementation processes in an urban setting, and provide idealized planning model based on already implemented policies, their effects, and potential challenges that could be encountered for reference, and create future implementation in other U.S. cities. According to the cost/benefit analysis of cities participating in the Solar Cities America Program. These DOE efforts were geared towards incentivizing more U.S. cities to implement alternative energy source policies locally. As well as increase the availability of viable policies that can be used in order to facilitate the development of a broader national or state policy.
This initiative is meant to increase the availability of photovoltaic sources as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. As well as increase further analysis on the costs and benefits of solar power in the United States, through a comparative study on the mechanics of policy implementation in order to more effectively realize the overarching goal of the SunShot initiative. The growth of the solar market in the United States, as a result of the SunShot initiative, has greatly increased the accessibility to solar powered technology and increased its general utility throughout the country, by reducing costs to consumers. The DOE has created these incentives in order to: (1)facilitate the increase of research and development, and (2) to promote renewable energy sources amid the globalized calls for a solutions to climate change/global warming.
The federal government invested $282 million in FY 2015 to fund the SunShot Initiative. According to the SunShot Q4 2016/Q1 2017 Solar Industry Update report, The United States installed 14.8 GW of PV in 2016, an increase of 97% from 2015, representing approximately $30 billion in deployed capital, along with another $2.2 billion in U.S.- manufactured PV products.
By 2016, the program achieved 90% of the progress towards the 2020 goal. In September 2017, it was announced that it had already reached its 2020 goal, and was now refocusing on grid reliability issues.
Goals and mission
When the program was first launched in 2011 it set a series of goals and cost targets:
$0.09 per kilowatt hour for residential photovoltaics (PV)
$0.07 per kilowatt hour for commercial PV
$0.06 per kilowatt hour for utility-scale PV
In 2016, the SunShot Initiative announced new cost targets that it wanted to be achieved by the year 2030:
$0.05 per kilowatt hour for residential PV
$0.04 per kilowatt hour for commercial PV
$0.03 per kilowatt hour for utility-scale PV
According to the program, "These cost targets inform the decisions SunShot makes to spur the country’s solar market and drive deployment of solar energy."
Organization
The SunShot Initiative is divided into five subprograms:
Photovoltaics - supports the early-stage research and development of photovoltaic (PV) technologies that improve efficiency and reliability, lower manufacturing costs, and drive down the cost of solar electricity.
Concentrating Solar Power - supports the development of novel CSP technologies that will lower cost, increase efficiency, and improve reliability compared to current state-of-the-art technologies.
Systems Integration - seeks to enable the widespread deployment of secure, reliable, and cost effective solar energy on the nation’s electricity grid by addressing the associated technical and organizational challenges.
Soft Costs - addresses challenges associated with non-hardware costs of solar and remove market barriers to the adoption of solar energy technologies.
Technology to Market - this subprogram investigates and validates groundbreaking, early-stage technology, software, and business models to strengthen early-stage concepts and move them toward readiness for greater private sector investment and scale-up to commercialization.
All subprograms issue competitive awards to universities, national laboratories, nonprofit organizations, solar companies, and state and local governments to fund research and development projects that will aid in lowering the cost of electricity generated from solar technology.
Below is a spending breakdown of the Soft Costs program for fiscal year 2015:
$5.8 Million – Solar research at National Laboratories
$17.4 Million – Funding pilot programs for solar incentives/subsidies
$8 Million – Education training
$6 Million – Study solar panel deployment on federal lands
$5 Million – Studies on streamlining solar data to “increase access to financing”
$2 Million – Using students to develop plans for local government policies that help solar
References
External links
SunShot Initiative homepage
How Does Solar Energy Work? SolarCity.
Solar power
Solar energy in the United States
Federal government of the United States
Energy policy | SunShot Initiative | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,237 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Energy policy"
] |
53,190,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20losses%20in%20pipe%20flow | Minor losses in pipe flow are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
Friction Losses
Before being able to use the minor head losses in an equation, the losses in the system due to friction must also be calculated.
Equation for friction losses:
= Frictional head loss
= Downstream velocity
= Gravity of Earth
= Hydraulic radius
=Total length of piping
= Fanning friction factor
Total Head Loss
After both minor losses and friction losses have been calculated, these values can be summed to find the total head loss.
Equation for total head loss, , can be simplified and rewritten as:
= Frictional head loss
= Downstream velocity
= Gravity of Earth
= Hydraulic radius
=Total length of piping
= Fanning friction factor
= Sum of all kinetic energy factors in system
Once calculated, the total head loss can be used to solve the Bernoulli Equation and find unknown values of the system.
See also
Hydraulic head
Total dynamic head
Notes
Piping
Fluid dynamics | Minor losses in pipe flow | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 265 | [
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
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