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66,008,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie%20Lasby%20Tessmann | Jennie Belle Lasby Tessmann (August 23, 1882 – December 9, 1959) was an American spectroscopist and college educator. She was a "human computer" at Mount Wilson Observatory from 1906 to 1913, the first woman research assistant at the observatory. She taught astronomy and history at Santa Ana College from 1919 to 1946.
Early life
Jennie Belle Lasby was born in Castle Rock, Minnesota, the daughter of Walter Lasby and Lavinia C. Freeman Lasby. Her father was born in Ontario, Canada, and her mother was from Wisconsin. She attended Carleton College, completing a bachelor's degree in 1904. She earned a master's degree in astronomy at Mount Holyoke College in 1906.
Career
Lasby taught astronomy and mathematics at Mount Holyoke College during her graduate studies there. She was hired as a computer at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1906. She was the first woman research assistant at Mount Wilson, starting a few months before Cora G. Burwell joined the same department. In 1910, she attended the fourth conference of the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research, when it was held at Mount Wilson. She left Mount Wilson in 1913, after co-authoring several scientific publications, including a monograph with Walter Sydney Adams. She became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Science in 1921.
In 1914, Lasby went to work on a spectroscopy project in Germany, but she returned the following year with the start of World War I. She worked briefly at Goodsell Observatory in Minnesota, and was a librarian at Northfield, Minnesota.
From 1919 to 1946, Lasby Tessmann taught history and astronomy at Santa Ana Junior College. She helped develop the Bishop Observatory in Orange County as a teaching facility. She spoke to community groups often, and was president of the City Teachers' League and the Business and Professional Women's Club, both in Santa Ana.
Personal life
Jennie Lasby married German scientist Heinrich Arnold Johannes (John) Tessmann in 1927, in Travemünde, Germany. She died in 1959, in Santa Ana, aged 77 years. In 1967, Tessmann Planetarium at Santa Ana College was named in her memory, and the Jennie Lasby Tessmann House is on the Santa Ana Register of Historic Properties.
References
External links
Dylan M. Almendral, "Jennie Lasby-Tessmann: A Woman of the Stars" (January 19, 2020), a blog post about Lasby-Tessmann.
1882 births
1959 deaths
Carleton College alumni
Human computers
Spectroscopists
Scientists from Santa Ana, California
20th-century American women scientists
Mount Holyoke College alumni
American people of Canadian descent
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
People from Dakota County, Minnesota
Scientists from Minnesota
Educators from Minnesota
20th-century American scientists | Jennie Lasby Tessmann | [
"Technology"
] | 565 | [
"Human computers",
"History of computing"
] |
77,611,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Steam%20Mill%2C%20Chester | The Steam Mill is a Grade II listed building located on Steam Mill Street in Chester, Cheshire, England. The mill was originally built in 1786, during the Georgian era.
Location
Sitting on the banks of the Shropshire Union Canal, Steam Mill lies within close proximity to both Chester Railway Station and Chester town centre.
Steam Mill is located approximately a seven-minute walk from Chester Railway Station, and around 10 minutes from Chester town centre.
Architecture and fittings
While the building has been refurbished by James Brotherhood and Associates architects, it retains many of its original features, including exposed brickwork and wooden beams.
Steam Mill has a large, five-story atrium, shower and changing facilities, secure bike storage, lift access, on-site car parking, and private meeting rooms.
History
Steam Mill was one of the first canal-side steam-powered mills, and was built on disused meadowland in 1786 for Chester Corn and Flour Merchants: Samuel Walker, George Walker, and Hugh Ley.
In 1819, the mill was sold to Frost & Sons, who are responsible for building the present structure that remains today.
Frost & Sons had formerly owned the Dee Mills, which they acquired shortly after moving to Chester in 1818. Unfortunately, Dee Mills were ruined by a fire in 1819, which is thought to be the reason behind the move to Steam Mill
In 1827, Frost & Sons replaced the original steam engine.
The ownership of the mill was handed to seed merchant David Miln in 1938.
The building remained in use as a mill until 1986.
Today, Steam Mill is owned by Threadneedle Pensions Ltd, and managed by joint agents Legat Owen and Mason Owen, and serves as a hub for several offices and businesses, including thimbl.
References
Grade II listed buildings in Chester
Industrial buildings completed in 1786
1786 establishments in England
Flour mills in the United Kingdom
Steam power | The Steam Mill, Chester | [
"Physics"
] | 370 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Steam power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
77,614,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Human%20Powered%20Vehicle%20Challenge%20results | This is a list of Human Powered Vehicle Challenge winners.
2002–2024
2002
East
West
2003
East
*Indicates a tie
West
*Indicates a tie
2004
East
West
2005
East
West
2006
East
West
2007
East
West
2008
East
West
2009
East
* Indicates Unknown
West
2010
East
West
2011
East
West
2012
East
West
2013
East
West
2014
East
West
2015
East
West
2016
East
West
2017
East
West
2018
East
West
2019
North
West
2020
North
South
2021
2022
*Indicates a tie
2023
2024
East
West
Overall totals
References
Lists of sports champions by sport
Mechanical engineering competitions | List of Human Powered Vehicle Challenge results | [
"Engineering"
] | 110 | [
"Mechanical engineering competitions",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
77,614,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Powered%20Vehicle%20Challenge | The Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC) is a student design competition organized by ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). The competition was started in 1983 at the University of California, Davis.
Concept
The HPVC is an engineering design and innovation competition that gives students the opportunity to network and apply engineering principles through the design, fabrication, and racing of human powered vehicles. ASME's international Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC) provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate the application of sound engineering design principles in the development of sustainable and practical transportation alternatives. In the HPVC, students work in teams to design and build efficient, highly engineered vehicles for everyday use—from commuting to work, to carrying goods to market.
While the competition format has evolved throughout the years, it is typically made up of three main parts. The first is the design and engineering of the vehicle, the second is the speed of the vehicle, and the third is the practicality of the vehicle tested through an endurance event.
Design
The most important segment of the challenge is design. Contestants must submit a detailed design report with sections including analysis, design, and testing. The design report also includes references to prior work if the vehicle uses elements from a prior year, as well as a section for future work and the goals of the vehicle. The design report is paired with a Critical Design Review (CDR). The CDR consists of each team presenting their vehicle in a set amount of time to a panel of judges. The judges are allowed and encouraged to ask challenging questions to test the knowledge of the presenters. These two sections are scored and are combined for the design segment of the challenge.
Innovation
From 2012 to 2018 an innovation segment was added. Scored separately from design, it was based on both the design report and design review, and judged contestants on how innovative their vehicles were.
Speed
The foundation of the challenge is based in speed and has often been associated with the World Speed Challenge held at Battle Mountain, Nevada. Speed events have been divided into two categories: sprints and drag races.
Sprint
Top speed is recorded in the sprint event. Set within a defined overall distance, the vehicle has a set distance to accelerate, a set distance to reach and record its top speed, and a set distance to stop.
Drag race
The drag race is a head-to-head event in which two vehicles race to a predefined distance. The winner moves on in a double elimination-style tournament.
Endurance
The endurance event is a timed 2.5-hour race where the objective is to complete as many laps as possible. Laps are typically in length. Each lap has multiple obstacles including, hairpin turns, stop signs, quick turns, rumble strips, a slalom section, and a parcel delivery task. After 2.5 hours, each team's total laps are recorded and any penalties, such as missed stops or knocked-over obstacles, are assigned. The team with the greatest distance covered wins.
History
1983–2001
The first competition took place in 1983 at University of California, Davis. The original objective was to reach the highest speed possible. The inaugural event was won by California State University, Chico. In 1989 Portland State University won the 7th annual competition hosted by California State University, Northridge. It wasn't until 1993 that University of California Davis won the challenge that they started.
2002–2009
Beginning in 2002, each year's competition was held in more than one location, with designations of "east" and "west". Consisted of a three-class system with single-rider, multi-rider, and utility vehicle being scored separately. Single- and multi-rider vehicles were scored based on design, a 2.5-hour endurance event, and a sprint event. The utility vehicles were scored on design and a utility event.
In 2004, University of Missouri, Rolla (now Missouri University of Science and Technology) won their 2nd challenge in three years. This would start a run where Missouri S&T would place in the top three overall for eleven years straight.
2010–2011
Vehicles classes were reduced to two: a speed class and an unrestricted class. Vehicle were scored on design, the endurance race, men's sprint event, and a now separated women's sprint event. Missouri S&T swept both the East and West competitions in 2010 for the speed class. In 2011 University of Toronto won first overall in the unrestricted class.
2012–2019
The vehicle class was reduced to a single designation, with an added Innovation category to be scored separately. In 2014, the first Human Powered Vehicle Challenge to take place in India was held at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. More than 400 students and 36 teams from more than 30 universities turned out for the competition.
In 2016, the University of Akron won first overall at the East competition which took place in Athens, Ohio, after placing second overall at the West Competition a few weeks earlier.
2020–present
The COVID-19 pandemic forced the competition to be held online and as a design event only. The decade's first in-person competition was hosted by Liberty University in 2023 in Lynchburg, Virginia.
Results
The results start in 2002, the first year of the "modern" format of the competition. This is also the first year for which records are easily accessible.
References
Mechanical engineering competitions
Student events
Awards established in 1983
Awards of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers | Human Powered Vehicle Challenge | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,097 | [
"Mechanical engineering competitions",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
77,614,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation%20Company%20of%20Canada | The Foundation Company of Canada Limited was a Canadian construction company that operated from 1924 to 1999. The company's origins lay in New York City, where the Foundation Company was founded in 1902. In 1909, Foundation was invited by the Canadian Pacific Railway to build caissons as part of the construction on Windsor Station in Montreal. Foundation operated in Canada from 1910 until 1924. That year, R. E. Chadwick and a group of investors bought out the company's Canadian operations and incorporated the Foundation Company of Canada Limited. In 1963, a parent company, the Canadian Foundation Company Limited, was formed to hold the Foundation Company of Canada and its subsidiaries.
Foundation was one of Canada's largest construction firms and was responsible for many of the country's most famous structures built in the 20th century, including the CN Tower and Place Ville Marie.
In 1987, the Foundation Company was acquired by Banister Continental Inc. of Edmonton, which became the country's largest publicly traded construction company. Banister Continental – which changed its name to Banister Inc. in 1990, Banister Foundation Inc. in 1994, and BFC Construction in 1997 – continued to operate the Foundation Company as a subsidiary through 1999. In December 1999, BFC Construction was acquired by Armbro Enterprises Inc. On 1 January 2001, Armbro amalgamed Foundation and BFC into a single new company, which brought an end to the Foundation name. In June 2001, Armbro was renamed Aecon Group Inc.
History
Origins in New York
In the spring of 1902, Edwin Seton Jarrett (1862–1938), Daniel Edward Moran (1864–1937), and Franklin Remington (1865–1955) formed the Foundation Company, incorporated in New York. Jarrett was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1889), Moran of Columbia University (1884), and Remington of Harvard University (1887). Soon, the Foundation Company became America's foremost builder of foundations. Among the buildings in New York City for which the Foundation Company built foundations were the Trinity Building, Woolworth Building, Whitehall Building, Singer Building, Bankers' Trust Building, and Municipal Building. The company worked also on bridges, dams, mines, and power plants throughout the country. In 1910, Moran left the company to found his own firm.
Early operations in Canada, 1909–1924
In late 1909, the Canadian Pacific Railway hired the Foundation Company to build caissons as part of the construction of Windsor Station in Montreal. Foundation formed a new subsidiary, the Foundation Company Limited, to carry out its Canadian work. The company went on to win the contracts for pier work on the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway.
In 1906, Richard Ellard Carden Chadwick (1885–1966) graduated from the University of Toronto with a degree in mechanical engineering. From 1907 to 1909 he worked on staff at the university, and from 1909 to 1911 he worked for the city engineer in Toronto as engineer in charge of bridges and docks. On 1 January 1911, Chadwick joined the Foundation Company in Montreal as superintendent for the Montreal district. He would go on to serve as superintendent for the Winnipeg district, manager and acting chief engineer for the Montreal district, and for a time, acting chief engineer for the parent company in New York.
Independent Canadian company, 1924–1962
In 1924, Chadwick persuaded the directors of the Foundation Company to form a Canadian subsidiary. Chadwick worked with Montreal financier Victor Montague Drury (1884–1962), the son of Charles William Drury and brother-in-law of Lord Beaverbrook, to raise the capital. On 22 September 1924, the Foundation Company of Canada Limited received its articles of incorporation. The first president was John Williams Doty (1879–1961), an engineer originally from Toronto who was president of the Foundation Company in New York. Chadwick was vice-president and general manager, and Drury was vice-president. The company's directors were A. J. Brown, Franklin Remington, Noah A. Timmins, F. H. Phippen, Ernest-Rémi Décary, W. F. Angus, Frank Quilter, and C. B. McNaught. In 1929, Chadwick and Drury bought out the remaining Canadian assets of the Foundation Company, making the Foundation Company of Canada a wholly independent company. That year, Chadwick assumed the presidency.
Under Chadwick's leadership, Foundation formed several subsidiary companies. These included the Construction Equipment Company Limited (1922), Foundation Maritime Limited (1930), Foundation of Canada Engineering Corporation Limited (1953), and Geocon Limited (1954). In 1952, Chadwick stepped down from the presidency and became the first chairman of the board. The new president was Frederick George Rutley (1890–1981), who held the post until 1958. That year, Rutley succeeded Chadwick as chairman, remaining in office until 1962.
Middle years, 1962–1987
In March 1962, Slater Steel Industries Limited of Hamilton acquired around 500,000 of Foundation's 1,188,816 shares. At Foundation's annual meeting on 26 April 1962, eight Slater nominees were elected to the board. Only five members of the 1961 board were reelected, while nine resigned. The resignations counted much of the company's old guard, including Chadwick, Drury, and Rutley. Robert Fletcher Shaw was appointed president, while Samuel Fingold (1911–1970), chairman and president of Slater, was elected chairman of the board. On 19 April 1963, the company incorporated the Canadian Foundation Company Limited. The new company acquired all shares of the FCC and its subsidiaries and became the parent of the Foundation group of companies. In February 1964, at the request of the federal government, the company released president Shaw to take on the role of deputy commissioner-general of Expo 67. His replacement was Robert D. Armstrong.
In 1968, A. Janin & Company of Montreal began acquiring shares of the company, and by the mid-1970s held 96 per cent of Foundation's common shares. At the annual meeting in 1968, the company appointed Henri-François Gautrin president. Janin began selling its shares in 1978, and concluded the sale in early 1980. Half the shares were purchased by the public, while half were acquired by Skanska, a Swedish construction company. Following the sale by Janin, Andrew Gilmour McCaughey (1922–2014) replaced Gautrin temporarily as chairman during the transition period. At the time, McCaughey was chief financial officer of Molson. In 1981, Paul Gábor Opler (1923–1988) became chairman, while Rolf Kindbom was appointed president. Opler remained in the chair until 1984, when McCaughey replaced him. Kindbom, a Swede, had worked for Skanska since 1961.
Subsidiary of Banister, 1987–1999
In the spring of 1987, Banister Continental of Edmonton reached an agreement to acquire the Foundation Company. Banister had been founded in Edmonton in 1948 by Ronald Kitchener Banister (1917–1993) as Banister Pipelines, along with a parent company, Banister Construction. In 1969, Banister Construction was acquired by Continental Computer Associates, which changed its name to the Banister Continental Corp. To finance the purchase of Foundation, Banister sold 15 per cent of its own shares to Skanska, and acquired the 52 per cent stake in Foundation. After the sale, Banister operated Foundation as a wholly-owned subsidiary. In May 1990, Banister Continental changed its name to Banister Inc., in June 1994 changed its name to Banister Foundation, and in May 1997 changed its name to BFC Construction.
Takeover by Armbro (Aecon), 1999–2000
In November 1999, Armbro Enterprises Inc. of Brampton, Ontario, made an all-cash offer to purchase BFC at $12.25 per share. Around $89 million of the $101.5 million used to make the offer came in the form of a loan from Hochtief, which was convertible into equity. Legally, Armbro had been incorporated on 14 January 1957 in Montreal as the Prefac Concrete Company Limited. Its founder was Etienne Beck, whose son John M. Beck later became head of the company. In 1988, Prefac acquired Armbro Construction, and changed its own name to Armbro Enterprises. Shortly after Armbro mailed the offer, the BFC board voted to reject it. In December, the offer was revised to include a ¢75 dividend, bringing the price to $13.00 per share. The BFC board voted to recommend approval of the deal. By late December, Armbro had acquired 95 per cent of BFC shares, and on 13 January 2000, the BFC stock was delisted.
On 1 January 2001, Armbro merged BFC Construction and the Foundation Company, which was still a subsidiary, into a new corporation (no. 385109-5) under the name of the BFC Construction Group Inc. The merger brought the end of the use of the Foundation name. On 18 June 2001, Armbro Enterprises Inc. was renamed Aecon Enterprises Inc., and concurrently, the BFC Construction Group Inc. was renamed the Aecon Construction Group Inc.
Leadership
President
John Williams Doty, 1924–1929
Richard Ellard Carden Chadwick, 1929–1952
Frederick George Rutley, 1952–1958
Lionel James McGowan, 1958–1962
Robert Fletcher Shaw, 1962–1964
Robert D. Armstrong, 1964–1966
Calvert Pomeroy Baker, 1966–1968
Henri-François Gautrin, 1968–1979
Michael Blythe Harding, 1979–1981
Rolf Kindbom, 1981–1987
Chairman of the Board
Richard Ellard Carden Chadwick, 1951–1958
Frederick George Rutley, 1958–1962
Samuel Fingold, 1962–1970
Calvert Pomeroy Baker, 1971–1976
Henri-François Gautrin, 1979–1980
Andrew Gilmour McCaughey, 1980–1981
Paul Gábor Opler, 1981–1984
Andrew Gilmour McCaughey, 1984–1987
References
1924 establishments
2001 disestablishments
Construction and civil engineering companies
Construction and civil engineering companies of Canada
Companies based in Toronto | Foundation Company of Canada | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,073 | [
"Construction and civil engineering companies",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
77,615,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela%20Procesi | Michela Procesi (born 1973) is an Italian mathematician specializing in Hamiltonian partial differential equations such as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation or wave equation. The Degasperis–Procesi equation is named for her. She is a professor of mathematics at Roma Tre University.
Education and career
Procesi was born in 1973 in Rome, the daughter of mathematician Claudio Procesi. She earned a laurea in physics at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1998, and continued at la Sapienza for a PhD in mathematics in 2002. Her dissertation, Estimates on Hamiltonian splittings: tree techniques in the theory of homoclinic splitting and Arnold diffusion for a-priori stable systems, was supervised by Luigi Chierchia.
She became a postdoctoral researcher at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste and, with the support of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica Francesco Severi, at Roma Tre University. After continued work as a researcher at the University of Naples Federico II and la Sapienza, she obtained a position as an associate professor at Roma Tre University in 2015. She has been a full professor there since 2019.
Recognition
Procesi was an invited speaker at the 2022 (virtual) International Congress of Mathematicians.
References
External links
Home page
1973 births
Living people
Italian mathematicians
Italian women mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Academic staff of Roma Tre University | Michela Procesi | [
"Mathematics"
] | 290 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
77,618,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8176%20aluminium%20alloy | 8176 aluminium alloy is produced using iron, zinc and silicon as additives. It is used in power lines due to its high electrical conductivity.
Chemical composition
Applications
Aluminium 8176 is used in building wiring and cables.
References
External links
Material Properties
Aluminium alloys | 8176 aluminium alloy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 55 | [
"Alloys",
"Alloy stubs",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
77,620,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewbo | Sewbo is an industrial sewing robot invented by Sewbo, Inc., a company based in Seattle, Washington.
History
The company Sewbo, Inc was founded by Jonathan Zornow in 2015. The robot capable of handling fabric components throughout the entire garment production process. The operation relies on a water-soluble, non-toxic polymer called polyvinyl alcohol, which stiffens the fabric to facilitate manipulation during sewing. While Sewbo is currently optimized for producing T-shirts. It can sew a T-shirt from start to the end. The process involves cutting fabric panels, stiffening them with a polymer solution, and feeding them into a sewing machine using a robotic arm equipped with suction cups.
References
Industrial robots
Textile machinery manufacturers of the United States | Sewbo | [
"Engineering"
] | 160 | [
"Industrial robots"
] |
77,620,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg%20Heritage%20Foundation | The Johannesburg Heritage Foundation (JHF) is an activist, conservation and education organization which aims to conserve Johannesburg’s built heritage, while informing residents about the city's “precious, non-renewable, finite and irreplaceable” heritage resources.
Since the discovery of gold, in 1886, and the establishment of the first hotel at Ferreirasdorp, the city’s infrastructure has benefited from investments associated with the mining industry. Under apartheid, aided by cheap labour, Johannesburg became the city of gold, a regional powerhouse and experienced enormous economic and spatial growth. Post-democracy corruption has meant that many parts of the greater metropolis have been neglected and lost their shine. Foundation members are committed to the whole city, providing a balanced representation of the city’s heritage, raising awareness of architecture and buildings and commemorating a diverse culture with blue plaques. The foundation has had a significant impact, and has earned its reputation as a defender to the city’s diverse heritage and cultural public infrastructure, such as the Johannesburg City library.
History
The foundation offers access to many heritage resources, through tours, research and education. Its focus is on retaining Johannesburg’s existing cultural heritage for generations to come. It grew from the Parktown & Westcliff Heritage Trust, an organization that wished to support the heritage of Parktown Mansions and other suburbs. The foundation recognized that heritage extended beyond the Randlords mansions could be found across the greater metropolis.
Blue plaques
The City of Johannesburg, Department of Arts, Culture and Joburg Heritage Foundation collaborate on placing a round plaques in publicly visible locations. These blue plaques might commemorate a famous person or event, while raising public awareness about heritage, foster citizen pride. The plaques are installed in publicly visible locations and are intended to protect and preserve historical landmarks.
Book collection drives
JHF’s Book collection drives are run to raise funds for the Johannesburg Heritage Foundation. The JHF Heritage Weekend Big Book Sale is often held at grand houses or heritage buildings. The sale is an important fund raiser for the JHF, and the 2024 Sale is held at the Sisonke Hall at Holy Family College.
References
Culture of Johannesburg
History of Johannesburg
Organisations based in Johannesburg | Johannesburg Heritage Foundation | [
"Engineering"
] | 442 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Architecture"
] |
77,621,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD%2B29%205007 | BD+29 5007 is a K-type star, located 77 light-years in the constellation Pegasus. It has a large-separation companion that was identified in 2016. The pair was identified to be a possible member of the million years old Argus association (see IC 2391), though this is disputed.
Properties
The star has a mass of , a radius of and a temperature of Kelvin. It has a spectral type of K5V.
Companion
The companion is 2MASS J23512200+3010540 (short: 2MASS J2351+3010) that was discovered in 2010 and first identified as a possibly young low-mass object in 2014 by the BANYAN II survey. The authors find a L5.5 dwarf with red near-infrared colors. If it is a member of Argus, it should have a mass of 9−11 , according to the authors. However, the BANYAN VII survey in 2015 revised the status of 2MASS J2351+3010 to a field object, i.e. not a member of any stellar cluster or association. This is also suggested by measured surface gravity of 2MASS J2351+3010, consistent with that of a field object. This would mean that the companion is too massive to have a planetary mass (i.e. its mass is larger than ).
In 2016 it was identified as a possible companion to BD+29 5007. In 2024 it was again identified as an Argus member with a mass of . The same authors calculate that this system has a probability of 1.71% to be a false-positive match. The companion is separated by 935 arcseconds, which translates into 22,100 astronomical units at this distance. This high separation is larger than the 12,000 AU projected separation of Gliese 900 b, currently the planetary-mass object with the longest known orbit, and is similar to brown dwarfs such as UCAC4 328-061594.
See also
List of exoplanet extremes
References
K-type main-sequence stars
L-type brown dwarfs
Binary stars
Pegasus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
117559 | BD+29 5007 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 448 | [
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,621,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringschluss | In mathematics, a Ringschluss () is a mathematical proof technique where the equivalence of several statements can be proven without having to prove all pairwise equivalences directly.
In order to prove that the statements are each pairwise equivalent, proofs are given for the implications , , , and .
The pairwise equivalence of the statements then results from the transitivity of the material conditional.
Example
For the proofs are given for , , and . The equivalence of and results from the chain of conclusions that are no longer explicitly given:
. . This leads to:
. . This leads to:
That is .
Motivation
The technique saves writing effort above all. By dispensing with the formally necessary chain of conclusions, only direct proofs need to be provided for instead of direct proofs. The difficulty for the mathematician is to find a sequence of statements that allows for the most elegant direct proofs possible.
See also
The term should not be confused with the invalid circular reasoning.
References
Mathematical logic
Proof techniques | Ringschluss | [
"Mathematics"
] | 203 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Proof techniques"
] |
77,621,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Legislation%20of%20Morality | The Legislation of Morality is a 1970 book by sociologist Troy Duster that explored the relationship of law and morality in the context of drug policy in the United States. It is noted for its historical analysis of the effects of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) and study of the sociology of deviance.
The American Sociological Association has called the book "a classic". Its main thesis is that drug use was criminalized because society began to see drug users as mostly non-white and poor. The "groundbreaking book" argued that the moral panic about drug use was based on this public perception.
Synopsis
The Legislation of Morality begins with a detailed historical study of opiate use in the 19th-century United States. There were no restrictions and no labelling requirements for the syrups and concoctions that white women purchased directly from pharmacies. Sometimes opium was added to cough syrups and tonics without the customer's knowledge. Addiction was managed quietly, in secret, and caused little social disturbance as long as the tonics and syrups were easily purchased from legal sources.
Almost overnight the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) made thousands of already addicted people dependant on physicians to prescribe the drug for them. By 1920 medical journals were claiming that a majority of drug addicts were from the "unrespectable" parts of society.
Duster said the policy of drug criminalization was founded on "errors about the total quality of persons addicted". He concluded it was easier for middle America to direct its moral hostility "toward a young, lower-class Negro male than toward a middle-aged white female".
Reviews and scholarship
Harold Finestone commented on Duster's conclusion that society's moral contempt for drug users was primarily driven by public perception about their social and economic class: "an important assumption of the author's position that middle-class people do not tend to stigmatize behavior common in their own class".
Sociologists Jennifer Friedman and Marisa Alicea note that Duster's masculinized image of the "willful, hedonistic, and deceitful" addict has become dominant in the public consciousness. They speculate that younger generations of women engaging in the now de-feminized act of opiate use may view it as an act of empowerment or rebellion against traditional images of femininity.
Charles E. Reasons said that The Legislation of Morality presented "myths concerning the nature and effects of drugs" without systematic investigation of the "images of drugs and users in the mass media". Janet Henkin said Duster's "analysis of the consequences of this typification and of the permanence of the stigma upon the addicts self-image seems to lack impact".
When The Legislation of Morality was written there were no outpatient clinics for medication management of opiate addiction. Peter Park reviewing the book says the author "persuasively" argues for treatment on an outpatient basis. Park said the book's discussion of "how deviants are created and managed in and by society" was "confusing and disappointing".
Robert H. Vasoli was critical:
It is one thing for the sociologist to analyze morality empirically and quite another to advocate this set of morals over another. Admittedly the analysis might suggest the wisdom or folly of a certain moral position, but in many instances it loses its credibility and becomes a species of empirical muckraking when the scientist making the analysis openly espouses the continuation or abolition of the moral norm in question.
William Garmon says the book "raises more questions than it answers", noting the book's critical view of the limited treatment options available at the time it was published.
References
Sources
External links
Deviance (sociology)
American non-fiction books
1970 non-fiction books | The Legislation of Morality | [
"Biology"
] | 771 | [
"Deviance (sociology)",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,621,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Brossard | Jonathan Brossard also known under the username 'endrazine', is a French hacker, engineer and a Professor of computer science at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers. He is best known as a pioneer in firmware cybersecurity, having presented the first public example of a hardware backdoor. The MIT Technology Review called it "undetectable and uncurable". He has presented several times at conferences such as Defcon and Blackhat, as the Director of Security at Salesforce.
Research work
Bitlocker Security
In 2008, Jonathan presented the first public vulnerability affecting full disk encryption software Microsoft Bitlocker. at Defcon. His generic exploit also affected other full disk encryption software such as Truecrypt, and BIOS firmware from Intel.
Hardware backdooring
In 2012, Jonathan presented a Proof of Concept BIOS and PCI firmware malware. named Rakshasa, the first known example of a permanent Hardware backdoor at Defcon and Blackhat. The attack consisted in the inclusion of a Bootkit in firmware either from the BIOS or Network cards.
Microsoft Edge, Chrome, and Windows 10
In 2015, along with the security team at Salesforce, he presented at Blackhat the first public attacks against Microsoft Edge. and the Windows 10 operating system, allowing credential theft over the internet. Researchers discovered that Google Chrome was vulnerable to the very same Server Message Block vulnerability.
Witchcraft Compiler Collection
Jonathan is the main author of the Witchcraft Compiler Collection, a reverse engineering framework presented at major conferences including Defcon, Blackhat and USENIX. This framework allowing to transform an ELF binary into a shared library is available on Linux distributions such as Debian, Ubuntu or the Kali Linux distribution.
Other notable research
Jonathan served as a security expert for major media outlets, for instance in the XKeyscore program disclosed by Edward Snowden, mass surveillance programs, when the NSA allegedly hacked French President Nicolas Sarkozy's emails, or warning the industry about car hacking as early as 2012.
Hacking Culture
In 2014 Jonathan was the main cybersecurity consultant to the Watch Dogs by Ubisoft, presenting the game to an international press audience in Chicago, with global coverage including Australia, Deutschland, France or Spain. In 2016, Jonathan was also the main consultant for the second opus of the franchise Watch Dogs 2 and presented it to the international press.
In 2012, Jonathan, along with other top security researchers including Chris Valasek, Matt Suiche and Jon Oberheide submitted a bogus, computer-generated article on Nmap to the Hakin9 security magazine, as a way to protest against the constant spamming of top researchers by the magazine. While the stunt was praised by hackers, the response of Hakin9, legally threatening fellow Nmap author Gordon Lyon was so terrible that it earned the Pwnie Awards for most epic fail in 2013.
Conference host
Jonathan is the co-founder of international cybersecurity conferences Hackito Ergo Sum and NoSuchCon. He also sits on the review boards of the Shakacon (Honolulu, USA) and Nullcon (Goa, India) conferences.
See also
Hardware_backdoor
Bitlocker
References
External links
Computer security specialists
Hackers
Living people
French computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Jonathan Brossard | [
"Technology"
] | 677 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
77,622,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating%20Systems%20Design%20and%20Implementation | The Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), organized by USENIX, is one of the two top academic conferences on systems research, along with SOSP. A number of notable systems were first published as OSDI papers, including MapReduce, Bigtable, Spanner, and TensorFlow.
History
Until the early 1990s, SOSP was the main venue for the systems community to meet and publish work, but it was held only once every two years. In 1994, this led to the creation of OSDI as an alternative venue for years in which SOSP was not held. The idea came from Jay Lepreau, who also served as the first program chair. In the following years, OSDI and SOSP took turns as the top-tier systems conference of the year. However, the systems community kept growing and, as single-track conferences, both could accept only a limited number of papers; thus, acceptance rates dropped significantly. This led to a community proposal to turn both into annual conferences, which was accepted by SIGOPS. As a result, OSDI became an annual conference in 2021.
Locations
2024: Santa Clara, CA
2023: Boston, MA
2022: Carlsbad, CA
2021: (virtual)
2020: (virtual)
2018: Carlsbad, CA
2016: Savannah, GA
2014: Broomfield, CO
2012: Hollywood, CA
2010: Vancouver, BC
2008: San Diego, CA
2006: Seattle, WA
2004: San Francisco, CA
2002: Boston, MA
2000: San Diego, CA
1999: New Orleans, LA
1996: Seattle, WA
1994: Monterey, CA
See also
List of computer science conferences
References
Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation | Operating Systems Design and Implementation | [
"Technology"
] | 349 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science conferences"
] |
77,622,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelBroker | IntelBroker is a Serbian black hat hacker active since October 2022, who has committed several high-profile cyber attacks. Their targets have included Europol, Pandabuy, and Apple, with over 80 sales and leaks of compromised data having been traced to them. They claim to be currently residing in Russia for security reasons.
Description
IntelBroker first began activities in October 2022, hacking minor organizations, but only gained notoriety in 2023 after an attack on the food delivery service "Weee!". After their initial string of attacks, they were speculated to be a highly skilled team, possibly an Iranian Persistent Threat Group; however, an interview with The Cyber Express revealed that they were a single person. In another exclusive interview with the German podcast Inside Darknet, IntelBroker shared several personal details, including that they are Serbian and currently reside in Russia for safety reasons. During the same interview, they expressed a desire to one day manage a cybercrime forum similar to BreachForums. This aspiration became reality in August 2024, when IntelBroker took ownership of BreachForums. IntelBroker often contributes to the racist hacking group CyberNiggers, and in August 2024 became the owner of the cybercrime forum BreachForums. As of June 2024, they had posted over 80 separate leaks and sales of compromised information on BreachForums, with IntelBroker claiming that they had sold the information of over 400 organizations.
Modus operandi
IntelBroker has used a wide range of tactics to enter secured systems, such as exploiting leaked credentials and exploiting organizations public-facing applications. Once inside, they remain for an extended period of time, escalating privileges and acquiring data. Finally, they ransom, sell, or leak the data, often on BreachForums.
Endurance ransomware
IntelBroker created a unique ransomware strain written in C# known as Endurance, and published its source code publicly on their GitHub page. While labeled as ransomware, the software overwrites and then deletes all targeted files. Endurance was confirmed by the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center to have been used by IntelBroker to hack several U.S. government agencies. They speculated that Endurance was related to the Shamoon wiping software sometimes used by Iranian Hackers, which IntelBroker has denied.
Notable attacks
Acuity
In April 2024, IntelBroker announced that they and the black hat hacker Sanggiero had hacked Acuity, a technology contractor for the U.S. government, and subsequently obtained confidential information belonging to the Five Eyes intelligence organization and the United States military. A vast majority of the information had been stored in a GitHub repository by Acuity, which IntelBroker was able to access. The information included confidential communications and documents between Five Eyes members, and the contact information for several U.S. government and military officials. Sanggiero claimed that the breach had taken place on March 7, a month before the information was leaked. After an investigation, Acuity determined that the leaked data was old and non-sensitive.
Pandabuy
On March 31, 2024, IntelBroker assisted Sangierro in a hack of the Chinese e-commerce website Pandabuy, with user data sold on BreachForum for a small "symbolic" bitcoin payment. The information had been initially ransomed to Pandabuy for an unknown amount of money, but after it was paid, the leak was still released. IntelBroker and Sangierro claimed that the leak contained the names, contact details, orders, and addresses of over 3 million Pandabuy customers, while an analysis by "Have I Been Pwned?" creator Troy Hunt found that only approximately 1.3 million user entries were real, while the rest contained fake email addresses. Pandabuy attempted to censor posts on its Discord and Reddit pages to cover up the leak, before offering a "10% freight subsidy" to users as compensation. Both actions were received negatively by Pandabuy customers.
On June 3, 2024, Sanggiero posted on BreachForums that they were going to sell all information from the data breach, containing over 17 million user entries, for $40,000. They had again ransomed the information to Pandabuy, who refused to pay as the two had violated the original ransom and sold the information.
Europol
On May 10, 2024, IntelBroker announced on BreachForums that they had gained access to 9,128 confidential records from the European Union's law enforcement agency Europol, including employee information, source code, and guideline documents. Most of the records came from the Europol Platform for Experts, a discussion platform for law enforcement, and the electronic evidence program SIRIUS. Europol confirmed that the leak was real, but claimed that it only contained information from Europol Platform for Experts and SIRIUS, and did not contain any operational information. IntelBroker announced that they would be accepting offers for the data in Monero, which was sold on May 11.
Apple
In June 2024, IntelBroker claimed on X that they had acquired source code for several internal Apple tools, before releasing the code on BreachForums. These tools were related to internal Apple processes, such as authenticating users and sharing information within Apple's network. Later analysis revealed that leaked code was not source code, but instead plugins for internal tools. However, the code still was a security risk, and could potentially be used by malicious parties.
AMD
On June 17, 2024, IntelBroker claimed on BreachForums that they had breached semiconductor giant AMD, and were selling the compromised data. Samples provided by them included data on future products, employee information, customer information, source code, and financial records. AMD quickly contacted law enforcement agencies to investigate the breach. Soon after, AMD claimed that the breach was limited in scope, would not impact the business, and implied that it did not include employee or customer information, conflicting with the initial report by The Cyber Express. Bloomberg correlated the attack with a 2.4% fall in AMD stock soon after the breach was announced.
References
Cybercriminals
Hackers
Hacking in the 2020s
Living people
Serbian criminals
Unidentified criminals
Unidentified people
Year of birth missing (living people) | IntelBroker | [
"Technology"
] | 1,283 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
77,623,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202927 | NGC 2927 is a large barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 7830 ± 20 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 115.49 ± 8.09 Mpc (∼377 million light-years). In addition, three non-redshift measurements give a distance of 120.667 ± 0.882 (∼394 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on 21 February 1863.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 2927 as a radio galaxy, i.e. it has giant regions of radio emission extending well beyond its visible structure.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 2927: SN 2023uvg (type Ic, mag. 18.7389) was discovered by the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) on 13 October 2023.
NGC 2927 forms a pair of galaxies with NGC 2929.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2927
027385
+04-23-016
05122
F09343+2349
Leo (constellation)
18630221
Discoveries by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest
Barred spiral galaxies
Radio galaxies | NGC 2927 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 261 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,624,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204363 | NGC 4363 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Draco. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1474 ± 3 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 21.75 ± 1.52 Mpc (∼71 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 10 December 1797.
On 31 October 2023, Kōichi Itagaki discovered a supernova in NGC 4363: SN 2023wcr (type II, mag. 16).
NGC 4589 Group
NGC 4363 is a bright galaxy in the X-ray range and is part of the NGC 4589 group which includes at least 17 other galaxies also bright in the X-ray range: NGC 4127, NGC 4133, NGC 4159, NGC 4291, NGC 4319, NGC 4331, NGC 4386, NGC 4589, NGC 4648, UGC 7086, UGC 7189, UGC 7238, UGC 7265, UGC 7844, UGC 7872 and UGC 7908.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4363
040233
F12212+7513
Draco (constellation)
17971210
Discoveries by William Herschel
Unbarred spiral galaxies | NGC 4363 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 280 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
77,625,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian%20Matthiesen | Lilian Matthiesen (born 1984) is a mathematician whose research involves analytic number theory including the application of Fourier analysis to Diophantine geometry. Educated in England, she has worked in France, Germany, and Sweden, and is University Professor in the Mathematics Institute of the University of Göttingen in Germany.
Education and career
Matthiesen earned a Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in England in 2012, with the dissertation Applications of the nilpotent Hardy–Littlewood method supervised by Ben Green.
After postdoctoral research at the University of Bristol, and in France at Paris-Sud University and the Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu – Paris Rive Gauche, she became an assistant professor at Leibniz University Hannover in Germany in 2015. She moved to the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 2016, and became an associate professor there, before taking a position as University Professor in the Mathematics Institute of the University of Göttingen in Germany.
Recognition
Matthiesen was the 2020 recipient of the Göran Gustafsson Prize, a 2023 recipient of the Wallenberg Prize of the Swedish Mathematical Society, and the 2024 recipient of the Tage Erlander Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
References
External links
Home page
1984 births
Living people
21st-century mathematicians
Women mathematicians
Number theorists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen | Lilian Matthiesen | [
"Mathematics"
] | 300 | [
"Number theorists",
"Number theory"
] |
77,626,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204375 | NGC 4375 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Coma Berenices. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 9325 ± 20 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 137.54 ± 9.63 Mpc (∼448 million light-years). However, four non-redshift measurements give a distance of 105.5 Mpc (~344 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 11 April 1785.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 4375 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 4375:
SN 1960J (type unknown, mag. 18.5) was discovered by Milton Humason on 18 June 1960.
SN 2023vsr (type II, mag. 17.6) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 24 October 2023.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4375
040449
+05-29-080
07496
12224+2850
Coma Berenices
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
Discoveries by William Herschel
Spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies | NGC 4375 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 297 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
77,627,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzins-Delahay%20equation | In electrochemistry, the Berzins-Delahay equation is analogous to the Randles–Sevcik equation, except that it predicts the peak height () of a linear potential scan when the reaction is electrochemically reversible, the reactants are soluble, and the products are deposited on the electrode with a thermodynamic activity of one.
= electrode surface area in cm2
= concentration of the reactant in mol/cm3
= stoichiometric number of electrons exchanged in equivalents/mol
= Faraday constant in C/equivalent
= Diffusion coefficient of the reactant in cm2/s
= scan rate in V/s
= Gas constant in J/molK
= temperature in K
Despite the fact that this equation is derived under very simplistic assumptions, considering the complex phenomenon of nucleation, the Berzins-Delahay equation often makes good predictions of . This is likely because nucleation processes have been resolved at this point, meaning that the fundamental assumptions of the derivation match the physical phenomena well. Corrections for these errant assumptions are available.
Derivation
This equation is derived using the following governing equations and initial/boundary conditions:
= time in s
= distance from planar electrode in cm
= the potential of the electrode in V
= the initial potential of the electrode in V
= the formal potential for the reaction in V
= a reference concentration of 1 mol/L or 1 mmol/cm3
Uses
The Berzins-Delahay equation is primarily used to measure the concentration or the diffusion coefficient of an analyte that participates in a reversible, deposition electrochemical reaction. To validate the application of this equation, one typically checks for a linear relationship between and and peak potentials () that are independent of . The characteristic shape of a deposition voltammogram, with a sharp reduction (negative current) with a decaying tail and a large oxidation peak that quickly decays to zero current, is also required to verify the reaction has soluble reactants and deposited products.
References
Electrochemical equations | Berzins-Delahay equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 423 | [
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Electrochemistry",
"Analytical chemistry stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Electrochemical equations"
] |
77,627,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linustedastat | Linustedastat (developmental code names FOR-6219 and OG-6219) is a 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD1; HSD17B1) inhibitor which is under development for the treatment of endometriosis. It is a steroidal compound derived from estrone and works by preventing the formation of the more potent estrogen estradiol from the minimally active precursor estrone. This in turn results in antiestrogenic effects that may be useful in the treatment of estrogen-dependent conditions. As of November 2023, the drug is in phase 2 clinical trials for endometriosis. It is also under preclinical investigation for treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer.
References
External links
FOR-6219 - AdisInsight
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
Amides
Antiestrogens
Estranes
Experimental drugs
Fluoroarenes
Imines
Pyridines | Linustedastat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 207 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,627,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205251 | NGC 5251 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Boötes. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 11202 ± 17 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 165.22 ± 11.57 Mpc (∼539 million light-years). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 11 April 1785.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 5251 as a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 5251: SN 2024bci (type Ia, mag. 18.77) was discovered by the GOTO (telescope array) on 24 January 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
5251
048119
+05-32-044
F13351+2740
Boötes
17850814
Discoveries by William Herschel
Spiral galaxies
LINER galaxies | NGC 5251 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 204 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
77,627,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-F-BPAP | 3-F-BPAP is a trifluorinated derivative of benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) and is an antagonist of the monoaminergic activity enhancer (MAE) effects of the tryptamine-related BPAP.
Conversely, 3-F-BPAP does not antagonize the catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) effects of the phenethylamine-derived selegiline (L-deprenyl) and phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP). This suggests that different MAEs like BPAP and selegiline may not be identical in their actions and might be acting via different receptor subtypes. In contrast to 3-F-BPAP however, the TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB antagonizes the MAE effects of both BPAP and selegiline.
3-F-BPAP has a weak MAE effect itself but with much lower potency than BPAP. The effects of MAEs like BPAP and selegiline appear to be mediated by TAAR1 agonism, and hence 3-F-BPAP may be acting as a TAAR1 antagonist (or weak partial agonist).
3-F-BPAP was developed by József Knoll and colleagues and was first described in the scientific literature in 2002.
References
Benzofuranethanamines
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Experimental drugs
Monoaminergic activity enhancer antagonists
Receptor antagonists
Trifluoromethyl compounds | 3-F-BPAP | [
"Chemistry"
] | 326 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Receptor antagonists"
] |
67,484,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20Unintelligence%3A%20How%20Computers%20Misunderstand%20the%20World | Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World is a 2018 American book, a guide to understanding the inner workings and outer limits of technology and why we should never assume that computers always get it right. It won the 2019 Prose Award in the Computing and Information Sciences category, and has been widely reviewed.
Overview
Meredith Broussard is a data journalism professor at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute at New York University. Her research focuses on the role of artificial intelligence in journalism. Broussard has published features and essays in many outlets including The Atlantic, Harper’s Magazine, and Slate Magazine.
Broussard has published a wide range of books examining the intersection of technology and social practice. Her book Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World, published in April 2018 by MIT Press, examines the limits of technology in solving social problems. A review in Times Higher Education states that
Reception
Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World won the 2019 Prose Award in the Computing and Information Sciences category.
Positive reviews appeared in The Philadelphia Inquirer, American Scientist, ZDNet, and in the Royal Society of Chemistry's publication, Chemistry World. Dr. Broussard has given talks based on her book at the international meeting of the History of Science Society and, on a lecture series inspired by her work, as the keynote speaker for "AI: The Future is Now" at Central Washington University.
References
2018 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about Artificial intelligence
Works about security and surveillance
MIT Press books | Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World | [
"Technology"
] | 321 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer book stubs"
] |
67,485,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Palau | Time in Palau is given by Palau Time (PWT; UTC+09:00). Palau does not have an associated daylight saving time.
Palau Time is equivalent to Japan Standard Time, Korean Standard Time, Pyongyang Time (North Korea), Eastern Indonesia Standard Time, East-Timorese Standard Time, and Yakutsk Time (Russia).
History
Until the end of 1844, Palau belonged to Captaincy General of the Philippines, which followed the date of the western hemisphere on its island. At the end of Monday, 30 December 1844, Palau was transferred to eastern hemisphere in response to Philippines's decision to switch sides of the line. This brought Palau closer to Asia (and in the process removing Tuesday, 31 December 1844 from the calendar).
Before time zones were introduced, every place used local observation of the sun to set its clocks, which meant that every location used a different local mean time based on its longitude. For example, Koror, the largest city of Palau at the time, at longitude 134°29′E, had a local time equivalent to GMT-15:02:04 under the date of the western hemisphere and GMT+08:57:56 under the eastern hemisphere.
In 1901, "Palau Time" (PWT) was established as GMT+09:00.
IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database gives Palau one time zone, Pacific/Palau.
References
Time by country
Geography of Palau | Time in Palau | [
"Physics"
] | 310 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,487,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20skin%20conductance | Electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) is an objective, non-invasive and quantitative electrophysiological measure of skin conductance through the application of a pulsating direct current on the skin. It is based on reverse iontophoresis and steady chronoamperometry (more specifically chronovoltametry). ESC is intended to provide insight into and assess sudomotor (or sweat gland) function and small fiber peripheral neuropathy. The measure was principally developed by Impeto Medical to diagnose cystic fibrosis from historical research at the Mayo Clinic and then tested on others diseases with peripheral neuropathic alterations in general. It was later integrated into health connected scales by Withings.
Biology
Anatomy: the eccrine sweat gland
See also sweat gland, eccrine sweat gland and Autonomic nervous system.
The ESC measurement relies on the particularities of the outer-most layer of the human skin, the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of a lipid corneocyte matrix crossed by skin appendages (sweat glands and their follicles) as described in Electrical properties of skin at moderate voltages: contribution of appendageal macropores. According to the authors the stratum corneum is electrically insulating against DC voltages under 10V and only its appendageal pathways are conductive.
In the hairless skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, in contact with the electrodes, the eccrine sweat glands are the principal conductive pathways this is why the ESC measurement technologies focus only on those skin parts.
These sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic autonomic peripheral nervous system. According to Sato, both adrenergic and cholinergic-muscarinic neurons participate, in the following physiological proportions: adrenergic 2/7 and cholinergic 5/7.
Particularities of the autonomic sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate sweat glands are that they are long (the postganglionic nerves start at the spinal cord and may end at the palm or sole), thin, unmyelinated or thinly myelinated C fibers. Because of these characteristics, they are prone to damage early in many neuropathic processes; assessing sweat gland nerve function, or dysfunction, therefore, can be used as a surrogate for the damage imparted to small caliber sensory nerves in neuropathy.
Physiology: Stimulation of sweat function
See Sudomotor function.
During normal physiological function, activation of eccrine sweat glands starts with a “chemical” stimulus. For instance, in the cholinergic pathway (the dominant pathway), this leads to the following sequence, or activation cascade:
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to its corresponding muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the membrane cells of the sweat gland wall;
This activates the G proteins coupled to the neuroreceptor;
The G proteins, or their intracellular messengers, then modulate ion channels, creating an ion flux through the membrane;
This polarizes the gland to voltages around 10 mV and always less than 100mV electrical potential difference between the two sides of the gland wall
Technology
Impeto medical: Sudoscan
Summary
For the purposes of measuring Electrochemical Skin Conductance Sudoscan technology activates the sweat gland with an “electrical” stimulus. The applied voltage directly polarizes the gland with voltages between 100 mV to 1000 mV. This induces ion fluxes across the gland wall, depending on the electrochemical gradient of the ions. Because the current applied is high compared to the physiological current, the test could be compared to a “stress test” for sweat glands.
In fact, firm application of the hands and feet against the electrodes blocks physiological sweating, and the active measure extracts electro-active ions (i. e., chloride near the anode, proton near the cathode) and pulls them towards the electrodes.
The resulting conductance is then given for each foot and hand in μS (micro-Siemens).
Details
Currently, ESC measurement can be obtained with the use of a medical device, called Sudoscan. No specific patient preparation or medical personnel training is required. The measure lasts less than 3 minutes, and is innocuous and non-invasive.
The apparatus consists of stainless-steel electrodes for the hands and the feet which are connected to a computer for recording and data management purposes. To conduct an ESC test, the patients place their hands and feet on the electrodes. Sweat glands are most numerous on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and thus well suited for sudomotor function evaluation.
The electrodes are used alternatively as anode or cathode. A direct current (DC) incremental voltage under 4 volts is applied on the anode. This DC, through reverse iontophoresis, induces a voltage on the cathode and generates a current (of an intensity less than 0.3 mA) between the anode and the cathode, related to electro-active ions from sweat reacting with the electrodes. The electrochemical phenomena are measured by the two active electrodes (the anode and the cathode) successively in the two active limbs (either hands or feet), whilst the two passive electrodes allow retrieval of the body potential.
During the test, 4 combinations of 15 different low DC voltages are applied. The resulting Electrochemical Skin Conductances (ESC) for each hand and foot are expressed in μS (micro-Siemens). The test also evaluates the percentage of asymmetry between the left and right side, for both hands and feet ESC, providing an assessment of whether one side is more affected than the other.
Withings: scales
Summary
Withings integrated Sudoscan technology into its scale (FDA clearance) in order to provide large adoption of the measurement and allow for at home follow-up of patients with neuropathies.
Details
The Withings technology is based on the same principle but only measure the ESC on foot from its BodyComp and BodyScan scales. A clinical trial (agreement study) demonstrated the correlation between the BodyScan scale and Sudoscan measurements. More generally the adoption of a technology going from only hospital measurements to home measurements allow the building of Real World Evidence (RWE) time series profile for patients.
Alternative methods and technologies
There are several other clinical tests available to assess sudomotor and/or small fiber function and/or peripheral or cardiac neuropathy. These may employ a measurement target other than the sweat glands, and/or alternate methodologies.
For sudomotor tests specific clinical assessments include:
Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR), defined as the variation in electrical potential of the skin due to sympathetic sudomotor outflow,
Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Testing (QSART)
Applications
From a physiological standpoint, the pattern of innervation of the sweat gland—namely, the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers—allows clinicians and researchers to use sudomotor function testing to assess dysfunction of the autonomic nervous systems (ANS).
To ensure optimal use and interpretation of the ESC, normative values were defined in adults and children. In addition, reproducibility of the method was assessed under clinical conditions, including both healthy controls and patients with common chronic conditions.
ESC has clinical utility in the evaluation and follow-up of dysautonomia and small fiber peripheral neuropathy which may occur in diseases such as:
Diabetes
General
See diabetes
Diabetes and two of its main complications: diabetic neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. Sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the most common type of polyneuropathy in community-dwelling patients with diabetes, affecting about 25% of them. The course of DSPN is insidious, though, and up to 50% of patients with neuropathy may be asymptomatic, often resulting in delayed diagnosis. Advanced or painful DSPN may result not only in reduced quality of life, but has been statistically associated with retinopathy and nephropathy, and leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The autonomic nervous system (ANS), of which sudomotor nerves are an integral part, is the primary extrinsic control mechanism regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial contractility. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) describes a dysfunction of the ANS and its regulation of the cardiovascular system. CAN is the strongest predictor for mortality in diabetes. Because early symptoms of CAN tend to be nonspecific, its diagnosis is frequently delayed and screening for CAN should be routinely considered in diabetic patients. Assessment of sudomotor function provides a measure of sympathetic cholinergic function in the workup of CAN.
Diabetic foot ulcer
See Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).
In diabetic wounds, issues like tissue ischemia, hypoxia, high glucose microenvironment and skin dryness disrupt the healing process, leading to delayed or nonhealing wounds and clinical complications. In some cases it led to amputations and in the worst cases to the death. In that context being able to detect earlier the diabetic neuropathies and skin dryness with electrochemical conductance to avoid complication has been proposed for DFU management.
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis such as familial amyloid neuropathy, AL amyloidosis, and AA amyloidosis [publication pending]. During the course of AL amyloidosis, peripheral neuropathy occurs in 10–35% of patients; dysautonomia itself is an independent prognostic factor, and assessment of sweat disturbances is routine in the evaluation of amyloidosis. ESC may provide a measure of subclinical autonomic involvement, which is not systematically assessed with more sophisticated equipment.
Cystic fibrosis
The effects of cystic fibrosis on sweat glands were described by Quinton. The performance and potential utility of ESC were assessed in this disease.
Parkinson's disease
Assessment of dysautonomia is important for patient follow-up and assessment of sudomotor function can be helpful in daily practice.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common, potentially severe and dose-limiting adverse effect of multiple chemotherapeutic agents. CIPN can persist long after the completion of chemotherapy and imposes a significant quality of life and economic burden to cancer survivors. ESC allows for an objective quantification of small fiber impairment and is easy to implement in the clinic.
Sjögren syndrome
ESC may help in the diagnosis process.
Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain usually manifests in the setting of small fiber neuropathy. Small fiber neuropathy is common and may arise from a number of conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. The gold standard for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy as the etiology of neuropathic pain is skin biopsy. Sudomotor assessment, an accurate objective technique, could be considered as a good screening tool to limit skin biopsy in patients in whom it is not suitable.
ESC has been evaluated for both early diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy and follow-up of treatment efficacy in each of these conditions.
References
Electrophysiology
Electrodiagnosis
Medical assessment and evaluation instruments
Medical procedures
Electrophoresis
Electroanalytical methods
Skin anatomy
Skin physiology
Peripheral nervous system disorders | Electrochemical skin conductance | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,413 | [
"Electroanalytical chemistry",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Biochemical separation processes",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Electroanalytical methods",
"Electrophoresis"
] |
67,487,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Kiribati | Kiribati, a country in Oceania comprising 32 atolls and reef islands and one raised coral island, observes three time zones, ranging from UTC+12:00 to +14. Kiribati does not observe daylight saving time.
The three given time zones are for the three primary island groups that form Kiribati, and their associated atolls: Gilbert Island Time (GILT; UTC+12:00), Phoenix Island Time (PHOT; UTC+13:00) and Line Islands Time (LINT; UTC+14:00). UTC+14:00 is the most advanced time zone in the world, making Kiribati one of the first countries to celebrate a New Year, although Samoa also used to observe UTC+14:00 during their daylight saving time, but not since 2021.
Although Kiribati spans both the equator and the 180th meridian, the International Date Line goes around Kiribati and swings far to the east, almost reaching the 150°W meridian. This was the result of the Phoenix and Line Islands switching in 1994 from UTC−11:00 and −10 to UTC+13:00 and +14 respectively.
History
When the Republic of Kiribati was founded in 1979, it had three time zones: UTC+12:00 in the Gilbert Islands, UTC−11:00 in the Phoenix Islands and UTC−10:00 in the Line Islands. Gilbert was west of the international dateline and the Phoenix and Line Islands were east of it. This meant that the Gilbert Islands were nearly a full day ahead of the eastern islands.
For administrative purposes, the time zones had to be adjusted. To solve it, the government of Kiribati introduced a change of date for its eastern half on 31 December 1994, from time zones UTC−11:00 and UTC−10:00 to UTC+13:00 and UTC+14:00. Before this, UTC+13:00 and UTC+14:00 did not exist.
The revision of Kiribati's time zone meant that the international date line in effect moved 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) eastwards to go around this country, so that the Line Islands, including the inhabited Kiritimati island, started the year 2000 on its territory before any other country on Earth, a feature the Kiribati government capitalised on as a potential tourist draw.
IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database in the file zone.tab contains three time zones for Kiribati. Data below is for Kiribati directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
References
External links
Time in Kiribati at TimeAndDate.com
Time in Kiribati
Geography of Kiribati | Time in Kiribati | [
"Physics"
] | 582 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,487,511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Solomon%20Islands | Time in Solomon Islands is given by Solomon Islands Time (SBT; UTC+11:00). Solomon Islands does not have an associated daylight saving time.
IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database gives the Solomon Islands one time zone, Pacific/Guadalcanal.
References
Time by country
Geography of the Solomon Islands | Time in Solomon Islands | [
"Physics"
] | 69 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,487,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203998 | NGC 3998 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered on April 14, 1789, by the astronomer William Herschel. At a distance of 45 million light-years (13.7 megaparsecs), it is located relatively nearby, making it a well-studied object.
In Gérard de Vaucouleurs' atlas of galaxy morphological types, NGC 3998 has a classification of SA00(r):, meaning it is unbarred and has an internal ring. It is classified as a LINER-type galaxy. As an early-type galaxy, NGC 3998's stars are relatively old and reddish in color, but its nuclear region may still have signs of star formation with stars less than 10 million years old. The galaxy's shape is very round, and also oblate.
Structure
NGC 3998 contains an active galactic nucleus, or AGN. These are supermassive black holes that are surrounded by accretion disks that emit large amounts of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum. The supermassive black hole has been modeled to be about The AGN's power is relatively low, and like most other low-power radio galaxies, most of its emission is concentrated near its core. However, it also has some S-shaped lobes of emission, which are quite young and active, at only a few tens of millions of years old.
NGC 3998 has a small disk of ionized Hα radiation that is about roughly 100 parsecs wide, along with a larger, warped disk of neutral hydrogen. It is thought that the gas disk has just started to align with the stellar distribution, which would also explain the warped shape of the radio emission.
References
External links
Ursa Major
3998
Unbarred lenticular galaxies
LINER galaxies
037642 | NGC 3998 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 376 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
67,489,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Nauru | Time in Nauru is given by Nauru Time (NRT; UTC+12:00), also known infrequently as "Nauru Alternate Time". Nauru does not have an associated daylight saving time.
UTC+12:00 is not officially the legal time, however, due to the peculiar way the legislative Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 is worded, which proposed adopting either "Nauru Standard Time" as UTC+11:00, or "Nauru Alternate Time" as UTC+12:00. The latter time is commonly used however.
IANA time zone database
In the IANA time zone database, Nauru is given the time zone Pacific/Nauru.
References
External links
Nauru Time (NRT)
Current time in Nauru at Time.is
Time in Nauru
Geography of Nauru | Time in Nauru | [
"Physics"
] | 171 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,490,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20Martin%20%28hacker%29 | Hector Martin Cantero (born September 9, 1990), also known as marcan, is a Spanish security hacker and current lead developer on the Asahi Linux project. He is also known for hacking multiple PlayStation generations, the Wii and other devices.
Biography
Education
Martin went to the American School of Bilbao (Spain), where he received his primary and secondary education.
Career
Since 2011, he has been an official staff volunteer at Euskal Encounter, Gipuzkoa Encounter and Araba Encounter LAN parties. He is the coordinator of the Free Software area, where he organizes the "Hack It / Solve It" competition (a cybersecurity challenge known as capture the flag) and the "AI Contest" competition.
He has been part of fail0verflow, (formerly known as Team Twiizers) where he was responsible for reverse engineering and hacking the Wii. He was the first to write an open source driver for the Microsoft Kinect by reverse engineering for which he was widely credited. Sony sued him and others for hacking the PlayStation 3; the case was eventually settled out of court. In 2016, he ported Linux to the PlayStation 4 and demonstrated that at the 33rd Chaos Communication Congress by running Steam inside Linux. He wrote the usbmuxd tool for synchronizing data from iPhones to Linux computers.
In 2021, Martin founded the Asahi Linux project, an effort to port Linux to the new Apple silicon-powered Macs. He currently remains the lead developer on the project. While reverse engineering Apple's hardware, Martin discovered the "M1racles" security vulnerability on the Apple M1 processor.
See also
Asahi Linux
References
External links
Hector Martin's YouTube ― Asahi Linux coding streams
1990 births
Living people
Hackers
Computer security specialists
PlayStation (brand)
Reverse engineering | Hector Martin (hacker) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 361 | [
"Reverse engineering",
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
67,491,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio%20Tankers | Scorpio Tankers Inc. is a tanker shipping company founded by Emanuele A. Lauro on 1 July 2009. It is an international provider in the transportation of refined petroleum products. Scorpio Tankers is headquartered in Monaco and trades on the New York Stock Exchange. The company has the most LR2 tankers exposure of the public companies.
History
In 1976, Italian businessman Glauco Lolli-Ghetti founded Scorpio Ship Management in New York and soon returned to Europe, settling in Monaco. In 2003, Scorpio Ship Management was headed by the businessman's grandson, 24-year-old Emanuele A. Lauro.
In 2009, the tanker fleet was separated into a separate structure, Scorpio Tankers. Scorpio Tankers was incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Scorpio Tankers’ principal executive office is in Monaco with an office in New York, NY.
In April 2010, Scorpio Tankers completed its underwriting initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and its common shares are listed for trading on the NYSE as “STNG”. The company put up 12.5 million shares for sale at a starting price of $13. As a result, it raised about $150 million.
In 2014 Scorpio Tankers sold eight just built VLCCs, generating $50 million in net profit from the difference in price at the stage of ordering and the cost of the finished vessel.
In May 2017 the company signed a merger with Navig8 Product Tankers acquiring their 27 recently built LR tankers. The deal made Scorpio Tankers the largest product tanker firm on a U.S. securities exchange.
In January 2021 Scorpio Tankers decided to sell and lease back one LR2 product tanker and three MR product tankers to China’s AVIC International Leasing. In March 2021, the company announced $138.2 million convertible note exchange and a new issuance.
Fleet
The company currently owns or finance leases 128 product tankers:
42 LR2 tankers
12 LR1 tankers
56 MR tankers (including 4 newbuilds and 14 Handymax tankers)
3 MR tankers
7 Handymax tankers
References
1976 establishments in New York City
Tanker shipping companies
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in New York City
Petroleum industry | Scorpio Tankers | [
"Chemistry"
] | 488 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum industry"
] |
67,492,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1794%20Cygni | V1794 Cygni is a single variable star in the northern constellation Cygnus. It has the identifier HD 199178 from the Henry Draper Catalogue; V1794 Cygni is its variable star designation. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.24, it's too dim to be visible with the naked eye but can be seen with binoculars. V1794 is located at a distance of based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −31 km/s. It lies superimposed over a region of faint nebulosity to the west of the North American Nebula.
Spectrographs of HD 199178 taken in 1926 showed unusually diffuse lines for a star of its type. In 1981, a broad, variable emission of Hydrogen alpha was noted, and the star showed a photometric variability with a period a few days. It showed extreme rotational broadening of the absorption lines but no variation in radial velocity. The existence of a class of single, cool, rapidly rotating giant stars such as FK Com and HD 199178 presented a puzzle for astronomers. The star showed a variable polarization with a period of four days, suggesting chromospheric activity with an asymmetric distribution of star spots and faculae, modulated by rotation. Photometric measurements established a rotation period of 3.337 days by 1983.
V1794 Cygni was classified as a Herbig Ae/Be star in 1999 in a catalog of UX Orionis stars. However, this proved incorrect because of the star's its fast rotation compared to other giants and it is now classified as a FK Comae Berenices variable. The stellar classification of V1794 Cygni is G7III-IVne, matching an evolved subgiant/giant star with emission lines (e) plus "nebulous" lines (n) due to rapid rotation. It is currently crossing the Hertzsprung gap, which indicates it has ceased core hydrogen burning.
This star has 165% of the mass and 6.1 times the radius of the Sun, but, with an age of around 2 billion years is younger than the latter. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 84 km/s. V1794 Cygni is radiating 13 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,180 K, which gives it a yellow hue. For a giant star it has an exceptionally high X-ray emission, which suggests there is a high surface density of active regions.
References
Further reading
FK Comae Berenices variables
G-type giants
G-type subgiants
Variable stars
Emission-line stars
Cygnus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
199718
103144
Cygni, V1794 | V1794 Cygni | [
"Astronomy"
] | 583 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
67,493,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible%20Women%3A%20Exposing%20Data%20Bias%20in%20a%20World%20Designed%20for%20Men | Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men is a 2019 book by British feminist author Caroline Criado Perez. The book describes the adverse effects on women caused by gender bias in big data collection.
Reception
The book received both the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize and the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award in 2019. It has on the whole been welcomed and positively reviewed in major publications.
This book is described by Cordelia Fine and Victor Sojo in The Lancet as providing "several fascinating case studies—from domains as varied as medicine, occupational health and safety, transport, technology, politics, and disaster relief".
Carol Tavris reviewed it for Skeptical Inquirer Magazine, stating that the "theoretical underpinning of this book is not new; every generation of feminist scholars rediscovers Simone de Beauvoir's 1949 observations that women are the second sex", referring to the French philosopher's book.
Angela Saini reviewed it in The Guardian, calling it "a dossier on gender inequality that demands urgent action." The book makes clear, she writes that "women aren't a minority. They are the majority. They are absolutely everywhere and always have been. Yet as Criado Perez shows, women must live in a society built around men. From a lack of streetlights to allow us to feel safe, to an absence of workplace childcare facilities, almost everything seems to have been designed for the average white working man and the average stay-at-home white woman. Her answer is to think again, to collect more data, study that data, and ask women what they want." Still, writes Saini, for all the data that Criado Perez presents, "What should worry us more than the data gap, then, is that huge and seemingly intractable don't-give-a-damn gap."
In an article for Literary Review magazine titled 'Female Unfriendly', feminist author Joan Smith, lauds the book as essential reading, at least for those to whom Criado Perez's findings will be news. "This book, which demonstrates the bias men enjoy in both familiar (to me at least) and less obvious scenarios, sets the record straight. I knew, for instance, that women fare worse after heart attacks because they present with different symptoms from men; Criado Perez cites research showing that women are 50 per cent more likely to be misdiagnosed because they tend not to have the classic 'Hollywood heart attack', which begins with chest and left-arm pains. But I didn't realise that women are also more likely to suffer serious injuries in a car crash because crash test dummies have traditionally been designed to reflect the 'average' male body." Smith concludes that "The cumulative effect of all this evidence is devastating, even if it confirms what most women already know."
Invisible Women also found a wide international audience, and has been translated into many languages, including French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Finnish, Portuguese, Persian, Swedish, Icelandic, Danish, Greek, Lithuanian, Estonian, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Turkish, Russian and Chinese.
References
2019 non-fiction books
Chatto & Windus books
Data activism
Feminist books | Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men | [
"Technology"
] | 673 | [
"Data",
"Data activism"
] |
67,493,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairability | Repairability is a measure of the degree to and ease with which a product can be repaired and maintained, usually by end consumers. Repairable products are put in contrast to obsolescence or products designed with planned obsolescence.
Some private organizations and companies, mostly affiliated with the right to repair movement, assign repairability scores to products as a way of communicating to consumers how easily repairable the product is.
French repairability index
Since 2021, some smartphones, laptops, televisions, washing machines, lawnmowers and other electronic devices sold in France have been required to report a repairability index () which rates how repairable a product is on a scale from 0 to 10, primarily to prevent corporate greenwashing and encourage environmental transparency. Products are evaluated on 5 key areas: documentation, disassembly, spare parts availability, spare part pricing, and product specifics. The French scorecard took inspiration from iFixit's scorecards and intends to expand its efforts to rate overall durability in addition to repairability.
Limitations
The repairability index scoring process is not bulletproof, though—manufacturers currently self-report their indices to regulatory bodies with little to no government oversight ensuring the index was properly calculated. For example, smartphone and laptop manufacturers can obtain an extra point on the index just by providing consumers with information regarding security or software updates.
Effects
Since France's recently enacted legislation requiring repairability indices, some positive effects have materialized. For instance, Samsung now offers consumers a free online repair manual for its Galaxy S21+ in an attempt to boost its repairability index. The enforcement of French repairability index laws pushed Samsung to release this manual, something consumers had been requesting for a long time; in contrast, there is no English repair manual for American consumers, as U.S. legislation doesn't incentivize Samsung to release such a manual. This French legislation has applied pressure to tech corporations to increase the repairability of their products and transition to a far more circular economy.
Notable Score
At launch, the average repairability score has hovered around 5.4 out of 10. Apple's iPhone 12 models scored a 6.0 and its iPhone 11 models scored a 4.5 out of 10 on the repairability index scale; the 2021 MacBook Air scored a 6.5 and the 2021 MacBook Pro scored a 5.6 on the scale. Google's Pixel 4a scored a 6.3.
See also
Availability
Circular economy
Design life
Electronic waste
Interchangeable parts
Maintainability
Product life
Repairable component
Service life
Throwaway society
References
External links
Repairability index page for Microsoft
Right to repair
Consumer electronics
Maintenance | Repairability | [
"Engineering"
] | 536 | [
"Maintenance",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
67,494,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki%20temple%20ruins | The is an archaeological site with the ruins of a large Buddhist temple located in the Yabata-Kamiyamakawa neighborhood of the city of Yūki, Ibaraki, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 2002.
Overview
The Yūki temple ruins site is located approximately 4.5 kilometers south of Yūki Station, to the east of the modern center of Yūki city. It is located on a river terrace on the west bank of the Kinugawa River, which is the northernmost tip of ancient Shimotsuke Province. The temple was erected in the early 700's in the early Nara period and was destroyed by fire in the 900's in the Heian period. It was rebuilt in the Kamakura period and survived until the middle of the Muromachi period.
Archaeological excavations were conducted eight times from 1988 to 1995. The ruins of the central temple area contained the foundations of the Kondō, the Pagoda, Middle Gate Lecture Hall, Cloisters, and monks dormitory. The foundations of a South Gate have not been discovered. Traces of a moat were also found, indicating that the temple compound measured 180 meters from east-to-west and 250 meters from north-to-south. The layout of the structures was identical to that of Asuka period Hokki-ji in Nara Prefecture with the Kondō in the west and Pagoda in the east. Various artifacts excavated included "Renbutsu" Buddhist votive statues in clay, roof tiles (including end tiles with a lotus motif) and titles giving the name of the temple as "Hōjō-ji". This corresponds to the name of a temple in the Shōmonki, a medieval chronicle of the life of Taira no Masakado. From the layout and artifacts, this temple ruin indicates the spread of Buddhism into the northern Kantō region from an early date, with strong Kansai influences.
The post-Heian period temple area surrounded by an irregular quadrilateral moat, measuring 266 meters on the east, 250 meters on the west, 111 meters on the south, and 132 meters on the north The east-west width is therefore narrower than in the Nara period. However, no remains of the post-Heian period buildings have been confirmed, and no medieval roof tiles have been excavated. It is believed that this is because the later buildings had foundation stones placed directly on the surface of the earth without digging, and the roofs were made of cypress bark instead of clay tiles.
The site was backfilled after excavation and is now an empty field. It is located about 16 minutes by car from Yūki Station on the JR East Mito Line.
Yūki Hachiman Tile Kiln Site
The is an archaeological site with the ruins of the kilns used to make the roof tiles used for the temple found at the Yūki temple ruins. It is located approximately 500 meters to the northeast of the temple ruins. The site was first investigated in 1953, and the ruins of four noborigama-style kilns were confirmed in 2000 and 2001 excavations. Two of the four kilns are over five meters long, and the other two are of unknown overall size. In addition, one earthen basin was detected on the eastern slope and one on the northern slope, and one pit dwelling site was detected on the flat surface of the plateau. The earthen basins are believed to be storage places for clay, and the site of the pit dwelling to be a workshop.
The roof tiles for the Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji temple, also constructed in the Nara period, came from the kilns at this site. The kiln ruins are part of the National Historic Site designation.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Ibaraki)
References
External links
Ibaraki Prefecture Board of Education official site
Yūki city home page
Historic Sites of Japan
Yūki, Ibaraki
Shimotsuke Province
Nara period
Buddhist archaeological sites in Japan
Former Buddhist temples
Japanese pottery kiln sites | Yūki temple ruins | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 817 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
67,494,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bion-M%20No.2 | Bion-M No.2 () is a planned Russian space mission, part of the Bion programme focused on space medicine. This second generation Bion-M continues the biological research in space. The prior spacecraft in the series, Bion-M No.1, was launched in 2013. The Bion-M spacecraft are designed to carry biological, physiological and biotechnological experiments to low Earth orbit and return them to Earth at the end of the mission.
Satellite description
The satellite has components from two long-standing Soviet spy satellite families. Bion's landing unit is from the Zenit 2M satellite and the satellite also carries an instrument section developed for the Yantar satellite. The satellite was made by TsSKB Progress of Samara, Russia.
Launch
The animal-carrying space capsule will be launched into orbit by a Soyuz-2.1b launch vehicle from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan no earlier than March 2025.
See also
Effect of spaceflight on the human body
References
Bion satellites
2025 in spaceflight
2025 in Russia
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets | Bion-M No.2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 225 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
67,497,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20the%20Marshall%20Islands | Time in the Marshall Islands, an island country consisting of over 29 coral atolls, is given by Marshall Islands Time (MHT; UTC+12:00). The Marshall Islands does not have an associated daylight saving time.
It is located near the equator, slightly west of the International Date Line.
History
The Kwajalein Atoll of the Marshall Islands formerly observed UTC-12:00, which made communicating and trading with the other atolls observing UTC+12:00 a day ahead highly problematic. Due to this, the Kwajalein Atoll advanced 24 hours to the Eastern Hemisphere side of the International Date Line by skipping 21 August 1993.
IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database gives the Marshall Islands two zones:
References
External links
Marshall Island Time (MHT) at TimeAndDate.com
Current time in Majuro, Marshall Islands at Time.is
Geography of the Marshall Islands | Time in the Marshall Islands | [
"Physics"
] | 182 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,499,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar%20Linux | Familiar Linux is a discontinued Linux distribution for iPAQ devices and other personal digital assistants (PDAs), intended as a replacement for Windows CE. It can use OPIE or GPE Palmtop Environment as the graphical user interface.
Technical details
It is loosely based on the Debian ARM distribution, but uses the ipkg package manager. It contained Python and XFree86.
History
In May 2000, Alexander Guy took a kernel that had been worked on by Compaq programmers, built a complete Linux distribution around it, and released the first version of Familiar (v0.1).
The first version was released in May 2000.
It was developed as part of the Handhelds.org project.
Reception
According to a 2004 review by IBM developerWorks, Familiar Linux needed more polish and "could gain mass acceptance if a dual-boot procedure were made possible".
References
External links
Linux.com interview with the original author
Linux
ARM Linux distributions
Linux distributions
Discontinued Linux distributions | Familiar Linux | [
"Technology"
] | 196 | [
"Operating system stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
47,670,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20Science%20and%20Technology | Plasma Science and Technology is a scientific journal published by the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, hosted by IOP Publishing. It publishes novel experimental and theoretical findings in all fields related to plasma physics. The current editor-in-chief is Yunfeng Liang of the Forschungszentrum Jülich Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Germany.
See also
Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
References
External links
Journal home page
Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
IOP Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 1999
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Plasma science journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies | Plasma Science and Technology | [
"Physics"
] | 148 | [
"Plasma science journals",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics"
] |
47,671,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20threat%20intelligence | Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is a subfield of cybersecurity that focuses on the structured collection, analysis, and dissemination of data regarding potential or existing cyber threats. It provides organizations with the insights necessary to anticipate, prevent, and respond to cyberattacks by understanding the behavior of threat actors, their tactics, and the vulnerabilities they exploit.
Cyber threat intelligence sources include open source intelligence, social media intelligence, human Intelligence, technical intelligence, device log files, forensically acquired data or intelligence from the internet traffic and data derived for the deep and dark web.
In recent years, threat intelligence has become a crucial part of companies' cyber security strategy since it allows companies to be more proactive in their approach and determine which threats represent the greatest risks to a business. This puts companies on a more proactive front, actively trying to find their vulnerabilities and preventing hacks before they happen. This method is gaining importance in recent years since, as IBM estimates, the most common method companies are hack is via threat exploitation (47% of all attacks).
Threat vulnerabilities have risen in recent years also due to the COVID-19 pandemic and more people working from home - which makes companies' data more vulnerable. Due to the growing threats on one hand, and the growing sophistication needed for threat intelligence, many companies have opted in recent years to outsource their threat intelligence activities to a managed security provider (MSSP).
Process - intelligence cycle
The process of developing cyber threat intelligence is a circular and continuous process, known as the intelligence cycle, which is composed of five phases, carried out by intelligence teams to provide to leadership relevant and convenient intelligence to reduce danger and uncertainty.
The five phases are: 1) planning and direction; 2) collection; 3) processing; 4) analysis; 5) dissemination.
In planning and directing, the customer of the intelligence product requests intelligence on a specific topic or objective. Then, once directed by the client, the second phase begins, collection, which involves accessing the raw information that will be required to produce the finished intelligence product. Since information is not intelligence, it must be transformed and therefore must go through the processing and analysis phases: in the processing (or pre-analytical phase) the raw information is filtered and prepared for analysis through a series of techniques (decryption, language translation, data reduction, etc.); In the analysis phase, organized information is transformed into intelligence. Finally, the dissemination phase, in which the newly selected threat intelligence is sent to the various users for their use.
Types
There are three overarching, but not categorical - classes of cyber threat intelligence: 1) tactical; 2) operational; 3) strategic. These classes are fundamental to building a comprehensive threat assessment.
Tactical: Typically used to help identify threat actors. Indicators of compromise (such as IP addresses, Internet domains or hashes) are used and the analysis of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by cybercriminals is beginning to be deepened. Insights generated at the tactical level will help security teams predict upcoming attacks and identify them at the earliest possible stages.
Operational: This is the most technical level of threat intelligence. It shares hard and specific details about attacks, motivation, threat actor capabilities, and individual campaigns. Insights provided by threat intelligence experts at this level include the nature, intent, and timing of emerging threats. This type of information is more difficult to obtain and is most often collected through deep, obscure web forums that internal teams cannot access. Security and attack response teams are the ones that use this type of operational intelligence.
Strategic: Usually tailored to non-technical audiences, intelligence on general risks associated with cyberthreats. The goal is to deliver, in the form of white papers and reports, a detailed analysis of current and projected future risks to the business, as well as the potential consequences of threats to help leaders prioritize their responses.
Benefits of cyber threat intelligence
Cyber threat intelligence provides a number of benefits, which include:
Gives organizations, agencies or other entities, the ability to develop a proactive and robust cybersecurity posture and to bolster overall risk management and cyber security policies and responses.
Drives momentum toward a proactive cybersecurity posture that is predictive, not simply reactive after a cyber attack.
It provides context and insights about active attacks and potential threats to aid decision making.
It prevents data breaches from releasing sensitive information, thus preventing data loss.
Reduce costs. Since data breaches are costs, reducing the risk of data breaches helps save money.
It helps and provides instructions to institutions on how to implement security measures to protect against future attacks.
Enables sharing of knowledge, skills and experiences among the cyber security community of practice and systems stakeholders.
It helps to more easily and better identify risks and threats, as well as delivery mechanisms, indicators of compromise across the infrastructure, and potential specific actors and motivators.
Helps in the detection of attacks during and before these stages.
Provides indicators of actions taken during each stage of the attack.
Communicates threat surfaces, attack vectors and malicious activities directed to both information technology and operational technology platforms.
Serve as fact-based repository for evidence of both successful and unsuccessful cyber attacks.
Provide indicators for computer emergency response teams and incident response groups.
Key elements
There are three key elements that must be present for information or data to be considered threat intelligence:
Evidence-based: For any intelligence product to be useful, it must first be obtained through proper evidence-gathering methods. Through other processes, such as malware analysis, threat intelligence can be produced.
Utility: For threat intelligence to have a positive impact on the outcome of a security event, it must have some utility. Intelligence must provide clarity, in terms of context and data, about specific behaviours and methods.
Actionable: Action is the key element that separates information or data from threat intelligence. Intelligence must drive action.
Attribution
Cyber threats involve the use of computers, storage devices, software networks and cloud-based repositories. Prior to, during or after a cyber attack technical information about the information and operational technology, devices, network and computers between the attacker(s) and the victim(s) can be collected, stored and analyzed. However, identifying the person(s) behind an attack, their motivations, or the ultimate sponsor of the attack, - termed attribution is sometimes difficult, as attackers can use deceptive tactics to evade detection or mislead analysts into drawing incorrect conclusions. Multiple efforts in threat intelligence emphasize understanding adversary TTPs to tackle these issues.
A number of recent cyber threat intelligence analytical reports have been released by public and private sector organizations which attribute cyber attacks. This includes Mandiant's APT1 and APT28 reports, US CERT's APT29 report, and Symantec's Dragonfly, Waterbug Group and Seedworm reports.
CTI sharing
In 2015 U.S. government legislation in the form of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act encouraged the sharing of CTI indicators between government and private organizations. This act required the U.S. federal government to facilitate and promote four CTI objectives:
Sharing of "classified and declassified cyber threat indicators in possession of the federal government with private entities, nonfederal government agencies, or state, tribal, or local governments";
Sharing of "unclassified indicators with the public";
Sharing of "information with entities under cybersecurity threats to prevent or mitigate adverse effects";
Sharing of "cybersecurity best practices with attention to the challenges faced by small businesses.
In 2016, the U.S. government agency National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a publication (NIST SP 800-150) which further outlined the necessity for Cyber Threat Information Sharing as well as a framework for implementation.
See also
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act
Denial-of-service attack
Indicator of compromise
Malware
Malware analysis
Ransomware
Zero-day (computing)
References
Further reading
Anca Dinicu, "Nicolae Bălcescu" Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania, Cyber Threats to National Security. Specific Features and Actors Involved - Bulletin Ştiinţific No 2(38)/2014
Zero Day: Nuclear Cyber Sabotage, BBC Four - the Documentary thriller about warfare in a world without rules - the world of cyberwar. It tells the story of Stuxnet, self-replicating computer malware, known as a 'worm' for its ability to burrow from computer
What is threat intelligence? - Blog post providing context and adding to the discussion of defining threat intelligence.
Threat hunting explained - Short article explaining cyber threat intelligence.
Cyber Threat Intelligence - What is Cyber Threat Intelligence? - Definitive guide for beginners.
Computer forensics
Cyberwarfare
Intelligence gathering disciplines | Cyber threat intelligence | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,795 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer forensics"
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47,671,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification%20%28vegetation%29 | In ecology, stratification refers to the vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers. It classifies the layers (sing. stratum, pl. strata) of vegetation largely according to the different heights to which their plants grow. The individual layers are inhabited by different animal and plant communities (stratozones).
Vertical structure in terrestrial plant habitats
The following layers are generally distinguished: forest floor (root and moss layers), herb, shrub, understory and canopy layers. These vegetation layers are primarily determined by the height of their individual plants, the different elements may however have a range of heights. The actual layer is characterised by the height range in which the vast majority of photosynthetic organs (predominantly leaves) are found. Taller species will have part of their shoot system in the underlying layers. In addition to the above-ground stratification there is also a “root layer”. In the broadest sense, the layering of diaspores in the soil may be counted as part of the vertical structure.
The plants of a layer, especially with regard to their way of life and correspondingly similar root distribution interact closely and compete strongly for space, light, water and nutrients. The stratification of a plant community is the result of long selection and adaptation processes. Through the formation of different layers a given habitat is better utilized. Strongly vertically stratified habitats are very stable ecosystems. The opposite is not true, because several less stratified vegetation types, such as reed beds, can be very stable. The layers of a habitat are closely interrelated and at least partly interdependent. This is often the case as a result of the changes in microclimate of the top layers, the light factor being of particular importance.
Besides the superposition of different plants growing on the same soil, there is a lateral impact of the higher layers on adjacent plant communities, for example, at the edges of forests and bushes. This particular vegetation structure results in the growth of certain vegetation types such as forest mantle and margin communities.
Tree layer
This layer of vegetation starts from a height of about 5 metres and comprises the top stratum, which consists of phanerophytes. They can be about 45 metres high. The trees (and sometimes shrubs) are of various heights. One tree has its crown at the height of another’s trunk. At the top the crowns of the different species of trees form a more or less closed canopy. This layer creates special ecological conditions in the underlying layers of forests. The density of the trees determines the amount of light inside the forest. The force of heavy rainfall is reduced by the canopy and the passage of rainwater is fed more slowly downwards. The tree layer can be further subdivided into the upper tree layer or canopy and the lower tree layer or understory.
Canopy
The canopy usually refers to the highest layer of vegetation in a forest or woodland, made up of the crowns of its tallest trees. However, individual trees growing above the general layer of the canopy may form an emergent layer.
Understory
The understory can refer to those trees above the shrub layer and below the canopy, but is often defined more broadly, including the shrub layer.
Shrub layer
The shrub layer is the stratum of vegetation within a habitat with heights of about 1.5 to 5 metres. This layer consists mostly of young trees and bushes, and it may be divided into the first and second shrub layers (low and high bushes). The shrub layer needs sun and little moisture, unlike the moss layer which requires a lot of water. The shrub layer only receives light filtered by the canopy, i.e. it is preferred by semi-shade or shade-loving plants that would not tolerate bright sunlight. Small to medium sized birds sometimes known as bush nesters are often found in the shrub layer where their nests are protected by foliage. European examples include blackbird, song thrush, robin or blackcap. In addition to shrubs, such as elder, hazel, hawthorn, raspberry and blackberry, clematis may also occur while, in other parts of the world, vines and lianas may form part of this stratum. At the edge of a woodland the shrub layer acts as a windbreak close to the trees and protects the soil from drying out.
Herb layer
This layer contains mostly non-woody vegetation, or ground cover, growing in the forest with heights of up to about one and a half metres. The herb layer consists of various herbaceous plants (therophytes, geophytes, cryptophytes, hemicryptophytes), dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes) as well as young shrubs or tree seedlings. In forests, early flowering plants appear first before the canopy fills out. Thereafter, the amount of light available to plants is significantly reduced and only those that are suited to such conditions can thrive there. By contrast, grassland consists of only moss and herb layers. Sometimes, a shrub layer builds up in grasslands as part of a process of spontaneous reforestation (ecological succession).
Forest floor
The term forest floor can refer to the moss and root layers (see below), but often is defined more broadly, including also dead trees, herbaceous plants, mushrooms, and tree seedlings.
Moss layer
Growing on the surface of the forest floor is vegetation of up to about 0.15 metres in height in what is variously described as a moss, soil or cryptogam layer. The ground itself is covered by a layer of dead plant and animal material. In this layer and the underlying few centimetres of the topsoil live innumerable small soil organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and microorganisms, which break down the dead organic substances and work them into the soil. In places the ground is covered by lichens and mosses.
Root layer
Also known as the rhizosphere, the underground area of a plant habitat is the root layer. It consists of the plants' roots and related elements such as rhizomes, bulbs and tubers.
See also
Rainforest
References
Bibliography
C. S. Elton: Animal Ecology. Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1927.
M. Schaefer: Wörterbuch of the Ökologie. Spektrum, Jena, 1992.
Forest ecology | Stratification (vegetation) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,290 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Vertical distributions"
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47,674,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20skrjabinii | Penicillium skrjabinii is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from soil near Blagoveshchensk in Amur Oblast in Siberia.
References
skrjabinii
Fungi described in 1974
Fungus species | Penicillium skrjabinii | [
"Biology"
] | 54 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,674,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20gansuensis | Boletus gansuensis is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in China, where it grows in association with Himalayan birch (Betula utilis), it was described as new to science in 2003. The fruitbodies of the fungus have red caps, pinkish-red pores on the cap underside, and a somewhat furfuraceous stipe (i.e., covered in scaly, branlike particles). The specific epithet refers to the type locality in Gansu Province, China. Similar species include the European Suillellus queletii, and the North American and Asian Boletus subvelutipes.
See also
List of Boletus species
References
External links
gansuensis
Fungi described in 2003
Fungi of China
Fungus species | Boletus gansuensis | [
"Biology"
] | 161 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,674,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20smithii | Penicillium smithii is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citreoviridin and canescin Penicillium smithii occurs in soil in Canada and Europe
References
Further reading
smithii
Fungi described in 1982
Fungus species | Penicillium smithii | [
"Biology"
] | 55 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,674,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortinarius%20violaceorubens | Cortinarius violaceorubens is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (Picea). Genetically it is closely related to C. cyanites and C. boreicyanites.
References
External links
violaceorubens
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1990
Fungus species | Cortinarius violaceorubens | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,674,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmacium%20glaucopus | Phlegmacium glaucopus is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It is commonly known as the blue-foot webcap.
Taxonomy
The species was first described as Agaricus glaucopus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774. It was reclassified as Cortinarius glaucopus in 1821 by the British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray. However the fully taxonomic history of this species is complicated by numerous proposed variants and forms.
Within the genus Cortinarius, it was classified in the subgenus Phlegmacium and section Glaucopodes. A 2014 genetic study confirmed it was synonymous with C. glaucopoides and that C. subrubrovelatus was a distinct species.
In 2022 a genomic study was carried out which radically reshaped the family Cortinariaceae resulting in many Cortinarius species being transferred to new or existing genera. C. glaucopus, C. glaucopoides and C. glaucopoides were among the species transferred to the Phlegmacium genus.
Common names in other languages include Schwachknolliger Klumpfuss (German), Cortinaire à pied glauque (French) and Szálaskalapú pókhálósgomba (Hungarian).
Description
The fruit bodies of this fungus have convex caps across and ochre or tawny in colour with prominent darker brown fibres. Like other members of the genus, young mushrooms are covered in a web-like veil (cortina) from the cap margin to the stipe. The bulbous stipe is 4–10 cm tall and 1–3 cm wide, pale lilac-blue initially with lower parts fading to yellow-white. The flesh is yellow-white with a blue hue in the upper stipe. The lilac-blue gills are adnate or free, and become brown as the spores mature. The smell, if present, is slightly mealy. The spore print is red-brown and the spores measure 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 μm.
Fruit bodies appear from August onwards into autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests, often in profuse numbers. It can be found in fairy rings.
Phlegmacium glaucopus is found in Western North America (both the United States and Canada), and is common in the Rocky Mountains. It is rare east of the Great Plains; it is rare in the British Isles.
P. glaucopus forms ectomycorrhizae that are unusually hydrophobic (water-repellent) compared with other fungi, which has led to interest in decoding its genome. DNA studies indicate it may decompose toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds in the soil with specially adapted oxidizing enzymes.
Habitat and distribution
It is native to Europe and North America.
Similar species
Similar species include C. caerulescens, C. pansa, C. sodagnitus, and C. subfoetens.
Edibility
The flesh is mild tasting, and not highly regarded. It is considered inedible, and because it closely resembles many other species, including those that are deadly poisonous, it should definitely not be eaten. In Tlaxcala, Mexico, it is collected in June and sold in the market.
See also
List of Cortinarius species
References
glaucopus
Fungi described in 1774
Fungi of Europe
Inedible fungi
Taxa named by Jacob Christian Schäffer
Fungus species | Phlegmacium glaucopus | [
"Biology"
] | 726 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,675,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Watch%20Urbane | The LG Watch Urbane is a smartwatch released by LG Corporation on April 27, 2015. There are gold and silver models, each with a 22mm-wide interchangeable strap. The watch has IP67 dust and water resistance.
The LG Watch Urbane was equipped with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 SoC, 512MB of LPDDR2 RAM, and 4GB of eMMC storage. The OLED display is a POLED variant, with an equivalent resolution to a square display of 320x320, with capacitive touch input.
The watch communicates with its companion Android phone or iPhone using Bluetooth v4.1LE, and has 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n WiFi for synchronizing Google Services data.
The watch has 9 axis movement sensors (gyro, accelerometer, compass), barometer, and heart rate sensor. The watch has a microphone which is used with Google Assistant's speech recognition. Unlike newer Wear devices it doesn't have a speaker, it can only vibrate for alerts.
The watch charges through contacts on its back, which connect via sprung "pogo" pins to a magnetically clamped puck, and the puck has a microUSB connector and thus requires an external power source.
References
External links
LG News Room webpage
Android (operating system) devices
Wear OS devices
Products introduced in 2015
Smartwatches
LG Electronics products | LG Watch Urbane | [
"Technology"
] | 301 | [
"Wear OS devices",
"Smartwatches"
] |
47,675,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detailed%20engineering | Detailed engineering are studies which creates a full definition of every aspect of a project development. It includes all the studies to be performed before project construction starts. Detail engineering studies are a key component for every project development across mining, infrastructure, energy, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and oil and gas sectors.
Detailed engineering is a service which is delivered for example by global engineering companies such as Worley, Morimatsu Industry, Outotec, Hatch, Amec Foster Wheeler, M3 Engineering, Ausenco, SNC-Lavalin, Techint, and Jacobs Engineering.
Detailed engineering follows Front End Engineering Design (FEED) and Basic Engineering previous steps on the engineering process for a project development, it contains in detail diagrams and drawings for construction, civil works, instrumentation, control system, electrical facilities, management of suppliers, schedule of activities, costs, procurement of equipment, economic evaluation and also environmental impacts before starting of construction of a project.
Detailed engineering is used for different stages and purposes in project development worldwide, whether it is a water treatment plant at OceanaGold Didipo gold-copper mine in the Philippines, a processing plant at Hochschild Mining Inmaculada silver mine in Peru, a molybdenum flotation plant at KGHM Sierra Gorda copper project in Chile, detailed engineering is a key component for every project development.
References
Construction and extraction occupations
Engineering disciplines
Civil engineering
Building engineering | Detailed engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 284 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Architecture"
] |
47,675,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20of%20Agent%20Orange%20in%20Vietnam | Agent Orange is a herbicide, classified as a defoliant, that was used most notably by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. Its primary purpose was strategic deforestation, destroying the forest cover and food resources necessary for the implementation and sustainability of the North Vietnamese style of guerilla warfare. The U.S. Agent Orange usage reached an apex during Operation Ranch Hand, in which the material (with its extremely toxic impurity, dioxin) was sprayed over 4.5 million acres of land in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971.
The use of Agent Orange has left tangible, long-term impacts upon the Vietnamese people that live in Vietnam as well as those who fled in the mass exodus from 1978 to the early 1990s. Hindsight corrective studies indicate that previous estimates of Agent Orange exposure were biased by government intervention and under-guessing, such that current estimates for dioxin release are almost double those previously predicted. Census data indicates that the United States military directly sprayed upon millions of Vietnamese during strategic Agent Orange use. The effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese range from a variety of health effects, ecological effects, and sociopolitical effects.
Health effects
The most illustrative effects of Agent Orange upon the Vietnamese people are the health effects. Scientific consensus has made it clear that the importance of accuracy in terms of site-specific cancer risk as well as the difficulty in identifying Agent Orange as the cause of that specific cancer risk must be acknowledged. Previous studies on the subject have not been generalizable because though they demonstrate statistically significant increase in cancer risk, the populations have been "Western" veterans or Korean veterans, or the sample sizes were too small to be considered appropriate. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines the margin of exposure as "the ratio of the no-observed adverse-effect-level to the estimated exposure dose." Independent scientific analyses of the epidemiology of Agent Orange suggest that there is little to no margin of exposure for dioxin or dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, meaning that even passive contact or genetic lineage has devastating repercussions.
Effects on current Vietnamese citizens
Rigorous studies have consequently been conducted to instead measure the levels of dioxin still present in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam. These studies indicate that though most Agent Orange studies have had myopic analyses of American veterans, Vietnamese citizens have had far greater exposure to breadth and scope of the target. The pervasion of dioxin as described by Schechter et al. (made clear in very high TCDD or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in human milk, adipose tissue, and blood as measured by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) in the Vietnamese people living in Vietnam is substantially greater than that of other populations (Schechter et al., 1995). Dioxin levels were corroborated in subsequent studies, most notably those conducted in areas geographically near bombing sites and spray missions during the course of Operation Ranch Hand, approximately between 1962 and 1970. A 2002 sample study of the dioxin levels in the city of Bien Hoa, a populous city in southern Vietnam located in the proximity of an air base used for spray missions, indicated noticeably elevated blood dioxin levels despite a 20-year period of peace, with Agent Orange specifically being found in the blood samples. Emigrants to the city and even children born after the end of the Agent Orange spraying operations had blood samples indicating a presence of dioxin (Schecter et al., 2001). Meta-studies have affirmed the dioxin pathway of genetic inheritance, e.g. a statistically significant correlation between paternal exposure to Agent Orange and spina bifida over three case-control studies from 1966 to 2008 (Ngo et al., 2009).
According to the Vietnamese, the US program resulted in 400,000 deaths caused due to a range of cancers and other ailments, and that approximately 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange according to census data.
Effects on Vietnamese refugees
Following the end of the Vietnam War, two million refugees from Vietnam as well as Laos and Cambodia fled to other countries. By 1992, upwards of 1 million refugees had settled in the United States, 750,000 in other North American and European countries, and many others remained in refugee camps from Thai-Cambodian border to Hong Kong, unable to obtain the visas and immigration documents necessary to permanently immigrate.
Scientific reports have concluded that refugees who had reported being exposed to chemical sprays while in South Vietnam continued to experience pain in the eyes and skin as well as gastrointestinal upsets. In one study, ninety-two percent of participants suffered incessant fatigue; others reported abortions and monstrous births. Meta-analyses of the most current studies on the association between Agent Orange and birth defects have concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation such that having a parent who was exposed to Agent Orange at any point in their life will increase one's likelihood of either possessing or acting as a genetic carrier of birth defects. Vietnamese studies specifically indicated an even greater correlation between parental exposure and birth defects, with scholars concluding that the rate of association varied situationally as degree of exposure and intensity were factors also considered.
Ecological effects
Agent Orange had devastating ecological effects on Vietnam's plant life, which also contributed to the creation of refugees during the war. The ecological effects of Agent Orange have been reported to continue to affect the daily lives of Vietnamese citizens. A study showed dioxin contamination in soil and sediment samples and hypothesized "that a major route of current and past exposures is from the movement of dioxin from soil into river sediment, then into fish, and from fish consumption into people." Studies in the Aluoi Valley, a village near a now-defunct military base that was operating between 1963 and 1966, confirmed this process of biological magnification, as contaminated soil acted as "reservoirs" of TCDD Agent Orange toxin that would later transfer to fish and ducks and finally to humans, all via consumption. The International Union for Conservation of Nature concluded that "much of the damage can probably never be repaired."
Deforestation
Official US military records have listed figures including the destruction of 20% of the jungles of South Vietnam and 20-36% (with other figures reporting 20-50%) of the mangrove forests. An overall reduction in biomass, i.e. plant and animal populations, has been noted along with loss of soil nutrients and ecosystem productivity in terms of growth yields. Forests that have been sprayed multiple times (estimates point to about a quantity of land equaling ) have extensively exacerbated ecological disadvantages; recovery times are dubious and "the plant and animal communities have been totally disrupted" due to "total annihilation of the vegetative cover". The long-term effect of this deforestation continues to result in less aged foliage and mangroves being unable to grow from even a single spraying, with many patches of economically unviable grass colloquially referred to as "American grass". Farm land that was destroyed in the process of militarization and the creation of battlefields produced an agricultural wasteland, forcing Vietnamese farmers to work with contaminated soil for more than 40 years. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide.
Ecological refugees
The use of Agent Orange is considered a "notorious example" of the expropriation of human environment for warfare, forcing many rural Vietnamese to move to cities as ecological refugees to survive because their crops and livelihood had been destroyed. Harvard professor Samuel P. Huntington noted that during the Vietnam War the urban population doubled or tripled as people moved from rural areas to escape war. Jim Glassman argued that ecological destruction and crop destruction, including from Agent Orange, produced rural refugees to cities and helped as part of counterinsurgency efforts to control rural areas and isolate the population from the Viet Cong. He further wrote that the millions of war refugees "cannot be seen narrowly as the result of one or another form of warfare".
Socio-political effects
Various socio-political effects of Agent Orange have also been documented. Difficulty in maintaining judicial and civil transparency persists despite decades passing since the use of Agent Orange by the United States military. Corporations indicted by the ethicality of their chemical use have been described as "antagonistic and focused on technological arguments".
Legal responses
Vietnamese victims class action lawsuit
The first legal proceeding on behalf of Vietnamese victims was undertaken in January 2004 in a New York district court. Ultimately the district court held that "herbicide spraying . . . did not constitute a war crime pre-1975" and that international law prevented the companies that produced Agent Orange from being liable. Alternative models for reconciling the harms done by dioxin on the Vietnamese people with reparations have also been proposed. Some have called for the defoliation and destruction to be deemed an "environmental war crime". Law reviews have even called for a revision to the litigation process in the US due to the harmful implications regarding justice, reparations, and accountability as a result of the political sway of aggregate private interests.
Citizen-to-citizen dialogue for individuals to call for accountability by the United States government was first established in 2006 by the Ford Foundation. Citizens sought a legal avenue by which private citizens and policy makers could work together to form a coherent plan of action in addressing the legacy of Agent Orange. The US-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin, composed of members of the Aspen Institute, Vietnam National University, and Vietnam Veterans Association, is the most notable example of this civic response. Long-term programs and continued check-ups on the state of current plans to address Agent Orange are heavily monitored.
Government responses
Questions of governmental accountability have been raised towards who should be responsible for allowing the use of the chemical dioxin despite knowing the risks. Those who said that the use (at the time of the Vietnam War) of Agent Orange was merely a means of defeating the Viet Cong did not believe that the defoliant violated the Geneva Protocol. During the war, resolutions were introduced to the United Nations charging that the U.S. was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons, however the resolutions were defeated. The extensive environmental damage that resulted from usage of the herbicide prompted the United Nations to pass Resolution 31/72 and ratify the Environmental Modification Convention in 1976. Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides and defoliants in warfare.
There is reason to believe that sociopolitical context constrains the ability of government bodies to reveal the truth regarding food-behavior research as well as the scientific studies crafted by these bodies; governments may have an incentive to disrupt or obstruct investigations into the matter.
Additional remediative policies have been proposed by concerned groups of citizens due to a lack of governmental accountability. The US-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin of the Aspen Institute established a 10-year Plan of Action on June 16, 2010, to call for governmental participation in addressing herbicide effect in Vietnam. This plan calls for the United States and the Vietnamese government to work with other governments and NGOs to invest 30 million dollars over ten years to clean and purify harmed ecosystems and expand services to families who have been affected medically and physically by Agent Orange.
Scientific objections
The current scientific consensus on the effects of Agent Orange concludes that scientists at the time made erroneous judgments on how devastating the chemical could be. Scientific reviews ex post facto have indicated that many of these supposedly objective studies that conclude a beneficial use of Agent Orange were based on access to still classified documents and little else. According to Koppes's study, scientists repeatedly minimized the harmful effects of the chemical and ignored empirical evidence.
References
Environment of Vietnam
Aftermath of the Vietnam War
Health effects by subject
Chemical warfare
Environmental impact of war
Environmental impact by source
Deforestation
Environmental disasters in Vietnam
Environmental racism | Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,473 | [
"nan"
] |
47,676,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Sumner | David P. Sumner is an American mathematician known for his research in graph theory. He formulated Sumner's conjecture that tournaments are universal graphs for polytrees in 1971, and showed in 1974 that all claw-free graphs with an even number of vertices have perfect matchings. He and András Gyárfás independently formulated the Gyárfás–Sumner conjecture according to which, for every tree T, the T-free graphs are χ-bounded.
Sumner earned his doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1970, under the supervision of David J. Foulis. He is a distinguished professor emeritus at the University of South Carolina.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
University of South Carolina faculty
Graph theorists
Place of birth missing (living people) | David Sumner | [
"Mathematics"
] | 170 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
47,676,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopyxis%20vulcanalis | Geopyxis vulcanalis, commonly known as the vulcan pixie cup, is a species of cup fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. It was first described scientifically in 1878 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck, from collections made in the Adirondack Mountains in Upstate New York. Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred it to the genus Geopyxis in 1889.
The fruitbodies of G. vulcanalis are small and cup-like, with a light yellow hymenium. They become somewhat flattened in age. It grows on the ground in unburned conifer litter, often with mosses. Its spores are smooth and elliptical, measuring 14–21 by 8–11 μm.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1878
Fungi of North America
Pyronemataceae
Taxa named by Charles Horton Peck
Fungus species | Geopyxis vulcanalis | [
"Biology"
] | 173 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,676,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopyxis%20korfii | Geopyxis korfii is a species of cup fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. Found in Qinghai, China, it was described as new to science in 2006 by Wen-Ying Zhang. It is the only species of Geopyxis with ornamented ascospores.
References
External links
Fungi described in 2006
Fungi of China
Pyronemataceae
Fungus species | Geopyxis korfii | [
"Biology"
] | 82 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,677,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20use%20in%20Australia | Anabolic/androgenic steroids are drugs that are obtained from the male hormone, testosterone. Anabolic steroids are used for muscle-building and strength gain for cosmetic reasons as well as for performance-enhancement in athletics and bodybuilding. Anabolic steroids work in many ways by increasing protein synthesis in the muscles and by eliminating the catabolic process (the process of breaking down skeletal muscle for energy). It is common for teens and adults to use steroids as they stimulate and encourage muscle growth much more rapidly than natural body building.
Statistics
In Australia, many people are encouraged to use steroids due to the body image expectations created by society. In secondary schools, 3.2% of boys and 1.2% of girls are using steroids. Many Australian bodybuilders visit Bangkok and Pattaya in Thailand because the pharmacies there sell some steroid brands ten times cheaper than they available on the Australian black market. Australians were also purchasing their steroids in other countries to avoid a possible criminal record at home. Australian Crime Commission statistics have shown that there was a 106% increase in the last financial year of "performance and image-enhancing-drugs", showing 5,561 border detections.
Notable events
In the first 3 months of 2008, 300 AAS seizures were reported by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service.
See also
Drugs in sport in Australia
References
Drugs in Australia
Anabolic–androgenic steroids | Steroid use in Australia | [
"Chemistry"
] | 294 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
47,678,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot | Peñabots is the nickname for automated social media accounts allegedly used by the Mexican government of Enrique Peña Nieto and the PRI political party to keep unfavorable news from reaching the Mexican public. Peñabot accusations are related to the broader issue of fake news in the 21st century.
History of disinformation in Mexican politics
The PRI political party has been reported to use fake news since before Peña Nieto. The main tactic originally was to spread such propaganda through open radio and television networks. Such tactic was effective in Mexico, because newspaper readership is low and cable TV is largely limited to the middle classes; consequently, the country's two major television networks – Televisa and TV Azteca – exert a significant influence in national politics. Televisa itself, not only owns around two-thirds of the programming on Mexico's TV channels, making it not only Mexico's largest television network, but also is the largest media network in the Spanish-speaking world.
Peñabots
Analysts have given the name Peñabots to a suspected network of automated accounts on social media used by the Mexican government to spread pro-government propaganda and to marginalize dissenting opinions in social media. The bots were first noticed in the 2012 elections when they were used to disseminate opinions in support of Enrique Peña Nieto on social networks such as Twitter and Facebook.
According to Aristegui Noticias, their usage went against articles 6 and 134 of the Mexican Constitution. Those used by Peña Nieto's government cost an estimated 80 million pesos monthly, which news outlets argued only helped the government spread fake support towards the president, but did not have a benefit towards Mexican people (with whom EPN was highly unpopular). Facebook held approximately 640,321 Peñabots, while Twitter had less. As of July 2017, Oxford Internet Institute's Computational Propaganda Research Project claimed many western democracies, Mexico included, perform social media manipulation, thus saying the manipulation comes directly from the Mexican government itself.
During Peña Nieto's subsequent presidency, analysts noted that Peñabots were used to overpower trending topics that critiqued government, to flood trending government critical hashtags with spam, to create fake trends by pushing alternative hashtags, and to push smear campaigns and threats against government-critical activists and journalists. Peñabots were distinguished as their pattern of activity was distinct from that of ordinary interaction on social networks.
Meadebots
On Twitter it was reported that about 94% of the followers of 2018 presidential candidate from the PRI Jose Antonio Meade were bots.
When Antonio Meade presented himself as a candidate for the 2018 presidential election, his social media accounts such as "@MovimientoMEADE" (created by the PRI's official account @PRI_Nacional), obtained a huge quantity of followers in a short span of time. Some users noticed and brought it to attention, and after investigation it was reported 94% of such followers were bots (702,000 out of 747,000), and the account was eliminated from Twitter after 20 hours. The fake accounts used the hashtags #YoConMeade and #Meade18. It was further revealed was that Meade's official account on Twitter, @JoseAMeadeK had 25% bots (216,000 fake followers out of the 981,000).
Manipulation of news media in Mexico, through television
The Mexican government of Peña Nieto has been accused of using various means to keep unfavorable news from reaching the Mexican people. Many Mexicans have protested this practice as it clearly goes against the freedom of speech. The PRI has been reported to use fake news since before Peña Nieto. The main tactic has been to spread such propaganda through radio and television. This tactic is perceived as effective in Mexico, because newspaper readership is low and research on the Internet and cable TV is largely limited to the middle classes; consequently, the country's two major television networks – Televisa and TV Azteca – exert a significant influence in national politics. Televisa itself, owns around two-thirds of the programming on Mexico's TV channels, making it not only Mexico's largest television network, but also is the largest media network in the Spanish-speaking world.
In June 2012, before the 2012 Mexican presidential elections, the British newspaper The Guardian published a series of allegations claiming Televisa, sold favorable coverage to top politicians in its news and entertainment shows, this scandal became known as the Televisa controversy. The documents published by 'The Guardian alleged that a secretive circle within Televisa manipulated news coverage to favor PRI presidential candidate Enrique Peña Nieto, who was poised as favorite to win. Televisa's secret circle supposedly commissioned videos to promote Peña Nieto and lash out his political rivals in 2009. The Guardian documents suggest that Televisa's secret team distributed such videos through e-mail, posting them posted them on Facebook and YouTube, some can still be seen there. Another document was a PowerPoint presentation, with a slide explicitly aimed at rival leftist candidate of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Supposedly given to The Guardian by a Televisa employee. The document's authenticity was never possible to confirm– however dates, names, and events largely coincide. Televisa refused to talk the documents, and denied a relationship with the PRI or its presidential candidate, saying that they had provided equal media coverage to all parties. Televisa published an article supposedly showing discrepancies in The Guardian documents and denying accusations.
Mexican citizens complained about the perceived favoritism towards Enrique Peña Nieto and the PRI, protesting through the Yo Soy 132 movement which Televisa covered in detail. However, Televisa's news media coverage is perceived to have been biased, by using a media coverage tactic Mexican citizens call cortinas de humo (smoke screens). These introduce a news scandal giving extensive coverage to distract citizens from a potential conflict-of-interest or controversy that could damage the image of the politician favored by the network. An example of a perceived smoke screen would be the news media coverage of "Caso Michoacán" and "Caso Paolette" distracting all the attention from the parallel "Yo soy 132" movement. A few years later, on the day of September 11, 2016; factual evidence of Televisa's performing media manipulation emerged, when a Televisa news anchor while live-on air reading a teleprompter, mistakenly read out loud that "try that Jaime "Ël Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón (Nuevo Leon's governor) is mentioned as little as possible". Newspaper El Universal caught it on video and published it social media. Televisa didn't mention the story and declined to comment. Lack of news coverage concerning Nuevo León's Governor Jaime Rodriguez, is perceived due to him being the first elected governor to not be part of any political party (Independent Governor), and because unlike the governors from the PRI preceding him, the independent governor "El Bronco" doesn't spend money on publicity at all, preferring to communicate all news by using social media such as Twitter and Facebook. While the incident may have proven Televisa's bias, there wasn't anything to incriminate the PRI political party or Enrique Peña Nieto, though it did further suspicion of Televisa manipulating news media. In contrast, a December 2017 article of The New York Times, reported Enrique Peña Nieto spending about 2000 million dollars on publicity, during his first 5 years as president, the largest publicity budget ever spent by a Mexican President. Additionally, 68 percent of news journalists admitted to not believe to have enough freedom of speech, and award-winning news reporter Carmen Aristegui was controversially fired shortly after revealing the Mexican White House scandals.
Violence and spying towards news journalists and civil rights activists
Far for only being receiving accusations of spreading fake news, the Mexican government of EPN has also been accused of violence towards news journalists, and of spying on them, and also towards civil right leaders and their families. During his tenure as president, Peña Nieto has been accused of failing to protect news journalists, whose deaths are speculated to be politically triggered, by politicians attempting to prevent them from covering political scandals. The New York Times published a news report on the matter titled, "In Mexico it's easy to kill a journalist", on it mentioning how during EPN's government, Mexico became one of the worst countries on which to be a journalist. The assassination of journalist Javier Valdez on May 23, 2017, received national coverage, with multiple news journalists asking for "real protection", as well as freedom of speech. The president announced to be "deeply wounded" by such death, Despite this Mexican citizens, as well as political party of opposition perceived, the presidential words as hypocritical, and the outlook does not look favorable with Mexico already leading as the country most journalist killed in 2017, with 5 assassinations.
On June 19, 2017, The New York Times in conjunction with news reporter Carmen Aristegui, and even backed by a Televisa news reporter Carlos Loret de Mola, reported that the Mexican Government uses a spyware software known as Pegasus, to spy on targets such as Mexican News reporters (and their families) and Civil Rights Leaders (and their families) using text messages as lures. Since 2011, the Mexican Government invested $80 million worth of spyware. Pegasus spyware infiltrates a person's cellphone and reports every detail of their messages, e-mails, contacts and calendars. After the revelation, the Israeli manufacturer of the Pegasus spyware, NSO Group, re-stated it only sold such technology to governments with an 'explicit agreement', that such technology was meant 'only to combat organized crime' by spying on it; although once it sells the software it cannot control who they use it against and basically leaves the government's on their own to monitor themselves on not abusing the software. The New York Times and independent forensic analysts analyzed the data of 'dozens of messages', multiple times before proving their accusation, and commented of such espionage towards news journalists and civil rights leaders, as 'an effort from the Mexican Government to thwart the battle against corruption infecting every limb of Mexican Society', and how highly unlikely it would be for such espionage it to receive 'Judicial Approval'. Edward Snowden who worked for US government's NSA before revealing it to spy on its citizens, also said all evidence points to the Mexican government being the spy, and on Twitter said it is "a crime to the public".
The hacking attempts were 'highly personalized' for each target, they would consist on sending text messages with an attached link, and for the spyware to enter a users smartphone, all it needed was for the smartphone owner to click on the link. The news reporter Carmen Aristegui, whom previously in 2014, had revealed a conflict of interest regarding the president ownership of a Mexican "Casa Blanca (White House)" and was unfairly fired from her job for airing such investigation, herself, received 22 hacking attempts, the most for any journalist who has been found targeted, one of those attempts disguised as a message sent by an American Embassy in Mexico, trying to help her with a problem with her Visa; additionally Aristegui's son Emilio Aristegui received attempts for 23 months despite being an under-age 16-year-old teen. News media perceived attempts at Aristegui as revenge from the Mexican government. News reporter Carlos Loret de Mora received 8 attempts. While, Juan E. Pardinas, the director of the Mexican Institute of Competitiveness, also received multiple attempts where he was told men with guns were outside his house and another where a contact not on his list invited him to his father funeral because saying he was a "close friend", the attempt on his wife went as far as claiming Padilla was having an extramarital affair, but she could only see the evidence if she clicked the link. Also, most of the parents, protesters and the major leaders of the investigations of the "Ayotzinapa, 43 Students Massacre" received spyware messages, so did the "Women of Atenco" (a scandal directly tied to Enrique Peña Nieto's time as Governor of the State of Mexico).The New York Times article contained a picture of EPN.
On June 20, 2017, the day after. The opposition political party, National Action Party (PAN) denounced the Mexican government to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights for suspicions of violations towards human rights and requested them, to lead an investigation citing such spying causes violations towards the article 16th of the Mexican Constitution, as well as violating article 11th of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While, in response to the accusations, Peña Nieto made public that such technology was bought and indeed used by the Mexican government, but he denied misuses, and stated that it was only used to protect Mexicans by searching for criminal by saying he "also felt spied upon, but there was nothing more fake than blaming the (Mexican) government", and that there was "no proof"; saying he ordered the PGR an investigation and that he hoped "under the law, it can be applied against those that have raised false accusations against the government.", with the last part of the quote making journalist hacking victims feel threatened. Which forced the Mexican president to call writer of the article Azam Ahmed to tell him, he was not menacing him. However, due to his previous presidential scandals, Peña Nieto words lacked credibility to most Mexicans, with journalist like Jorge Ramos complaining about how Enrique Peña Nieto remains in power despite his illegal actions. Later on the day political rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) who competed for the presidency against EPN in 2012 and intends to compete again in 2018 as the candidate from the MORENA political party, was also revealed to be among the hacking targets, with his son also as a target. On June 23, 2017, the National Human Rights Commission (Mexico) opened a case regarding the government espionage.
As of February 2018, Reuters published an article stating the Mexican government has not properly investigated the Pegasus spyware usage to spy news journalists.
Andrés Sepúlveda claims of hacking the Mexican presidential election, 2012
On March 31, 2016, in an article published by magazine Bloomberg Business Week a Colombian, a hacker named Andrés Sepúlveda claimed to have paid $600,000 pesos, by the "Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)" for hacking files (including phone calls, e-mails and strategies) pertaining Peña Nieto's rivals respective political campaigns, and also manipulate social media to create fake news against his opponents with 30,000 fakes Twitter accounts whom helped him create fake trending topics, and the perception of public enthusiasm towards Peña Nieto's 2012 presidential campaign. The election day he claims to have been watching a Live feed on Bogota, Colombia and to start destroying evidence (USBs, cellphones, computers) right after Peña Nieto was declared winner. He said he was helped by a team of 6 hackers, which he led. He also claims to have helped hack elections from other Latin American countries including Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Venezuela, but said his Mexican operation was "the most complex by far". The hacker is on a 10-year prison sentence for confessing and proving crimes on helping the campaign of Ivan Zuloagawithin his native Colombia. While Juan José Rendón whom Sepúlveda describes as his accomplice hasn't been proved guilty and still remains free. The National Action Party (PAN) requested an investigation, but on May 4, 2016, the Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral (General Council of the National Electoral Institute) discarded the investigation describing it as "frivolous" and that it was based on a single journalistic note. presidential counselor Ciro Murayama said there wasn't enough evidence to lead an investigation, and that they would sue PAN for promoting unjustified investigations, leading to sourness between both political parties.
Influence of perceived media manipulation of news in Mexican popular culture
The controversies regarding the perceived Televisa news media coverage in favor of the PRI, and the spreading of fake news by the Mexican government, has influenced Mexican popular culture. Director and writer Luis Estrada released the black-comedy film The Perfect Dictatorship (2014), it was based on the perceived media manipulation in Mexico. Set in a Mexico with a tightly controlled media landscape, the plot centered on a corrupt politician (a fictional stand-in for Enrique Peña Nieto) from a political party (serving as a fictional stand-in for the PRI), and how he makes a deal with TV MX (which serves as a stand-in to Televisa) to manipulate the diffusion of news towards his benefit, in order to save his political career.
References
Propaganda
Politics of Mexico
Censorship
Social media
Internet manipulation and propaganda
Political pejoratives for people | Peñabot | [
"Technology"
] | 3,489 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
47,679,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luebering%E2%80%93Rapoport%20pathway | In biochemistry, the Luebering–Rapoport pathway (also called the Luebering–Rapoport shunt) is a metabolic pathway in mature erythrocytes involving the formation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), which regulates oxygen release from hemoglobin and delivery to tissues. 2,3-BPG, the reaction product of the Luebering–Rapoport pathway was first described and isolated in 1925 by the Austrian biochemist Samuel Mitja Rapoport and his technical assistant Jane Luebering.
Through the Luebering–Rapoport pathway bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from C1 to C2 of 1,3-BPG, giving 2,3-BPG. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the most concentrated organophosphate in the erythrocyte, forms 3-PG by the action of bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The concentration of 2,3-BPG varies proportionately with the pH, since it is inhibitory to catalytic action of bisphosphoglyceromutase.
References
External links
UniProt: Bisphosphoglycerate mutase - Homo sapiens (Human) UniProt-Information about bisphosphoglycerate mutase
A live model of the effect of changing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on the oxyhaemoglobin saturation curve
Biochemical reactions
Metabolic pathways
Organophosphates
Physiology
Respiratory physiology | Luebering–Rapoport pathway | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 347 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Physiology",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Metabolism"
] |
47,679,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNO%20CCD%20Astrograph%20Catalog | The USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC) is an astrometric star catalog of the United States Naval Observatory.
References
External links
UCAC home page
Astronomical catalogues of stars | USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog | [
"Astronomy"
] | 39 | [
"Astronomical catalogue stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
47,679,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calonarius%20splendens | Calonarius splendens is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It is commonly known as the splendid webcap. The species is native to Europe where it has been implicated in poisonings resulting in kidney failure, though with milder symptoms than other deadly webcaps.
Taxonomy
The species was described in 1939 by the mycologist Robert Henry who classified it as Cortinarius splendens.
In 2022 the species was transferred from Cortinarius and reclassified as Calonarius splendens based on genomic data.
Habitat and distribution
It has been classed as conspecific with Cortinarius meinhardii, although the two species have different tree hosts—the former with the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and the latter with Norway spruce (Picea abies).
See also
List of Cortinarius species
References
splendens
Fungi described in 1939
Fungi of Europe
Poisonous fungi
Fungus species | Calonarius splendens | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 200 | [
"Poisonous fungi",
"Fungi",
"Toxicology",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,680,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Archives%20of%20Naples | The State Archives of Naples () is an archive located in Naples, Italy. With its more than 50,000 linear meters of book and document shelving, is of fundamental importance for the history of southern Italy from the 10th century to today. The archives are housed in the cloisters of the Church of Saints Severino and Sossio.
Destruction during World War II
When Italy entered World War II in 1940, it was decided to move the most valuable documents in the State Archives of Naples to the Montesano Villa near San Paolo Belsito. The historian Riccardo Filangieri, superintendent of the archives from 1934 to 1956, supervised the transfer of 30,000 volumes and 50,000 parchments in 866 cases. The less valuable contents were left in Naples.
Following Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943, German troops occupied Naples and the surrounding region. On 27 September, a civilian uprising broke out in Naples. In San Paolo Belsito, a German soldier was killed. The Montesano Villa was visited by German soldiers the following day, and on 30 September they burned it to the ground, having given only fifteen minutes' warning. Filangieri pleaded with the commander in a letter, explaining that the documents were of historical interest only and that among them were important documents of the German Staufer dynasty that had ruled southern Italy in 1194–1268, but he was ignored. Only eleven cases of notarial documents and 97 cartons of the Farnese Archives were saved.
Among the documents lost were the Catalogus Baronum, the 378 chancery registers of the Angevin dynasty (1265–1435), the chancery registers of the House of Barcelona in Sicily, the original treaties of the Kingdom of Naples, the greater part of the archives of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and part of the archives of the Order of Malta. Filangieri devoted the entire final part of his life to reconstructing, from various incomplete sources, the contents of the wealth of documents that had been destroyed, editing the first volumes of the Registri della Cancelleria Angioina published by the Accademia Pontaniana.
See also
List of State Archives of Italy
References
External links
Official website of the State Archives of Naples
Central Archives of the State (in Italian only)
Archives in Italy
19th-century establishments in the Kingdom of Naples
1808 establishments in Italy
Libraries in Naples
Destruction of buildings
Libraries established in 1808 | State Archives of Naples | [
"Engineering"
] | 500 | [
"Destruction of buildings",
"Architecture"
] |
47,680,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faultless%20disagreement | A faultless disagreement is a disagreement when Party A states that P is true, while Party B states that non-P is true, and neither party is at fault. Disagreements of this kind may arise in areas of evaluative discourse, such as aesthetics, justification of beliefs or moral values, etc. A representative example is that John says Paris is more interesting than Rome, while Bob claims Rome is more interesting than Paris. In the case of a faultless disagreement, it is possible that if any party gives up their claim, there will be no improvement in the position of any of them.
Within the framework of formal logic it is impossible that both P and not-P are true, and it was attempted to justify faultless disagreements within the framework of relativism of the Truth (propositional truth being relative to perspectives), Max Kölbel and Sven Rosenkranz argued that genuine faultless disagreements are impossible. However, defenses of faultless disagreement, and of alethic relativism more generally, continue to be made by critics of formal logic as it is currently constructed.
References
Concepts in the philosophy of language
Logical truth
Semantics
Formal semantics (natural language)
Concepts in logic | Faultless disagreement | [
"Mathematics"
] | 239 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Logical truth"
] |
57,914,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFCP | Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) is a 3GPP protocol used on the Sx/N4 interface between the control plane and the user plane function, specified in TS 29.244. It is one of the main protocols introduced in the 5G Next Generation Mobile Core Network (aka 5GC), but also used in the 4G/LTE EPC to implement the Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS). PFCP and the associated interfaces seek to formalize the interactions between different types of functional elements used in the Mobile Core Networks as deployed by most operators providing 4G, as well as 5G, services to mobile subscribers. These two types of components are:
The Control Plane (CP) functional elements, handling mostly signaling procedures (e.g. network attachment procedures, management of User-data Plane paths and even delivery of some light-weight services as SMS)
The User-data Plane (UP) functional elements, handling mostly packet forwarding, based on rules set by the CP elements (e.g. packet forwarding for IPv4, IPv6 - or possibly even Ethernet with future 5G deployments - between the various supported wireless RANs and the PDN representing the Internet or an enterprise network).
PFCP's scope is similar to that of OpenFlow, however it was engineered to serve the particular use-case of Mobile Core Networks.
PFCP is also used on the interface between the control plane and user plane functions of a disaggregated BNG, as defined by the BroadBand Forum in TR-459.
Overview
Albeit similar to GTP in concepts and implementation, PFCP is complementary to it. It provides the control means for a signaling component of the Control-Plane to manage packet processing and forwarding performed by a User-Plane component. Typical EPC or 5G Packet Gateways are split by the protocol in two functional parts, allowing for a more natural evolution and scalability.
The PFCP protocol is used on the following 3GPP mobile core interfaces:
Sxa - between SGW-C and SGW-U
Sxb - between PGW-C and PGW-U
Sxc - between TDF-C and TDF-U (Traffic Detection Function)
N4 - between SMF and UPF
Note: Sxa and Sxb can be combined, in case a merged SGW/PGW is implemented.
Functionality
The Control-Plane functional element (e.g. PGW-C, SMF) controls the packet processing and forwarding in the User-Plane functional elements (e.g. PGW-U, UPF), by establishing, modifying or deleting PFCP Sessions.
User plane packets shall be forwarded between the CP and UP functions by encapsulating the user plane packets using GTP-U encapsulation (see 3GPP TS 29.281 [3]). For forwarding data from the UP function to the CP function, the CP function shall provision Packet Detection Rules (PDR) per PFCP session context, with the Packet Detection Information (PDI) identifying the user plane traffic to forward to the CP function and with a Forwarding Action Rule (FAR) set with the Destination Interface "CP function side" and set to perform GTP-U encapsulation and to forward the packets to a GTP-u F-TEID uniquely assigned in the CP function per PFCP session and PDR. The CP function shall then identify the PDN connection and the bearer to which the forwarded data belongs by the Fully Qualified TEID (F-TEID) in the header of the encapsulating GTP-U packet. For forwarding data from the CP function to the UP function, the CP function shall provision one or more PDR(s) per PFCP session context, with the PDI set with the Source Interface "CP function side" and identifying the GTP-u F-TEID uniquely assigned in the UP function per PDR, and with a FAR set to perform GTP-U decapsulation and to forward the packets to the intended destination. URRs and QERs may also be configured.
Per session multiple PDRs, FARs, QoS Enforcement Rules (QER), Usage Reporting Rules (URR) and/or Buffering Action Rules (BAR) are sent.
Here are the main concepts used, organized in their logical association model:
PDRs - Packet Detection Rules - contain information for matching data packets to certain processing rules. Both outer encapsulation and inner user-plane headers can be matched. The following rules can be applied on positive matching:
FARs - Forwarding Action Rules - whether and how the packets matching PDRs should be dropped, forwarded, buffered or duplicated, including a trigger for first packet notification; it includes packet encapsulation or header enrichment rules. In case of buffering, the following rules can be applied:
BARs - Buffering Action Rules - how much data to buffer and how to notify the Control-Plane.
QERs - QoS Enforcement Rules - rules for providing Gating and QoS Control, flow and service level marking.
URRs - Usage Reporting Rules - contain rules for counting and reporting traffic handled by the User-Plane function, generating reports to enable charging functionality in the Control-Plane functions.
Messages
IEs are defined either as having a proprietary encoding, or as grouped. Grouped IEs are simply a list of other IEs, encoded one after the other like in the PFCP Message Payload.
IE Types 0..32767 are 3GPP specific and do not have an Enterprise-ID set. IE Types 32768..65535 can be used by custom implementation and the Enterprise-ID must be set to the IANA SMI Network Management Private Enterprise Codes of the issuing party.
Messages
Transport
Very similar to GTP-C, PFCP uses UDP. Port 8805 is reserved.
For reliability, a similar re-transmission strategy as for GTP-C is employed, lost messages being sent N1-times at T1-intervals. Transactions are identified by the 3-byte long Sequence Number, the IP address and port of the communication peer.
The protocol includes an own Heart-beat Request/Response model, which allows monitoring the availability of communication peers and detecting restarts (by use of a Recovery-Timestamp Information Element).
For User-Plane packet exchanges between the Control and User Plane functional elements, GTP-U for the Sx-u interface, or alternatively a simpler UDP or Ethernet encapsulation for the N4-u interface (to be confirmed, as standards are still incomplete).
See also
GTP-C
RANAP
Evolved Packet Core
5G
Software-defined mobile network
Software-defined networking
Notes
Network protocols
Mobile telecommunications standards
3GPP standards
Internet Protocol
Mobile technology
LTE (telecommunication)
5G (telecommunication)
Telecommunications infrastructure | PFCP | [
"Technology"
] | 1,436 | [
"Mobile telecommunications",
"nan",
"Mobile telecommunications standards"
] |
57,914,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20transponder%20codes | The following list shows specific aeronautical transponder codes, and ranges of codes, that have been used for specific purposes in various countries. Traditionally, each country has allocated transponder codes by their own scheme with little commonality across borders. The list is retained for historic interest.
Pilots are normally required to apply the code, allocated by air traffic control, to that specific flight. Occasionally, countries may specify generic codes to be used in the absence of an allocated code. Such generic codes are specified in that country's Aeronautical Information Manual or Aeronautical Information Publication. There also are standard transponder codes for defined situations defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (marked below as ICAO).
Transponder codes shown in this list in the color RED are for emergency use only such as an aircraft hijacking, radio communication failure or another type of emergency.
References
Encodings
Avionics | List of transponder codes | [
"Technology"
] | 179 | [
"Avionics",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
57,915,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath%20Nebula | The Wreath Nebula (also known as Barnard 3 or IRAS Ring G159.6-18.5 is an emission nebula and H II region with a radius of about 22 light-years, located about 1,000 light-years away within the Milky Way in the Perseus molecular cloud complex, near the boundary with the constellation of Taurus. Interstellar clouds like these are stellar nurseries, places where new stars are being born.
The green ring is made of tiny particles of warm dust whose composition is very similar to smog. The red cloud in the middle is probably made of dust that is more metallic and cooler than the surrounding regions. The bright star in the middle of the red cloud, called HD 278942, is so luminous that it is likely what is causing most of the surrounding ring to glow. In fact its powerful stellar winds are what cleared out the surrounding warm dust and created the ring-shaped feature in the first place. The bright greenish-yellow region left of center is similar to the ring, though more dense. The bluish-white stars scattered throughout are stars located both in front of, and behind, the nebula.
Regions similar to this nebula are found near the band of the Milky Way in the night sky. The "wreath" is slightly off this band, near the boundary between the constellations of Perseus and Taurus, but at a relatively close distance of only about 1,000 light-years, the cloud is a still part of our Milky Way.
The colors used in this image represent specific wavelengths of infrared light. Blue and cyan (blue-green) represent light emitted at wavelengths of 3.4 and 4.6 microns, which is predominantly from stars. Green and red represent light from 12 and 22 microns, respectively, which is mostly emitted by dust.
References
Emission nebulae
Perseus Arm
Perseus (constellation) | Wreath Nebula | [
"Astronomy"
] | 386 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Nebula stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
57,915,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Cloud | Roland Cloud is a subscription-based collection of VST instruments and 'RVR' sample libraries launched in early 2018 by Roland. Instrument downloads and installation are handled by Roland's Cloud Manager software.
The software instruments available via Roland Cloud also include features that were not available in the original hardware instruments from which they were based. They are produced by Roland along with Virtual Sonics, an audio company founded by video game composer Jeremy Soule and his brother Julian.
Roland Cloud Manager
Roland Cloud Manager manages the user's instrument library and sound sources, and auto-updates by default.
Concerto
Concerto is a plugin which allows the usage of Roland's RVR format instruments. These instruments include the FLAVR series as well as the Tera Series and others.
Platforms
Roland Cloud Manager is available for both PC and Mac, and requires a 64-bit DAW.
Subscription model and pricing
Based on a subscription model, as of January 2020, users pay $19.95 USD per month to access the catalogue of instruments (£18.5 GBP, €21 EUR or ¥2190 JPY), with discounts for committing to 12, 24 or 60 months at a time (12%, 27% and 33% off respectively). Alternatively, users can purchase an instrument outright for a one-time fee.
According to the FAQs, an internet connection is required at least once per month in order to authenticate plugins in Roland Cloud.
Instruments
Aira
System-1
System-8
Flavr
Blip Blop
Electrode
Funky Fever
Grit
Resin
Sector-7 (formally Midnight and has new effects added to it)
Sugar
Trapped
Legendary
D-50
Jupiter-8
Juno-106
JV-1080
JX-3P
Promars
SH-2
SH-101
Sound Canvas VA
SRX Keyboards
SRX Orchestra
SRX World
SRX Dance Trax
SRX Studio
System 100
TB-303
TR-606
TR-808
TR-909
XV-5080
Tera
Tera Guitar
Tera Piano
Anthology
1985 (vol 1 and 2) - Ultra deep sampled instrument
1986 - Ultra deep sampled instrument
1987 - Ultra deep sampled instrument
1990 - Ultra deep sampled instrument
1993 (vol 1, 2 and 3) - Ultra deep sampled instrument
Anthology EP14 - Ultra deep sampled instrument Electric piano
Anthology Orchestra (vol 1, 2, 3 and 4) - Ultra deep sampled instrument Orchestra
Drums
Acoustic One
TR-606
TR-808
TR-909
Patches
Patches are available for a number of the Roland Cloud instruments. These are additional configurations of the instruments.
D-50 "Beyond Fantasia" Bank One
D-50 "Beyond Fantasia" Bank Two
Juno-106 Brothertiger
Juno-106 Dark Techno
Juno-106 New Tech
Juno-106 Synth-Pop by Espen Kraft
Juno-106 Synthwave
Juno-106 Techno
Jupiter-8 Brothertiger
Jupiter-8 Epic Jupiter
Jupiter-8 Synthwave
Jupiter-8 Techno
JV-1080 Cinematic Cyberpunk
JV-1080 Don Solaris Signature Collection
JV-1080 Widescreen Ambient
JX-3P Synthwave
JX-3P Synthwave
Promars Curiority Collection
SH-2 Brothertiger
SH-2 Space Aged
SH-101 Dark Dream Techno
SH-101 Techno
System-8 Frontiers
System-8 Modern System
System-8 Synthwave
System-100 Klang
TB-303 Rob Acid TB-303 Collection
TB-303 Techno
TR-808 Dark Techno
TR-808 Dynamix II
TR-808 Techno
TR-909 Dark Techno
TR-909 Techno
XV-5080 Sky House
References
Software synthesizers
Audio software
Music technology | Roland Cloud | [
"Engineering"
] | 738 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Audio software"
] |
57,915,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE%20Systems%20Tempest | The BAE Systems Tempest is a proposed sixth-generation fighter aircraft that is under development in the United Kingdom for the Royal Air Force (RAF). The aircraft is intended to enter service from 2035, gradually replacing the Eurofighter Typhoon. It is being developed as part of the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) programme by a consortium known as Team Tempest, which includes the Ministry of Defence, BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce, the UK subsidiary of Leonardo, and MBDA UK. £2 billion is planned to be spent by the British government on the initial phase of the project up to 2025.
Both Italy and Sweden signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2020 committing to explore collaboration on the FCAS programme. The UK and Japan announced they are working together on the joint development of engine and radar demonstrators. This was followed by an announcement in December 2022 of the Global Combat Air Programme; a collaboration between Italy, Japan and the UK for a sixth-generation fighter aircraft. The Sunak ministry engaged in productive and positive "initial conversations" with Saudi Arabia about their desire to join the programme.
Programme history
Strategic concept development of Tempest began in 2015. Tempest is to replace the Eurofighter Typhoon in RAF service. The RAF's Second World War Hawker Tempest fighter also followed a Typhoon. Some technology developed for Tempest will be implemented in Typhoon.
On 16 July 2018, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) published its Air Strategy. The key elements of that strategy are:
Continue development of the Typhoon.
Implement the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) technology initiative, which was established by the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review.
Study of Typhoon replacement programmes.
"Build on or establish new [international] partnerships to deliver future requirements."
Focus on affordability.
The 2018 UK Air Strategy document describes combat air as "An aircraft, manned or unmanned, whose prime function is to conduct air-to-air and/or air-to-surface combat operations in a hostile and/or contested environment, whilst having the ability to concurrently conduct surveillance, reconnaissance, electronic warfare and command and control tasks." On the same day, 16 August 2018, the Tempest programme was introduced at the Farnborough Airshow as part of the Combat Air Strategy to maintain UK's combat aircraft development capabilities.
The maiden flight of Tempest was planned, , to occur by 2025, with entry into service as early as 2035. By 2022, the first flight was planned for no earlier than 2026.
By late 2021, the UK-led Future Air Combat System (FCAS) project entered the Concept and Assessment phase, with an initial contract let to BAE Systems worth approximately £250 million (US$340 million) to advance the design. BAE Systems is the lead contractor for the FCAS project. While the name given to the new fighter aircraft that forms the centerpiece of the system was Project Tempest, FCAS includes a "game-changing mix of swarming drones and uncrewed aircraft" in addition to the new fighter jet. In addition, FCAS includes a new architecture for sensors, battlespace communications, networking and software.
On 18 July 2022, the UK announced that a demonstrator aircraft would be flown for the first time "within the next five years". According to the MOD press release, the demonstrator's development is already underway at the BAE Systems facility in Warton near Preston, England and it has already been flown in simulators, with a predicted prototype test flight by 2026-2027.
Development
Although strategic concept development commenced in 2015, development of the Tempest hardware and software would start later.
The Tempest will be a sixth-generation jet fighter incorporating several new technologies including deep learning AI, ability to fly unmanned, swarming drones, directed-energy weapons, virtual cockpit in helmet and hypersonic weapons. £2 billion was earmarked until 2025. It was developed by a group called Team Tempest, consisting of the BAE Systems, project leader and systems integrator; Rolls-Royce, working on power and propulsion; Leonardo S.p.A., working on sensors, electronics and avionics; MBDA, working on weapons; and the Royal Air Force (RAF) Rapid Capabilities Office.
In 2018 it was reported that the MoD was in talks with officials from Sweden about a common fighter jet aircraft. On 8 February 2019, it was reported that the MoD and BAE Systems planned to approach the Indian MoD and Air Force regarding collaboration for the design and manufacture of the Tempest.
In July 2019, Team Tempest revealed that they planned to use a Boeing 757 as a testbed for technology developed for Tempest. The aircraft, named Excalibur, will be the only stealth fighter testbed outside the United States.
International involvement
On 19 July 2019, Sweden and the United Kingdom signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to explore ways of jointly developing sixth-generation air combat technologies. Swedish public service TV SVT reported that Sweden is now a part of the Tempest project, however Jane's Defence Weekly later clarified that Sweden was not formally part of the Tempest project, but is rather cooperating on the broader Combat Air Strategy. A decision on full commitment to Tempest by Sweden was expected by the third quarter of 2020.
Italy announced its involvement in Team Tempest on 10 September 2019. The Statement of Intent was signed between the UK participant bodies and Italian participant companies (Leonardo Italy, Elettronica, Avio Aero and MBDA Italy).
At the virtual Farnborough Airshow in July 2020, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace announced seven new companies were joining the Team Tempest consortium: GEUK, GKN, Collins Aerospace, Martin Baker, QinetiQ, Bombardier in Belfast (now Spirit Aerosystems) and Thales UK, along with UK universities and SMEs. The companies will develop more than 60 technology prototypes and demonstration activities. By July 2020, trilateral industry discussions between UK, Sweden and Italy had begun; also announced was an initial investment of £50m in the project by Saab and the opening of a Future Combat Air Systems centre in the UK. Saab did not however explicitly commit to Tempest.
The involvement of Italy and Sweden was confirmed by the signing of a trilateral MoU with the UK, called Future Combat Air System Cooperation (FCASC), on 21 December 2020, "defining general principles for co-operation on an equal basis between the three countries".
In August 2021 Italy announced its intention to invest €2 billion by 2035 starting with a €20 million contribution in 2021 followed by the same amount in 2022 and 2023. In the July 2022 Italian defence budget, the development of the fighter was accelerated with Italy now budgeting a spend of €220 million in 2022 and €345 million in 2023, with a forecast total investment of €3.8 billion by 2036. In October 2023 the Italian Ministry of Defence presented new budget for Parliament approval, which increases the investment forecast to €7.7 billion by 2037.
On 22 December 2021, it was announced that the UK and Japan would jointly develop an engine testbed, with the UK initially contributing £30m for design to be followed by 200m for production of the testbed. On 15 February 2022, the UK and Japan also agreed on the joint development of next-generation fighter radar demonstrator named JAGUAR (Japan And Great Britain Universal Advanced RF sensor), led by Leonardo UK and Mitsubishi Electric.
Discussions to combine efforts on Tempest with Japan's own Mitsubishi F-X fighter project as a means to cut development costs began as early as 2017. The final decision made towards the end of 2022 to merge the development and deployment of a common fighter jet under a project called the "Global Combat Air Program" (GCAP) with development shared with Italy.
Design
Tempest will be modular, both to be easily role-adapted to fit the particular mission as well as have easily upgradeable components during its lifetime. It has delta-wings and a pair of outwards-pointing vertical stabilisers. It will incorporate stealth technology, be able to fly unmanned, and use swarming technology to control drones. It will incorporate artificial intelligence deep learning and carry directed-energy weapons. The aircraft will have a Cooperative Engagement Capability which is the ability to share data and messages with other aircraft and coordinate actions. Tempest will feature a virtual cockpit shown on a pilot's helmet-mounted display using a Striker II unit, and an adaptive cycle engine that utilises composite materials and improved manufacturing process to be lightweight and have better thermal management while still keeping costs low.
Leonardo has proposed a radar warning receiver that is four times as accurate at 1/10th of the size of current units.
The aircraft has a slightly raised rear fuselage section, to accommodate “S-shaped” ducting behind its twin-engine inlets, to reduce its frontal radar cross-section. Its two engines are placed deep inside the fuselage to minimise radar and infrared signatures.
The aircraft is planned to have two electrical generators that provide ten times more electrical power than the Typhoon's. One generator serves as a starter for the jet engine, eliminating the need for a mechanical or compressed-air starting system. The generator is embedded in the engine core, also eliminating the need for a gearbox.
It is suggested that the pilot's helmet would monitor brain signals and other medical data, amassing a unique biometric and psychometric information database for each pilot, that will grow the more the pilot flies. The aircraft's AI would work in conjunction with the database to assist the pilot, for example taking over flight controls if the pilot experiences G-LOC or increasing its own workload when the pilot is under-loaded or under increased stress e.g. taking over terminal guidance after weapon deployment if the pilot's attention is focused on a more imminent threat to the aircraft. The AI is also intended to act as a gatekeeper, to parse the overwhelming quantity of sensor and intelligence data collected by the aircraft to identify key threats, whilst also throttling the rate at which processed data is provided to the pilot, to prevent the pilot being overloaded.
See also
BAE Systems Replica
Lockheed Martin FB-22
F/A-XX program
Flygsystem 2020
Future of the Royal Air Force
HAL Combat Air Teaming System
Mikoyan PAK DP
Next Generation Air Dominance
References
External links
Tempest at the RAF
Proposed aircraft of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom defence procurement
British Aerospace aircraft
Proposed military aircraft
Stealth aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear | BAE Systems Tempest | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,136 | [
"Proposed military aircraft",
"Military projects"
] |
57,917,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203845 | NGC 3845 is a barred lenticular galaxy located about 270 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. NGC 3845 was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on March 17, 1831. It is a member of the Leo Cluster and is likely to be a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN).
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
NGC 4340
References
External links
3845
36470
Leo (constellation)
Leo Cluster
Barred lenticular galaxies
Astronomical objects discovered in 1831
Active galaxies | NGC 3845 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 107 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,918,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaria%20flavosaponaria | Ramaria flavosaponaria is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in the mountains of eastern North America from Georgia and Tennessee to Nova Scotia.
Names
The specific epithet is from the ('yellow') and ('soapy'), both of which are distinguishing features of the mushroom. The name was originally published as Ramaria flavo-saponaria, including a hyphen. However, this is considered erroneous by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, so the proper orthography is Ramaria flavosaponaria.
Before being formally described in 1986 by Ron Petersen, the species was labelled in scientific collections under various names. Ramaria aurea sensu mihi was used for its resemblance to the European Ramaria aurea. It was also sometimes labeled Ramaria aquafaba, at least as early as 1969, predating the 2015 coinage of the term aquafaba in an unrelated culinary usage. This term possibly relates to the use of some yellow species of Ramaria (possibly including R. flavosaponaria) to make flavorful broth. cooked R. flavosaponaria has a beany flavor, so this 'bean water' (Latin + ) likely led to the early R. aquafaba name.
Description
Ramaria flavosaponaria has fruiting bodies up to in size that are broadly obovate to circular in shape and cespitose or scattered. The irregularly shaped stipe grows up to with much aborted branching, giving an appearance like cauliflower. The flesh is white to yellow, does not bruise, but has a soapy texture without being gelatinous. The above-ground parts are weakly vinescent (turning to a red wine color) around soil particles. The flesh is brittle whether dried or fresh.
The odor of fresh specimens is fabaceous (bean-like), which becomes like fenugreek upon drying. The taste is described as moderately fabaceous, but it is not known if the species is edible. A Colorado couple suffered gastrointestinal distress and cramps from a mushroom similar to the European R. aurea, but if this was R. flavosaponaria or another species is uncertain.
The species tests positive with pyrogallol. It is moderately positive in response to ferric chloride. Tincture of guaiac is negative on the branch sections but weakly positive on the surface of the stipe. Ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide cause bleaching. Testing with melzer's reagent is negative.
The trama hyphae of the upper branches are no bigger than 7 μm in diameter and appear glassy, are hyaline, and lack clamp connections. The areas near the septa are inflated up to 15 μm and are ornamented delicately. Gloeoplerous hyphae are not present. The hymenium is thickening, with clavate basidia that also lack clamp connections.
The subcylindrical or narrowly ovate spores are 3.6–5.4 × 7.2–11.2 μm with roughened profiles. The spores have walls up to 0.3 μm thick, with ornamentation of low warts and meandering, reticulate, and complex cyanophilous ridges. Spore prints are cinnamon buff.
Similar species
Ramaria flavosaponaria is easily distinguished from related mushrooms by the brilliant gold color, the large number of aborted branchlets, a surface that feels slippery, a lack of clamp connections, and a complex spore ornamentation. It is sometimes confused with R. aurea, which only grows in Europe. Ramaria stuntzii also lacks clamps, has small spores, and aborted branchlets, but is a bright red color and not slippery to the touch. There is also a similar Ramaria species in Nova Scotia that is bronze-colored and also not slippery. Macroscopically, R. primulina is quite similar, but produces larger spores, has clamps, and flesh that is more gelatinous than soapy.
Ecology
The species forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with Fagus sylvatica (European beech). It has been found growing under Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) and Quercus (oak) trees.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1986
Gomphaceae
Taxa named by Ron Petersen
Fungus species | Ramaria flavosaponaria | [
"Biology"
] | 932 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,920,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vivo%20supersaturation | In vivo supersaturation is the behavior of orally administered compounds that undergo supersaturation as they pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Typically these compounds have a weakly basic nature (pKa in the range of 5 to 8) and a relatively low solubility in aqueous solutions. In vivo supersaturation is a recent phenomenon that was first observed by Yamashita et al. in 2003.
References
Pharmacodynamics | In vivo supersaturation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 96 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Pharmacodynamics",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
57,920,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieAuth | IndieAuth is an open standard decentralized authentication protocol that uses OAuth 2.0 and enables services to verify the identity of a user represented by a URL, as well as to obtain an access token, that can be used to access resources under the control of the user.
IndieAuth is developed in the IndieWeb community and was published as a W3C Note. It was published as a W3C Note by the Social Web Working Group due to lacking the time needed to formally progress it to a W3C recommendation, despite having several interoperable implementations.
Implementations
WordPress IndieAuth Plugin
Known
Micro.blog
Grav (CMS) IndieAuth Plugin
Drupal IndieWeb Plugin
Cellar Door
See also
OpenID
WebID
Self-Sovereign Identity
References
External links
IndieAuth specification
World Wide Web Consortium standards
Password authentication
Federated identity
Identity management initiative
Computer access control protocols
WordPress | IndieAuth | [
"Technology"
] | 191 | [
"Computing stubs",
"World Wide Web stubs"
] |
57,922,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyane | Polyane is a French trademark for insulating and waterproof plastic films used in construction, registered in 1965.
History
Henri Piat, a mechanical enthusiast, collaborated with the owner of Société Plastique Soudé, J.-E. Mazuyer and started a new company, Company of Transformation of Synthesis Products, later known as Prosyn. Due to high investment cost, early technical challenges and expensive import licenses, the company struggled. After some time, the company moved to the station Châteaucreux in Saint-Etienne. After a downturn, in 1964, the company Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), part of the Rhône-Alpes CRRA Research Centre, took a co-stake in Prosyn, with Lafarge. The two companies had different applications in mind; Lafarge aimed to improve the waterproofing of its cement bags, while SNPA aimed to develop and promote the use of polyethylene films. As part of these activities, Prosyn moved to Saint-Chamond.
After significant growth in the 60s and 70s, SNPA took over the entire capital of Prosyn and in the 1980s, the Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine became the Elf Atochem group. Prosyn was then renamed to Prosyn Polyane, which combined with a marketing campaign led to the brand name, Polyane, in 1965. Products in which Polyane is used include stretch film, garbage bags and printing on plastic film, among other more niche applications.
In 1999, Prosyn Polyane had profitability issues and Elf Atochem aimed to sell off the brand and facilities. A successful sale was made to the Luxembourgian industrial group Verdoso, which also held a majority of the capital of Société de Production de Films Plastiques (SPFP). Prosyn Polyane was integrated into this organization. This re-oriented Prosyn Polyane to focus on the manufacture of film for industry and agriculture.
The company was bought again in October 2001 by the Adelpro group, a specialist in agricultural film, which also held two former competitors: Addem Plastiques (Firminy, Loire) and the former agricultural division of the British group Autobar Flexible France, which was then called Deltalène (Sainte Sigolène, Haute-Loire). Prosyn Polyane was subsequently renamed to Polyane. In July 2003, the group acquired Ribeyron (Sainte Sigolène, Haute-Loire).
The court of Saint-Étienne stopped activities of Adelpro, after it continued to struggle. Parts were sold to Ribeyron SAS, but the court allowed Deltalène and Polyane to fuse to a new company that continued operations under the name Prolène. The company remained under observation by a judicial agent and was ordered to wait for the court's agreement for each of its purchases. It was unable to remove itself from the verge of bankruptcy and under consultation of the court, Plastika Kritis purchased the failing companies. These were subsequently combined into a new company, Agripolyane, which holds the Polyane brand. The brand has since become widespread and is often used as a generic term to refer to specific types of plastics rather than the brand itself.
Patents and trademarks
The Polyane trademark was registered in 1965. Since then, the company has changed its name from Prosyn Polyane to Agripolyane. It has also diversified its activity to include agriculture, construction, industry and geomembrane. The company wanted to protect its name by registering several dozen trademarks that it has created in its main markets, both nationally and internationally, with organizations specialized in intellectual property such as the INPI (France) or the OHIM (European Union). The company has also developed new products and filed patents to protect its innovations.
References
External links
Brand name materials
Polymers | Polyane | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 797 | [
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
57,923,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Water | The Institute of Water is the main professional association for the water industry in the UK.
History
It was founded in 1945 as the Association of Water Distribution Officers. It was incorporated on 12 October 1954. It became the Institution of Water Officers in 1990, then the current name in 2010.
Function
Accreditation
It maintains a register of engineers in the British water industry, being affiliated to the Engineering Council to register Chartered Engineer (CEng) since 1998, Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Engineering Technician (EngTech) since 1973. It is affiliated to the Society for the Environment since 2004. It is also affiliated with the Science Council to award Registered Science Technician (RSciTech), Registered Scientist (RSci), and Chartered Scientist (CSci).
Structure
It is situated on Team Valley Trading Estate in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, west of the River Team. It has been in North East England since 1975, and in Gateshead since 1998.
See also
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, situated in the London Borough of Camden
List of professional associations in the United Kingdom
Natural Environment Research Council
References
External links
Institute of Water
Science Council
ECUK Licensed Members
Gateshead
Organisations based in Tyne and Wear
Organizations established in 1945
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Tyne and Wear
Water industry
Water organizations
Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom | Institute of Water | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 270 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water industry"
] |
57,923,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematics%20awards | This list of mathematics awards contains articles about notable awards for mathematics. The list is organized by the region and country of the organization that sponsors the award, but awards may be open to mathematicians from around the world. Some of the awards are limited to work in a particular field, such as topology or analysis, while others are given for any type of mathematical contribution.
International
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
References
See also
Lists of awards
Lists of science and technology awards
Mathematics | List of mathematics awards | [
"Technology"
] | 92 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Lists of science and technology awards",
"Mathematics awards"
] |
57,923,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane | Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane is the organophosphorus compound with the formula C(PPh3)2 (where Ph = C6H5). It is a yellow, moisture-sensitive solid. The compound is classified as an ylide and as such carries significant negative charge on carbon. It is isoelectronic with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium. The P-C-P angle is 131°. The compound has attracted attention as an unusual ligand in organometallic chemistry.
The pure compound has two crystalline phases: a metastable monoclinic C2 phase that is triboluminescent, and an orthorhombic P222 form that is not. Both polymorphs are photoluminescent, with respective peak wavelengths at 540 and 575 nm.
Preparation
The compound was originally prepared by deprotonation of the phosphonium salt [HC(PPh3)2]Br using potassium.
An improved procedure entails production of the same double phosphonium salt from methylene bromide. The double deprotonation is effected with potassium amide.
Related compounds
Methylenetriphenylphosphorane (CH2=PPh3), the parent Wittig reagent
References
Organophosphorus compounds
Ligands | Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 284 | [
"Ligands",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organophosphorus compounds"
] |
57,923,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20LXIV | Jupiter LXIV, originally known as S/2017 J 3, is an outer natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and his team in 2017, but not announced until July 17, 2018 via a Minor Planet Electronic Circular from the Minor Planet Center. It is about 2 kilometers in diameter and orbits at a semi-major axis of about 20,694,000 km with an inclination of about 147.9°. It belongs to the Ananke group.
References
Ananke group
Moons of Jupiter
Irregular satellites
Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard
Astronomical objects discovered in 2017
Moons with a retrograde orbit | Jupiter LXIV | [
"Astronomy"
] | 128 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Planetary science stubs"
] |
57,923,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofins%20BLC%20Leather%20Technology%20Centre | Eurofins | BLC Leather Technology Centre or Eurofins | BLC is a testing, auditing and consulting business that specialises in chemicals, leather, footwear and other associated products and related materials, and is based in Northamptonshire.
Overview
One of the specialism is the safe use and management of chemicals in the supply chain; a concept from which Eurofins | BLC developed the ZDHC approved Chem-MAP® certification process for chemicals, chemical companies, brands and their suppliers.
A significant item of note is that Eurofins | BLC is the official facilitator of the Leather Working Group (LWG) which is a significant environmental stewardship programme within the leather industry. The LWG has over 1600 member companies that includes over 150 major clothing and footwear brands.
Acquisition
In March 2018, BLC was acquired by Eurofins Scientific of Belgium who now have a majority share holding in the company.
See also
Leather production processes
References
External links
Eurofins | BLC Chemical Testing
Eurofins | BLC Leather Technology Centre
Leather industry
Materials science institutes
Research institutes established in 1920
Science and technology in Northamptonshire
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Northampton | Eurofins BLC Leather Technology Centre | [
"Materials_science"
] | 243 | [
"Materials science organizations",
"Materials science institutes"
] |
57,923,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance%20Barrens | The Torrance Barrens (officially Torrance Barrens Conservation Reserve) is a conservation area and dark-sky preserve in the District Municipality of Muskoka in Central Ontario, Canada. The reserve consists of Crown Lands in the municipalities of Gravenhurst and Muskoka Lakes. It is notable as the first dark-sky preserve in Canada and for its geological and environmental features.
History
In 1870, the Musquash Colonization Road was built, connecting Gravenhurst to Musquash Falls (now Bala). This road was the first in the area and some segments are still in use. However, the portion bisecting through the reserve is no longer in use and is a separate nature reserve, the Musquash Road Nature Reserve.
In 1992, its significant natural values were identified, and additional studies described its importance in aesthetics and recreation. In 1995, the Ministry of Natural Resources proposed to protect the area and public consultations began.
The reserve was established in June 1997 under Ontario Regulation 259/97, and as a result of its favourable conditions for astronomy viewing, it was recognized as a permanent dark-sky preserve in 1999, the first in Canada.
Geology
The reserve straddles the edges of the Moon River Domain (Parry Sound Terrane) and the Go Home Domain (Algonquin Terrane), structural subdivisions of the Grenville province of the Grenville orogeny. It is characterized by low elongated ridges of Precambrian bedrock with little topsoil and scattered boulders. The ridges are granitic gneisses and migmatites of varied origins, separated by wetland, ponds, and peat-filled hollows.
The geology represents the Grenville Province continental accretion theme and is therefore locally significant.
Environment
While the Torrance Barrens are part of an intermittent band of granite barrens stretching from Eastern Ontario to Georgian Bay, it is rare this far south in Ontario, and therefore the environment and flora of the reserve are unique and distinct in its location.
Flora
The vegetation can be divided into three types: acidic rock barrens, wetlands, and upland forests. The barrens have herbaceous shrubs and graminoid heaths, with pockets of white and red pine, white and red oak, aspen and birch. The wetland consists of swamps, fen, and marshes with graminoid shrubs and peat, as well as mixed hardwood and coniferous trees. The upland forests are characterized by mature mixed coniferous and deciduous trees. In all, 463 native vascular plant species have been identified in Torrance Barrens. This includes twelve Atlantic coastal plain species which are found in Canada in only two areas and are from their home ranges.
Of the 463 species, 5 are rare and threatened: lance-leaved grapefern (Botrychium lanceolatum), panic grass (Panicum spretum), southern twayblade (Listera australis), white-fringed orchid (Platanthera blephariglottis), and halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium).
Of the 12 Atlantic coastal plain species, there are 4 rare and threatened species: snail-seed pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), Carolina yellow-eyed grass (Xyris difformis), marsh St. John’s wort (Triadenum virginicum) and Virginia meadow-beauty (Rhexia virginica).
Fauna
94 bird species, 19 mammal species, 28 butterfly species, 8 dragonfly species, and 18 reptile/amphibian species have been identified in the reserve.
Of the 18 reptile/amphibian species present, 2 are of special concern: five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus – Ontario's only lizard) and eastern ribbonsnake (Thamnophis saurita); and 3 are threatened: eastern Massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus), eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) and Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii).
The eastern bluebird and Cooper's hawk, both rare in Canada, can be found at Torrance Barrens.
Dark-sky preserve
The location and topography make the Torrance Barrens a suitable location for night-time sky viewing opportunities. There is no light pollution of nearby cities, and the reserve is mostly surrounded by undeveloped private lands and other parks, allowing it to retain the natural darkness of the night. Because of its barren bedrock, telescopes and cameras can be stationed on a solid base, immune to vibrations. Furthermore, the natural open spaces and lack of surrounding high hills provide an unobstructed panorama of the sky and horizon.
Owing to these favourable conditions, the Andromeda Galaxy is visible with the naked eye from the Torrance Barrens, and with a simple telescope, the cloud bands of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn can be seen.
References
External links
Conservation areas in Ontario
Dark-sky preserves in Canada
Protected areas of the District Municipality of Muskoka
1997 establishments in Ontario
Protected areas established in 1997 | Torrance Barrens | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,056 | [
"Dark-sky preserves in Canada",
"Dark-sky preserves"
] |
57,924,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Kindness%20Rocks%20Project | The Kindness Rocks Project is a viral trend where people, commonly children, paint pebbles or cobbles and leave them for others to find and collect. Photos of the painted rocks and hints of where to find them are commonly shared on Facebook groups. The trend originated in the U.S. and has spread to the other countries, including U.K., Australia, New Zealand, and Haiti.
Origin
The Kindness Rocks Project was started by Megan Murphy in 2015 on Cape Cod. She wrote "You've got this" on a rock and left it on a beach on Cape Cod. After a friend found it, she started leaving more rocks with inspirational messages behind.
Alice Brock, a Cape Cod resident who had been painting rock art since the 1960s, claimed credit for helping spread the phenomenon worldwide by sending painted rocks to her friends and family in New York City and Europe.
Derivatives
As the trend of painting kindness rocks has spread, it has many derivatives but remains true to its original intention of spreading kindness. Rocks are painted as a social-emotional learning activity for kids, as well as to support particular charities, events or movements. Sometimes the name of a hashtag or the Facebook group the painter belongs to is written on it as well.
Generally, rocks which are hidden are intended to be picked up, photographed and put on Facebook, and then re-hidden in a different spot. However, different rock groups may have different ideas; some might be asked to be taken as far as possible, and others hidden in the same city or general region. The Kindness Rocks Project encourages people to set up community Inspiration gardens.
The painting rock trend was revived during the COVID-19 pandemic.
#Islastones
#Islastones was a rock-painting movement in support of Isla Tansey, a girl diagnosed with DIPG, a terminal cancer. Isla asked people to paint stones with the hashtag #islastones, take photos of them, and hide them. Isla died on July 10, 2018, at the age of 7, less than a year after her diagnosis.
International Drop a Rock Day
International Drop a Rock Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated on July 3, in which people are encouraged to leave a painted rock in a public space.
Reception
Some parks have objected to people leaving painted rocks on their grounds, including the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Painted rocks were banned from several parks in the Marlborough region of New Zealand. Disneyland has banned painted rocks from entering the park and will confiscate them.
See also
References
External links
Kindness
Group processes
Group art exhibitions | The Kindness Rocks Project | [
"Biology"
] | 514 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kindness"
] |
57,925,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocarpella%20maydis | Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) Sutton (syns. Diplodia maydis (Berk.) Sacc. and D. zeae (Schwein.) Lév.) is a plant pathogenic fungus and causal organism of diplodia ear and stalk rot. Corn (Zea mays) and canes (Arundinaria sp.) are the only known hosts to date. No teleomorph of the fungus is known.
Stenocarpella maydis can significantly reduce yield or grain quality (see – Symptoms and Signs) as there is a decrease on kernel size, and lower test weight. If infection occurs early, some ears may not produce harvestable grain or seed vigor can be compromised. Delayed harvest and wet weather before harvest can allow fungal growth to continue, further reducing grain marketability. Further, some animals may reject contaminated corn-based feed. Stenocarpella rot has the potential to affect distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) composition, but not ethanol yield on an equivalent weight basis. Although not common, when the conditions are conducive, this organism can produce mycotoxins (see – Importance), toxic compounds to mammals.
Symptoms and signs
If the corn plant becomes infected soon after flowering, the husks appear bleached to straw color. Mycelial growth on corn ears typically begin at the base of the ear. In advanced stages of disease, this can result in a light-weight mummified ears attributed to the release of extracellular hydrolytic activities of acid protease, xylanases, and cellulases. During late season, this ascomycete on the plant can be recognized by the production of small raised, black fungal reproductive structures (pycnidia) on infected kernels, cob, husks, or stalks giving it an irregular feeling when touched. When infection happens several weeks after flowering, ears may be asymptomatic, with a possible brown discoloration, or seldom show mycelium between kernels. Some isolates may cause premature germination of the corn kernels. In stalk infections, injury to the vascular system disrupts translocation and, thus, reduces grain size.
Biology and epidemiology
S. maydis overwinters on diseased plant debris (husks, stalks). During wet conditions, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded on debris produces two-celled conidia. Diplodia ear rot takes place when conidia are spread via rain and wind into the plant during early silking until two to three weeks after silks start to senesce. Alternatively, conidia can penetrate husks, typically at the base of the ear. Fungal growth is most common during milk, dough and dent stages. Diplodia stalk rot takes place mainly in the crown, mesocotyl, roots, and less frequently on the nodes between the crown and the ear. For both diseases, points of entry are facilitated by pest (e.g. bird, insect) damage, predisposing the host. Earworm (Helicoverpa zea) damage at the ear shank is often associated with the disease.
Diplodia rot is most severe for mono cropping systems, or when wet weather occurs shortly after silking, particularly for susceptible corn varieties with upright ears and tight husks. S. maydis occurs in cool, humid temperate areas, whereas the closely related S. macrospora, with similar symptoms but whose only host is corn, tend to happen in warm, humid zones.
Corn Diplodia disease cycle Crop Protection Network
Worldwide incidence
The incidence of Diplodia ear and stalk rots is dependent of climatic factors. Epidemics have been associated with early droughts and late season rains. The incidence of infected corn in the field may range from 1-2% or as high as 75-80%. Some regions throughout the globe associated with Stenocarpella maydis include:
North America: Canada, Mexico (unconfirmed), USA (Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, South Dakota).
Central America: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras
South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador
European and Mediterranean region: Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, France, Russia
Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Zimbabwe
Asia: China (widespread), India (unconfirmed), Iran, Taiwan
Oceania: Australia (New South Wales)
Management
Cultural control
Timely planting: Alternate planting dates when possible. Spreading silk dates will reduce the risk of Diplodia infection.
Crop rotation: Alternate non-host crops at least one year out of corn to decrease the presence of the pathogen resting structures in subsequent seasons.
Tillage: Removal/Degradation of corn residues during the fall can help reduce disease levels.
Irrigation timing: Overhead irrigation can splash disperse S. maydis spores from infected corn plants to adjacent healthy plants.
Grain drying and selection: Prior to storage, dry grain below 13-15% to halt mold growth. Prior to storage, clean dried grain by removing lighter, damaged kernels, cobs and fines. Routinely screen grain and store the most infected grain separately to reduce disease spread.
Others: Burying corn residue provides some degree of disease control. Cool infected grain below 50 °F (19 °C) soon after harvest and store at 30 °F (-1.1 °C) to delay the development of infection.
Host resistance
Corn hybrids vary in their susceptibility to S. maydis. Flint cultivars are more resistant than dent, and resistance breeding offers promise for control, however complete resistance (immunity) is not available. Some seed suppliers offer Diplodia rot resistance ratings for their hybrids. Further, resistance to insects can reduce damage and disease severity. Genetic resistance to Diplodia stalk rot is highly correlated with resistance to Gibberella stalk rot.
Chemical control
The potential benefits of fungicides to control Diplodia rot remain ambiguous. It is recommended to apply fungicides when foliar disease is evident at high levels to help minimize stalk damage during grain fill. Some experimental findings include:
Propiconazole and prothioconazole show promising results on a laboratory scale in reducing fungal growth under controlled conditions. In field applications, however, neither has shown successful Diplodia rot reduction.
Benomyl (Benlate) and mancozeb (Dithane M-45) have shown a degree of effectiveness in controlling S. maydis in the Nigerian Savanna.
A triazole product and a QoI strobilurin + triazole mix product tested by researchers at Purdue University did not consistently reduce disease severity.
Biological control
While not as commonly used as the previously described management strategies, several studies show promising results with a biocontrol approach. Examples follow:
Two Streptomyces sp. Isolates, designated DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632, isolated from corn rhizosphere soil, significantly reduced S. maydis incidence by 93.2% and 92.3%, respectively.
Strains of Pseudomonas spp., P. fluorescens, Pantoea agglomerans, and Bacillus subtilis inhibited the development of this fungus for the production of compounds with antifungal activity.
Importance
S. maydis is capable of producing mycotoxins, but no case has been reported regarding Diplodia rot in the United States and Canada. However, there have been some mycotoxicoses (Diplodiosis) in South America and Africa due to this fungus. This manifests as a nervous disorder (neuromycotoxicosis), characterized by neurological disorders such as ataxia, paralysis, and liver damage in farm animals fed or grazing on S. maydis-infected corn. Further, Diplodia-infected corn used in the chicken broiler and egg laying industries has resulted in reduced performance. Mycotoxins produced by this phytopathogen include diploidiatoxin, chaetoglobosins, and diplonine, to which all associated with diplodiosis. Moreover, Chaetoglobosin K has potential as an antifungal. A study by Wicklow et al showed promising antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides
See also
List of maize diseases
References
External links
Stenocarpella maydis strain: A1-1 Genome sequencing
Characterization of Stenocarpella maydis mutants
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Diaporthaceae
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
Fungus species | Stenocarpella maydis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,786 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,926,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203851 | NGC 3851 is an elliptical or lenticular galaxy located about 300 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on February 24, 1827 and is a member of the Leo Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3851
36516
Leo (constellation)
Leo Cluster
Lenticular galaxies
Astronomical objects discovered in 1827
Elliptical galaxies | NGC 3851 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 82 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,143,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel%20Bachrach | Uriel Bachrach (Hebrew: אוריאל בכרך; born 1926) is a German-born Israeli molecular biologist and professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is best known for his work on the physiology and function of naturally occurring polyamines. He was also a founding member of Hemed, the Israeli Science Corps, which developed munitions and weapons for the State of Israel prior to its founding as a state in 1948.
Biography
Uriel Bachrach was born in Heilbronn, Germany, in 1926 and immigrated to Palestine in 1933 at the age of six. In 1945 he began studying chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
In 1947, David Ben-Gurion directed a group of twenty physics and chemistry scientists, including Uriel Bachrach, to form HEMED, the Israeli Science Corps, under the direction of Ephraim Katzir. HEMED was the nascent defense industry for the State of Israel.
In 1949, Bachrach earned a master's degree in biochemistry, and in 1950 he earned a master's degree in microbiology. He was awarded a Ph.D., degree in 1953. Bachrach joined the faculty of medicine at the Hebrew University, and in 1971 was appointed a full professor and chairman of the department of molecular biology. He has been a visiting professor at various American and European universities.
In 2009, Bachrach published a Hebrew-language book about the founding of HEMED. In 2016, he published an English-language version of his book about the creation of the Israeli Science Corps, The Power of Knowledge - HEMED: The Israeli Science Corps.
Honors and awards
In 1995, Bachrach was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bologna in Italy.
In 2009, Bachrach received a special prize from the State of Israel given by President Shimon Peres for his contributions to Israel for his work in HEMED.
In 2010, Bachrach received a special award from the Mayor of Rome for significant contributions to cancer research. He was one of the organizers of the 11th International Conference on Polyamine, Cancer and Other Diseases, in Tivoli, Lazio, Italy.
Research
Bachrach has conducted extensive research in the field of polyamines and studied various aspects of their development. Bachrach continues to lecture in various forums about this unique chapter in Israel’s history. He has also published numerous articles on molecular biology, chemistry, and cancer research.
Personal life
Bachrach is married to Zohara Yaniv-Bachrach, an ethnobotanist, researcher and lecturer in the field of medicinal plants. They live in the Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem.
References
1926 births
Living people
German emigrants to Israel
Israeli biologists
People from Heilbronn
Molecular biologists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
20th-century German biologists
21st-century German biologists
Cancer researchers
Scientists from Baden-Württemberg | Uriel Bachrach | [
"Chemistry"
] | 602 | [
"Biochemists",
"Molecular biology",
"Molecular biologists"
] |
63,145,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Maria%20Oceanic%20Control | Santa Maria Oceanic Control is an air traffic control area over the Atlantic Ocean. Santa Maria Flight information region, also known as FIR, is Europe's largest and one of the largest in the world. Covering the southeastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean, Santa Maria FIR is on the key routes of most of the flights from Europe to Central and South America.
In the middle of the FIR, the nine Azores islands attract thousands of tourists and further increase the traffic in Santa Maria FIR. The airports are also known for saving a considerable amount of money and lives by serving as an en-route alternate airport for many transatlantic flights.
References
External links
Santa Maria Oceanic FIR
Air traffic control systems
Aviation in Portugal
Air traffic control centers
Air traffic control in Europe
Transatlantic flight | Santa Maria Oceanic Control | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 151 | [
"Information systems",
"Air traffic control systems",
"Control engineering"
] |
63,147,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204546 | NGC 4546 is a lenticular field galaxy located in the direction of the constellation Virgo, with a total population of globular clusters estimated at 390. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.
Located 45.6 million light years away, with a stellar mass of about 27 billion solar masses, it has a declination of −03° 47' 35" and an average rise of 12 hours, 35 minutes and 29.5 seconds. NGC 4546 was discovered on December 29, 1786 by William Herschel.
The galaxy appears to be home to a supermassive black hole with a mass of 256 million (± 16 million) times the mass of the Sun. It is estimated to have 390±60 globular clusters.
NGC 4546 appears to have at least 2 companions, NGC 4546-UCD1 and CGCG 014-074.
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Virgo (constellation)
4546
41939
Astronomical objects discovered in 1786
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 4546 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 231 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,150,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope%20L.%20King | Penelope King uses geochemistry and cosmochemistry to study planetary processes to better understand past and future planetary environments, and what this information may tells us about climate change. She is a professor at the Australian National University (ANU) in the Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES). King holds many awards, including Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the Mineralogical Society of America in 2019, and winning the AGU Joanne Simpson Medal for Mid-Career Scientists the same year. She currently leads a research group examining surface and interior processes on planetary bodies.
Early life and education
Penelope King was born in Canada and moved several times early in her life, first to the United States and then her parents' native Australia. She grew up in Canberra, Australia, where the regional bushland provided many outdoor activities which King enjoyed. When King was nine, her family lived in England for a year. While in England, she had an assignment on columnar basalt and visited some of the islands that are part of the “Giant’s Causeway”. Geology did not become a part of King’s life again until she went to college. King attended the Australian National University (ANU) for her undergraduate education. While at ANU, a family friend suggested that a job working outside and traveling may be suitable for King. Geography was the first option King considered, but then she decided to join her friends in the geology program. She earned her Bachelor of Science from the department of geology in 1993, graduating with honors. She went on to earn her Ph.D. in geology at Arizona State University (ASU), graduating in 1999.
Career and research
After her graduate studies, King has made significant impacts as a professor at multiple institutions. King was an assistant professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Western Ontario from 1999 to 2006, earning tenure in 2006. From 2007 to 2011, King was the senior research scientist III for the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico. In 2012 King returned to the Australian National University, holding the positions of Fellow (2012–2014), ARC Future Fellow (2014–2018), and senior fellow (2015–2018) at the Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES). King was awarded a professorship at the RSES in 2019, where she is currently working. King has also held visiting and adjunct positions at other institutions, including Mesa Community College (1999), Arizona State University (1999), University of Tennessee Knoxville (2005), University of Western Ontario (2007–2012), and the University of Guelph (2011–2015).
King’s areas of expertise include geology, geochemistry, volcanology, surface processes, and extraterrestrial geology. King’s early research focused on the mineralogy, chemical composition, crystallization temperatures, and the petrogenesis of the aluminous A-type granites found in the Lachlan Fold Belt in Australia. With this information, King and her team were able to make a more coherent description and defining characteristics of A-type granites while acknowledging and providing evidence for inappropriate characterizations stated in other literature. In recent years, King has done significant research on planetary chemistry, such as gas-solid interactions involved in planetary processes and methane variation on Mars's Gale Crater using observations from the Curiosity Rover. She has authored and co-authored over 80 articles and papers, as well as edited two books.
King currently leads a research group that is studying surface and interior processes on planetary bodies. Using remote and infrared techniques to study the interaction of planetary materials with gases, she is hoping to understand how materials in the solar system behave and interact. This information can give insight into past and future planetary environments, earth processes, planetary formation, and climate change issues. As a teacher, King is passionate about improving career opportunities for a diversity of people and opening pathways for underrepresented people in the workplace.
Awards
King has received multiple highly prestigious academic awards:
Fellow - American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2019
AGU Joanne Simpson Medal for Mid-Career Scientists, 2019
Fellow - Mineralogical Society of America 2019
ANU VC's Staff Excellence Award - Clare Burton Award for Equity and Diversity, 2017
Senior Fellow - Higher Education Academy 2017
Australian Research Council Future Fellowship, 2014-18
NASA Group Award: MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) APXS (alpha particle X-ray spectrometer) Instrument Development and Science Team, 2013, 2015
Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Lecturer 2005
Premier's Research Excellence Award (Ontario, Canada) 2002
Canada Foundation for Innovation (New Opp.) 2000
Ontario Innovation Trust award (Canada) 2000
Sigma Xi Honorary Member 1999
Publications
Books
Infrared Spectroscopy in Geochemistry, Exploration Geochemistry and Planetary Science (King, Ramsey & Swayze, eds., 2004)
High-Temperature Gas-Solid Reactions in Earth and Planetary Processes (King, Fegley & Seward, eds., 2018)
Other publications
Characterization and origin of aluminous A-type granites from The Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia, 1997 Journal of petrology
Are A-type granites the high-temperature felsic granites? Evidence from fractionated granites of the Wangrah Suite, 2001 Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
SIMS analysis of volatiles in Silcate glasses: 1. Calibration, matrix effects and comparisons with FTIR, 2002 Chemical Geology
Implications of reactions between SO2 and basaltic glasses for the mineralogy of planetary crusts, 2019 Journal of Geophysical Research
The methane diurnal variation and microseepage flux at Gale crater, Mars as constrained by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Curiosity observations, 2019 Geophysical Research Letters
Gas-solid reactions: theory, experiments and case studies relevant to Earth and planetary processes, 2018 Rev Mineral Geochem
References
External links
Australia National University Biography - Professor Penelope King
Living people
Australian National University alumni
Arizona State University alumni
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Australian geochemists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Mineralogical Society of America | Penelope L. King | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,237 | [
"Geochemists",
"Australian geochemists"
] |
63,151,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Jofr%C3%A9 | Paula Jofré (born 1982) is a Chilean astronomer and astrophysicist. She was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Next, 2019, for her work with British anthropologist Robert Foley resulting to their collaboration about how "stars birthed in particular parts of the universe could be elementally related because they condense out of the same interstellar clouds" and "pass on their chemistry, much like parents pass along parts of their DNA to their children."
Biography
Paula Jofré was born in 1982 and is the eldest of three daughters of a Chilean father and German mother.
Education and work
Jofré studied at the Colegio Alemán de Santiago, and Colegio Santa Úrsula de Vitacura, all-girls high school. Her interest in astronomy began with her mother's suggestion for a school project, for which she went to the National Astronomical Observatory (Chile) on Calán Hill and met astronomer José Maza.
From that introduction, her interest in astronomy grew over the years and she applied and entered the Astronomy degree at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where she graduated and obtained a scholarship to study at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany. She went on to earn her Ph.D. at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
After this, Jofré and her family moved to France, where she entered the University of Bordeaux for a post-doctorate with projects related to the Gaia space mission. She was then accepted as a postdoc at the Institute of Astronomy, at the University of Cambridge. During this period she worked with Gerry Gilmore, and also gained entry to King's College at the University of Cambridge. There, she met Foley and began investigating "star DNA." Her research was described by Grossman.Stars from the same gas cloud should have almost the same chemistry. That’s similar to how siblings share a lot of the same DNA. The analogy is close enough that Jofré, Foley and their colleagues built a three-branched tree showing the relationships of 21 stars that are siblings of the sun. They described it [in 2017] in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.In 2017 she returned to Chile to join the astronomy department of the Diego Portales University in Santiago, Chile, as an assistant professor.
Research
Jofré's research focuses on the investigation of galactic astronomy, with the main emphasis on the analysis of stellar spectra, to understand the physical processes that shape the Milky Way. She is concerned with the investigation of stars observed with high-resolution spectra, developing, among other things, family trees based on the origin of the matter that makes up stars. With Robert Foley she has studied the chemical spectra of the sun and 21 other local stars, identifying a type of genetic connection among them and have charted family trees.
Personal life
Jofré is married to astronomer Thomas Maedler; they have two children.
Selected publications
Jofré, P., & Weiss, A. (2011). The age of the Milky Way halo stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 533, A59.
Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Soubiran, C., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Worley, C. C., Pancino, E. L. E. N. A., ... & Van Eck, S. (2014). Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Metallicity. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 564, A133.
Jofré, P., Heiter, U., Soubiran, C., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Masseron, T., Nordlander, T., ... & Vallenari, A. (2015). Gaia FGK benchmark stars: abundances of α and iron-peak elements. Astronomy & astrophysics, 582, A81.
Jofré, P., Jorissen, A., Van Eck, S., Izzard, R. G., Masseron, T., Hawkins, K., ... & Manick, R. (2016). Cannibals in the thick disk: the young α-rich stars as evolved blue stragglers. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 595, A60.
Jofré, P., Heiter, U., & Soubiran, C. (2019). Accuracy and precision of industrial stellar abundances. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 57, 571-616.
Recognitions
Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the year, 2019.
Science News magazine as one of the 10 most promising under 40 scientists in the world.
References
External links
Paula Jofré
1982 births
Living people
Women astrophysicists
Chilean astrophysicists
Women astronomers
21st-century Chilean scientists
Chilean astronomers
21st-century women scientists
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of Diego Portales University
Chilean women scientists | Paula Jofré | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,033 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers"
] |
63,151,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Janis%20algorithm | In general relativity, the Newman–Janis algorithm (NJA) is a complexification technique for finding exact solutions to the Einstein field equations. In 1964, Newman and Janis showed that the Kerr metric could be obtained from the Schwarzschild metric by means of a coordinate transformation and allowing the radial coordinate to take on complex values. Originally, no clear reason for why the algorithm works was known.
In 1998, Drake and Szekeres gave a detailed explanation of the success of the algorithm and proved the uniqueness of certain solutions. In particular, the only perfect fluid solution generated by NJA is the Kerr metric and the only Petrov type D solution is the Kerr–Newman metric.
The algorithm works well on ƒ(R) and Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton theories, but doesn't return expected results on Braneworld and Born–Infield theories.
See also
Birkhoff's theorem (relativity)
References
Algorithms
Exact solutions in general relativity | Newman–Janis algorithm | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 196 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Applied mathematics",
"Algorithms",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
63,152,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthyl%20nicotinate | Menthyl nicotinate is an organic compound with the formula C16H23NO2. It is the ester of nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3) and menthol. At room temperature, menthyl nicotinate is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid.
Being a topical lipophilic niacin derivative, menthyl nicotinate is used in cosmetics and personal care products, personal lubricants and intimate hygiene compositions.
Menthyl nicotinate is rapidly absorbed through the stratum corneum and slowly hydrolyzed by skin esterase into niacin and menthol. Such time-dependent release of niacin and menthol, in an equimolar ratio, prevents the excessive niacin-flush effect that is usually observed with other nicotinates.
Niacin is a precursor to coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is essential to all cellular processes involved in immune response and DNA-repairing of photodamaged skin cells.
Niacin has also been used and tested for the purpose of enhancing detoxification by removing skin lipid-stored xenobiotics.
In vitro testing has evidenced menthyl nicotinate's fast skin absorption kinetics and slow percutaneous delivery of niacin.
Its antioxidant, detox, antipollution and protective efficacy against different kinds of damaging agents (UV radiation, oxidizing agents, urban particulates and cigarette smoke) has also been evaluated. Results indicate that menthyl nicotinate significantly enhances skin barrier function.
References
Esters | Menthyl nicotinate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 346 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Esters",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,152,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient%20depletion | Nutrient depletion is a form of resource depletion and refers to the loss of nutrients and micronutrients in a habitat or parts of the biosphere, most often the soil (soil depletion, soil degradation). On the level of a complete ecological niche or ecosystem, nutrient depletion can also come about via the loss of the nutrient substrate (soil loss, wetland loss, etc.). Nutrients are usually the first link in the food chain, thus a loss of nutrients in a habitat will affect nutrient cycling and eventually the entire food chain.
Nutrient depletion can refer to shifts in the relative nutrient composition and overall nutrient quantity (i.e. food abundance). Human activity has changed both in the natural environment extensively, usually with negative effects on wildlife flora and fauna.
The opposite effect is known as eutrophication or nutrient pollution. Both depletion and eutrophication lead to shifts in biodiversity and species abundance (usually a decline).
The effects are bidirectional in that a shift in species composition in a habitat may also lead to shift in the nutrient composition.
See also
Soil nutrient
Soil erosion
References
Ecology
Natural resources
Nutritional physiology | Nutrient depletion | [
"Biology"
] | 240 | [
"Ecology"
] |
63,153,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2063119 | IEC 63119 is an international standard defining a protocol for information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming services, which is currently under development. IEC 63119 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, and is the responsibility of Working Group 9 (WG9) of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69).
Standard documents
IEC 63119 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate IEC 63119 standard documents:
IEC 63119-1: General, edition 1 published in 2019.
IEC 63119-2: Use cases
IEC 63119-3: Message structure
IEC 63119-4: Cybersecurity and information privacy
See also
IEC 63110
References
Electric vehicles
63119 | IEC 63119 | [
"Technology"
] | 161 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards"
] |
63,153,774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecno%20Spark%204 | Tecno Spark 4 Lite, Tecno Spark 4 Air and Tecno Spark 4 are Android-based smartphones manufactured, released and marketed by the Chinese company Tecno Mobile as part of Tecno Spark 4 series. The device were unveiled as successors to Tecno Spark 3 and Tecno Spark 3 Pro. It is the fourth generation of Tecno's Spark series of smartphones.
The Spark 4 Lite, Spark 4 Air and Spark 4 are the upgraded versions of Spark 3 batch, coming with the same OS, RAM and GPU, but with different UI and battery capacity.
The phone has received generally favorable reviews, with critics mostly noting the larger battery, larger display, triple cameras and the faiba support. Reviewers, however, still criticize the lack of full HD display, software update, fast charging and missing USB Type-C port.
Specifications
Hardware
The Spark 4 Lite, Spark 4 Air and Spark 4 all feature a 720p resolution. The Spark 4 Lite and Spark 4 come with an 20:9 aspect ratio, while the Spark 4 Air comes with an 19.5:9 aspect ratio; the Spark 4 Lite and Spark 4 have 6.52-inch Dot Notch IPS LCD display, on the contrary, the Spark 4 Air has 6.1-inch Dot Notch IPS LCD display. The Spark 4 comes with Always On display (AOD) and HDR10.
All the devices come with a MediaTek Helio A22 SoC and 2 GB of RAM.
The Spark 4 Lite, Spark 4 Air and Spark 4 all come with 32 GB storage. They all feature the ability to use a microSD card to expand the storage to a maximum of 128 GB.
The Spark 4 Lite and Spark 4 come with the battery capacities of 4000 mAh, while the Spark 4 Air comes with the battery capacity of 3000 mAh.
The Spark 4 series features an improved camera and improved display. The Spark 4 comes with three lenses, a 13 MP shooter, a 2 MP shooter and a VGA lens.
Software
All the devices ship with Android 9.0 "Pie" with a new HiOS 5.5, different from the versions found on Spark 3 and Spark 3 Pro.
The HiOS 5.5 comes with an AR virtual canvas, gesture call picker, game mode, game assistant, closed eye detection and fingerprint reset password.
Reception
Dickson Otieno from Tech-ish gave the Spark 4 a score of 3.6/5, praising the design, but stated that it's boring, copying the same design every time. However, he noted that the battery is a good upgrade from Spark 3 Pro.
George Kamau from Techweez noted that Spark 4 looks good as a budget phone, but concluded that the device fails in the competitive budget smartphones market.
Usama Anjum from Phone World praised the Spark 4 design and the triple rear camera. He opined that the features is okay for a budget smartphone.
Anfernee Onamu from Gadgets Africa praised Spark 4 for its screen, battery life and fun features, but opined that the device has a low-quality camera.
Nixon Kanali from Tech Trends KE praised the overall design of Spark 4, stating that it's easy to use and handle. He went further to praise the device's support for Faiba and its battery performance.
Kevin Kimani from Mobi Trends praised the Spark 4 for its display, camera and battery, but noted that the charging speed is slow due to lack of fast charging technology.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2019
Tecno smartphones
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras | Tecno Spark 4 | [
"Technology"
] | 752 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
63,154,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse%20Ridge%20%28chip%29 | Intel "Horse Ridge" is a cryogenic control chip that presented at the International Solid State Circuits Conference 2020 of San Francisco.
Horse Ridge is based on Intel's 22nm FFL (FinFET Low Power) CMOS technology. Intel and QuTech published a study in Nature in which they demonstrate that they have been able to operate qubits at temperatures above 1 degree Kelvin (-272.15 degrees Celsius).
In December 2020, Intel released Horse Ridge II, adding enhanced capabilities and higher levels of integration for sophisticated control of the quantum system. New features include the ability to manipulate and read qubit states (and drive up to 16 spin qubits with a direct digital synthesis (DDS) architecture) and control the potential of multiple gates needed to correlate multiple qubits (features 22 high-speed digital-to-analog converters (DACs)).
Horse Ridge II is also implemented using Intel's low-power 22 nm FinFET technology (22FFL) and its operation has been tested at a temperature of 4 degree Kelvin.
References
Quantum computing | Horse Ridge (chip) | [
"Technology"
] | 226 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
63,155,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%20mystery%20sphere | The Betz mystery sphere is a metal sphere with an approximate diameter of weighing nearly uncovered in 1974 by a family in Florida.
Background
On March 27, 1974, the Betz family investigated a small brush fire near their residence in Fort George Island, Florida. The family of three, Antoine, Jerri, and son Terry, came across a small metal sphere the size of a bowling ball. Their first thought was the sphere had been a cannonball left from New World conquistadors. They decided to take the sphere back to their house.
Several days later, Terry was playing the guitar in their home. The sphere seemed to react to the sound of the guitar. It made a throbbing noise. Later, the sphere was noticed to roll on its own and even stop on its own and change direction. Terry started doing experiments with the sphere. He noticed the sphere would reverberate when hit with a hammer. He also found the sphere would move after being shaken and placed on the ground.
The Betzes reported that the sphere moved on its own several times, and that it would follow people around the house seemingly on its own. Eventually, they stored the sphere in a trunk, and only took it out to show friends and family.
Analysis
At the time of discovery
In April 1974, United Press International (UPI) reported "The [United States] Navy said the sphere is nothing more than a huge ball bearing used as a check valve in the piping system of some chemical plant." The same month, the Miami Herald reported that a similar ball in Jacksonville (near Fort George Island) had been identified as "part of a valve once used in a paper mill."
In June 1974, UPI further reported that the sphere had been examined by a group of scientists attending a conference sponsored by the National Enquirer—the group felt "the object was constructed of some type of stainless steel made on earth." At the time, the National Enquirer was offering a cash reward for any object proven to have come from outer space.
Later review
A 2012 analysis by Skeptoid revealed contemporary media analysis indicating that the Betz sphere may have been a ball check valve produced by the Bell & Howell company: its size, weight, and metallurgical composition matched those of the company's ball check valve.
Skeptoid also posited an explanation for the sphere's autonomous motion, noting that the sphere "sat quietly on display inside the Betz home for nearly two weeks, and is not reported to have ever moved on its own at all, except for when someone took it down to experiment with it", and quoting a representative of the U.S. Navy who stated that "I believe it's because of the construction of the house... It's old and has uneven stone floors. The ball is almost perfectly balanced, and it takes just a little indentation to make it move or change direction."
Skeptoid noted coverage of New Mexico artist James Durling-Jones, who had been collecting scrap metal for use in sculptures; Durling-Jones reported having loaded ball check valves into the rooftop luggage rack of his Volkswagen Bus, and having "(driven) through the Jacksonville area around Easter of 1971, at which time a few of the balls rolled off the luggage rack and were lost." Skeptoid concluded that this was the sphere's origin.
See also
Gravity hill
Klerksdorp sphere
Stone spheres of Costa Rica
Notes
References
External links
The Mysterious Betz Sphere of Fort George Island, The Jaxson
Science and technology-related conspiracy theories
Ufology
Unexplained phenomena
Fort George Island | Betz mystery sphere | [
"Technology"
] | 739 | [
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
63,155,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean%20air | Lean air is a gas mixture with an oxygen content lower than 20.95% (the oxygen content of the normal breathing air). Lean air is made from a gas mixture of air with nitrogen or of pure oxygen with nitrogen and is used in several production processes where a product covering with pure nitrogen can be dangerous, undesirable or more expensive. In some production processes the oxygen content is necessary for the reaction process or during storage (e.g. synthetic resin production, acrylic compounds such as acrylic acid (CAAC) or butyl acrylate (BA)).
Definition
Lean air is artificially produced "air" with a lower oxygen content. The normal oxygen content of 20.95 Vol .-% in air is reduced (leaned) to a lower proportion (e.g. 8 Vol.-%). For this purpose gases are mixed: Either compressed air with nitrogen or oxygen with nitrogen.
The generic term for Lean air is synthetic air which can refer to gas mixtures with a lower but also with a higher content of oxygen. Synthetic air is used e.g. used for gas analyzers as zero gas or operating gas for the detection of nitrogen oxides. In large scaled chemical processes the gas mixture is used in significantly larger quantities and there has an impact on product quality.
Usage
Lean air is often required in processes for the supply of solvent boilers and reactors, e.g. in the production of synthetic resins during Polymerization. In these processes, heat is added and combustible gases escape from the product. Three required factors of the combustion triangle (combustible substance, oxygen, ignition energy) would coincide spatially and temporally if produced under normal breathing air. This could lead to an explosion or deflagration, with consequent serious accidents.
If the product is acrylic acid, in opposite oxygen must be present and pure inert atmosphere must be avoided: "Overheating of Acrylic Acid must be avoided because this can lead to explosions." "Several case histories of Acrylic Acid were reported when procedures for proper handling or storage were disregarded." "Overlaying Acrylic Acid with a pure nitrogen atmosphere during the manufacturing process can lead to oxygen depletion" and in consequence to explosion. Even storage leads to chemical reaction requiring oxygen. "Oxygen is consumed slowly during storage. Therefore the level of dissolved oxygen should be periodically replenished with air (or an oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture, 'lean air mixture')." Thus the lean air, used for this purpose, has to be kept in a safe oxygen range so that accidents are prevented and at the same time that the reaction can take place.
Due to the regular use in potentially explosive areas, compliance with the oxygen content specified for the lean air, i.e. both for the quality of the production process (desired chemical reaction) and for safety-related matters (combustion triangle, overheating), is essential.
Lean air can be filled in gas cylinders (or bundles as storage banks) from manufacturers of technical gases . When larger quantities are required, companies tend to operate their own systems for generating lean air because this is more cost effective. Systems for production of such gas mixtures are called gas mixers, or more specific lean air units. The demands of those lean air units for quantity, quality, security and availability are individually graded and are defined by company-specific needs and budgets.
Generation of lean air
Gas quality, safety and availability are important for the process when generating lean air. That means in detail
Control of the defined oxygen concentration in the lean air-gas mixture for the production of a constant product quality (quality)
Safe shutdown if a specified oxygen concentration is exceeded or undercut so that there is no risk of explosion (safety)
Using backup solutions or a bypass with pure nitrogen or pre-mixed gas, ensuring the availability of the production system (availability)
Quality
As an additional measure to monitor the correct gas mixture quality, a gas analyzer can be used that continuously monitors the oxygen concentration. The measured oxygen value can be displayed and transferred to a higher-level process control system via an online connection. If the limit value is exceeded, a change in the quality of the gas mixture (in the case of automatic, dynamic lean air systems) can be initiated, and a shutdown or a switchover to a possibly existing bypass can be initiated.
Safety
The safe compliance with a defined oxygen concentration in the lean air influences the safety of the supplied process plant. Functional safety can be additionally increased by using a Safety Integrity Level analysis (SIL analysis). A SIL or security level is a security requirement level in accordance with the standard IEC 61508 / IEC 61511. The monitoring system used for this (usually consisting of a gas analyzer, shutdown, blow-off line solenoid valve) is assessed jointly with regard to its reliability by this SIL analysis. This further reduces the risk of potential malfunctions.
Availability
To ensure the availability of a professionally designed lean air system, at least the following measures are common:
Gas filter on the gas inlet side, to avoid impairment of the functioning of the fittings by particle entry,
Pressure control of compressed air and nitrogen to the same mixed pressure, so that Avogadro's law of the ideal gas applies, i.e. the density of the gases is proportional to the molar mass at the same pressure and temperature,
Interconnection of the constant pressure regulators in the gas inlet lines so that the impermissible enrichment of admixing gas is excluded at any time. Additional locking via the gas analysis so that a redundant safety lock is created.
Volume flow measurement (temperature and pressure compensated),
Use of gas non-return valves in each individual gas line to prevent decanting,
Enabling continuous or discontinuous gas mixture consumption through design measures,
Ensuring autonomous plant operation, even in the event of an eventual fault in a higher-level process control system or in the communication with it.
See also
References
Gas technologies
Breathing gases
Industrial gases | Lean air | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,235 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Industrial gases"
] |
70,372,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy%20in%20the%20New%20Media%20Age | Written in 2003, and published by Taylor & Francis Group, Gunther Kress' book Literacy in the New Media Age explores how the introduction of modern technology has impacted the way individuals interact with their culture through written and oral communication. Expanding upon the idea of the evolution of media and writing in a digital medium, Kress looks at the impacts of media communications on societies and cultures and vice versa.
Contents
The History and future of literacy
Kress' work seeks to expand the idea of writing as something that works in conjunction with culture throughout history. From the simplicity of the common for of literacy in which audiences can read and understand the written word in their common language, Kress understands literacy to be a "mode of representation" for ideas and changes happening around the readers and writers of the written word. To Kress, being "literate" means to also have a deeper and more abstract understanding of other dimensions of culture and social awareness. "The new media of information and communication have faculties which differ from those of the older media of book and page. Above all these consist in the potentials for action by writers and readers, make of texts and remakes of texts..."(Literacy in the New Media Age, p.49)Claiming that reading is a form of semiosis between the reader, writer and the outside influences as large, Kress acknowledges the strong hold imagery and visual media has on the majority of communicable communications. Stating that "some things are common to 'reading; across time, across cultures, across space..."(Literacy in the New Media Age, p. 139) Kress points out that reading practices are changing not just the physical format and grammatical forms of writing but also in the interpretation of non alphabetic writing.
Writing in context
Seeing writing and reading as a "meaning making process" that individuals and groups use to share knowledge and ideas in a physical form, Kress connected the prevalence of wring and literacy in cultures as connected to other social and cultural changes such as economic, social and the prevalence of technology and invention.
With the changes over times, Kress questions the ides of literacy in a time when visual aids can replace as well as coincide with the written word. Referencing the multiple applications of literacy when it comes to politics, media, visual imagery, science etc. Kress addresses the limitations to the idea of literacy and seeks to expand the idea of communications through writing. the "design" of writing, Kress muses, is the ability to generate changes in meaning and purpose in writing to fit the times, stating that:"Design asks 'what is needed now, in this one situation, with this configuration of purposes, aims, audience, and with these resources and given my interests in this situation?'... In a multimodal environment the realizations of this are aided bu te varying affordances of the model dn the facilities of the new media of information and communication." (Literacy in the New Media Age, p.49)
The shifting of the medium
Kress addresses the shift from physical books to digital typefaces as a means to discuss the practical uses of both the written and types word. Acknowledging that the medium of a message holds over power by those who engage with the material, Kress brings to light the multifaceted capabilities of digital technology when it comes to writing through tools such as e-learning, interactive literature aids, and engagement tools.
Citing literacy as a tool for individuals, the use of digital literate can engage the human imagination in ways that traditional paper novels cannot. The connection between the literate reader and the source of written information involved not only words on a page or screen but the interpretation and relationship the reader has with the words through experiences. Addressing this, Kress states that:"Of course the possibilities of connections across elements, neither given nor constrained by a reading path, are myriad too, and they too provide the space for imagination. But this form of reading is already moving in the direction of the new forms of reading, as I will say several times in the book, where the reader imposes her or his ordering on a weakly structured ordered structure, or an entity with no clearly imposed order." (Literacy in the New Media Age, p.59)Through digital writing, the format of technology allows readers as well as content writers to work on the integral engagement of the work with wide audiences. The continuous stream of visual media and text show that the visual aspect and design of technology in regards to media allows for a unique relationship between the visual and grammatical structure of writing for the viewer. With the growth of the visual media and the occurrence of images used to communicate digitally, communication across technology has shows the evolution of society as well as the audience. States Kress: "Language as speech will remain the major mode of communication language as write will increasingly de displaced by image in many domains of public communication through writing will remain the preferred mode of the political and cultural elites. the combined effects of writing of the dominance o the mode of image and of the medium of the screen will produce deep changes in the forms and functions of writing." (The Futures of Literacy, p.1)
References
New media
Books about media theory
2003 non-fiction books | Literacy in the New Media Age | [
"Technology"
] | 1,062 | [
"Multimedia",
"New media"
] |
70,374,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phrenological%20Journal | The American Phrenological Journal was a periodical in the United States devoted to the racist pseudoscience of phrenology, a collection of theories correlating skull features to personality and intelligence. The newspaper was founded in 1838 and dissolved in 1911. It was supported by the phrenologist Fowler family, who published it under the auspices of the Fowler & Wells Company. Several prominent historical figures underwent phrenological analyses by the Fowlers and the findings published in the journal; these include abolitionist Lydia Maria Child and writer Mark Twain.
History
The American Phrenological Journal and Miscellany was founded in 1838 as a phrenological periodical, though the details of its foundation are largely unknown. It was financially and ideologically supported by the phrenologist Fowler family, including Orson Squire Fowler, Lorenzo Fowler, and Samuel R. Wells; Wells became its leading editor during the 1870s. It was published by Fowler & Wells Company, and it attributed the rise of interest in phrenology during the 1830s to Johann Spurzheim and George Combe.
In its first issue, the journal explained that its purpose was support the theories underlying phrenology – a pseudoscientific and racist area of research correlating skull measurements to personality and intelligence – and to apply them. It was an eclectic periodical; in addition to its phrenological research, it acquired and published writing in the domains of medical science, physiognomy, and in some unrelated areas, such as education. During its early years, it had a circulation of around 20,000 subscribers, each paying $1 per year (increased to $1.50 per year during the Civil War). It was among the most popular and authoritative publications in the field of phrenology during this time. Though phrenology was deeply steeped in racism, an article republished in 1847 was relatively progressive in tone: Descendants of Africans were able to possess "as good a brain [...] as would be possessed by any white, under the same circumstances", if they so desired and continually worked to foster intellectual development.
In the late 1890s, Jessie A. Fowler became the editor of the journal. It dissolved in 1911.
Persons analyzed
In 1839, the Fowlers conducted a phrenological analysis of Black Hawk, a Sauk leader, concluding that his skull indicated he was a violent, destructive, and malevolent figure.
That same year, Lorenzo Fowler conducted a phrenological analysis of Cinqué, a key figure in the rebellion onboard the slave ship La Amistad, while he was awaiting trial. He concluded that Cinqué had phrenological attributes that signaled power and leadership, and an intelligence "superior to the majority of negroes' in our own country". The Fowlers later sold busts of Cinqué and republished the story in 1840.
In September 1841, the Fowlers conducted a phrenological analysis of Lydia Maria Child, a writer and abolitionist who edited the National Anti-Slavery Standard. They concluded she sought to "bring about moral, social, and intellectual reforms" because of her dissatisfaction with the world. Abolitionists and their publications, including the Liberator, began to accept phrenology as a useful science in their political reform projects.
In 1901, a phrenological analysis of American writer Mark Twain was published in the journal; it concluded he was determined and of a nervous temperament. Jessie A. Fowler likely wrote it.
Notes
References
Phrenology
Publications established in 1838
Publications disestablished in 1911
English-language journals
Fringe science journals | The Phrenological Journal | [
"Biology"
] | 717 | [
"Phrenology",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
70,374,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20border%20control%20organisations | Border control is generally the responsibility of specialised government organisations which oversee various aspects their jurisdiction's border control policies, including customs, immigration policy, border security, biosecurity measures. Official designations, division of responsibilities, and command structures of these organisations vary considerably and some countries split border control functions across multiple agencies.
Canada
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC; ) is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for matters dealing with immigration to Canada, refugees, and Canadian citizenship. IRCC's mandate emanates from the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Act. The Minister of IRCC is the key person to uphold and administer the Citizenship Act of 197 and its subsequent amendments. The minister will work closely with the Minister of Public Safety in relation to the administration of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.
Canada Border Services Agency: The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA; ) is the primary organisation tasked with maintaining Canada's border controls. The Agency was created on 12 December 2003, though its creation was formalised by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, which received Royal Assent on 3 November 2005. amalgamating Canada Customs (from the now-defunct Canada Customs and Revenue Agency) with border and enforcement personnel from the Department of the CIC and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).
Canadian Air Transport Security Authority: The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA; () is the Canadian Crown corporation responsible for security screening of people and baggage and the administration of identity cards at the 89 designated airports in Canada. CATSA is answerable to Transport Canada and reports to the Government of Canada through the Minister of Transport.
China
Border control in China is the responsibility of a variety of entities in each of the country's four distinct immigration areas. In the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, agencies tracing their lineage to British and Portuguese colonial authorities, respectively, perform border control functions based on the policies and practices in force before those territories' return to the People's Republic of China. Areas administered by the Republic of China are subject to border controls distinct from those in the People's Republic of China.
People's Republic of China:
: The Immigration Department () of Hong Kong is responsible for border controls of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions, including internal controls with the rest of China. After the People's Republic of China resumed sovereignty of the territory in July 1997, Hong Kong's immigration system remained largely unchanged from its British predecessor model. In addition, visa-free entry acceptance regulations into Hong Kong for passport holders of some 170 countries remain unchanged before and after 1997.
: The Immigration Department of Macau, under the Public Security Police Force, is the government agency responsible for immigration matters, whilst the Public Security Police Force itself is responsible for enforcing immigration laws in Macau.
Mainland China: Border control in Mainland China is the responsibility of National Immigration Administration (NIA; )), a unit of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS; ). Customs related border controls are largely within the purview of the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.
India
Border control in India is performed by a variety of organisations, each focusing on a distinct section of its external borders.
Border Security Force: The Border Security Force, or BSF, is the primary border defence organisation of India. It is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of the Union of India, it was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965, "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected there with". From independence in 1947 to 1965, the protection of India's international boundaries was the responsibility of local police belonging to each border state, with little inter-state coordination. BSF was created as a Central government-controlled security force to guard all of India's borders, thus bringing greater cohesion in border security. BSF is charged with guarding India's land border during peacetime and preventing transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force.
Assam Rifles: The Assam Rifles, one of India's oldest continuously existent paramilitary units, has been responsible for physical controls on the border between India and Myanmar since 2002. The border area between India, Myanmar, and China is largely made up of minority groups, many of which are transboundary communities. Consequently, enforcing border controls is a challenge for all three countries, and porous sections of the border between India and Myanmar have historically been common since Myanmar was formerly a part of the British Indian Empire.
Indo–Tibetan Border Police: The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is charged with maintaining border controls on India's side of the extensive border between minority regions of India and China. In September 1996, the Parliament of India enacted the "Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992" to "provide for the constitution and regulation" of the ITBP "for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected therewith". The first head of the ITBP, designated Inspector General, was Balbir Singh, a police officer previously belonging to the Intelligence Bureau. The ITBP, which started with 4 battalions, has since restructuring in 1978, undergone expansion to a force of 56 battalions as of 2017 with a sanctioned strength of 89,432.
Indonesia
The Directorate General of Immigration (Indonesian: Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi) is the primary agency tasked with border control in Indonesia.
Ireland
Border control for the Republic of Ireland is managed at major ports and airports by Border Management Unit, directed by the Department of Justice's Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service. The Garda National Immigration Bureau manages VISA and residency requirements. The Revenue Commissioners control customs and excise. As the Republic maintains a common travel area with the United Kingdom, there is no formal border control on the Northern Irish border.
Iran
Iranian Immigration & Passport Police: The Immigration & Passport Police Office is a subdivision of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran with the authority to issue Iranian passports and deals with Immigrants to Iran. The agency is member of ICAO's Public Key Directory (PKD).
Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command: Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command, commonly known as NAJA Border Guard, is a subdivision of Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran (NAJA) and Iran's sole agency that performs border guard and control in land borders, and coast guard in maritime borders. The unit was founded in 2000, and from 1991 to 2000, the unit's duties was done by of Security deputy of NAJA. Before 1991, border control was Gendarmerie's duty.
Malaysia
Immigration Department of Malaysia is responsible for regulating the entry and exit of people into and out of Malaysia. The department manages and maintains the country's immigration policies, including issuing visas, permits, and passes for visitors, students, and workers. It also enforces immigration laws, including detaining and deporting illegal immigrants and those who violate the terms of their visas or passes.
Royal Malaysian Customs serves as the primary border control organization in Malaysia. Its main responsibility is to enforce customs laws and regulations at ports of entry, including airports, seaports, and land borders. The department is tasked with preventing the smuggling of contraband and other illegal goods into the country while facilitating legitimate trade and travel.
México
In México, there is 2 separated institutions responsible of regulating migration affairs, with continuous collaboration:
The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs is responsible to provide to mexican citizens of passports and visas or permits to foireigners, when the applications are done in the exterior.
The National Institute of Migration is the authority responsible of regulating the entry of people from México at entry points such as airports, freeways, and nautical ports. Its also responsible to provide visas to foreigners, when the applications or permits are done in mexican territory. Also, provide follou up to foreigners after the entry to México.
North Korea
Border Security Command and Coastal Security Bureau are collectively responsible for restricting unauthorised cross-border (land and sea) entries and exits, in the early 1990s the bureaux responsible for border security and coastal security were transferred from the State Security Department to the Ministry of People's Armed Forces. Sometime thereafter, the Border Security Bureau was enlarged to corps level and renamed the Border Security Command. Previously headquartered in Chagang Province, the Border Security Command was relocated to Pyongyang in 2002.
Pakistan
Physical controls on Pakistan's international borders are managed by dedicated paramilitary units: the Pakistan Rangers on the border with India, the Frontier Corps with Afghanistan and Iran and the Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts with China and the Pakistan-administered side of the Line of Control.
The Pakistan Rangers are two paramilitary law enforcement organisations whose primary mission is border defence on the border with India as well as internal security operations, and providing assistance to the police in maintaining law and order. Rangers is an umbrella term for:
the Punjab Rangers, headquartered in Lahore, responsible for guarding Punjab Province's 1,300 km long border with India;
the Sindh Rangers, headquartered in Karachi, defending Sindh Province's ~912 km long border with India.
The Frontier Corps are four western provincial forces, part of the Civil Armed Forces. They operate along the external borders of the western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and are the direct counterparts to the Rangers of the eastern provinces (Sindh and Punjab). The Frontier Corps comprises four separate organisations:
Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North) and Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (South) stationed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province;
Frontier Corps Balochistan (North) and Frontier Corps Balochistan (South) stationed in Balochistan province.
Each force is headed by a seconded inspector general, who is a Pakistan Army officer of at least major-general rank, although the force itself is under the jurisdiction of the Interior Ministry. With a total manpower of approximately 80,000, the task of the Frontier Corps is to help local law enforcement in the maintenance of law and order, and to carry out border patrol and anti-smuggling operations. Some of the FC's constituent units such as the Chitral Scouts, the Khyber Rifles, Swat Levies, the Kurram Militia, the Tochi Scouts, the South Waziristan Scouts, and the Zhob Militia have regimental histories dating back to British colonial times and many, e.g. the Khyber Rifles, have distinguished combat records before and after 1947.
The Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts are part of the Civil Armed Forces, under the direct control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Government of Pakistan. The Scouts are an internal and border security force with the prime objective to protect the China–Pakistan border and support Civil Administration in ensuring maintenance of law and order in Gilgit-Baltistan and anywhere else in Pakistan. The force was formerly known as the Northern Areas Scouts but was renamed to the Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts in 2011.
The Maritime Security Agency is responsible for guarding the southern maritime border.
Pakistan Customs is responsible for customs-related border security measures.
Schengen Area
Border control in the Schengen Area is primarily performed by the national authorities of individual member states. Consequently, there are many distinct organisations involved with border control along the area's external frontiers and at sea and air ports of entry within its members states.
European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex): Frontex is the Schengen Area's multilateral border control organisation. It is headquartered in Warsaw and operates in coordination with the border and coast guards of individual Schengen Area member states. According to the European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) and the British Refugee Council, in written evidence submitted to the UK House of Lords inquiry, Frontex fails to demonstrate adequate consideration of international and European asylum and human rights law including the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and EU law in respect of access to asylum and the prohibition of refoulement. In September 2009, a Turkish military radar issued a warning to a Latvian helicopter conducting an anti-migrant and anti-refugee patrol in the eastern Aegean Sea to leave the area as it is in Turkish airspace. The Turkish General Staff reported that the Latvian Frontex aircraft had violated Turkish airspace west of Didim. According to a Hellenic Air Force announcement, the incident occurred as the Frontex helicopter —identified as an Italian-made Agusta A109— was patrolling a common route used by people smugglers near the small isle of Farmakonisi. Another incident took place in October 2009 in the airspace above the eastern Aegean sea, off the island of Lesbos. On 20 November 2009, the Turkish General Staff issued a press note alleging that an Estonian Border Guard aircraft Let L-410 UVP taking off from Kos on a Frontex mission had violated Turkish airspace west of Söke. As part of the Border and Coast Guard a Return Office was established with the capacity to repatriate immigrants residing illegally in the union by deploying Return Intervention Teams composed of escorts, monitors, and specialists dealing with related technical aspects. For this repatriation, a uniform European travel document would ensure wider acceptance by third countries. In emergency situations such Intervention Teams will be sent to problem areas to bolster security, either at the request of a member state or at the agency's own initiative. It is this latter proposed capability, to be able to deploy specialists to member states borders without the approval of the national government in question that is proving the most controversial aspect of this European Commission plan.
Direction centrale de la police aux frontières: The Direction centrale de la police aux frontières (DCPF) is a directorate of the French National Police that is responsible for border control at certain border crossing points and border surveillance in some areas in France. They work alongside their British counterparts at Calais, and along the Channel Tunnel Rail Link with the British Transport Police. The DCPF is consequently largely responsible for Schengen Area border controls with the United Kingdom.
Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects: Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects (DGDDI), commonly known as les douanes, is a French law enforcement agency responsible for levying indirect taxes, preventing smuggling, surveilling borders and investigating counterfeit money. The agency acts as a coast guard, border guard, sea rescue organisation and a customs service. In addition, since 1995, the agency has replaced the Border Police in carrying out immigration control at smaller border checkpoints, in particular at maritime borders and regional airports.
Finnish Border Guard: The Finnish Border Guard, including the coast guard, is the agency responsible for border control related to persons, including passport control and border patrol. The Border Guard is a paramilitary organisation, subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior in administrative issues and to the President of the Republic in issues pertaining to the president's authority as Commander-in-Chief (e.g. officer promotions). The Finland-Russia border is a controlled external border of the Schengen Area, routinely patrolled and protected by a border zone enforced by the Border Guard. Finland's borders with Norway and Sweden are internal Schengen borders with no routine border controls, but the Border Guard maintains personnel in the area owing to its search and rescue (SAR) duties. There are two coast guard districts for patrolling maritime borders. In peacetime, the Border Guard trains special forces and light infantry and can be incorporated fully or in part into the Finnish Defence Forces when required by defence readiness. The Border Guard has police and investigative powers in immigration matters and can independently investigate immigration violations. The Border Guard has search and rescue (SAR) duties, both maritime and inland. The Guard operates SAR helicopters that are often used in inland SAR, in assistance of a local fire and rescue department or other authorities. The Border Guard shares border control duties with Finnish Customs, which inspects arriving goods, and the Finnish Police, which enforces immigration decisions such as removal.
Koninklijke Marechaussee: The Koninklijke Marechaussee (English: Royal Military Constabulary) is a branch of the Dutch Armed Forces and are responsible for border control functions as well as guarding national borders and ports of entry, notably Amsterdam Schiphol Airport and Eurostar terminals at Amsterdam Centraal and Rotterdam Centraal. At Schiphol Airport, the Koninklijke Marechaussee operates a criminal investigations department and combats drugs trafficking in cooperation with FIOD for both passenger and air freight.
Swedish border police: Border control duties in Sweden are handled by a special group in the police force. Sweden has natural land borders only to Norway and Finland, where there are no border controls, so border surveillance is not done there apart from customs control. Therefore, border control is focused on some fixed control points, during the border control-less Schengen period until 2015 mainly airports. The introduction of full border control from Denmark and the continent in 2015 put a heavy load on the border police who had to check 8000 cars and 50 trains per day coming over the Öresund Bridge, and 3000 cars in Helsingborg and more in other ferry ports. The police quickly educated several hundred semi-authorised border control guards who had to ask the real officers to take over any doubtful case. The customs office and the coast guard can not do formal border controls, but can stop people in doubtful cases and ask police to take over.
Singapore
The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, or ICA, is the border control agency of Singapore under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The ICA is responsible for border control, border customs services, and immigration enforcement in Singapore. ICA is accountable to Parliament through the Minister for Home Affairs. The agency is in charge of maintaining all border checkpoints in Singapore. In addition, ICA handles anti-terrorism operations and is responsible for many visa and residence related aspects of border control.
South Korea
Korea Immigration Service, is a part of Ministry of Justice, responsible for protecting border control Enforcement. Korea Immigration Service issues Visa, controls traffic of Human at Port of entry and Immigration
Korea Customs Service, is a part of Ministry of Economy and Finance, responsible for enforce Customs such as Tariff and movement of goods at Port of entry
South Africa
The Joint Operations Division is a component of the South African National Defence Force that patrols the land borders and oceanic territory. The National Border Control Unit of the South African Police Service works in ports and airports. Since 2020, The Border Management Agency (BMA), a branch of the Department of Home Affairs overseas border controls at ports and airports.
Taiwan
In areas controlled by the Republic of China, the National Immigration Agency (NIA; ), a subsidiary organisation of the Ministry of the Interior, is responsible for border control. The agency is headed by the Director General. The current Director-General is Chiu Feng-kuang. The agency was established in early 2007 and its job includes the care and guidance of new immigrants, exit and entry control, the deportation of undocumented migrants, and the prevention of human trafficking. The agency also deals with persons from Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau who do not hold household registration in the areas controlled by the ROC.
United Kingdom
HM Revenue and Customs: Customs administration related to border controls in the United Kingdom largely fall within the jurisdiction of HM Revenue and Customs.
UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI): UKVI operates the visa aspect of the United Kingdom's border controls, managing applications from foreign nationals seeking to visit or work in the UK, and also considers applications from businesses and educational institutions seeking to become sponsors for foreign nationals. It also considers applications from foreign nationals seeking British citizenship.
Border Force: The Border Force is in charge of physical controls and checkpoints at airports, land borders, and ports. Since 1 March 2012, Border Force has been a law-enforcement command within the Home Office, accountable directly to ministers. Border Force is responsible for immigration and customs at 140 rail, air and sea ports in the UK and western Europe, as well as thousands of smaller airstrips, ports and marinas. The work of the Border Force is monitored by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration.
Immigration Enforcement: Immigration Enforcement is the organisation responsible for enforcing border control policies within the United Kingdom, including pursuing and removing undocumented migrants.
United States
Most aspects of American border control are handled by various divisions of the Department of Homelend Security (DHS).
US Customs and Border Protection: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a division of the DHS, is the country's primary border control organisation, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing American trade, customs and immigration regulations. It has a workforce of more than 58000 employees. Every individual entering America is subject to inspection by Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers for compliance with immigration, customs and agriculture regulations. Travellers are screened for a variety of prohibited items ranging from gold, silver, and precious metals to alcoholic beverages, firearms, and narcotics.
Transport Security Administration: The Transport Security Administration, or TSA, is a division of the DHS responsible for conducting security checks at American airports and other transport hubs, including overseas preclearance facilities (with the notable exception of those in Canada, where CATSA conducts security checks prior to CBP immigration screening). For passengers departing by air from America, TSA screening is the only physical check conducted upon departure.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, is the organisation responsible for enforcing immigration laws within America, focusing largely on deporting undocumented migrants. ICE operates detention centres throughout the country and approximately 34,000 undocumented migrants are imprisoned by ICE on any given day, in over 500 detention centres, jails, and prisons nationwide.
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services: United States Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for various aspects of border control relating to immigration, including reviewing visa petitions and applications as well as processing asylum claims.
State and local law enforcement agencies: Officers from police forces established by state, county, and municipal governments across America are deputised by ICE to detain undocumented migrants pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g). Under section 287(g), ICE trains and authorises state and local law enforcement officers to identify, process, and detain undocumented migrants they encounter during their daily law-enforcement activity. The 287(g) programme has been criticised for increasing racist profiling by police and undermining community safety as the fear of deportation discourages undocumented migrants from reporting crimes or talking to law enforcement officers.
Notes
References
Control
Export and import control
Control list
International law
Travel
Visas
Lists of law enforcement agencies | List of border control organisations | [
"Physics"
] | 4,661 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Travel"
] |
70,376,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat%20gang%20rape | The Eilat gang rape occurred in the summer of 2020 at a hotel in the Israeli resort town of Eilat. By late August, Israeli police had arrested 14 suspects in connection with the case. The victim was 16 years old. A group of men lined up outside her hotel room door taking turns to rape her while she was intoxicated. Eyewitnesses, who police believe were in the room while the rapes occurred, did nothing, according to the prosecution:
One of the suspects, a young man from Hadera, admitted filming the girl's rape but denied wrongdoing. He claimed that he attempted to help the victim. He and another Hadera resident are the main suspects among the 14 who were arrested and he has been remanded into custody. They are accused of bringing the intoxicated girl to the hotel room and raping her. Also charged are two 17 year old twin brothers from Lachish. Six minors from Lachish were charged with failure to stop a crime, aiding rape and other charges according to their alleged participation.
According to the prosecutor's statement, the men "carried out one after another, over the course of about an hour, sometimes as a group, cruel sex crimes against a minor out of loss of humanity and while blatantly ignoring her anguish."
One of the minors was convicted after reaching a plea bargain agreement with the prosecution in May 2021. He will be placed under house arrest between the hours of 23:00 to 06:00.
Benjamin Netanyahu called it "a crime against humanity".
See also
Shomrat gang rape
References
Rape in Israel
Rape in the 2020s
Gang rape in Asia
Child sexual abuse in Israel
Drug-facilitated sexual assault
Incidents of violence against girls
Rape trials
Trials in Israel
2020s trials
2020 crimes in Israel | Eilat gang rape | [
"Biology"
] | 368 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
70,377,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BornHack | BornHack (a portmanteau of "Bornholm" and "hack") is an annual hacker camp on the Danish island of Funen, near Gelsted. From 2016 to 2018, it was organized on Bornholm.
History
In 2021, the BornHack electronic badge was based on a perfboard due to the chip shortage. The 2021 camp was also captured in Google Maps' aerial pictures.
In 2022, Thomas Flummer developed a badge based on the RP2040, for which software can be developed in CircuitPython.
During BornHack there is a field specifically designed for loud noise, with a noise barrier made from soil. A Dutch hacker brought an old civil defense siren for testing purposes. Within a few minutes, four separate phone calls were made to the Danish police from houses located a large distance from BornHack.
See also
EMF Camp
SHA 2017
CCCamp
References
External links
Photos on Flickr
BornHack 2022 (recorded talks: media.ccc.de)
BornHack 2021 (recorded talks: media.ccc.de and youtube.com)
BornHack 2020 (recorded talks: youtube.com)
BornHack 2019 (recorded talks: youtube.com)
BornHack 2018 (recorded talks: youtube.com)
BornHack 2017 (recorded talks: youtube.com)
BornHack 2016 (recorded talks: youtube.com)
Hacker culture
Hacker conventions
Recurring events established in 2016
Hacker camps | BornHack | [
"Technology"
] | 300 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer conference stubs"
] |
70,378,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20V.%20Chekhova | Maria V. Chekhova (born 1963) is a Russian-German physicist known for her research on quantum optics and in particular on the quantum entanglement of pairs of photons. She is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen, Germany, where she heads an independent research group on quantum radiation, and a professor at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, in the chair of experimental physics (optics).
Education and career
Chekhova was born on 8 June 1963 in Moscow, and educated in physics at Moscow State University, where she earned a master's degree in 1986, completed a Ph.D. in 1989, and earned a habilitation in 2004. She was a full-time researcher at Moscow State University from 1989 to 2010, continuing on a part-time basis until 2020. In the meantime, she took her present position at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in 2010. In 2020, she added a part-time affiliation as professor at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg.
In November 2021 Chekhova was elected for the "Optica Fellow 2022" for "pioneering contributions to the science and applications of photon pairs and twin beams".
Book
Chekhova is the coauthor, with Peter Banzer, of the textbook Polarization of Light: In Classical, Quantum and Nonlinear Optics (De Gruyter, 2021).
References
External links
Chekhova Research Group
1963 births
Living people
Russian physicists
Russian women physicists
German physicists
German women physicists
Quantum physicists
Optical physicists
Moscow State University alumni
Max Planck Society people
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg | Maria V. Chekhova | [
"Physics"
] | 342 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
70,379,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyceps%20locustiphila | Cordyceps locustiphila is the basionym and teleomorph of the fungi Beauveria locustiphila, a species of fungus in the family Cordycipitaceae. and is a species within the genus Cordyceps. It was originally described in by Henn in 1904. C. locustiphila is an entomopathogen and obligate parasite of the grasshopper species within the genus Colpolopha or Tropidacris, and as such is endemic to South America. The scientific name is derived from its close relationship with its host, being named after locusts. The fungi was renamed to Beauveria locustiphila in 2017 following research into the family Cordycipitaceae. Following the loss of the species type specimen, new studies were conducted that now recommend that the fungi be divided into 3 species. C. locustiphila, C. diapheromeriphila, and C. acridophila.
Description
Macroscopic characteristics
The fruiting bodies of Cordyceps locustiphila form gregariously as clubs through breaks and joints in the chitinous shell of their host locusts. The stipe of the club is a fleshy greyish yellow with a length of 1–4 mm long and a diameter of 1–2 mm. The stromata formed on the ends of the club are bright yellow and have a simple, claviform, body plan, ranging from 3–5 mm in length and 2–4 mm in width. Ovoid perithecia are semi-immersed within the walls of the stoma, and have a wall smaller than 50 micrometers.
Microscopic characteristics
The anamorph of this fungi forms as an ocher yellow hyphal network which turns white at the external margins. The hyphae have a diameter of 1.5–2.5 nanometers. The fungi produces conidiophores with acremonium-like phialides that are simple and erect from the hyphal mat. Conidia are cylindrical in appearance, and are produced solitarily, or via the slime drop method. This asexual phase is what spurned the reclassification as a Beauveria species
Ecology and dispersal
C. locustiphila has evolved to be closely dependent on its host species, grasshoppers in the genus Colpolopha. As such, it is limited to the range of this grasshopper, and are endemic to South America, including regions of north-central Argentina, Northern Chile, Southern Brazil, and south east Peru.
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The fungus colonizes the bodies of its host when ascospores become trapped on the chitin exoskeleton by the grasshoppers fine hairs and begin to germinate. As the mycelium develops, it breaks through the exoskeleton to invade the interior cavities of the insects body for protection during growth. The fungi then uses the insect as a source of nutrients and shelter for its lifespan.
When it is time to reproduce and disperse spores, the mycelium produces stroma that emerge through gaps and joints in the exoskeleton. Ascospores are then released by semi-embedded Perithecia in the stroma's wall to be dispersed by the wind. Similar to other Cordyceps species, C. locustiphila has shown to be able to influence the neurological processes of its host to "brainwash" the locust into positioning itself where the wind currents and environments are most beneficial for spore dispersion.
Human uses
C. locustiphila is a species of specific scientific interest due to its abilities as an entomopathogen. C. locustiphila poses no threat to human beings, but the locust it targets can pose severe threats to human agriculture and lead to famines in South America. As such, C. locustiphila has been the subject of research both for its mechanism of breaching chitin defenses in general, as well as possible use as a biological alternative to pesticides in order to maintain agricultural security while reducing pollutants.
Unlike other Cordyceps species, which have been used in traditional medicine across Asia, C. locustiphila has not been recorded as being used as a medicine or nutrient source at this time.
Classification uncertainty
C. locustiphila was originally classified in 1904, but in 2017 was determined to be the teleomorph of Beauveria locustiphila, a species within a Cordyceps clade of asexually reproducing entomopathogens, Beauveria. This confusion is derived from the variations of sexual and asexual stages of the species lifecycle, as is a part of the larger changes taking place amongst fungal taxonomy due to the increase of DNA testing and research. Due to taxonomic standard changes implemented as part of the "One Fungus One Name" initiative B. locustiphila will not unseat the name C. locustiphila, being the more widespread teleomorph name of the species until such time it is ratified by the International Botanical Congress
Following further research of C. locustiphila interactions with its host species, as well as genetic testing of the SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 nuclear loci, it has been recommended that the species be further divided into 3 species, Cordyceps locustiphila, Cordyceps diapheromeriphila, and Cordyceps acridophila and/or Beauveria locustiphila, Beauveria diapheromeriphila and Beauveria acridophila.
These taxonomical complexities have been marked as a possible obstacle in C. locustiphila use as a biological pesticide due to the further interactions and hybridizations the species would undergo should it be propagated widely.
References
Cordyceps
Fungi described in 1904
Fungus species | Cordyceps locustiphila | [
"Biology"
] | 1,375 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,379,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew%20Dragon%20Freedom | Crew Dragon Freedom (serial number C212) is the fourth operational Crew Dragon reusable spacecraft manufactured and operated by SpaceX. It first launched on 27 April 2022 to the International Space Station (ISS) on the SpaceX Crew-4 mission. It was subsequently used for two private spaceflight missions to the ISS operated by Axiom Space, Axiom Mission 2 in May 2023 and Axiom Mission 3 in January 2024. It most recently launched to space in September 2024 on the SpaceX Crew-9 mission. The capsule was named after the fundamental human right of freedom and the Freedom 7 capsule that took astronaut Alan Shepard on the first human spaceflight from the United States.
History
On 23 March 2022, it was announced that Dragon C212 had been given the name Freedom. Astronaut Kjell Lindgren said that the name was chosen because it celebrates a fundamental human right, and the industry and innovation that emanate from the unencumbered human spirit. The name also honors Freedom 7, the space capsule used by Alan Shepard's Mercury Redstone 3, the first United States human spaceflight mission (May 5, 1961).
On 16 April 2022, Freedom was transported from SpaceX's processing facility in Cape Canaveral to Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center. Freedom's maiden flight, SpaceX Crew-4, was originally scheduled for 20 April 2022 but was delayed to 23 April due to launch preparations. The mission was later delayed again because the docking port needed for arrival (Harmony zenith port) was occupied by Crew Dragon Endeavour on Axiom Mission 1 (Ax-1). Ax-1's departure, originally set for 19 April, was delayed until 25 April due to bad weather in the recovery zones in the Atlantic Ocean. Freedom successfully launched for SpaceX Crew-4 on 27 April 2022.
Flights
List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Dates are listed in UTC, and for future events, they are the earliest possible opportunities (also known as dates) and may change.
References
External links
SpaceX Dragon 2
Individual space vehicles
NASA spacecraft
Crewed spacecraft | Crew Dragon Freedom | [
"Astronomy"
] | 432 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
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