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73,248,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20of%20Electricity%20and%20Energy | The minister of electricity and energy is the energy minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office in its current form was established in June 2024 in a merger between the minister in the presidency for electricity and the energy functions of the minister of mineral resources and energy. The energy portfolio was formerly the provenance of the minister of energy between 2009 and 2019.
During other periods, the energy portfolio was conjoined with other portfolios, including under the minister of minerals and energy, until 1994, and under the minister of mineral resources and energy from 2019 to 2024. The minister in the presidency responsible for electricity was appointed for the first time in March 2023 and had a mandate to oversee the government's response to the ongoing electricity crisis.
The incumbent minister of electricity and energy is Kgosientso Ramokgopa of the African National Congress, who was also the first and only minister in the presidency for electricity.
Post-apartheid history
In the Government of National Unity (GNU) between 1994 and 1999, the energy portfolio was part of the brief of the minister of minerals and energy, a post that had also existed during apartheid. Pik Botha of the National Party was the minister between 1994 and 1996, making him the last politician to hold the office who was not a member of the African National Congress.
Zuma presidency: 2009–2018
When he announced his first cabinet on 10 May 2009, President Jacob Zuma bifurcated the Department of Minerals and Energy into two disparate departments. The Department of Energy and Department of Mineral Resources were henceforth overseen by a minister of energy and minister of mineral resources respectively. The minister of energy gained a deputy minister from 31 October 2010.
Over the next decade, during Zuma's presidency, the Ministry of Energy was frequently the target of cabinet reshuffles. Commentators linked the dismissals of energy ministers to Zuma's efforts to carry out a proposed nuclear power deal with Russia.
Ramaphosa presidency: 2018–present
Appointing his second cabinet on 29 May 2019, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the energy portfolio would be merged with the minerals portfolio, as it had been before Zuma's tenure. Soon after the ministries were merged into the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy, the respective departments were likewise merged into the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy.
During his State of the Nation Address on 9 February 2023, Ramaphosa announced his intention to appoint a minister of electricity, based in the presidency, to oversee all aspects of the country's response to the ongoing electricity crisis, including leading the National Energy Crisis Committee. The first minister in the presidency for electricity, Kgosientso Ramokgopa, was appointed in a cabinet reshuffle on 6 March 2023.
Among other things, the minister of electricity had responsibility for procurement of new electricity generation capacity. However, he served alongside the incumbent mineral resources and energy minister, Gwede Mantashe, and there was uncertainty about the delineation of functions between them – especially given that a third minister, the minister of public enterprises, oversaw Eskom.
On 30 June 2024, appointing his third cabinet, Ramaphosa announced that the relevant ministries would be reconfigured: energy would be detached from the mineral resources portfolio and become the sole prerogative of a new minister of electricity and energy.
List of ministers
References
External links
Ministry of Electricity and Energy
Energy ministries
Government ministers of South Africa
Lists of political office-holders in South Africa | Minister of Electricity and Energy | [
"Engineering"
] | 706 | [
"Energy organizations",
"Energy ministries"
] |
73,248,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20Engineering%20Conservation%20Group | The Broadcast Engineering Conservation Group (BECG) conserves historic broadcasting equipment. It is based at Hemswell Cliff in Lincolnshire, England and is a Charitable incorporated organisation.
The group was founded by people with large private collections of broadcasting equipment, including several Outside Broadcast (OB) vehicles. It is led by six trustees, many of them working or retired broadcast industry professionals.
In 2021 the group purchased its present building and is converting it into a permanent home for its collection known as the Broadcast Engineering Museum. To date, the museum only opens for visitors on special occasions or for groups by appointment.
A newsletter called Line-Up is published a few times each year and back issues are available on the BECG website, as is a 3D virtual tour.
History
Members of the group had been collecting and restoring broadcasting equipment and vehicles for many years before forming BECG in 2017. Some of these vehicles have been fully restored, while others are works in progress.
The group was formally incorporated as a charity by six founding trustees in May 2020.
In November 2021, the group bought the former RAF Sergeants' Mess at Hemswell Cliff. The building provides a permanent home for the collection and forms the Broadcast Engineering Museum. As well as the main building, there are east and west wings of similar size and two large function rooms and workshops behind.
This building had been unused for 12 years and needed a lot of repairs. The local authority, West Lindsey District Council, provided BECG with funding towards the repair of broken windows.
Since acquiring the building, repairs and improvements have been made by both contractors and volunteers. In the first year vegetation was cut back, uneven ground levelled, leaking roofs repaired, drains unblocked and over 150 broken window panes replaced. A solar PV array was installed on the main south-facing roof and a CCTV system provided.
Two large rooms were converted into videotape and telecine display areas. The videotape area contains several 2" quadruplex and 1" C-format machines as well as more modern formats. The telecine area contains machines capable of scanning 8, 9.5, 16 and 35mm film.
In September 2022, BECG held its first public open days as part of the Heritage Open Days scheme and had about 200 visitors. About half were from the local area and half from further afield.
Collection
Major items in the collection include:
Videotape equipment
2-inch quadruplex
Ampex VR-2000
Ampex AVR-2
Ampex AVR-3
RCA TR70B (405/525/625-line)
1-inch C-format
Ampex VPR-3
Marconi MR2B in 'table top' format
Marconi MR2Bs: editing pair in console format
Sony BVH-2000PS
Sony BVH-3100PS
1-inch B-format
Bosch Fernseh machine from 1976
Studio cameras
EMI 203, 2001 and 2005
Ikegami HK323, HK355W
IVC 7000P
Link 125
Marconi MkII, MkIII, MkIV, MkVIII, MkIX
Philips LDK5
Vinten pedestals (various types)
Film and telecine equipment
Marconi B3402 'island' telecine
Marconi B3410 line array telecine
Rank Cintel Mk3 'flying spot' telecine
Acmade 'Miniola' 16mm editor
Ciniola editor
Moviola editor
Steenbeck 16/35mm flat editing table with magnetic and optical sound
Panavision 'Panaflex' 35mm camera from 1972
Audio equipment
Mole-Richardson 103B microphone boom
Consoles from Audix, Glensound, Neve, Soundcraft
Outside broadcast vehicles
Southern: aka Big Bertha, possibly the oldest working colour OB scanner in the world
Yorkshire-Tyne Tees: originally a Yorkshire TV scanner but currently in Tyne Tees livery
BBC mobile videotape unit LMVT1 (originally with two Ampex AVR1 quadruplex VTRs)
Project Vivat: a re-creation of a 1950s Marconi-equipped BBC OB unit with three working Marconi Mk III cameras; ex-BBC vehicle was originally MCR23.
BBC Type 5 colour vehicle LO6 (CMCR20)
BBC compact CMCR LO21 (CMCR39)
ABC-Thames: originally ABC's monochrome OB truck, converted to colour by Thames TV
P5: ex-BBC 27 kVA diesel generator on a petrol-powered truck. One of a series of ten. 1952 Bedford type ML chassis, fitted with 6-cylinder diesel generator in 1953.
BBC radio car: one of ten Peugeot 807 cars equipped by dB Broadcast in 2005 for use by local radio stations
Transmitter equipment
A CAT9 (Cooled Anode Triode) transmitter valve
References
Broadcast engineering
Television organisations in the United Kingdom
Museums in Lincolnshire
West Lindsey District
Organisations based in Lincolnshire | Broadcast Engineering Conservation Group | [
"Engineering"
] | 995 | [
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
73,249,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20large%20language%20models | A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text.
This page lists notable large language models.
For the training cost column, 1 petaFLOP-day = 1 petaFLOP/sec × 1 day = 8.64E19 FLOP. Also, only the largest model's cost is written.
See also
List of chatbots
Notes
References
Software comparisons | List of large language models | [
"Technology"
] | 114 | [
"Software comparisons",
"Computing comparisons"
] |
73,249,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-nim | Tri-nim is a mathematical abstract strategy game developed by brothers Bruce L. Hicks and Hervey C. Hicks and published by WFF 'N PROOF Games from 1970 to 1975. Players move pieces around a triangular board, attempting to score points by being the last to enter each of the corners. It is a variation on the strategy game Nim.
Gameplay
Tri-nim is played on a game board that has on it an equilateral triangle cut into 36 smaller triangles. The centre triangles are marked with zeros, while the rest are marked with a point value from one to six moving towards the corners. Players take turns moving stacks of counters from the centre towards one of the three corners marked with a six. On their turn, a player can move any number of counters from a single triangle, but they must be moved parallel to an edge of the triangle and can only be moved to a higher number space if there are no possible triangles of lower or equal values.
A player gains control of a corner if their piece is the last to enter it. Points are awarded for each corner depending on the number of pieces on the triangle and the order in which it was cleared. The winner is the player with the most points by the time all counters have been moved into the triangle's corners.
Reception
In a review of the game in Games & Puzzles No.41, David Wells praised it for its "ample entertainment and tactical possibilities." Marvin Kaye, writing for Galileo, concluded that the game was "an excellent abstract strategy game" but that "unless one is a game buff, one can become hopelessly confused as to the object of Tri-Nim, which is to finish last." In A Gamut of Games, Sid Sackson described Tri-nim as "the ultimate in Nim games."
References
External links
Abstract strategy games
Board games
Mathematical games | Tri-nim | [
"Mathematics"
] | 380 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical games"
] |
73,249,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylenemethane%20complexes | Trimethylenemethane complexes are metal complexes of the organic compound trimethylenemethane. Several examples are known, and some have been employed in organic synthesis.
History
The synthesis of cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl pointed to the possible existence of related complexes of elusive organic compounds. Trimethylenemethane (TMM) has a natural connection to cyclobutadiene, and, in 1966, Emerson and co-workers reported the first trimethylenemethane (TMM) transition metal complex, η4-. This compound became the starting point for extensive studies.
Synthesis
Generally speaking, trimethylenemethane complexes are synthesized in the following four ways: (A) the dehalogenation of α, α'-dihalosubstituted precursors, (B) the thermal extrusion of XY (XY = HCl, Br2, and CH4,) from η3-methylallyl complexes, (C) the ring opening of alkylidenecyclopropanes, and (D) the elimination of Me3SiX [X = OAc, Cl, OS(O)2Me] from functionalized allylsilanes (Figure 1).
Dehalogenation of α, α'-dihalosubstituted precursors
η4-, the first trimethylenemethane metal complex to be reported, was obtained from the reaction of 3-chloro-2-chloromethylprop-1-ene with Fe2(CO)9 or Na2[Fe(CO)4]. Followed by this result, a number of substituted trimethylenemethane iron complexes have been prepared.
The thermal extrusion from η3-methylallyl complexes was reported by Emerson.The iron allyl complex, obtained from the reaction of 3-chloro-2-methylprop-1-ene with [Fe2(CO)9], decomposed on heating to afford the iron trimethylenemethane complex.
Ring opening of alkylidenecyclopropanes
In the presence of [Fe2(CO)9], the ring opening of 2-substituted methylenecyclopropanes leads to the formation of various η4-trimethylenemethane complexes containing different functional groups, such as (R1 = H, R2 = Ph), (R1 = Me, R2 = Ph), (R1 = R2 = Ph), and (R1 = H, R2 = CH=CH2). The stereochemistry has been elucidated by deuterium-labeling experiments.
Elimination of Me3SiX [X = OAc, Cl, OS(O)2Me] from functionalized allylsilanes
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) is a precursor to highly reactive η3-trimethylenemethane complexes. Allylsilanes oxidatively add to some low-valent d8 complexes resulting in the formation of an η1-allyl complexes, followed by the formation of an η3-allyl complex, and finally elimination of Me3SiX to yield the η4-trimethylenemethane complex. The isolation of the proposed intermidate further confirmed the mechanism.
η4- (Ph = C6H5)
Structure
According to gas phase electron diffraction, η4- adopts a staggered conformation about the iron center. The ligands, which include carbonyl and a trigonal-pyramidal trimethylenemethane, are arranged in the usual umbrella-type configuration. The central carbon of the trimethylenemethane ligand is closer to the iron center compared to the outer methylene carbons. This was confirmed by the Fe-C(central) distance measuring 1.94(1) Å, while the Fe-CH distances were measured at 2.12 Å. Moreover, this result has also been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectrum.
The primary bonding interaction occurs between the 2e set of the Fe(CO)3 fragment and e" on the trimethylenemethane ligand. However, if the metal-trimethylenemethane axis is rotated by 60° into an eclipsed geometry, the interaction between 2e and e" is minimized, which results in an increase in the energy of the HOMO in the complex, which is a significant factor that provides a barrier to rotation, as shown in Figure 6b.
Extended Huckel calculations give a barrier of 87 KJ mol−1 using a planar trimethylenemethane ligand. Introducing a puckered conformation to the trimethylenemethane ligand, which resembles the experimental geometry, leads to an increase in the calculated barrier to 98.6 kJ mol−1. This puckering induces mixing of s character into e" orbitals, causing a more pronounced orientation toward the metal center. Consequently, the overlap between e" and 2e orbitals is enhanced. The degree of puckering, characterized by θ, falls within the range of 12°. The mixing of s character into e" also results in the H-C-H plane being tipped away from the metal. The angle β, between C-1 and C-2 and the plane H-C-H, is typically about 15°.
Reactions
Trimethylenemethane complexes undergo a wide variety of reactions including those with electrophiles, nucleophiles as well as redox reactions.
η4- adds hydrogen chloride to yield η3-. Substituted trimethylenemethane iron complexes, on the other hand, react with strong acids to produce cross-conjugated dienyl iron cations and η4-diene complexes. η4- add nucleophiles to give charge-neutral η3-allyl complexes.
η4- (PR3 = PMe3 or PMe2Ph) is oxidized by silver trifluoromethanesulfonate to give the 17-electron cation.
References
Coordination complexes | Trimethylenemethane complexes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,283 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
73,249,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected%20timeline%20related%20to%20orphan%20wells%20in%20Alberta | Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada is a list of events relevant to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada. Orphan wells are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.
1910s
1910s The province's oldest inactive well has been dormant and unreclaimed since June 30, 1918.
1920s
1920s Some of the legacy sites were in operation in the 1920s or earlier, and have no known operator and no "financial security to cover the cleanup costs."
1940s
1940s Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.
1950s
Canada's oil production in 1946 was only of oil per day. By 1956, Alberta was producing per day.
1950s The boom in Alberta's oil industry continued.
1960s
1960s One of Alberta's most significant "busts" in the boom and bust cycle.
1970s
1970s Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.
1980s
1980s One of Alberta's most significant "busts" that lasted about a decade.
1990s
Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.
1991 June 12 In Panamericana v. Northern Badger Oil & Gas Ltd. the Court of Appeal of Alberta ruled that "abandonment of oil and gas wells is part of the general law of Alberta enacted to protect the environment and for the health and safety of all citizens."
1999 There were about 40,000 inactive wells in Alberta; by about 2008, there were 60,000, and by 2018, there were 89,217.
2000s
January The Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) established the Public Safety and Sour Gas (PSSG) independent committee to "review and assess the province's regulatory regime as it related to health and safety". Sour gas contains significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is toxic to animals. There were more than "6,000 sour gas wells, approximately 250 sour gas processing plants and over 18,000 km of operating sour gas pipelines" in the province. The PSSG spent a year consulting with communities that were impacted by sour gas extraction, including 16 Aboriginal communities with the aim of improving regulation of sour gas to reduce its negative effects on public health and safety.
2001 to 2004 Encana and other energy companies "carpet-bombed"drilled "thousands of shallow wells" in Alberta's Wheatland County, in communities such as Redland and Rosebud, Alberta in "coal-bed methane and sand formations." In Ernst v. EnCana Corporation, an unsuccessful 2007 gross negligence $33-million lawsuit filed against Encana, the Alberta government, and the provincial regulator, Energy Resources Conservation Board, the litigant said that "well water was contaminated with explosive volumes of methane and other chemicals". While the lawsuit failed, it was a catalyst for the taxpayer-funded $10 million dollar project to pipe water into the communities where the wells had been drilled, as their ground water was so heavily contaminated.
2002 The industry-led Orphan Well Association (OWA) was established. It is an independent, non-profit organization.
2002 Perpetual Energy Inc. was created as a spin out of Paramount Resources, owned by Clayton Riddell. Riddell served as Perpetual's Chairman until his death in 2018. Riddell owned 41.7% of Perpetual Energy Inc. and his daughter, Susan Riddell Rose, who is Perpetual's CEO, owned 4.8%.
2006 More than 33% of the province's "annual natural gas production was sour gas (1.6 trillion cubic feet)".
2010s
2010s Global oil price decreased in the 2010s
2012 The OWA only had 14 classified orphan wells; in 2013 there were 74; in 2014 there were 162; in 2015 there were 705.
During the last bust period in the cyclefrom 2012 to 2017the number of orphan wells increased from 74 in 2012 to 3,200.
There were fewer than 300 orphan wells designated orphan wells on the Orphan Well Inventory.
In 2012, Lexin had acquired most of its assets from Compton Petroleum Corp, a public company starting in 1996, which was once one of the largest intermediate oil and gas producers in Calgary. In 2006, Compton's capital spending was earmarked at $526 million. During a failed attempt at selling the company in 2008, Compton's shares fell from $12.80 a share to $2.60 within months. In 2012, when Compton was acquired by then New York-based MFC Industrial Ltd., Compton's capital spending was earmarked at just $14 million to $16 million. MFC Industrial at that time had a "record of spinning value out of troubled assets". Michael Smith, then Chairman of MFC, became director of the Mazeppa gas plant, a Lexin subsidiary.
In 2014, there were 162 orphan wells.
From 2014 to 2016 global oil prices experienced the "largest...declines in modern history". This led to the longest decline in oil prices since the 1980s.
2015 AER representatives reported to a meeting of Oklahoma's Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission meeting on surface casing vent flow (SCVF) and gas migration (GM) that by the end of 2015, there was a total of 600,000 wells drilled in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
January 28 The appendix, "Methane from Leaking Abandoned Wells: Health and Safety Issues", for the 2016 AER report was completed by Monique G. Dubé.
There were 705 wells in the OWA's inventory.
In 2015, there were about 800 oil and gas licensees in the province who contributed annually to the OWA levy. This includes the 17 major energy companies as well as smaller "mom and pop companies".
The average cost of reclamation/remediation (R/R) site services in 2015 was $180,000 per site and range from $20,000 to $1 million. This provides work during downturns in the oil industry.
When Redwater Energy declared bankruptcy in 2015 and said they could not clean up over a thousand orphan wells, this raised environmental concerns in what the CBC reported as a "tsunami of orphaned oil and gas wells" from 200 in 2014 to "3,127 wells that need to be plugged or abandoned, and a further 1,553 sites that have been abandoned but still need to be reclaimed". On January 31, 2019, in the case of Redwater Energy, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled 5–2 overturning "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities". The Supreme Court of Canada "allowed an appeal brought by the AER and the OWA from the decision of the Alberta Court of Appeal in Orphan Well Association v Grant Thornton Limited (Redwater). The "case has been one of the most closely watched by the Canadian oil and gas industry in decades". Redwater lawyers said that it was not possible for the company to comply with both the federal and provincial legislation in regards to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA). The January 31 ruling means that "bankruptcy is not a licence to ignore environmental regulations, and there is no inherent conflict between federal bankruptcy laws and provincial environmental regulations."
In 2015, two Alberta courts found in favour of the oil and gas company Redwater Energy's receiver against the AER. Redwater had filed for bankruptcy as a result of the "oil price collapse" and the AER wanted to recuperate funds from the any sales Redwater made, to "help pay to clean up after Redwater's inactive wells as required by provincial regulations". By going into bankruptcy, Redwater avoided paying for its Asset retirement obligations (ARO).
In 2015, nine different contractors working on projects at Mazeppa filed a lawsuit against the Lexin subsidiary. Smith disputed the contractors' claim. By 2015, MFC Industrial Ltd. had changed its name MFC Bancorp Ltd., its focus to merchant banking with its listing as a trading company in Vancouver, BC, and its commercial headquarters in Austria. As a result, by 2015, the southern Alberta oil and gas properties' ownership became "complex and opaque." In October 2015, the new ownership group stopped annual surface lease compensation pay to hundreds of landowners in southern Alberta where the company had "Lexin wells". Landowners who wished to complain were directed to the company's office in Hong Kong. The landowners were encouraged to recover the unpaid compensation from the Surface Rights Board instead of the ownership group. According to financial records cited in the Calgary Herald, in late 2015, Bancroft had sold a controlling interest in these southern Alberta assets to an " undisclosed buyer"—then listed as having zero net value. Calgary Herald reported that, as of 2017, company statements and court records show that the Austrian-headquartered MFC Bancorp as Lexin company trustee, was still the "controlling registered shareholder."
2016 It is alleged in a court filing that in 2016 Susan Riddell Rose "engineered the sale of a subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC), later renamed Sequoia", to Chinese investors.
In May 2016, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (ABQB) in 2016 ABQB 278, "confirmed that the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act supersedes the provincial requirements that companies must clean up wells." "Bankrupt companies can avoid their liabilities and leave them as a public obligation."
By November 2016, when Mazeppa gas plant contractors won their lawsuit against a Lexin subsidiaries—LR Processing Partnership and LR Processing Ltd.—forcing them into receivership, the company appealed. AER received complaints in 2016 from a number of concerned employees about Lexin's cost-saving neglect of required maintenance resulting operational safety issues. When Lexin Resources was shut down, reasons cited included concerns about the environment and safety issues. Following the AER's decision, the industry-led OWA took on the responsibility of ensuring that Lexin's 1,200 wells were "shuttered and safe" while awaiting the outcome, which could mean new buyers of wells or Lexin's compliance with the rules and its resumption of control of its assets.
November 26 Monique G. Dubé presented AER with the 33-page preliminary analysis, "D79 Abandoned Well Methane Toxicity Assessment", on behalf of AER's Environmental Science Branch and Closure and Liability Branch, which included a map view of AER's Abandoned Wells. The AER assessment identified about 1,500 abandoned wells in urban centers. This includes wells with various license status, including Abandoned, Reclamation Certified and Reclamation Exempt. In rural areas, the assessment identified about 170,000 abandoned wells.
In May 2016, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (ABQB) in 2016 ABQB 278, "confirmed that the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act supersedes the provincial requirements that companies must clean up wells." "Bankrupt companies can avoid their liabilities and leave them as a public obligation."[16]: 8
Court of Appeal of Alberta then overturned the decision ruling that environmental obligations were less of a priority that the debts owed. The Redwater case is an example of how the conflict of those two jurisdictions come into play—Oil and Gas Conservation Act (OGCA) is the provincial statute or law dealing with licensing, producing, and managing aspects of all oil and gas assets in Alberta and the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA).
Prior to 2017, the energy industry paid $15 million a year into the Orphan Fund Levy. It doubled to $30 million in 2017.
The Calgary, Alberta-headquartered Well Integrity And Abandonment Society (WIA)was founded by Jay Williams who also founded the Canadian Society for Gas Migration (CSGM). The CSGM focused on Service Casing Vent Flow. Both organization are composed of oil and gas professionals and their mandates focus on well bore integrity, including "well abandonment, well integrity, gas migration, ventflow, well construction, cementing, well logging, and plugs".
In 2017, the OWA listed "3,127 wells that need[ed] to be plugged or abandoned, and a further 1,553 sites that have been abandoned but still need[ed] to be reclaimed". It is similar in approach to the Canadian Society for Gas Migration (CSGM) consists of a variety of professionals from throughout the oil and
gas industry, all with the focus of mitigating gas migration and surface casing vent flow issues throughout
not only Alberta, but Canada as a whole
Between 1955 and 2017, approximately 580,000 wells were drilled in Canada, according to a Natural Resources Canada (NRC) report on wellbore integrity in the oil and gas industry in Canada. Of these, 400,000 were in Alberta and the NRC anticipated that there would be 100,000s more drilled.
OWA reported that with a total expenditure of $30 million in 2017, only 232 inactive orphan wells were plugged or sealed. The remediation and reclamation on these well sites still needed to be completed before the wells can be certified as reclaimed. The OWA inventory included 3,127 inactive orphan wells that needed to be to be plugged or abandoned and 1,553 others that needed to be reclaimed.
The New Democratic Party (NDP) provincial government began consulting with the energy industry in 2017 to "introduce new rules that might limit a multi-billion-dollar public liability for reclaiming about 80,000 inactive wells around Alberta."
The C.D. Howe Institute report estimated that the social cost of orphan wells, including those incurred by financially insolvent firms, could be more than $8.6 billion.
In 2017, the Government of Canada provided Alberta with a one-time grant of $30 million for "activities associated with decommissioning and reclamation". In that year, the provincial government used the federal funds to "cover the interest on a $235 million repayable loan" which the oil and gas industry will repay over the next nine years, to support the OWA's efforts.
2017 About 50% of the newly orphaned wells were the result of 2017 MFC/Lexin 1,400 wells OWA transfer. Nearly 30 companies regulated by AER were insolvent.
September There were 3,000 designated orphan wells on the Orphan Well Inventory, 450,000 wells registered in Alberta with about 155,000 "no longer producing but not yet fully remediated".
A long-form Calgary Herald article provided details on the "complex and opaque" ownership of the company by the MFC group of companies, of which Lexin is a subsidiary.
The rare February 2017 AER enforcement actionthe largest suspension AER ever madesparked questions over the problem of orphan wells. When AER suspended over 1,600 licenses of Lexin Resources Ltd., the limited liability company was forced into receivership, and the OWA assumed temporary custody of these wells. AER had begun to receive concerns submitted by company employees in early 2016, then forwarded to Occupational Health and Safety, including concerns of spillage of a substance that converts gas into sulphur on the plant floor at the MFC Resource Partnership's Mazeppa Gas Plant. AER vice-president, Mark Taylor, said that their goal was to ensure public safety, and to contain both environmental and financial risks. The company had said that it would not be able to maintain its sour gas wells as of mid-February.
An April 5, 2017 article in the Financial Post reported that the AER was "suing insolvent" Lexin Resources Ltd., a "relatively small natural gas producer in southern Alberta" to "recover money it is allegedly owed." The AER claims that, "It is not open for a licensee, when times get tough, to transfer the burdens associated with holding AER licenses to the AER and/or the OWA." Lexin Resources Ltd owned "1,514 well licenses — many in partnership with 51 other energy companies." Once abandoned they fall under the management of industry-led agency, the OWA, which would double the number of OWA wells. Grant Thornton, Lexin's court-appointed receiver According to the Post, fifty-one companies, including Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., ExxonMobil Canada, and Husky Energy, who own some of Lexin Resources Ltd. assets, may share the responsibility for Lexin's AROs.
The case was one of the most closely watched by the Canadian oil and gas industry and by the insolvency industry.
On April 25, 2017, the Court of Appeal of Alberta (ABCA) dismissed the AER and OWA's appeal in a landmark decision, affirming the May 2016 decision of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in favour of Redwater Energy Corporation's receiver, Grant Thornton Limited, in Redwater's bankruptcy proceedings. The ABCA found that Grant Thornton Limited was "entitled to disclaim Redwater's non-producing oil wells and sell its producing ones".
The New Democratic Party (NDP) provincial government began consulting with the energy industry to "introduce new rules that might limit a multi-billion-dollar public liability for reclaiming about 80,000 inactive wells around Alberta."
The federal government provided a grant of $30 million for decommissioning and reclamation projects. The provincial government used the federal funds to advance a loan of $235 million loan to the OAW to be paid back by industry over a ten-year period. The $30 million covered the interest.
When there is a decrease in the price of oil, the number of insolvent energy companies increase. When there is no licensed owner responsible for maintenance of the oil and gas wells, facilities and pipelines, these orphaned wells become the responsibility of the industry-led Orphan Wells Association. In c. 2012, there were fewer than 300 orphan wells. By September 2017, there were 3,000.
In 2017, there were 450,000 wells registered in Alberta with about 155,000 "no longer producing but not yet fully remediated".
In February 2017, in response to concerns about public safety, environmental and financial risks, the industry-led Alberta Energy Regulator cancelled the licenses for 1,600 wells controlled and owned by the parent MFC ownership group through a small limited liability subsidiary, Lexin Resources Ltd.
In their 2017 annual report, the OWA anticipated an increase in orphan properties as nearly 30 companies regulated by AER were insolvent. The number of wells which have been plugged but not remedied is 1062. About 50% of the newly orphaned wells were the result of 2017 MFC/Lexin 1,400 wells OWA transfer.
2018 As of 2018, 37.8% of all inactive wells89,217had been inactive for up to 5 years; 29.8% had been inactive for 5 to 10 years; 16% from 10 to 15 years; 8.2% from 15 to 20 years; 3.9% from 20 to 25 years; and 4.5% had been inactive for over 25 year.
According to a 2018 article in the Financial Post, "farmers, ranchers and their lawyers" with these wells on their property, are concerned that an "additional 93,805 inactive wells could become orphaned given Alberta's economic outlook."
Based on the OWA's 2018 data, at the current level of the orphan well inventory, the cost of well abandonment and reclamation of their inventory of orphan wells was expected to be around $611 million. However, this estimate of $611 million does not include potential orphan wells. In this context, potential candidates include wells owned by financially insolvent firms and nearly insolvent firms.
AER falsely reported to the public that the oil industry's "accumulated environmental liability" was about $58.65 billion. It was later revealed that the actual amount of unfunded cleanup liabilities would amount to $260-billion based on "internal AER calculations" in "a hypothetical worst-case scenario". Tailings pond clean-up represented the "largest but unknown portion of this AER estimate". In response, then AER CEO Jim Ellis apologized for failing to report "that cleaning up after the province’s oil and gas industry would cost $260 billion" and announced his retirement as CE0.
The cost of abandonment and remediation per well can be estimated from reviewing the OWA's annual report; those costs are estimated to be $61,000 and $20,000 per well respectively.
In 2018 the OWA listed 3,700 in their inventory of orphan wells.
As a result of the bankruptcy of Sequoia Resources, its liabilities, including 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities", became the OWA's responsibility.
February Sequoia Resources Ltd, an oil and gas firm that had purchased "licences for 2,300 wells" notified AER that it was ceasing operations "imminently" and was unable to maintain "almost 200 facilities and nearly 700 pipeline segments". Sequoia Resources Ltd, which had defaulted on its "municipal tax payments", could reclaim all of its properties. Sequoia acquired 3,200 shallow depleted gas wells along with productive wells. There was a sharp decline in gas prices and Sequoia could not meet its obligations. AER was criticized for allowing similar acquisitions where buyers do not have adequate financing.
On February 15, 2018, the Supreme Court of Canada held a hearing to determine who gets paid first when an oil company becomes insolventcreditors or abandoned well clean up. ATB Financial, the primary lender for the bankrupt Redwater Redwater Energy, a junior oil and gas company and the CAPP argued in favour of keeping the status quo, whereby creditors have priority, citing the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. ATB Financial. ATB said that other jurisdictions had regulatory policies that required oil companies to pay for the cost of future remediation before they were granted a license to drill. A CAPP lawyer said that if AER did require oil companies to pay for the cost of remediation before they drill it "would effectively sterilize" a "vast amount capital" that could otherwise be spent "in the public interest" by "exploring for, developing and producing energy."
On August 7, 2018 PricewaterhouseCoopers, the trustee for Chinese investors who purchased Sequoia Resources Ltd in 2016, launched a lawsuit against Perpetual Energy Inc. in an "unprecedented bid to void" the 2016 sale of Perpetual Energy Inc.'s subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC) now known as Sequoia Resources Ltd to Chinese investors. An article in The Globe and Mail said that this appears to be the "first attempt by a bankruptcy trustee in Alberta to have a previous oil and gas transaction unwound." It could "introduce major new risks to the [oil and gas] industry’s ability to buy and sell assets and could also deliver a severe blow to Perpetual." The lawsuit alleges that Perpetual and its CEO Susan Riddell Rose "knew the deal would sink the buyer". Perpetual says that "the claim is without merit".
March Sequoia Resources Ltd then filed for bankruptcy protection "without decommissioning and cleaning up 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities", as required of all oil companies.
August 7 PricewaterhouseCoopers, the trustee for Chinese investors who purchased Sequoia Resources Ltd in 2016, launched a lawsuit against Perpetual Energy Inc. in an "unprecedented bid to void" the 2016 sale of Perpetual Energy Inc.'s subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC) now known as Sequoia Resources Ltd to Chinese investors.August Perpetual Energy Inc. had a market capitalization of about $40-million. An article in The Globe and Mail said that this appears to be the "first attempt by a bankruptcy trustee in Alberta to have a previous oil and gas transaction unwound." It could "introduce major new risks to the [oil and gas] industry’s ability to buy and sell assets and could also deliver a severe blow to Perpetual." The lawsuit alleges that Perpetual and its CEO Susan Riddell Rose "knew the deal would sink the buyer". Perpetual says that "the claim is without merit".
October 29 The Shanghai Sinooil Energy Corp and its subsidiary Shanghai Energy Corp made a statement of claim against 12 people including former Shanghai Energy CEO Wentao Yang and COO Kevin Richmond in a Calgary court. They were accused of falsifying documents and diverting money to Sequoia Resources Ltd. Jones wrote that Sequoia Resources Ltd "with links to China's ruling Communist Party" "was set up to acquire aging gas assets with high abandonment liabilities, starting with a package of wells purchased from Perpetual Energy in 2016".
According to their annual report, from its creation in 2002 until the fiscal year 2017 which ended March 2018, the OWA "decommissioned approximately 1,400 orphan wells, with more than 800 of the sites reclaimed."
In the fiscal year 2018, the OWA decommissioned 501 abandoned wells, with "382 wells downhole decommissioned (abandoned) and waiting on cut and cap of wellhead only". According to the OWA, by 2019, most of the orphan wells in their inventory, are "considered low risk and therefore do not require immediate closure".
2019 There were "still more than 15,000 wells drilled before 1964 that have not been remediated."
Of the 440,000 wells drilled in the province, approximately 22,000 were leaking.
Trident Exploration's receivership in May 2019 resulted in 3,650 wells that no longer had a solvent owners, and the loss of 94 jobs.
As part of Alberta's Area-Based Closure program (ABC), which represented 70% of the provinces remediation activity, the oil and gas industry spent approximately $340 million on clean up.
The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) ruled in Orphan Well Association v. Grant Thornton Ltd.the Redwater case that in the case of a bankruptcy, a company's first priority is to fulfil its environmental obligationsnot as a debtbut as a duty to "citizens and communities." With a vote of 5–2 this overturned "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities".
On January 31, 2019, in the case of Redwater Energy, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled 5–2 overturning "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities".
Trident Exploration became insolvent in leaving more than 4,000 unreclaimed wells that had been actively producing the equivalent of 10,000 barrels of oil a day.
As of 2019, there were about 3,406 orphan wells on the OWA inventory.
2020s
2020 The PBO report said that, as of 2020, there were 10,000 orphaned and abandoned wells in Alberta. Of these, about 7,400 were abandoned wells that had not yet been designated as orphan by the AER, but do not have a solvent owner. When they are added to the existing OWA's Inventory, the total will triple its current number.
May 1 The OWA's inventory listed "2963 orphan wells for abandonment, 297 orphan facilities for decommissioning, 3781 orphan pipeline segments for abandonment, 3116 orphan sites for reclamation, and 939 orphan reclaimed sites."
There were about 97,000 inactive wells that were not properly closed and another 71,000 abandoned wells requiring clean-up, according to a University of Calgary Policy School article.
The federal government provided a grant of $1.2 billion through the COVID-19 Economic Response Plan announced in 2020. Using the federal grant, in 2020, the province funded the Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program (ASRP) with $1 million in provincial loans. The oil and gas industry paid almost the same amount on clean up$363as they did in 2019, in spite of the federal grant.
As of 2020, there were 97,920 wells that were "licensed as temporarily suspended" in Alberta.
2021 There are 475,000 oil wells in Canada alone that will eventually need to be cleaned up and the well site reclaimed.
Of all the inactive wells in Alberta, 29% 27,532 wellshave been suspended for more than a decade without being either "abandoned" or reactivated, as of March 25, 2021.
The January 2022 Parliamentary Budget Officer (PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations.
PBO said that there was a gap of $178 between the AER/OWA's security deposit of $237 million in October 2021 and the total cost of clean-up of $415 million.
More than 50% of Alberta's wells are not producing oil or gas, yet they have not been cleaned up.
The OWA spent $161.5 million in the fiscal year 2021/2022 on decommissioning wells, pipelines, and facilities. In 2021/22 42% of this total went going towards well decommissioning, 30% towards site reclamation, 13% to facilities decommissioning, and 5% to pipeline decommissioning.
The annual Orphan Fund Association Levy for the fiscal year 2021/2022 was set at $65 million.
In a 2021 journal article in Environmental Science and Technology, McGill University scientists said that CAPP has no records of oil and gas wells prior to 1995, even though Canada's oil and gas industry began in the 1850s. McGill scientists working with various sources estimated that there were more than 370,000 abandoned oil and gas wells (AOG) in Canada. Agencies in the provinces and territories have not included over 60,000 of these AOG wells in their databases.
There were 17 major companies in Canada's oil and gas markets. This included Suncor Energy, Calgary-headquartered Imperial Oil, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Husky Energy—a subsidiary of Cenovus since January 2021, TC Energy, Chevron Canada, a subsidiary of San Ramon, California-based Chevron Corporation, Hong Kong-headquartered CNOOC International, the Spanish company Repsol Canadian subsidiary, Repsol Oil & Gas Canada, Shell Canada, a subsidiary of Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell, MEG Energy, a junior, Athabasca Oil Corporation—a Calgary-based Canadian company which is in partnership with PetroChina, ConocoPhillips Canada—a subsidiary of Texas-based ConocoPhillips, and Syncrude Canada—a joint venture of five partners Suncor Energy, Imperial Oil, Sinopec, and CNOOC Limited, and Calgary-headquartered-Enbridge— a multinational energy transportation company and Pembina Pipeline. Since at least 2010, Athabasca Oil Sands Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Dover Operating Corporation, Esso Imperial Oil, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy, Syncrude, and Total funded research into environmental concerns, including groundwater.
An Alberta Liabilities Disclosure Project report that accessed AER data through data under freedom of Information, estimated that Alberta had 300,000 unreclaimed wells. One of the report's authors, Regan Boychuk, said thatwithout including unreclaimed pipelines and pumping stationsthe estimated cost of unreclaimed wells alone, is approximately $40 billion to $70 billion.
Between 2005 and 2021, Canada experienced a rise in overall emissions from 32% to 38%. During the same period, Alberta observed a notable increase of 20.2 million tonnes in emissions, while all other provinces, except Manitoba, exhibited a decrease in emissions, according to The Tyee. Manitoba recorded a increase of 1 million tonnes during this timeframe. Under the policies related to methane emissions and coal-fired electricity, introduced during the premiership of Rachel Notley, there were some declines in emissions in Alberta.
2022 The oil and gas sector provided 22% of the Government of Alberta's total estimated revenue for the fiscal year 2021/22. Since 2012, the Alberta government has received $66 billion from the sector.
AER reported that, as of July 2022, there were about 170,000 abandoned wells in the province that are the responsibility of the licensees for all abandonment and reclamation costs. This represents 37% of all the wells in Alberta.
According to a 2022 article in BOE Report—"Canada’s source for oil and gas news, activity and information" since its establishment in 2013—by 2032, there will be an estimated 258,000 wells designated to be abandoned in Alberta alone.
By 2022, of all the wells in Alberta, only 35% were active, according to the January 2022 PB0 report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells.
The January 2022 Parliamentary Budget Officer (PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations. By 2025, the forecast is $1.1 billion in clean up costs for orphan wells.
According to AER, as of December 2022, of the 463,000 oil and gas wells in Alberta, 33.7% or 156,031 were active and 28% or 129,640 were reclaimed. There were 172,236 wells that were either abandoned or inactive—19% or 88,433 were abandoned and 18.1% or 83,803 were inactive.
With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the period between April 2020, with its low prices of oil, to the highs in March 2022, represented the "largest 23-month increase in energy prices since the 1973 oil price".
The price of Brent crude oil averaged $116/bbl, representing an increase of 55% in March 2022 compared with December 2021.
March 4 The price of Western Canadian Select (WCS) soared to over $100 US per barrel.
2023 According to the February 1, 2023 OWA Orphan Inventory, there were 3,114 orphan sites designated by AER that required decommissioning. This number also includes orphaned pipelines and orphan facilities, including the Mazeppa Gas Plant pumping station.
The OWA's 2023 Inventory lists only 3,114 orphan well sites. These are sites that have been designated by AER and assigned to the OWA because they require decommissioning.
There are thousands of oil and gas well in municipalities and on landowners properties that require plugging or reclamation and have no solvent owner, but have not yet transitioned to orphan status. They represent environmental and public safety liabilities but are not designated as orphaned by AER and are not being addressed. Liabilities and taxes for these wells become the responsibility of municipalities and landowners depending on where the wells are located. The 2023 OWA Inventory included only 3,114 orphan sites for which it was responsible.
According to RMA president, Paul McLauchlin, by 2023, the oil and gas industry owed $245 million in unpaid property taxes to towns and villages across Alberta.
March 23 Alberta auditor general, Doug Wylie, published another report critical of the United Conservative Party's (UCP) neglect of orphan wells and other oil patch liabilities in the province. The report said that even though the number of inactive wells increased every year since 2000except for the year that the federal government provided $1.2 billion dollarsoperators still have no timelines for site remediation. Two major issues have not been dealt with"so-called 'legacy sites' and "inadequate security collected". Current AER liability management processes to mitigate risks "associated with closure of oil and gas infrastructure" are not "well-designed" and are not effective.
Notes
External links
Definitions of Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned, Remediation, and
Reclamation
Citations
References
A
On abandoned wells.
This includes the definitions for Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned wells, Remediation, and Reclamation
B
C
*
D
updated October 22, 2020.
E
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, RSA 2000, c E-12, s 2(i) [EPEA]. This is in the purposes section of the Act and is therefore directional in nature
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
SCC Redwater Decision
This includes complete list of companies and their wells for decommissioning.
P
R
S
*
T
U
W
Y
Z
Athabasca oil sands
Abandoned buildings and structures
Oil wells
Petroleum technology
Environmental issues in Alberta
History of the petroleum industry in Alberta | Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 7,566 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Petroleum technology",
"Oil wells"
] |
73,250,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ellis%20%28physicist%29 | Robert Anderson Ellis Jr. (1927 – 15 December 1989) was an American physicist and head of experimental projects at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
Early life and education
Robert Ellis was born in Kansas City, Missouri.
Ellis received a bachelor's degree from Fisk University in 1948, and a master's degree from Yale University in 1949. After completing his master's education, Ellis began work as an instructor at the Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College, in Nashville, Tennessee (now Tennessee State University).
While on leave from his instructor position, Ellis began doctoral studies at the University of Iowa. James Van Allen was Ellis' advisor, and Ellis was Van Allen's first doctoral student. At Iowa, Ellis also worked as a research assistant.
Ellis' thesis was titled "Low momentum end of the spectrum of heavy primary cosmic rays," and was published in February 1954.
Career
After completing his PhD, Ellis returned to his instructor position at Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College, where he was later promoted to full professor. In 1954, he was invited as one of 73 "outstanding physicists" to take part in the Cosmic Ray Conference, sponsored by Duke University and the National Science Foundation. The same year, he joined a research team with James Van Allen and Melvin B. Gottlieb that traveled to the Arctic to investigate cosmic ray activity in the polar region. In a report on this trip, Ellis was credited with the development of balloon launched rocket techniques.
In 1956, Ellis joined Project Matterhorn, a Princeton-based working group focused on controlled fusion studies. In his work within Project Matterhorn, Ellis focused on magnetic confinement and heating of plasmas in stellarators. The group's studies on B-1 and B-3 devices were the first to document ohmic heating; anomalous transport across the magnetic field; radio frequency plasma heating at the lower-hybrid frequency; and nonlinear cyclotron harmonic interactions.
Project Matterhorn was led by Lyman Spitzer, Jr., and after the termination of nuclear weapons research in 1958, in 1961 the project was declassified and renamed the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL).
In 1969, Ellis spent six months at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk, USSR, with a focus on fostering international collaboration in the sciences. Ellis also served as foreign secretary of the Advisory Committee on the USSR and Eastern Europe for the National Academy of Sciences.
From 1972 to 1976, Ellis was the group leader for the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor tokamak at Princeton University. This device was used in fusion experiments for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at PPPL from 1972 to 1977. It was the first tokamak without a copper liner.
During his career, Ellis was a member of the Department of Energy's Compact Toroid Coordination Committee, in which he and Japanese plasma physicist Masaaki Yamada led the Spheromak project. Other professional appointments included:
Member, the Science Advisory Committee for NASA Research Laboratories (1976-1978)
Head of the physics section of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria (two years)
U.S. representative to the Commission on Plasma Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1984)
In 1988, Ellis began as head of experimental projects at PPPL, where he would work until his death in 1989. In this role, he was responsible for all non-TFTR experimental work.
Personal life
Robert Ellis married fellow Tennessee State University professor Victoria Toms while they were both teaching there. Together they moved to New Jersey for his research job.
Robert Ellis's son, Bob Ellis, is also a physicist. Bob Ellis studied at Princeton University and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and is currently chief engineer at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The father and son duo briefly worked together in the PPPL in 1981, when Robert Ellis, Jr., headed the S-1 Spheromak and Bob Ellis worked on S-1 before moving to TFTR to work on diagnostics.
Ellis died December 15, 1989, in Princeton, New Jersey, from kidney failure.
Legacy
Princeton University sponsors a fellowship honoring Robert A. Ellis that is awarded at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
References
American physicists
1927 births
1989 deaths
African-American physicists
Fisk University alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Tennessee State University faculty
Plasma physicists
20th-century African-American scientists | Robert Ellis (physicist) | [
"Physics"
] | 893 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
73,250,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuning%20%28deep%20learning%29 | In deep learning, fine-tuning is an approach to transfer learning in which the parameters of a pre-trained neural network model are trained on new data. Fine-tuning can be done on the entire neural network, or on only a subset of its layers, in which case the layers that are not being fine-tuned are "frozen" (i.e., not changed during backpropagation). A model may also be augmented with "adapters" that consist of far fewer parameters than the original model, and fine-tuned in a parameter-efficient way by tuning the weights of the adapters and leaving the rest of the model's weights frozen.
For some architectures, such as convolutional neural networks, it is common to keep the earlier layers (those closest to the input layer) frozen, as they capture lower-level features, while later layers often discern high-level features that can be more related to the task that the model is trained on.
Models that are pre-trained on large, general corpora are usually fine-tuned by reusing their parameters as a starting point and adding a task-specific layer trained from scratch. Fine-tuning the full model is also common and often yields better results, but is more computationally expensive.
Fine-tuning is typically accomplished via supervised learning, but there are also techniques to fine-tune a model using weak supervision. Fine-tuning can be combined with a reinforcement learning from human feedback-based objective to produce language models such as ChatGPT (a fine-tuned version of GPT models) and Sparrow.
Robustness
Fine-tuning can degrade a model's robustness to distribution shifts. One mitigation is to linearly interpolate a fine-tuned model's weights with the weights of the original model, which can greatly increase out-of-distribution performance while largely retaining the in-distribution performance of the fine-tuned model.
Variants
Low-rank adaptation
Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is an adapter-based technique for efficiently fine-tuning models. The basic idea is to design a low-rank matrix that is then added to the original matrix. An adapter, in this context, is a collection of low-rank matrices which, when added to a base model, produces a fine-tuned model. It allows for performance that approaches full-model fine-tuning with lower space requirements. A language model with billions of parameters may be LoRA fine-tuned with only several millions of parameters.
LoRA-based fine-tuning has become popular in the Stable Diffusion community. Support for LoRA was integrated into the Diffusers library from Hugging Face. Support for LoRA and similar techniques is also available for a wide range of other models through Hugging Face's Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) package.
Representation fine-tuning
Representation fine-tuning (ReFT) is a technique developed by researchers at Stanford University aimed at fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) by modifying less than 1% of their representations. Unlike traditional parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, which mainly focus on updating weights, ReFT targets specific parts of the model relevant to the task being fine-tuned. This approach is based on the understanding that deep learning models encode rich semantic information in their representations, suggesting that modifying representations might be a more effective strategy than updating weights.
ReFT methods operate on a frozen base model and learn task-specific interventions on hidden representations and train interventions that manipulate a small fraction of model representations to steer model behaviors towards solving downstream tasks at inference time. One specific method within the ReFT family is Low-rank Linear Subspace ReFT (LoReFT), which intervenes on hidden representations in the linear subspace spanned by a low-rank projection matrix. LoReFT can be seen as the representation-based equivalent of Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA).
Applications
Natural language processing
Fine-tuning is common in natural language processing (NLP), especially in the domain of language modeling. Large language models like OpenAI's series of GPT foundation models can be fine-tuned on data for specific downstream NLP tasks (tasks that use a pre-trained model) to improve performance over the unmodified pre-trained model.
Commercial models
Commercially-offered large language models can sometimes be fine-tuned if the provider offers a fine-tuning API. As of June 19, 2023, language model fine-tuning APIs are offered by OpenAI and Microsoft Azure's Azure OpenAI Service for a subset of their models, as well as by Google Cloud Platform for some of their PaLM models, and by others. Not all commercial models currently support fine-tuning.
Open-source models
Companies such as Meta (Llama LLM family), Alibaba (Qwen LLM family) and Mistral AI (Mixtral) have published open source large language models with different sizes on GitHub, which can be fine-tuned. Open-source models can be advantageous for companies in terms of data security, because the companies can control where the model is hosted.
See also
Catastrophic forgetting
Continual learning
Domain adaptation
Foundation model
Hyperparameter optimization
Overfitting
References
Machine learning
Deep learning | Fine-tuning (deep learning) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,069 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
73,250,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20Kikuchi%20diffraction | Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is a method for orientation mapping at the nanoscale. It’s used for analysing the microstructures of thin transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This technique has been widely utilised in the characterization of nano-crystalline materials, including oxides, superconductors, and metallic alloys.
TKD offers improved spatial resolution, enabling effective characterization of nanocrystalline materials and heavily deformed samples where high dislocation densities can prevent successful characterization using conventional Electron backscatter diffraction. Many studies have reported sub-10 nm resolution using TKD.
The main difference between diffraction spots and Kikuchi bands is that in TEM, discrete diffraction spots arise from coherent scattering of the incident beam, while the formation of Kikuchi bands is described as a two-step process consisting of incoherent scattering of the primary beam followed by coherent scattering of these forward biased electrons. TKD has also been applied to analyse fine-grained ultramylonite peridotite samples in a scanning electron microscope. The preparation of TKD samples can be done with standard methods used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Description
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD or t-EBSD) is an Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique that is used to analyse the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of materials at a high spatial resolution. It is a variation of convergent-beam electron diffraction, which has been introduced around the 1970s, and has since become increasingly popular in materials science research, especially for studying materials at the nanoscale.
In TKD, a thin foil sample is prepared and placed perpendicular to the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. The electron beam is then focused on a small spot on the sample, and the crystal lattice of the sample diffracts the transmitted electrons. The diffraction pattern is then collected by a detector and analysed to determine the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of the sample.
One of the key advantages of TKD is its high spatial resolution that can reach a few nanometres. This is achieved by using a small electron beam spot size, typically less than 10 nanometres in diameter, and by collecting the transmitted electrons with a small-angle annular dark-field detector (STEM-ADF) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Another advantage of TKD is its high sensitivity to local variations in crystallographic orientation. This is because the transmitted electrons in TKD are diffracted at very small angles, which makes the diffraction pattern highly sensitive to local variations in the crystal lattice.
TKD can also be used to study nano-sized materials, such as nanoparticles and thin films. Thin foil samples can be prepared for TKD using a Focused ion beam (FIB) or ion milling machine. However, such machines are expensive and their operation requires particular skills and training. Additionally, the diffraction patterns obtained from TKD can be more complex to interpret than those obtained from conventional EBSD techniques due to the complex geometry of the diffracted electrons.
On-axis and off-axis TKD methods differ in the sample's orientation with respect to the electron beam. In on-axis TKD, the sample is oriented so that the incident electron beam is nearly perpendicular to the sample surface. This results in a diffraction pattern that is nearly centred around the transmitted beam direction. On-axis TKD is typically used for analysing samples with low lattice strain and high crystallographic symmetry, such as single crystals or large grains.
In off-axis TKD, the sample is tilted with respect to the incident electron beam, typically at an angle of several degrees. This results in a diffraction pattern that is shifted away from the transmitted beam direction. Off-axis TKD is typically used for analysing samples with high lattice strain and/or low crystallographic symmetry, such as nano-crystalline materials or materials with defects. Off-axis TKD is often preferred for materials science research because it provides more information about the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of the sample, especially in samples with a high density of defects or a high degree of lattice strain. However, on-axis TKD can still be useful for studying samples with high crystallographic symmetry or for verifying the crystallographic orientation of a sample before performing off-axis TKD. The on-axis technique can speed up acquisition by more than 20 times, and a low scattering angle setup also gives rise to higher quality patterns.
EBSD resolution is influenced by multiple factors including the beam size, electron accelerating voltage, the material's atomic mass and the specimen's thickness. Out of these variables, sample thickness has the greatest effect on the pattern quality and resolution of the image. An increase in the sample thickness broadens the beam, thus reducing the lateral spatial resolution.
Further reading
References
Diffraction
Scientific techniques
Spectroscopy | Transmission Kikuchi diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,097 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
73,251,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizeau%27s%20measurement%20of%20the%20speed%20of%20light%20in%20air | From 1848 to 1849, Hippolyte Fizeau used a toothed wheel apparatus to perform absolute measurements of the speed of light in air.
Subsequent experiments performed by Marie Alfred Cornu from 1872 to 1876 improved the methodology and made more accurate measurements.
Fizeau's determination of the speed of light
In 1848–49, Hippolyte Fizeau determined the speed of light using an intense light source at the bell tower of his father's holiday home in Suresnes, and a mirror 8,633 meters away on Montmartre. The light source was interrupted by a rotating cogwheel with 720 notches that could be rotated at a variable speed several times a second. (Figure 1) Fizeau increased the rotation speed of the cogwheel until light passing through one notch of the cogwheel would be completely eclipsed by the adjacent tooth. At 12.6 rotations per second, the light was eclipsed. At twice this speed (25.2 rotations per second), it was again visible as it passed through the next notch. At 3 times the speed it was again eclipsed. Given the rotational speed of the wheel and the distance between the wheel and the mirror, Fizeau was able to calculate a value of for the speed of light. Fizeau's value for the speed of light was 4.5% too high. The correct value is 299,792,458 m/s. It was difficult for Fizeau to visually estimate the intensity minimum of the light being blocked by the adjacent teeth. Other sources of error include the measurement of the distance from the wheel to the mirror, and the measurement of the speed of rotation of the wheel. Fizeau's paper appeared in Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de séances de l’Academie de Sciences (Paris, Vol. 29 [July–December 1849], pp. 90–92).
Cornu's refinement of the Fizeau experiment
At the behest of the Paris Observatory under Urbain Le Verrier, Marie Alfred Cornu repeated Fizeau's 1848 toothed wheel measurement in a series of experiments from 1872 to 1876. The goal was to obtain a value for the speed of light accurate to one part in a thousand. Cornu's equipment allowed him to monitor high orders of extinction, up to the 21st order. Instead of estimating the intensity minimum of the light being blocked by the adjacent teeth, a relatively inaccurate procedure, Cornu made pairs of observations on either side of the intensity minima, averaging the values obtained with the wheel spun clockwise and counterclockwise. An electric circuit recorded the wheel rotations on a chronograph chart, which enabled precise rate comparisons against the observatory clock. A telegraph key arrangement allowed Cornu to mark the precise moments when he judged that extinction had been entered on this same chart or exited. His final experiment was run over a path nearly three times as long as that used by Fizeau. This experiment yielded a figure of 300,400,000 m/s, which is 0.2% above the actual value.
See also
Speed of light § Measurement
Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in water
Foucault's measurements of the speed of light
References
External links
Sur une experience relative a la vitesse de propagation de la lumière by H. Fizeau (1849)
A modern Fizeau experiment for education and outreach purposes
[A very fascinating animation, which makes everything immediately clear]
Optical metrology
Physics experiments | Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in air | [
"Physics"
] | 732 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
73,252,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizen%20pottery%20kiln%20ruins | is an archaeological site consisting of the remains of kilns for firing Bizen ware pottery from the end of the Muromachi period to the Edo period located in the Imbe neighborhood of the city of Bizen, Okayama Prefecture, in the San'yo region of Japan. The site is divided into three locations: The Inbe Minami-Ogama site, Inbe Nishi-Ogama site and the Inbe Kita-Ogama site. The Inbe Minami-Ogama site has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1959, and the other two sites were added in 2009.
Overview
Bizen ware has ties to Sue pottery from the Heian period in the 6th century, and made its appearance during the Kamakura period of the 14th century, when changes in lifestyles have led to a demand for hard, durable and practical pottery for everyday use. Bizen was considered one of the Six Ancient Kilns by the scholar Koyama Fujio. Until the construction of the large kilns, small kilns were scattered throughout the mountains of Uraibe and Kumayama areas of former Bizen Province. However, as the popularity of Bizen ware increased, large kilns were built to meet the need for mass production from the late Muromachi period. The rustic taste of Bizen ware came to be prized in the Japanese tea ceremony that flourished in the Momoyama period, and the large kilns reached their peak during the Momoyama period and the early Edo period. During the Edo period, the Ikeda clan daimyo of Okayama Domain continued to support the kilns and gave special privileges to families who operated them. However, after the middle of the Edo period, ceramics began to be fired all over the country, and the sales of Bizen ware gradually declined, eliminating the need for mass production. From the mid-Edo period onwards, maintenance of the kilns became an increasing burden and by the Tenpō era (1830-1843) in the latter part of the Edo period, the large kilns were abandoned in favor of smaller and more economic kilns.
Inbe Minami-Ogama site
The is located at the northern foot of Mount Kayabara, approximately 200 meters south of Inbe Station on the JR West Ako Line. It consists of three kilns: the east kiln, the central kiln, and the west kiln, along with a midden where damaged items and kiln tools have been discarded. The east kiln is the largest kiln in Japan, with a total length of 54 meters and a width of 5 meters. The central kiln is about 30 meters long and 2.3 meters wide. The west kiln is about 31 meters long and 2.8 meters wide. The kilns have a noborigama tunnel structure with an arched ceiling extending up the slope of the mountain. These kilns were used to mass-produce pots, jars, sake bottles, mortars, and other daily items. The amount of firewood required for one firing was up to 60 tons, and the kilns could fire 34,000 to 35,000 items at one time.
Further west of the west kiln is the site of the Tenpō kiln, which was built around 1840 and was in operation until around 1885–1886. Approximately 18.5 meters long and 4.5 meters wide. In addition, a small Heian period kiln with a total length of about 4 to 5 meters and a width of less than 1 meter was found at an elevation of 70 meters halfway up the mountain.
The site was designated as a national historic site on May 13, 1959.
Inbe Nishi-Ogama site
The is located at the eastern foot of Mount Iou, about 600 meters northwest of Inbe Station. Currently, the traces of three kilns have been confirmed, the largest of which is about 40 meters long and about 4 meters wide. Similar to the Minami Ogama site, the kilns at this site mainly produced miscellaneous daily wares such as vases, jars, sake bottles, and mortars. On March 21, 1976, it was designated as a Bizen City Historic Site, and on February 12, 2009, it became part of the National Historic Site.
Inbe Kita-Ogama site
The is located about 300 meters north of Inbe Station, at the southern foot of Mount Furo, around Inbe Shrine. Currently, traces of four kilns have been identified. One (approximately 45 meters long and 4.7 meters wide) is separated by the road leading from Amatsu Shrine to Inbe Shrine. This kiln is presumed to have been built in the Momoyama period. The other three are built parallel to the northwest slope of Inbe Shrine. The north-westernmost kiln is confirmed to be about 47 meters long and 5.4 meters wide, and it is known from historical documents that this kiln existed during the Ōei era (1394-1427) in the early Muromachi period. However, among the excavated items, no items before the latter half of the Muromachi period have been found. As with the Inbe Minami-Ogama and Inbe Nishi-Ogama kilns, the Inbe Kita-Ogama mainly produced miscellaneous daily wares. The kiln remained in operation into the mid-Edo period; however when it needed repairs in 1720, it was not possible to raise the necessary funding, and the kiln was reduced in size to a third of its original length. On October 6, 1971, it was designated as a Bizen City Historic Site, and on February 12, 2009, it became part of the National Historic Site.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okayama)
References
External links
Okayama Prefecture Official home page
Okayama Tourist Information official site
Bizen, Okayama
Muromachi period
Japanese pottery kiln sites
History of Okayama Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Bizen Province | Bizen pottery kiln ruins | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,240 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
73,252,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal%20sinus | The marginal sinus is a dural venous sinus surrounding the margin of the foramen magnum inside the skull, accommodated by the groove for marginal sinus. It usually drains into either the sigmoid sinus, or the jugular bulb. It communicates with the basilar venous plexus anteriorly, and the occipital sinus posteriorly (the posterior union of the left and the right marginal sinus usually representing the commencement of the occipital sinus); it may form extracranial communications with the internal vertebral venous plexuses, or deep cervical veins.
Clinical significance
Arteriovenous fistulas involving the marginal sinus have been described - often following basilar skull fractures.
The marginal sinus must be traversed during surgical entry into subdural space deep to the foramen magnum.
References
Veins of the head and neck
Anatomy
Human anatomy | Marginal sinus | [
"Biology"
] | 187 | [
"Anatomy"
] |
73,252,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-carbon%20bond%20activation | Carbon-carbon bond activation refers to the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in organic molecules. This process is an important tool in organic synthesis, as it allows for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and the construction of complex organic molecules. However, C–C bond activation is challenging mainly for the following reasons: (1) C-H bond activation is a competitive process of C-C activation, which is both energetically and kinetically more favorable; (2) the accessibility of the transition metal center to C–C bonds is generally difficult due to its 'hidden' nature; (3) relatively high stability of the C–C bond (90 kcal/mol−1). As a result, in the early stage, most examples of C-C activation are of stringed ring systems, which makes C-C activation more favorable by increasing the energy of the starting material. However, C-C activation of unstrained C-C bonds has remained challenging until the recent two decades.
Examples of C-C bond activation
Due to the difficulty of C-C activation, a driving force is required to facilitate the reaction. One common strategy is to form stable metal complexes. One example is reported by Milstein and coworkers, in which the C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond of bisphosphine ligands was selectively cleaved by a number of metals to afford stable pincer complexes under mild conditions.
Aromatization is another driving force that is utilized for C–C bond activation. For example, Chaudret group reported that the C–C bond of steroid compounds can be cleaved through the Ru-promoted aromatization of the B ring. At the same time, a methane molecule is released, which is possibly another driving force for this reaction.
In addition, the metalloradical has also been proven to have the ability to cleave the C–C single bond. Chan group reported the C–C bond scission of cyclooctane via 1,2-addition with Rh(III) porphyrin hydride, which involved [RhII(ttp)]· radical as the key intermediate.
Mechanism of C-C bond activation
Generally speaking, there are two distinct mechanistic pathways that lead to C-C bond activation: (a) the β-carbon elimination of metal complexes. In this mechanism, a M–C intermediate and a double bond are formed at the same time; and (b) the direct oxidative addition of C–C bonds into low-valent metal adducts to form a bis(organyl)metal complex.
β-carbon elimination
In 1997, Tamaru group reported the first metal-catalyzed β-carbon elimination of an unstrained compound. Their work revealed a novel Pd(0)-catalyzed ring opening of 4-vinyl cyclic carbonates. They proposed that the reaction is initiated by the elimination of carbon dioxide to form π-allylpalladium intermediate, which is followed by β-decarbopalladation to form dienals and dienones. Since then, this field has bloomed, and a lot of similar reactions were developed and showed their great potential in organic synthesis. The early stage of research in this field has focused on the reaction of M–O–C–C species and β-carbon elimination of the M–N–C–C intermediate was not discovered until the recent ten years. In 2010, Nakamura reported a Cu-catalyzed substitution reaction of propargylic amines with alkynes or other amines as the first example of the transition-metal-catalyzed β-carbon elimination of amines.
Oxidative addition
Compared with β-carbon elimination, oxidative addition of C-C bond is a more direct way of C-C bond activation. However, it is more challenging to do for the following reasons: 1) It forms two weak M-C bonds at the expense of breaking a stable C-C bond, so it is energetically unfavorable; 2) the C-C bond is usually hindered, which makes the metal center hard to approach. As a result, the cleavage of unstrained compounds that have been achieved is mainly focused on ketone substrates. This is because the C–C bond adjacent to the carbonyl of ketones is weaker and can be much more easily cleaved. It also benefits from the less steric hindrance from the planar structure of the carbonyl motif. Suggs and Jun are pioneers in this field. They found that an Rh(I) complex, [RhCl(C2H4)2]2, can be oxidatively inserted into the C–C bond of 8-acylquinolines at the 8-position to form relatively stable 5-membered rhodacycles. Subsequently, 8-acylquinoline can be coupled with ethylene to afford 8-quinolinyl ethylketone, which represented the first transition-metal-catalyzed scission of C–C bonds via oxidative addition.
Applications of C-C bond activation
Carbon-carbon bond activation reactions have numerous applications in organic synthesis, materials science, and pharmaceuticals. In organic synthesis, these reactions are used to construct complex molecules in a highly efficient and selective manner. For example, in 2021 Dong Group described the first enantioselective total synthesis of the natural product penicibilaenes using a late-stage carbon-carbon bond activation strategy. There are also a lot of other examples highlighting the potential of carbon-carbon bond activation strategies in the total synthesis of complex natural products with high stereocontrol.
References
Organic chemistry
Chemical bonding | Carbon-carbon bond activation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,181 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
73,252,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabukaze%20Kiln%20Sites | is an archaeological site consisting of the remains of kilns for firing Sue ware pottery from the start of the Asuka period to the Heian period located in the Ushimado neighborhood of the city of Setouchi, Okayama Prefecture in the San'yō region of Japan. The site was the largest production area of Sue ware in western Japan, and the Sue ware from these kilns evolved into the current Bizen ware. The site has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1986.
Overview
Sue ware is pottery brought to Japan from the Korean peninsula in the middle of the Kofun period (approximately 1600 years ago). New techniques are used that were not used in Yayoi pottery and Haji ware, which were continuations from Jomon pottery, including the use of the potter's wheel and semi-underground anagama-style kilns. By using firing temperatures in excess of 1000 deg C, reduction flame firing became possible, resulting in a hard blue-grey pottery that had less porosity than previous techniques.
At the beginning of the twentieth century a local historian, Tokizane Mokusui, collected a large amount of Sue ware shards from the vicinity of the ruins and published a research journal, which led to recognition of the existence of the ruins in academia. From 1978, archaeological excavations were carried out, and continued from 2005 to 2008 to preserve and open the ruins to the public. The ruins consist of three kiln sites: Kiln No. 1, Kiln No. 2, and Kiln No. 3, however, multiple noborigama-style kilns with lengths of over ten meters have been found at each location. Three kiln sites have been confirmed at the No. 1 kiln, and currently, a total of five kiln sites have been confirmed at the No. 3 kiln. The kilns are located on the southwestern slope of a hill with an elevation of 50 to 60 meters, and the site also contains the ruins of a building thought to be the remains of a workshop and a pond. There is also a kofun burial mount located on the south slope of the hill, but this is not thought to be related to the kilns.
Along with the ashes of firewood, unsuccessfully fired pottery and other items have been unearthed. There items indicate that in addition to jars, plates, and bottles, the kilns also produced items such as ceramic coffins, Shibi roof ornaments and inkstones. As Sue ware items from these kilns have also unearthed from the capitals of Heijō-kyō and Fujiwara-kyō in Nara Prefecture, this suggests that the kiln was not simply a local kiln, but had an official function as well. The kiln was most active for a one-hundred year period from the beginning of the 7th century to the beginning of the 8th century.
The unearthed Sue pottery and other artifacts are stored and exhibited at the on site
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okayama)
Oibora-Asakura Sue Ware Kiln Site
Dodo Sue Ware Kiln ruins
References
External links
Setouchi city Official home page
Sabukaze Tōgei Kaikan Information official site
Setouchi, Okayama
Japanese pottery kiln sites
History of Okayama Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Bizen Province
Asuka period | Sabukaze Kiln Sites | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 688 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
73,252,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantomi%20T%C5%8Ddai-ji%20Tile%20Kiln%20Site | The is an archaeological site containing the remnants of a number of anagama kilns, from which the roof tiles for the Kamakura period reconstruction of the temple of Tōdai-ji in Nara were made. The site is located in the Seto neighborhood in Higashi-ku in the city of ,Okayama, Okayama Prefecture in the San'yō region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1927, with the area under protection expanded in 2004.
Overview
In 1180 AD, during the Genpei War of the late Heian period, the great temple of Tōdai-ji was burned down by Heike forces. The temple was rebuilt by the Kamakura shogunate in 1195 AD. The monk Shunjōbō Chōgen, with the support of the Imperial Court, was appointed as a daikan to collect the funds for the project, and was given the revenues of all Bizen Province to use for the reconstruction.
The Mantomi Tōdai-ji Tile Kiln ruins are located about 400 meters north of Mantomi Station on the JR West San'yō Main Line, on the western slope of a long, narrow hill. The area is rich in high-quality clay and the Yoshii River is easily accessible to allow access by boat from the Seto Inland Sea. The site has been known to have a connection with Tōdai-ji for many years, as roof tiles bearing the stamp of "Tōdai-ji" have been recovered from the area. According to local legend, the site was originally a Hachiman shrine, but the location of the shrine was turned into a pond due to the amount of clay excavated. Archaeological excavations from 1979 by the Okayama Prefectural Board of Education found the ruins of 13 kilns in a line from north to south on the western slope of the Oterayama area sloping from east to west. The structure of the kiln was a flat kiln with a rostle to improve the passage of the flame. These kilns produced mainly flat tiles, but also eaves tiles which were marked with the inscription "Tōdai-ji Daibutsuden" in kanji centered on a Siddhaṃ script character. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 400,000 roof tiles for Tōdai-ji were produced at this kiln. However, the roof tiles produced here were used not only at Tōdai-ji but also at various temples in Okayama Prefecture, and it is speculated that these temples were closely related to Chōgen.
From 2002 to 2004, the former Seto Town Board of Education (currently the Okayama City Board of Education) surveyed the Ueyama Hills to the north of the designated historic site and to the west of the Oterayama Hills, and discovered building foundation stones, pit remains, culvert drainage facilities, and a pottery kiln site for manufacturing miscellaneous household items such as earthenware pots and bowls.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okayama)
Irago Tōdai-ji Tile Kiln ruins
References
External links
Okayama city official site
Okayama Prefecture site
Kamakura period
Okayama
Historic Sites of Japan
History of Okayama Prefecture
Bizen Province
Japanese pottery kiln sites | Mantomi Tōdai-ji Tile Kiln Site | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 661 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
73,254,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferric%20stearate | Iron(III) stearate (ferric stearate) is a metal-organic compound, a salt of iron and stearic acid with the chemical formula .
The compound is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid.
Synthesis
Reacting stearic acid with iron oxide.
Treating stearic acid with iron chloride in presence of DABCO.
Physical properties
The compound forms orange-red or brown powder. Hygroscopic.
Insoluble in water. Soluble in hot ethanol, toluene, chloroform, acetone, benzene, turpentine.
Uses
The compound is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. Also, as a reagent in analytical chemistry, and as a stabilizer in biochemistry.
Toxicity
Ferric stearate is low-toxic.
References
Stearates
Iron compounds | Ferric stearate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 184 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
73,254,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopersene | Lycopersene is a carotenoid found in Corynebacterium, Lemna minor, and Zea mays. It has the chemical formula of C40H66. It has antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and pesticide effects.
References
Carotenoids
Organic pigments | Lycopersene | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 83 | [
"Biomarkers",
"Carotenoids",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
73,255,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20data%20structures | This is a comparison of the performance of notable data structures, as measured by the complexity of their logical operations. For a more comprehensive listing of data structures, see List of data structures.
The comparisons in this article are organized by abstract data type. As a single concrete data structure may be used to implement many abstract data types, some data structures may appear in multiple comparisons (for example, a hash map can be used to implement an associative array or a set).
Lists
A list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents a finite number of ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once. Lists generally support the following operations:
peek: access the element at a given index.
insert: insert a new element at a given index. When the index is zero, this is called prepending; when the index is the last index in the list it is called appending.
delete: remove the element at a given index.
Maps
Maps store a collection of (key, value) pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection. They generally support three operations:
Insert: add a new (key, value) pair to the collection, mapping the key to its new value. Any existing mapping is overwritten. The arguments to this operation are the key and the value.
Remove: remove a (key, value) pair from the collection, unmapping a given key from its value. The argument to this operation is the key.
Lookup: find the value (if any) that is bound to a given key. The argument to this operation is the key, and the value is returned from the operation.
Unless otherwise noted, all data structures in this table require O(n) space.
Integer keys
Some map data structures offer superior performance in the case of integer keys. In the following table, let be the number of bits in the keys.
Priority queues
A priority queue is an abstract data-type similar to a regular queue or stack. Each element in a priority queue has an associated priority. In a priority queue, elements with high priority are served before elements with low priority. Priority queues support the following operations:
insert: add an element to the queue with an associated priority.
find-max: return the element from the queue that has the highest priority.
delete-max: remove the element from the queue that has the highest priority.
Priority queues are frequently implemented using heaps.
Heaps
A (max) heap is a tree-based data structure which satisfies the : for any given node C, if P is a parent node of C, then the key (the value) of P is greater than or equal to the key of C.
In addition to the operations of an abstract priority queue, the following table lists the complexity of two additional logical operations:
increase-key: updating a key.
meld: joining two heaps to form a valid new heap containing all the elements of both, destroying the original heaps.
Notes
References
data structures
Data structures | Comparison of data structures | [
"Technology"
] | 616 | [
"Computing comparisons"
] |
73,255,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorogenic | Colorogenic or colourogenic describes a property of chemical compounds which are initially not colored (i.e. they show negligible absorbance of visible light), but become colored through a chemical reaction, often through an intermolecular covalent reaction that either covalently binds the now colored compound to a target molecule, or through a reaction which leads to a colored non-covalently bound product. Colorogenic reagents are often used for qualitative testing for the presence of chemical functional groups. Colorogenic labeling reagents are sometimes used in analytical chemistry procedures, for example in HPLC or CE to derivative target compounds (e.g. labeling the primary amines of polypeptides), however the enhanced sensitivity from the analogous fluorogenic reagents, leads colorogenic reagents to be less frequently used in quantitative applications.
Examples
Ninhydrin
Ellman's reagent
PNPP
See also
Fluorogenic
References
Analytical chemistry | Colorogenic | [
"Chemistry"
] | 200 | [
"nan",
"Analytical chemistry stubs"
] |
73,257,521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%20Ra%C3%B1ada | Antonio Fernández-Rañada Menéndez de Luarca (1939 – 19 May 2022) was a Spanish theoretical physicist.
Biography
Antonio Fernández-Ramada was born in Bilbao. Soon after his birth, his family moved to Oviedo, where he spent his childhood and youth until he began his university studies in Madrid. He graduated in physics with a licentiate from the Complutense University of Madrid. In 1965 he graduated with a PhD from the University of Paris with a thesis on causality and the S-matrix. In 1967 he defended his habilitation thesis Propiedades analítica en la difusión pión-nucleón (Analytic properties in pion-nucleon diffusion) at the Complutense University of Madrid.
He was employed at the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), formerly named the Junta de Energia Nuclear (Nuclear Energy Board). He taught quantum mechanics at the University of Barcelona and theoretical physics at the Complutense University of Madrid. He was appointed professor by the Universidad de Zaragoza and held the chair of electromagnetism at the Complutense University of Madrid.
Fernánez-Rañada was the director of the Grupo Interuniversitario de Física Teóretica (GIFT). He was the founding editor and editor-in-chief for ten years of the journal Revista Española de Física.
He did research on the physics of elementary particles, nonlinear dynamics, topics in mathematical physics, the relation between topology and quantum electrodynamics, and some problems in cosmology. He also published articles on how science is related other fields of knowledge and to societal issues. He was the author of the 1990 book Dinámica clásica (Classical dynamics), a coauthor of the 1997 book 100 problemas de la Mecánica (100 problems of mechanics), and a coauthor of the 2-volume, 2007 book Física básica (Basic physics). He also wrote expository works on science and its wider implications: Los científicos y Dios, Los muchos rostros de la ciencia, De la agresión a la guerra nuclear — coauthored with J. Martín-Ramírez, Heisenberg. Ciencia, incertidumbre y conciencia, and Breves apuntes sobre la comunicación de la ciencia.
Awards and honors
Research Prize in Physics from the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences (1997)
Medal of the Spanish Royal Physics Society (1985)
Jovellanos International Essay Award (1994) for Los Muchos Rostros de la Ciencia
Silver Medal of the Prince of Asturias (1999)
President of the Principality of Asturias Council of Arts and Sciences
President of the Spanish Royal Physics Society (2005-2010)
Member of the Council of the European Physical Society
Member of the Jury of the Princess of Asturias Award for Scientific and Technical Research
Selected publications
Articles
References
External links
1939 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Spanish physicists
21st-century Spanish physicists
Theoretical physicists
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the Complutense University of Madrid | Antonio Fernández Rañada | [
"Physics"
] | 669 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
73,257,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Minguzzi | Anna Minguzzi (born circa 1973) is an Italian condensed matter physicist who works in France as a director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research, affiliated with the Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés (LPMMC) in Grenoble. Her research involves quantum fluids, gases of ultracold atoms, fermionic condensates, Bose–Einstein condensates, exciton-polaritons, and atomtronics.
Education
Minguzzi studied physics at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, where she earned her Ph.D. in 1999. She continued to work at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, in the , until moving to her present position at CNRS in 2005. There, she directed the Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés from 2014 to 2020, headed the condensed matter division of the Société Française de Physique, led the Quantum Grenoble project, and founded the QuantAlps Research Federation, quantum computing collaborations centered at Grenoble Alpes University.
Recognition
Minguzzi was the 2018 winner of the of the Société Française de Physique. She received the CNRS Silver Medal in 2023.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian physicists
Italian women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa alumni
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research | Anna Minguzzi | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 309 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
73,258,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavegepant | Zavegepant, sold under the brand name Zavzpret, is a medication used for the treatment of migraine. Zavegepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. It is sprayed into the nose. It is sold by Pfizer.
The most common adverse reactions include taste disorders, nausea, nasal discomfort, and vomiting.
Zavegepant was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2023.
Medical uses
Zavegepant is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.
References
Further reading
External links
Antimigraine drugs
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists
Drugs developed by Pfizer
Piperazines
Piperidines
Indazoles
Quinolines
Ureas | Zavegepant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 164 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
73,258,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20tubulosae | Tremella tubulosae is a lichenicolous fungus on Hypogymnia tubulosa. Tremella tubulosae was described as new in 2020 and has been recorded in Scotland and Spain. It forms pale to dark brown or blackish galls on its host.
Description
Tremella tubulosae affects Hypogymnia tubulosa by inducing distinct, convex galls on the thallus. The galls darken as they mature, going from pale brown when young, to dark brown or blackish when old.
Habitat and geography
As of 2020, Tremella tubulosae has been recorded in Scotland and Spain. In Spain, it has been recorded along roadsides in the Castilla y León and Segovia area. This region is a high plateau ringed by mountains, and described as having a continental Mediterranean climate. In Scotland, the lichenicolous fungus has been recorded in Moray, in the Culbin Forest. This coastal region has a warm summer climate, with annual temperatures slightly lower than average for the U.K., and rainy days for roughly 35% of the year.
Etymology
The specific epithet tubulosae refers to the host lichen and is derived from the Latin tubulosus meaning tube or pipe shaped.
References
tubulosae
Fungi of Spain
Fungi described in 2020
Fungi of the United Kingdom
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa named by Paul Diederich
Taxa named by Brian John Coppins
Taxa named by Mats Wedin
Fungus species | Tremella tubulosae | [
"Biology"
] | 309 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,259,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capronia%20harrisiana | Capronia harrisiana is a lichenicolous fungus on the tripartite foliose lichen Crocodia aurata. Although the host species is widespread in many areas of the world, no species of Capronia has previously been reported from Crocodia aurata, and Capronia harrisiana appears to be endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains in southeastern North America. The new species is characterized by 50–120 μm wide ascomata, 40–95 μm long setae, (1–)3-septate, pale brown, 11.9–15.7 × 4.4–5.8 μm ascospores, and an I+ red hymenium.
References
Eurotiomycetes
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by James Lendemer
Fungus species | Capronia harrisiana | [
"Biology"
] | 168 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,259,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Pa%C3%A7o-Rocchia | Sonia Paço-Rocchia /so.ˈnja ˈpa.so ˈrɔ.kja/, born in 1982 in Montreal, is a composer, multidisciplinary artist, improviser, bassoonist and creative coder.
Biography
After graduating in mixed music composition from the Université de Montréal in 2005, she began her career in Europe, where she was based mainly in London. She later moved to the Laurentides region in Quebec. Her work has been shown in a dozen countries, including Canada, England and Belgium. In 2019, she became the first woman to receive the in the "Creation of the Year" category.
Sonia Paço-Rocchia's approach focuses on sounds, timbres and open musical forms. Her research includes the exploitation and expansion of the sound palettes of instruments through playing techniques or live electronics, inventing her own instruments and instrument automatons. Her pieces frequently involve a visual or theatrical aspect.
Sonia Paço-Rocchia is bassoonist-improviser with the . She regularly improvises with chamber ensembles, such as The Fantastique Quintet, VibraLib and ZzCc or as a soloist.
Work
Compositions
Justine et les machines, opera on a libretto by Marie-Ève Bouchard, commissioned by the 3 FEMMES prize by Mécénat Musica (2021-2022)
Trouée, a work for baritone saxophone (doubling on piccolo), contrabass clarinet, two Tables de Babel (instrument by ), Orgue de sirène (instrument by ), percussion including an electric Lame, a Stemsaw and a Flex-a-tone on stand, and multi-channel live electronics. This work was commissioned by and , and was nominated as a finalist for the "Creation of the Year" in 2020 (2019)
Ode au métal is a work for saxophone quartet performing inside an installation, made of large metal pieces augmented with electronics, as well as quadraphonic live electronics. This work was commissioned by the saxophone quartet . Ode au métal was awarded two , "Creation of the Year" and "Concert of the Year, New Music, Electroacoustic" as well as an Excellence award in performing arts from the . (2019)
Si on l'ouvrait is a composition for alto flute, bass clarinet, violin, cello, piano, Flex on a stand, sensor boxes, projection automaton and quadraphonic live electronics. This work was commissioned by the . (2019)
Nouvelle vie, nouvelle ville is a created for the 375th anniversary of the founding of the city of Montreal. Commissioned by the Pointe à Callière Museum, it is a composition for brass quintet (Magnitude6), musical saw, Stemsaw, quadraphonic live electronics, train sirens, boats sirens and the carillon of Notre-Dame Basilica. (2017)
Said, live coding performance made with a live coding web platform developed by the artist, presented among others places at StudioXX (2017)
D’un autre côté, for guitar, harp, harpsichord, cymbalum, double bass, five Cubes that are sound triggers and live electronics. A work commissioned by for the ensemble Punctum. (2014)
Hommage, for 32 bassoons around the public. (2011)
Il temps-te, variations and improvisations avec theatricality, for cornet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet, trumpet and quadraphonic live electronics. (2006)
Soupirs, for solo clarinet, voice and live electronics. (2005)
CAM, for seven musicians playing Société de transport de Montréal metro cards, amplification on a quadraphonic setup. (2001)
Installations
When the Saws are Alone in the Woods, an automated musical saw quartet installed in a sugar maple forest that can be visited virtually and interacted with via an online poetic journey in which each choice influences the composition and the video. (2020)
Flex, a sound, kinetic and interactive installation, an automated flexatone ensemble playing an interactive non-linear composition, presented in Curiosités sonores ambulantes (the artist's van-gallery). (2019, 2022)
Ode au métal is a work for saxophone quartet performing inside an installation, made of large metal pieces augmented with electronics, as well as quadraphonic live electronics. This work was commissioned by the saxophone quartet . Ode au métal was awarded two , "Creation of the Year" and "Concert of the Year, New Music, Electroacoustic" as well as an Excellence award in performing arts from the . (2019)
Réflexion a sound, visual and robotic installation with web-interactivity, an installation for automated moving mirrors, projection and non-linear composition presented at Agence Topo (2019)
Lames, site-specific interactive sound installation for automated musical saw ensemble, commissioned by Centre Daïmôn, Hull, for the Interstices 150th of Confederation event (2017), presented at Electric Eclectics Festival, Meaford and at NAISA, South River.
Scies, interactive sound installation with generative non-linear composition for ensemble of sound automatons made from circular saw blades (2016), presented at Modern Fuel Gallery during Tone Deaf.
Hélix, a site-specific interactive sound installation with up to twenty Helixophone automatons, an instrument based on the Slinky invented by the artist (2013) Hélix was presented at City Sonic, Mons, Carré 150 during Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, Quai 5160, Montréal, PHOS, Espace F, Matane, Centre d'art visuel d'Alberta, Edmonton, among others.
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
Centre d'exposition de Val David, Québec (online) (2020)
NAISA, South River, Ontario (2019)
Agence Topo, Montreal, Quebec (2019)
Centre d’art visuel d’Alberta, Edmonton (2018)
Quai 5160, Verdun, Quebec (2017-2018)
Carré 150, Victoriaville, Quebec (2017)
Transcultures, Mons, Belgique (2013)
Group exhibitions
Electric Eclectics Festival, Meaford, Ontario (2019)
Traverse, Atelier de l'île, Val David, Quebec (2019)
PHOS, Espace F, Matane, Quebec (2018)
Interstices, Daïmôn, Hull, Quebec (2017)
Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville, Québec (2017)
Tone Deaf, Modern Fuel, Kingston, Ontario (2016)
Hörlursfestival, Sollefteå, Sweden (2013)
City Sonic and Park in Progress, International sound art festival, Mons, Belgium (2013)
Installation sur le Slinky version pour la Croatie, Vrijeme nakon 2011, Gallery Kortil, Rijeka, Croatia (2011)
Leytonstone Arts Trail, London (2010)
Interactive Sound Installation on Living Room Scale Installation by Takako Jin, during Leytonstone Art Trail, London (2009)
A Cup of Tea Solves Everything, London (2009)
Discography
Sonia Paço-Rocchia, Improvisation For Bicycle
LIO LEO LEON, Emanem Disc
Cornelius Cardew – The Great Learning
Hutch Demouilpied – Otherness Album
Avant-garde-robe
Awards and recognition
Finalist for the Artiste de l'année des Laurentides award from the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec
Winner of the Excellence in performing arts award from the for her work Ode au métal, her research and her international outreach
Winner of the Mécénat Musica's 3 FEMMES award 2020-2021
Finalist in the "Creation of the Year" category of the for her work Trouée in 2020
Winner of the , in the category "Creation of the Year" for the work Ode to Metal in 2019
Winner of the , in the category "Concert of the year, new and electroacoustic music" for her work Ode au métal en 2019
Winner of the Prix Jeune relève in visual art, in 2018 for her work as a whole
External links
Canadian Music Centre, composer's page
RAAV/CARFAC artist's page
References
Notes
Sources
Experimental composers
Avant-garde composers
Canadian contemporary classical composers
Canadian women classical composers
21st-century Canadian composers
Composers for flute
Women opera composers
Canadian opera composers
Electroacoustic music composers
Canadian electronic musicians
Live coding
Free improvising musicians
Electroacoustic improvisation
Free improvisation
Canadian bassoonists
Canadian sound artists
Interdisciplinary artists
Artists from Quebec
Canadian women artists
Kinetic artists
Net.artists
Canadian digital artists
Women digital artists
Interactive artists
Women installation artists
Canadian installation artists
1982 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian women composers | Sonia Paço-Rocchia | [
"Technology"
] | 1,762 | [
"Multimedia",
"Net.artists"
] |
68,854,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairphone%204 | Fairphone 4 is a smartphone designed and marketed by Fairphone. It succeeds the Fairphone 3+ and was succeeded by the Fairphone 5. It was announced on 30 September 2021, and was available for order from 25 October 2021 to December 2024.
Major upgrades from the predecessor include a larger display, better camera with optical image stabilization, improved selfie camera, 5G support, IP54 dust and splash protection and MIL810G certification, USB-C port, bigger battery, 20W fast charging among other changes.
It comes with Android 11 “Red Velvet Cake” with promised two major Android updates (Android 12 “Snow Cone” and Android 13 “Tiramisu”) and up to 5 years of warranty.
Materials
The Fairphone 4 is made with Fairtrade-certified gold, aluminum from Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) Performance Standard certified vendors, fair tungsten from Rwanda, recycled tin, rare earth minerals, and plastics.
Modular design
The phone's modular design is constructed of seven modules, making it easier to repair than most smartphones. The rear of the phone can be removed without using tools. Having removed the rear, the battery can be lifted out and replaced. The display is easily removed using a regular Phillips #00 screwdriver, as well as the different modules.
Operating systems
The phone was originally shipped with Android 11, as of June 2023 it has been updated to Android 13. Fairphone has pledged software support until 2026 and aims to provide upgrades for Android 14 and 15.
CalyxOS 4.2.7, Android 13, is available for the Fairphone 4 as of December 2022. In April 2022, CalyxOS provided "test builds" of Android 12L. /e/ supports Fairphone 4.
Reception
The Fairphone 4 received mostly positive reviews praising its guarantee of software support until 2025 and up to 5 years of warranty and improvements over its predecessor. However, the lack of a headphone jack was criticized, along with the occasional sluggish performance and the quality of the camera and fingerprint sensor.
GrapheneOS criticized Fairphone 4 for being shipped with publicly available private keys for the firmware and stock operating system, causing security features such as verified boot and hardware keystore to break, and for not providing firmware updates on time.
End of sale
Fairphone stopped producing and selling the Fairphone 4 in December 2024, but indicated the publication of software update will continue after this date, and the production and sale of spare part will continue until at least 2028.
See also
Modular phone
References
Fair trade brands
Modular smartphones
Android (operating system) devices
Ubuntu Touch devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery
Fairphone smartphones | Fairphone 4 | [
"Engineering"
] | 561 | [
"Modular design",
"Modular smartphones"
] |
68,855,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphinic%20acid | An organophosphinic acid is an organophosphorus compound with the formula R2−nHnPO2H (R = alkyl, aryl). One or both P-H bonds in the parent hypophosphorous acid (aka phosphinic acid) are replaced by organic groups. The Cyanex family of dialkylphosphinic acids are used in hydrometallurgy to extract metals from ores.
Monoalkylphosphinic acids
Monoalkylphosphinic acids have the formula OP(OH)(H)R, with the simplest example being methylphosphinic acid.
Phosphinic acid adds to Michael acceptors, for example with acrylamide it gives H(HO)P(O)CH2CH2C(O)NH2.
Dialkylphosphinic acids
Dialkylphosphinic acids have the formula R2PO2H, where R is an alkyl or aryl group. The phosphorus(V) center has tetrahedral molecular geometry. Under the brand names Aerophine and Cyanex, dialkylphosphinic acids are used in extraction and separation of metals as one of the techniques of hydrometallurgy Characteristically the organic substituents are branched to confer solubility and preclude crystallization.
Formaldehyde and H3PO2 react to give (HOCH2)2PO2H.
Related compounds
The dithiodialkyphosphinic acids (R2PS2H) are related to the diorganodithiophosphates with the formula (RO)2PS2H, which are also used as complexing agents in the purification of metals. The phosphates are more prone to hydrolysis owing to the greater lability of the RO-P linkage vs the direct C-P bond.
See also
Phosphinate, salts of H2PO2−
References
Functional groups | Organophosphinic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 411 | [
"Functional groups"
] |
68,856,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20Information%20Protection%20Law%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China | The Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国个人信息保护法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó gèrén xìnxī bǎohù fǎ) referred to as the Personal Information Protection Law or ("PIPL") protecting personal information rights and interests, standardize personal information handling activities, and promote the rational use of personal information. It also addresses the transfer of personal data outside of China.
The PIPL was adopted on August 20, 2021, and is effective November 1, 2021. It is related to, and builds on top of both China's Cybersecurity Law ("CSL") and China's Data Security Law ("DSL").
A reference English version was published on December 29, 2021.
History
On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress passed the Private Information Protection Law or ("PIPL"). The law, which took effect on November 1, 2021, applies to the activities of handling the personal information of natural persons within the borders of the China.
In comparison to countries in the West, China has developed its privacy laws over time at a slower pace. In recent years, though, China has more actively developed regulations, as the nation is considered a “global cyberforce.” China’s policies differ from Western nations, in that their perception of privacy is different due to historical and cultural reasons.
During the drafting process, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") was used as a model and in some areas, PIPL closely tracks the GDPR.
Provisions
Scope
The PIPL generally covers all organizations operating in China processing personal information.
Long Arm Jurisdiction
Some provisions also include Long Arm Jurisdiction over data collection and processes of organizations outside of China. These apply when:
The purpose is to provide products or services to natural persons inside the borders;
Analyzing or assessing activities of natural persons inside the borders;
Other circumstances provided in laws or administrative regulations.
This presumably applies to offshore or multi-national companies with Chinese customers in China, for example Amazon who might be shipping goods to a Chinese buyer, or Apple who may have Chinese users in the American App Store.
All such entities are required to establish a dedicated entity or appoint a representative within China.
Exemptions
There are few exemptions, but one that was added during late drafting provides a non-consent legal basis for handling employee data, though employee consent is still needed for overseas transfer, such as to a global corporate parent.
Key Themes
Individual privacy, control and consent are consistent themes throughout the law, which lays down key principles including:
Personal Information - Defining personal information, including sensitive information;
Legal Basis - All data collection must have a legal basis for collection. There are several bases, but unlike in the GDPR, there is no legitimate interests basis;
Consent - A key legal basis is consent, which, unlike in the GDPR, must be obtained for each type of data processing activity, especially for transferring an individual's data overseas. Consent must also be "informed" with various types of notification and required content specified in the law;
Sensitive Data - Some types of personal information is sensitive, and the law provides an open-ended list of examples (unlike the GDPR's specific list of "special categories"), including biometrics, religion, specially-designated status, medical health, financial accounts, and location tracking;
Protecting Children - All personal information of minors under the age of 14 is sensitive, and specific consent is required from parents to process this information. This is much stricter than in the GDPR;
Individual Rights - The PIPL gives individuals several key rights over their information, such as the right to correct, delete, and view or transfer the data collected about them.
Responsibilities - Several articles lay out the various responsibilities of various parties collecting, transferring, and handling personal information;
Government Use of Personal Information - The PIPL includes when and how government agencies can collect and process data on individuals, including for national security, emergency, and other purposes;
Overseas Transfers - Specific restrictions on transfer of personal data outside of China;
Enforcement - Severe penalties for violations.
Definitions
The law defines the following:
Personal Information - Any type of information that identifies or can identify natural persons recorded electronically or by other means, but does not include anonymized information.
Sensitive Personal Information - Personal information that once leaked or illegally used can easily cause natural persons to suffer encroachments on their dignity or harms to their persons or property; including information such as biometrics (including facial recognition), religious faith, particular identities, medical care and health, financial status, and location tracking, as well as the personal information of minors under the age of 14.
Individuals - People whose data is being collected for processed (similar to the GDPR's Data Subject).
Personal Information Handlers: - Organizations or individuals that independently make decisions about the purposes and methods of personal information handling in personal information handling activities.
Entrusted Persons - External entities who Information Handlers entrust to handle personal information, essentially third parties.
Large Processors - Companies that process large amounts of data, as defined in Article 40, including Critical Information Infrastructure Operators ("CIIO") from the China's Critical Infrastructure Regulations.
Handling of Personal Information: Personal information handling includes personal information collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, deletion, etc.
Automated Decision-Making: The use of computer programs to automatically analyse, evaluate, and make decisions on personal information on personal behavior habits, hobbies or economic, health, credit status, and so forth.
De-Identification: The process of handling personal information to make it impossible to identify a specific natural person without the help of additional information.
Anonymization: The process in which personal information is handled so that it cannot be used to identify a specific natural person and cannot be restored after being so handled.
Legal Basis
All personal information collection and processing must have one of the following legal bases:
Individuals’ consent obtained;
Where necessary to conclude or fulfill a contract in which the individual is an interested party, or where necessary to conduct human resources management according to lawfully formulated labor rules and structures and lawfully concluded collective contracts;
Where necessary to fulfill statutory duties and responsibilities or statutory obligations;
Where necessary to respond to sudden public health incidents or protect natural persons’ lives and health, or the security of their property, under emergency conditions;
Handling personal information within a reasonable scope to implement news reporting, public opinion supervision, and other such activities for the public interest;
When handling personal information disclosed by persons themselves or otherwise already lawfully disclosed, within a reasonable scope in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
Other circumstances provided in laws and administrative regulations.
Unlike in the GDPR, there is no legitimate interests basis. Therefore, most consumers will likely be covered by giving their direct consent (such as for cookies, newsletters, etc.) or by contract fulfillment (such as shipping goods to them or providing services).
Consent
Consent is a major concern of the PIPL and a key legal basis on which handlers can process personal information.
If there is no other legal basis for processing data, handlers must get consent for data collection and processing, and this consent can be revoked by any individual at any time. Handlers are not allowed to refuse to provide products or services if an individual withholds or withdraws their consent for non-essential processing.
Separate consent is also specifically required in a number of situations:
Transfer of personal data by data controllers to third parties (Article 23);
Publication of personal data (Article 25);
Publication or provision of personal data collected by equipment installed in the public places for security purposes, such as personal images (Article 26);
Processing of sensitive personal data (Article 29); and
Cross-border transfers of personal data (Article 39).
Consent for these situations cannot be "bundled" and thus must be obtained separately from the individual.
Where a change occurs in the purpose of personal information handling, the handling method, or the categories of handled personal information, the individual's consent shall be obtained again.
Individual Rights
Individuals have several specific rights under the PIPL - they can:
Know & Decide - Refuse and limit how their data is handled.
Access & Copy - View and copy their data.
Correct or Complete - Request to correct inaccurate data.
Erasure - Request their information be deleted and/or revoke consent.
Explanation - Request handlers explain their handling of an individual's personal information.
Portability - Request moving their data to another handler.
Automated Decision Making
There are specific rules for automated decision making in the PIPL, including the right of individuals to opt-out, such as disabling product recommendations.
The law specifically requires "transparency of the decision-making and the fairness and justice of the handling result shall be guaranteed, and they may not engage in unreasonable differential treatment of individuals in trading conditions such as trade price, etc."
For companies pushing delivery or commercial sales to individuals through automated decision-making methods shall simultaneously provide the option to not target an individual's characteristics, or provide the individual with a convenient method to refuse.
When the use of automated decision-making produces decisions with a major influence on the rights and interests of the individual, they have the right to require personal information handlers to explain the matter, and they have the right to refuse that personal information handlers make decisions solely through automated decision-making methods.
Automated Decision Making is defined as "refers to the activity of using computer programs to automatically analyze or assess personal behaviors, habits, interests, or hobbies, or financial, health, credit, or other status, and make decisions."
Facial Recognition
The PIPL specifically covers the use of facial recognition in public spaces, including that it can only be used for public security reasons unless each individual separately consents:
"The installation of image collection or personal identity recognition equipment in public venues shall occur as required to safeguard public security and observe relevant State regulations, and clear indicating signs shall be installed. Collected personal images and personal distinguishing identity characteristic information can only be used for the purpose of safeguarding public security; it may not be used for other purposes, except where individuals’ separate consent is obtained."
Handler Obligations
Personal information handlers have several specific obligations:
Formulating internal management structures and operating rules;
Implementing categorized management of personal information;
Adopting corresponding technical security measures such as encryption, de-identification, etc.;
Reasonably determining operational limits for personal information handling, and regularly conducting security education and training for employees;
Formulating and organizing the implementation of personal information security incident response plans;
Other measures provided in laws or administrative regulations.
All handlers must "regularly engage in audits of their personal information handling and compliance with laws and administrative regulations."
Personal Information Protection Officers
In addition, at a certain (not yet defined) data handling scale, handlers must appoint "personal information protection officers, to be responsible for supervising personal information handling activities as well as adopted protection measures, etc."
Impact Assessment
Under the following circumstances, handlers must perform a personal information protection impact assessment and report the results:
Handling sensitive personal information;
Using personal information to conduct automated decision-making;
Entrusting personal information handling, providing personal information to other personal information handlers, or disclosing personal information;
Providing personal information abroad;
Other personal information handling activities with a major influence on individuals.
Such assessments must include:
Whether or not the personal information handling purpose, handling method, etc., are lawful, legitimate, and necessary;
The influence on individuals' rights and interests, and the security risks;
Whether protective measures undertaken are legal, effective, and suitable to the degree of risk.
Data Localization
The PIPL has specific requirements on data localization, the storage and processing of personal information in China.
Data Security
Information handlers have several responsibilities, including adopting the following measures to ensure personal information handling conforms to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and prevent unauthorized access as well as personal information leaks, distortion, or loss:
Formulating internal management structures and operating rules;
Implementing categorized management of personal information;
Adopting corresponding technical security measures such as encryption, de-identification, etc.;
Reasonably determining operational limits for personal information handling, and regularly conducting security education and training for employees;
Formulating and organizing the implementation of personal information security incident response plans;
Other measures provided in laws or administrative regulations.
Impact Assessments
Impact Assessments are required in a number of situations, including:
Handling sensitive personal information;
Using personal information to conduct automated decision-making;
Entrusting personal information handling, providing personal information to other personal information handlers, or disclosing personal information;
Providing personal information abroad;
Other personal information handling activities with a major influence on individuals.
Contractual Elements
Agreements are required when a handler entrusts personal data handling to another handler. Some law firms have suggested this will result in specific standard contractual clauses ("SCC"), similar to in the GDPR.
Breach Notification
All data leaks must be reported internally, and if "harm may have been created" they may be required to notify the individuals affected. Notification details must include:
The information categories, causes, and possible harm caused by the leak, distortion, or loss that occurred or might have occurred;
The remedial measures taken by the personal information handler and measures individuals can adopt to mitigate harm;
Contact method of the personal information handler.
Large Handlers
Large-scale handlers, such as those "providing important Internet platform services, that have a large number of users, and whose business models are complex" also have the obligations:
Establish and complete personal information protection compliance systems and structures according to State regulations, and establish an independent body composed mainly of outside members to supervise personal information protection circumstances;
Abide by the principles of openness, fairness, and justice; formulate platform rules; and clarify the standards for intra-platform product or service providers' handling of personal information and their personal information protection duties;
Stop providing services to product or service providers on the platform that seriously violate laws or administrative regulations in handling personal information;
Regularly release personal information protection social responsibility reports, and accept society's supervision.
Overseas Transfers
Moving personal information outside of China is only allowed if one of these conditions is satisfied:
Passing a security assessment organized by the State cybersecurity and information department according to Article 40 of this Law;
Undergoing personal information protection certification conducted by a specialized body according to provisions by the State cybersecurity and information department;
Concluding a contract with the foreign receiving side in accordance with a standard contract formulated by the State cyberspace and information department, agreeing upon the rights and responsibilities of both sides;
Other conditions provided in laws or administrative regulations or by the State cybersecurity and information department.
All such transfers require each individual's separate consent and notification about "the foreign receiving side’s name or personal name, contact method, handling purpose, handling methods, and personal information categories, as well as ways or procedures for individuals to exercise the rights provided in this Law with the foreign receiving side, and other such matters."
Sharing data with foreign governments
Information handlers are prohibited from sharing any personal information with foreign judicial or law enforcement agencies with approval.
This has raised concerns among law firms about how multi-national corporations would or could respond to judicial inquiries in other countries, such as a warrant for data held about a Chinese citizen in those countries.
Government Departments
The PIPL includes legal basis for how government ("State Organs") can collect and process data. Generally, the government must follow the same rules as non-government entities, including notifications. There are some exceptions, such as when it "shall impede State organs’ fulfillment of their statutory duties and responsibilities".
See also
Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China (CSL)
Cybersecurity
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China (DSL)
Data Governance
Information Privacy
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
EU–US Privacy Shield
Human rights
Data portability
Do Not Track legislation
Privacy Impact Assessment
Citations
Privacy legislation
Information privacy
Data protection
2021 in China
Law of the People's Republic of China | Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,312 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Information privacy"
] |
68,857,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mage%20Knight%20Board%20Game | Mage Knight Board Game is a cooperative board game for 1 to 4 players designed by Vlaada Chvátil and released in November 2011. It is based on the related collectable miniatures game, Mage Knight. It has been rated as one of the top single player board games.
Gameplay
In the Mage Knight Board Game a player controls one of four Mage Knights, exploring the Mage Knight universe and fighting against powerful enemies. Players choose between a number of scenarios to play with each scenario having a particular objective to meet, such as conquering cities, controlling land areas, investigating mysteries, etc.. Players create the gameboard using tiles as described within the scenario documentation.
Each character has a 16 cards deck used for actions and movement. Players start with drawing 5 cards from the deck and as characters level up, more cards are drawn. The map is slowly revealed as players move on the board. Enemies are placed on the map as the board is revealed. The game time is tracked using rounds utilizing a Day/Night mechanic. When a players deck is empty at the start of their turn, the round will end and advance to the next Day/Night cycle. The game continues until a predetermined number of game days have elapsed, at which point the game ends. If the objective has been met, as described within the scenario, the players win. If the objective has not been met, the players lose.
Characters
Arythea: The Blood Cultist
Goldyx: The Winged Green Lizard
Norowas: An Elven Leader
Tovak Wyrmstalker: A Knight
Braevelar: A Druid (Shades of Tezla Expansion)
Wolfhawk A Solitary Warrior (Lost Legion Expansion)
Krang: A trollish chieftain/shaman (Krang Character Expansion)
Expansions and Re-releases
Three distinct expansions released for Mage Knight:
Mage Knight Board Game: The Lost Legion was released in December 2012.
Mage Knight Board Game: Krang Character was released in 2013
Mage Knight Board Game: Shades of Tezla was released in July 2015
Mage Knight Board Game: Ultimate Edition was released in December 2018 by WizKids. The Ultimate Edition included the base game along with all of three previously released expansions. Mage Knight: Dual Color Card Expansion was released in 2019 and included cards that were previously only contained within the Ultimate Edition.
In July 2016, the Star Trek: Frontiers board game was released utilizing gameplay and systems from Mage Knight Board Game.
Critical reception
The overall reception of the board game was positive. Entropymag says that the game "stand(s) apart from even the best sandboxes found in electronic games." TechRaptor rated it a 10.0 and described it as "one of the best, if not the best, solo game on the market." Board Games Land similarly mentioned that it "holds the crown as the best solo board game" and The Thoughtful Gamer said "you know it’s going to be difficult, but in the end it’s going to be a rewarding experience."
Within the first month of the game's release it was sold out due to an overwhelming response, prompting a second release.
Awards and honors
2011 Nominee for Dice Tower's Best Game of the Year Award for
2012 International Gamers Awards: Nominee in the General Strategy category
2012 Golden Geek Award for Most Thematic Board Game from Board Game Geek.
2013 Origins Awards Best Board Game Nominee
2012 Spiel der Spiele Hit für Experten Recommended
2012 Golden Geek Most Innovative Board Game Nominee
In 2019, Mage Knight Board Game was inducted into the Origins Award Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Mage Knight Rulebook
Mage Knight at BoardGameGeek
Board games
Cooperative board games
Cooperative games
Board games introduced in 2011 | Mage Knight Board Game | [
"Mathematics"
] | 757 | [
"Game theory",
"Cooperative games"
] |
68,857,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93P%C3%B3lya%20number | In mathematics, the Jordan–Pólya numbers are the numbers that can be obtained by multiplying together one or more factorials, not required to be distinct from each other. For instance, is a Jordan–Pólya number because Every tree has a number of symmetries that is a Jordan–Pólya number, and every Jordan–Pólya number arises in this way as the order of an automorphism group of a tree. These numbers are named after Camille Jordan and George Pólya, who both wrote about them in the context of symmetries of trees.
These numbers grow more quickly than polynomials but more slowly than exponentials. As well as in the symmetries of trees, they arise as the numbers of transitive orientations of comparability graphs and in the problem of finding factorials that can be represented as products of smaller factorials.
Sequence and growth rate
The sequence of Jordan–Pólya numbers begins:
They form the smallest multiplicatively closed set containing all of the factorials.
The th Jordan–Pólya number grows more quickly than any polynomial of , but more slowly than any exponential function of . More precisely, for every , and every sufficiently large (depending on ), the number of Jordan–Pólya numbers up to obeys the inequalities
Factorials that are products of smaller factorials
Every Jordan–Pólya number , except 2, has the property that its factorial can be written as a product of smaller factorials. This can be done simply by expanding and then replacing in this product by its representation as a product of factorials. It is conjectured, but unproven, that the only numbers whose factorial equals a product of smaller factorials are the Jordan–Pólya numbers (except 2) and the two exceptional numbers 9 and 10, for which and . The only other known representation of a factorial as a product of smaller factorials, not obtained by replacing in the product expansion of , is , but as is itself a Jordan–Pólya number, it also has the representation .
See also
Superfactorial, the product of the first factorials
References
Integer sequences
Factorial and binomial topics
Algebraic graph theory
Trees (graph theory) | Jordan–Pólya number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 449 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Number theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numbers",
"Algebra",
"Algebraic graph theory"
] |
68,859,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Vitale | Stefano Vitale (born 1951, Naples, Italy) is an Italian physicist and a retired professor of experimental physics at the University of Trento. He is known for his scientific contributions in the field of gravitational wave (GW) research and the successful management of international scientific projects.
In particular he has been the co-Principal Investigator of the cryogenic, resonant-bar GW detector AURIGA and the Principal Investigator of the LISA Technology Package, the sole instrument of ESA´s LISA Pathfinder mission. He continues to do scientific research and is Co-lead of the international LISA Consortium. LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is the future gravitational wave-observatory in space, led by ESA.
Stefano Vitale has served on many different committees. In particular he has been the chair of the Fundamental Physics Advisory group of Science Directorate of ESA, and the chair of ESA's Science Programme Committee, the delegate body that steers the mandatory agency science program.
Career
Stefano Vitale received his Laurea in Physics at the University of Rome (now Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza") in 1976 and was a research fellow at the University of Trento from 1977 to 1979. From 1980 to 1985 he was appointed Assistant Professor for Condensed matter physics at University of Trento, after which he became Associate Professor of Physics there. Since 1994 he was full Professor of Physics at the University of Trento and served 2001 to 2004 also as Deputy Rector (Prorettore Vicario). He retired from his Professorship on 30 September 2021.
In 1992 Stefano Vitale was visiting professor at the Department of Physics at the University of California at Berkeley and from 1997 to 1998 he also was Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University in California. Since 1985 Stefano Vitale is a research associate at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN).
During his career, Vitale served on many national and international academic bodies, managing scientific projects and communities and advocating for basic and applied research.
Experimental gravitational wave research
Stefano Vitale got involved in experimental gravitational wave research in the late 1980s. From 1988 to 2001 and then again from 2005 until his retirement in 2021, he was Head of the Laboratory for Experimental Gravitation at the Department of Physics of the University of Trento where cutting edge technologies for gravitational wave observatories were developed and tested.
From 1989 to 2003 Vitale was the co-Principal Investigator of the cryogenic, resonant-bar GW detector AURIGA, by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, based in Legnaro. AURIGA has been the most sensitive of this kind of detectors, with the adoption of a three resonant mode configuration the design of which was led by Stefano Vitale.
The LISA Pathfinder and LISA missions
In 2003 Vitale became the Principal Investigator of the LISA Technology Package, the sole instrument of the LISA Pathfinder mission of the European Space Agency. LISA Pathfinder was the precursor to the space-based GW detector LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), under development by ESA and NASA. LISA Pathfinder operated between 2015 and 2017, and successfully demonstrated the viability of the planned LISA Mission. Stefano Vitale led in particular, the design of the gravity reference sensor and the overall design of the experiment. LISA Pathfinder was decommissioned in July 2017 and the post of Principal Investigator duly expired in 2018.
Stefano Vitale is a member of the core international scientific team behind LISA, serving both within international scientific team for several years and on the executive committee of the LISA consortium. From 2016 to 2017 he was Co-Principal Investigator of LISA and since 2020 he is Co-Lead of the LISA Consortium. The LISA Consortium is a large international collaboration that combines the resources and expertise from scientists in many countries all over the world. Together with ESA and NASA, the LISA Consortium is working to bring the LISA Mission to fruition.
Prizes and awards
Asteroid N 19331, of IAU Catalogue of Minor Planets, has been named Stefanovitale. (2016)
As a member of LISA Pathfinder team, the ESA Corporate Team Achievement Award (2017)
As a member of LISA Pathfinder team, the 2017 Space Technology Award of the American Astronautical Society
Amaldi Medal (European Prize for Gravitation of the Italian Gravitation Society) (2018)
Tycho Brahe Medal of the European Astronomical Society (2020)
Science outreach publications
Dalle onde ai buchi neri. Stefano Vitale, Le Scienze, (Italian edition of Scientific American) March 2004 (In Italian)
Timing Gravity. Stefano Vitale, Christophe Salomon and Wolfgang Ertmer in Looking up: Europe's quiet revolution in microgravity research Scientific American 2008 (In English. Also translated to German)
Dal big bang ai buchi neri. Paolo De Bernardis and Stefano Vitale, Le Scienze October 2009 (In Italian)
La colonna sonora dell'universo. Bernard Schutz e Stefano Vitale, Le Scienze May 2011, (In Italian. Translated to French for Pour la Science November 2011)
References
Italian physicists
20th-century Italian physicists
21st-century Italian physicists
Living people
University of Trento
Sapienza University of Rome
Gravitational-wave astronomy
1951 births | Stefano Vitale | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,085 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astrophysics"
] |
68,859,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Evolutionary%20Biology | The Institute of Evolutionary Biology (In Spanish Instituto de Biología Evolutiva IBE (CSIC-UPF) is a joint research center of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) founded in 2008. IBE is the only research center in Catalonia and the rest of Spain that is entirely dedicated to evolutionary biology and natural resources.
The research carried out by IBE focuses on the study of the processes and mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of biodiversity and its conservation. This is one of the most important scientific challenges of the 21st century, as evidenced by new global initiatives to sequence the genomes of all known species and discover the remaining 80 percent of currently unknown species, including the Earth BioGenome Project. To meet this global challenge requires the methods and concepts of evolutionary biology; and in particular, the understanding of the bases of the differences between organisms, both between species and within them, and how these differences produce new functions and interactions, which will determine the basic mechanisms of life and place biodiversity in a robust evolutionary framework. To this end, IBE research uses the new tools available, experimental and computational, to understand the basic functioning of life, discover the mechanisms for generating biological innovations and preserve biodiversity and promote its management in a sustainable way.
In July 2008, Dr. Xavier Bellés was appointed director of the IBE. In February 2017 he was succeeded in office by Dr. Tomàs Marquès-Bonet as director of the center. Since May 2020, the IBE has been headed by Dr. Salvador Carranza.
Academics
The scientific activity of IBE is organized in 5 interrelated research programs:
Animal Biodiversity and Evolution
Comparative and Computational Genomics
Functional Genomics and Evolution
Population Genetics
Complex Systems
Campus
IBE employs more than one hundred and thirty people, distributed among the neighboring buildings of the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and the Mediterranean Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CMIMA). Currently, IBE is in the process of moving to a new campus at the Mercat del Peix, an innovation complex, focused on biomedicine, biodiversity, and planetary well-being, which will be located next to the UPF Ciutadella campus and the Ciutadella Park. The Mercat del Peix project will involve the construction of three new buildings, which will house the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) and a new complex at the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF). These will be built on the area of 7,500 square meters that is currently a car park and which was, until the middle of the 20th century, the central fish market of Barcelona (Mercat del Peix). The works will begin in April 2022 and the first researchers will begin to work at the center in the first half of 2025. The project is promoted by the City Council of Barcelona and UPF, with the participation of two strategic partners, the Spanish National Research Council and BIST.
Notable faculty
Carles Lalueza-Fox (Ancient DNA)
Luc Steels (Artificial Intellence)
See also
Pompeu Fabra University Notable Faculty
References
External links
Institute of Evolutionary Biology CSIC - Pompeu Fabra University website.
Education in Barcelona
Research institutes established in 2008
Evolutionary biology
Research institutes in Catalonia
Pompeu Fabra University | Institute of Evolutionary Biology | [
"Biology"
] | 690 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
68,861,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Polish%20Electrical%20Engineers | The Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (Stowarzyszenie Elektryków Polskich, SEP; also called Association of Polish Electricians) is a Polish non-governmental organisation integrating the community of electricians of Polish origin worldwide. The organisation brings together both engineers and technicians, as well as young students (pupils of technical and vocational schools) in electrical engineering in the broadest sense.
Activities
SEP is mainly involved in education activities (training courses for the operation of electrical equipment). It is also involved in conformity assessment of low-voltage electrical products (since 1933), through its office of quality, an SEP agency with national accreditations and recognition from the most prestigious international and European organisations. It also carries out extensive international cooperation under the English name of "Association of Polish Electrical Engineers". It is a member of the National Federation of Scientific and Technical Associations of Poland and the European organisation EUREL.
History
From 7 to 9 June 1919, a congress was held to establish the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers. Professor Mieczysław Pożaryski was elected its first president. In 1928 the organisation merged with the Association of Polish Radio Engineers, and in 1929 the name was changed to its present name by a decision of the board of directors. In 1939, the Association of Polish Telecommunication Engineers joined SEP.
Presidents
1919–1928 – Mieczysław Pożaryski (first president of the SEP)
1928–1929 – Kazimierz Straszewski
1929–1930 – Zygmunt Okoniewski
1930–1931 – Kazimierz Straszewski
1931–1932 – Felicjan Karśnicki
1932–1933 – Tadeusz Czaplicki
1933–1934 – Alfons Kühn
1934–1935 – Jan Obrąpalski
1935–1936 – Alfons Kühn
1936–1937 – Janusz Groszkowski
1937–1938 – Alfons Hoffmann
1938–1939 – Kazimierz Szpotański
1939 – Antoni Krzyczkowski
1939–1946 – Kazimierz Szpotański
1946–1947 – Kazimierz Straszewski
1947–1949 – Włodzimierz Szumilin
1949–1950 – Stanisław Ignatowicz
1950–1951 – Tadeusz Żarnecki
1951–1952 – Jerzy Lando
1952–1959 – Kazimierz Kolbiński
1959–1961 – Tadeusz Kahl
1961–1981 – Tadeusz Dryzek
1981–1987 – Jacek Szpotański
1987–1990 – Bohdan Paszkowski
1990–1994 – Jacek Szpotański
1994–1998 – Cyprian Brudkowski
1998–2002 – Stanisław Bolkowski
2002–2006 – Stanisław Bolkowski
2006–2014 – Jerzy Barglik
2014–2022 – Piotr Szymczak
from 2022 – Sławomir Cieślik
References
External links
Official Website
Professional associations based in Poland
Certification marks
Standards organisations in Poland
Product-testing organizations
1919 establishments in Poland
Organizations established in 1919
Organisations based in Warsaw | Association of Polish Electrical Engineers | [
"Mathematics"
] | 625 | [
"Symbols",
"Certification marks"
] |
68,864,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycan%20nomenclature | Glycan nomenclature is the systematic naming of glycans, which are carbohydrate-based polymers made by all living organisms. In general glycans can be represented in (i) text formats, these include commonly used CarbBank, IUPAC name, and several other types; and (ii) symbol formats, these are consisting of Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans and Oxford Notations.
History
In the beginning of the nineteenth century, names of sugar molecules were derived from their source. For example, glucose were called grape sugar (Traubenzucker), saccharose were called cane sugar (Rohrzucker). In 1838, the name glucose was coined; subsequently in 1866 Kekulé proposed the name 'dextrose' as glucose is dextrorotatory. It was decided by the scientific community that sugars should be named with the ending '-ose', which then was combined with the French word 'cellule' for cell, resulting in the term cellulose. As the empirical composition of monosaccharides can be expressed as Cn(H2O)n, they were termed as ‘carbohydrate’ (French ‘hydrate de carbone’).
Text tormats
To represent the structural information of glycans more accurate and achieve specific purpose for the community, several unique formats were designed and used in different carbohydrate databases developed through different research groups and organizations.
CarbBank
The CarbBank format is originally from CarbBank, a database management system for Complex Carbohydrate structure Database (CCSD). The CarbBank is created by researchers at the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC) of University of Georgia. An example of an N-glycan of Man-3-Core F is shown below: CCSD
a-L-Fucp-(1-6)+
|
a-D-Manp-(1-6)+ b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-Asn
| |
b-D-Manp-(1-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)+
|
a-D-Manp-(1-3)+In general, this format is human-readable but the vertical bars make it difficult for a computer to parse.
IUPAC
IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and they propose a nomenclature for representing complex carbohydrates called 2-Carb. The IUPAC nomenclature provides three forms to represent the glycans.
Extended form: In this format, a monosaccharide unit is represented by a given symbol, after the anomeric descriptor and the configuration symbol. An italic letter is used to represent the ring size, e.g. f for furanose and p for pyranose. The parentheses between the symbols is used to provide locants of the linkage and a double-headed arrow is used to show a linkage between two anomeric positions.
Condensed form: This format eliminated both the configurational symbol and the letter denoting ring size. In general, the configuration is D (except for fucose and iduronic acid that are generally in L configuration) and the rings are in pyranose form (unless explicitly mentioned as in other form). The parentheses is used to write the anomeric descriptor along with the locants.
Short form: It is usually desirable to shorten the notation by eliminating the anomeric carbon atoms locants, the parentheses around the locants of the linkage, and the hyphens. Moreover, branches can be shown on the same line with the aid of appropriate enclosing marks including parentheses and square brackets.
The above example glycan can be represented as below:
Extended form: α-D-Manp-(1→3)-[α-D-Manp-(1→6)]- β-D-Manp-(1→4)- β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-[ α-L-Fucp-(1→6)]- β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→NASN-protein
Condensed form: Man(α1-3)[Man(α1-6)]Man(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-6)]GlcNAc(β1-ASN
Short form: Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAcβASN
Note:
Modified Condensed IUPAC: Manα1-3(Manα1-6)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAcβ1-Asn
LINUCS
Linear Notation for Unique description of Carbohydrate Sequences (LINUCS) is a format used in Glycosciences.de . This format is targeted to describe the glycan structure unique. The glycan example in LINUCS format could be:[][ASN]{[(4+1)][B-D-GLCPNAC]{[(4+1)][B-D-GLCPNAC]{[(4+1)][B-D-MANP]{[(3+1)][A-D-MANP]{}[(6+1)][A-D-MANP]{}}}[(6+1)][A-L-FUCP]{}}}
Linear Code
Linear Code is a linear notation proposed by GlycoMinds Ltd. and is one of the most compact formats. Here, (i) the common monosaccharides are indicated by a maximum two letter code, (ii) linkages are indicated by “a” or “b” for anomers, (iii) the number are at the end carbon number linkage, and (iv) The branches are indicated by parentheses. Ma3(Ma6)Mb4GNb4(Fa6)GN;N
GlycoCT
GlycoCT is the format designed and developed under the EuroCarbDB project. This format uses connection table approach to describe the full complexity of carbohydrate sequence data. It is widely used by the bioinformatics community through the database GlycomeDB. A GlycoCT format of the example glycan is shown below:RES
1b: b-dglc-HEX-1: 5
2s: n-acetyl
3b: b-dglc-HEX-1: 5
4s: n-acetyl
5b: b-dman-HEX-1: 5
6b: a-dman-HEX-1: 5
7b: a-dman-HEX-1: 5
8b: a-lgal-HEX-1: 5 | 6: d
LIN
1: 1d (2 + 1) 2n
2: 1o (4 + 1) 3d
3: 3d (2 + 1) 4n
4: 3o (4 + 1) 5d
5: 5o (3 + 1) 6d
6: 5o (6 + 1) 7d
7: 1o (6 + 1) 8d
WURCS
The Web3 Unique Representation of Carbohydrate Structures (WURCS) format is initially developed for GlyTouCan, the international glycan structure repository. As GlyTouCan used the Semantic Web technologies for development, it requires a linear string to represent the glycan. The example glycan in WURCS format as below:WURCS=2.0/4,6,5/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5][a1122h-1a_1-5][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2-3-3-4/a4-b1_a6-f1_b4-c1_c3-d1_c6-e1
KCF
The KEGG Chemical Function (KCF) is designed and used in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. It also uses a connection table approach. The example glycan in KCF format as below:ENTRY G10661 Glycan
NODE 7
1 Asn 20 3
2 GlcNAc 10 3
3 LFuc 0 8
4 GlcNAc 0 -2
5 Man -10 -2
6 Man -20 3
7 Man -20 -7
EDGE 6
1 2:b1 1
2 3:a1 2:6
3 4:b1 2:4
4 5:b1 4:4
5 6:a1 5:6
6 7:a1 5:3
///
CSDB Linear
Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) includes the Bacterial (BCSDB) and Plant and Fungal (PFCSDB) parts. This database utilizes a connection table for internal storage of structures and the CSDB linear code for input–output.aDManp(1-3)[aDManp(1-6)]bDManp(1-4)[Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN(1-4)[aLFucp(1-6),Ac(1-2)]bDGlcpN(1-4)xLAsn
GLYCAM Condensed
GLYCAM Condensed format, as well as GLYCAM format, is provided by GLYCAM-Web, which is produced by the research group of Professor Robert J. Woods in the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center at the University of Georgia in Athens GA.GLYCAM Condensed: DManpa1-3[DManpa1-6]DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-ASN
GlYCAM: a-D-Manp-(1-3)-[a-D-Manp-(1-6)]-b-D-Manp-(1-4)-b-D-GlcpNAc-(1-4)-[a-L-Fucp-(1-6)]-b-D-GlcpNAc-ASN
Glyde and Glyde II
The GLYcan Data Exchange (GLYDE) format, is an XML-based representation format for glycomics data. It was a part of the Integrated Technology Resources for Biomedical Glycomics, which established by a team from Complex Carbohydrate Research Center of University of Georgia.<Glycan>
<residue>
<residue link="4" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="b" chirality="D" monosaccharide="GlcNAc" ring_form="p">
<residue link="6" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="a" chirality="L" monosaccharide="Fuc" ring_form="p">
</residue>
<residue link="4" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="b" chirality="D" monosaccharide="GlcNAc" ring_form="p">
<residue link="4" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="b" chirality="D" monosaccharide="Man" ring_form="p">
<residue link="3" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="a" chirality="D" monosaccharide="Man" ring_form="p">
</residue>
<residue link="6" anomeric_carbon="1" anomer="a" chirality="D" monosaccharide="Man" ring_form="p">
</residue>
</residue>
</residue>
</residue>
</residue>
</Glycan>GLYDE II, is the successor of GLYDE to overcome the limitations of GLYDE, uses a connection table approach.<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE GlydeII SYSTEM "http://glycomics.ccrc.uga.edu/GLYDE-II/GLYDE-II-1.2.DTD"[
<!ENTITY mDBget "http://www.monosaccharideDB.org/GLYDE-II.jsp?G">
]>
<GlydeII>
<molecule subtype="glycan" id="M3N2">
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="1" ref="mDBget;=b-dglc-HEX-1:5" />
<residue subtype="substituent" partid="2" ref="mDBget;=n-acetyl" />
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="3" ref="mDBget;=a-lfuc-HEX-1:5" />
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="4" ref="mDBget;=b-dglc-HEX-1:5" />
<residue subtype="substituent" partid="5" ref="mDBget;=n-acetyl" />
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="6" ref="mDBget;=b-dman-HEX-1:5" />
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="7" ref="mDBget;=a-dman-HEX-1:5" />
<residue subtype="base_type" partid="8" ref="mDBget;=a-dman-HEX-1:5" />
<residue_link from="2" to="1">
<atom_link from="N1" to="C2" from_replaces="O2" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="3" to="1">
<atom_link from="C1" to="O6" to_replaces="O1" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="4" to="1">
<atom_link from="C1" to="O4" to_replaces="O1" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="5" to="4">
<atom_link from="N1" to="C2" from_replaces="O2" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="6" to="4">
<atom_link from="C1" to="O4" to_replaces="O1" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="7" to="6">
<atom_link from="C1" to="O3" to_replaces="O1" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
<residue_link from="8" to="6">
<atom_link from="C1" to="O6" to_replaces="O1" bond_order="1" />
</residue_link>
</molecule>
</GlydeII>
CabosML
A carbohydrate sequence markup language (CabosML) is a description of carbohydrate structures using XML.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<g:Glyco xmlns:g="http://bio.mki.co.jp/ glycoinformatics/2003">
<g:Carb_ID/>
<g:Carb_structure>
<g:MS name="GlcNAc" >
<g:MS link="1-6" anom="a" name="Fuc" >
<g:MS link="1-4" anom="b" name="GlcNAc" >
<g:MS link="1-4" anom="b" name="Man" >
<g:MS link="1-3" anom="a" name="Man" />
<g:MS link="1-6" anom="a" name="Man" />
</g:MS>
</g:MS>
</g:MS>
</g:Carb_structure>
</g:Glyco>
Symbol formats
Many glycobiologists use figures to depict the complex glycan structures. Currently, there are two major ways to represent glycans using symbols: Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans (SNFG) and Oxford Notation.
Symbol nomenclature For Glycans
Oxford notation
The Oxford Notation was designed and developed by the researchers from Oxford Glycobiology Institute at University of Oxford in 2009.
Hybrid notation
To comply with the SNFG notation and respect the Oxford notation some drawing tools generate hybrid cartoons with the SNFG symbols (monosaccharides) and linkage orientation as set by Oxford.
Formats conversion tools
The scientific community has developed a number of software tools to convert glycans represented in one format to another. Some of these most commonly used tools are listed below:
GlycanFormatConverter: A core library of glycan text conversion tools, which encoding WURCS from IUPAC-Extended, KCF and LinearCode® for the great majority of glycans registered in GlyTouCan.
RINGS: A web resource providing algorithmic and data mining tools to aid glycobiology research.
glypy: An open source glycoinformatics library.
References
Oligosaccharides
Glycomics
Carbohydrate chemistry | Glycan nomenclature | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,006 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Glycomics",
"Oligosaccharides",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Chemical synthesis",
"nan",
"Glycobiology"
] |
77,630,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotoxicology%20and%20Environmental%20Safety | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Richard Handy (University of Plymouth) and Bing Yan (Guangzhou University). Established in 1977, the journal has published in open-access since 2021. It has been the official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety since 1986.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.2.
See also
List of environmental journals
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1977
Toxicology journals
Environmental health journals
Semi-monthly journals
English-language journals | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 144 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Toxicology journals",
"Toxicology",
"Environmental health journals"
] |
77,631,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuzatrelvir | Ibuzatrelvir (development code PF-07817883) is an experimental antiviral drug being developed by Pfizer for the treatment of COVID-19. It is a second-generation improvement over nirmatrelvir which has a similar chemical structure. One of the disadvantages of nirmatrelvir is that it has low metabolic stability and must be given in combination with ritonavir (as Paxlovid) to limit its metabolic degradation in the body. Ibuzatrelvir incorporates modifications to the chemical structure of nirmatrelvir that give it enhanced oral bioavailability, so it does not require coadministration with ritonavir.
References
Amides
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Carbamates
Nitriles
Pyrrolidones
Experimental drugs
COVID-19 drug development
SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors
Drugs developed by Pfizer
Methyl esters
Isobutyl compounds
Pyrrolidines | Ibuzatrelvir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 210 | [
"Amides",
"Drug discovery",
"Functional groups",
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Nitriles"
] |
77,631,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203052 | NGC 3052 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Hydra. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4122 ± 24 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 60.79 ± 4.27 Mpc (∼198 million light-years). However, 19 non redshift measurements give a much closer distance of 42.563 ± 6.434 Mpc (139 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 7 February 1785.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 3052 as a Seyfert I Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3052: SN 2024chx (type II, mag. 18.2315) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 12 February 2024.
NGC 3091 Group
The galaxy NGC 3052 is part of the NGC 3091 group (also known as LGG 186), which includes at least 5 other galaxies: NGC 3091, NGC 3124, PGC 28926, MCG -3-26-6, and ESO 566–19.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3052
028570
-03-25-030
566-026
09521-1824
Hydra (constellation)
17850207
Discoveries by William Herschel
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies | NGC 3052 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 336 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,631,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldon%20domain | Foldon domain is a small, approximately 30 amino acid, protein domain originally discovered on the fibritin protein of bacteriophage T4. The domain causes proteins to trimerize and is used in several biotechnology and vaccine applications.
References
Biotechnology stubs
Protein domains | Foldon domain | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
77,631,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202805 | NGC 2805 is a intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1834 ± 7 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 27.05 ± 1.90 Mpc (∼88.2 million light-years). However, 11 non redshift measurements give a distance of 12.76 ± 11.89 Mpc (41.6 million light-years). (Note: this sample of measurements is inconsistent: seven values between 3.03 Mpc and 5.13 Mpc are reported in publications from 1984 to 1985, then four values between 26.8 Mpc and 28.8 Mpc.) The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 2 April 1791.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 2805: SN 2019hsw (type II, mag. 15.4) was discovered by ASAS-SN on 18 June 2019.
NGC 2805 Group
NGC 2805 is the namesake of the NGC 2805 group (also known as LGG 173), which includes at least 4 other galaxies: NGC 2814, NGC 2820, NGC 2880, and IC 2458. This group, minus NGC 2880, are also collectively called Holmberg 124.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2805
026410
+11-12-003
04936
09162+6418
Ursa Major
17910402
Discoveries by William Herschel
Intermediate spiral galaxies | NGC 2805 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 315 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
77,633,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205876 | NGC 5876 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Boötes. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3325 ± 5 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 49.05 ± 3.43 Mpc (∼160 million light-years). However, three non redshift measurements give a much greater distance of 65.6 ± 0.346 Mpc (~214 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by American astronomer Lewis Swift on 11 June 1885. Swift observed the galaxy again on August 27, 1888, and not realizing that he had already observed it, entered the galaxy into the Index Catalogue as IC 1111.
According to the SIMBAD database, NGC 5876 is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 5876: SN 2024igg (type Ia-SC, mag. 17.7639) was discovered by the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) on 7 May 2024.
NGC 5908 Group
NGC 5876 is part of the NGC 5908 group (also known as LGG 395), which includes at least six other members: NGC 5820, NGC 5821, NGC 5874, NGC 5905, NGC 5908, and UGC 9759.
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
5876
054110
+09-25-028
IC objects
09747
F15081+5441
Boötes
18850611
Discoveries by Lewis Swift
barred spiral galaxies
LINER galaxies | NGC 5876 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 347 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
77,633,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramos%20Castellano%20Arquitectos | Ramos Castellano Arquitectos is an architecture firm led by Eloisa Ramos and Moreno Castellano, founded in 2005 and based in Mindelo, a city in São Vicente island.
They have been awarded multiple times being one of the main architectural studios in Africa having multiple articles written on their works, most notably the recent Centro Nacional de Artesanato e Design building in Mindelo. Their architectural style is known for recycling materials and using sustainable construction techniques.
Biography
Eloisa Ramos, born on Santo Antão island, completed her studies on the University of Coimbra in 2002, and Moreno Castellano, born in Sardinia, finished his studies in 2003 in the University of Florence, founding the studio in 2005.
Works
Ramos Castellano's style is often defined as "simple yet innovative," due to the lack of resources in the islands. Their notable works include:
Aquiles Eco-Hotel (São Pedro, Cape Verde, completed in 2014)
Terra Lodge (Mindelo, Cape Verde, completed in 2015)
Casa Celestina (Mindelo, Cape Verde, completed in 2021)
Centro Nacional de Artesanato e Design (Mindelo, Cape Verde, completed in 2022)
Mami Wata Eco Village (Chã de Igreja, Cape Verde, completed in 2023)
Awards
Prémio Nacional da Arquitectura de Cabo Verde
IFI Design distinction award
References
External links
Ramos Castellano Arquitectos Official Website
As tampas de barris reciclados formam uma fachada expressiva num novo equipamento cultural em Cabo Verde
Ecovillaggio Turistico Mamiwata on The Plan
Architecture firms
Sustainable architecture
Architecture in Cape Verde
University of Coimbra alumni
University of Florence alumni | Ramos Castellano Arquitectos | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 361 | [
"Sustainable architecture",
"Environmental social science",
"Architecture"
] |
77,635,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-7470-44 | RTI-7470-44 is a potent and selective antagonist of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) which is used in scientific research. It was discovered in 2022 and is the first potent antagonist of the human TAAR1 to be identified, following the potent mouse TAAR1 inverse agonist EPPTB in 2009.
Pharmacology
The affinity (Ki) of RTI-7470-44 for the human TAAR1 is 0.3nM and its inhibitory potency () at the receptor is 8.4nM in vitro. It is about 90-fold less potent at the rat TAAR1 ( = 748nM) and 140-fold less potent at the mouse TAAR1 ( = 1,190nM) compared to the human TAAR1. Surprisingly, RTI-7470-44 was found to be a competitive antagonist of the human and mouse TAAR1 but a non-competitive antagonist of the rat TAAR1.
The compound has favorable in vivo drug-like properties, including good blood–brain barrier permeability, moderate metabolic stability, and a favorable preliminary profile of off-target activity (≥1–10μM at 42other targets). It is far more potent (893-fold) as an antagonist of the human TAAR1 than the earlier TAAR1 inverse agonist EPPTB in vitro, which has dramatically lower potency (165–272-fold) at the human TAAR1 and rat TAAR1 compared to the mouse TAAR1.
RTI-7470-44 has been found to increase the spontaneous firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in mouse ventral tegmental area (VTA) slices ex vivo and to block the effects of the high-efficacy TAAR1 partial agonist RO5166017 in this system.
History
RTI-7470-44 was first described in the scientific literature in 2022. It was identified via high throughput screening followed by structure–activity optimization.
See also
EPPTB – mouse TAAR1 antagonist or inverse agonist
References
Acetamides
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Experimental drugs
Nitriles
Pyrimidines
Receptor antagonists
Sulfur compounds
Trifluoromethyl compounds
TAAR1 antagonists | RTI-7470-44 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 476 | [
"Receptor antagonists",
"Neurochemistry",
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,635,647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203206 | NGC 3206 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1309 ± 11 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 19.31 ± 1.36 Mpc (∼63 million light-years). In addition, 11 non redshift measurements give a distance of 17.582 ± 1.088 Mpc (~57.3 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 8 April 1793.
According to the SIMBAD database, NGC 3206 is an Active Galaxy Nucleus Candidate, i.e. it has a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3206: American amateur astronomer Patrick Wiggins discovered SN 2024bch (type II, mag. 16.1) on 29 January 2024.
NGC 3264 Group
NGC 3206 is part of the NGC 3264 group (also known as LGG 201), which includes at least five other members: NGC 3220, NGC 3264, NGC 3353, UGC 5848, and UGCA 211.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3206
030322
+10-15-069
05589
10184+5710
Ursa Major
Astronomical objects discovered in 1793
Discoveries by William Herschel
barred spiral galaxies | NGC 3206 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 321 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
77,636,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201385 | NGC 1385 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Fornax. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1381 ± 9 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 20.37 ± 1.43 Mpc (∼66.5 million light-years). In addition, 30 non redshift measurements give a distance of 15.999 ± 12.131 Mpc (~52.2 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 17 November 1784.
Although no supernovae have yet been observed in NGC 1385, the astronomical transient AT 2020pju was discovered by the Gaia Photometric Science Alerts on 18 June 2020. Spectral analysis revealed the star to be a luminous blue variable.
In 2024, NGC 1385 was imaged by James Webb Space Telescope as part of Physics at High Angular Project resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS) project, studying phases of star formations.
Morphology
NGC 1385 is classified as a type SBd galaxy when observed in B-bands but also classified as type SBdm in H-bands. The bulge of the galaxy is small with a stubby bar running through it. The galaxy's inner disk has scattered cottony spiral arms emerging from several locations. Star-forming knots are present in the galaxy, with its inner arms composed of two straight segments that extend north from the bar region. NGC 1385 has an asymmetric outer disk with little emission on its northwest side.
NGC 1395 Group
NGC 1385 is part of the NGC 1395 group (also known as LGG 97), which includes at least 31 members, including: NGC 1315, NGC 1325, NGC 1331, NGC 1332, NGC 1347, NGC 1353, NGC 1371, NGC 1377, NGC 1395, NGC 1401, NGC 1414, NGC 1415, NGC 1422, NGC 1426, NGC 1438, NGC 1439, IC 1952, IC 1953, and IC 1962. This group is also part of the Eridanus Cluster.
Gallery
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1385
013368
-04-09-036
482-016
03353-2439
Fornax
17841117
Discoveries by William Herschel
Barred spiral galaxies
Eridanus Group | NGC 1385 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 487 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
77,638,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTK-109 | JTK-109 is an antiviral drug which acts as a NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. It was initially developed for the treatment of Hepatitis C, but also shows activity against caliciviruses such as norovirus.
References
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Antiviral drugs
Benzoic acids
Pyrrolidones
Benzimidazoles
Fluorobenzene derivatives
Cyclohexyl compounds | JTK-109 | [
"Biology"
] | 92 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Biocides"
] |
77,640,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20DiGennaro%20Reed | Florence DiGennaro Reed is a licensed behavior analyst and researcher who studies how to improve the quality of health and human services using organizational behavior management. She was a professor in and chairperson of the Department of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas until becoming the Chief Operating Officer of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board.
Career
DiGennaro Reed completed her BA in psychology at Binghamton University, an MA in experimental psychology at Long Island University - CW Post Campus, and a PhD in school psychology at Syracuse University. She completed her clinical post-doctoral fellowship at the Institute for Child Development and a pre-doctoral internship in clinical psychology at the May Center for Education and Neurorehabilitation and the May Center for Child Development. She has authored over 100 articles and book chapters, edited two books, and co-authored a textbook on various behavior analytic topics including performance management, assessment, and intervention.
At KU, her lab, called Performance Management Laboratory, studied methods of staff training and performance improvement and conducted translational research.
She has served on the editorial boards of Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, Behavior Analysis Research and Practice, Journal of Behavioral Education, Behavior Analysis in Practice, The Psychological Record, and School Psychology Review and has served as an Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.
Awards and honors
OBM Network: Outstanding Contribution Award (2023)
Association for Behavior Analysis International Outstanding Mentor Award (2021, 2012)
Louise Byrd Graduate Educator Award (2021)
J. Michael Young Academic Advisor Award (2014)
Selected works
Blackman, A. L., Ruby, S. A., Bartle, G., DiGennaro Reed, F. D., Strouse, M., Erath, T. G., & Leon-Barajas, M. (2022). Effects of a systems level intervention to improve trainer integrity. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, 6, 304-314. * Madden, G.J., Reed, D.D., & DiGennaro Reed, F.D. (2021). Introduction to behavior analysis. New Jersey: Wiley.
Erath, T. G., DiGennaro Reed, F. D., Sundermeyer, H. W., Brand, D., Novak, M. D., Harbison, M. J., & Shears, R. (2020). Enhancing the training integrity of human service staff using pyramidal behavioral skills training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53, 449–464.
DiGennaro Reed, F. D., Blackman, A. L., Erath, T. G., Brand, D., & Novak, M. D. (2018). Guidelines for using behavioral skills training to provide teacher support. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(6), 373–380.
References
External links
University of Kansas: Profile page
Behaviourist psychologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Binghamton University alumni
LIU Post alumni
University of Kansas faculty | Florence DiGennaro Reed | [
"Biology"
] | 640 | [
"Behaviourist psychologists",
"Behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
77,642,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje%20T%C3%B6pfer | Antje Töpfer (born 22 May 1968 in Ludwigsfelde, East Germany) is a German politician from Alliance 90/The Greens. From December 2022 to September 2024 she was State Secretary in the Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Integration and Consumer Protection of the State of Brandenburg.
Career
Töpfer graduated from high school in 1986. From 1986 to 1990 she studied to become a qualified teacher of chemistry and biology at the . From 1990 to 1994 she studied food chemistry at Technische Universität Berlin. She completed her studies with part A of the state examination. From 1994 to 1995 she completed scientific internships at the Institute of Food Chemistry at the TU Berlin. From 1996 to 1998 she completed a postgraduate course in food chemistry at the TU Berlin. She graduated with a diploma . From 1995 to 1999 she worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Food Chemistry at the TU Berlin. She received her doctorate there in 1999. From 1998 to 2001 and in 2009 she worked as a freelance research assistant at Dorel Verlags GmbH & CoKG. From 2001 to 2006 she worked as a research assistant at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. From 2006 to 2007 she worked at the German Institute for Standardization. From 2010 to 2015 she worked as a research assistant in the office of the Senate of the Federal Research Institutes in the business area of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. From 2015 until her appointment as State Secretary in 2022 she was a consultant in the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
On 5 December 2022, Töpfer was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Integration and Consumer Protection of the State of Brandenburg, succeeding .
Töpfer is a member of the Havelland district council and chairwoman of the local Green Party group.
In the 2024 Brandenburg state election, Töpfer was the Green Party's top candidate together with Benjamin Raschke. They lead the party to defeat suffering an electoral wipeout losing all their seats.
Personal life
She lives in a civil partnership and has two children.
External links
Antje Töpfer on the website of the Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Integration and Consumer Protection of the State of Brandenburg.
References
Living people
1968 births
People from Ludwigsfelde
21st-century German politicians
21st-century German women politicians
Alliance 90/The Greens politicians
Food chemists
Members of the Landtag of Brandenburg
Women government ministers of Germany
Technische Universität Berlin alumni | Antje Töpfer | [
"Chemistry"
] | 496 | [
"Food chemists",
"Food chemistry"
] |
77,643,071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP2535 | ASP2535 is an inhibitor of the type 1 glycine transporter. It could potentially be used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
Potential uses
ASP2535 has been investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, it is able to inhibit the memory deficit induced by scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent.
References
Pyridines
Benzoxadiazoles
Triazoles
Isopropyl compounds
Phenyl compounds | ASP2535 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 98 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
77,643,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregional%20mapping | Bioregional mapping is a participatory approach to cartography that focuses on mapping the natural, ecological, and cultural features of a bioregion—an area defined by its natural boundaries, such as watersheds, ecosystems, and cultures that arise form a place, rather than human borders. This method highlights the interconnectedness of the region's natural systems and human communities, offering a holistic view of the landscape that integrates ecological data with cultural and historical insights.
Bioregional mapping is also a participatory process that invites community members to actively engage in the creation of their region's map. This approach empowers individuals to contribute to the documentation of local knowledge, history, and cultural significance, thereby creating maps that are more inclusive and representative of the lived experiences within the bioregion. Community mapping includes the identification of traditional pathways, local species, historical landmarks, stories, songs, how things change over time, and other culturally significant sites that might not appear on standard maps.
Sheila Harrington, in the introduction to Islands of the Salish Sea: A Community Atlas notes that:"The atlas should be used as a jumping off place for decision making about the future. From the holistic image of place that the maps collectively communicate, what actions could be adopted to achieve sustainable prosperity? What priorities emerge from a survey of damaged lands and unsolved social ills? What underutilized potentials can be put to work to help achieve sustainability? The atlas can become a focus for discussions setting a proactive plan for positive change."
Relationship with Indigenous Mapping
Bioregional mapping aligns with Indigenous mapping practices by recognizing the importance of natural boundaries and the relationship between people and their environment. The idea of bioregional mapping largely grew from the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, Nisga'a, Tsilhqotʼin, Wetʼsuwetʼen first nations who used Bioregional Mapping to create some of the first bioregional atlases as part of court cases to defend their sovereignty in the 1980s and 1990s, one such example being the Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia.
This is put well by Douglas Aberley and chief Michael George noting that:"Once the bioregional map atlas is completed it becomes the common foundation of knowledge from which planning scenarios can be prepared, and decisions ultimately made. Complex information that is otherwise difficult to present is clearly depicted. The community learns about itself in the process of making decisions about its future."Both forms of mapping serve as tools for reclaiming narratives of the land, documenting traditional territories, and promoting sustainable land stewardship. This connection between bioregional and Indigenous mapping helps highlight the ongoing importance of traditional knowledge in understanding and preserving ecological systems.
This type of mapping is consistent with, and aligns with an indigenous and western worldview.
References
Biogeography
Cartography | Bioregional mapping | [
"Biology"
] | 587 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
77,644,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1S-LSD | 1S-LSD (1-(3-(trimethylsilyl)propionyl)-lysergic acid diethylamide) is a psychotropic substance and research chemical belonging to the lysergamide class. It is the trimethylsilyl derivative of 1P-LSD and functions as a prodrug and functional analogue of LSD. 1S-LSD was developed in response to legal restrictions on similar compounds, such as 1D-LSD, which were banned in Germany under the NpSG law in June 2024.
The compound was introduced as a legal alternative by incorporating a trimethylsilyl group, which is not covered under current NpSG regulations. This chemical modification allows 1S-LSD to be legally sold in Germany as of September 2024. It is typically distributed in its hemi-D-tartrate form, a common format for lysergamides due to its stability and ease of use.
Chemistry
1S-LSD belongs to the lysergamide class of compounds, which are characterized by the ergoline structure derived from lysergic acid. The compound is closely related to LSD and 1P-LSD but differs by the addition of a trimethylsilyl group on the propionyl chain.
The nitrogen atom in the polycyclic indole group of the ergoline structure is a common site for chemical modifications, as it is highly reactive and accessible for various reactions. These modifications often include alkylations, acylations, Mannich reactions, and Michael additions. Such alterations are frequently explored in the synthesis of new analogues to modify pharmacological properties or evade legal controls. The addition of the trimethylsilyl group in 1S-LSD represents a strategic modification designed to keep the substance outside the coverage of Germany's New Psychoactive Substances Act (NpSG). Despite these changes, 1S-LSD likely retains a pharmacological profile similar to that of LSD, acting primarily as a serotonergic hallucinogen.
Pharmacology
While specific studies on 1S-LSD are limited due to its recent introduction, it is presumed to share pharmacological properties with LSD and its analogues. These substances typically act as partial agonists at serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT2a receptor, which is responsible for their hallucinogenic effects. The addition of the trimethylsilyl group in 1S-LSD is thought to slightly alter its binding affinity and metabolic profile, although empirical data is still needed.
Legal Status
Germany
As of August 2024, 1S-LSD remains legal in Germany, primarily due to the fact that its unique silicon-containing structural alteration circumvent the legislative controls imposed by the NpSG law. The legal status of 1S-LSD in Germany is likely subject to change with future amendments to the NpSG, similarly to its previously banned sister compounds 1V-LSD and 1D-LSD. However, it is anticipated that 1S-LSD will remain legal at least until mid-2025.
Other Countries
The legal status of 1S-LSD outside of Germany is not well-documented. Given its structural similarity to LSD, it may be considered a controlled substance analogue in jurisdictions like the United States, where laws like the Federal Analogue Act could apply. Potential users and researchers should verify the legal status of 1S-LSD in their respective countries before acquisition or use.
See also
1P-LSD
1D-LSD
1T-LSD
1V-LSD
1cP-LSD
ADMB-3TMS-PRINACA
CUMYL-3TMS-PRINACA
Silandrone
References
Designer drugs
Psychedelic drugs
Lysergamides
Prodrugs
Trimethylsilyl compounds | 1S-LSD | [
"Chemistry"
] | 801 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs",
"Functional groups",
"Trimethylsilyl compounds"
] |
77,644,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virapinib | Virapinib is an antiviral drug which is the first drug developed that acts by inhibiting viral entry into cells via macropinocytosis. While it is only in early developmental stages, initial testing showed broad spectrum antiviral activity against a range of viruses including SARS-CoV-2, Monkeypox virus, Ebolavirus and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
References
Antiviral drugs
Pyrimidopyrimidines
Piperidines
Secondary amines | Virapinib | [
"Biology"
] | 104 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Biocides"
] |
66,009,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-61 | WASP-61 is a single F-type main-sequence star about 1560 light-years away. The star is likely younger than the Sun at approximately 3.8 billion years. WASP-61 is depleted in heavy elements, having just 40% of the solar abundance of iron.
Planetary system
In 2012 a transiting superjovian planet b was detected on a tight, circular orbit. Its equilibrium temperature is .
The planetary orbit is well aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment equal to 4.0°.
References
Lepus (constellation)
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
J05011191-2603149 | WASP-61 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 141 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
66,009,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Quantum%20Mechanics%20%28book%29 | Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, often called Griffiths, is an introductory textbook on quantum mechanics by David J. Griffiths. The book is considered a standard undergraduate textbook in the subject. Originally published by Pearson Education in 1995 with a second edition in 2005, Cambridge University Press (CUP) reprinted the second edition in 2017. In 2018, CUP released a third edition of the book with Darrell F. Schroeter as co-author; this edition is known as Griffiths and Schroeter.
Content (3rd edition)
Part I: Theory
Chapter 1: The Wave Function
Chapter 2: Time-independent Schrödinger Equation
Chapter 3: Formalism
Chapter 4: Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions
Chapter 5: Identical Particles
Chapter 6: Symmetries and Conservation Laws
Part II: Applications
Chapter 7: Time-independent Perturbation Theory
Chapter 8: The Variational Principle
Chapter 9: The WKB Approximation
Chapter 10: Scattering
Chapter 11: Quantum Dynamics
Chapter 12: Afterword
Appendix: Linear Algebra
Index
Reception
The book was reviewed by John R. Taylor, among others. It has also been recommended in other, more advanced, textbooks on the subject.
According to physicists Yoni Kahn of Princeton University and Adam Anderson of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Griffiths' Introduction to Quantum Mechanics covers all materials needed for questions on quantum mechanics and atomic physics in the Physics Graduate Record Examinations (Physics GRE).
Publication history
See also
Introduction to Electrodynamics by the same author
List of textbooks in electromagnetism
List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
References
Physics textbooks
Quantum mechanics
1995 non-fiction books
2005 non-fiction books
2018 non-fiction books
Prentice Hall books
Cambridge University Press books
Undergraduate education | Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (book) | [
"Physics"
] | 341 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Works about quantum mechanics"
] |
66,009,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Wood%20Reference%20Collection | The Wood Reference Collection is a Queensland Government scientific collection based in Queensland, Australia. It is the oldest xylotheque (also known as a xylarium) of authenticated wood specimens in Australia and the third largest in the nation. It consists of 21 separate collections of wood block samples, including 17 international collections, and a glass slide collection of timber microstructure sections. Together, they provide a comprehensive reference collection of anatomical characteristics for Queensland timbers, and some national and international timbers.
The Wood Reference Collection supports activities integral to the:
Biosecurity Act 2015
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012
History and current use
The Wood Reference Collection was first established in the 1880's as a legacy of Australia sending wood samples to international exhibitions to promote their timber exports. The Wood Reference Collection is the only xylarium in Australia still in use for the identification of wood specimens. It is also the only public collection for the accurate identification of processed wood. The services of the collection are open for government and the public (on a fee-for-service basis), helping to ascertain the provenance of any processed wood piece, including furniture, cultural products or architecture, among others. In Queensland, the expertise connected to the collection is regularly used for insurance investigations, forensic examination and to assure compliance with trade and import laws.
The collection includes:
almost 13,000 wood samples representing 200 plant genera
more than 9,000 samples of Queensland tree species
almost 5,000 microscope slides of stained timber microstructure sections from 108 plant families
slides showing a transverse section, a radial longitudinal section and a tangential longitudinal section for each species.
Importance of the collection
The Wood Reference Collection is a unique collection of mainly Queensland timbers assembled by government botanists collecting plant materials since the 1880s. Once a tree has been removed from its environment and the wood has been processed, it can often be hard to identify the provenance or age of a specific piece. The wood blocks and microscope samples held at the Wood Reference Collection are invaluable as the provenance of a specific piece can influence how its value is determined.
In art history, the wood used by specific artists or furniture makers (for antiques) is often very characteristic. The frame of a painting or the type of wood used to make a stool can give crucial information when investigating whether an object is genuine or a replica.
Similarly, anthropological studies on cultural objects or forensic studies on weapons often benefit from wood identification services. Specific cultures might have favoured specific wood types for ritual purposes, giving a clue as to the use of found objects. The Queensland Police Service Ballistic Unit have used the collection to identify the type and origin of wooden firearm stocks, and archaeologists working on structures such as a heritage listed timber bridge in Beaudesert, Queensland, the Wickham Terrace Tower Mill (The Old Windmill, Brisbane), the Cato (1800 ship) (wrecked on the Wreck Reefs) and many others have also benefitted from wood identification services.
References
External links
— the State Wood Collection on the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Biological Collection portal
Wood
Botany
Collections | Queensland Wood Reference Collection | [
"Biology"
] | 628 | [
"Plants",
"Botany"
] |
66,009,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Gilbert%20Henry%20Jones | Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones (1895–1970) was an Australian organic chemist and academic, notable for his pioneering work in the field of essential oils from Queensland flora natural products.
Early life
Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones was born on 14 July 1895 in Owens Gap, Hunter Valley, New South Wales, the son of Thomas Jones a schoolteacher and his wife Margaret Bell. He attended Newcastle High School where he won prizes in his Junior and Senior years. He entered the University of Sydney in 1912 where he studied his B.Sc graduating with first class honours in mathematics and chemistry in 1915 and winning the Levy Scholarship for chemistry and physics, the Slade Prize for practical chemistry, the Caird Scholarship for chemistry II and the University medals for mathematics and chemistry. In 1915, Jones was awarded a government research scholarship and was appointed an assistant lecturer and demonstrator at the University of Queensland.
World War I Service
Jones was selected as one of a group of chemists to be sent to England to undertake research for the munitions factories. His work at the HM factory Gretna on the manufacture of nitroglycerin, led to further work on solvent recovery, including that of cordite. At the end of the war he was admitted an associate of the British Chemical Institute (BCI) for his service. He returned to Australia in 1919, resuming his work and was promoted to lecturer in 1921. He earned his DSc from the University of Sydney in 1926.
Later career
Jones was awarded the H. G. Smith Memorial Medal by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) in 1930. He served as President of the Queensland branch of the ACI (1938–39) and the President of the Australian branch in 1939. Jones was promoted to Professor and Head of the Chemistry department at the University of Queensland in 1940, following the death of Professor L.S. Bagster. He was appointed a member of the University Senate from 1944 to 1968, the Dean of the Faculty of Science from 1942 to 1949 and 1960–61. He was President of the Professorial Board from 1951 to 1956, and served on every senior committee, including that of the library for twelve years. As acting president of the Professorial Board in April 1957, he addressed a public meeting of 2500 people in Brisbane's City Hall, protesting a new bill of the then Gair government, which threatened the university's ability to make autonomous appointments.
Jones was awarded a CBE in 1960 and retired in 1965. He received an honorary LLD from the University of Queensland in 1960 and the University of Newcastle in 1966.
He published over 40 papers during his career.
Personal life
Jones married Vera Haines, a dispensing chemist in Gympie in 1923. They had two children. He died on 11 August 1970 in Brisbane.
Legacy
Jones was honoured with a stone grotesque in the Great Court of the University of Queensland placed on the Forgan Smith building. An annual lecture is presented in his name at the University of Queensland in the School of Chemistry of Molecular Biosciences.
Memberships
Biochemical Society, London
American Chemical Society
Grandmaster, United Grand Masonic Lodge of Queensland
Published works
Jones, T. G. H., & Robinson, R. (1917). Experiments on the orientation of substituted catechol ethers. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 111: 903-929.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. (1923). Notes on the essential oil of Daphnandra aromatica. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland. 35: 61-62.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. (1923). The composition of the volatile oil of the leaf of Daphnandra aromatica. Proc, Roy. Soc. Queensland. 35: 133-136.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. B. (1925). Olefinic terpene ketones from the volatile oil of flowering Tagetes glandulifera. Part I. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 127, 2530-2539.
Jones, T. G. H., & Berry-Smith, F. (1925). The essential oil of Australia Menthas. 1. Mentha satureoides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 37: 89-91.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. B. (1925). Olefinic Terpene Ketones from the Volatile Oil of Flowering Tagetes glandulifera. Part II. Journal of the Chem. Soc. 127: 2530.
Jones, T. G. H. (1926). Olefinic terpene ketones from the volatile oil of flowering Tagetes glandulifera. Part II. Journal of the Chemical Society, 129, 2767-2770.
Jones, T. G. H., & White, M. (1928). The essential oil of Eucalyptus andrewsi from Queensland. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, 40, 132, 133.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. B. (1928). Campnospermonol, a ketonic phenol from Campnospermum brevipetiolatum. Journal of the Chemical Society, 65-70.
Jones, T. G. H., & Smith, F. B. (1930). The volatile oil of Queensland sandalwood. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 41: 17-22.
Jones, T. G. H., & White, M. (1931). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. III. Agonis luehmanni. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland. 43: 24-27.
Jones, T. G. H. (1932). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. IV. Ago-nis elliptica. Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld. 43: 3-5.
Jones, T. G. H., & Lahey, F. N. (1933). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. Part V. Eriostemon glasshousiensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 44: 151-152.
Jones, T. G. H. (1934). Reactions of Tagetone. I. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland. 45: 45.
Jones, T. G. H., & Harvey, J. M. (1936). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. Part VIII. The identity of melaleucol with nerolidol. Proc. R. Soc. Queensland. 47: 92-93.
Jones, T. G. H., & Lahey, F. N. (1936). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. VII. Melaleuca pubescens. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 48: 20-1.
Jones, T.G.H. and Haenke, W.L. (1937). Essential oils from the Queensland Flora, Part IX-Melaleuca Viridiflora, Part 1. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (1).
Jones, T. G. H., & Haenke, W. L. (1937). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. X. Melaleuca linariifolia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 48, 48-50.
Jones, T. G. H., & Lahey, F. N. (1938). Essential oils of the Queensland flora—Part XIII. Backhousia hughesii. Proc. Roy Soc. Qld. 49: 152-153.
Lahey, F. N., & Jones, T. G. H. (1938). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. XV. Backhousia bancroftii, Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry 1(8): 41-42.
Lahey, F. N., & Jones, T. G. H. (1939). Essential oils from Queensland flora Part XVII, The essential oil of Evodia littoralis and the occurrence of a new phenolic ketone. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1(13).
Lahey, F.N. and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). Essential oils from the Queensland flora, XIV-Eucalyptus Conglomerata. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1(5).
Hancox, N.C. and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). 1-a-Phellandrene and its Monohydrochloride, Part 1. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1(6).
Hancox, N.C. and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). A new derivative of Terpinen-4-ol. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (7).
Lahey, F.N. and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). Essential oils from the Queensland Flora Part XV. Backhousia Bancroftii and Daphandra Rapandula. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (8).
Jones, T.G.H. (1939). The reduction of Tagetone to Tagetol. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Chemistry. 1(11).
Lahey, F.N. and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). The constitution and synthesis of Conglomerone. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Chemistry. 1(12).
Hancox, N.C., Jones, T.G.H. (1939). Optically pure 1-a-Phellandrene. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Chemistry. 1(14).
Lahey, F. N., & Jones, T. G. H. (1939). Essential oils from Queensland flora XIV Eucalyptus conglomerata. In Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld. 51: 10-13.
Lahey, F. N., & Jones, T. G. H. (1939). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. XVII. Evodia littoralis and the occurrence of a new phenolic ketone. Univ. of Queensland Papers, Dept. Chem., 1(13), 4.
Lahey, F.N and Jones, T.G.H. (1939). Essential oils from the Queensland Flora, XVI. Eucalyptus Microcorys. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1(9).
Jones, T. G. H., & Oakes, H. C. (1940). The crystalline solid formed in the oil of Melaleuca linariifolia. Univ. Queensl. Pap., Dep. Chem, 1(18), 1-3.
Jones, T.G.H. and Lahey, F.N. (1942). The ultra-violet absorption spectra of Tagetone and related ketones. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (22).
Jones, T. G. H., & Lahey, F. (1943). Essential oils of the Queensland flora. Part XIX. The essential oils of Halfordia kendack. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 55: 85-86.
Jones, T. G. H., & Wright, S. E. (1946). Essential oils from the Queensland flora. 21. The essential oil of Evodia Elleryana. Univ. Queensland Papers, Dept. Chem, 1(27), 1-7.
Davenport, J.B., Jones, T.G.H. and Sutherland, M.D. (1949). The essential oils of the Queensland flora, part XXIII: a re-examination of the essential oil of Melaleuca Inarifolia. Papers of the Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland. 1 (36).
Jones, T.G.H., Lahey, G. and Sutherland, M. (1949). Essential oils of the Queensland flora, Part XXIV, The essential oil of Calythris tetragona lab from the Glasshouse Mountains. Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (37).
References
Australian chemists
Organic chemists
1895 births
1970 deaths
People from New South Wales
University of Sydney alumni
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire | Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,602 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
66,009,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Aquatic%20Macroinvertebrate%20Collection | The Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection is a Queensland Government scientific collection based in Queensland, Australia. The collection consists of aquatic macroinvertebrate (large invertebrates) specimens from rivers, streams, springs, wetlands, and other freshwater sources in Queensland.
The distribution of sampling sites is extensive and covers many bioregions and most river catchments in Queensland – from the arid and semi-arid dryland rivers of the Lake Eyre basin, to the Wet Tropics and monsoonal areas of northern Queensland. As such, the collection is considered invaluable by the Queensland Government for many environmental decisions as it offers an environmental benchmark for future economic development. The collection and associated data continue to support water planning and environmental impact assessment decisions.
The Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection supports activities integral to the:
Biosecurity Act 2015
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Queensland Environmental Protection Act 1994
History and current use
The collection started in the mid-1990s as a legacy of both past and ongoing river condition or health monitoring programs in Queensland. As many samples were collected prior to the construction of dams these samples represent an irreplaceable record of past freshwater ecosystem biodiversity.
The Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection is a unique geo-referenced resource of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna, with around 3500 individual samples. Furthermore, the specimens in this collection are not stored taxonomically but arranged by river system.
Individual animals in the collection are generally identified to the family level by trained scientists, and the resulting data is quality assured, and ISO certified. While the physical collection is stored by geographical location, the digital database enables for the location of a taxonomic sample, if required.
Importance of the collection
The biodiversity in Queensland’s rivers and other freshwater systems is unique, consisting of a massive diversity of insects, spiders, crabs, snails and mussels, as well as a variety of worms and sponges.
The strength of the Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection being curated by location and not taxa is that species assemblages are one of the best methods to determine the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Insect larvae, clams, sponges and small invertebrates together are indicator species that need very specific conditions to thrive. Therefore, the prevalence of a specific species or the absence of a characteristic group allows for an accurate assessment of the health of a body of water and for use in bioregion water quality assessment.
In Queensland, this knowledge is used for the creation and monitoring of freshwater bioregions. Part of the aquatic macroinvertebrate collection stems from such analysis and can be used to benchmark current development against a historic stable. For example, the creation of the Paradise Dam on the Burnett River or the Walla Weir (now known as the Ned Churchward Weir) on the Burnett River at Bungadoo changed the whole aquatic ecosystem. The degree to which this change might negatively influence the river ecosystem can be assessed through the samples in the collection.
References
Collections
Queensland
Invertebrates | Queensland Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection | [
"Biology"
] | 605 | [
"Animals",
"Invertebrates"
] |
66,010,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20nominees%20for%20the%20Nobel%20Prize | The Nobel Prize () is a set of five different prizes that, according to its benefactor Alfred Nobel, in his 1895 will, must be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". The five prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
As of 2023, 65 Nobel Prizes and the Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to 64 women and since 1901, the year wherein the awarding of the prizes began, hundreds of women have already been nominated and shortlisted carefully in each field.
The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel. Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; in 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie's daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making the two the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes. Of the currently revealed female nominees both in physics and chemistry, the notable scientists Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Astrid Cleve, Harriet Brooks, Alice Ball, Mileva Marić, Inge Lehmann, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Leona Woods and Helen Parsons were not included.
In 1912, Mary Edwards Walker became the first ever woman nominated for prize in physiology or medicine but her nomination was later declared invalid by the Nobel Committee because her nominator was not invited to nominate that year. Hence, Cécile Vogt-Mugnier, nominated first in 1922, became the official first female nominee but never won despite numerous recommendations. She was followed by Maud Slye who was nominated in the year 1923, but again never won. Only in 1947, that the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was finally awarded to a woman, Gerty Cori, sharing with her husband Carl Ferdinand Cori. Of the currently revealed female nominees, the physiologists Nettie Stevens, Frieda Robscheit-Robbins, Rosalind Franklin, Miriam Michael Stimson, Louise Pearce, Virginia Apgar, Hattie Alexander and Alice Catherine Evans were not included.
The most number of female nominees was in the field of literature. The first woman to be nominated was the German memoirist Malwida von Meysenbug for the year 1901. She was nominated by the French historian Gabriel Monod but unfortunately did not win the prize. Her nomination was followed by Émilie Lerou and Selma Lagerlöf for the year 1904. Lagerlöf would later on become the first woman to win the prize in the year 1909. Of the 77 currently revealed female nominees for the literature category, the celebrated authors Kate Chopin, Delmira Agustini, Edith Nesbit, Alfonsina Storni, Marina Tsvetaeva, Virginia Woolf, Simone Weil, Gertrude Stein, Willa Cather, Emma Orczy, Zora Neale Hurston, Edith Hamilton, Flannery O'Connor, Fannie Hurst, Clarice Lispector, Hannah Arendt and Agatha Christie were not included.
The first women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize were Belva Ann Lockwood and Bertha von Suttner, who would eventually be awarded in 1905. The latter was considered for authoring Lay Down Your Arms! and contributing to the creation of the Prize. Of the 57 currently revealed female nominees, the famous Susan B. Anthony, Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Mary Harris Jones, Olive Schreiner, Aletta Jacobs, Emmeline Pankhurst, Ida B. Wells, Käthe Kollwitz, Muriel Lester, Katharine Drexel, Helene Schweitzer, Marie Stopes, Vera Brittain, Ava Helen Pauling, Golda Meir, Rachel Carson and Rosa Parks were not included.
Physics
Starting from 1902 to 1970, 11 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics and three of the nominees were subsequently awarded.
Chemistry
Starting 1911 to 1970, 15 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and 3 of these nominees were subsequently awarded.
Physiology or Medicine
Starting from 1922 to 1953, 15 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine wherein one was declared invalid, one was purportedly recommended and one was subsequently awarded.
Literature
From 1901 to 1974, 81 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and 8 of these nominees were subsequently awarded.
Peace
From 1901 to 1974, 60 women have been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and five of these nominees were subsequently awarded. Currently, the Nobel archives has revealed nominations from 1901 to 1973, the other enlisted women were verified nominations based on public and private news agencies.
Economic Sciences
From 1969 to 1971, 3 women have been nominated for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences but none of them were subsequently awarded.
Motivations
See also
List of Nobel laureates
List of female Nobel laureates
List of women writers
List of women's rights activists
List of female scientists in the 20th century
Matilda effect
References
External links
Nobel
Female
Nobel
Nobel Prize | List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 1,043 | [
"Women Nobel laureates",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
66,010,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Indy%20V8 | The Chevrolet Indy V8 engine is a 3.0-liter and 3.5-liter, naturally-aspirated, V-8 Indy car racing engine, designed and developed by Ilmor, for use in the, IRL IndyCar Series; from 2002 to 2005.
Specifications
Engine type: Chevrolet V-8
V angle (deg.): 90°
Capacity:
Horsepower rating: or
Torque rating: Approx. @ 10,300 rpm
Max RPM: 10,300 rpm - 10,700 rpm
Weight:
Oil system: Dry-sump lubrication
Aspiration: Naturally-aspirated
Camshafts: Gear-driven Double-overhead camshafts
Cylinder head: 4 valves (titanium) per cylinder
Fuel injection/system: Sequential EFI with two injectors/cylinder
Fuel: Methanol
Block & head material: Aluminum
Crankshaft bore (mm/in.): 93/3.66
Crankshaft stroke (mm/in.): 55.1/2.17
Crankshaft type (deg.): 180°
Crankshaft: Billet steel
Con rods: Billet steel
Pistons: Billet aluminum
Throttle system: Individual runner throttle bodies
Mileage: 2.5 mpg
Gearbox: Sequential manual gearbox
Applications
Dallara IR-00
Dallara IR-03
G-Force GF05
References
External links
Chevrolet on IndyCar.com website
Chevrolet Motorsport's Official Website
Chevrolet IndyCar official website on chevrolet.com
Engines by model
Chevrolet engines
IndyCar Series
V8 engines | Chevrolet Indy V8 | [
"Technology"
] | 309 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
66,012,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Sanitary%20Convention%20for%20Aerial%20Navigation%20%281944%29 | The International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1944) was an international sanitary convention, one of the international co-operation land-marks in the history of public health, signed in Washington on 15 December 1944, and came into force on 15 January 1945.
References
1944 in aviation
Aviation agreements
Aviation law
International travel documents
Medical records
Vaccination | International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1944) | [
"Biology"
] | 68 | [
"Vaccination"
] |
66,013,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation%20biofuel%20demonstrations | List of Aviation biofuel demonstration flights.
Demonstration flights
Commercial flights
References
Alternative fuels
Aviation and the environment
Aviation fuels
Biofuels
Renewable fuels | Aviation biofuel demonstrations | [
"Engineering"
] | 29 | [
"Aviation fuels",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
66,014,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidal%20dome | An ellipsoidal dome is a dome (also see geodesic dome), which has a bottom cross-section which is a circle, but has a cupola whose curve is an ellipse.
There are two types of ellipsoidal domes: prolate ellipsoidal domes and oblate ellipsoidal domes. A prolate ellipsoidal dome is derived by rotating an ellipse around the long axis of the ellipse; an oblate ellipsoidal dome is derived by rotating an ellipse around the short axis of the ellipse.
Of small note, in reflecting telescopes the mirror is usually elliptical, so has the form of a "hollow" ellipsoidal dome.
The Jameh Mosque of Yazd has an ellipsoidal dome.
See also
Beehive tomb
Clochán
Cloister vault
Dome
Ellipsoid
Ellipsoidal coordinates
Elliptical dome
Geodesic dome
Geodesics on an ellipsoid
Great ellipse
Onion dome
Spherical cap
Spheroid
References
External links and references
One calculation site, for oblate and prolate ellipsoidal domes
Domes
Architectural elements | Ellipsoidal dome | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 239 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
66,015,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%20Kibar | Osman Kibar is a Turkish American billionaire. He is the founder of the biotechnology firm Biosplice.
Early life and education
Kibar was born in İzmir, Turkey, as the grandson of , who was the mayor of İzmir from 1964 to 1973. His father, Seli Kibar, was an economist.
He attended İzmir Gazipaşa Primary School and then Robert College. For college, he moved to the United States to attend a 3-2 program, studying economics at Pomona College and electrical engineering at Caltech, and receiving a bachelor's degree from both. He did his master's degree and doctorate on biophotonics at UC San Diego.
Career
In the late 1990s, when he was finishing his doctorate, he invented a cancer diagnosis system, which he turned into a company called Genoptix. The company went public a few years later, and was purchased by Novartis in 2011 for $476 million.
After completing his education, Kibar moved to New York City, where he worked for the hedge fund sponsor Pequot Capital.
He subsequently moved back to San Diego and in August 2011 founded a biotechnology company named Wintherix with an investment of $3.5 million from his friend Cevdet Samikoğlu. He later renamed the company Samumed, and subsequently Biosplice. Its investors include Ali Sabancı and Ergun Özen. The company researches cures for articular cartilage damage, hair loss, degenerative disc disease, lung tissue regeneration, cancer, psoriasis, damaged tendons, and Alzheimer's disease.
, Kibar has a net worth of $2.9 billion. He ranked eighth on Forbes Turkeys 2017 list of the 100 richest Turks.
Personal life
Kibar is married and has four children.
Despite his wealth, he spends money extremely frugally, saying that all the activities he enjoys, such as reading, playing go, and moviegoing, are free. Kibar is also a successful poker player, and won the first tournament he ever entered in 2006.
References
Biotechnologists
American billionaires
Turkish billionaires
American people of Turkish descent
Robert College alumni
Living people
People from İzmir
Pomona College alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Pomona College trustees
American poker players
Year of birth missing (living people) | Osman Kibar | [
"Biology"
] | 486 | [
"Biotechnologists"
] |
66,016,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL-2M | HL-2M is a research tokamak at the Southwestern Institute of Physics in Chengdu, China. It was completed on November 26, 2019 and commissioned on December 4, 2020. HL-2M is now used for nuclear fusion research, in particular to study heat extraction from the plasma. With a major radius of , the tokamak is a medium-scale device. The magnetic field of up to is created by non-superconducting copper coils.
References
Tokamaks
Fusion reactors | HL-2M | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 106 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion reactors",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics"
] |
66,016,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-00202730 | RQ-00202730 is a benzimidazole derived drug that acts as a potent and highly selective agonist for the CB2 cannabinoid receptor, with a Ki value of 19nM at CB2 and more than 4000x selectivity over CB1, though it also shows some activity as an antagonist of the unrelated 5-HT2B serotonin receptor. It has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects in animal studies, and was developed for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, but was ultimately discontinued from development following disappointing results in Phase II clinical trials.
See also
AZ-11713908
AZD-1940
JTE 7-31
MCHB-1
References
Benzimidazoles
Cannabinoids
Dimethylamino compounds
Sulfones
Ethanolamines
Azetidines | RQ-00202730 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 175 | [
"Sulfones",
"Functional groups"
] |
66,016,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coded%20Bias | Coded Bias is an American documentary film directed by Shalini Kantayya that premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. The film includes contributions from researchers Joy Buolamwini, Deborah Raji, Meredith Broussard, Cathy O’Neil, Zeynep Tufekci, Safiya Noble, Timnit Gebru, Virginia Eubanks, and Silkie Carlo, and others.
Background
Kantayya previously directed a documentary titled Catching the Sun and also directed one episode of the National Geographic television series, Breakthrough. She is also an associate of UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. Kantayya said an interview with 500 Global on August 17, 2021, that three years previously she did not even know what an algorithm was. She read the book Weapons of Math Destruction, which describes how artificial intelligence, machine learning, and algorithms can determine outcomes for certain people. She later came across the work of Joy Buolamwini through a Ted Talk.
Summary
The documentary is about artificial intelligence and the biases that can be embedded into this technology. MIT media researcher Joy Buolamwini's computer science studies uncovered that her face was unrecognizable in many facial recognition systems and she worked to find out why these systems failed. She later found that facial recognition programs only worked when she wore a white mask. She goes on to find out about how else artificial technology can affect minorities.
Coded Bias says that there is a lack of legal structures for artificial intelligence, and that as a result, human rights are being violated. It says that some algorithms and artificial intelligence technologies discriminate by race and gender statuses in domains such as housing, career opportunities, healthcare, credit, education, and legalities. Buolamwini and her colleagues were later asked to testify in front of the US Congress about artificial intelligence. Buolamwini subsequently created a digital advocacy group, the Algorithmic Justice League.
The movie highlights how facial recognition systems can cause problems for vulnerable groups as due to bias within the code they do not recognize everyone equally or as equals. As companies use more machine learning, the algorithms discussed have substantial influence over the information we discern, determining individuals who successfully navigate automated hiring processes, those granted access to healthcare, and those subjected to heightened scrutiny within police systems.
Release
The film first premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival in January 2020. It had a limited release on November 11, 2020, before a full release in virtual cinemas across North America on November 18, 2020. The limited release garnered a box office revenue of $10,236. On April 5, 2021, the documentary was made available to stream on Netflix.
Reception
Critical response
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 52 reviews with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Clear, concise, and comprehensive, Coded Bias offers a chilling look at largely unseen side effects of modern society's algorithmic underpinnings." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on seven critic reviews.
In a review written for the New York Times, Devika Girish states "The film moves deftly between pragmatic and larger political critiques, arguing that it’s not just that the tech is faulty; even if it were perfect, it would infringe dangerously on people’s liberties."
Praising the documentary for its "impressive pacing," Nick Allen, writing for RogerEbert.com states "One might expect a documentary about data and algorithms to run a bit dry, but “Coded Bias” defies that by having a lot on its mind and by being quick on its feet, hopping all over the country, and the world."
In the review from the website of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Renee Shelby questioned whether readers understood the power she said was abused through this data collection. She states "Where there is power, there is resistance to power; and the film touches on politics “from above” and “from below.” The film showcases women's activism and social movements (e.g., the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement) fighting to ensure that surveillance and other algorithmic tools are not abused.".
Giving the documentary a 2.5 out of 5 stars, Ashley Sosa, writing for videolibrarian.com, states "The documentary's cautionary message about the dangers of algorithmic bias is presented in an engaging and humanistic way. Technical details are kept to a minimum, which could be viewed as positive or negative depending on prior knowledge and interest."
Accolades
See also
Algorithmic Justice League
Black in AI
Data for Black Lives
References
External links
American documentary films
2020 documentary films
2020 films
Documentary films about computing
Documentary films about women
Documentary films about racism
Women in science and technology
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
Ethics of science and technology
Diversity in computing
2020s English-language films
2020s American films
English-language documentary films | Coded Bias | [
"Technology"
] | 1,019 | [
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence",
"Diversity in computing",
"Computing and society",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
66,016,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophosphate | The borophosphates are mixed anion compounds containing borate and phosphate anions, which may be joined together by a common oxygen atom. Compounds that contain water or hydroxy groups can also be included in the class of compounds.
Borophosphates can be classified by whether or not they are hydrated, and the anion structure, which can be single, double, triple, isolated ring, isolated branched ring, simple chain, branched chain, loop chain, layers, or three-dimensional network. The isolated anion compounds are the borate phosphates, which contain separate borate and phosphate groups. Some of the borophosphate structures resemble silicates.
Related compounds include aluminophosphates, which have aluminium instead of boron, gallophosphates, with gallium in place of boron, and by substituting the phosphate: boroarsenates, boroantimonates, and vanadoborates.
Formation
Borophosphates can be formed by heating compounds together at up to 900 °C. The products are dense, anhydrous, and do not contain organic substances.
Solvothermal synthesis uses a non water solvent such as ethylene glycol to dissolve the product.
The flux method crystallises from a molten flux of boric acid and sodium dihydrogen phosphate at around 171.
The hydrothermal method heats the ingredients with water under pressure up to 200 °C. The ingredients are boric acid, phosphoric acid, metal salts, or organic bases. Products often contain hydrogen.
The ionothermal synthesis method uses an ionic liquid such as 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as a solvent. This can be done at atmospheric pressure and temperatures under 100 °C.
Characteristics
Borophosphate compounds have been investigated for magnetic, electrical, optical and catalytic properties. Some borophosphates are porous and so have surface for interaction on their interiors, not just their surface. They can reversibly absorb water, or have channels that can allow ions to conduct. The reflection of a labelled tetrahedron cannot be superimposed (even with rotation or movements), so the compounds containing phosphate and borate tetrahedrons can be non-centrosymmetric, or chiral.
List
References
Borates
Phosphates
Mixed anion compounds | Borophosphate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 487 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Salts",
"Phosphates",
"Ions"
] |
66,017,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6PPD | 6PPD is an organic chemical widely used as stabilising additive (or antidegradant) in rubbers, such as NR, SBR and BR; all of which are common in vehicle tires. Although it is an effective antioxidant it is primarily used because of its excellent antiozonant performance. It is one of several antiozonants based around p-phenylenediamine.
It has been used in rubber since the late 1970s, but has been the subject of increasing scrutiny since 2021, when it was determined that its oxidation product (6PPD-Q) causes pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon.
Manufacturing
6PPD is prepared by reductive amination of methyl isobutyl ketone (which has six carbon atoms, hence the '6' in the name) with phenyl phenylenediamine (PPD). This produces a racemic mixture.
Application
6PPD is a common rubber antiozonant found in vehicle tires. It is mobile within the rubber and slowly migrates to the surface via blooming. On the surface it forms a "scavenger-protective film" that reacts with the ozone more quickly than the ozone can react with the rubber. This process forms aminoxyl radicals and was first thought to degrade only to the quinone diimine, but has since been understood to continue to oxidize to quinones, amongst other products. Despite 6PPD being used in tires since the mid 1970s, its transformation to quinones was first recognized in 2020. The oxidized products are not effective antiozonants, meaning that 6PPD is a sacrificial agent.
The tendency of 6PPD to bloom towards the surface is protective because the surface film of antiozonant is replenished from reserves held within the rubber. However, this same property facilitates the transfer of 6PPD and its oxidation products into the environment as tire-wear debris. The 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q, CAS RN: 2754428-18-5) is of particular and increasing concern, due to its toxicity to fish.
Environmental impact
6PPD and 6PPD-quinone enter the environment through tire-wear particles and are sufficiently water-soluble to enter river systems via urban runoff. From here they become widely distributed (at decreasing levels) from urban rivers through estuaries, coasts and finally deep-sea areas.
6PPD-quinone is of environmental concern because it is toxic to coho salmon, killing them before they spawn in freshwater streams.
A 2022 study also identified the toxic impact on species like brook trout and rainbow trout.
The published lethal concentrations are:
coho salmon: LC50 = 0.095 μg/L
brook trout: LC50 = 0.59 μg/L
rainbow trout: LC50 = 1.0 μg/L
It is not known why the ozone-oxidised 6PPD is toxic to coho salmon, but has been suggested that the large differences in lethal dose between species may relate to their ability to rid themselves of 6PPD-Q via glucuronidation. The Nisqually and nonprofit Long Live the Kings installed a mobile stormwater filter at a bridge in the Ohop Valley in 2022. The Washington Department of Ecology, Washington State University and the US Tire Manufacturer's Association are working on regulation and education.
6PPD itself is deadly to rotifers, especially in combination with sodium chloride, though not at the level generally found in the runoff from road salt. A small-scale biomonitoring study in South China has shown both 6PPD and 6PPDQ to be present in human urine; concentrations were low but the health implications are unknown. A synthetic route to the 6PPD-quinone has been posted on ChemRxiv.
See also
N-Isopropyl-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD), a related antiozonant
N,''N'''-Di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, a phenylenediamine-based antioxidant used as a fuel additive
References
Anilines
Antioxidants
Plastics additives
Water pollution | 6PPD | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 903 | [
"Water pollution"
] |
66,018,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Indy%20V6 | The Honda Indy V6, officially called the Honda HI12TT/R, is a 2.2-liter, twin-turbocharged, V-6 engine racing engine, developed and produced by HPD-AHM Co., which has been used in the IndyCar Series since 2012.
Specifications
Engine type: Honda V-6 - twin-turbocharged
Capacity:
HP rating: (depending on turbo boost pressure used at track)
Max. RPM/Rev limiter: 12,000 rpm; 12,200 rpm (overtake; push-to-pass)
Weight:
Oil system: Dry-sump lubrication
Turbocharger: Twin - BorgWarner EFR7163
Turbocharger boost levels (speedway / 1.5-mile oval / road-street course / push-to-pass): / / /
Camshafts: Double-overhead camshafts
Valve actuation: Finger-follower
Valve springs: Wire-type
Cylinder head: 4 valves (titanium) per cylinder
Fuel injection: Keihin 6x direct in-cylinder fuel. Keihin 6x high pressure port injectors
Fuel: E85 Ethanol provided by Sunoco (2012–2018) and Speedway (2019–2022), E100 Renewable Ethanol provided by Shell V-Power Nitro+ (2023–present)
Block & head material: Aluminum
Crankshaft: Billet steel
Con rods: Billet steel
Pistons: Billet aluminum
Intake systems: Single plenum - carbon-fiber
Throttle systems: Electronic throttle control
Electronic control unit: McLaren Electronics - TAG-400I
Engine service life: 2,500–2,850 miles
Gearbox: Sequential gearbox, paddle-shift
Applications
Dallara DW12
References
External links
Honda Performance Development official website
IndyCar Series official website
Engines by model
Honda engines
IndyCar Series
V6 engines | Honda Indy V6 | [
"Technology"
] | 371 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
66,018,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin%20flour | Pumpkin flour, also known as pumpkin fruit flour is a type of flour made from dried pumpkin flesh, excluding the stem, and leaves, made with or without the rind and seeds included. Pumpkin products have drawn some commercial and research interest partly due to the low cost of pumpkin production. Additionally, pumpkin flour is a gluten-free flour which makes it suitable for people with coeliac disease, and it has been used in blends with other gluten-free flours to make baked goods. It has also been recognized as a potential additive to conventional wheat flour for producing composite flour with increased fiber, as well as being potentially useful as a natural form of food coloring for baked goods. Sun-dried pumpkin flour has a shelf life of about 11.5 months.
References
Flour
Squash and pumpkin dishes
Food ingredients | Pumpkin flour | [
"Technology"
] | 167 | [
"Food ingredients",
"Components"
] |
66,019,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Lorenz%20%28historian%29 | Werner Lorenz (born February 1, 1953, in Osnabrück) is a German structural engineer and a historian of construction technology. He held the chair for the construction history and structural preservation at the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, where he has been an honorary professor for the construction history since his retirement. He was also managing director of the Berlin engineering office Lorenz & Co. from 1999 to 2018 (since 2018 Dr. Fischer & Co.).
Life and education
Lorenz was born as the second of five children of an internist in Osnabrück. After graduating from high school in the Gymnasium Carolinum (Osnabrück) in 1971, he studied civil engineering with a specialization in structural engineering at Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin) and from 1974 worked as a research assistant in the mechanics department there with Peter Gummert and the chair of structural analysis with Gebhard Hees. At the latter, he wrote his diploma thesis in the field of finite elements in 1980 and then worked until 1984 as a structural engineer in an engineering office in Berlin. From 1983 onwards, he gained craftsmanship in addition to his engineering knowledge by rebuilding an old, destroyed farmhouse in Italy.
Attending a seminar on Nietzsche's The benefits and disadvantages of history for life at the Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin) was the impetus for an intensive examination of the historical context of civil engineering. At the same time, working as a research assistant at Klaus Dierks from the chair of structural engineering at the Faculty of Architecture at Technische Universität Berlin from 1984 to 1989 heightened Lorenz's awareness of the aesthetic dimensions of building structures.
In 1988 he taught as a guest lecturer for the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) at the renowned École des ponts ParisTech. At the same time, Lorenz was working on his dissertation on the subject of Building with Iron in the Berlin Area 1797–1850, with which he obtained a PhD in 1992 at the TU Berlin with Klaus Dierks. received his doctorate. The work rated summa cum laude was later published in book form under the title Konstruktion als Kunstwerk: Bauen mit Eisen in Berlin und Potsdam 1797-1850 (Construction as a work of art: Building with iron in Berlin and Potsdam 1797-1850).
In 1993 Werner Lorenz was appointed the first university professor for the construction history in Germany at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus (BTU). Ten years later, the renaming of the chair to Construction History and Structural Preservation also formally reflected his early integration of dealing with historical engineering structures into teaching. Since his retirement in autumn 2018, he has been an honorary professor for the construction history at the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg.
In addition to his university activities, Werner Lorenz had also regularly worked as a structural engineer and appraiser since the mid-1980s. In 1996 he founded a consultancy for structural engineering which specialises in the structural rehabilition of historic buildings and bridges.
The pioneer for the establishment construction technology in the German research landscape is also one of the leading international representatives of the discipline there under the sign of construction history. In 2009 his chair organized the 3rd International Congress on Construction History.
The early buildings made of iron and steel have largely determined Werner Lorenz's work as a researcher and engineer. In addition, he also devoted himself to numerous other subject areas of engineering construction and the associated context from antiquity to modern times. In 2019, the German Research Foundation appointed him coordinator of the DFG priority program 2255 Cultural Heritage Construction - Basics of an engineering-based and networked monument preservation for the architectural heritage of the ultra-modern, in which history, civil engineering and monument preservation are to be brought together.
Werner Lorenz is chairman and advisory board member in numerous committees, including chairman of the non-profit Vera Gerdau Foundation. Since 2007 he has been organizing the lecture series Practices and Potentials of Construction History at the German Museum of Technology together with Karl-Eugen Kurrer,
Works
Kurrer, K.-E.; Lorenz, W.: Construction History in Germany; Paris: Classiques Garnier; 2018; pp. 154–246: .
Kosykh, A.; Lorenz, W; Frommelt, K.: The roof of the Marble Palace in Saint-Petersburg: A structural iron ensemble from the 1770s; Boca Raton; London; New York; Leiden: CRC Press; 2018; pp. 809–817; .
Luong, T.-M.-H.; Zabel, V.; Lorenz, W.; Rohrmann, R.G.: Vibration-based Model Updating and Identification of Multiple Axial Forces in Truss Structures; Amsterdam: Procedia Engineering/Elsevier; 2017; ISSN 1877-7058.
Luong, T.-M.-H.; Zabel, V.; Lorenz, W.; Rohrmann, R.G.; Zabel, V.; Said, S.: Finite Element Model Calibration of a Historic Wiegmann–Polonceau Truss Based on Experimental Modal Parameters; Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017; .
Konstruktion als Kunstwerk. Bauen mit Eisen in Berlin und Potsdam 1797–1850. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1995, .
200 Jahre Stahlbau in Berlin – Zum Umgang mit Altbauten in Eisen und Stahl. In: Stahlbau. 66, Heft 6, 1997, pp 289–290. (Einführung als Herausgeber).
with Carsten Seifert, Harald Bodenschatz: Das Finowtal im Barnim: Wiege der brandenburgisch-preußischen Industrie. Hrsg. von der Stadt Eberswalde, Berlin; Transit 1998.
with B. Szafranski: Ertüchtigung statt Abriß! In: G. Wachter, B. Jäger (Ed.): Abriß oder Ertüchtigung. Vice Versa, Berlin 1999, , S. 93–112.
with Torsten Meyer (Ed.): Technik und Verantwortung im Nationalsozialismus. (= Cottbuser Studien zur Geschichte von Technik, Arbeit und Umwelt. Band 25). Waxmann, 2004, , S. 1–18.
Editor with Karl-Eugen Kurrer, Volker Wetzk: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History: Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany, 20 – 24 May 2009, 3 Volumes, Berlin: Neunplus 1, 2009.
External links
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lorenz (in German)
Honorarprofessor für Bautechnikgeschichte (in German)
References
1953 births
German civil engineers
German historians of science
Historians of technology
History of structural engineering
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Living people | Werner Lorenz (historian) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,461 | [
"Structural engineering",
"History of structural engineering"
] |
66,020,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystomurum | Polystomurum is a Devonian genus from Siberia, Russia (then the Soviet Union). It was initially described by Nestor Novojilov in 1958 as a eurypterid with affinities to Marsupipterus inside the family Stylonuridae. Nowadays, it is classified as incertae sedis inside Euchelicerata.
References
Cited bibliography
Controversial taxa
Devonian animals of Asia
Devonian arthropods
Euchelicerata
Fossils of Russia
Fossil taxa described in 1958 | Polystomurum | [
"Biology"
] | 104 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
66,020,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazila%20Samadova | Fazila Ibrahim gizi Samadova, also known as Fazila Samedova (; 29 March 1929, Shamakhi – 8 January 2020, Baku) was an Azerbaijani academician, chemical engineer-technologist. She was a Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Honored Scientist, Member of New York Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory at the Research Institute of Petrochemical Processes Corresponding Member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), Honorary Scientist of Europe.
Early life and education
Fazila Samadova was born on 29 March 1929 in Shamakhi, Republic of Azerbaijan. In 1946, she graduated from Baku secondary school No. 132 with a gold medal. The same year Samadova was admitted to the Faculty of Chemical Technology of the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute named after M. Azizbayov.
After graduating from the institute in 1951, Samedova received a diploma in chemical engineering and continued her studies in 1951-1955 as a postgraduate student at the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas.
Career
Samadova started her first scientific developments in the 1950s as a postgraduate student at the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas and at the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute, after which she continued them already at the Institute of Petroleum Industry. In 1956, she defended her dissertation on "The effect of the chemical composition of oils on their performance properties" and received the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences.
From 1960 to 1981, Samadova worked in the laboratory "Chemistry and Technology of Oils" of the Azerbaijan State Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after M. Aliyev as a senior researcher. The results of research conducted by Samadova in 1960-1973 were reflected in the dissertation of the scientist on "Research of obtaining distillate and residual oils from Baku paraffin oils with high cost-effective technologies and prospects for production in Azerbaijan" and she successfully defended her doctorate.
From 1982, Samadova was in charge of the laboratory "Research of oils and technology of oils". From 1986, she headed the Petroleum Research and Oil Technology Laboratory of the NKPI.
Samadova was awarded the title of Professor of Oil and Gas Technology (1987), the title of Honored Scientist of Azerbaijan (1991) and elected a full member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Since 2001, she has become a corresponding member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS).
The results of Samadova's research work are reflected in 530 scientific works, including 24 monographs, 1 publicist book, 64 author's certificates and patents. One of her monographs is dedicated to the memory of her brother, explorer Fuad Samedov, the discoverer of Oil Rocks.
Samadova was repeatedly elected a member of Academic Councils and Specialized Scientific Commissions, both in Azerbaijan and outside the country. She was a member of the editorial board of two scientific journals. Under her leadership, 4 doctors of sciences and 20 doctors of philosophy were trained.
Samadova died on 8 January 2020 in Baku at the age of 91.
Awards
In 2004 Samadova received the Shohrat Order.
In 2012, Samadova was awarded the title of Honorary Scientist of Europe and Alexander von Humboldt Medal.
References
1929 births
2020 deaths
Azerbaijani women scientists
Recipients of the Shohrat Order
Women chemical engineers
Azerbaijani women academics
Soviet chemical engineers | Fazila Samadova | [
"Chemistry"
] | 678 | [
"Women chemical engineers",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
66,021,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randecker%20Maar%20Research%20Station | The Randecker Maar Research Station (German: Forschungsstation Randecker Maar e.V.) is a bird observatory which was founded in 1969 by the ornithologist . It studies birds, insects and other migratory creatures which tend to concentrate in the pass through the crater of the Randecker Maar as they fly over the Swabian Jura.
The research station is located at an elevation of 773 meters above sea level on the northern precipice of the Swabian Jura of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Insects and birds cross this mountain range on their southward autumn migration in great numbers. At the site of an extinct volcano, the Randecker Maar, migration of insects and birds is concentrated both horizontally and vertically. This funnel effect is due to the erosion that has cut open the volcanic crater on its northern edge. Both insects and birds prefer this gap to cross the elevated ground.
History
The Randecker Maar has been a site for animal migrations since at least the Neolithic. In the crater of the volcano and along the creek flowing out of it, remnants of camps of hunters and gatherers were found, who are believed to have hunted migrating animals here.
Research
The observatory conducts research on bird migration routes and migration strategies of birds between Europe and West Africa at the Randecker Maar, related management of agricultural lands and forests in Europe, and as the changes in the habitat in the African wintering areas of European migrant birds.
Besides birds, flying insects also cross the Swabian Jura mountain range on their southward autumn migrations. At the Randecker Maar Observatory data are collected on migrating moths and on moths in nearby protected zones.
In 2020, data on insect migration at the Randecker Maar showed a decrease in migration at the location for insect groups such as hoverflies (Syrphidae), parasitic Ichneumon wasps (Ichneumonidae), and soldier-flies (Stratiomyidae) in 2015-2019 compared to data in 1985-1987 and 1978–1982.For hoverflies with aphidophagous larval development and migrating in July to August had steeper declines since the 1970s than hoverflies that migrate later in the year with a mainly aquatic saprophagic larval development.
References
External links
Bird migration
Animal welfare organisations based in Germany
Bird observatories
Ornithological organizations
Organizations established in 1969
Animal migration
Baden-Württemberg
Swabian Jura
Biosphere reserves of Germany | Randecker Maar Research Station | [
"Biology"
] | 517 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Animal migration"
] |
47,681,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole%20lauroxil | Aripiprazole lauroxil, sold under the brand name Aristada, is a long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic that was developed by Alkermes. It is an N-acyloxymethyl prodrug of aripiprazole that is administered via intramuscular injection once every four to eight weeks for the treatment of schizophrenia. Aripiprazole lauroxil was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 5 October 2015.
Medical uses
Aripiprazole lauroxil extended release injection gained FDA approval in 2015, as a treatment for adults with schizophrenia. Like any long-term acting injectable, aripiprazole lauroxil provides assurance to families and health care professionals that patients receive therapeutic medication throughout the day.
Aripiprazole lauroxil is injected into the arm or buttocks of a patient by a health care professional once every four to six weeks. Aripiprazole lauroxil is a longer-lasting and injectable version of the schizophrenia pill aripiprazole, which means that the treatment is available in two doses. Aripiprazole lauroxil, along with other drugs in its family, are not approved for treatment of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Schizophrenia
The approval of aripiprazole lauroxil from the Food and Drug Administration in 2015 was solely for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. The ability to supplement aripiprazole lauroxil with oral supplements of aripiprazole allows for dosing flexibility, which is important for the treatment of schizophrenia, as symptoms and intensity of the disease vary greatly from patient to patient. Additionally, as in concurrence with its sister drug aripiprazole, aripiprazole lauroxil is similar in effect of typical antipsychotic drugs. In the sister drug aripiprazole, side effects for patients were less frequently extrapyramidal than most antipsychotic drugs.
Side effects
The most common side effects are akathisia. According to the drug's warning label and safety information, the side effects are large in variety.
The complete list of side effects include: akathisia, contraindication cerebrovascular adverse reactions (including stroke), neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, metabolic changes, hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, weight gain, orthostatic hypotension, leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, seizures, potential for cognitive and motor impairment, difficulties with body temperature regulation, dysphagia, injection site reactions (rash, swelling, redness, irritation at the point of injection), dystonia and pregnancy and nursing complications.
Discontinuation
The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping. Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains. Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.
There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis. It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated. Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.
Overdosing
The largest known case of ingestion with a known outcome involved a 1260 mg of oral aripiprazole, 42 times the recommended dose. The patient survived and fully recovered.
Common adverse reactions, reported in at least 5% of overdose cases, included vomiting, somnolence, and tremor. Other clinically important signs and symptoms of overdoses include acidosis, aggression, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, coma, confusion, convulsion, depressed level of consciousness, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, lethargy, loss of consciousness, pneumonia aspiration, respiratory arrest, status epilepticus, and tachycardia.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Arristada is injected intramuscularly as an atypical antipsychotic. In one 12-week clinical trial involving 622 participants, the efficacy of extended aripiprazole was demonstrated. Its mechanism of action is not completely known, but is thought to be converted by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis to N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole. The hydroxymethyl aripiprazole is then hydrolysed to aripiprazole. Efficacy could be mediated through a combination of partial agonist activity D2 and 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors. Since it is a newly approved drug by the FDA, many validation of mechanisms of action are still being studied.
Pharmacodynamics
Aripiprazole exhibits high affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors, dopamine D2, and dopamine D3. Moderate affinity is exhibited for serotonin 5-HT7, α1-adrenergic, dopamine D4, histamine H1, and serotonin re-uptake site. No affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors have been found.
Pharmacokinetics
Aristada's activity in the body is due to aripiprazole and also dehydro-aripiprazole. Dehydro-aripiprazole has been shown to have affinities for D2 receptors. These D2 receptors have similarities to aripiprazole whereas they represent 30-40% of exposure of aripiprazole in plasma.
After five to six days of the single intramuscular injection appearance of aripiprazole in circulation, it additionally will be released for 36 days. In the fourth monthly injection, consecutive doses of Aristada will reach steady-state. With additional supplements of the oral aripiprazole at a dosage of 21 days during the first dose of Aristada, aripiprazole concentrations within 4 days can reach therapeutic levels.
Chemistry
In contrast to many other depot antipsychotics, aripiprazole lauroxil is described as a non-ester chemical modification. It is specifically N-lauroyloxymethylaripiprazole. However, the N-lauroyloxymethyl moiety contains a laurate ester, technically making aripiprazole lauroxil an antipsychotic ester. More specifically, aripiprazole lauroxil is the laurate ester of N-hydroxymethylaripiprazole. Following cleavage of the laurate ester, N-hydroxymethylaripiprazole is further metabolized to aripiprazole, making aripiprazole lauroxil a prodrug of aripiprazole with N-hydroxymethylaripiprazole as an intermediate.
References
External links
2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazines
Antipsychotic esters
Laurate esters
Prodrugs | Aripiprazole lauroxil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,558 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
47,681,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODINUS | ODINUS (Origins, Dynamics, and Interiors of the Neptunian and Uranian Systems) is a space mission concept proposed to the European Space Agency's Cosmic Vision programme. The ODINUS mission concept proposes to expand the Uranus orbiter and probe mission to two twin orbiters— dubbed Freyr and Freyja, the twin gods of the Norse pantheon. Their primary mission would be to study Neptune and Uranus with one orbiter each. If selected, ODINUS would launch in 2034.
Instruments
The following six instruments are considered essential to the mission:
Camera (Wide and Narrow Angle) – Designed to image the planet at the same level of detail as missions to the two gas giants have provided.
VIS-NIR Image Spectrometer
Magnetometer – To study the magnetic fields of Neptune.
Mass Spectrometer (Ions and Neutrals, INMS)
Doppler Spectro-Imager – To take seismic measurements.
Microwave Radiometer
The following two additional instruments are strongly desired by the mission proposers:
Energetic Neutral Atoms Detector – To complement the measurements of the INMS.
High-sensitivity Accelerometer – To be used in the atmospheric descent phase.
See also
Exploration of Neptune
Exploration of Uranus
Uranus mission proposals
Uranus Orbiter and Probe
MUSE
OCEANUS
Uranus Pathfinder
References
Proposed space probes
Missions to Uranus
Missions to Neptune
Orbiters (space probe)
European Space Agency space probes | ODINUS | [
"Astronomy"
] | 288 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
47,682,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken-ichi%20Kawarabayashi | Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi (, born 1975) is a Japanese graph theorist who works as a professor at the National Institute of Informatics and is known for his research on graph theory (particularly the theory of graph minors) and graph algorithms.
Kawarabayashi was born on May 22, 1975, in Tokyo.
He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Keio University in 1998, a master's degree from Keio in 2000, and a PhD from Keio in 2001, researching the Lovász–Woodall conjecture under the supervision of Katsuhiro Ota. After temporary positions at Vanderbilt University and under the supervision of Paul Seymour at Princeton University, he became an assistant professor at Tohoku University in 2003, and moved to the National Institute of Informatics in 2006.
In 2003, Kawarabayashi was one of three winners of the Kirkman Medal of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, an award given by them annually to researchers within four years of their PhD. In 2015, he won the Spring Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan, its highest honor. He was a keynote speaker at the 2015 International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming.
References
External links
Google scholar profile
1975 births
Living people
Japanese mathematicians
Graph theorists
Keio University alumni
Academic staff of Tohoku University | Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi | [
"Mathematics"
] | 273 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
47,682,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clement%20Coe | Charles Clement Coe (8 February 1830 – 1 April 1921) was an English Unitarian minister and writer who advocated non-Darwinian evolution.
Coe was born in King's Lynn and was educated at Manchester College, Oxford. He was President of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (1862-1863) and was Minister of the Unitarian Great Meeting chapel in Bond Street, Leicester. His was minister at Bank Street Unitarian Chapel in Bolton, Lancashire, from 1874 to 1895, when he moved to Bournemouth.
It was while at Bolton that Coe wrote a large volume, Nature Versus Natural Selection: An Essay on Organic Evolution (1895). He defended evolution but rejected natural selection. The biologist J. Arthur Thomson gave the book a positive review, commenting that it is a very interesting critique of natural selection written with much skill. It was also positively reviewed in The Lancet journal.
Coe was an early writer to use the term neo-Darwinism in 1889.
Publications
Outlines of a Christian Faith (1862)
The Law of Parsimony and the Argument of Design (1882)
General Gordon in a New Light: The Cause of War, and the Advocate of Peace (1885)
Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism (1889)
Nature Versus Natural Selection: An Essay on Organic Evolution (1895)
Notes
External links
1830 births
1921 deaths
19th-century English clergy
20th-century English clergy
Alumni of Harris Manchester College, Oxford
English Unitarian ministers
Non-Darwinian evolution
People from King's Lynn | Charles Clement Coe | [
"Biology"
] | 294 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories"
] |
47,684,045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotanshinone%20I | Dihydrotanshinone I (DI) is a naturally occurring compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, also known as Chinese sage, red sage root, and the Chinese herbal Dan Shen. It belongs to a class of lipophilic abietane diterpenoids and has been reported to have cytotoxicity to a variety of tumor cells, as well as antiviral effects in vitro. Since they were first discovered, over 40 related compounds and over 50 hydrophilic compounds have been isolated from Dan Shen.
References
Diketones | Dihydrotanshinone I | [
"Chemistry"
] | 120 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
47,684,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20explosions | This is a list of accidental explosions and facts about each one, grouped by the time of their occurrence. It does not include explosions caused by terrorist attacks or arson, as well as intentional explosions for civil or military purposes. It may still include entries for which the cause is unclear or still under investigation. For a list based on power or death toll see largest artificial non-nuclear explosions or the explosions section of list of accidents and disasters by death toll. This list also contains notable explosions that would not qualify for the articles mentioned above and is more detailed, especially for the latest centuries.
Prior to 2000
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition
List of ammonium nitrate disasters
List of boiler explosions
List of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
List of pipeline accidents
List of gas explosions
References
+ | List of explosions | [
"Chemistry"
] | 165 | [
"Lists of explosions",
"Explosions"
] |
47,684,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazolate | Imidazolate (C3H3N) is the conjugate base of imidazole. It is a nucleophile and a strong base. The free anion has C2v symmetry. Imidazole has a pKa of 14.05, so the deprotonation of imidazole (C3H3N2H) requires a strong base.
Occurrence
Imidazolate is a common bridging ligand in coordination chemistry. In the zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, the metals are interconnected via imidazolates. In the enzyme superoxide dismutase, imidazolate links copper and zinc centers.
References
Imidazoles
Anions | Imidazolate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 151 | [
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Anions"
] |
47,684,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20solitum | Penicillium solitum is an anamorphic, mesophilic, salinity-tolerant, and psychrotolerant species of fungus in the genus Penicillium. It is known to produce various compounds including polygalacturonase, compactin, cyclopenin, cyclopenol, cyclopeptin, dehydrocompactin, dihydrocyclopeptin, palitantin, solistatin, solistatinol, viridicatin, viridicatol.
P. Solitum forms dark blueish-green colonies that measure 22–28 mm in diameter on Czaek yeast extract agar, while on malt extract agar, it appears brownish orange. This distinct orange-brown color sets P. solitum apart from other similar Penicillium species, making it useful for differentiation. The fungus has been historically isolated from various sources, including cheese rinds, cured meats, and the Antarctic environment. It was specifically isolated from air-dried lamb thighs on the Faore island. During the production of traditional Tyrolean smoked and cured ham, both Penicillium solitum and Eurotium rubrum are commonly found.
Furthermore, Penicillium solitum is known to be a pathogen of pomaceous fruit,P. solitum causes blue rot in pome fruits through its production of polygalacturonase, which breaks down the apple’s cell wall.
References
Further reading
solitum
Fungi described in 1911
Fungus species | Penicillium solitum | [
"Biology"
] | 319 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,685,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20variance | Genetic variance is a concept outlined by the English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher in his fundamental theorem of natural selection. In his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Fisher postulates that the rate of change of biological fitness can be calculated by the genetic variance of the fitness itself. Fisher tried to give a statistical formula about how the change of fitness in a population can be attributed to changes in the allele frequency. Fisher made no restrictive assumptions in his formula concerning fitness parameters, mate choices or the number of alleles and loci involved.
Definition
Phenotypic variance, usually combines the genotype variance with the environmental variance. Genetic variance has three major components: the additive genetic variance, dominance variance, and epistatic variance.
Additive genetic variance involves the inheritance of a particular allele from your parent and this allele's independent effect on the specific phenotype, which will cause the phenotype deviation from the mean phenotype. Dominance genetic variance refers to the phenotype deviation caused by the interactions between alternative alleles that control one trait at one specific locus. Epistatic variance involves an interaction between different alleles in different loci.
Heritability
Heritability refers to how much of the phenotypic variance is due to variance in genetic factors. Usually after we know the total amount of genetic variance that is responsible for a trait, we can calculate the trait heritability. Heritability can be used as an important predictor to evaluate if a population can respond to artificial or natural selection.
Broad-sense heritability, H2 = VG/VP, Involves the proportion of phenotypic variation due to the effects of additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Narrow-sense heritability, h2 = VA/VP, refers to the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to additive genetic values (VA).
Quantitive formula
The phenotypic variance (VP) in a population is influenced by genetic variance (VG) and environmental sources (VE)
VP = VG + VE
The total amount of genetic variance can be divided into several groups, including additive variance (VA), dominance variance (VD), and epistatic variance (VI).
VG = VA + VD + VI
Measuring method
1. Traditionally, using pedigree data in humans, plants, and livestock species to estimate additive genetic variance.
2. Using a single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) regression method to quantify the contribution of additive, dominance, and imprinting variance to the total genetic variance.
3. Genetic variance–covariance (G) matrices conveniently summarize the genetic relationships among a suite of traits and are a central parameter in the determination of the multivariate response to selection.
Research examples
1. The distribution of genetic variance across phenotypic space and the response to selection.
Understand how empirical spectral distribution of G predicts the response to selection across phenotypic space. In particular, trait combinations that form a nearly null genetic subspace with little genetic variance respond only inconsistently to selection. They set out a framework for understanding how the empirical spectral distribution of G may differ from the random expectations that have been developed under random matrix theory (RMT). Using a data set containing a large number of gene expression traits.
2. Comparing estimates of genetic variance across different relationship models.
In this research, the researchers use the different relationship models to compare estimates of genetic variance components and the heritability. However, different models may give different estimates of genetic variances. They found that expected genetic variances usually equals the estimated variance times a statistic, Dk, and for the most typical models of relationships, Dk is close to 1, which means most of these models can be used to estimate the genetic variance.
3. Estimation of Additive, Dominance, and Imprinting Genetic Variance Using Genomic Data
The development of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping helps to explore the genetic variation of complex traits at individual loci. Researchers can quantify the contribution of additive, dominance, and imprinting variance to the total genetic variance by using a SNP regression method.
References
External links
Quantitative genetic variance Youtube video
Introduction to genetic variance components and heritability
Introduction to quantitative genetic variance
Quantitative genetics
Sexual selection | Genetic variance | [
"Biology"
] | 881 | [
"Evolutionary processes",
"Behavior",
"Sexual selection",
"Mating"
] |
47,686,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build%20UK | Build UK is a representative organisation in the Construction industry of the United Kingdom. It was formed by the 2015 merger of the UK Contractors Group (UKCG) and the National Specialist Contractors Council (NSCC). Combining clients, main contractors, trade associations, and other organisations, it claims to represent over 40% of UK construction, with organisational priorities focussed on improving performance, increasing construction productivity, and taking a sustainable approach to skill development and retention in the industry.
History
Build UK was launched on 1 September 2015, following the merger of the UKCG and the NSCC. Its members include industry clients, main contractors, trade associations representing over 11,500 specialist contractors, and other organisations committed to industry collaboration. It claims to represent over 40% of UK construction.
Its initial action plan had five key areas: the image of construction, industry's skills needs, effective pre-qualification, health and safety performance, and fair payment practices.
Following Carillion's January 2018 liquidation, Build UK set out an agenda to reform the construction industry's commercial model, potentially eliminating unfair contract terms, late payment and retentions.
In 2022, Build UK was awarded the 'Royal Charter Award for Excellence in Construction' by the Worshipful Company of Constructors for the leadership role it played during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.
Policies
Build UK promotes the adoption of collaborative supply chain practices in the construction industry, and is working towards the elimination of retentions as a business practice by 2025. The Construction Leadership Council has endorsed Build UK's Roadmap to Zero Retentions.
Membership
Build UK has four categories of membership: Alliance, Clients, Contractors and Trade Associations.
References
External links
Build UK website
Construction trade groups based in the United Kingdom
Engineering organizations
Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington
Organizations established in 2015
2015 establishments in England | Build UK | [
"Engineering"
] | 379 | [
"nan"
] |
47,686,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20mucilage | Root mucilage is made of plant-specific polysaccharides or long chains of sugar molecules. This polysaccharide secretion of root exudate forms a gelatinous substance that sticks to the caps of roots. Root mucilage is known to play a role in forming relationships with soil-dwelling life forms. Just how this root mucilage is secreted is debated, but there is growing evidence that mucilage derives from ruptured cells. As roots penetrate through the soil, many of the cells surrounding the caps of roots are continually shed and replaced. These ruptured or lysed cells release their component parts, which include the polysaccharides that form root mucilage. These polysaccharides come from the Golgi apparatus and plant cell wall, which are rich in plant-specific polysaccharides. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall that acts as a barrier surrounding the cell providing strength, which supports plants just like a skeleton.
This cell wall is used to produce everyday products such as timber, paper, and natural fabrics, including cotton.
Root mucilage is a part of a wider secrete from plant roots known as root exudate. Plant roots secrete a variety of organic molecules into the surrounding soil, such as proteins, enzymes, DNA, sugars and amino acids, which are the building blocks of life. This collective secretion is known as root exudate. This root exudate prevents root infection from bacteria and fungi, helps the roots to penetrate through the soil, and can create a micro-climate that is beneficial to the plant.
Root mucilage composition
To determine the sugars within root mucilage, monosaccharide analysis and monosaccharide linkage analysis are undertaken. Monosaccharide linkage analysis involves methylating the root mucilage, which contains polysaccharides. The root mucilage is hydrolysed using acid to break down the polysaccharides into their monosaccharide components. The subsistent monosaccharides are then reduced to open their rings. The open ring monosaccharides are then acetylated, and separated typically by using gas chromatography, although liquid chromatography is also used. The masses of the monosaccharides are then detected using mass spectrometry. The gas chromatography retention times and the mass spectrometry chromatogram are used to identify how the monosaccharides are linked to form the polysaccharides that make root mucilage. For monosaccharide analysis, which reveals the sugars that make root mucilage, scientists hydrolyse the root mucilage using acid, and put the samples directly through gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry.
Several scientists have determined the composition of plant root mucilage using monosaccharide analysis and linkage analysis, showing that Maize (Zea mays) root mucilage contains high levels of galactose, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, and glucose, and lower levels of uronic acid, mannose, fucose, and glucuronic acid. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) root mucilage also contains high levels of xylose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and lower levels of rhamnose, glucuronic acid and mannose. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) also contains high levels of arabinose, galactose, glucose, fucose, and xylose, and lower levels of rhamnose, mannose, and glucuronic acid. Many other plants have had their root mucilage composition determined using monosaccharide analysis and monosaccharide linkage analysis. With the following monosaccharides determined as well as their linkages, scientists have determined the presence of pectin, arabinogalactan proteins, xyloglucan, arabinan, and xylan, which are plant-specific polysaccharides within the root mucilage of plants.
Importance and role of root mucilage
Plants use up to 40% of their energy secreting root mucilage, which they generate from photosynthesis that takes place in the leaves. Root mucilage plays a role in developing a symbiotic relationship with the soil-dwelling fungi. This important relationship is known to affect 94% of land plants, and benefits plants by increasing water and nutrient uptake from the soil, particularly phosphorus. In return, the fungi receive food in the form of carbohydrates from the plant in the form of broken-down root mucilage. Without this relationship, many plants would struggle to gain sufficient water or nutrients.
Root mucilage also helps soil to stick to roots. The purpose of this is to maintain the plant's contact with the soil so that the plant can regulate the levels of water it can absorb, decrease friction so that roots can penetrate through the soil, and maintain a micro-climate. Root mucilage contributes to the particular hydrophysical properties of the rhizosphere, which can affect the plant's response to water deficit. For example, root mucilage can reduce evaporation and store water in the rhizosphere.
See also
Mucilage
Marine mucilage
References
Polysaccharides | Root mucilage | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,148 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
47,688,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment%20management | Deployment is the realisation of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.
Industry-specific definitions
Computer science
In computer science, a deployment is a realisation of a technical specification or algorithm as a program, software component, or other computer system through computer programming and deployment. Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard. For example, web browsers contain implementations of World Wide Web Consortium-recommended specifications, and software development tools contain deployment of programming languages.
A special case occurs in object-oriented programming, when a concrete class deploys an interface; in this case the concrete class is an deployment of the interface and it includes methods which are deployments of those methods specified by the interface.
Information technology (IT)
In the IT Industry, deployment refers to post-sales process of guiding a client from purchase to use of the software or hardware that was purchased. This includes requirements analysis, scope analysis, customisations, systems integrations, user policies, user training and delivery. These steps are often overseen by a project manager using project management methodologies. Software Deployment involves several professionals that are relatively new to the knowledge based economy such as business analysts, software implementation specialists, solutions architects, and project managers.
To deploy a system successfully, a large number of inter-related tasks need to be carried out in an appropriate sequence. Utilising a well-proven implementation methodology and enlisting professional advice can help but often it is the number of tasks, poor planning and inadequate resourcing that causes problems with an deployment project, rather than any of the tasks being particularly difficult. Similarly with the cultural issues it is often the lack of adequate consultation and two-way communication that inhibits achievement of the desired results.
Political science
In political science, deployment refers to the carrying out of public policy. Legislatures pass laws that are then carried out by public servants working in bureaucratic agencies. This process consists of rule-making, rule-administration and rule-adjudication. Factors impacting deployment include the legislative intent, the administrative capacity of the deploying bureaucracy, interest group activity and opposition, and executive support.
Social and health sciences
"Deployment is defined as a specified set of activities designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. According to this definition, deployment processes are purposeful and are described in sufficient detail such that independent observers can detect the presence and strength of the "specific set of activities" related to implementation. In addition, the activity or program being deployed is described in sufficient detail so that independent observers can detect its presence and strength."
Water and natural resources
In water and natural resources, deployment refers to the actualisation of best management practices with the ultimate goals of conserving natural resources and improving the quality of water bodies.
Types:
Direct changeover
Parallel running or as known as parallel
Pilot introduction or as known as pilot
Well-trade
Phased Deployment
Role of end users
System deployment generally benefits from high levels of user involvement and management support. User participation in the design and operation of information systems has several positive results. First, if users are heavily involved in systems design, they move opportunities to mold the system according to their priorities and business requirements, and more opportunities to control the outcome. Second, they are more likely to react positively to the change process. Incorporating user knowledge and expertise leads to better solutions.
The relationship between users and information systems specialists has traditionally been a problem area for information systems deployment efforts. Users and information systems specialists tend to have different backgrounds, interests, and priorities. This is referred to as the user-designer communications gap. These differences lead to divergent organizational loyalties, approaches to problem solving, and vocabularies. Examples of these differences or concerns are below:
User concerns
Will the system deliver the information I need for my work?
How quickly can I access the data?
How easily can I retrieve the data?
How much clerical support will I need to enter data into the system?
How will the operation of the system fit into my daily business schedule?
Designer concerns
How much storage space will the master file consume?
How many lines of program code will it take to perform this function?
How can we cut down on CPU time when we run the system?
What are the most efficient ways of storing this data?
What database management system should we use?
See also
Application software
References
Computing terminology
Political science terminology
Design | Deployment management | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 889 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Design"
] |
47,688,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromembrane%20extraction | Electro membrane extraction, or EME, is a miniaturized liquid-liquid extraction technique developed for sample preparation of aqueous samples prior to analysis by chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and related techniques in analytical chemistry. EME involves the use of a small supported liquid membrane (SLM) sustained in the wall of a porous hollow fiber, and application of an electrical field across the SLM.
Principle
Target compounds are extracted from an aqueous sample, through a μL-volume of organic solvent sustained as a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber, and into an acceptor solution inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. Extraction is based on electrokinetic migration in an electrical field sustained across the SLM. The volume of the acceptor solution is typically 5-25 μL. The acceptor solution is an aqueous solution, and can be analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE).
Advantages
EME is closely related to liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and provides high pre-concentration and efficient sample clean-up. In addition, because the extraction is performed under the influence of an electrical field, the extraction selectivity can be controlled by the direction and the magnitude of the electrical field.
Further reading
Knut Fredrik Seip, Astrid Gjelstad, Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard, The potential of electromembrane extraction for bioanalytical applications, Bioanalysis 7 (2015) 463-480
V. Krishna Marothu, M. Gorrepati, R. Vusa, Electromembrane extraction-a novel extraction technique for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis, Journal of Chromatographic Science 51 (2013) 619-631.
References
Extraction (chemistry)
Laboratory techniques | Electromembrane extraction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 397 | [
"Extraction (chemistry)",
"nan",
"Separation processes"
] |
47,689,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Q.%20Longyear | Judith Querida Longyear (20 September 1938–13 December 1995) was an American mathematician and professor whose research interests included graph theory and combinatorics. Longyear was the second woman to ever earn a mathematics Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University, where she studied under the supervision of Sarvadaman Chowla and wrote a thesis entitled Tactical Configurations. Longyear taught mathematics at several universities including California Institute of Technology, Dartmouth College and Wayne State University. She worked on nested block designs and Hadamard matrices.
References
Graph theorists
20th-century American mathematicians
1938 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American women mathematicians | Judith Q. Longyear | [
"Mathematics"
] | 126 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
47,689,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JuMP | JuMP is an algebraic modeling language and a collection of supporting packages for mathematical optimization embedded in the Julia programming language. JuMP is used by companies, government agencies, academic institutions, software projects, and individuals to formulate and submit optimization problems to thirdparty solvers. JuMP has been specifically applied to problems in the field of operations research.
Features
JuMP is a Julia package and domain-specific language that provides an API and syntax for declaring and solving optimization problems. Specialized syntax for declaring decision variables, adding constraints, and setting objective functions is facilitated by Julia's syntactic macros and metaprogramming features. JuMP supports linear programming, mixed integer programming, semidefinite programming, conic optimization, nonlinear programming, and other classes of optimization problems. JuMP provides access to over 50 solvers, including state-of-the-art commercial and open-source solvers.
History
JuMP was first developed by Miles Lubin, Iain Dunning, and Joey Huchette while they were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Today, JuMP's core developers are Miles Lubin, Benoît Legat, Joaquim Dias Garcia, Joey Huchette, and Oscar Dowson. Miles Lubin additionally holds the title of BDFL. JuMP is a sponsored project of NumFOCUS.
Recognition
JuMP and its authors have been acknowledged by the 2015 COIN-OR Cup, the 2016 INFORMS Computing Society Prize, and the Mathematical Optimization Society's 2021 BealeOrchardHays Prize.
See also
HiGHS optimization solver
List of free and open-source optimization solvers
Mathematical optimization
PuLP a similar project for Python
Pyomo Python packages for formulating optimization problems
References
External links
JuMP documentation
JuMP repository
Computational science
Computer programming
Mathematical modeling
Mathematical optimization | JuMP | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 354 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical modeling",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer programming",
"Computational science",
"Software engineering",
"Mathematical optimization",
"Computers"
] |
47,689,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WA89%20experiment | The WA89 experiment (Omega/Hyperon) was a particle physics experiment operating from 1989 to 1994 in the West Area of the SPS accelerator at CERN. It was a large acceptance forward spectrometer dedicated to the spectroscopy of charmed strange baryons and exotic multiquark states produced by a hyperon beam.
The initial aims of the hyperon beam experiment were to investigate charmed-strange quark baryons, verify and investigate the U(3100) and study baryonic resonances and decays whilst searching for the double-strange dibaryon H.
Experimental setup
The WA89 experiment consisted of a beamline and a forward spectrometer. The beamline contained the proton beam hitting the hyperon production target which was followed by a 13 m long hyperon channel. Three dipoles were used to provide a bending power of 8.4 Tm. The target region consisted of two adjacent targets surrounded by muon strip detectors. Following this, a 15 m long Λ decay region was filled with six drift chamber sets and a spectrometer magnet.
The beam particle trajectories along with their momenta were measured with a scintillating fibre hodoscope in the beamline and a silicon microstrip detector at the end of the line.
References
External links
CERN-WA-089 experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP
CERN Grey Book for WA89 experiment
Particle experiments
CERN experiments | WA89 experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 295 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
47,689,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINE1 | LINE1 (an abbreviation of Long interspersed nuclear element-1, also known as L1 and LINE-1) is a family of related class I transposable elements in the DNA of many groups of eukaryotes, including animals and plants, classified with the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). L1 transposons are most ubiquitous in mammals, where they make up a significant fraction of the total genome length, for example they comprise approximately 17% of the human genome. These active L1s can interrupt the genome through insertions, deletions, rearrangements, and copy number variations. L1 activity has contributed to the instability and evolution of genomes and is tightly regulated in the germline by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and piRNA. L1s can further impact genome variation through mispairing and unequal crossing over during meiosis due to its repetitive DNA sequences.
L1 gene products are also required by many non-autonomous Alu and SVA SINE retrotransposons. Mutations induced by L1 and its non-autonomous counterparts have been found to cause a variety of heritable and somatic diseases.
In 2011, human L1 was reportedly discovered in the genome of the gonorrhea bacteria, evidently having arrived there by horizontal gene transfer.
Structure
A typical L1 element is approximately 6,000 base pairs (bp) long and consists of two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) which are flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) and target site duplications. In humans, ORF2 is thought to be translated by an unconventional termination/reinitiation mechanism, while mouse L1s contain an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) upstream of each ORF.
5' UTR
The 5' UTRs of mouse L1s contain a variable number of GC-rich tandemly repeated monomers of around 200 bp, followed by a short non-monomeric region. Human 5’ UTRs are ~900 bp in length and do not contain repeated motifs. All families of human L1s harbor in their most 5’ extremity a binding motif for the transcription factor YY1. Younger families also have two binding sites for SOX-family transcription factors, and both YY1 and SOX sites were shown to be required for human L1 transcription initiation and activation. Both mouse and human 5’ UTRs also contain a weak antisense promoter of unknown function.
ORF1
The first ORF of L1 encodes a 500-amino acid, 40-kDa protein that lacks homology with any protein of known function. In vertebrates, it contains a conserved C-terminus domain and a highly variable coiled-coil N-terminus that mediates the formation of ORF1 trimeric complexes. ORF1 trimers have RNA-binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity that are necessary for retrotransposition.
ORF2
The second ORF of L1 encodes a protein that has endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activity. The encoded protein has a molecular weight of 150 kDa. The structure of the ORF2 protein was solved in 2023. Its protein core contains three domains of unknown functions, termed "tower/EN-linker" and "wrist/RNA-binding domain" that bind Alu RNA's polyA tail and C-terminal domain that binds Alu RNA stem loop.
The nicking and reverse transcriptase activities of L1 ORF2p are boosted by single-stranded DNA structures likely present on the active replication forks. Unlike viral RTs, L1 ORF2p can be primed by RNA, including RNA hairpin primers produced by the Alu element.
Regulation
As with other transposable elements, the host organism keeps a heavy check on LINE1 to prevent it from becoming overly active. In the primitive eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica, ORF2 is massively expressed in antisense, resulting in no detectable amounts of its protein product.
Roles in disease
Cancer
L1 activity has been observed in numerous types of cancers, with particularly extensive insertions found in colorectal and lung cancers. It is currently unclear if these insertions are causes or secondary effects of cancer progression. However, at least two cases have found somatic L1 insertions causative of cancer by disrupting the coding sequences of genes APC and PTEN in colon and endometrial cancer, respectively.
Quantification of L1 copy number by qPCR or L1 methylation levels with bisulfite sequencing are used as diagnostic biomarkers in some types of cancers. L1 hypomethylation of colon tumor samples is correlated with cancer stage progression. Furthermore, less invasive blood assays for L1 copy number or methylation levels are indicative of breast or bladder cancer progression and may serve as methods for early detection.
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Higher L1 copy numbers have been observed in the human brain compared to other organs. Studies of animal models and human cell lines have shown that L1s become active in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and that experimental deregulation of or overexpression of L1 increases somatic mosaicism. This phenomenon is negatively regulated by Sox2, which is downregulated in NPCs, and by MeCP2 and methylation of the L1 5' UTR. Human cell lines modeling the neurological disorder Rett syndrome, which carry MeCP2 mutations, exhibit increased L1 transposition, suggesting a link between L1 activity and neurological disorders. Current studies are aimed at investigating the potential roles of L1 activity in various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, bipolar disorder, Tourette syndrome, and drug addiction. L1s are also highly expressed in octopus brain, suggesting a convergent mechanism in complex cognition.
Retinal disease
Increased RNA levels of Alu, which requires L1 proteins, are associated with a form of age-related macular degeneration, a neurological disorder of the eyes.
The naturally occurring mouse retinal degeneration model rd7 is caused by an L1 insertion in the Nr2e3 gene.
COVID-19
In 2021, a study proposed that L1 elements may be responsible for potential endogenisation of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in Huh7 mutant cancer cells, which would possibly explain why some patients test PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 even after clearance of the virus. These results however have been criticized as "mechanistically plausible but likely very rare", misleading and infrequent or artefactual.
See also
L1Base, a database of functional annotations and predictions of active LINE1 elements
References
Further reading
Mobile genetic elements
Molecular biology | LINE1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,411 | [
"Mobile genetic elements",
"Molecular genetics",
"Repetitive DNA sequences",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
47,690,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20School%20Marktoberdorf | The International Summer School Marktoberdorf is an annual two-week summer school for international computer science and mathematics postgraduate students and other young researchers, held annually since 1970 in Marktoberdorf, near Munich in southern Germany. Students are accommodated in the boarding house of a local high school, Gymnasium Marktoberdorf. Proceedings are published when appropriate.
Status
This is a summer school for theoretical computer science researchers, with some directors/co-directors who are Turing Award winners (the nearest equivalent to the Nobel Prize in computer science).
The summer school is supported as an Advanced Study Institute of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program. It is administered by the Faculty of Informatics at the Technical University of Munich.
Directors
Past academic directors and co-directors include:
Manfred Broy
Robert Lee Constable
Javier Esparza
Orna Grumberg
David Harel
Tony Hoare*
Orna Kupferman
Tobias Nipkow
Doron Peled
Amir Pnueli*
Alexander Pretschner
Peter Müller
Shmuel Sagiv
Helmut Schwichtenberg
Helmut Seidl
Stanley S. Wainer
* Turing Award winners.
References
External links
1970 establishments in West Germany
Recurring events established in 1970
August
Marktoberdorf
Computer science conferences
Computer science education
Theoretical computer science
Annual events in Germany
Events in West Germany
NATO
Technical University of Munich
Education in Bavaria | Summer School Marktoberdorf | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 269 | [
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science conferences",
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science education",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs"
] |
47,690,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Vignale | Giovanni Vignale is an Italian American physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri. Vignale is known for his work on density functional theory - a theoretical approach to the quantum many-body problem - and for several contributions to many-particle physics and spintronics. He is also the author of a monograph on the "Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid" (with Gabriele F. Giuliani) and a book entitled "The Beautiful Invisible - Creativity, imagination, and theoretical physics".
Life
Vignale was born in Naples, Italy, in 1957 and studied physics at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, where he graduated in 1979. He completed his Ph.D. at Northwestern University in 1984, with a thesis on "Collective modes, effective interactions and superconductivity in the electron-hole liquid". He was a postdoctoral researcher at the Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, Germany and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, before joining the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Missouri in 1988. He is Curators' Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri since 2006 and Fellow of the American Physical Society since 1997.
Research contributions
Vignale is known for his contributions to density functional theory. In 1987 he formulated, in collaboration with Mark Rasolt, the current density functional theory for electronic systems in the presence of a static magnetic field. In 1996 he developed, with Walter Kohn (Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1998), the time-dependent current density functional theory for electronic systems subjected to time-dependent electromagnetic fields. He is also known for his contributions to spintronics: in 2000, with Irene D'Amico, he introduced the concept of spin Coulomb drag (experimentally observed in 2005). In 2003 he proposed, with Michael E. Flatte' of the University of Iowa, the theoretical concept for a unipolar spin diode and a unipolar spin transistor.
Vignale is co-author (with Gabriele F. Giuliani) of a monograph on the quantum electron liquid, which is used by students and researchers for reference and self-study. In 2011 he published a non-technical book "The Beautiful Invisible - Creativity, imagination, and theoretical physics", which presents theoretical physics as a form of art. In the introduction to this book he writes “A good scientific theory is like a symbolic tale, an allegory of reality. Its characters are abstractions that may not exist in reality; yet they give us a way of thinking more deeply about reality. Like a fine work of art, the theory creates its own world: it transforms reality into something else – an illusion perhaps, but an illusion that has more value than the literal fact.”
Literary work
Giovanni Vignale is the author of several works of fiction and poetry. Some of his poems have been translated from English to Spanish by the renowned Cuban poet Juana Rosa Pita and are published in both languages in Time is Alive/El Tiempo Esta' Vivo. The dramatic quartet Odradek and Billy Bass Drink to the End of the World features four short plays patterned after the classic Japanese Noh drama form. About this book Juana Rosa Pita writes: "Suspended in space and time, his characters are pure abstractions, speaking devices, neither alive nor dead, in fact, not even human... Poetry, prose and drama conspire to make these plays an unforgettable reading experience".
Prose
Odradek and Billy Bass Drink to the End of the World. El Zunzun Viajero, 2018
Vite Scambiate. Cultura Duemila Editrice, 1993
Poetry
Time is Alive/El tiempo esta' vivo. El Zunzun Viajero, 2019
References
Northwestern University alumni
University of Missouri physicists
21st-century American physicists
Computational chemists
1957 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society | Giovanni Vignale | [
"Chemistry"
] | 812 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
47,690,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat%20III | Habitat III, the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, took place in Quito, Ecuador, from 17 – 20 October 2016.
The UN Conferences on Housing (Habitat) are occurring in the bi-decennial cycle (1976, 1996 and 2016). The United Nations General Assembly decided to convene The Habitat III Conference in its resolution 66/207. The Habitat III Conference reinvigorates the global commitment to sustainable urbanization, to focus on the implementation of a “New Urban Agenda”.
Habitat III was one of the first United Nations global summits after the adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It gave the opportunity to open discussions on important urban challenges and questions, such as how to plan and manage cities, towns and villages for sustainable development. The discussion of these questions shapes the implementation of new global development and climate change goals. In particular, the conference elaborates on Goal #11 of the Sustainable Development Goals: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."
Background
Habitat I was the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, May 31 - June 11, 1976, governments began to recognize the need for sustainable human settlements and the consequences of rapid urbanization, especially in the developing world. The conference outcomes were integrated into the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements, which carried an action plan with 64 recommendations for National Action. The Conference also established the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements - UNCHS (Habitat).
Habitat II, the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 3–14, 1996. The conference outcomes were integrated in the Istanbul Declaration. World leaders also adopted the Habitat Agenda as a global plan of action for adequate shelter for all, with the notion of sustainable human settlements driving development in an urbanizing world.
Structure
Secretary-General
Joan Clos, the 1997–2006 Mayor of Barcelona and Executive Director of UN-Habitat from 2010 to 2018, was also Secretary-General of the Habitat III.
Participants
Habitat III invited all Member States and relevant stakeholders, including parliamentarians, civil society organizations, regional and local government and municipality representatives, professionals and researchers, academia, foundations, women and youth groups, trade unions, and the private sector, as well as organizations of the United Nations system and intergovernmental organizations.
About 30,000 people in total attended the conference, which was based at the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana in Quito.
Road Map
The first session of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom1) for Habitat III was held in New York, United Nations Headquarter, from 17 to 18 September 2014. The second session of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom2) for Habitat III was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 14 to 16 April 2015. The PrepCom3 took place from 25 to 27 July 2016, in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Policy reports
The process towards Habitat III includes the elaboration of national and regional reports -that will converge in a Global Report- to provide evidence-based knowledge on the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and a comprehensive analysis on the global state of urbanization as well as good practices and tools both at the policy and intervention level.
22 stock taking papers on relevant topics, Habitat III Issue Papers, were developed through a collaborative exercise of the United Nations system coordinated by the Habitat III Secretariat.
A number of official Regional and Thematic High Level Meetings involving a wide range of participants are debating priorities for the New Urban Agenda and policy recommendations in the form of a final participants' declaration. The final declaration from Regional and Thematic meetings will be considered official inputs to the Habitat III process.
A total of 10 policy papers on relevant topics will be developed by Policy Units composed of 20 experts each, coming from different geographic areas and constituencies.
Engagement
The debate towards Habitat III is an ongoing process that includes past sessions of the World Urban Forums, especially the last one held in 2014 in Medellin, Colombia, and National Urban Forums to discuss and deliberate on national priority subjects including the preparation of the HIII National Reports.
Beyond the governmental participation in the process through the General Assembly, the engagement to the Conference will include the General Assembly of Partners (GAP) to serve as a broad-based deliberative platform for non-governmental partners in order to develop a consensus for a joined outcome document and other related matters for Habitat III.
Together Towards Habitat III campaign also promote a Global Citizenship Survey (2015/16) to embrace all contributions on the path to the final outcome of the Conference harvested through activities and initiatives to raise awareness on the New Urban Agenda.
At Habitat III, SuRe® – The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, a global voluntary standard which integrates key criteria of sustainability and resilience into infrastructure development and upgrade, was presented by Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation to the broader public.
New Urban Agenda
The primary goal and outcome of the conference was the agreement by UN member states on the New Urban Agenda (NUA), which will serve as a guideline for urban development for the next twenty years.
A "zero draft" of the New Urban Agenda was released in May 2016 and subsequently edited. The United Nations General Assembly agreed on the final text in September 2016.
The NUA makes frequent references to related UN agreements, including the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development passed in 1992, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), and the Paris climate agreement, all issued in 2015.
The four mechanisms envisioned for effecting the New Urban Agenda are:
National urban policies promoting "integrated systems of cities and human settlements" in furtherance of "sustainable integrated urban development".
Stronger urban governance "with sound institutions and mechanisms that empower and include urban stakeholders" along with checks and balances, to promote predictability, social inclusion, economic growth, and environmental protection.
Reinvigorated "long-term and integrated urban and territorial planning and design in order to optimize the spatial dimension of the urban form and deliver the positive outcomes of urbanization"; and
Effective financing frameworks "to create, sustain and share the value generated by sustainable urban development in an inclusive manner."
Urban planning
Urban planning is the mechanism by which much of the New Urban Agenda can be accomplished. In particular NUA ¶51 calls for:
urban planning and design instruments that support sustainable management and use of natural resources and land, appropriate compactness and density, polycentrism, and mixed uses, through infill or planned urban extension strategies as applicable, to trigger economies of scale and agglomeration, strengthen food system planning, enhance resource efficiency, urban resilience, and environmental sustainability.
In ¶66 the parties endorse a smart city model:
We commit ourselves to adopting a smart-city approach that makes use of opportunities from digitization, clean energy and technologies, as well as innovative transport technologies, thus providing options for inhabitants to make more environmentally friendly choices and boost sustainable economic growth and enabling cities to improve their service delivery.
Right to the city
The NUA includes language about a "right to the city", a debated concept referring to popular control over urban processes, but without definite implications for who will prevail when different parties' interests are in conflict.
Financing
The NUA calls for both public and private financing. Public financing may be derived from the economic gains from urbanization, including land and property value and infrastructure projects. Development funds and development banks are envisioned as "intermediaries for urban financing". (NUA ¶130–153).
Private funding is envisioned especially for real estate and housing; the NUA encourages
the participation of a diverse range of multilateral financial institutions, regional development banks and development finance institutions, cooperation agencies, private-sector lenders and investors, cooperatives, moneylenders and microfinance banks to invest in affordable and incremental housing in all its forms. (NUA ¶140)
Organizational responses
Luisa Bravo & Mirko Guaralda, of the Queensland University of Technology, with Hendrik Tieben of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, launched the Journal of Public Space on 19 October 2016 at the Habitat III Urban Library. The journal deals with issues related to public space and its influence on culture, behavior, and development.
The International Urban Development Association (Association Internationale du Développement Urbain, INTA) met on 27–30 November 2016 for one of a series of 18 "Initiative for Habitat III" conferences which began in May 2015. The conference discussed implementing the New Urban Agenda, emphasizing the importance of local governments and non-governmental organizations.
A group of Multilateral Development Banks (African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank, Inter-American Development Bank Group, Islamic Development Bank, and the World Bank Group) issued a joint statement in support of Habitat III and committing to "support the implementation of the UN's New Urban Agenda through direct financing, catalyzing other resources, as well as domestic resource mobilization."
See also
Agenda 21
Our Common Future
World Urban Forum
References
External links
United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)
The New Urban Agenda
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)
Seventh session of the World Urban Forum, Medellin
Habitat III, la visión de la sociedad latinoamericana (in Spanish)
2016 conferences
2016 in the environment
Environmental conferences
United Nations conferences
Human settlement
Urban planning
United Nations Human Settlements Programme
Ecuador and the United Nations | Habitat III | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,948 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
47,692,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20mercury%20pollution | Mercury is a heavy metal that cycles through the atmosphere, water, and soil in various forms to different parts
of the world. Due to this natural mercury cycle, irrespective of which part of the world releases mercury it could affect an entirely different part of the world making mercury pollution a global concern. Mercury pollution is now identified as a global problem and awareness has been raised on an international action plan to minimize anthropogenic mercury emissions and clean up mercury pollution. The 2002 Global Mercury Assessment concluded that "International actions to address the global mercury problem should not be delayed". Among many environments that are under the impact of mercury pollution, the ocean is one which cannot be neglected as it has the ability to act as a "storage closet" for mercury. According to a recent model study the total anthropogenic mercury released into the ocean is estimated to be around 80,000 to 45,000 metric tons and two-thirds of this amount is estimated to be found in waters shallower than 1000m level where much consumable fish live. Mercury can bioaccumulate in marine food chains in the form of highly toxic methylmercury which can cause health risks to human seafood consumers. According to statistics, about 66% of global fish consumption comes from the ocean. Therefore, it is important to monitor and regulate oceanic mercury levels to prevent more and more mercury from reaching the human population through seafood consumption.
Sources
Mercury release occurs through both natural and anthropogenic processes. Natural processes are mainly geogenic such as volcanic activities and land emissions through the soil. Volcanoes release mercury from the underground reservoirs upon eruption. Land emissions are usually observed in regions closer to plate-tectonic boundaries where soils are enriched with minerals such as cinnabar (insoluble mercury sulfide, HgS). This mercury is released, usually as a salt, either by natural weathering of the rocks or by geothermal reactions. While natural phenomena account for a certain percentage of present-day emissions, anthropogenic emissions alone have increased mercury concentration in the environment by threefold. Global Mercury Assessment 2013 states main anthropogenic sources of mercury emission are artisanal and small-scale gold mining, fossil fuel burning, and primary production of non-ferrous metals. Other sources such as cement production, consumer product waste, crematoria, contaminated sites, and the chloralkali industry also contribute in relatively small percentages.
Mercury enters the ocean in different ways. Atmospheric deposition is the largest source of mercury in the oceans. Atmospheric deposition introduces three types of mercury to the ocean. Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) enters the ocean through air-water exchange. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+/HgII) and particle-bound mercury (Hg(P)) enter through wet and dry deposition. In addition, mercury enters the ocean via rivers, estuaries, sediments, hydrothermal vents, etc. These sources also release organic mercury compounds such as methylmercury. Once they are in the ocean they can undergo many reactions primarily grouped as; redox reactions (gain or loss of electrons), adsorption processes (binding to solid particles), methylation, and demethylation (addition or removal of a methyl group).
Sedimentary mercury
Mercury can enter seas and the open ocean as a result of the down stream movement and re-deposition of contaminated sediments from urban estuaries. For example, high total Hg content up to 5 mg/kg and averaging about 2 mg/kg occur in the surface sediments and sediment cores of the tidal River Mersey, UK, due to discharge from historical industries located along the banks of the tidal river including industries such as historical chlor-alkali industry. Sediments along a 100 km stretch of the Thames Estuary have also been shown to have total Hg contents of up to 12 mg/kg and a mean of 2 mg/kg with the highest concentrations found at depth in and around London. A gradual and statistically significant decrease in sedimentary Hg content occurs in the Thames as a results of greater distance from the historical and current point-sources, sorption and in-river deposition in the mud reaches, as well as dilution by marine sands from the Southern North Sea. In contrast, sediments entering the ocean from the marsh creeks of east coast US and mangroves fringing the South China Sea generally have moderate sedimentary Hg (<0.5 mg/kg).
Submarines
Many tonnes of liquid mercury reside in steel cylinders in the keels of sunken submarines around the world. Some have begun to leak and create environmental problems, for example German submarine U-864, sunk in 1945 near the coast of Norway, containing 67 tonnes of mercury.
Chemistry
Reduction and oxidation of mercury mostly occur closer to the ocean water surface. These are either driven by sunlight or by microbial activity. Under UV radiation, elemental mercury oxidizes and dissolves directly in ocean water or binds to other particles. The reverse reaction reduces some mercury Hg2+ to elemental mercury Hg(0) and returns to the atmosphere. Fine aerosols in the atmosphere such as ocean water droplets can act as small reaction chambers in this process providing the special reaction conditions required. Oxidation and reduction of mercury in the ocean are not very simple reversible reactions. Shown below is the proposed pathway of ocean aerosol mercuric photochemistry suggesting that it occurs through a reactive intermediate:
Photo oxidation is suspected to be driven by OH. radicals and reduction is driven by wind and surface layer disturbances. In the dark, mercury redox reactions continue due to microbial activity. The biological transformations are different and have a smaller rate compared to sunlight-driven processes above. Inorganic mercury Hg2+ and methylmercury have the ability to get adsorbed into particles. A positive correlation of binding is observed for the amount of organic matter vs. the concentration of these mercury species showing that most of them bind to organic matter. This phenomenon can determine the bioavailability and toxicity of mercury in the ocean. Some methylmercury is released into the ocean through river run-off. However, most of the methylmercury found in the ocean is produced in–situ (inside the ocean itself).
Methylation of inorganic mercury can occur via biotic and abiotic pathways. However, biotic pathways are more predominant. The reactions illustrated in a simplified scheme below are actually parts of complex enzyme-driven metabolic pathways taking place inside microbial cells.
In abiotic reactions, humic substances act as methylating agents and therefore this process occurs at shallow sea levels where decomposing organic matter is available to combine with inorganic mercury Hg2+.9 Mercury methylation studies in polar regions have also shown a positive correlation between methylation and chlorophyll content in water showing there could also be biogenic pathways for methylmercury production. Produced methylmercury gets accumulated in microbes. Due to the high permeability and absence of degradation for methylmercury in other species that depend on those microbes, this very toxic compound gets biomagnified through marine food chains to the top predators. Many humans consume many types of marine fish that are top predators in the food chains, putting their health in great danger. Therefore, finding possible solutions to minimize further mercury emissions and clean up the already existing mercury pollution is extremely important.
Health risks
Oceanic mercury pollution presents a serious threat to human health. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that mercury consumption by people of all ages can result in loss of peripheral vision, weakened muscles, impairment of hearing and speech, and deteriorated movement coordination. Infants and developing children face even more serious health risks because mercury exposure inhibits proper brain and nervous system development, damaging memory, cognitive thinking, language abilities, attention, and fine motor skills. The case of Minamata disease that occurred in Minamata Bay, Japan in the 1950s demonstrated the frightening effects of exposure to extremely high concentrations of mercury. Adult patients experienced extreme salivation, limb deformity, and irreversible dysarthria and intelligence loss. In children and fetuses (exposed to mercury through the mother's consumption of contaminated seafood), extensive brain lesions were observed and the patients experienced more serious effects like cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and primitive reflexes. In order to avoid the toxic effects of mercury exposure, the United States EPA advises a mercury dose limit of 0.1 μg/kg/day.
In addition to human health, animal health is also seriously threatened by mercury pollution in the ocean. The effects of high mercury levels on animal health were revealed by the severe mercury poisoning in Minamata Bay in which many animals exhibited extremely strange behaviors and high mortality rates after consuming contaminated seafood or absorbing mercury from the seawater. The cat population essentially disappeared due to cats drowning in the ocean and simply collapsing dead and it became commonplace to witness birds falling out of the sky and fish swimming in circles.
Prevention and remedy
Cleaning up the existing mercury pollution could be a tedious process. Nevertheless, there is some promising ongoing research bringing hope to the challenging task. One such research is based on nanotechnology. It uses synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) mimicking the coral structures. These structures absorb heavy metal toxins effectively due to the high surface/volume ratio and the quality of the surface. In nature, it has been long observed corals can absorb heavy metal ions due to their surface structure and this new technique has been used in nanotechnology to create "synthetic corals" which may help clean mercury in the ocean.
Another novel material (Patent application: PCT/US15/55205) is still under investigation which looks at the possibility of cleaning mercury pollution using orange peels as raw material. This technology produces sulfur limonene polysulfide (proposed material) using sulfur and limonene. Using industrial byproducts to manufacture this polymer makes it a highly sustainable approach. The scientists say 50% of the mercury content could be reduced with a single treatment using this polymer.
In addition to the cleaning processes, minimizing the usage of coal power and shifting to cleaner energy sources, reducing small-scale artisanal gold mining, proper treatment of industrial mercury waste, and implementation policies are sound approaches to reduce mercury emissions in the long term-large scale plan. Public awareness is critical in achieving this goal. Proper disposal of mercury-containing items such as medicinal packaging and thermometers, using mercury-free bulbs and batteries, and buying consumer products with zero or minimum mercury emission to the environment can make a significant difference in recovering the world's ecosystems from mercury pollution leaving a minimum legacy of mercury pollution in the ocean for our future generations.
See also
Dimethylmercury
Ethylmercury
Methylmercury
Mercury (element)
Mercury cycle
Mercury in fish
Mercury poisoning
References
Mercury pollution
Ocean pollution | Marine mercury pollution | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,218 | [
"Ocean pollution",
"Water pollution"
] |
70,388,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20in%20the%20Desert | The Cathedral in the Desert is a natural formation, sometimes referred to as an amphitheater, buried under Lake Powell in Glen Canyon. Due to the Southwestern North American megadrought, the cathedral has been visible in 2005 and 2019. Lake Powell must drop to 3,605 feet for the cathedral floor to be visible.
The Cathedral is located at the head of Clear Water Canyon off the Escalante. Most are familiar with the feature from a Phil Hyde photo in 1964 taken just before Lake Powell began to fill, and many are seeing it for the first time now.
OARS, the first National Park Service-authorized rafting outfitter that travels the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon has a dory named in the cathedral's honor.
References
Lake Powell
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Landforms of Utah | Cathedral in the Desert | [
"Engineering"
] | 164 | [
"Colorado River Storage Project",
"Lake Powell"
] |
70,390,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20funiculosus | Aspergillus funiculosus is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus funiculosus produces the funiculolides A-D and the antibiotic funicin.
References
Further reading
funiculosus
Fungi described in 1956
Fungus species | Aspergillus funiculosus | [
"Biology"
] | 66 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,390,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicin | Funicin is an antibiotic which is produced by the fungi Aspergillus funiculosus. Funicin has the molecular formula C17H18O5
References
Benzoate esters
Diphenyl ethers
Ethyl esters
Antibiotics | Funicin | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
70,391,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47%20%28cannabis%29 | AK-47, also known simply as AK, is a cannabis strain with high THC content. It is a hybrid strain of cannabis that is sativa-dominant; it mixes Colombian, Mexican, Thai, and Afghan strains. A strong and popular strain, it has won multiple cannabis industry awards. The plant genetics of AK-47 have been studied scientifically.
Naming
There is more than one explanation for the name of the strain. One, described by Joe Dolce in Brave New Weed, is that the letters "AK" stand for the breeder and 47 represents the number of days from planting to harvest. Another theory is that it is named after the AK-47 assault rifle. One author says flatly the name "has nothing to do with the AK-47 machine gun" and speculates it may stand for Afghan Kush and the suffix coming from the initial Dutch growers' tracking system. Yet another theory is that it describes the potency. A marijuana review in Way of Leaf said that the name is appropriate because of how powerful the strain is, with its mix of strong strains and its high content of THC and fair level of CBD. It did note that the flavor is sweet and delicate, unlike an assault rifle, writing that it "is as powerful as a gunshot in potency — but not in how it makes you feel". Westword cannabis column instead felt that despite being "named after one of the most widely used killing machines on the planet, this strain is much more gentle than you'd imagine".
History
AK-47 cannabis was developed in the Netherlands by Serious Seeds in 1992, but may have been bred as early as the 1970s, and is said to exemplify the good quality cannabis strains from the 1990s. It is a hybrid of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, according to writer Ed Rosenthal in the ratio 65:35, and 50:50 according to physician Rav Ivker. The strain has won awards as both a "sativa" and as an "Indica", perhaps the only cannabis to have done so. It mixes Colombian, Mexican, Thai, and Afghan strains. The Colombian, Mexican and Thai strains are all sativa, with the Afghan contributing the indica in the hybrid. By 2020, it had won sixteen awards, including the High Times Cannabis Cup and the Best Sativa award at the 2011 Toronto Treating Yourself Expo; it is a popular strain of cannabis.
Derived strains and phenotypes
The strain has been combined with the White Widow strain to produce White Russian cannabis, a plant with "a pleasantly sweet aroma" and a "long lasting effect".
The Chronic strain of cannabis is a cross of AK-47 with Northern Lights and Skunk #1.
The Cherry AK phenotype is occasionally produced by AK-47 plants.
References
Cannabis strains | AK-47 (cannabis) | [
"Biology"
] | 572 | [
"Cannabis strains",
"Biopiracy"
] |
70,394,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%3AYLF%20laser | A Pr:YLF laser (or Pr3+:LiYF4 laser) is a solid state laser that uses a praseodymium doped yttrium-lithium-fluoride crystal as its gain medium. The first Pr:YLF laser was built in 1977 and emitted pulses at 479 nm. Pr:YLF lasers can emit in many different wavelengths in the visible spectrum of light, making them potentially interesting for RGB applications and materials processing. Notable emission wavelengths are 479 nm, 523 nm, 607 nm and 640 nm.
Technology
Pr:YLF lasers are optically pumped using flashlamps, pulsed dye lasers or diode lasers. The strongest emission line of Pr:YLF is 640 nm, which stems from the transition of the Pr3+- ion. However, by suppressing this line (and other lines stronger than the desired one), other transitions can be used for obtaining different wavelengths. This can be done using dichroic mirrors. Pr:YLF lasers are pumped by using the transitions from to , or (corresponding wavelengths: 444 nm, 469 nm, 479 nm). The Pr3+- ion then undergoes a quick, radiationless transition (fast relaxation), followed by the light-emitting transition. Finally, the ground level () is reached via another radiationless transfer, making the Pr:YLF laser a 4-level system. Pr:YLF supports lasing at the following wavelengths: 479 nm, 523 nm, 546 nm, 607 nm, 640 nm, 698 nm, 721 nm, 907 nm and 915 nm.
The transition is of special interest, since its wavelength (444 nm) can be covered by InGaN laser diodes, which are commercially available at high output powers. Because the absorption peak at 444 nm only has a bandwidth of a few nanometers, pumpdiodes have to be selected and stabilized for efficient laser action. Diode pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers using these diodes have reached multiple watts of output powers in continuous wave operation. Typical DPSS setups using Pr:YLF crystals consist of a hemispheric resonator in which the crystal is pumped longitudinally by the pump diode. Depending on the resonator length, this resonator type can tolerate slight misalignments of the mirrors and retains stability even if the crystal shows thermal lensing effects. The plane mirror of the resonator can be replaced by coating one face of the crystal, making the setup very compact.
Although several other rare-earth dopants such as Sm3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+ and Er3+ offer transitions in the visible spectrum, the most efficient emission in this region is achieved by Pr:YLF lasers
Pr:YLF lasers can be operated in continuous wave (cw) or pulsed mode. Q-Switched and frequency-doubled Pr:YLF lasers have also been reported.
Applications
Pr:YLF lasers, especially in combination with high power InGaN laser diodes, are of high scientific interestic because of their emission lines in the visible spectrum of light and potentially very compact laser setups. Besides biomedical applications such as fluorescence microscopy or cytometry, Pr:YLF lasers also are very attractive for the use in powerful RGB light sources.
Furthermore, compact and efficient continuous wave (deep) UV lasers can be made by frequency doubling the output of Pr:YLF lasers. Nanosecond UV pulses can be obtained by Q-switching frequency doubled Pr:YLF lasers. Pulsed and/or continuous wave UV lasers can be used for very precise materials processing, photoluminescence analysis, lithography for semiconductor manufacturing and inspection, UV Raman spectroscopy, eye surgery, etc.
Applications also include precise and efficient materials processing of some non-ferrous metals like copper or gold.
References
Solid-state lasers
Yttrium compounds
Lithium compounds
Praseodymium compounds | Pr:YLF laser | [
"Chemistry"
] | 825 | [
"Solid state engineering",
"Solid-state lasers"
] |
70,395,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20179886 | HD 179886 (HR 7289) is a binary star located in the southern constellation Telescopium. It has a combined apparent magnitude of 5.37, making it faintly visible to the naked eye if viewed under ideal conditions. The system is situated at a distance of 700 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
As of 2018, the two stars have a separation of along a position angle of
The brighter component has a stellar classification of K3 III, indicating that the object is an ageing K-type giant. Models show it to be on the red giant branch, a stage of stellar evolution where the star is fusing hydrogen in a shell around an inert core of helium. It has an angular diameter of , yielding a diameter 37 times that of the Sun at its estimated distance. At present it has 111% the mass of the Sun and radiates at from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it an orange glow. HD 179886A has a metallicity 141% that of the Sun and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
Telescopium
179886
094712
7289
Telescopii, 51
Durchmusterung objects
Double stars | HD 179886 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 263 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
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