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47,787,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema%20for%20horizontal%20dials | A schema for horizontal dials is a set of instructions used to construct horizontal sundials using compass and straightedge construction techniques, which were widely used in Europe from the late fifteenth century to the late nineteenth century. The common horizontal sundial is a geometric projection of an equatorial sundial onto a horizontal plane.
The special properties of the polar-pointing gnomon (axial gnomon) were first known to the Moorish astronomer Abdul Hassan Ali in the early thirteenth century and this led the way to the dial-plates, with which we are familiar, dial plates where the style and hour lines have a common root.
Through the centuries artisans have used different methods to markup the hour lines sundials using the methods that were familiar to them, in addition the topic has fascinated mathematicians and become a topic of study. Graphical projection was once commonly taught, though this has been superseded by trigonometry, logarithms, sliderules and computers which made arithmetical calculations increasingly trivial/ Graphical projection was once the mainstream method for laying out a sundial but has been sidelined and is now only of academic interest.
The first known document in English describing a schema for graphical projection was published in Scotland in 1440, leading to a series of distinct schema for horizontal dials each with characteristics that suited the target latitude and construction method of the time.
Context
The art of sundial design is to produce a dial that accurately displays local time. Sundial designers have also been fascinated by the mathematics of the dial and possible new ways of displaying the information. Modern dialling started in the tenth century when Arab astronomers made the great discovery that a gnomon parallel to the Earth's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines show or legal hours on any day of the year: the dial of Ibn al-Shatir in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is the oldest dial of this type. Dials of this type appeared in Austria and Germany in the 1440s.
A dial plate can be laid out, by a pragmatic approach, observing and marking a shadow at regular intervals throughout the day on each day of the year. If the latitude is known the dial plate can be laid out using geometrical construction techniques which rely on projection geometry, or by calculation using the known formulas and trigonometric tables usually using logarithms, or slide rules or more recently computers or mobile phones. Linear algebra has provided a useful language to describe the transformations.
A sundial schema uses a compass and a straight edge to firstly to derive the essential angles for that latitude, then to use this to draw the hourlines on the dial plate. In modern terminology this would mean that graphical techniques were used to derive and and from it .
Basic calculation
Using a large sheet of paper.
Starting at the bottom a horizontal line is drawn, and a vertical one up the centre. Where they cross is becomes the origin O, the foot of the Gnomon.
A horizontal line draw a line which fixes the size of the dial. Where it crosses the centre line is an important construction point F
A construction line is drawn upwards from O at the angle of latitude.
Using a square, (drop a line) a line from F through the construction line is drawn so they cross at right angles. That point E, is an important construction point. To be precise it is the line FE that is important as it is length .
Using compasses, or dividers the length FE was copied upwards in the centre line from F. The new construction point is called G The construction lines and FE are erased.
Such geometric constructions were well known and remained part of the high school (UK grammar school) curriculum until the New Maths revolution in the 1970s.
The schema shown above was used in 1525 (from an earlier work 1440) by Dürer is still used today. The simpler schema were more suitable for dials designed for the lower latitudes, requiring a narrow sheet of paper for the construction, than those intended for the higher latitudes. This prompted the quest for other constructions.
Horizontal dials
The first part of the process is common to many methods. It establishes a point on the north south line that is sin φ from the meridian line.
Early Scottish method (1440) Dürer (1525) Rohr (1965)
Start with the basic method shown above
From G a series of lines, 15° apart are drawn, long enough so they cross the line through F. These mark the hour points 1, 2, 3 4, 5 and 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
The centre of the dial is at the bottom, point O. The line drawn from each of these hour point to O will be the hour line on the finished dial.
The significant problem is the width of the paper needed in the higher latitudes.
Benedetti (1574)
Giambattista Benedetti, an impoverished nobleman worked as a mathematician at the court of Savola. His book which describes this method was De gnomonum umbrarumque solarium usu published in 1574. It describes a method for displaying the legal hours, that is equal hours as we use today, while most people still used unequal hours which divided the hours of daylight into 12 equal hours- but they would change as the year progressed. Benedettis method divides the quadrant into 15° segments. Two construction are made: a parallel horizontal line that defines the tan h distances, and a gnomonic polar line GT which represents sin φ.
Draw a quadrant GRB, with 15° segments. GR is horizontal.
A parallel horizontal line is drawn from PE, and ticks made where it bisects the 15° rays.
GX is the latitude. T is the crossing point with PE. GTE is the gnomonic triangle.
The length GT is copied to the bottom of E giving the point F.
The hour lines are drawn from F, and the dial is complete.
Benedetti included instructions for drawing a point gnomon so unequal hours could be plotted.
Clavius method (1586)
(Fabica et usus instrumenti ad horologiorum descriptionem.) Rome Italy.
The Clavius method looks at a quarter of the dial. It views the horizontal and the perpendicular plane to the polar axis as two rectangles hinged around the top edge of both dials. the polar axis will be at φ degrees to the polar axis, and the hour lines will be equispaced on the polar plane an equatorial dial. (15°). Hour points on the polar plane will connect to the matching point on the horizontal plane. The horizontal hour lines are plotted to the origin.
Draw the gnomomic triangle, lying on its hypotenuse.
On the small side, draw a (equatorial) square, with 15° hour markings.
The dial plate is constructed with compasses taking it sizes from the triangle.
The hour lines 12, 3, and 6 are known. The hour lines 1 and 2 are taken from the side of the square.
A diagonal is taken from 12 to 6, and lines parallel to this drawn through 1 and 2, giving 5 and 4
The morning dial is a reflection of this.
Stirrup's method (1652)
From G a series of lines, 15° apart are drawn, long enough so they cross the line through F. These mark the hour points 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3.
The centre of the dial is at the bottom, point O. The line drawn from each of these hour point to O will be the hour line on the finished dial.
Bettini method (1660)
The Jesuit Mario Bettini penned a method which was posthumously published in the book Recreationum Mathematicarum Apiaria Novissima 1660.
Draw the gnomonic triangle with the hypotenuse against the meridian line, and φ to the bottom, C. The other point call M, the right angle call G.
A horizontal line is drawn through M, this is the equinoctial
A circle centred an M with a radius MG is drawn. G2 and G3 are the intersections of the circle and meridian.
In the top quadrants, points are marked each 30°. Two are named P, Q.
Construction lines are drawn from G2 and G3 through P and Q- the intersections with the equinoctial are marked.
To finish the hourlines are drawn through these points from C, and the dial squared off.
Leybourn (1669)
William Leybourn published his "Art of Dialling" in 1669, a with it a six-stage method. His description relies heavily on the term line of chords, for which a modern diallist substitutes a protractor. The line of chords was a scale found on the sector which was used in conjunction with a set of dividers or compasses. It was still used by navigators up to the end of the 19th century.
Draw a circle, and its two cardinal diameters: E–W, and S–N (top to bottom). O is their crossing point or origin.
Using a scale of chords or protractor, lay off two lines, "0a" that is 52° from OS, and "0b" that is 52° from OW. (they will be at right angles. The points "a" and "b" are important.
With a straight edge draw a line connect E with "a", it cuts SN (the meridian line) at P, which is called the pole of the world. Now connect E to "a", it connects AE. This point is important as it is where the meridian crosses the equinoctial circle. The points E, AE, and W lie on the equinoctial circle. The next task is to use this information to locate the centre and to draw the circle. Use a construction line to join AE and W. At the centre point, raise a line at right angles. Where it cuts the SN (the meridian) will be C, the centre of the equinoctial circle. Use C to draw an arc from E to W, it will pass through AE.
There is now a semicircle passing through E and W, and the equinoctial arc passing through E and W. Divide the semicircle into 12 equal parts, i.e. 15° angles. Mark with a "construction point".
A ruler joins O with the points on the semicircle. These lines cut the equinoctial arc: a series of unequal points ("markers) are created.
A ruler from P (the pole of the world) takes a line from these markers back over the semicircle. Where it cuts it will be the "hour point"; these hour points are unequally spaced.
The hour lines are drawn from each of these "hour points" to O the origin. The origin is the foot of the style which is cut at 52°.
Ozanam's method (1673) Mayall (1938)
This method requires a far smaller piece of paper, a great advantage for higher latitudes.
From G a series of lines, 15° apart are drawn, long enough so they cross the line through F. These mark the hour points 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3 and represent the points .
The centre of the dial is at the bottom, point O. The line drawn from each of these hour point to O will be the hour line on the finished dial.
The lines through 9 and 3 are extended to the WE line and a line dropped orthogonally from 9 and 3 to the WE line, call the crossing points W' and E'. From W and E two more lines are drawn 15° apart, these cut the verticals creating the hour points 7, 8 and 4, 5. Lines taken from 0 to these hour points are the hour lines on the final dial.
Encyclopedia method (1771)
This method uses the properties of chords to establish distance in the top quadrant, and then transfers this distance into the bottom quadrant so that is established. Again, a transfer of this measure to the chords in the top quadrant. The final lines establish the formula =
This is then transferred by symmetry to all quadrants. It was used in the Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition 1771, Sixth Edition 1823
The gnomon is drawn first against the north–south line. In doing so, a diameter at φ degrees to the vertical is drawn; its reflection will also be needed.
The circumference is marked off at 15° intervals in the top quadrants. Chords parallel to the horizontal are drawn (the length of these chords will be sin Θ.
The measurement of each chord is transferred to form a scale along the lower radiuses. When joined these points form a series of parallel lines that are sin θ. sin φ in length.
These measurements are transferred up to the chord.
The final hour lines are drawn from the origins through these crossing points. ( = )
de Celles (1760) (1790) Waugh method (1973)
The Dom Francois Bedos de Celles method (1760) otherwise known as the Waugh method (1973)
From G a series of lines, 15° apart are drawn, long enough so they cross the line through F. These mark the hour points 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3 if you take just 3 and represent the points .
The centre of the dial is at the bottom, point O. The line drawn from each of these hour point to O will be the hour line on the finished dial.
If the paper is large enough, the method above works from 7 until 12, and 12 until 5 and the values before and after 6 are calculated through symmetry. However, there is another way of marking up 7 and 8, and 4 and 5. Call the point where 3 crosses the line R, and a drop a line at right-angles to the base line. Call that point W. Use a construction line to join W and F. Waugh calls the crossing points with the hours lines K, L, M.
Using compasses or dividers, add two more points to this line N and P, so that the distances MN = ML, and MP = MK. The missing hour lines are drawn from O through N and through P. The construction lines are erased.
Nicholson's method (1825)
This method first appeared in Peter Nicholsons A popular Course of Pure and Mixed Mathematics in 1825. It was copied by School World in Jun 1903, then in Kenneth Lynch's, Sundial and Spheres 1971. It starts by drawing the well known triangle, and takes the vertices to draw two circles at radius (OB) sin φ and (AB) tan φ. The 15° lines are drawn, intersecting these circles. Lines are taken horizontally, and vertically from these circles and their intersection point (OB sin t,AB cos t) is on the hour line. That is tan κ = OB sin t/ AB cos t which resolves to sin φ. tan t.
Draw the NS line, and the EW line crossing at the origin O. At a convenient point in the first quadrant join the axes with a line set at the target angle. This forms the basic triangle OAB.
Set the compasses at length OB and inscribe a circle. Set the compasses on AB and inscribe a concentric circle. On both of these circles mark out the 15° angles.
Taking the lines vertically from the inner circle, and horizontally from the outer circle, Mark each of the intersections. These are on the hour lines.
Connect the intersection points to the origin.
Foster Serles Dialling Scales (1638)
A right-angle is drawn on the dial-face and the latitude scale is laid against the x-axis.
The target latitude point is marked across on to the dial face. The hour scale is placed from this point to the noon line (conventionally, the zero point is on the noon line).
Each of the hour points is copied over to the dial face, and this procedure is repeated, giving the hours both sides of noon. A straight edge is used to connect these points to the origin, thus drawing the hour lines for that location.
A vertical line from the target latitude point, and a horizontal line through the noon point will bisect at the three-hour (9am–3pm) marker.
The style will be at the same angle as the latitude.
Saphea (As-Saphiah)
This was an early and convenient method to use if you had access to an astrolabe as many astrologers and mathematicians of the time would have had. The method involved copying the projections of the celestial sphere onto a plane surface. A vertical line was drawn with a line at the angle of the latitude drawn on the bisection of the vertical with the celestial sphere.
See also
London dial
Schema for vertical declining dials
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Sundials
Clocks
Horology
Geometry
Projective geometry
Compass and straightedge constructions | Schema for horizontal dials | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,508 | [
"Machines",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Horology",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments",
"Physical systems",
"Geometry",
"Straightedge and compass constructions",
"Spacetime",
"Planes (geometry)"
] |
47,788,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20sylvaticum | Penicillium sylvaticum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
References
sylvaticum
Fungi described in 1902
Fungus species | Penicillium sylvaticum | [
"Biology"
] | 34 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,788,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20tardochrysogenum | Penicillium tardochrysogenum is a filamentous species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces penicillin, secalonic acids D and secalonic acids F.
References
Further reading
tardochrysogenum
Fungi described in 2012
Fungus species | Penicillium tardochrysogenum | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,693,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20664 | NGC664 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 5137 ± 21km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, six non redshift measurements give a distance of . It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 24 September 1830.
Supernovae
Three supernovae have been observed in NGC664:
SN1996bw (typeII, mag.17.5) was discovered by the BAO Supernova Survey on 30 November 1996.
SN1997W (type II, mag.18) was discovered by the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on 1 February 1997.
SN1999eb (typeIIn, mag.16.2) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 2 October 1999.
NGC 664 Group
NGC 664 is the namesake of the four member NGC664 group. The other three galaxies are: IC 150, UGC 1204, and UGC 1240.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
0664
006359
+01-05-029
01210
11507+2101
Pisces_(constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1830
Discoveries by John Herschel
Spiral galaxies | NGC 664 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 275 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,694,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexafluorovanadate | Ammonium hexafluorovanadate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
The compound can be prepared by a fusion of ammonium hydrogen fluoride and vanadium trioxide.
Also, a reaction of vanadium trioxide and ammonium bifluoride can produce the compound.
Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluorovanadate forms powder. It is toxic.
Chemical properties
The compound decomposes to vanadium pentoxide if heated in open air:
Uses
Ammonium hexafluorovanadate is typically used as a catalyst at temperatures below 400 °C.
References
Fluoro complexes
Vanadates
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides | Ammonium hexafluorovanadate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 147 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
77,694,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexafluorochromate | Ammonium hexafluorochromate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluorochromate forms crystals of cubic system, space group F43m.
Chemical properties
When heated, ammonium hexafluorochromate decomposed directly to the pure chromium(III) fluoride.
References
Fluoro complexes
Chromates
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides | Ammonium hexafluorochromate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Chromates",
"Ammonium compounds",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts"
] |
77,694,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyric%20anhydride | Isobutyric anhydride is an organic compound with the formula . It is an acyclic carboxylic anhydride of isobutyric acid. It is classified as an organic acid anhydride, being derived from dehydration of isobutyric acid. It is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent odor.
Isobutyric anhydride is a reagent in the production of the ester of cyclohexanone oxime.
Applications
Isobutyric anhydride is used as an acylating agent in organic synthesis. Its primary application is in the production of esters, such as cyclohexanone oxime. Isobutyric anhydride is used in the synthesis of various dyes. It is also used in the production of cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose isobutyrate and cellulose acetate isobutyrate. Another application of isobutyric anhydride is in the synthesis of various chemical derivatives. For example, it is used to produce 4-O-isobutyryl derivatives of monosaccharides.
References
Carboxylic anhydrides
Reagents for organic chemistry | Isobutyric anhydride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 263 | [
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
77,696,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Szaniawski | Władysław Szaniawski (15 July 1861 – 16 January 1931) was a Polish inventor and landowner known for establishing an astronomical observatory and meteorological station at his estate in Przegaliny Duże.
Early life and education
Władysław Szaniawski was born on 15 July 1861 in Przegaliny Duże, in the Radzyń County. He was the only son of Countess Ksawera Adelajda Bieńkowska of the Jastrzębiec coat of arms and Wiktor Szaniawski of the Junosza coat of arms, a landowner. His father participated in the 1863 January Uprising, which led to his imprisonment and death sentence by Russian authorities, a fate he avoided through the efforts of his wife and friends.
Szaniawski received his early education at the 4th Classical Gymnasium in Warsaw and later attended St. Anna Gymnasium in Cracow, graduating in 1880. With a strong aptitude for mathematics and mechanics, he pursued higher education in Ghent, Belgium, where he enrolled at the Ecole Speciale des Arts et Manufactures. He graduated in 1884 with a degree in engineering, receiving the highest distinction (grande distinction).
Professional career
After completing his education, Szaniawski returned to Poland, where he worked briefly in the design department of K. Rudzki i S-ka, an engineering and construction company in Warsaw. The company was known for constructing significant bridges in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Poniatowski Bridge in Warsaw and the Khabarovsk Bridge in Russia.
Despite his promising career in engineering, Szaniawski chose to manage his family estate in Przegaliny. His management of the estate provided the financial resources necessary to pursue his scientific interests.
Scientific endeavors
Szaniawski established a mechanical workshop at his estate, equipped with precise instruments such as lathes and machines for cutting cogs and gearwheels. He invented various mechanical and electrical devices, including an instrument for determining wind direction and speed, which was presented at a Warsaw Scientific Society meeting in 1910. This device, called an "anemophone", allowed wind speed and direction to be measured audibly from a distance.
Szaniawski also set up a second-class meteorological station at Przegaliny, which he operated for many years. He constructed several pendulum clocks, including one that displayed the phases of the moon. Additionally, he built large striking tower clocks, one of which was installed in the Żelechów church, while another was donated to the church in Komarówka Podlaska.
Astronomical observatory
In 1909, Szaniawski built an astronomical observatory at his estate. The observatory featured a rectangular building with a meridian room housing a meridian wheel from the Parisian Mailhat factory, equipped with an 81 mm lens. The observatory also included a precise pendulum clock and a Riefler clock with a steel-nickel pendulum.
The main instrument of the observatory was a refractor telescope, which at the time was the largest in Poland. It featured a 20 cm Zeiss lens with a 310 cm focal length and was equipped with two astro cameras for photographing the sky. The observatory also had a radio receiving station, and Szaniawski was the first in Poland to receive permission to use radio equipment from the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs.
During World War I, the observatory was damaged, and some instruments were stolen but later returned. However, the estate's financial difficulties and the broader economic crisis forced Szaniawski to close the observatory in 1925. The instruments were sold to the Nicolaus Copernicus National Astronomical Institute.
Death
Władysław Szaniawski died on 16 January 1931 and was buried in the cemetery at Przegaliny Duże. His grave remains cared for by local residents.
Present day
The former Szaniawski estate in Przegaliny is now the headquarters of the local motorcycle club "Panther".
References
19th-century Polish inventors
20th-century Polish people
Polish inventors
Polish landowners
Polish engineers
Polish astronomers
Amateur astronomers
19th-century Polish landowners | Władysław Szaniawski | [
"Astronomy"
] | 827 | [
"Astronomers",
"Amateur astronomers"
] |
77,696,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Plant%20Breeding%20for%20the%20Benefit%20of%20Society | The Association for Plant Breeding for the Benefit of Society (APBREBES) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 2009 as a network to advocate on issues related to plant breeders' rights, peasants and farmers’ rights, food sovereignty, and the sustainable management of agricultural biodiversity. APBREBES has the status of observer to the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).
Background
In 2009, seven NGOs joined to create the APBREBES: the Center for International Environmental Law, Community Technology Development Trust, Development Fund (Norway), Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development, Public Eye, Southeast Asia Regional Initiative for Community Empowerment, and Third World Network.
The association's main focus are the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The network is also an important critique of the implementation of the UPOV system of plant breeders' rights. APBREBES emphasises equitable access to plant genetic resources and ensures that legal frameworks respect human rights and environmental sustainability.
The association is active mostly at the UPOV, although it also occasionally work at the national or regional level, such as in Africa and elsewhere. In 2015, APBREBES developed guidelines for alternative to the UPOV system for developing countries' plant variety protection laws.
References
Bioethics
Botany
Plant breeding organizations
Plant genetics
Biological patent law
Intellectual property organizations
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Organizations established in 2009
Organisations based in Geneva
Seed associations
Peasant food
Food sovereignty
Food security
International law organizations | Association for Plant Breeding for the Benefit of Society | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 313 | [
"Bioethics",
"Biotechnology law",
"Molecular biology",
"Plants",
"Plant genetics",
"Biological patent law",
"Botany",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Plant breeding"
] |
77,696,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexachlorostannate | Ammonium hexachlorostannate (also known as pink salt) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
A reaction of pure tin tetrachloride with ammonium chloride:
Physical properties
The compound is composed of white crystals and is a corrosive agent.
Use
The compound is used as a mordant in dyeing.
References
Chloro complexes
Stannates
Ammonium compounds
Chlorometallates | Ammonium hexachlorostannate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
77,697,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage%20tower%20model | The Carthage tower model is a limestone model of a tower with a Punic inscription, found in Carthage by Nathan Davis in 1856–58 in Husainid Tunisia.
It has a diameter of 13.3 cm and a height of 41.1 cm. It is in the British Museum, with ID number 125324.
Of all the inscriptions found by Davis, it was one of just three that was not a traditional Carthaginian tombstone - the other two being number 71 (the Son of Baalshillek marble base) and number 90 (the Carthage Tariff), which contained a bevelled architectural ornamentation.
Donald Harden wrote that it may represent a lighthouse or a watch tower, and may provide evidence for a type of multistory building in Carthaginian architecture. The model appears to show three stories, and may have originally been more; the bottom arch is considered to be a door, the middle story contains three shallow round arched windows, and part of a top story with five deeper and narrower windows with their tops missing. CIS wrote that: “The cippus is round, rising in the form of a tower, in the lower part of which is an arched gate, and above it three windows are shaped in the same manner as a vault. The top of the tower is finned.“
The inscription states:
To the lady Tanit face of Baal and to the lord to Baal Hammon which vowed Bodmelqart son of 'Abdmelqart son of Himilkot for he heard his voice, and blessed him.
Bibliography
References
Archaeological artifacts
KAI inscriptions
Punic inscriptions
Archaeological discoveries in Tunisia
Phoenician architecture | Carthage tower model | [
"Physics"
] | 340 | [
"Scale modeling"
] |
77,697,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSU-less%20system | A KSU-less telephone system is a type of electronic key telephone system that puts the switching circuitry inside of each individual phone. This eliminates the need for a key service unit (KSU), which in traditional key systems is a centralized cabinet that contains the switching circuitry, and allows phones to be wired together in series while retaining certain advanced key system features such as intercom, paging, and hold. Unlike traditional key systems, however, KSU-less systems support a limited number of extensions and trunk lines and are typically not very scalable. The first KSU-less systems were introduced in the 1970s by the AT&T Corporation.
History
In traditional key telephone systems, the key service unit (KSU) is a centralized cabinet containing the electronics that handle all of the switching of calls, with each phone connecting to the KSU with its own cable in a star topology. In KSU-less systems, the electronic circuitry is located inside each phone in the system, and the phones are wired in series, as is typical in standard in-wall installations. The advent of large-scale integrated circuits in the mid-1970s made the incorporation of such switching circuitry inside of the phone itself possible, and the first KSU-less system was introduced in 1975 with the Com Key 416 by the AT&T Corporation. The Com Key 416 differed from more modern KSU-less systems, in that the switching circuitry was located only within one phone, designated the master. One master phone supported two phone lines and eight extensions; two masters can be hooked together to support four phone lines and sixteen extensions. As with contemporaneous key system units, the switching circuitry inside the Com Key 416 still contained electromechanical components. With the progression of VLSI technology, newer KSU-less systems were designed with the ICs handling the switching located inside each phone in the system. This eliminated the need for a master phone and increased the reliability of the system.
Wiring
Because of the in-series wiring scheme of most KSU-less systems, installation is typically easier than systems using a key service unit, and standard in-wall installations may be used. Unlike KSU systems or standard POTS lines, KSU-less systems typically require an external power supply unit for each extension. Some KSU-less units sacrifice a trunk to transmit power to each extension on the line, eliminating the need for external PSUs while reducing the number of connections to central offices. Other systems still have a recharable battery backup allowing phone service to continue in case mains power is lost.
Because of their limited amount of trunk connections and extensions, KSU-less systems are not as scalable and are mainly marketed at the small office/home office segment. A basic KSU-less system in the 1990s supported up to three lines and eight extensions, although some more advanced units supported up to four lines and sixteen extensions, and by the early 2000s units were available supporting up to 24 extensions. More advanced KSU-less units may also support a "non-square" topology, in which a private trunk line that cannot be accessed from all extensions can be wired up to only one phone.
Features
The advanced features of KSU-less systems, such as intercom, paging, hold, and transfer, are able to function on the same wire as normal phone service because the switching circuitry moves the inter-office voice path, as well as the signaling necessary to establish such paths, to the high-frequency RF band. Concurrent intercoms are typically not possible on basic KSU-less systems; some advanced systems support up to two simultaneous intercoms. KSU-less systems before the late 1990s typically shared the voicemail between all phones, presenting a potential privacy issue. With the advent of affordable flash storage in the turn of the millennium, KSU-less systems began supporting per-extension voicemail, as well as auto attendants, which presents outside callers with a prerecorded voice menu to dial specific extensions. Due to incompatible signaling schemes, different vendor's KSU-less phones typically cannot be mixed together in the same system.
References
Telephone exchange equipment
Computer telephony integration
Telephony equipment | KSU-less system | [
"Technology"
] | 861 | [
"Information technology",
"Computer telephony integration"
] |
77,701,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exidia%20alveolata | Exidia alveolata is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous, pale smoky brown, alveolate (shallowly pitted like a honeycomb), and with sparse pegs or spicules on the surface. The species is currently known only from its original collection in Ecuador.
Description
Exidia alveolata forms smoky brown, gelatinous fruit bodies that are effused and alveolate, around across. Small hyphal pegs or spicules are scattered on the surface.
Microscopic characters
The microscopic characters are typical of the genus Exidia. The basidia are ellipsoid, septate, 14 to 17 by 10 to 12.5 μm. The spores are weakly allantoid (sausage-shaped), 10.5 to 16 by 4 to 6 μm.
References
Taxa named by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard
Auriculariales
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1893
Fungi of South America | Exidia alveolata | [
"Biology"
] | 213 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,702,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20735 | NGC735 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Triangulum. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4374 ± 18km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, eight non redshift measurements give a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 September 1784).
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 735 as a radio galaxy.
Supernovae
Three supernovae have been observed in NGC664:
American astronomer John Huchra discovered SN1972L (type unknown, mag.15) on 3 September 1972.
SN2000dj (typeII, mag.17.4) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 8 September 2000.
SN2006ei (typeIc, mag.18.5) was discovered by LOSS on 21 August 2006.
NGC 669 Group
NGC 735 is a member of the NGC669 group (also known as LGG 37). This group contains 34 galaxies, of which 15 are in NGC, 11 are in UGC, and 3 are in IC.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
0735
007275
+06-05-058
01411
11507+2101
Triangulum
17840913
Discoveries by William Herschel
Spiral galaxies
Radio galaxies | NGC 735 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 290 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
77,702,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center%20interconnect | A datacenter interconnect (DCI) is a connection between data centers and between the components within them. The goal of a data center interconnect is to provide high bandwidth in order to maximize the utility of the data center. Inter data center interconnects must also be able to transmit over long distances. By using specialized infrastructure such as optical communication and direct connection between datacenters, DCI is able to provide much higher bandwidths than typical networks. This is valuable to large cloud computing companies. In 2017, IEEE standards were created to support 400 GbE per wavelength optical communications. For short range connections within a data center, optical DCI can provide the advantage over traditional DCI of not needing cables.
References
Data centers
Networks | Data center interconnect | [
"Technology"
] | 155 | [
"Data centers",
"Computing stubs",
"Computers"
] |
77,703,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joining%20technology | The joining technology is used in any type of mechanical joint which is the arrangement formed by two or more elements: typically, two physical parts and a joining element. The mechanical joining systems make possible to form a set of several pieces using the individual parts and the corresponding joining elements. There are fixed sets and removable sets.
Most common utensils (tools, furniture, weapons, clothing, footwear, vehicles, ...) are made up of sets of parts. The study of mechanical joints is essential to ensure the proper functioning of the mentioned assemblies.”.
Types of unions
Metallic materials
Riveted joint
Bolted joint
Pin joint
Folded joints: Sheet metal folding joint
Welded joints
Soldering
Brazing
Spot welding
Wood and "nailable" materials
Wood
The joints between pieces of wood (natural or processed), between materials similar to joint effects (for example, plastic foam boards) and combined materials can be various. If the parts to be joined include (in addition to wood) metals, ceramic materials or polymers, the joints can be more elaborate.
Joints
Joints of two pieces of wood . A mortise determines the shape of the ends of the two pieces of wood to be joined. Some of traditional joints are listed below:
dovetail joint
pocket-hole joinery
Biscuit joint
dowel (carpentry)
tongue and groove
Butt joint; p.e. traditional violins
Beveled joint; p.e. two pieces of plywood
Joining elements
fastener
nails
copper
bronze, brass, aluminium and others
iron
screws
Self-tapping screw
Bolt (fastener)
staples
threaded inserts
glues and adhesives
female and male (forced assembly)
Tools with wooden handle
Often the handle is wedged and forced. Sometimes with a skinny type bailer or similar.
hammers
axes
scythe
chisel
plane
adzes
Others
barrels (metal staves and hoops)
Polymers
Glues and adhesives
Flexible materials
knots
sewn boats
ropes
Self unions
Some manufactured items are made from a raw material using self unions, that is: unions without using other joining materials.
basketry
reed mats
fabric
felt
knitted fabrics
Braided leather
For example: in a braided leather whip, all joints are made without any kind of sewing thread or adhesive
Fishing nets
Metallic nets
Historical examples
Neolithic
The replacement of cut stone tools by polished stone tools is not the most important innovation, although it is the one that gives the period its name. The diversification of tasks that needed to be done (cutting down trees, sowing seeds, harvesting cereals, much of the grain...) explains that the first farmers had to create new specific tools for each function. Most utensils were made of flint with a wooden handle, others were made of bone and animal horn. They made pottery to store food, fabric for clothing with wool and linen, musical instruments...
The mortice and tenon coupling was used to join the planks of the ancient Greek ships with double box and false wick. This set was fixed with a wooden peg on each side. The construction system of the large ships of antiquity (the chaining with a guarantor of the lining plates) was of Phoenician origin. The Romans called it "Phoenician chains" ("coagmenta punicana", in Latin plural).
Bronze Age
iron age
Phoenicians and Carthaginians
The mortice and tenon coupling was used to join the planks of the ancient Greek ships with double box and false wick. This set was fixed with a wooden peg on each side. The construction system of the large ships of antiquity (the chaining with a guarantor of the lining plates) was of Phoenician origin. The Romans called it "Phoenician joints" ("coagmenta punicana", in Latin plural).
Ancient egypt
The images show three material assemblies representing three mechanical joints and the corresponding joint elements. The first example, a solar boat, recalls the sewn joints of the wooden pieces that make up the boat's hull. In this particular case the joints were reinforced with box and wick fittings. The second example is that of the wheels of a war chariot. The button of a wheel was formed by the union of the six "vertices" of six pieces of wood - each bent at an angle - so that each spoke was formed by the union of two arms of contiguous angular pieces. The third example is based on the funerary mask of Tutankhamun and shows a kind of soft welding for metals.
Ancient Greece
Classical Greek culture offers many examples of ensembles made up of pieces mechanically joined together. The following sets are randomly presented: a hoplite spear, a hoplite shield, a mechanical system for chariot racing, the Antikythera mechanism, and general war machines.
In figure 1 you can see a Greek spear made up of three parts: the tip (of bronze or steel), the shaft (of ash or a similar wood) and the shaft (of bronze or steel). This set involves two unions.
Viking Era
The ships of the Vikings, the drakkars, had (almost all) tingled hulls.
The juxtaposed lath system was the most popular on the Mediterranean coast. Boats, oxen, gussies and ships of great harbor had ships according to this arrangement. The tingled can method (in which each can overlaps the bottom can) was typical of the Atlantic coasts. An example would be the ships of the Vikings, the drakkars. The method of sewing the tins was followed in various parts of the world, with examples in the Nordic countries and on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.
The union of two planks in a drakkar was secured by means of iron rivets (or nails with a dome on the outside and a bent point on the inside). The tightness was obtained with moss or wool impregnated with resin or glue.
Patents
Since about the fifteenth century, joining technologies have been the subject of patents and similar actions. Here follows a small, random sample, arranged chronologically. The listed patents include assembly tools for mounting or tightening fasteners.
1891 The Swedish company Bahco attributes an improved design, in 1891 or 1892, to the Swedish inventor Johan Petter Johansson who in 1892 received a patent.
1909 Allen screws.
1944 Blind rivets
1981 Pozidriv screws.
References
External links
Konstruktionsatlas (Maschinenbau)
Mechanics
Soldering | Joining technology | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,329 | [
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
77,703,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triprene | Triprene is an insecticide that is no longer in use. It is an insect growth regulator introduced by Zoecon Corporation (now Sandoz AG) under the "Altorick" trademark, registered 1974 and not renewed, expiring in 1980. The EPA records no registration, now or past.
Triprene is nontoxic to mammals, non-carcinogenic, not a human endocrine disruptor, and not neurotoxic. To fish, it may be of moderate toxicity.
Triprene is a juvenile hormone mimic. It disrupts insects' development by endocrine disruption, causing incomplete pupation and sterile adult insects.
Effectiveness
Triprene was tested against the similar kinoprene and hydroprene. Kinoprene was the most effective against long tailed mealybug and solanum mealybug, hydroprene and triprene both needing multiple applications. All controlled coffee brown scale.
References
External links
Insecticides
Ethers
Thioesters | Triprene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 207 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Thioesters",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
77,704,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%206 | Zen 6 is the name for an upcoming CPU microarchitecture from AMD, shown on their roadmap in July 2024. It is the successor to Zen 5 and is believed to use TSMC's 3 nm and 2 nm processes. Desktop processors will be codenamed "Medusa" under the Ryzen 10000 name, while Epyc server processors will be codenamed "Venice".
Like with the previous two Zen generations, Zen 6 will come in the standard variant, as well as a high-core-density variant named "Zen 6c".
Zen 6 is expected to release in 2026.
References
AMD microarchitectures
AMD x86 microprocessors
X86 microarchitectures | Zen 6 | [
"Technology"
] | 156 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
77,705,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses%20%28spacecraft%29 | Ramses, or Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety, is a proposed ESA mission to a near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis. If approved, it is expected to be launched in April 2028, to arrive at Apophis in February 2029, before its closest approach to Earth. It will conduct multiple measurements of the asteroid's properties, to study possible response in case such an asteroid would be on a collision course with Earth.
ESA signed a contract with OHB Italia SpA for preliminary work on the mission in October 2024 and has also unveil the official mission patch. A funding decision is expected to be made in late 2025 at the ESA Ministerial Council. Ramses will be "an adaptation of Hera", launched in 2024.
References
European Space Agency space probes
Proposed spacecraft
Missions to asteroids | Ramses (spacecraft) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 171 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
77,706,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-physical%20true%20random%20number%20generator | Non-physical true random number generator (NPTRNG), also known as non-physical nondeterministic random bit generator is a true random number generator that does not have access to dedicated hardware entropy source. NPTRNG uses a non-physical noise source that obtains entropy from system data, like outputs of application programming interface functions, residual information in the random access memory, system time or human input (e.g., mouse movements and keystrokes). A typical NPTRNG is implemented as software running on a computer. The NPTRNGs are frequently found in the kernels of the popular operating systems that are expected to run on any generic CPU (for example /dev/random in Linux).
Reliability
An NPTRNG is inherently less trustworthy that its physical random number generator counterpart, as the non-physical noise sources require specific conditions to work, thus the entropy estimates require major assumptions about the external environment and skills of an attacker.
Typical attacks include:
vulnerability to an adversary with system access (just like any software-based TRNG);
an attacker connecting a predictable source of events (for example, a mouse simulator);
operating in an environment where the assumptions about the system behavior no longer hold true (for example, in a virtual machine).
A more sophisticated attack in 2007 breached the forward secrecy of the NPTRNG in Windows 2000 by exploiting few implementation flaws.
Implementations
The design of an NPTRNG is traditional for TRNGs: a noise source is followed by a postprocessing randomness extractor and, optionally, with a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) seeded by the true random bits. For example, in Linux, the /dev/random does not use the PRNG (and thus can block when it needs to collect more entropy), while /dev/urandom includes one (and therefore can always provide more bits and is non-blocking).
As of 2014, the Linux NPTRNG implementation extracted the entropy from:
the interrupts, mixing CPU cycle counter, kernel timer value, IRQ number, and instruction pointer of the interrupted instruction into a "fast pool" of entropy;
the random-time I/O (events from keyboard, mouse, and disk), mixing the kernel timer value, cycle counter, device-specific information into the "input pool".
At the time, testing in virtualized environments had shown that there existed a boot-time "entropy hole" (reset vulnerability) when the early (u)random outputs were catastrophically non-random, but in general the system provided enough uncertainty to thwart an attacker.
References
Sources
Cryptography
Random number generation | Non-physical true random number generator | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 543 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Computing stubs",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
77,706,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20Fibre%20Board | Natural Fibre Board (NFB), or otherwise natural fibreboard or natural fiberboard, is a registered European trademark representing wood fibre boards produced without the use of binding agents, for instance, formaldehyde-based resins or other synthetic resins.
It is a European wood-based panel, which belongs to the fibreboards; from the past, it is typically called hardboard. Technically this is a wet-process fibreboard glued only with the natural lignin of the wood material itself.
The trademark is licensed to the European Panel Federation (EPF), an organization that represents all European manufacturers of hardboard and softboard using the wet-process system. These manufacturers adhere to stringent product characteristics and production process criteria.
Manufacturing process
NFB hardboard and softboard products are manufactured by a specialized industry using exclusively pure wood fibres. The production process involves a thermo-mechanical treatment that re-polymerizes the lignin —nature's glue found within wood—which naturally binds the wood fibres without the need for synthetic adhesives or resins containing formaldehyde or isocyanate resin. As a result, NFB products are considered formaldehyde-free, clean, and safe for human health. These fibreboard products are completely recyclable and biodegradable.
The final uses of the NFB boards include, among other things, furniture manufacturing, building construction, and thermal and acoustic insulation.
Products
There are actually two (2) different types of panels produced today.
NFB hardboard: This fibreboard is formed by high-pressure compression and temperature during a pressing process. Thus, the high-density boards satisfy demanding applications as a result of tempering or other treatments that achieve great physical and mechanical characteristics and excellent dimensional stability.
NFB softboard: a fibreboard which is a good insulating material against the cold. Such a wet process-manufactured softboard also protects against summer heat, and its high heat storage capacity helps prevent indoor overheating during the summer months.
Environmental impact
Natural fibreboard is recognized for its eco-friendly properties, playing a significant role in addressing climate change by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the data of EPF, on average, the use of NFB in a single house can save up to 2 tons of CO2, an amount equivalent to that absorbed by a 750 m2 forest area.
NFB serves as a certification brand, ensuring that fibreboards manufactured by EPF members comply with all relevant European health and environmental standards. The licensed manufacturers are committed to the principles of forest sustainability and the responsible management of natural resources. This commitment is reflected in establishing effective wastewater treatment systems and wood dust collection methods and maintaining safe working conditions. As such, the NFB trademark guarantees consumers that the fibreboard used in their homes, furnishings, and automobiles is safe, healthy, and produced with a strong regard for the environment.
See also
Medium-density fibreboard
Hardboard
Solid wood
References
External links
Natural Fibre Board
Engineered wood
Composite materials | Natural Fibre Board | [
"Physics"
] | 615 | [
"Materials",
"Composite materials",
"Matter"
] |
77,707,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20regions%20of%20Kazakhstan%20by%20life%20expectancy |
Bureau of National Statistics
Source:
The tables below include data from Kazakhstan's Bureau of National Statistics, which has published data on life expectancy by year, region, gender, and settlement type (urban and rural) consistently. Life expectancy in Kazakhstan has increased consistently for each year from 2005 to 2019, during which life expectancy for males went from 60.30 years to 68.82 years and life expectancy for females went from 71.77 years to 77.30 years. By 2023, life expectancy of Kazakhstan has reached 75.09 years.
Latest data (2023)
Past Life Expectancy (2019)
Past data (1999-2023)
Global Data Lab (2019–2022)
Data source: Global Data Lab
See also
List of Asian countries by life expectancy
Demographics of Kazakhstan
References
Demographics of Kazakhstan
Health in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, life expectancy
Kazakhstan
Regions of Kazakhstan
Health-related lists
Kazakhstan geography-related lists | List of regions of Kazakhstan by life expectancy | [
"Biology"
] | 189 | [
"Senescence",
"Life expectancy"
] |
77,710,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201233 | NGC1233 (also listed as NGC 1235) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4218 ± 14km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, three non redshift measurements give a distance of . The galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan on 10 December 1871. It is also thought to have been observed by Lewis Swift on 21 October 1886, and later listed as NGC 1235.
Supernovae
Three supernovae have been observed in NGC1233:
SN2009lj (typeIc, mag.19) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 13 November 2009.
SN2017lf (typeIa, mag.17.3) was discovered by the Tsinghua-NAOC Transient Survey (TNTS) on 22 January 2017.
SN2022bqi (typeII, mag.17) was discovered by Giancarlo Cortini on 7 February 2022.
NGC 1207 Group
NGC 1233 is a part of the 3 member NGC 1207 group (also known as LGG 83). The third galaxy in the group is UGC 2604.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
1233
011955
+06-08-003
02586
03093+3907
Perseus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1871
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan
Spiral galaxies | NGC 1233 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 309 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,710,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20perchlorate%20complexes | Transition metal perchlorate complexes are coordination complexes with one or more perchlorate ligands. Perchlorate can bind to metals through one, two, three, or all four oxygen atoms. Usually however, perchlorate is a counterion, not a ligand.
Homoleptic complexes
Homoleptic complexes, i.e. complexes where all the ligands are the same (in this case perchlorate), are of fundamental interest because of their simple stoichiometries.
Several anhydrous metal diperchlorate complexes are known but most are not molecular (and hence, not complexes). For example, many compounds with the formula are coordination polymers (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu). An exception to this pattern is palladium(II) perchlorate , which is a square planar complex consisting of a pair of bidentate perchlorate ligands. Furthermore, anhydrous is sublimable, which implies the existence of molecular .
Titanium(IV) perchlorate and zirconium(IV) perchlorate are molecular, featuring four bidentate perchlorate ligands. They are volatile.
Mixed ligand complexes
More common than homoleptic complexes are those with two or more types of ligands. A classic case is the dicationic complex pentamminecobalt(III) perchlorate, which had resisted formation by conventional substitution reactions. It was prepared by oxidation of the azide complex:
Another mixed ligand complex is the perchlorate complex of the ferric derivative of octaethylporphyrin.
Perchlorate as a counterion
Being the conjugate base of the strongly acidic perchloric acid, perchlorate is very weakly basic. It is more commonly encountered as a counterion in coordination chemistry. Illustrative of its low basicity is the ability of water to outcompete perchlorate as a ligand for metal ions is indicated by the multitude of aquo complexes with noncoordinated perchlorate. Ferrous perchlorate, cobalt(II) perchlorate, chromium(III) perchlorate, manganese(II) perchlorate, nickel(II) perchlorate, and copper(II) perchlorate are commonly encountered as their hexaaquo complexes.
Synthesis
The preparation of perchlorate complexes can be challenging because perchlorate is a weakly coordinating anion.
Chlorine trioxide is an important precursor to anhydrous perchlorate complexes. It serves as a source of . It reacts with vanadium pentoxide () to give and . Hydrated mercury and cadmium perchlorates can be dehydrated with , affording anhydrous compounds.
In some cases, chlorine trioxide serves both as an oxidant and a dehydrating agent:
Silver perchlorate, which has some solubility in noncoordinating solvents, reacts with some metal chlorides to give the corresponding perchlorate complex.
Reactions
Anhydrous perchlorate complexes are susceptible to hydrolysis:
Upon heating, perchlorate complexes yield oxides, evolving chlorine oxides in the process. For example, thermolysis of titanium perchlorate gives TiO2, ClO2, and O2 The titanyl species TiO(ClO4)2 is an intermediate in this decomposition.
Ti(ClO4)4 → TiO2 + 4ClO2 + 3O2 ΔH =
Safety
Perchlorate complexes and the reagents used to prepare them are often dangerously explosive intrinsically and especially in contact with organic compounds.
References
Ligands
Coordination chemistry
Perchlorates | Transition metal perchlorate complexes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 766 | [
"Ligands",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Perchlorates",
"Salts"
] |
77,711,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20property | In mathematics, piecewise properties may be exemplified in:
Calculus
A function property holds piecewise for a function, if the function can be piecewise-defined in a way that the property holds for every subdomain. Examples of functions with such piecewise properties are:
Piecewise constant function, also known as a step function
Piecewise linear function
Piecewise continuous function
Piecewise function or piecewise smooth function
Piecewise differentiable function
Other
The concept of piecewise-defined functions is often generalized:
Piecewise linear curve
Piecewise polynomial curve, also known as a spline (mathematics)
Piecewise linear manifold
Types of functions | Piecewise property | [
"Mathematics"
] | 126 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Types of functions",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
77,711,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional%20psychiatry | Interventional Psychiatry is a subspecialty within the field of psychiatry, focusing on the use of procedural and device-based treatments to manage mental health disorders, particularly those resistant to conventional therapies such as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. This field integrates neuromodulation methods with targeted pharmacological interventions, providing options for patients who have not responded to traditional treatments.
Historical background
The origins of interventional psychiatry can be traced to the historical use of procedural treatments for psychiatric disorders, with Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) being a notable early example. Introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, ECT involves applying electrical currents to the brain to induce seizures, which can alleviate symptoms of severe depression, catatonia, and other psychiatric conditions. Despite its effectiveness, ECT has been subject to stigma due to concerns over side effects, particularly cognitive impairments.
During the latter half of the 20th century, the rise of psychopharmacology led to a decline in procedural treatments, as medications became the primary mode of treating mental health disorders. However, the lack of response in some patients to pharmacotherapy renewed interest in procedural treatments, eventually leading to the development of interventional psychiatry as a distinct subspecialty.
Scope and treatments
Interventional psychiatry encompasses various treatments, primarily categorized into neuromodulation techniques and interventional pharmacology. These treatments are typically employed in cases of treatment-resistant mental health disorders.
Neuromodulation techniques
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): ECT remains a cornerstone of interventional psychiatry, especially for severe, treatment-resistant depression and catatonia. The procedure involves controlled electrical currents to the brain, inducing a seizure that can lead to significant improvements in mood and behavior.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS is a non-invasive technique using magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain areas. It has been approved for treating major depressive disorder and is particularly useful for patients unresponsive to antidepressants. Unlike ECT, TMS does not require anesthesia and has a lower risk of cognitive side effects.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): VNS involves implanting a device that delivers electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, influencing brain activity. Initially developed for epilepsy treatment, VNS has also been approved for treatment-resistant depression.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): DBS is an invasive procedure involving the surgical implantation of electrodes in specific brain areas. These electrodes deliver electrical impulses to modulate brain circuits involved in mood regulation. DBS is currently used for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder and is being explored as a treatment for severe depression.
Other Emerging Techniques: New modalities such as focused ultrasound (FUS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) are under investigation for potential psychiatric applications, offering the possibility of more targeted and less invasive interventions.
Interventional pharmacology
Ketamine and Esketamine: Ketamine, an anesthetic, has shown rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. It is administered intravenously in controlled settings. Esketamine, a derivative of ketamine, is available as a nasal spray and has been approved for use with oral antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression.
Other Pharmacological Interventions: This category includes intravenous brexanolone, used for postpartum depression, and emerging therapies involving psychedelics such as psilocybin, which are being studied for their potential to enhance psychotherapy and treat refractory depression.
Fellowship programs
The demand for specialized training has led to the creation of fellowship programs dedicated to interventional psychiatry. These fellowships typically last one year and provide comprehensive training in various interventional modalities, including both neuromodulation techniques and interventional pharmacology. Fellows gain experience in patient selection, procedural techniques, and side effect management, along with exposure to emerging treatments and research opportunities.
Stigma and public perception
Interventional psychiatry faces challenges related to stigma, both within the medical community and the general public
References
Psychiatry
Academic disciplines
Behavioural sciences
Branches of psychology | Interventional psychiatry | [
"Biology"
] | 882 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior"
] |
64,598,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect%20paleobiota%20of%20Burmese%20amber | Burmese amber is fossil resin dating to the early Late Cretaceous Cenomanian age recovered from deposits in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. It is known for being one of the most diverse Cretaceous age amber paleobiotas, containing rich arthropod fossils, along with uncommon vertebrate fossils and even rare marine inclusions. A mostly complete list of all taxa described up to the end of 2023 can be found in Ross (2024).
Clade Amphiesmenoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidopteran research
Description of new specimens of caterpillars expanding the morphological diversity of Cretaceous caterpillars, is published by Gauweiler et al. (2022), who also attempt to determine whether Cretaceous caterpillars might have represented an adequate food source for early birds.
Tarachoptera
Trichoptera
Clade Antliophora
Diptera
Mecoptera
Clade Archaeorthoptera
Orthoptera
Other archaeorthopterans
Clade Coleopterida
Coleoptera
Strepsiptera
Clade Dictyoptera
Blattodea
Mantodea
Clade Hymenopteroida
Hymenoptera
Clade Neuropterida
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Raphidioptera
other neuropterida
Clade Paraneoptera
Hemiptera
Permopsocida
Psocodea
Thysanoptera
Zoraptera
Clade Perlidea
Dermaptera
Embioptera
Grylloblattodea
Phasmatodea
Plecoptera
Clade Palaeoptera
Ephemeroptera
Odonatoptera
Archaeognatha
Zygentoma
References
Prehistoric fauna by locality | Insect paleobiota of Burmese amber | [
"Biology"
] | 344 | [
"Prehistoric fauna by locality",
"Prehistoric biotas"
] |
64,598,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabunan%20Antiviral%20Injection | The Fabunan Antiviral Injection (FAI) is a patented medicine administered to patients by US-based Filipino doctors Ruben and Willie Fabunan, who assured that it can treat dengue fever, chikungunya, dog bite, snakebite, and HIV/AIDS.
Formulation
Fabunan contains procaine hydrochloride, a water-soluble ester anesthetic, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate, a corticosteroid with well-known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties. The solution is intended to be administered as an intramuscular injection.
Validity of claims
The patent application cites six case studies for conditions such as dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever and AIDS, which were all conducted at the Fabunan Medical Clinic in Burgos. To date, no registered clinical trials of the Fabunan Antiviral Injection have been performed to validate the Fabunans' claims.
COVID-19 claims
Recent claims promoted on social media that it can cure COVID-19 are not supported by the Philippine government, which has issued a cease and desist order to Fabunan Medical Clinic in Zambales, prompting the clinic to stop its operations on April 2. On April 15, 2020, the fact-checking website Rappler warned against false claims on YouTube and Facebook that the so-called treatment had been approved, and pointed out that on April 8, 2020, the FDA warned the public against the use of drugs or vaccines that are not yet certified to treat COVID-19, particularly the Fabunan Antiviral Injection. Similarly, claims popularly spread in YouTube videos in June 2020 that Fabunan has been approved in Indonesia have been demonstrated to be false.
See also
List of unproven methods against COVID-19
References
Antiviral drugs
Experimental antiviral drugs
Communication of falsehoods
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Combination antiviral drugs
COVID-19 drug development | Fabunan Antiviral Injection | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 412 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Antiviral drugs",
"Drug discovery",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Biocides"
] |
64,599,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20animals%20that%20can%20change%20color | Some animals are capable of changing their colors with varying degrees of transformation. This may be a very gradual (shedding of fur or feathers) seasonal camouflage, occurring only twice a year. In other animals more rapid changes may be a form of active camouflage, or of signalling.
Examples
Examples of animals that change color include:
Mammals and birds
Alaskan hare - In the summer, Alaskan hares have a brown fur coat with white under parts. In the winter, they have a white fur coat with black-tipped ears. They also shed their gray-brown summer topcoat, becoming all white during the winter.
Arctic hare - In Newfoundland and southern Labrador, the Arctic hare changes its coat color, moulting and growing new fur, from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter, like some other Arctic animals including ermine and ptarmigan, enabling it to remain camouflaged as the environment changes. However, the Arctic hares in the far north of Canada, where summer is very short, remain white all year round.
Arctic fox
Rock ptarmigan
Willow ptarmigan
Snowshoe hare
Stoat
Long-tailed duck
Reptiles and amphibians
Chameleons - Colour change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons. Because chameleons are ectothermic, they change color also to regulate their body temperatures, either to a darker color to absorb light and heat to raise their temperature, or to a lighter color to reflect light and heat, thereby either stabilizing or lowering their body temperature.
Anoles - The majority of anoles (Dactyloidae) can change their color depending on things like emotions (for example, aggression or stress), activity level, levels of light and as a social signal (for example, displaying dominance).
Frogs, e.g. gray treefrog and Peron's tree frog (which can change colour in less than one hour).
Molluscs
Cephalopod - Cephalopods can change their colors and patterns in milliseconds, whether for signalling (both within the species and for warning) or active camouflage, as their chromatophores are expanded or contracted. Although color changes appear to rely primarily on vision input, there is evidence that skin cells, specifically chromatophores, can detect light and adjust to light conditions independently of the eyes.
Cuttlefish including Sepia prashadi
Octopus including mimic octopus and giant Pacific octopus
Fish
Many fish change colors, including several species of gobies and groupers. Color changes may be initiated by changes in mood, temperature, and stress in addition to visible changes in the local environment.
Flounder e.g. Hippoglossina oblonga
Syngnathidae (including seahorses)
Insects and spiders
Charidotella sexpunctata - Adults can turn from shiny gold through reddish-brown when disturbed.
Misumena vatia - The color change from white to yellow (depending on the color of the flowers on which the spider is hunting) takes between 10 and 25 days; the reverse about six days.
Chrysso venusta has been observed to rapidly change its color when disturbed.
Some spiders, including Cyrtophora cicatrosa, can change colour rapidly.
Thomisus spectabilis
See also
Bioluminescence
Peppered moth evolution - an example of colour change during evolution
References
color change
animals | List of animals that can change color | [
"Biology"
] | 702 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Animals"
] |
64,599,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20the%20Fish%20in%20the%20Sea | All the Fish in the Sea: Maximum Sustainable Yield and the Failure of Fisheries Management is a 2011 book by Carmel Finley. The book argues that the policies for international fishing and whaling management were essentially locked in place by 1958, and that the United States played a large role in setting them. In the development of the international law covering fisheries, the US supported laws that would protect the US tuna and salmon fisheries while limiting the ability of other nations, and Japan in particular, to fish in US waters. The book thus ties fisheries management inseparably with Cold War politics.
In particular, Finley traces the development of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), arguing that MSY had no scientific basis and thus was a political and economic construct more than a scientific one. The "model did not represent the codification of quantitative, empirical evidence." Once instituted, instead of limiting fishing, MSY's assertion that underfishing wasted oceanic resources meant MSY "was not really a limit, but a goal to be reached," thus encouraging more fishing rather than less. The book engages the myth of the "Tragedy of the Commons" by demonstrating that governmental action and international policy led to overfishing, and not the self-interested actions of individual fishers.
Finley argues that to achieve a sustainable future for fisheries, "we need to change the focus of management from estimating harvest to maintaining the population structure of fish stocks and their ecosystems." The book is also important as part of a movement to understand the oceans as a place with a history, rather than an unchanging void around which human history happens.
References
2011 non-fiction books
History of science and technology
Environmental history
Environmental non-fiction books
Maritime history
Law of the sea
Fisheries law
University of Chicago Press books | All the Fish in the Sea | [
"Technology"
] | 360 | [
"History of science and technology"
] |
64,599,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmy%20SAS | Valmy SAS is a French manufacturer of personal protective equipment, based near Lyon, France. Its products include surgical masks and disposable hygiene equipment. It is a subsidiary of Segetex.
In 2020, the company was involved in a controversy regarding the supply of protective masks to the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
Manufacturing companies of France
Medical technology companies of France | Valmy SAS | [
"Biology"
] | 82 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Medical technology stubs",
"Medical technology"
] |
64,600,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%20Brown | Ezra Abraham "Bud" Brown (born January 22, 1944, in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician active in combinatorics, algebraic number theory, elliptic curves, graph theory, expository mathematics and cryptography. He spent most of his career at Virginia Tech where he is now Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Mathematics.
Education and career
Brown earned a BA at Rice University in 1965. He then studied mathematics at Louisiana State University (LSU), getting an MS in 1967 and a PhD in 1969 with the dissertation "Representations of Discriminantal Divisors by Binary Quadratic Forms" under Gordon Pall. He joined Virginia Tech in 1969 becoming Assistant Professor (1969–73), Associate Professor (1973–81), Professor (1981–2005), and Alumni Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Distinguished Professor of Mathematics (2005–2017). He retired from Virginia Tech in 2017.
Brown became interested in elliptic curves while at LSU and this has remained one of his principal areas of research along with quadratic forms and algebraic number theory in general.
His extensive expository writing has garnered him many awards from the MAA, including the Chauvenet Prize, the Allendoerfer Award (3 times) and the Pólya Award (3 times).
His books include The Unity of Combinatorics (MAA, 2020), co-authored with Richard K. Guy.
Personal life
While at LSU he met his future wife Jo. Brown remained at Virginia Tech until his retirement in 2017.
At the age of 16 Brown taught himself to play the piano, and in college he acted in several musicals and joined an a cappella chorus. In 1989, he joined the Blacksburg Master Chorale and the chorus of Opera Roanoke. Starting in 2011 he took his love of music and math to MathFest where he an his fellow mathematicians composed new words to old show tunes and even took part in a Gilbert-and-Sullivan Singalong at MathFest 2016 with his "Biscuits of Number Theory" co-editor Art Benjamin.
Brown and his mathematical grandfather, L. E. Dickson, have the same birthday.
Selected publications
papers
2018 "Five Families Around a Well: A New Look at an Old Problem" (with Matthew Crawford)
2015 "Many More Names of (7,3,1)]"
2012 "Why Ellipses Are Not Elliptic Curves" (with Adrian Rice)
2009 "Kirkman's Schoolgirls Wearing Hats and Walking Through Fields of Numbers" (with Keith Mellinger)
2005 "Phoebe Floats!"Phoebe Floats!
2004 "The Fabulous (11, 5, 2) Biplane"
2002 "The Many Names of (7,3,1)"
2000 "Three Fermat Trails to Elliptic Curves"
1999 "Square Roots from 1; 24, 51, 10 to Dan Shanks"
books
2020 (with Richard K. Guy) The Unity of Combinatorics, American Mathematical Society,
2009 (co-edited with Arthur T. Benjamin) Biscuits of Number Theory, MAA Publications,
1990 (translation from German) Regiomontanus: His Life and Work
Awards
2022 MAA Chauvenet Prize (with Matthew Crawford) for "Five Families Around a Well: A New Look at an Old Problem"
2014 MAA Sister Helen Christensen Service Award
2013 MAA Allendoerfer Award (with Adrian Rice) for "Why Ellipses Are Not Elliptic Curves"
2010 MAA Allendoerfer Award (with Keith Mellinger) for "Kirkman's Schoolgirls Wearing Hats and Walking Through Fields of Numbers"
2003 MAA Allendoerfer Award for "The Many Names of (7,3,1)"
2001 MAA Pólya Award for "Three Fermat Trails to Elliptic Curves"
2000 MAA Pólya Award for "Square Roots from 1; 24, 51, 10 to Dan Shanks"
2006 MAA Pólya Award for "Phoebe Floats!"
1999 MAA John M. Smith Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching
1997 Virginia Tech Edward S. Diggs Teaching Scholar Award
Omicron Delta Kappa G. Burke Johnston Award
References
External links
Personal web page
1945 births
Living people
Virginia Tech faculty
Louisiana State University alumni
People from New Orleans
Rice University alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American algebraists
Combinatorialists | Ezra Brown | [
"Mathematics"
] | 868 | [
"Combinatorialists",
"Combinatorics"
] |
64,601,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentadienylvanadium%20tetracarbonyl | Cyclopentadienylvanadium tetracarbonyl is the organovanadium compound with the formula (C5H5)V(CO)4. An orange, diamagnetic solid, it is the principal cyclopentadienyl carbonyl of vanadium. It can be prepared by heating a solution of vanadocene under high pressure of carbon monoxide. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, the coordination sphere of vanadium consists of η5-cyclopentadienyl and four carbonyl ligands. The molecule is a four-legged piano stool complex. The compound is soluble in common organic solvents. The compound has no commercial applications.
Reactions
Reduction with sodium amalgam gives the dianion of the tricarbonyl:
CpV(CO)4 + 2 Na → Na2CpV(CO)3 + CO
Protonation of this salt gives Cp2V2(CO)5.
Heating a mixture of cycloheptatriene and cyclopentadienylvanadium tetracarbonyl gives (cycloheptatrienyl)(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium ("trovacene").
References
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Carbonyl complexes
Organovanadium compounds
Half sandwich compounds | Cyclopentadienylvanadium tetracarbonyl | [
"Chemistry"
] | 270 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Half sandwich compounds",
"Cyclopentadienyl complexes"
] |
64,601,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAALADL2 | N-Acetylated Alpha-Linked Acidic Dipeptidase Like 2 (NAALADL2) is a protein, encoded by the gene NAALADL2 in humans. NAALADL2 shares 25%–26% sequence identity and 45% sequence similarity with the glutamate carboxypeptidase II family which includes prostate cancer marker PSMA (FOLH1/NAALAD1). The NAALADL2 gene is a giant gene spanning 1.37 Mb which is approximately 49 times larger than the average gene size of 28 kb. Gene length is correlated with the number of transcript variants of a gene, as such, NAALADL2 undergoes extensive alternative splicing and has 12 splice variants as defined by Ensembl.
Function
The current function of NAALADL2 is unknown. NAALADL2 shows significant homology to N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase and transferrin receptors. While sharing some homology with the M28B metallopeptidase family, NAALADL2 does not possess favoured amino acids at certain key positions that are highly conserved, and important for metallopeptidase function, which may imply it is catalytically inactive.
Clinical significance
NAALADL2 has been shown to be severed by a Cornelia De Lange-associated translocation breakpoint at 3q26.3.
The rs17531088 SNP in NAALADL2 was shown to be associated with Kawasaki disease in a large GWAS comprising two independent cohorts totalling 893 KD cases plus population and family controls.
Cancer
NAALADL2 has been shown to have a role in prostate cancer. NAALADL2 protein expression is associated with prostate tumour stage and grade with mRNA expression predicting poor survival following radical prostatectomy in a small cohort. Overexpression of NAALADL2 in cell lines subsequently altered binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) components and enhanced the invasive capacity of prostate cancer cells. When NAALADL2 expression was artificially increased in cell lines, genes involved in the cell cycle, cell adhesion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cytoskeletal remodelling were altered. These results suggest NAALADL2 may act to drive aggressive prostate cancer.
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 12,518 prostate cancer cases found a SNP; rs78943174, within the 3q26.31 (NAALADL2) locus associated with high Gleason sum score. A second study of SNPs occurring within common transcription factor binding sites identified the SNP; rs10936845 within a GATA2 motif. This SNP increased the expression of NAALADL2 expression in prostate cancer patients, with increased expression also predicting biochemical recurrence.
In prostate cancer, somatic copy-number gains in NAALADL2 are present in around 16% of patients with localised disease, increasing to 30% of Gleason grade 5 disease, and 50% of T stage 4 disease. co-occurring with adjacent oncogene TBL1XR1. The frequency of CNA gains in NAALADL2 associate with a number of clinical hallmarks of aggressive prostate cancer including Gleason grade, tumour stage, positive surgical margins and cancer which has spread to the lymph nodes. The frequency of copy-number gains in this genetic region also increase in castrate resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The region surrounding NAALADL2 is rich in oncogenes. Copy-number gains in NAALADL2 often co-occur with neighbouring oncogenes including: BCL6, ATR and PI3K family members. Copy-number gains at the DNA level associate with mRNA expression changes in more than 450 known oncogenes, suggesting this region may be important in driving aggressive prostate cancer.
A study of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has found the antisense strand of NAALADL2 (NAALADL2-AS2) to be more than 2-fold higher in patients with mCRPC compared with healthy volunteers. Patients with higher NAALADL2-AS2 expression had an improved response to enzalutamide compared to those with lower expression.
In breast cancer, multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) are 3D cell cultures which acquire differentiated cell-cell junctions and a defined microenvironment, differentially expressing a number of adhesion molecules such as EPCAM, E-cadherin, integrins and syndecans when compared to 2D monocultures. NAALADL2 has been shown to be differentially expressed in MTS when compared to 2D cultures. These results support a role of NAALADL2 in cell-cell interactions and agree with evidence in prostate cancer which find NAALADL2 affects cell-ECM interactions.
SNP's in NAALADL2 have also been identified in cancer risk GWAS's for breast cancer and Lung cancer.
Fragile site
It has been shown that the gene encoding NAALADL2 is located within a fragile site, a genomic loci prone to breakage and subsequent repair. In cancer, the fragile site located within NAALADL2 has been recently shown to be the fifth most altered of all fragile sites. Therefore, it has been suggested that the copy-number gains in NAALADL2 and gains in surrounding oncogenes such as GATA2, PIK3CB, ATR, SMC4, TBL1XR1, SOX2 and MUC4 may likely arise due to breakage and attempted genomic repair in this region. Upon a break in this fragile site, through a process known as the fork stalling and template switching (FoSTeS), extra copies of the genes in the region surrounding the break may be duplicated. Extra copies (copy-number gains) of NAALADL2 and the genes which surround it have been shown to increase the mRNA expression of these genes, leading to further dysregulation and activation of cancer-associated pathways involved in growth and proliferation.
References
Genes
Prostate cancer
Proteins | NAALADL2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,281 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
64,602,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20Sobolev%20inequalities | In mathematics, logarithmic Sobolev inequalities are a class of inequalities involving the norm of a function f, its logarithm, and its gradient . These inequalities were discovered and named by Leonard Gross, who established them in dimension-independent form, in the context of constructive quantum field theory. Similar results were discovered by other mathematicians before and many variations on such inequalities are known.
Gross proved the inequality:
where is the -norm of , with being standard Gaussian measure on Unlike classical Sobolev inequalities, Gross's log-Sobolev inequality does not have any dimension-dependent constant, which makes it applicable in the infinite-dimensional limit.
Entropy functional
Define the entropy functionalThis is equal to the (unnormalized) KL divergence by .
A probability measure on is said to satisfy the log-Sobolev inequality with constant if for any smooth function f
Variants
Notes
References
Axiomatic quantum field theory
Sobolev spaces
Logarithms | Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities | [
"Mathematics"
] | 216 | [
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Logarithms"
] |
64,602,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Topological%20Picturebook | A Topological Picturebook is a book on mathematical visualization in low-dimensional topology by George K. Francis. It was originally published by Springer in 1987, and reprinted in paperback in 2007. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
Although the book includes some computer-generated images, most of it is centered on hand drawing techniques. After an introductory chapter on topological surfaces, the cusps in the outlines of surfaces formed when viewing them from certain angles, and the self-intersections of immersed surfaces, the next two chapters are centered on drawing techniques: chapter two concerns ink, paper, cross-hatching, and shading techniques for indicating the curvature of surfaces, while chapter three provides some basic techniques of graphical perspective.
The remaining five chapters of the book provide case studies of different visualization problems in mathematics, called by the book "picture stories". The mathematical topics visualized in these chapters include the Penrose triangle and related optical illusions; the Roman surface and Boy's surface, two different immersions of the projective plane, and deformations between them; sphere eversion and the Morin surface; group theory, the mapping class groups of surfaces, and the braid groups; and knot theory, Seifert surfaces, the Hopf fibration of space by linked circles, and the construction of knot complements by gluing polyhedra.
Audience and reception
Reviewer Athanase Papadopoulos calls the book "a drawing manual for mathematicians". However, reviewer Dave Auckly disagrees, writing that, although the book explains the principles of Francis's own visualizations, it is not really a practical guide to constructing visualizations more generally. Auckly also calls the chapter on perspective "a bizarre mix of mathematical formulas and artistic constructions". Nevertheless, he reviews it positively as "mathematics book loaded with pictures", aimed at undergraduates interested in mathematics.
More generally, Bill Satzer suggests that the book can provide inspiration for other mathematical illustrators, and for how mathematics is taught and imagined, and Dušan Repovš sees the book as an encouragement to professional mathematicians to more heavily illustrate their work. Jeffrey Weeks sees the book as an embodiment of the principle that abstract mathematical results can often be best appreciated through concrete examples. Thomas Banchoff writes that most readers from a general audience will be "captivated" by the intricate artworks of the book, and professional mathematicians will find sufficient depth in its explanation of these works. However, Weeks writes that the book fails at another stated purpose, allowing artists to appreciate the mathematics behind the artworks it presents, because the mathematics is too advanced for easy understanding by a general audience.
References
Visualization (graphics)
Low-dimensional topology
Mathematics books
1987 non-fiction books | A Topological Picturebook | [
"Mathematics"
] | 566 | [
"Topology",
"Low-dimensional topology"
] |
64,603,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20997 | NGC 997 is an interacting galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. The galaxy was discovered by Albert Marth on 10 November 1863. It has a regularly rotating central molecular gas disk, containing a black hole of between 4 x 107 and 1.8 x 109 solar masses. Its speed relative to the cosmological background is 6,270 ± 45 km/s, corresponding to a Hubble distance of 92.5 ± 6.5 Mpc (~302 million ly).
NGC 997 is accompanied by PGC 200205, also designated as NGC 997 NED01, a compact galaxy. No data is available for the latter galaxy. So, this pair may be due to an optical alignment, or they may be two gravitationally interacting galaxies about to merge.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 997: SN2020nej (typeIa, mag. 17).
See also
List of NGC objects
List of NGC objects (1-1000)
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
Interacting galaxies
0997
Cetus
Discoveries by Albert Marth
02102
F02345+0705
+01-07-016 | NGC 997 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 235 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
64,603,749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokomari.com | Rokomari.com () is a Bangladeshi e-commerce site. It officially launched on 19 January 2012. Initially, the website sold only physical books, but now sells ebooks and a variety of items from sporting goods to Stationery.
Rokomari.com operates as a marketplace and works with publishers who sell their books on this platform, but does not publish any of the books it sells. Apart from books published in Bangladesh, it also sells foreign books, including several from West Bengal. Rokomari.com primarily sells books written in Bengali and English, however it also sells other foreign language books.
History
Rokomari.com was founded on January 19, 2012 by Mahmudul Hasan Sohag, Imam Hasan Al-Amin, Abul Hasan Liton, Khairul Anam Ronnie, Ahteshamul Shams Rakib, and Jubair Bin Amin, At this point the website only sold around 100 books. Since then the website has grown, selling 11,00,000 books in 2019.
Services for authors and publishers
Rokomari assists publishers on digital marketing services and provides data on their books. Rokomari hosts a number of online and offline events in collaboration with authors.
Rokomari Best Seller Award
Every year Rokomari.com honors 50 bestselling books, authors and publishing houses in various categories and subcategories on their leaderboard.
Controversy
In 2014, Skeptic Avijit Roy's books were removed from Rokomari.com after threats had been made to the office of Rokomari.com if they did not remove his anti-religious book 'Bishwaser Virus' (Virus of faith).
Book sale policy
Rokomari.com's policy states it will not to sell books that are illegal, banned by the Government of Bangladesh, attack or hurt the sentiment of Bangladesh Liberation War or the interest of the state of Bangladesh, hurt religious or group sentiment. If the subject of a book violates laws or hurts religious sentiment or an author is found involved in illegal activities, Rokomari.com removes and stops selling that book or books of that author immediately. In the past, it has taken measures against several authors after receiving complaints against them.
References
External links
2012 establishments
E-commerce
Bangladeshi websites
Bookstores of Bangladesh
Ebook suppliers
Online retailers of Bangladesh | Rokomari.com | [
"Technology"
] | 486 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
64,604,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh.%20Loetz%20Witwe | Johann Loetz Witwe (also known as Joh. Loetz Witwe and Joh. Lötz Witwe) was an art glass manufacturer in Klostermühle (Klášterský Mlýn, now part of Rejštejn) in southwestern Bohemia, Austria-Hungary and then Czechoslovakia. Johann Loetz's works are among the most outstanding examples of Art Nouveau.
History
In the Otava valley of the Bohemian Forest was established one of the oldest glass works. In 1850 it was bought by Susanne, widow of Johann Lötz (1778–1844), the founder of the company, former glass cutter and owner of glass factories in Deffernik (Debrník, now part of Železná Ruda), Hurkenthal (Hůrka, now part of Prášily), Annatal (Annín, now part of Dlouhá Ves) and Vogelsang (Podlesí, now part of Kašperské Hory).
In 1879 Max Ritter von Spaun, a grandson of Johann Lötz, took over the factory from his grandmother and continued to run it under the old company name, "Joh. Lötz Witwe". The factory had previously been equipped with a significant grinding shop. It was here that heavily cut crystal and cut-through enameled flashing glass were manufactured. The company started to produce the colored glass in the 1860s.
Lötz' glass has always been a specialty because of its purity and fiery colors, and was initially purchased as raw glass by North Bohemian refineries, who refined the same through painting and grinding. Later, due to the high regard of the glass, the company started production of specialty luxury items. The company was the first to manufacture the so-called baroque glass—objects with applied glass decorations—in Austria. Sample warehouses were located in Vienna, Berlin, Hamburg, Paris, London, Brussels, Milan, and Madrid, which soon gave the products a worldwide reputation.
The glass artfully imitated all types of onyx, jasper, carnelian, malachite, lapis, inlaid glass, etc. The luxury glass that emerged from the factory received the highest awards. In the 1888 anniversary exhibition, the Kaiser Franz Josefs Vase, designed by Hofrat Storck and produced by the Lötz company in grey onyx, was unveiled. It was the largest vase that had been blown from glass until then. The company's special products were also presented at most world exhibitions and received the highest awards, including the 1889 Grand Prix Paris, 1888 Prix de Progrès and Honorary Diploma Brussels, as well as honorary diplomas from Vienna, Munich, Antwerp, Chicago, and San Francisco.
Max Ritter von Spaun had received several awards for his services to the glass industry. In 1883 he received the high distinction of being issued a royal warrant of appointment and being allowed to have the imperial eagle in the shield and seal. He was also recognized in 1889 by the award of the Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Josef; the Belgian Order of Leopold; and the Order of the French Legion of Honor.
Eduard Prochaska, with the company since 1880, served as director. The sons and grandsons of the workers employed in Joh. Lötz's glassworks were the tribe of the factory staff, a testament to the good understanding between the employer and the worker.
Similar to the glasses from Louis Comfort Tiffany, Loetz was able to produce colored glasses with high level of metallic iridescence. The company had contacts with other manufacturers such as J. & L. Lobmeyr and E. Bakalowits Söhne in Vienna and with the Argentor plants. Well-known artists with whom he worked were Josef Hoffmann, Koloman Moser, and the Wiener Werkstätte. The peak of the cooperation happened after 1900. The company was represented and won awards at the Paris World's Fair, and in the Chicago and St. Louis fairs.
The outbreak of the First World War and the collapse of the monarchy brought difficult times for the company. The Second World War and the expulsion of the German-speaking population of Czechoslovakia, and thus a large part of the employees, meant the complete end of the company.
Literature
References
External links
Loetz Glass
Loetz Museum
Art Nouveau works
Glassmaking companies
Design companies established in 1850
1850 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court
Manufacturing companies of Czechoslovakia
Czech brands
Luxury brands | Joh. Loetz Witwe | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 913 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glassmaking companies",
"Engineering companies"
] |
64,605,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20von%20Th%C3%BCringen | Flora von Thüringen is an extensive botanical coverage of the plants occurring in Thuringia in central Germany. Conceived and initiated by the German naturalist Jonathan Carl Zenker in 1836, its completion was delayed by his untimely death in 1837. The botanists Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal (1797–1866) and Christian Eduard Langethal (1806–1878) continued the project and the monumental 12-volume work was published in 1855 by Friedrich Mauke of Jena. The work includes 1444 engraved plates, hand-coloured by Ernst Schenk (1796–1859), as well as descriptive text in German.
External links
Gallery of illustrations
References
Florae (publication) | Flora von Thüringen | [
"Biology"
] | 143 | [
"Flora",
"Florae (publication)"
] |
64,607,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YZ%20Reticuli | YZ Reticuli, also known as Nova Reticuli 2020 was a naked eye nova in the constellation Reticulum discovered on July 15, 2020. Previously it was known as a VY Sculptoris type object with the designation MGAB-V207.
VY Sculptoris type
The variability of the object was first discovered by an amateur astronomer, Gabriel Murawski, and reported on August 6, 2019 with the name MGAB-V207. Archive photometry data from the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey and ASAS-SN showed nova-like (NL) brightness variations between magnitudes 15.8 and 17.0, exhibiting a deep dimming event in late 2006. The spectrum shows a hot subdwarf (sdB) or a white dwarf origin, which is consistent with VY Scl type objects.
Nova eruption
On July 15, 2020 Robert H. McNaught discovered a bright transient (magnitude 5.3) coincident with the position of MGAB-V207 and it was spectroscopically confirmed by the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) as a classical nova on July 16. The spectrum includes Balmer, O and FeII emission lines with P Cygni profiles. Spectrum analysis from observations by the Advanced Technology Telescope revealed a similarity to Nova Sagittarii 1991, three days after maximum brightness. Pre-discovery images showed that the brightness peak happened on July 9, 2020 at magnitude 3.7. In the days after the discovery, the nova faded by 0.2-0.3 magnitudes per day. This is the third case when an already known cataclysmic variable has undergone a classical nova eruption, following V407 Cygni and V392 Persei.
The orbital period of YZ Reticuli is 0.1324539 days (3 hours, 10 minutes, and 44 seconds), but in the months following the eruption, the lightcurve also oscillated with periods of 0.1384 and 0.1339 days. These are likely related to the accretion disk and represent a similar phenomenon to superhumps.
See also
List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy
References
External links
VY Sculptoris type discovery details, July 15, 2020
Nova Reticuli 2020 bursts into the southern skies - Astronomy.com, July 17, 2020
Bright Nova Reticuli 2020 - blog by Ernesto Guido, July 17, 2020
Reticulum
Astronomical objects discovered in 2020
Novae
J03582954-5446411
Discoveries by Robert H. McNaught
Reticuli, YZ | YZ Reticuli | [
"Astronomy"
] | 533 | [
"Novae",
"Astronomical events",
"Reticulum",
"Constellations"
] |
64,608,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strejc%20method | The Strejc system identification method allows the estimate of the transfer function of a non-periodic, black box-type system based on its step response and is widely used in all branches of industrial and mechanical engineering.
It allows specifically to estimate the order n of the studied system, its time constant and its delay.
To use the Strejc method, it is necessary to apply a step signal to the system and record its tu and tg parameters by observing the inflection point of the response curve. These parameters are then compared with the ones in the numeric table to estimate what order approximates better the system's behaviour and then find the time constant t with the second column (using the appropriate order).
Strejc table
See also
System identification
References
V.Strejc, Näherungsverfahren für aperiodische Übergangscharakteristiken, Automatisierungstechnik, DeGruyter, 1959
J. Mikles, M. Fikar, Process Modelling, Identification, and Control, Springer, 2007, pp. 230–233
Classical control theory
Dynamical systems
Identification
Identification | Strejc method | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 239 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
64,609,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Graciela%20Rovira | Marta Graciela Rovira is an Argentine astrophysics researcher and was first woman to be named president of CONICET, the government agency that directs and coordinates most of the academic research performed in universities and institutes throughout the country.
Biography
Rovira anticipated a scientific career when she was still in high school because she had more interest in physics and math than for social subjects. In those days, though, students in Argentina were encouraged to pursue vocational training so her parents had her tested. By the time the family received the vocational test results, however, she had "already enrolled in math and science courses."
Rovira went on to earn her degree in physics and a PhD in Physical Sciences from the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences (University of Buenos Aires). After graduation she was offered a position at Observatory of Cosmic Physics, near Buenos Aires, which cemented her ambitions in astronomy. In an interview, she said her original research has been focused on "our closest star, the Sun. ... Since I started at the National Observatory of Cosmic Physics in San Miguel, my research area was always solar physics."
CONICET
Beginning in 1979, Rovira worked at Argentina's National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and was appointed its president in 2008. CONICET is the primary science and technology organization for the country. As its president, Rovira was tasked with directing efforts at 12 scientific and technological centers in different regions of the country as well as numerous researchers. When she was asked to describe the effect of CONICET's 400 percent increase in government funding (from $100 million in 2003) over the next seven years, she said, "And that made it possible for researchers, fellows and support and administrative personnel to enter the system. In other words, from 2003 to the end of 2010 the total number of people belonging to Conicet doubled. Including all categories, it was increased from 9,000 people in 2003 to more than 17,000 in 2010." In 2012, she passed the presidency on to biochemist Roberto Salvarezza.
Leadership roles
Director of the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of Space (IAFE) between 1995 and 2005
President of the Argentina Association of Astronomy for three terms (1999, 2002 and 2005)
Vice president of the International Astronomical Union, where she was elected to serve as the “Single Spot Contact” from Argentina
President of the Latin American Association for Space Geophysics (ALAGE) between 1998 and 2004
She won a special mention by the Konex Awards, 2008.
Selected publications
Rovira has authored more than 120 scientific articles.
Cristiani, Germán, CG Giménez de Castro, Cristina Hemilse Mandrini, Marcos Emilio Machado, and Marta Graciela Rovira. "Asymmetric precipitation in a coronal loop as explanation of a singular observed spectrum." Advances in space research 44, no. 11 (2009): 1314-1320.
Cristiani, Germán, Carlos Guillermo Giménez de Castro, Cristina H. Mandrini, Marcos E. Machado, Igor de Benedetto e Silva, Pierre Kaufmann, and Marta Graciela Rovira. "A solar burst submillimeter only spectral component during a GOES M class flare." cosp 37 (2008): 604.
Paissan, Gabriel Hernan, Marta Graciela Rovira, and Guillermo Stenborg, "Cinematica de dos CMEs observadas en diferentes longitudes de onda en la baja corona." Asociacion Argentina de Astronomıa (2005): 97
Lopez Fuentes, Marcelo Claudio, Cristina Hemilse Mandrini, Marta Graciela Rovira, and Pascal Démoulin. "The 3B / X3 solar flare of 27 February 1992." (2000).
Dodson, Helen Walter, E. Ruth Hedeman, and Marta Rovira de Miceli. 1972. NOAA. Reevaluation of solar flares, (1967). http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo60763.
References
External links
Cinematica de dos CMEs observadas en diferentes longitudes de onda en la baja corona. Asociacion Argentina de Astronomıa (2005) pg 97. (in Spanish)
Living people
Scientists from Buenos Aires
Women astronomers
University of Buenos Aires alumni
20th-century Argentine women scientists
21st-century Argentine astronomers
21st-century Argentine women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Marta Graciela Rovira | [
"Astronomy"
] | 927 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers"
] |
58,022,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakiston%27s%20Line | The Blakiston Line or Blakiston's Line is a faunal boundary line drawn between two of the four largest islands of Japan: Hokkaidō in the north and Honshū, south of it. It can be compared with faunal boundary lines like the Wallace Line. Certain animal species can only be found north of Blakiston's Line, while certain other species can only be found south of it.
Thomas Blakiston, who lived in Japan from 1861 to 1884 and who spent much of that time in Hakodate, Hokkaido, was the first person to notice that animals in Hokkaidō, Japan's northern island, were related to northern Asian species, whereas those on Honshū to the south were related to those from southern Asia. The Tsugaru Strait between the two islands was therefore established as a zoogeographical boundary, and became known as Blakiston's Line. This finding was first published to the Asiatic Society of Japan in a paper of 14 February 1883, named Zoological Indications of Ancient Connection of the Japan islands with the Continent.
Explanations and hypotheses on the existence of Blakiston's Line
The difference in the fauna can probably be attributed to land bridges that may have existed in the past. Whilst Hokkaido may have had land bridges to the north of Asia, via Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the other islands of Japan like Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, may have been connected to the Asian continent via the Korean Peninsula. As to when these land bridges existed, scientists do not agree. It may have been between 26,000 and 18,000 years ago, it may have been later than that. Sakhalin, the island just north of Japan, and Hokkaido may even have been connected to the mainland as recently as 10,000 years ago or less. Apart from these former land bridges, there are more factors that play a role in why there is a difference in the fauna north and south of the line:
The Tsugaru Strait is relatively deep, the maximum depth is 449 m.
The narrowest part of the Tsugaru Strait is 12.1 miles (19.5 km).
Currents in the Tsugaru Strait are strong, tidal currents coincide with ocean currents
The climate in the north is generally far colder than that in the south.
The influence of the human population in the north is different from that in the south, the north is more sparsely populated and there are more Ainu living in the north.
Species north and south of Blakiston's Line
Besides birds, animals that are of different origins north and south of the Blakiston Line include wolves, bears and chipmunks. Monkeys do not even live north of Blakiston's Line. The following table gives some examples of animal species involved:
Species that can only be found on the Ryukyu Islands are excluded from this table, even though their habitat is clearly south of Blakiston's Line, as other factors account for their distribution. Besides animal species that can only be found either north or south of Blakiston's Line, there are very many that can be found at either side of the line, in part because of human involvement. Examples of the latter are the Japanese Shorthorn, a breed of small Japanese beef cattle that is distributed in northern Honshu and also in Hokkaido, and the Japanese weasel, which was introduced to Hokkaido by human intervention.
It has also been studied whether or not this biogeographic boundary applies to far smaller organisms like soil microbes.
Possible trans-Blakiston's Line movements by land animals
On the contrary to major hypothesis that terrestrial animals couldn't move across Blakiston's Line, excavations of fossils of Palaeoloxodon naumanni and Sinomegaceros yabei (Japanese) from Hokkaidō, and moose and Ussuri brown bear from Honshū indicate a new assumption that terrestrial animals could have crossed the strait periodically.
Other faunal boundary lines in Japan
Apart from Blakiston's Line, other faunal boundary lines have been proposed for Japan, like Watase's line (Tokara Straits): for mammals, reptiles, amphibians and spiders, Hatta's line (Soya line): for reptiles, amphibians and freshwater invertebrates, Hachisuka's line for birds and Miyake's line for insects.
The role of Thomas Blakiston
There has been speculation about why Blakiston was the person who discovered this faunal boundary line and no one before him had done so. Andrew Davis, who has been a professor at Hokkaido University for four years, argued that this may have been because of his unusual position in Japanese society as a European.
Blakiston spent much time researching bird species in Japan. At that time, Japanese ornithology was at its infancy. In 1886 Leonhard Stejneger remarked: "Our knowledge of Japanese ornithology is only fragmentary" The years after his stay in Japan, Blakiston made publications on birds in Japan in general and on water birds of Japan in particular. Bird species like Blakiston's Fish Owl (Bubo blakistoni) and Regulus regulus japonensis Blakiston have been named after him. In Hakodate, Blakiston made a large collection of birds, which is currently located at the museum of Hakodate. The distributions of many bird species observe the Blakiston line, since many birds do not cross even the shortest stretches of open ocean water.
For his discovery of Blakiston's Line, a monument was erected in his honor on Mount Hakodate.
References
Biogeography
Geography of Japan
1883 establishments in Japan
1883 introductions | Blakiston's Line | [
"Biology"
] | 1,185 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
58,022,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastex | Lastex is a type of elastic yarn that was introduced in the 1930s and was primarily used for swimwear, brassieres, girdles and corselettes. It consists of a rubber core surrounded by wool, rayon, silk or cotton threads. It was invented and distributed by the Adamson Brothers, a company owned by the US Rubber Company. It entered the market in 1931.
External links
References
Yarn
Rubber products
Synthetic fibers
1931 in technology
1931 in the United States
Clothing industry | Lastex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic fibers"
] |
58,025,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Spillane | Nicole Spillane (born 2 January 1988) is a French and Irish applied mathematician. She is a researcher with the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in France, where she works in the center for applied mathematics of the École Polytechnique. Her research concerns parallel algorithms for solving large systems of linear equations.
Career
Spillane studied for an engineering diploma at the École des ponts ParisTech from 2006 to 2010. Over the same period she visited Stanford University and the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre, and earned a master's degree in mathematics from Pierre and Marie Curie University. She completed her doctorate in applied mathematics at Pierre and Marie Curie University in 2014. Her dissertation, Méthodes de décomposition de domaine robustes pour les problèmes symétriques définis positifs, was jointly supervised by Frédéric Nataf and Patrice Hauret. After postdoctoral research at the University of Chile, she joined CNRS and the École Polytechnique in 2015.
In 2017 the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications gave Spillane their Leslie Fox Prize for Numerical Analysis.
Works
References
External links
Home page
1988 births
Living people
21st-century French mathematicians
21st-century Irish mathematicians
Irish women mathematicians
Academic staff of École Polytechnique
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century French women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians | Nicole Spillane | [
"Mathematics"
] | 282 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
58,027,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column%20level%20encryption | Column level encryption is a type of database encryption method that allows user to select specific information or attributes to be encrypted instead of encrypting the entire database file. To understand why column level encryption is different from other encryption methods like file level encryption, disk encryption, and database encryption, a basic understanding of encryption is required.
Generally, when data are being collected and stored as records, those records will appear in a tabular format in rows in the database with each rows logging specific attributes. Some data can be more sensitive than others, for example, date of birth, social security number, home address, etc., which can act as a personal identification. In order to ensure that these private information is transferred and stored securely, data goes through encryption, which is the process of encoding plaintext into ciphertext. Non-designated readers or receivers will not be able to read the data without the decryption key. Another example to illustrate this concept is, given a database stores client's phone numbers. The set of phone numbers will appear to most readers as gibberish alphanumerical text with a mix of symbols, totally useless to those who do not have access privilege to view the data in plaintext (original form).
Because not all stored data are always sensitive and important, column level encryption was created to allow users the flexibility in choosing what sort of attributes should or should not be encrypted. This is to minimize performance disruption when executing crypto algorithms by moving data in and out of devices.
Application and advantages
The technology has been adopted by many encryption software companies around the world, including IBM, MyDiamo (Penta Security), Oracle and more. Column level encryption does not store the same encryption key like table encryption does but rather separate keys for each column. This method minimizes the probability of unauthorized access.
Advantages of column-level encryption
Advantages of column-level encryption:
Flexibility in data to encrypt. The application can be written to control when, where, by whom, and how data is viewed
Transparent encryption is possible
More secure as each column can have its own unique encryption key within the database
Encryption is possible when data is active and not just “at rest”
Retrieval speed is maintained because there's less encrypted data
See also
Row-level security, restriction on database access to specific rows based on user roles
References
Cryptographic software | Column level encryption | [
"Mathematics"
] | 486 | [
"Cryptographic software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
58,028,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20climate | Space climate is the long-term variation in solar activity within the heliosphere, including the solar wind, the Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and their effects in the near-Earth environment, including the magnetosphere of Earth and the ionosphere, the upper and lower atmosphere, climate, and other related systems. The scientific study of space climate is an interdisciplinary field of space physics, solar physics, heliophysics, and geophysics. It is thus conceptually related to terrestrial climatology, and its effects on the atmosphere of Earth are considered in climate science.
Background
Space climatology considers long-term (longer than the latitudinally variable 27-day solar rotation period, through the 11-year solar cycle and beyond, up to and
exceeding millennia) variability of solar indices, cosmic ray, heliospheric parameters, and the induced geomagnetic, ionospheric, atmospheric, and climate effects. It studies mechanisms and physical processes responsible for their variability in the past with projections onto future. It is a broader and more general concept than space weather, to which it is related like the conventional climate and weather.
In addition to real-time solar observations, the field of research also covers analysis of historical space climate data. This has included analysis and reconstruction that has allowed solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field strengths to be determined from back to 1611.
The importance of space climate research has been recognized, in particular, by NASA which launched a special space mission Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) dedicated to monitoring of space climate. New results, ideas and discoveries in the field of Space Climate are published in a focused peer-review research Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (JSWSC). Since 2013, research awards and medals in space weather and space climate are annually awarded by the European Space Weather Week. Another recent space observatory platform is the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE).
Space climate research has three main aims:
to better understand the long-term solar variability, including also the observed extremes and features of this variability in the solar wind and in the heliospheric magnetic field
to better understand the physical relationships between the Sun, the heliosphere, and various related proxies (geomagnetic fields, cosmic rays, etc.)
to better understand the long-term effect of solar variability on the near-Earth environment, including the different atmospheric layers, and ultimately on Earth's global climate
History
In the early 2000s, when the concept of space weather became common, a small initiative group, led by Kalevi Mursula and Ilya G. Usoskin the University of Oulu in Finland had realized that physical drivers of solar variability and its terrestrial effects can be better understood with a more general and broader view. The concept of Space Climate had been developed, and the corresponding research community formed, which presently includes a few hundred active members around the world. In particular, a series of International Space Climate Symposia (biennial since 2004) was organized, with the first inaugural symposium being held in Oulu (Finland) in 2004, followed by those in Romania (2006), Finland (2009), India (2011), Finland (2013), Finland (2016), Canada (2019), Poland (2022) and Japan (2024) as well as topical space climate sessions are regularly held at the General Assemblies of the Committee on Space Research and Earth Science.
Dissemination
Research results related to Space Climate are published in a bunch of peer-reviewed journals, such as Astronomy & Astrophysics, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Solar Physics (journal), Advances in Space Research.
See also
Aeronomy
Planetary science, atmospheric sciences, and atmospheric physics
Solar activity and climate
Solar irradiance
Space weather
Space weathering
Stellar astronomy
References
External links
Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (JSWSC)
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs' Space and Climate Change program
Space weather
Space physics
Space science
Geophysics
Climate
Solar System
Sun
Climatology | Space climate | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 827 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Outer space",
"Space science",
"Geophysics",
"Solar System",
"Space physics"
] |
58,029,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTAMS%20Motor%2C%20Rocket%2C%20Explosive%20Detector | Unattended Transient Acoustic MASINT Sensor (UTAMS) Mortar, Rocket, Explosive Locator System is an acoustic localization sensor system developed by the Sensors and Electronic Devices Directorate (SEDD) of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in 2004. This technology is utilized to detect and isolate transient events such as mortar or rocket firings, munition impacts, and other explosive events. It consists of an array of acoustic sensor stations that are linked via radio to a receiving base. Each sensor has the ability to monitor hostile territory, international borders, and/or detect indirect weapon fire covertly with 24-hour surveillance. These small, inexpensive, non-imaging sensors can monitor large areas without a significant need for power sources and manpower.
System concept
Three to five acoustic arrays are set up in a roughly equilateral configuration several hundred meters from each other. Each array detects an impulsive event such as motor/rocket launch and determines the line of bearing from the array to the launch site. The lines of bearing from each array are transmitted via radio link to a central point where the results are combined to establish the location of the firing point through triangulation. Impact points are detected and located the same way. Results are displayed on a georeferenced map as icons using a laptop PC. The system generally detects the weapons out to their maximum range and screens out false results due to local noises from vehicles, people, etc.
UTAMS can locate the x, y, and z directions from an acoustic signal and are sensitive in the 20–500 Hz frequency range. Noise canceling algorithms produced a continuous resonance that UTAMS separated out through adaptive filtering. Processing for infra-sound was combined with acoustic microphones and deployed in Iraq with smaller sensor arrays to detect rockets, small arms, and mortars.
History
In 2001, ARL fielded infrasonic sensors (<20 Hz) in the Republic of Korea to meet a U.S. Army requirement for passive surveillance systems to detect artillery fire (8–10 Hz) in the vicinity of the Demilitarized Zone. To meet the new requirement that came out of Iraq in 2004, ARL reconfigured the infrasonic sensor processing box to be used with acoustic sensors for the UTAMS detection of mortar fire (<100 Hz). The Rapid Equipping Force funded UTAMS in 2005 and 2006 for use in Iraq for Forward Operating Base protection.
In 2006, UTAMS II was designed, based on lessons learned from previous fielding, and automatic alignment with two GPS sensors for precise pointing direction. Solar panels with batteries were used as power sources to reduce power requirements. The Miniature Acoustic Warning System (MAWS) is a mobile UTAMS in a smaller package.
In 2012, the Program Manager Ground Sensors took over fielding.
Extended capabilities
UTAMS were deployed with various configurations since the program started in 2004. One such configuration was the integration of UTAMS with the Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS) and the Persistent Ground Surveillance System (PGSS) aerostat surveillance systems as well as the Rocket Launch Spotter. ARL also demonstrated increased range detection and localization capabilities by mounting a UTAMS variant under a tethered aerostat, named the aerostat-mounted UTAMS system (AMUS). In each of these systems, UTAMS would send acoustic detection locations to cue camera systems to focus surveillance efforts on areas where suspicious activities are occurring.
The capability to review past events was added to allow the user to analyze historical sensor detection and target localization. Live data is continuously being processed by the ground station; however, users can view previous events in the review mode. To share critical situational awareness information on the battlefield, UTAMS provided a flexible message output system to transmit sensor and target detection.
Recognition
In 2004, the UTAMS Mortar, Rocket, Explosive Locator System was awarded the U.S. Army's Greatest Inventions.
References
Sensors | UTAMS Motor, Rocket, Explosive Detector | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 803 | [
"Sensors",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
58,029,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hele%20%28biochemist%29 | Thomas Shirley Hele (24 October 1881 – 23 January 1953) was a British academic.
Hele was educated at Carlisle Grammar School; Sedbergh School; Emmanuel College, Cambridge (Fellow, 1911); and Barts. He was University Lecturer in Biochemistry from 1921; Tutor at Emmanuel from 1922 to 1935; its Master from 1935 to 1951; and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1943 to 1945.
References
Biochemists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Masters of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
People from Carlisle, Cumbria
1881 births
1953 deaths
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
People educated at Carlisle Grammar School
People educated at Sedbergh School
British Army personnel of World War I
Territorial Force officers | Thomas Hele (biochemist) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 168 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists"
] |
58,030,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20Coulomb%20blockade | Ionic Coulomb blockade (ICB) is an electrostatic phenomenon predicted by M. Krems and Massimiliano Di Ventra (UC San Diego) that appears in ionic transport through mesoscopic electro-diffusive systems (artificial nanopores and biological ion channels) and manifests itself as oscillatory dependences of the conductance on the fixed charge in the pore ( or on the external voltage , or on the bulk concentration ).
ICB represents an ion-related counterpart of the better-known electronic Coulomb blockade (ECB) that is observed in quantum dots. Both ICB and ECB arise from quantisation of the electric charge and from an electrostatic exclusion principle and they share in common a number of effects and underlying physical mechanisms. ICB provides some specific effects related to the existence of ions of different charge (different in both sign and value) where integer is ion valence and is the elementary charge, in contrast to the single-valence electrons of ECB ().
ICB effects appear in tiny pores whose self-capacitance is so small that the charging energy of a single ion becomes large compared to the thermal energy per particle ( ). In such cases there is strong quantisation of the energy spectrum inside the pore, and the system may either be “blockaded” against the transportation of ions or, in the opposite extreme, it may show resonant barrier-less conduction, depending on the free energy bias coming from , , or .
The ICB model claims that is a primary determinant of conduction and selectivity for particular ions, and the predicted oscillations in conductance and an associated Coulomb staircase of channel occupancy vs are expected to be strong effects in the cases of divalent ions () or trivalent ions ().
Some effects, now recognised as belonging to ICB, were discovered and considered earlier in precursor papers on electrostatics-governed conduction mechanisms in channels and nanopores.
The manifestations of ICB have been observed in water-filled sub-nanometre pores through a 2D MoS2 monolayer, revealed by Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations of calcium conductance bands in narrow channels, and account for a diversity of effects seen in biological ion channels. ICB predictions have also been confirmed by a mutation study of divalent blockade in the NaChBac bacterial channel.
Model
Generic electrostatic model of channel/nanopore
ICB effects may be derived on the basis of a simplified electrostatics/Brownian dynamics model of a nanopore or of the selectivity filter of an ion channel. The model represents the channel/pore as a charged hole through a water-filled protein hub embedded in the membrane. Its fixed charge is considered as a uniform, centrally placed, rigid ring (Fig.1). The channel is assumed to have geometrical parameters length nm and radius nm, allowing for the single-file movement of partially hydrated ions.
The model represents the water and protein as continuous media with dielectric constants and respectively. The mobile ions are described as discrete entities with valence and of radius , moving stochastically through the pore, governed by the self-consistently coupled Poisson's electrostatic equation and Langevin stochastic equation.
The model is applicable to both cationic and anionic biological ion channels and to artificial nanopores.
Electrostatics
The mobile ion is assumed to be partially hydrated (typically retaining its first hydration shell) and carrying charge where is the elementary charge (e.g. the ion with ). The model allows one to derive the pore and ion parameters satisfying the barrier-less permeation conditions, and to do so from basic electrostatics taking account of charge quantisation.
The potential energy of a channel/pore containing ions can be decomposed into electrostatic energy , dehydration energy, and ion-ion local interaction energy :
The basic ICB model makes the simplifying approximation that , whence:where is the net charge of the pore when it contains identical ions of valence , the sign of the moving ions being opposite to that of the , represents the electrostatic self-capacitance of the pore, and is the electric permittivity of the vacuum.
Resonant barrier-less conduction
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics describe systems that have variable numbers of particles via the chemical potential , defined as Gibbs free energy per particle:, where is the Gibbs free energy for the system of particles. In thermal and particle equilibrium with bulk reservoirs, the entire system has a common value of chemical potential (the Fermi level in other contexts). The free energy needed for the entry of a new ion to the channel is defined by the excess chemical potential which (ignoring an entropy term ) can be written as where is the charging energy (self-energy barrier) of an incoming ion and is its affinity (i.e. energy of attraction to the binding site ). The difference in energy between and (Fig.2.) defines the ionic energy level separation (Coulomb gap) and gives rise to most of the observed ICB effects.
In selective ion channels, the favoured ionic species passes through the channel almost at the rate of free diffusion, despite the strong affinity to the binding site. This conductivity-selectivity paradox has been explained as being a consequence of selective barrier-less conduction. In the ICB model, this occurs when is almost exactly balanced by (), which happens for a particular value of (Fig.2.). This resonant value of depends on the ionic properties and (implicitly, via the -dependent dehydration energy ), thereby providing a basis for selectivity.
Oscillations of conductance
The ICB model explicitly predicts an oscillatory dependence of conduction on , with two interlaced sets of singularities associated with a sequentially increasing number of ions in the channel (Fig.3A).
Electrostatic blockade points correspond to minima in the ground state energy of the pore (Fig.3C). The points () are equivalent to neutralisation points where .
Resonant conduction points correspond to the barrier-less condition: , or .
The values of are given by the simple formulaei.e. the period of conductance oscillations in , .
For , in a typical ion channel geometry, , and ICB becomes strong. Consequently, plots of the BD-simulated Ca^2+current vs exhibit multi-ion conduction bands - strong Coulomb blockade oscillations between minima and maxima (Fig.3A)).
The point corresponds to an uncharged pore with . Such pores are blockaded for ions of either sign.
Coulomb staircase
The ICB oscillations in conductance correspond to a Coulomb staircase in the pore occupancy , with transition regions corresponding to and saturation regions corresponding to (Fig.3B) . The shape of the staircase is described by the Fermi-Dirac (FD) distribution, similarly to the Coulomb staircases of quantum dots. Thus, for the transition, the FD function is: Here is the excess chemical potential for the particular ion and is an equivalent bulk occupancy related to pore volume. The saturated FD statistics of occupancy is equivalent to the Langmuir isotherm or to Michaelis–Menten kinetics.
It is the factor that gives rise to the concentration-related shift in the staircase seen in Fig.3B.
Shift of singular points
Addition of the partial excess chemical potentials coming from different sources (including dehydration, local binding, volume exclusion etc.) leads to the ICB barrier-less condition leads to a proper shift in the ICB resonant points , described by a "shift equation" : i.e. the additional energy contributions lead to shifts in the resonant barrier-less point .
The more important of these shifts (excess potentials) are:
A concentration-related shift arising from the bulk entropy
A dehydration-related shift , arising from partial dehydration penalty
A local binding-related shift , coming from energy of local binding and surface effects.
In artificial nanopores
Sub-nm MoS2 pores
Following its prediction based on analytic theory and molecular dynamics simulations, experimental evidence for ICB emerged from experiments on monolayer MoS2 pierced by a single nm nanopore. Highly non-Ohmic conduction was observed between aqueous ionic solutions on either side of the membrane. In particular, for low voltages across the membrane, the current remained close to zero, but it rose abruptly when a threshold of about mV was exceeded. This was interpreted as complete ionic Coulomb blockade of current in the (uncharged) nanopore due to the large potential barrier at low voltages. But the application of larger voltages pulled the barrier down, producing accessible states into which transitions could occur, thus leading to conduction.
In biological ion channels
The realisation that ICB could occur in biological ion channels accounted for several experimentally observed features of selectivity, including:
Valence selectivity
Valence selectivity is the channel's ability to discriminate between ions of different valence , wherein e.g. a calcium channel favours ions over ions by a factor of up to 1000×. Valence selectivity has been attributed variously to pure electrostatics,
or to a charge space competition mechanism,
or to a snug fit of the ion to ligands,
or to quantised dehydration.
In the ICB model, valence selectivity arises from electrostatics, namely from -dependence of the value of needed to provide for barrier-less conduction.
Correspondingly, the ICB model provides explanations of why site-directed mutations that alter can destroy the channel by blockading it, or can alter its selectivity from favouring ions to favouring ions, or vice versa .
Divalent blockade
Divalent (e.g. ) blockade of monovalent (e.g. ) currents is observed in some types of ion channels. Namely, ions in a pure sodium solution pass unimpeded through a calcium channel, but are blocked by tiny (nM) extracellular concentrations of ions. ICB provides a transparent explanation of both the phenomenon itself and of the Langmuir-isotherm-shape of the current vs. attenuation curve, deriving them from the strong affinity and an FD distribution of Ca^2+ions. Vice versa, appearance divalent blockade presents strong evidence in favour of ICB
Similarly, ICB can account for the divalent (Iodide I^2-) blockade that has been observed in biological chloride (Cl-)-selective channels.
Special features
Comparisons between ICB and ECB
ICB and ECB should be considered as two versions of the same fundamental electrostatic phenomenon. Both ICB and ECB are based on charge quantisation and on the finite single-particle charging energy , resulting in close similarity of the governing equations and manifestations of these closely related phenomena. Nonetheless, there are important distinctions between ICB and ECB: their similarities and differences are summarised in Table 1.
Particular cases
Coulomb blockade can also appear in superconductors; in such a case the free charge carriers are Cooper pairs ()
In addition, Pauli spin blockade represents a special kind of Coulomb blockade, connected with Pauli exclusion principle.
Quantum analogies
Despite appearing in completely classical systems, ICB exhibits some phenomena reminiscent of quantum-mechanics (QM). They arise because the charge/entity discreteness of the ions leads to quantisation of the energy spectrum and hence to the QM-analogies:
Noise-driven diffusive motion provides for escape over barriers, comparable to QM-tunnelling in ECB.
The particular FD shape of the occupancy vs plays a significant role in the ICB explanation of the divalent blockade phenomenon. The appearance of an FD distribution in the diffusion of classical particles obeying an exclusion principle, has been demonstrated rigorously.
See also
Coulomb blockade
Ion channel
Brownian dynamics
Nanopore
Binding selectivity
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Electrostatics
Quantisation of charge
Elementary charge
References
Nanoelectronics
Quantum electronics
Mesoscopic physics | Ionic Coulomb blockade | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,566 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanoelectronics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Mesoscopic physics"
] |
58,032,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentase%20Chemical%20Agent%20Detection%20Kit | The Agentase Chemical Agent Detection (CAD) Kit, formerly known as the Fido C1 CAD Kit, is an enzyme-based chemical detection kit that contains six different sensors that are designed to detect specific chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and other toxic chemical contaminants at trace levels. The kit is provided in a small pouch and can detect the presence of the chemical agents within five minutes.
In 2004, one of the sensors from the Agentase CAD Kit, the Agentase Nerve Agent Sensor, was recognized by the U.S. Army as one of ten “Greatest Army Inventions” of 2003.
History
The development of the Agentase CAD Kit first began as a collaboration between Alan Russell from the University of Pittsburgh and researchers from the Army Research Office (ARO), an extramural basic research component of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL).
Russell was researching the interface between enzymes and polymers and was investigating how to create a polymer sponge-like material that could detect the pH-dependent catalytic activity of enzymes. In the early 1990s, Russell reached out to ARO with a research proposal to explore a variety of enzymes that had differing responses to temperature and pressure. The scientists at ARO accepted the proposal and coordinated research efforts with the University of Pittsburgh. The combined efforts led to the discovery of a functional catalytic buffering system that could detect the presence of nerve agents, and Russell published the paper reporting this discovery in 2002.
Following the publication, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) facilitated the process to turn the discovery into a commercially viable product, resulting in the development of the handheld Nerve Agent Sensor, a pen-shaped sensor with enzyme-containing polymers at the tip that could identify the presence of nerve agents like VX and sarin with a color change from yellow to red. Russell and his former student, Keith LeJeune, then co-founded a private company called Agentase LLC to manufacture enzyme-based sensors.
In 2003, Agentase LLC developed warfare-grade blood and blister agent sensors that could detect the presence of mustard gas and other hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride-based agents. Around the same time, the company enhanced the capabilities of the Nerve Agent Sensor to develop the Nerve Agent Sensing Biopolymer Wipe, an enzyme-based biosensor that could detect nerve agents at surfaces, in solution, and in the air. With the help of a program developed by ARL chief scientist Stephen Lee that enforced decontamination and protection against chemical warfare, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency fielded the Agentase’s nerve sensors and its blood and blister agent sensors in the war in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
By 2005, Agentase LLC assembled together the Agentase CAD Kit, which bundled the nerve sensors with the blood and blister sensors in single kit. The Agentase CAD Kit was marketed not only to the U.S. Department of Defense but also to emergency first responders and chemical workers that handled hazardous materials.
In the late 2000s, Agentase LLC, with support from the Army Research Laboratory, developed the Agentase Chemical Agent Disclosure (CAD) spray, a spray-based product that detected the presence of nerve agents and pinpointed their location on surfaces. Agentase LLC was later acquired by FLIR Systems in 2010.
Sensors
Nerve Agent Sensor
The Nerve Agent Sensor detects the presence of specific chemical agents by reading the pH levels of the target through the use of hydrolytic enzymes. Previously, the use of catalytic hydrolysis reactions to degrade nerve agents faced problems due to the subsequent generation of acid that led to a severe drop in pH levels. High concentrations of a nerve agent have caused the buffering capacity to exceed and the pH to drop drastically. In order to keep the pH in an optimum range, the Nerve Agent Sensor employed a low-molecular-weight material that would convert into a base only when it was demanded, i.e. when the substrate was hydrolyzed and the pH began to drop. The sensor used an acid-producing enzyme in combination with a base-producing enzyme, each with different pH-dependent activity profiles, so that the relative rates of each enzyme changed as the pH changed, causing the pH levels to stabilize.
Due to its high sensitivity, the Nerve Agent Sensor demonstrated considerable resistance to environmental factors, such as high temperatures, as well as interference from other compounds. It also has a shelf life of two to three years.
Nerve Agent Sensing Biopolymer Wipe
The Nerve Agent Sensing Biopolymer Wipe acts as a biosensor that is capable of detecting specific nerve agents on surfaces, in solution, and in the air. It maintains a dynamic pH equilibrium by utilizing the pH-dependent catalytic activity of a base-producing enzyme and an acid-producing enzyme. The production of acid stems from butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-catalyzed butyrylcholine hydrolysis while the production of base stems from urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis. When both enzyme systems are active, the pH remains constant. However, the presence of a nerve agent causes cholinesterase to become inhibited and the hydroxide ion production from urea hydrolysis rapidly increases the pH level.
The biopolymer wipe has exhibited several notable characteristics, including high sensitivity to CWAs, resistance to high temperatures, an almost-immediate response rate, and a shelf life as long as five years.
Operation
Emergency responders could use this kit to conduct surface cross-examination for the presence of nerve (G and V series), blood (AC), blister (AC) agents, acids, bases, aldehydes, and oxidizers. The Agentase kit acted similar to a glow stick. The operator cracked the ampule inside the sensor barrel which released the enzyme solution into a sponge. The sponge was then applied directly to a surface for sample collection. Each sensor provided color codes so that chemical detection results could be understood by personnel without extensive training and skills. The kit was used in several military, law enforcement, and emergency response scenarios.
References
Military technology
Chemical warfare
Nerve agents
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s | Agentase Chemical Agent Detection Kit | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,262 | [
"Nerve agents",
"nan",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
58,032,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203864 | NGC 3864 is a spiral galaxy located about 330 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Édouard Stephan on March 23, 1884. It is a member of the Leo Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3864
036620
+03-30-097
Leo (constellation)
Leo Cluster
Astronomical objects discovered in 1884
Spiral galaxies
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan | NGC 3864 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 89 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,975,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy%20molding%20compounds | Epoxy Molding Compounds (EMC) represent a category of advanced materials utilized in electronic packaging, primarily consisting of epoxy resin, phenolic compounds, curing agent, fillers, and various additives. To safeguard electronic components against mechanical damage, contamination, and moisture, mass production techniques such as injection molding or transfer molding are typically employed to encapsulate these components within the EMC. Upon curing, the epoxy resin develops a three-dimensional network structure that exhibits superior mechanical properties as well as resistance to heat and moisture, rendering it highly effective in protecting devices from environmental factors.
History
The development of semiconductor technology commenced in the 1940s with the introduction of germanium diodes, subsequently progressing with the invention of transistors. This innovation facilitated the miniaturization of circuits and reduced power consumption, thereby catalyzing the emergence of the contemporary computer era. The packaging employed for these semiconductor devices serves to provide protection and enables their connection to printed circuit boards. Initially, the packaging technology utilized for diodes and transistors involved canned sealing. However, with advancements in passivation technology, plastic packaging methods were introduced. This plastic packaging technology has proven instrumental in enabling the mass production and cost-effective supply of semiconductor devices.
The advancement of plastic packaging technology has facilitated its extensive utilization in both consumer and industrial products. Currently, over 80% of semiconductor devices are encapsulated using epoxy molding compounds.
The advancement of semiconductor technology has consistently encountered the challenge of enhancing functionality while simultaneously reducing physical dimensions. The integration of an increasing number of functions onto semiconductor chips has resulted in a corresponding rise in both the number of pins and the overall size of the chips. Conversely, to facilitate more compact arrangements on circuit boards, there has been a trend towards miniaturization and reduction in the thickness of packaging.
Process
Curing
The polymerization of epoxy materials can take place through two primary mechanisms: step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization. In step-growth polymerization, the chemical constituents react incrementally, ultimately yielding a polymer with a high molecular weight. Conversely, chain-growth polymerization involves the successive addition of reactive sites, leading to the formation of a high molecular-weight polymer. Notably, certain curing agents, including dicyandiamide and various anhydrides, facilitate curing through intricate processes that encompass both step growth and catalytic polymerization.
Post-curing
The reactivity of monomers, specifically the quantity of reactive groups present, plays a critical role in influencing their behavior during the gelation process. Monomers characterized by high functionality tend to undergo gelation at a lower level of reaction, yet they possess an increased capacity for cross-linking. To achieve a matrix exhibiting elevated modulus and glass transition temperature, a higher degree of crosslinking is essential, which is a prerequisite for effective post-curing.
Component
Epoxy encapsulation materials are a type of highly filled particulate polymer composite, comprising various components to meet the requirements for reliability, physical properties, and moldability. These components include silica, epoxy resin, hardeners, flame retardants, catalysts, and stress-relaxation additives. The raw materials are mixed at room temperature and subsequently processed in a mixing machine or roller mixer, where they are heated and blended to achieve a homogeneous mixture.
Reference
Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems
Semiconductor devices | Epoxy molding compounds | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 710 | [
"Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems",
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
78,976,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Azzi | Angelo Azzi is an Italian and Swiss biochemist, author and academic serving as a Professor Emeritus in the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine at the University of Bern and Adjunct Faculty Member at Tufts University.
Azzi's work focuses on the biochemistry of enzymes, gene regulation, and metabolism, with an emphasis on vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), antioxidants, and signaling pathways involving protein kinase C and diacylglycerol kinase. He has received awards, including the 2002 Vitamin Prize from the Society for Applied Vitamin Research, the Society of Free Radicals' Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014, the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Distinguished Service Award in 2016, and the Nencki Award from the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in 2016.
Azzi is a Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and a Lifetime Honorary Member of the Oxygen Club of California. He also holds editorial roles, including Editor-in-Chief of journals such as Molecular Aspects of Medicine and Aspects of Molecular Medicine.
Education and career
Azzi earned an MD in 1963 from the University of Padua, followed by a PhD in General Pathology in 1969 and a PhD in Biochemistry in 1970. He worked at Institute of General Pathology under Massimo Aloisi, where he explored mitochondrial function and later collaborated with Giovanni Felice Azzone, contributing to the discovery of the permeability transition pore. In 1966, he pursued postdoctoral research as a Fellow in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Bristol, focusing on mitochondrial transporters, and continued as a Research Fellow in the Department of Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania from 1967 to 1969, studying mitochondrial membrane functions. Returning to Italy in the early 1970s, he became a Professor in 1973. In 1977, he relocated to Bern, Switzerland, becoming a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Bern.
At the University of Bern, Azzi was the Head of the Department of the Medical Chemistry Institute, later serving as Professor and Director of the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from 1984 to 2005, when he was named Professor Emeritus.
Azzi served on the Advisory Board of UNESCO's International Scientific Advisory Board/International Biological and Scientific Programme (ISAB/IBSP) from 1997 to 2015. During this period, he held the position of President of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) from 2006 to 2012 and Past-President from 2013 to 2015. His leadership also extended to the Society for Free Radical Research International, where he acted as President from 2007 to 2010 and Past-President from 2010 to 2013.
Research
Azzi has researched the mechanisms through which vitamin E and lycopene prevent prostate cancer and has discovered the transport carrier for aspartic and glutamic acids in mitochondria. He has evaluated vitamin E's roles beyond its antioxidative properties, highlighting its involvement in cellular signaling, gene regulation, and disease prevention. In a joint study with Achim Stocker, he explored the functions of α-tocopherol, revealing its selective antioxidant role, non-antioxidant mechanisms, and effects on cellular processes, including protein kinase C inhibition and gene transcription. He also investigated the effects of α-tocopherol on cell proliferation, demonstrating its concentration-dependent inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through protein kinase C inhibition. His findings suggested that α-tocopherol has non-antioxidant molecular functions, acting as a ligand for proteins that regulate signal transduction and gene expression, with no compensatory antioxidant response observed in its deficiency. Building upon this, he looked into the effect of lycopene, alone or with other antioxidants, on the growth of prostate carcinoma cell lines, and found that lycopene alone was not a potent inhibitor, but its combination with α-tocopherol strongly inhibited cell proliferation in a synergistic manner. Furthermore, examining the role of protein kinase C in signal transduction, he emphasized its activation by various agents and involvement in tumor promotion, while calling for additional research into its physiological substrates. His work also analyzed the formation of hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, identifying the superoxide radical as a precursor of HO generation.
Azzi has published course books, including Membrane Proteins: Isolation and Characterization (1986), Dynamics of Membrane Proteins and Cellular Energetics (1988), and Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells: Molecular Structure and Interactions (1989). In 1989, he co-edited Molecular Basis of Membrane-Associated Diseases with Zdenek Drahota and Sergio Papa, examining molecular changes in biological membranes linked to diseases like lysosomal, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial disorders, enzyme defects, and receptor abnormalities related to oncogenes. That same year, he co-edited Anion Carriers of Mitochondrial Membranes with Katarzyna A. Nalecz, Maciej J. Nalecz, and Lech Wojtczak, covering the structure, function, isolation, transport kinetics, and metabolic regulation of mitochondrial anion carriers. In 2000, he co-authored Antioxidants in Diabetes Management (Oxidative Stress and Disease) with Peter Rosen, Hans J. Tritschler, and Glenn A. King, exploring oxidative stress in diabetes and the potential of antioxidant therapies. Reviewing the book for Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kailash Prasad wrote, "the authors should be commended for an admirable job in framing a succinct review of the pathophysiology associated with the development of diabetes and its associated complications, and opportunities that antioxidants might offer for therapy in diabetes."
Awards and honors
1994 – Foreign Member, Polish Academy of Sciences
2001 – Lifetime Honorary Member, Oxygen Club of California
2002 – Vitamin Prize, Society for Applied Vitamin Research
2014 – Lifetime Achievement Award, Society of Free Radicals Europe
2016 – Distinguished Service Award, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2016 – Nencki Award, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology
Bibliography
Selected books
Membrane Proteins: Isolation and Characterization (1986) ISBN 978-3540170143
Molecular Basis of Membrane-Associated Diseases (1989) ISBN 978-3642744174
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells: Molecular Structure and Interactions (1989) ISBN 978-0306433887
Anion Carriers of Mitochondrial Membranes (1989) ISBN 978-3642745416
Antioxidants in Diabetes Management (Oxidative Stress and Disease) (2000) ISBN 978-0824788445
Selected articles
Loschen, G., Azzi, A., Richter, C., & Flohé, L. (1974). Superoxide radicals as precursors of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide. FEBS letters, 42(1), 68-72.
Boscoboinik, D., Szewczyk, A., Hensey, C., & Azzi, A. (1991). Inhibition of cell proliferation by alpha-tocopherol. Role of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266(10), 6188-6194.
Azzi, A., & Stocker, A. (2000). Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles. Progress in lipid Research, 39(3), 231-255.
Brigelius-Flohé, R., Kelly, F. J., Salonen, J. T., Neuzil, J., Zingg, J. M., & Azzi, A. (2002). The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(4), 703-716.
Azzi, A. (2007). Molecular mechanism of α-tocopherol action. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 43(1), 16-21.
Azzi, A. (2024). Oxidative Stress: Cannot be Measured, Localized, Prevented, or Treated. Medical Research Archives, 12(2).
References
Biochemists
21st-century science writers
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the University of Bern
Tufts University faculty
University of Padua alumni | Angelo Azzi | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,698 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists"
] |
78,977,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Ethyl%20dipropylthiocarbamate | S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) is a selective herbicide used for pre-emergent control of certain grasses and broadleaf weeds in Australia and the United States. It was introduced in 1957.
EPTC can be applied pre-emergently or post-emergently and its effectiveness does not depend on post-application rainfall. The herbicide takes effect quickly after application. It is registered in every US state. It should be sprayed when the soil is well worked and dry, to allow good mixing and incorporation. It can be stored at temperatures as low as -50 °F.
It is not persistent in soil, having a half-life of about 6 days.
Use
EPTC is applied at rates of 2 to 7.5 lbs/ac in the US, or 2.5-5 kg/ha in Australia, measured by active ingredient. It is typically sold as an emulsifiable concentrate, of 70% of more s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate, or as granules.
In the United States, EPTC is registered for use on alfalfa, almonds, beans, birdsfoot trefoil, clovers, lespedeza, sainfoin, citrus nursery stock and plantings, cotton, grass, fallow, pine seedlings, potatoes, safflower, sugar beets, sunflower, tomatoes and walnuts.
In Australia, EPTC is used on beans, potatoes, maize, sweet corn, safflower, rapeseed, sunflower, lucerne, duboisia, lotus, non-crop situations and grass.
It has been sold under the tradenames Eradicane, Eptam, Genep and Shortstop. The long-running "Eptam" trademark is of the Stauffer Chemical Company.
References
Links
Herbicides
Ethyl esters
Thiocarbamates
Propyl compounds | S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate | [
"Biology"
] | 387 | [
"Herbicides",
"Biocides"
] |
78,979,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cultured%20meat%20companies | This is a list of companies involved in the sale and development of cultured meat, along with information about them.
Because the commercial production of cultured meat is as of the 2020s still a developing industry, with unprecedented technological challenges and breakthroughs or failures, the progress of pioneers and early start-ups has received much attention in the media and the scientific community. The number of cultured meat companies increased from about 10 start-ups in 2016 to "98 cultured meat companies engaged in culture-related meat production" in December 2022. In addition to these companies, non-profit organizations such as New Harvest, the Good Food Institute, ProVeg International and the Cellular Agriculture Society advocate for, fund and research cultured meat.
Cultured meat companies
Note: dates in italics refer to projected dates of achievement in the future; they may shift.
Pilot plants
Note: data in italics refer to unfinished projects or projected capacities in the future; they may shift.
See also
List of vegetarian and vegan companies
References
Lists of companies | List of cultured meat companies | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 207 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Cellular agriculture"
] |
74,735,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Stevenson | Hilary Stevenson (12 January 1947 – 5 October 1994) was a food scientist and professor from Northern Ireland who made significant scientific contributions to the study of food irradiation in the 1980s and 1990s.
Early life
Mary Hill (Hilary) Morrison was born in Coleraine, County Londonderry on 12 January 1947. She was the only daughter of James Stewart Morrison and Elizabeth Morrison (née Martin). She was raised at Drumaduan in the townland of Ballyrashane and attended Coleraine High School.
Education
Stevenson attended Queen's University Belfast where she graduated with first class honours in Chemistry in 1969 and Agriculture in 1970. She completed her M.Sc. in Food Science and Microbiology in 1971 from the University of Strathclyde. By 1981 she completed her doctoral studies, with her PhD dissertation focusing on metabolism of minerals by poultry.
Career
Stevenson joined the Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland (DANI) after her undergraduate degrees, becoming an agricultural inspector. At this time she also lectured at the Loughry College of Agriculture and Food Technology. By 1974 she was promoted to senior scientific officer and had transferred to the Agricultural Chemistry Research Division. At this time she took up a position as university lecturer in the Department of Agriculture and Food Science at Queen's University Belfast.
Research contributions
In the early years of her research career, Stevenson focused on the vitamin content of peas before and after processing, later shifting her interest to the absorption of minerals by sheep. By the 1980s, her research had narrowed to poultry nutrition, publishing work on chickens and geese in UK agricultural journals such as British Poultry Science and the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Stevenson's most significant scientific contribution was her research on food irradiation, which she took up in the 1980s. She became an influential expert in the area, publishing over forty papers on the topic, collaborating with international partners on research studies, and organizing gatherings under the auspices of the United Nations. Her work or irradiation was recognized in 1993 when she was appointed to the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
Stevenson was an active member of several professional organizations, including the Northern Ireland branch of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, the Nutrition Society, the journal of British Poultry Science, and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Personal life
She married Noel Stevenson in 1976 and the couple lived in Lisburn, County Antrim. She died at the age of 47 on 5 October 1994, after a prolonged illness.
Selected works
Books
Johnson, D.E. and M.H. Stevenson, editors. Food Irradiation and the Chemist: the proceedings of an international symposium organized by the Food Chemistry Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry as part of the Annual Chemical Congress 1990: Queen's University Belfast, 10–11 April 1990.Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1990. ISBN 0851868576
Journal articles
Graham, W. D., Stevenson, M. H., & Stewart, E. M. (1998a). Effect of irradiation dose and irradiation temperature on the thiamin content of raw and cooked chicken breast meat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 78(4), 559–564.
Graham, W. D., Stevenson, M. H., & Stewart, E. M. (1998b). Effect of irradiation dose and irradiation temperature on the thiamin content of raw and cooked chicken breast meat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 78(4), 559–564.
Gray, R., & Stevenson, M. H. (1989). Detection of irradiated deboned turkey meat using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, Radiation Physics & Chemistry, 34(6), 899–902.
Gray, R., & Stevenson, M. H. (1989a). The effect of post‐irradiation cooking on the ESR signal in irradiated chicken drumsticks. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 24(4), 447–450.
Gray, R., & Stevenson, M. H. (1989b). The effect of post‐irradiation cooking on the ESR signal in irradiated chicken drumsticks. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 24(4), 447–450.
Gray, R., Stevenson, M. H., & Kilpatrick, D. J. (1990a). The effect of irradiation dose and age of bird on the ESR signal in irradiated chicken drumsticks. International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, Radiation Physics & Chemistry, 35(1–3), 284–287.
Gray, R., Stevenson, M. H., & Kilpatrick, D. J. (1990b). The effect of irradiation dose and age of bird on the ESR signal in irradiated chicken drumsticks. International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, Radiation Physics & Chemistry, 35(1–3), 284–287.
Gray, R., Stevenson, M. H., & Kilpatrick, D. J. (1990c). The effect of irradiation dose and age of bird on the ESR signal in irradiated chicken drumsticks. International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, Radiation Physics & Chemistry, 35(1–3), 284–287.
Hamilton, L., Stevenson, M. H., Boyd, D. R., Brannigan, I. N., Treacy, A. B., Hamilton, J. T. G., McRoberts, W. C., & Elliott, C. T. (1996). Detection of 2-substituted cyclobutanones as irradiation products of lipid-containing foods: Synthesis and applications of cis- and trans-2-(tetradec-5′-enyl)cyclobutanones and 11-(2′-oxocyclobutyl)undecanoic acid. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 1996(2), 139–146.
Jackson, N., & Stevenson, M. H. (1981a). A study of the effects of dietary added cupric oxide on the laying, domestic fowl and a comparison with the effects of hydrated copper sulphate. British Journal of Nutrition, 45(1), 99–110.
Jackson, N., & Stevenson, M. H. (1981b). Identification of the component responsible for the effects of added dietary copper sulphate in the female domestic fowl. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32(11), 1047–1056.
Jackson, N., Stevenson, M. H., & Kirkpatrick, G. M. (1979). Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content. British Journal of Nutrition, 42(2), 253–266.
Millar, S. J., Moss, B. W., MacDougall, D. B., & Stevenson, M. H. (1995). The effect of ionising radiation on the CIELAB colour co‐ordinates of chicken breast meat as measured by different instruments. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 30(5), 663–674.
Stevenson, M. H., & Graham, W. D. (1983). The chemical composition and true metabolisable energy content of cassava root meal imported into Northern Ireland. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 34(10), 1105–1107.
Stevenson, M. H., & Gray, R. (1989). An investigation into the effect of sample preparation methods on the resulting ESR signal from irradiated chicken bone. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 48(3), 261–267.
Stevenson, M. H., & Jackson, N. (1979). The accumulation of copper in the liver of the domestic laying hen. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 38(2). Scopus.
Stevenson, M. H., & Jackson, N. (1980a). Effects of level of dietary copper sulphate and period of feeding on the laying, domestic fowl, with special reference to tissue mineral content. British Journal of Nutrition, 43(1), 205–215.
Stevenson, M. H., & Jackson, N. (1980b). Effects of withdrawal of copper sulphate from the diet of the mature domestic fowl with special reference to production and tissue mineral content. British Journal of Nutrition, 43(3), 551–559.
Stevenson, M. H., & Jackson, N. (1981a). An attempt to distinguish between the direct and indirect effects, in the laying domestic fowl, of added dietary copper sulphate. British Journal of Nutrition, 46(1), 71–76.
Stevenson, M. H., & Jackson, N. (1981b). The nutritional value of dried skim milk in broiler diets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32(1), 79–86.
Stevenson, M. H., & Unsworth, E. F. (1978). Studies on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc by sheep fed on roughage-cereal diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 40(3), 491–496.
Stewart, E. M., & Stevenson, M. H. (1997). Identification of Irradiated Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy and Estimation of Applied Dose Using Re‐irradiation: Results of an In‐House Blind Trial. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 74(4), 469–472.
Stewart, E. M., Stevenson, M. H., & Gray, R. (1991). Use of esr spectroscopy for the detection of irradiated whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 55(4), 653–660.
Stewart, E. M., Stevenson, M. H., & GRAY, R. (1992). Detection of irradiation in scampi tails—Effects of sample preparation, irradiation dose and storage on ESR response in the cuticle. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 27(2), 125–132.
Stewart, E. M., Stevenson, M. H., & Gray, R. (1994). Use of ESR spectroscopy for the detection of irradiated Crustacea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 65(2), 191–197.
Stewart, E. M., Stevenson, M. H., Gray, R., & McMurray, C. H. (1993). The effect of processing treatments on the radiation-induced ESR signal in the cuticle of irradiated Norwat lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 42(1–3), 367–370.
Victoria, A., Crone, J., Hamilton, J. T. G., & Stevenson, M. H. (1992). Detection of 2‐dodecylcyclobutanone in radiation‐sterilized chicken meat stored for several years. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 27(6), 691–696.
Awards
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), 1993
References
1947 births
1994 deaths
20th-century educators from Northern Ireland
20th-century women educators from Northern Ireland
Women educators from Northern Ireland
Scientists from County Londonderry
People from Coleraine, County Londonderry
Women food scientists
Food chemists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde | Hilary Stevenson | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,540 | [
"Food chemists",
"Food chemistry"
] |
74,735,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cophinforma%20tumefaciens | Cophinforma tumefaciens is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen infecting citruses, and other shrubs and trees.
History
It was published in 1911, as Sphaeropsis tumefaciens with the holotype found on Citrus limon in Jamaica. But it was transferred to Cophinforma tumefaciens in 2021. Due to the generic circumscriptions of the macroconidia and spermatia/microconidia of this species matching that of Botryosphaeria, Cophinforma, or Neofusicoccum genera, rather than genus Sphaeropsis.
Description
It can form galls (rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort (Hypericum edisonianum ) in Florida. 'Sphaeropsis gall' also affects holly bushes as well. Many other plant genera in Florida and other places are also known to be affected by this disease, including citrus, lime (Citrus aurantifolia), oleander, holly (Ilex spp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon spp), Carissa, crape myrtle, Ligustrum and the Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius). as well as rose bay (Nerium oleander) and avocado (Persea americana ). Other host plantsinclude; Bauhinia spp., Cinnamomum camphora, Citrofortunella mitis, Eucalyptus sp., (including Eucalyptus cinerea and Eucalyptus urophylla), Eugenia sp., Jatropha sp., Lagerstroemia indica, Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Myrica cerifera, Pittosporum tobira, Poncirus trifoliate, Portlandia grandiflora, Pyracantha coccinea, Vigna angularis and Wisteria sinensis.
The mycelium have conidiomata which are pycnidial, superficial or semi-immersed and measureing 135–400 μm in diam. They are solitary or confluent, dark brown to black (in colour), complex, effuse, (sub-)globose, densely covered with dark brown hyphae. The condia wall is composed of three layers, an outer layer of wall (textura angularis), thick-walled and dark to light brown in shade, the middle layer of cells are thin-walled and light brown. The inner layer of cells are also thin-walled and hyaline (glass-like).
The conidiophores are also hyaline, branched, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells are hyaline, holoblastic (divided into planes), smooth, discrete and cylindrical in form. They measure about 11-20(-24) × 2.5 -4 μm. The conidia are hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, granular, ellipsoid to obovoid (in form), 18-31.5 × 7.5-10 μm. The spermatophores are hyaline, smooth, branched, or reduced to solitary spermatogenous cells. They occur randomly among the conidiophores in the same conidioma. The spermatogenous cells are ampulliform (flask-shaped) or sub-cylindrical in form. They measure about 8–21 × 2.5–4.5 μm. The spermatia are hyaline, smooth, cylindrical (in form), straight or slightly curved. The apex is obtuse and the base is truncate, measuring 3.5–7.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm.
Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. They are usually rounded ( in diam.) but sometimes elongated. These swellings start covered with normal bark which then mutates into a whitish, rough, cork-like tissue, this begins to grow in size, becoming fissured, with much enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached to the stem or branch, and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled. The surface of the knot later may become soft and crumbling, but the centre is hard, where the presence of black streaking indicates the presence of mycelium. Multiple shoots can appear from the galled areas, causing a witches broom type of growth. Galls can form up to 40 shoots, some over 1 m long. Horizontal branches can also tip up to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs. The knots can occur in large numbers and a severe infection can lead to death of the tree or shrub. The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought.
Geographic distribution
The disease has been reported as being found in the USA (within Florida), Cameroon, Ceylon, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela.
Also by 2021, it was also found in Japan, Pakistan, West Indies and in Europe (within Austria and Greece).
References
External links
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungi described in 1911
Fungal citrus diseases
Botryosphaeriaceae
Fungus species | Cophinforma tumefaciens | [
"Biology"
] | 1,140 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,735,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20weights | A weight (also known as a mass) is an object, normally with high density, whose chief task is to have mass and exert weight (through gravity).
It is used for different purposes, such as in:
Anchor
Balance weight
Ballast
Bob
Counterweight
Fishing sinker
Paperweight
Plumb bob
Tuned mass damper
Weight training equipment | List of weights | [
"Physics"
] | 69 | [
"Weights",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
74,735,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM5441 | TM5441 is a drug which acts as an inhibitor of the serpin protein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). By inhibiting PAI-1, it increases activity of the enzymes tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, which are involved in the blood clotting cascade. It has been researched for conditions such as hepatic steatosis and diabetic nephropathy, and while it has not been developed for medical use, it is widely used in scientific research.
References
Chloroarenes
Benzoic acids
3-Furyl compounds
Anilides
Ethers | TM5441 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 136 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
74,736,190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204053 | NGC 4053 is a lenticular galaxy located 330 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 9, 1864. NGC 4053 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group and is a LINER galaxy.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4053
038069
Coma Berenices
Astronomical objects discovered in 1864
Lenticular galaxies
NGC 4065 Group
LINER galaxies
07029
Discoveries by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest | NGC 4053 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 108 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
74,737,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20and%20sleep | Sleep during pregnancy can be influenced by various physiological, hormonal, and psychological factors, leading to changes in sleep duration and quality. Furthermore, pregnant persons are more prone to experiencing sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing, and restless legs syndrome. Most women experience sleep disturbances during pregnancy. Interrupted sleep is recognized for its substantial impact on health and its association with a heightened risk of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.
Aetiology
Anatomic and metabolic changes
Pregnancy brings about significant and dynamic physiological changes that can impact sleep and contribute to sleep disorders. These changes encompass structural alterations that may affect the length and quality of sleep, disrupt breathing during sleep, and metabolic shifts that raise the risk of restless legs syndrome. For example, conditions like gastroesophageal reflux tend to worsen as pregnancy advances, affecting a substantial portion of pregnant individuals and potentially causing sleep disruptions. Frequent nighttime urination due to increased sodium excretion can also fragment sleep. Additionally, the musculoskeletal system undergoes stress as it readies itself for the expanding uterus and eventual delivery, which can lead to sleep disturbances. Alterations in iron and folate metabolism during pregnancy have been proposed as factors contributing to the higher prevalence of restless legs syndrome among expectant mothers.
Hormones
The secretion of sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone increases significantly during pregnancy, influencing the regulation of sleep in terms of both circadian rhythms and sleep need. Sleep disruption can also occur due to nighttime uterine contractions, which are a result of the nighttime surge in oxytocin levels.
Sleep disorders
Sleep disorders are frequently experienced during pregnancy, impacting over 50% of all pregnancies. These issues tend to become more prevalent as pregnancy advances. The most commonly observed sleep disorders in pregnant women include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has officially recognized 'pregnancy-associated sleep disorder' as a distinct condition, encompassing both insomnia and increased daytime sleepiness occurring during pregnancy.
Parasomnias
Parasomnias represent a notable concern in pregnancy, with somnambulism, nightmares, night terrors, and vivid dreams being frequent occurrences. The disrupted sleep experienced during pregnancy, along with sleep disorders like sleep-disordered breathing and movement disorders, can act as substantial triggers for parasomnias, leading to an elevated likelihood of experiencing such episodes during pregnancy.
Insomnia
Pregnancy-related insomnia is quite common. As pregnancy advances, both subjective and objective assessments reveal a notable increase in sleep disruptions. Researchers who have used polysomnography to study sleep in pregnant women have observed distinct patterns. These patterns include more wakefulness after initially falling asleep, reduced rapid eye movement sleep, and a greater amount of time spent in lighter sleep stages compared to non-pregnant women. Furthermore, as pregnancy progresses, women tend to experience less total sleep time, increased wakefulness after falling asleep, more time in lighter sleep stages, decreased periods of deep and rapid eye movement sleep, and more frequent awakenings compared to earlier stages of pregnancy. Additionally, it's common for pregnant persons to express dissatisfaction with the quality of their sleep, with almost half reporting poor subjective sleep experiences.
Restless legs syndrome
Restless legs syndrome is a condition characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, particularly during periods of rest or inactivity.
The condition is more common among pregnant women than in the general population. Research studies have reported varying prevalence rates, with estimates ranging from 10% to 34% of pregnant individuals experiencing RLS symptoms at some point during their pregnancy.
Sleep-disordered breathing
Snoring and sleep-disordered breathing are significantly more common in pregnant women, being 2–3 times more prevalent than in nonpregnant females. These changes are associated with alterations in upper airway anatomy and tend to return to nonpregnant levels after childbirth.
Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep due to the collapse of the upper airway, often leading to a decrease in oxygen levels. It is a prevalent health concern among pregnant women and is linked to various pregnancy-related health consequences. The condition is more prevalent in pregnant women who are obese. Pregnancies where obstructive sleep apnea is a complicating factor face a higher risk of developing conditions like intrauterine growth restriction, pre-eclampsia, and stillbirth.
Management
The management of sleep disorders during pregnancy may require the use of psychopharmacological drugs. Primary insomnia can be managed with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication, while secondary insomnia should primarily target the underlying medical issue. When dealing with restless legs syndrome, treatment includes medication use and minimizing exposure to triggers like smoking, caffeine, and specific medications.
Sleeping positions
The National Health Service (NHS) advises pregnant individuals to sleep on their side, either the left or right, for optimal safety during pregnancy. Research indicates that beyond the 28th week, assuming a supine (back) sleeping position can result in a twofold increase in the risk of stillbirth. This increased risk may be attributed to potential disruptions in fetal blood circulation and oxygen supply. Sleeping on the back can also give rise to various complications, including back pain, respiratory issues, hemorrhoidal problems, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal discomfort, and reduced blood flow to both the maternal heart and the developing fetus. Furthermore, the weight gain associated with pregnancy may heighten the likelihood of developing sleep apnea when sleeping on the back.
Dreams
During pregnancy, a significant period of emotional adjustment occurs, involving thoughts, feelings, and relationships regarding oneself and the unborn child, which often find expression in dreams. Pregnant women often describe their dreams as exceptionally vivid and realistic. Some systematic studies suggest that the majority of pregnant women (67–88%) report experiencing at least one dream related to topics like pregnancy, childbirth, or babies. Additionally, some other studies indicate that 30–62% of these dreams include maternal elements, and their frequency tends to increase as pregnancy progresses. These dreams typically touch upon the mother's physical well-being and the baby's sex, but may also feature elements of danger or harm to the baby, mother, father, as well as issues within the family and marriage. Pregnant individuals tend to have better dream recall, and notably, the content of their dreams tends to be more disturbing compared to other life stages. Comparative research suggests that pregnant persons recall more dreams centered around pregnancy-related themes (e.g., childbirth, pregnancy, the fetus, their own body, the baby's body) and more elements involving potential risks to the fetus and themselves. Pregnancy can influence dream patterns, leading to an increased likelihood of experiencing bad dreams and nightmares. Pregnant women's dreams tend to be more masochistic and include more elements where they experience misfortune, harm, or face environmental threats, although they do not necessarily involve more aggressive actions.
References
External links
Health issues in pregnancy
Sleep
Women's mental health | Pregnancy and sleep | [
"Biology"
] | 1,448 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
74,738,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%C3%A9%20du%20champ%20operator | The (French for square of a field operator) is a bilinear, symmetric operator from analysis and probability theory. The measures how far an infinitesimal generator is from being a derivation.
The operator was introduced in 1969 by and independently discovered in 1976 by Jean-Pierre Roth in his doctoral thesis.
The name "carré du champ" comes from electrostatics.
Carré du champ operator for a Markov semigroup
Let be a σ-finite measure space, a Markov semigroup of non-negative operators on , the infinitesimal generator of and the algebra of functions in , i.e. a vector space such that for all also .
Carré du champ operator
The of a Markovian semigroup is the operator defined (following P. A. Meyer) as
for all .
Properties
From the definition, it follows that
For we have and thus and
therefore the is positive.
The domain is
Remarks
The definition in Roth's thesis is slightly different.
Bibliography
References
Analysis
Probability theory
Functions and mappings | Carré du champ operator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 206 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
74,738,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRoT-27b | CoRoT-27b is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits a G-type star. Its mass is 10.39 Jupiters, it takes 3.6 days to complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.0476 AU from its star. Its discovery was announced in 2014.
Host star
CoRoT-27b orbits CoRoT-27 in the constellation of Serpens. It is a Sun-like G2V star with an effective temperature of , a mass of 1.05 , a radius of 1.08 , and a near- or below-solar metallicity of . Its age is estimated at Gyr.
References
Exoplanets discovered in 2014
Exoplanets discovered by CoRoT
Transiting exoplanets
Serpens | CoRoT-27b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 160 | [
"Constellations",
"Serpens"
] |
74,738,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dales%20Marine%20Services | Dales Marine Services is a ship repair and maintenance company, operating 5 dry docks in the UK.
History
Dales Marine was founded in 1987 by Maurice Nicol as a fabrication and repair of large industrial equipment, based in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. The business expanded into ship repair and maintenance in the 2000s with a site at the dry dock in Aberdeen Harbour. In 2020, the business was sold to H2 Equity Partners, an investment firm, in a process facilitated by Corbett Keeling.
Services
Dales Marine operate dry docks in Aberdeen, Leith, Greenock, Troon, and Grangemouth providing the full range of repair, maintenance, steelwork construction and fabrication services. They are the only company in Scotland licensed by Scottish Environment Protection Agency to provide ship decommissioning services.
In January 2021, Dales announced a 4-year contract to maintain 19 CalMac vessels. The work will mainly be at their Greenock facilities.
References
Companies based in Aberdeen
British companies established in 1987
Marine engineering companies | Dales Marine Services | [
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Marine engineering companies",
"Engineering companies",
"Marine engineering"
] |
74,739,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail-Joon%20Ahn | Gail-Joon Ahn is an electrical engineer and professor of computer science and engineering at Arizona State University. He is a fellow of the IEEE.
Education
Ahn received his PhD in information technology from George Mason University in 2000.
Career
Ahn is professor of computer science and engineering at the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University. He is the founder of the university's Security Engineering for Future Computing laboratory and served as its first director. Ahn has contributed to over 200 research papers and holds 10 United States patents. He is the co-editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, an associate editor of ACM Transactions on Information and Systems Security and a member of the editorial board of Computers & Security. Before joining Arizona State University, Ahn was an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte's College of Computing and Informatics and director of their Center for Digital Identity and Cyber Defense Research.
Honours
Federal Information Systems Security Educators Association Educator of the Year Award (2004)
Senior Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (2007)
Arizona State University Most Outstanding Research Award (2013)
Distinguished Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (2015)
Fellow of the IEEE "for development of applications of information and systems security" (2023)
References
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Arizona State University faculty
George Mason University alumni
Electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people) | Gail-Joon Ahn | [
"Engineering"
] | 295 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
74,739,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20code%20theory | Multiple code theory (MCT) is a theory that conceives of the human brain as processing information in three codes. A certain issue can be coded in three languages, via symbolic verbal information (letters), symbolic nonverbal information (images), and pre-symbolic information (body feeling). This theory was first hypothesized by the psychoanalyst Wilma Bucci (Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University), who combines the work of Antonio Damasio and psychoanalysis. What is important for psychotherapy is that there is no direct connection between the world of words and the physical world, but that the images are a pivotal point for communication between the mind and the limbic system and serve as a kind of translator. There is an image attached to every word and a physical feeling attached to every image. Her work had a major influence on the further development of various psychotherapeutic procedures.
A symbolic verbal code includes discrete words and subsequently images embedded in the language and is processed in a single track. A symbolic nonverbal code includes modality-specific mental and embodied images. Sensory and emotional experience is processed in a pre-symbolic code. This kind of pre-symbolic processing relies predominantly on analogic relationships, with the information it processes being continuous rather than discrete. MCT posits these three kinds of processing as loosely connected to one another through a set of cognitive functions called the referential process.
Multiple code theory and the associated theory of the referential process draw on and bridge variously associated fields, including clinical psychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, and linguistics.
Related concepts
The Dual-coding theory
The Dual-coding theory is a theory of cognition that suggests that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal. It was hypothesized by Allan Paivio of the University of Western Ontario in 1971.
The referential process
The Referential Process (RP) refers to a set of cognitive functions that connect symbolic verbal, symbolic nonverbal, and subsymbolic information, allowing an individual to put words to emotional experiences. It is hypothesized that the referential process operates in a three-stage cycle. This cycle begins with a phase of bodily and emotional arousal associated with a particular experience (arousal), the connection of that embodied experience to language (symbolizing), and the subsequent reorganization of the cognitive and emotional schemas previously associated with that experience (reflection/reorganizing). Disruptions to the referential process lead to dissociations of the various verbal and nonverbal aspects of the schema, and a consequent disruption in emotion regulation and construction of meaning. The referential process has been operationalized with various language-based measures, both hand-scored and computerized.
Emotion schemas
An emotion schema is a kind of memory schema made up of a representation of a self in relation to an other. It is initially built up primarily through repeated affective experiences. Subsymbolic information, which may be connected to symbolic verbal and nonverbal forms of information via the referential process, constitutes the core of an emotion schema. The dissociation of the various informational codes within the emotion schema has been associated with various forms of psychopathology. The model of psychopathology in Multiple Code Theory is thus one based primarily on dissociation, with traumatic psychological experiences triggering dissociative processes whereby the subsymbolic aspects of emotional schemas become disconnected from symbolic codes. A primary goal of psychotherapy is thus the integration of dissociated schemas.
References
Clinical psychology
Cognitive psychology
Psychological theories | Multiple code theory | [
"Biology"
] | 756 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology",
"Clinical psychology"
] |
74,740,486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadram%20Quadcolor | The Quadram Quadcolor is a graphics card for IBM PC computers by Quadram Corporation, first sold in 1983. It is a superset of the then-current CGA standard, using the same monitor standard (4-bit digital TTL RGBI monitor or NTSC composite video) and providing the same pixel resolutions.
Description
The Quadcolor has twice the memory of a standard CGA board (32k, compared to 16k), and offers a mode with two freely definable colours. If used with the Quadcolor II enhancement board, the additional memory can be used in graphics modes to double the color depth, allowing for two additional graphics modes — resolution with 136 colors, or resolution with 16 colors.
This card is supported by Dr. Halo II and Turbo Pascal Graphix Toolbox.
Models
Quadram Quadcolor I
Quadram Quadcolor II
Output capabilities
Quadram Quadcolor I offers the following modes:
with 4 colors (standard CGA mode)
with 2 colors (from a 4-bit RGBI hardware palette)
With the Quadcolor II enhancement board, Quadram Quadcolor offers the following modes:
with 136 colors (obtained from a mix of two 16 color palettes)
with 16 colors (4-bit RGBI hardware palette).
See also
Tandy Graphics Adapter, a graphics hardware system with similar capabilities.
Plantronics Colorplus
Hercules InColor Card
Orchid Graphics Adapter
References
External links
Quadram Quadcolor I and II Drivers
Quadram Quadcolor I – Operation Manual
Quadram Quadcolor II – Operation Manual
Quadram Quadjet manual
Computer display standards
Graphics cards
Computer-related introductions in 1983 | Quadram Quadcolor | [
"Technology"
] | 331 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
74,740,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Australian%20plants%20termed%20%22native%22 | This is a list of Australian plants which have had a common name prefixed with the adjective "native".
Early European settlers in Australia were confronted with a large variety of unaccustomed animals and plants, and in many cases gave them familiar names qualified with the adjective "native", based on some fancied resemblance, so what is now a koala was called a "native bear" and the dingo a "native dog". Many of these terms are of historic interest only.
Notes
References
Native
+Australia | List of Australian plants termed "native" | [
"Biology"
] | 107 | [
"Plant common names",
"Common names of organisms",
"Plants"
] |
74,740,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sordaria%20alcina | Sordaria alcina is a species of fungus from the genus Sordaria.
References
Sordariales
Fungi described in 1972
Fungus species | Sordaria alcina | [
"Biology"
] | 30 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,740,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevomo | Nevomo (known as Hyper Poland until 2020) is a Polish transportation start-up founded in 2017. The company proposes a Maglev-based transportation system which can be retrofitted to existing railway tracks, and future work on a Hyperloop system.
History
Nevomo was founded in April 2017 under its original name Hyper Poland as a spin-off of a team of university students of Warsaw University of Technology. The student team had successfully participated in the Hyperloop Pod Competition II competition organized by SpaceX in California. By the end of 2018, the company had filed eight patent applications. In October 2019, the company unveiled its first 1:5 scale prototype of the track and MagRail vehicle. In 2020, the company begun test runs on a scaled-down track. In the same year, the company rebranded from Hyper Poland to Nevomo.
In the first quarter of 2022, Nevomo completed the construction of Europe's longest test track for passive magnetic levitation. The 700 meter-long railway track in Subcarpathian Voivodeship in Poland allows vehicles utilizing the company's MagRail technology to travel at speeds of up to 160 kph. The installation of all necessary wayside equipment was completed in December 2022 and tests began in spring 2023. The first levitation tests were planned for 2023.
Technology
Nevomo is developing a proprietary transport system similar to Maglev, which can be retrofitted onto existing rail infrastructure. The company's core technological focus areas are in the development of a new type of linear motor, the levitation and guidance systems, the power electronics and position control systems, as well as monitoring systems. The company anticipates that a railway track will be first upgraded with the company's MagRail technology, which in a later stage is first enclosed to reduce drag, before finally becoming a full-fledged Hyperloop with a vacuum tube. As the later stages are expected to demand many more years of development before becoming technically and commercially viable, Nevomo is currently focusing on a "MagRail Booster" system intended to magnetically propel existing retrofitted rolling stock, and a full "Levitating MagRail" system which implements Maglev by retrofitting existing train tracks.
Funding
The company has secured a grant of PLN 16.5 million from the National Center for Research and Development (NCBiR) and completed two rounds of equity crowdfunding campaigns on Seedrs with PLN 3.7 million. In 2020, the Hütter Private Equity fund from Gdynia, Poland joined the company's investor group.
In mid-2022 Nevomo received funding of €2.5 million from the European Innovation Council (EIC) accelerator program, to be expanded with a campaign component of up to €15 million from the EIC fund. In the same year, EIT InnoEnergy - one of the world's largest investors in sustainable energy innovation - also invested in the company.
Notes
External links
Official Website of Nevomo
Hyperloop
Maglev
Experimental and prototype high-speed trains | Nevomo | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 628 | [
"Vacuum systems",
"Hyperloop",
"Transport systems"
] |
74,740,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stube | A stube (stiva (Romansh), stüa (Ladin and Lombard) is the traditional living area of the German-speaking Alpine areas (Austria, Germany, Switzerland), and the Italian regions of Valtellina, South Tyrol, Trentino and Ladinia.
It is a room heated by a large stone- or tile-covered stove and entirely lined with wood to keep the heat inside; the woods mostly used for the wall panels are chestnut, walnut, spruce, and Swiss pine. The logs are inserted into the stove through a small door that opens on an adjacent room, usually the kitchen or the corridor.
In the beginning, the term stube was used to indicate a room heated by a stove where the family would gather to chat, sew, weave, pray, and even sleep. Beyond their original function, during the Middle Ages, richly decorated stüe quickly became status symbols, serving as a "state room" in noble houses, where guests were welcomed, private or community notarial deeds were drawn up, and meetings were held.
In another sense derived from the concept of "heated room", it used to refer to a bathing room, giving rise to the German occupational surnames Stübler/Stubler, Stüberer, Stübner, Stuber for "stube-keeper". The word is also part a number of compound words, for rooms of some specific kind, such as Bierstube, "beer hall", etc., see wikt:Stube.
See also
Farmhouse kitchen
Parlor
References
Rooms | Stube | [
"Engineering"
] | 317 | [
"Rooms",
"Architecture"
] |
74,741,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela%20Malpangotto | Michela Malpangotto is an Italian historian of science, specializing in the history of astronomy leading up to the Copernican Revolution, and its associated mathematics (especially spherical geometry and trigonometry). She is a director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research, affiliated with the Centre Jean Pépin at the École normale supérieure (Paris).
Education and career
Malpangotto originally studied mathematics and the history of mathematics at the University of Genoa, earning a laurea there in 2002 under the supervision of Antonio Carlo Garibaldi. She completed a Ph.D. in the history of science at the University of Bari in 2006, with the dissertation Regiomontano e il rinnovamento del sapere matematico e astronomico nel Quattrocento directed by Carlo Maccagni.
She joined the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in 2007, earned a habilitation through the Paris Observatory in 2016, and became a director of research in 2018.
In 2018, she was named editor-in-chief of the journal Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences.
Books
Malpangotto is the editor of Theoricae novae planetarum Georgii Peurbachii dans l'histoire de l'astronomie: sources, édition critique avec traduction française, commentaire technique, diffusion du XVe au XVIIe siècle (CNRS, 2020), a critical edition of Theoricae Novae Planetarum, a presentation of Ptolemaic astronomy by 15th-century Austrian astronomer Georg von Peuerbach.
Her other books include Regiomontano e il rinnovamento del sapere matematico e astronomico nel Quattrocento (Caducci, 2008), and L’homme au risque de l’infini: Mélanges d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences offerts à Michel Blay (edited with Vincent Jullien and Efthymios Nicolaïdis, Brepols, 2013).
Recognition
Malpangotto was elected as a corresponding member of the International Academy of the History of Science in 2015, and as a full member in 2019.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian historians of mathematics
Italian women historians
Historians of astronomy
University of Genoa alumni
University of Bari alumni
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research | Michela Malpangotto | [
"Astronomy"
] | 503 | [
"People associated with astronomy",
"Historians of astronomy",
"History of astronomy"
] |
74,741,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirobasidium%20brefeldianum | Sirobasidium brefeldianum is a species of fungus in the order Tremellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous and appear to be parasitic on ascomycetous fungi on wood. The species was originally described from Brazil, but has also been reported from Asia and Europe.
Taxonomy
Sirobasidium brefeldianum was described from Brazil in 1895 by German mycologist Alfred Möller. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has indicated that Sirobasidium brefeldianum may not be closely related to other Sirobasidium species, though this is based on a single culture from Europe that may be contaminated and requires further research.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, pustular, and whitish, typically occurring in groups. Each measures up to 3 mm across. Basidia are catenulate (formed in chains), with up to 12 basidia in each chain. Individual basidia are ellipsoid to fusiform and transversely biseptate. The sterigmata are deciduous, fusiform, 22-24 x 7-8 μm. The basidiospores are globose, 6-8 μm across.
Habitat and distribution
Sirobasidium brefeldianum was originally described on rotten wood, but European collections are associated with and possibly parasitic on fungi in the Diatrypaceae, including species of Eutypella, growing on dead attached or fallen wood. Sirobasidium brefeldianum has been reported not only from South America, but also Europe (Belgium, England, France, Germany), Asia (Brunei, Ceylon, India), and Macaronesia (Canary Islands), though it is not clear that all these reports refer to the same species.
References
Tremellomycetes
Fungi described in 1895
Fungi of South America
Fungus species | Sirobasidium brefeldianum | [
"Biology"
] | 393 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,742,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZ%20Doradus | WZ Doradus (HD 33684; HR 1695; 21 G. Doradus) is a solitary red-hued variable star located in the southern constellation Dorado. It has an average apparent magnitude of 5.21, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 580 light-years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, WZ Doradus is diminished by two-tenths of a magnitude due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of −1.00.
HD 33684 was first observed to vary in brightness by astronomer P. M. Corben in 1971. It was said to have an amplitude of 0.18 magnitudes. A year later, HD 33684 was given the variable star designation WZ Doradus. It was again observed in 1973 by Olin J. Eggen and he noticed that it varied within 40 days. A 1998 survey found no strong emissions indicating dust around the star. Another survey also found no technetium in its spectrum. WZ Doradus is a semiregular variable of subtype SRb that varies between 5.2 and 5.32 within an average period of 40 days. Tabur et al. (2009) found two periods for the star after it was widely believed to only have one period.
WZ Doradus has a stellar classification of M3 III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant. It is currently on the asymptotic giant branch, generating energy via the fusion of hydrogen and helium shells around an inert carbon core. As a result of its evolved state, it has expanded to 88.3 times the radius of the Sun and it now radiates 1,248 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of .
References
M-type giants
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Semiregular variable stars
Dorado
Doradus, 21
Doradus, WZ
CD-63 00188
033684
023840
1695
55298910 | WZ Doradus | [
"Astronomy"
] | 441 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
74,743,071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%CE%94-%20and%20%CE%94Y-transformation | In graph theory, ΔY- and YΔ-transformations (also written delta-wye and wye-delta) are a pair of operations on graphs. A ΔY-transformation replaces a triangle by a vertex of degree three; and conversely, a YΔ-transformation replaces a vertex of degree three by a triangle. The names for the operations derive from the shapes of the involved subgraphs, which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ.
A YΔ-transformation may create parallel edges, even if applied to a simple graph. For this reason ΔY- and YΔ-transformations are most naturally considered as operations on multigraphs. On multigraphs both operations preserve the edge count and are exact inverses of each other. In the context of simple graphs it is common to combine a YΔ-transformation with a subsequent normalization step that reduces parallel edges to a single edge. This may no longer preserve the number of edges, nor be exactly reversible via a ΔY-transformation.
Formal definition
Let be a graph (potentially a multigraph).
Suppose contains a triangle with vertices and edges .
A ΔY-transformation of at deletes the edges and adds a new vertex adjacent to each of .
Conversely, if is a vertex of degree three with neighbors , then a YΔ-transformation of at deletes and adds three new edges , where connects and .
If the resulting graph should be a simple graph, then any resulting parallel edges are to be replaced by a single edge.
Relevance
ΔY- and YΔ-transformations are a tool both in pure graph theory as well as applications.
Both operations preserve a number of natural topological properties of graphs.
For example, applying a YΔ-transformation to a 3-vertex of a planar graph, or a ΔY-transformation to a triangular face of a planar graph, results again in a planar graph.
This was used in the original proof of Steinitz's theorem, showing that every 3-connected planar graph is the edge graph of a polyhedron.
Applying ΔY- and YΔ-transformations to a linkless graph results again in a linkless graph.
This fact is used to compactly describe the forbidden minors of the associated graph classes as ΔY-families generated from a small number of graphs (see the section on ΔY-families below).
A particularly relevant application exists in electrical engineering in the study of three-phase power systems (see Y-Δ transform (electrical engineering)).
In this context they are also known as star-triangle transformations and are a special case of star-mesh transformations.
ΔY-families
The ΔY-family generated by a graph is the smallest family of graphs that contains and is closed under YΔ- and ΔY-transformations. Equivalently, it is constructed from by recursively applying these transformations until no new graph is generated. If is a finite graph it generates a finite ΔY-family, all members of which have the same edge count.
The ΔY-family generated by several graphs is the smallest family that contains all these graphs and is closed under YΔ- and ΔY-transformation.
Some notable families are generated in this way:
the Petersen family is generated from the complete graph . It consists of the six forbidden minors for the class of linkless graphs.
the Heawood family is generated from and . It consists of 78 graphs, each of which is a forbidden minors for the class of 4-flat graphs.
YΔY-reducible graphs
A graph is YΔY-reducible if it can be reduced to a single vertex by a sequence of ΔY- or YΔ-transformations and the following normalization steps:
removing a loop,
removing a parallel edge,
removing a vertex of degree one,
smoothing out a vertex of degree two, i.e., replacing it by a single edge between its two former neighbors.
The YΔY-reducible graphs form a minor closed family and therefore have a forbidden minor characterization (by the Robertson–Seymour theorem). The graphs of the Petersen family constitute some (but not all) of the excluded minors.
In fact, already more than 68 billion excluded minor are known.
The class of YΔY-reducible graphs lies between the classes of planar graphs and linkless graphs: each planar graph is YΔY-reducible, while each YΔY-reducible graph is linkless. Both inclusions are strict: is not planar but YΔY-reducible, while the graph in the figure is not YΔY-reducible but linkless.
References
Graph theory
Graph operations | YΔ- and ΔY-transformation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 943 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Graph operations",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
74,744,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression%20point | The compression point is a metric describing an aspect of electronic amplifiers. For example, the 1-dB compression point (sometimes notated as P1dB) is the output power of the amplifier (for the signal of interest) at which it differs from an ideal linear amplifier by more than 1 dB. So a larger 1-dB compression point means that the amplifier can produce larger outputs (for the same amount of distortion). It will often be quoted by manufacturers of amplifiers..
The compression point is sometimes used (interchangeably with the third-order intercept point) to define the upper limit of the dynamic range of an amplifier. A rule of thumb that holds for many linear radio-frequency amplifiers is that the 1 dB compression point point falls approximately 10 dB below the third-order intercept point.
References
Electronic amplifiers | Compression point | [
"Technology"
] | 164 | [
"Electronic amplifiers",
"Amplifiers"
] |
74,744,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layers%20of%20protection%20analysis | Layers of protection analysis (LOPA) is a technique for evaluating the hazards, risks and layers of protection associated with a system, such as a chemical process plant. In terms of complexity and rigour LOPA lies between qualitative techniques such as hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) and quantitative techniques such as fault trees and event trees. LOPA is used to identify scenarios that present the greatest risk and assists in considering how that risk could be reduced.
Introduction
LOPA is a risk assessment technique that uses rules to evaluate the frequency of an initiating event, the independent protection layers (IPL), and the consequences of the event. LOPA aims to identify the countermeasures available against the potential consequences of a risk. An IPL is a device, system or action that prevents a scenario from escalating. The effectiveness of an IPL is quantified by its probability of failure on demand (PFD), in the range 0 to 1. An IPL must be independent of the other protective layers and its functionality must be capable of validation.
LOPA was developed in the 1990s in the chemical process industry but has found wider application. In functional safety, LOPA is often used to allocate a safety integrity level to instrumented protective functions. When this occurs in the context of the analysis of process plants, LOPA generally leverages the results of a preceding HAZOP. LOPA is complementary to HAZOP and can generate a second in-depth analysis of a scenario, which can be used to challenge the HAZOP findings in terms of failure events and safeguards.
Layers of protection in process plants
Safety protection systems for process plant typically comprises eight layers:
LOPA is used to determine how a process deviation can lead to a hazardous event if not interrupted by an IPL.
The LOPA procedure
LOPA is a risk assessment undertaken on a 'one cause–one consequence' pair. The steps of a LOPA risk assessment are:
Identify the consequences, using a risk matrix
Define the risk tolerance criteria (RTC), based on the tolerable/intolerable regions on the risk matrix
Define the relevant accident scenario, e.g. mechanical or human failure
Determine the initiating event frequency, again using the risk matrix
Identify the conditions and estimate the probability of failure on demand (PFD)
Estimate the frequency of unmitigated consequences
Identify the IPLs and estimate the PFD for each one
Determine the frequency of mitigated consequences
Evaluate the need for additional IPLs.
Other uses
Although the LOPA methodology started in the process industry, the technique can be used in other fields, including:
General design
Management of change
Facilities siting risk
Mechanical integrity programs
Incident investigations
Screening tool for Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA)
See also
Hazard and operability study
Hazard analysis
Fault tree analysis
Risk assessment
References
Hazard analysis
Process safety
Safety engineering | Layers of protection analysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 585 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Hazard analysis",
"Process safety",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
74,745,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable%20measure | In functional analysis and measure theory, a differentiable measure is a measure that has a notion of a derivative. The theory of differentiable measure was introduced by Russian mathematician Sergei Fomin and proposed at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966 in Moscow as an infinite-dimensional analog of the theory of distributions. Besides the notion of a derivative of a measure by Sergei Fomin there exists also one by Anatoliy Skorokhod, one by Sergio Albeverio and Raphael Høegh-Krohn, and one by Oleg Smolyanov and .
Differentiable measure
Let
be a real vector space,
be σ-algebra that is invariant under translation by vectors , i.e. for all and .
This setting is rather general on purpose since for most definitions only linearity and measurability is needed. But usually one chooses to be a real Hausdorff locally convex space with the Borel or cylindrical σ-algebra .
For a measure let denote the shifted measure by .
Fomin differentiability
A measure on is Fomin differentiable along if for every set the limit
exists. We call the Fomin derivative of .
Equivalently, for all sets is differentiable in .
Properties
The Fomin derivative is again another measure and absolutely continuous with respect to .
Fomin differentiability can be directly extend to signed measures.
Higher and mixed derivatives will be defined inductively .
Skorokhod differentiability
Let be a Baire measure and let be the space of bounded and continuous functions on .
is Skorokhod differentiable (or S-differentiable) along if a Baire measure exists such that for all the limit
exists.
In shift notation
The measure is called the Skorokhod derivative (or S-derivative or weak derivative) of along and is unique.
Albeverio-Høegh-Krohn Differentiability
A measure is Albeverio-Høegh-Krohn differentiable (or AHK differentiable) along if a measure exists such that
is absolutely continuous with respect to such that ,
the map is differentiable.
Properties
The AHK differentiability can also be extended to signed measures.
Example
Let be a measure with a continuously differentiable Radon-Nikodým density , then the Fomin derivative is
Bibliography
Kuo, Hui-Hsiung “Differentiable Measures.” Chinese Journal of Mathematics 2, no. 2 (1974): 189–99. .
References
Functional analysis
Measure theory | Differentiable measure | [
"Mathematics"
] | 514 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
74,745,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleboarding | Battleboarding, also known as Versus Debating and "Who Would Win" Debating, is an activity that involves discussing and debating around hypothetical fights between individuals; most popularly, fictional characters. These debates are often held in forums, blogs, sites and wikis, known as versus sites or battle boards. Netizens who engage in battleboarding online are often called "battleboarders".
The earliest iterations of battleboarding first appeared in various online boards and forums, though its origins can be traced back to magazines, television shows, and comic book letter columns. Eventually, the online activity grew, becoming one of the most popular internet activities today, and spawning many online communities dedicated solely for battleboarding. It soon evolved into its own subculture, and even went on to inspire other media.
History
Origins
Before the advent of the internet, articles about hypothetical fights were published in magazines. These articles range from topics like sports, comics and anime, such as Black Belt Magazine issue May 1997 which discussed about a hypothetical match between Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee, and Wizard Magazine #133 which discussed about various hypothetical fights between American comic characters against Japanese anime characters. During that time, many comic book publishers also conceptualized and published "versus" storylines like Batman Versus Predator and Justice League/Avengers. Many films also capitalized on the concept of fictional characters from different franchises fighting each other, such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1934), King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962), Freddy vs Jason (2003), and Alien vs. Predator (2004).
Another inspiration behind battleboarding were television shows and documentaries whose premise involved hypothetical fights concerning a variety of subjects like zoology, paleontology, and military history. These include shows such as Animal Face-Off (which pitted animals against each other), Deadliest Warrior (which pitted historical warriors, oftentimes from different time periods, against each other), and Jurassic Fight Club (which was about analyzing cases where different types of dinosaurs fought one another). Death Battle, a web series about pitting fictional characters against each other that began in 2010, is a similar show that soon inspired many battleboarding communities and fandoms. Death Battle, as with many other battleboarding series and websites before it, utilised "calcs", which are mathematical equations that try to calculate how strong a character or weapon is. Other popular web series about the subject include Super Power Beat Down and Grudge Match.
Forums and Sites
Many internet forums about movies, comics, anime, and video games often held discussions about hypothetical fights between fictional characters from these media. These discussions would be the first iteration of online battleboarding. A notable early battleboarding website was stardestroyer.net (founded 1998), created by Michael Wong. The website focuses in large part on match-ups between the Star Wars and Star Trek franchises, and also includes a forum covering this as well as other more general battleboarding topics, usually related to science fiction and space opera. In addition to the forums, several webpages written by the administrators and contributors were embedded on the site. These attempted to mathematically quantify the capabilities of Star Wars technology and prove their superiority to their Star Trek equivalents, such as Wong's "Star Wars vs Star Trek: Technology Overview" and Brian Young's "Turbolaser Commentaries."
stardestroyer.net had a notable impact on early battleboarding culture and also influenced official products. Curtis Saxton, author of several officially-licensed Star Wars technical reference books, thanked Michael Wong, Brian Young, and several other stardestroyer.net contributors by name in the acknowledgements section of Star Wars: Attack of the Clones Incredible Cross-Sections (2002), referring to them as "prominent among the hundreds of people contributing to constructive debates about Star Wars technicalities over the years, resulting in the consensus of conceptual and physical foundations applied in these pages." Saxton's books in the Incredible Cross-Sections series contain specific numbers about the capabilities of Star Wars ships original to these publications and not used in any other official sources. In an interview conducted by TheForce.Net, Saxton claimed to have been offered the job of writing reference books by a DK employee familiar with his "Star Wars Technical Commentaries" webpage (1995-2001), where Saxton attempted to calculate the firepower, speed, and durability of Star Wars spaceships using his background as an astrophysics student.
One of the oldest and longest-running battleboarding forum is Comic Vines "battle forum", whose first post was in 2007. Comic Vine also has one of the largest impacts on battleboarding, creating many common rules and terminologies such as "bloodlusted", "morals are off", "speed equalized", and many others. Another long-running battle forum is a subreddit called r/whowouldwin, where redditors can post and debate fictional fights about real or fictional individuals. Verdicts of these match-ups are often chosen by using evidences of a character's power, weakness, or feat, such as movie clips, comic book panel scans, and excerpts from related literature; all of which are posted and categorized in a separate subreddit called r/respectthreads. Other influential battle forums include Fanverse, where users can post their own calcs about a fictional character's power level.
The popularity of battle forums inspired the creation of websites dedicated only for battleboarding. These include The Outskirts Battle Dome, a website that popularized the use of "power levels" in battleboarding; the aforementioned stardestroyer.net; and Space Battles, a website whose forums and threads are filled with posts about hypothetical fights between fictional characters as well as other related topics. Another influential battleboarding site is the now defunct Fact Pile, and its sister site, FactPileTopia. Fact Pile is one of the first battleboarding site that actually listed down and documented winners of their match-ups. The site closed down in 2016 along with its forum, wikia, and YouTube channel. Besides these, blogs about battleboarding were also created, such as dreager1.com.
Wikis
Nowadays, the most popular battleboarding communities can be seen in Fandom, with two of the oldest and most popular being Deadliest Fiction and VS Battles Wiki.
Deadliest Fiction is a Deadliest Warrior-inspired fanon created in July 2010 by a group of historians, academics, and pop culture enthusiasts. Being one of the most influential and accurate battleboarding sites around, Deadliest Fiction allows users to create hypothetical match-ups in the form of blogs, where other users can vote and debate around who will win in the comment section. Once a verdict is reached, the site allows the user to create a simulated fanfiction of how the fight would happen.
Around the same year in October, a similar battleboarding site named VS Battles Wiki was created. In the VS Battles Wiki, users can create profiles and power levels of fictional characters, post match-ups in its threads and forums, and list down the winners and losers of these threads in said character profiles. The wiki is considered the most active wiki battleboarding site today, with over 1 million visitors per month. However, throughout the years, the VS Battles Wiki has had its share of controversies, such as alleged inaccuracies in their profiles.
There have also been websites and fanfiction wikis inspired by the battleboarding internet show Death Battle. These include the long-running G1 Death Battle Fan Blog, r/deathbattlematchups, and the popular Death Battle Fanon Wiki and DBX Fanon Wiki. Death Battle also released its own dice and card game, complete with rules and effects taken from battleboarding.
Subculture
In its rise in popularity, battleboarding has given birth to a unique online subculture with its own rules, activities, and terminologies. Several of these influences have become present in other online communities and popular media. Some of the common slang and terminologies used in battleboarding subculture includes:
Battle Field Removal - Often abbreviated to "BFR", this is a rule that a fight can end if one character is taken out of a battlefield. This rule is used for characters who have the powers to teleport or transport enemies without actually killing them.
Battle Royale - A term originating from Comic Vine where multiple characters are pitted against each other. The name is probably derived from the film Battle Royale or the video game genre of the same name.
Bloodlusted - A hypothetical situation wherein the characters are pitted against each other while in a furious, berserker-like state.
Calc - These are calculations battleboarders use to determine how strong a character is, or his or her powers or weapons.
Composite - A term originating from r/whowouldwin that denotes a version of a character that contains all of his or her feats across different versions or alliterations. This version is mostly created by battleboarders and sometimes tends to be disregarded as original characters.
Feat - An accomplishment that a certain character has done using his powers, weapons, or other ability during combat.
Hax - A term used to denote powers, moves, or attacks that can affect or damage an enemy even if said enemy is durable or invincible.
Lowballing / Downplaying - The opposite of wanking where battleboarders instead exaggerate how weak a character is.
Morals Off - A hypothetical situation wherein the characters are pitted against each other while disregarding whatever good moral compass they have.
Power Level - Also known as "tiers", this refers to categorizing different fictional characters in terms of how powerful they are.
Power Scaling - A term used in battleboarding that refers to creating an artificial stat or feat for a character by analyzing another character they have proven at least comparable to in canon.
Prep - A hypothetical situation wherein the characters being pitted against each other are given some time to prepare for the fight.
Respect Thread - Forum posts or articles that contain all of the scans and feats of a character.
Scan - These are actual screenshots, scanned pictures, or even actual pictures of comics, manga, or literature that battleboarders use as evidence that a certain character has performed, and can probably still perform, an actual feat.
Speed Blitz - Taken from the German word "Blitz" and popularized by the World War II strategy known as "Blitzkrieg". Like its namesake, speed blitz is a term used for choosing a winner because he is too fast for his opponent to be able to effectively react. Essentially, it's making a verdict on a match-up due to advantages in speed.
Speed Equalized - A hypothetical situation wherein the characters are pitted against each other while disregarding any advantages they have in terms of speed (unless their powers are literally super speed). This situation was born out of the observation that most characters have inconsistent speeds and they can theoretically fight at whatever optimal speed the people choose them to be in, in a fight.
Stomp - A description used for the result of an unfair match-up where one character has no means of winning the fight, with the act of "stomping" referring to a character winning such a match-up.
Standard Battlefield Assumption - Often abbreviated to "SBA", is a term used when people pit two characters against each other without any added rule or situation. This generally means that the fight that'll take place will start with characters meeting each other for the first time, without any prior knowledge of each other, and starting off at a relatively medium distance while in their base forms.
Tank - A term used for when a character is durable enough to withstand attacks from his enemies. The term is taken from the war vehicle of the same name.
Wanking - A term that refers to an error where battleboarders exaggerate how strong a fictional character is, usually by overcomplicating a certain feat or abusing power scaling.
X-Factor - A term originating from Deadliest Warrior and Deadliest Fiction. X-Factors are essential stats in a character that cannot be quantified like other stats such as strength or speed. Instead, x-factors are about comparing characteristics like experience, brutality, calmness, and logistics between each character.
In other media
Battleboarding has gone on to inspire other media with its subculture and terminologies. Many web series such as "Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny", Seth The Programmer, and Jobbers and Goons were inspired by it. Internet personality Rainey Ovalle created a viral skit posted in Twitter that parodied battleboarding. In the skit, he and a friend debated a fight between Deku from My Hero Academia and Saitama from One Punch Man, with the argument getting increasingly and humorously intense.
Invincible creator Robert Kirkman once participated in a similar debate concerning his character, Mark Grayson, against other famous comic book characters like Superman and Thanos. Buzzfeed also has a category in their website concerning "Who Would Win In A Fight" debates. According to video game developer Nick Antonis, the company Naxeex took inspiration for their superhero sandbox games from battleboarding shows and sites such as Death Battle and the VS Battles Wiki. Antonis stated, "You can always count on them to be updated on new series and characters. Actually, a lot of our games, stories, and characters were inspired by these websites."
References
Virtual communities
Social media
Internet culture
Subcultures
History of subcultures
Internet forums
2000s slang
Nerd culture | Battleboarding | [
"Technology"
] | 2,766 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
74,745,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neora%20Shem-Shaul | Neora Shem-Shaul (aka Neora Shem; in Hebrew:
נאורה שם שאול; born in 1954) is an Israeli author, journalist, digital artist, software developer, and internet and open-source advocate since the 1980s. She founded and edited Zombit journal and was among the pioneers in Israel who wrote and taught about Internet culture.
Since 2015, she has been involved in pastoral care, works and volunteers as a Death doula. She created the theater production created MEDEA_EX. Her book, Digital Affair (1993), is considered the first cyberpunk novel in the Hebrew language. She organized Y2HACK and Y2hack4, Israel's first and second hackers’ conferences. In 2000 Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper named her one of the ten most influential people on the Israeli internet.
Biography
Neora was born to Tamar, a librarian, and Benzion Fuchs, a chemistry professor at Tel Aviv University. She grew up in Haifa, Boston, and Herzliya, and has a younger brother, Eden Fuchs, a peace advocate.
During the ‘70s and the ‘80s, she worked as a programmer in software companies. She created and produced digital interactive art and took part in exhibitions. In 1997, she was the consultant and participant of Ascola - Life on Screen, a 13-chapter TV series broadcast on Israeli Educational Television.
She created websites for the internet
and put online the complete writing of Hanoch Levin, Golda Meir, Uri Avnery, and Zvi Yanai.
Neora Shem is married, lives in the Shapira neighborhood of south Tel Aviv and has one daughter.
Journalist
Shem-Shaul was a columnist in several newspapers, including Ha'ir, Haaretz, Globes, Hadashot, Shishi (edited by Adam Baruch), Masa Acher Magazine, Atmosphere Magazine of El Al, Mishkafayim for kids, Eureka: Science and Technology Education Magazine, published by Ramot: Tel Aviv University Press. She wrote about various aspects of the net realm and how it influences our lives. wrote in English in the Microsoft Developers Journal.
1994-1997, she founded and served as the editor-in-chief of Zombit, a monthly youth computer journal on computers, games, and the internet, published by Kulanu Press.
Regular contributors included Sivan Rahav-Meir, Koren Shadmi, Edo Amin, Yoav Ben-Dov, Nimrod Kerrett, and Shem-Shaul. The journalists participated in Zombit, an Israeli Educational Television computer show.
Lectures and conferences about Internet culture
She has taught at Tel Aviv University, HaMidrasha – Faculty of the Arts, Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art, Open University of Israel, ORT Israel, and Beit Berl.
In 2000 Neora organized Y2HACK, the first Israeli Hackers’ conference, held in Tel Aviv, with 400 people in attendance. Lecturers include John Draper, Andy Müller-Maguhn from Chaos Computer Club, and Kevin Mitnick via Videotelephony. The imminent conference wreaked havoc in the Knesset when MK Anat Maor, chairperson of the Science and Technology Committee, asked Elyakim Rubinstein, the Attorney General, to cancel it by claiming that hacking is a criminal activity. Ultimately, the conference was held as planned. Shem-Shaul also organized Y2hacK4, the second Israeli Hackers’ conference held in Tel Aviv in 2004, and attracted 800 people.
Literature
In 1993 Shem-Shaul wrote the novel Digital Affair (in Hebrew: רומן דיגיטלי), which was published by Hakibutz Hameuchad Publishing House and regarded as the first Hebrew Cyberpunk novel. It's a detective love story in cyberspace between an Israeli woman and a Palestinian man who hasn't got the faintest idea about the chasm between them. The Israeli newspapers featured nine thorough reviews of the novel and author interviews, while Israeli television aired two interviews and three radio interviews.
The book was available in soft copy and Floppy disk versions, with the latter containing the text, Tetris (the protagonist’s addiction), and communication software for connecting to the author’s computer. In the novel, the Tetris effect is illustrated.
Her story, "The Carriage," was published in the anthology Pages of Grass: Hashish in the World’s Culture, in Xargol publishing house, edited by Dan Daor.
In 2004, she published The Cathedral and the Bazaar, a collection of essays on open source by Hitorerut Publishing, and wrote the introduction, Open Code as a Worldview. The book contains the translated celebrated article, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, by Eric S. Raymond.
Theater
Shem-Shaul created MEDEA_EX, an Interactive and Immersive theater production premièred at the Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre.
The play was hosted at the Internationale Schillertage in the Mannheim National Theatre, Mannheim. It was an adaptation of the Greek tragedy Medea by Euripides and a transformation of the original story into the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Additional texts were taken from Seneca, Heiner Müller, Robert Graves, Laurie Anderson, Mahmoud Darwish, The Beatles, and Shem-Shaul. Medea is a Palestinian, played alive by Khawlah Hag-Debsy (directed by Amir Orian), sitting in a wheelchair, whereas Avatar plays Israeli Jason. Medea gives up her life for Jason, and when he betrays her, she sends their two children to perpetrate suicide attacks. Online and on-site audience function as chorus, with real-time choices, using 3D projection, staged at the Acre Amphitheatre made by Nimrod Kerrett.
She built interactive exhibits at the museums: Nahum Gutman Museum of Art, Bialik House, and Holon Children's Museum, and Agnon House.
Arts
In 1976, she wrote the song "I Have a Little Brother," performed by Arik Einstein, which includes in the vinyl Children, composed by Shem Tov Levi.
In 1982, she edited and rhymed Classitaf, a vinyl featuring classical music for children, which Yosi Gerber and Galia Yishai narrated.
In 1994, she created an installation for a computer exhibition at the Kalisher 5 gallery, curated by Horit Peled. The structure was inspired by Meir Wieseltier’s poem and featured a clip of leafing pages of the book Digital Affair at the end of a dark corridor. When the viewer approached, a page was torn, folded, wrinkled, and fallen into the trash.
Spiritual help in dying people
After attending kashouvot school, Neora Shem was certified by The Association for Spiritual Care in Israel. She provides meditation guidance to patients with terminal illnesses. She offers companionship to terminally ill patients and their loved ones, primarily as a volunteer, in hospices like The Cancer Hospice, Sheba Medical Center and The palliative Oncological department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and in Sabar Health, one-on-one organization and private settings.
References
External links
Official site
Archive in The History of Israeli Computing
Israeli magazine editors
Israeli women columnists
Israeli women novelists
Israeli women writers
Israeli women bloggers
Women technology writers
Open source advocates
Israeli activists
Israeli women artists
New media artists
Women digital artists
Israeli installation artists
Virtual reality artists
Israeli video artists
Multimedia artists
Mixed-media artists
Israeli female dramatists and playwrights
People from Tel Aviv
1954 births
Living people
20th-century Israeli journalists
20th-century Israeli women journalists
21st-century Israeli journalists
21st-century Israeli women journalists | Neora Shem-Shaul | [
"Technology"
] | 1,605 | [
"Multimedia",
"Multimedia artists"
] |
68,951,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20V12%20F1%20engine | Ferrari has made a number of V12 racing engines designed for Formula One; made between 1950 and 1995. Some derived engines were also used in various Ferrari sports prototype race cars and production road cars.
1.5 L engine (1950–1951)
Ferrari's first V12 Formula One engine was the supercharged 125 Colombo engine; with the 1.5 L engine configuration imposed by the FIA for forced induction engines, in . After finding only modest success with the supercharged 1.5-litre engine, Ferrari decided to switch in 1950 to a naturally-aspirated engine formula for the series.
3.3 L/4.1 L/4.5 L engine (1950–1951)
Calling in Aurelio Lampredi to replace Gioacchino Colombo as technical director, Enzo Ferrari directed that the company work in stages to grow and develop an entirely new large-displacement V12 engine for racing.
The 3.3-litre (3322 cc/202 in) 275 Lampredi engine made its debut at the Grand Prix of Belgium on June 18. With three Weber 42DCF carburetors, a single overhead camshaft for each bank of cylinders, and two valves per cylinder, the engine produced a capable 300 hp (224 kW) at 7200 rpm. Alberto Ascari drove the car to fifth place, marking the end of the 3.3-litre engine. The 275 was replaced at the Grand Prix of Nations at Geneva on July 30, 1950, by the 340 F1 engine. As the name suggests, the car sported a larger 4.1-litre (4101.66 cc/250 in) version of Lampredi's V12. With 335 hp (250 kW), Ascari was able to keep up with the Alfa Romeo 158 of Juan Manuel Fangio but retired with engine trouble. Although the 340 proved itself capable, it was only the middle step in Ferrari's 1950 car development. Ferrari achieved the 4.5-litre goal of the formula with the 375 Lampredi engine, two of which debuted at Monza on September 3, 1950. This 4.5-litre (4493.73 cc/274 in) engine produced roughly the same power as its 4.1-litre predecessor, but its tractability earned Ascari second place in that debut race. A series of modifications through the 1951 season allowed Ferrari to finally put Alfa Romeo behind it in a Formula One race, with José Froilán González' victory at Silverstone on July 14 becoming the constructor's first World Championship win. Ascari's wins at the Nürburgring and Monza and strong finishes throughout the season cemented the company's position as a Formula One contender.
2.6 L engine (1951)
The 1951 Ferrari 212 F1 was powered by a naturally aspirated, 2562 cc Colombo V12 engine. Rudi Fischer also entered the car in Formula Two races using a Ferrari 166 1995cc V12 engine. He won the Formula Two races at Aix-les-Bains and Angoulême in 1951.
3.0 L engine (1966–1969)
For the 1966 Formula One season, there was a change in the technical regulations, now allowing 3-litre engines. Ferrari's first 1966 car consisted of a 3.3-litre V12 engine that was taken from the Ferrari 275P2 sportscar prototypes, modified to 3 litres, and mounted in the back of an F1 chassis. The designation 312, which would be used for a number of later cars, indicated a 3-litre, 12-cylinder engine. The engine was rather heavy, and due to the reduced capacity, lower on power and especially torque. John Surtees drove this contraption unsuccessfully in Monaco while Lorenzo Bandini drove a Ferrari Dino 2.4-litre V6. Surtees won the second race, the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, a track that favoured power with its long straights, but the 1964 champion departed after a row with manager Eugenio Dragoni. The issue was about priorities in racing, as Ferrari was under pressure from Ford in sports car racing, and the F1 effort was somewhat neglected. Mike Parkes replaced Surtees, who went to Cooper which used Maserati engines, to finish second in the driver championship with a further win. For Ferrari, Ludovico Scarfiotti also won a race, the 1966 Italian Grand Prix at Monza which helped Ferrari finish second in the Constructors' Championship.
3.5 L engine (1989–1994)
The 3.5-litre Tipo 035/5 V12 engine, introduced in 1989, was designed in accordance with the new regulations imposed by the FIA, after the ban on turbocharged engines. The 640 was powered by Ferrari's Tipo 035/5, a 3.5 litre 65° V12 engine which initially produced , but eventually outputted up to by the season end, roughly the same amount of power as the engine it replaced, the Tipo 033A V6 turbo, though without the turbo's fuel consumption worries. The engine was unreliable, but it won on its debut race.
The Ferrari 641 was powered by the 3.5-litre Tipo 036 V12 engine, and later in San Marino by the updated Tipo 037. The Tipo 036 V12 was rated at , only slightly down on the Honda V10 engines used by McLaren, but not as flexible or as good at delivering power out of slow corners as the Honda, the Renault V10 engine used by Williams or the Ford-Cosworth HB V8 used by Benetton.
During the early part of the season, the Tipo 041 engine, used in the Ferrari 412 T1, initially produced 750 bhp @ 15,300 rpm. This quickly and heavily evolved, when a new engine, named Tipo 043 debuted at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix qualifying sessions, and was first raced in Hockenheim. It was designed from scratch by Claudio Lombardi and former Honda F1 chief engine designer Osamu Goto with a wider vee-angle of 75 degrees (up from 65 degrees) and a shorter stroke, replacing the old Tipo 041; Ferrari had brought on a number of engineers from the successful Honda F1 engine program. The 043 became famous for its great amount of power (over 830 bhp) and for its characteristic noise.
By the end of the 1994 season, Ferrari's Tipo 043 V12 was putting out around @ 15,800 rpm, which is to date the most-powerful naturally-aspirated V12 engine ever used in Formula One.
3.0 L engine (1995)
Ferrari's last V12 engine, the Tipo 044/1, was used in , before a switch to V10 engines for . The engine's design was largely influenced by major regulation changes imposed by the FIA after the dreadful events during the year before: the 75° V12 engine was reduced from 3.5 to 3.0 litres. The 3.0-litre engine produced around 700 hp (522 kW) 17,000 rpm in race trim; but was reportedly capable of producing up to 760 hp in its highest state of tune for qualifying. They eventually switched to a more conventional V10 engine for 1996, which offered the best compromise between power and fuel efficiency; the V12 was powerful but thirsty, and vice versa for a V8.
Other applications
The engine used in the Ferrari F333 SP sports prototype was a modified version of the 65-degree V12 engine used in the 1990 Ferrari 641 Formula One car, enlarged from 3.5 L to 4.0 L, for longevity, durability, and reliability, and producing @ 11,000 rpm; detuned on power and revs from the original engine by about , for longevity and reliability purposes. Southgate later described it as "one of the most reliable race engines I have ever worked with."
The 4.7 L naturally aspirated Tipo F130B 60-valve V12 engine used in the Ferrari F50 was developed from the 3.5 L V12 used in the 1990 Ferrari 641 Formula One car. It made at 8,500 rpm, and at 6,500 rpm.
The 4.7-litre V12 engine used in the Ferrari F50 GT was highly tuned and developed to generate around at 10,500 rpm and of torque at 7,500 rpm.
Applications
Formula 1 cars
Ferrari 125 F1 (125 Colombo)
Ferrari 212 F1 (212 Colombo)
275 F1 / 340 F1 / 375 F1 (Tipo 275 / Tipo 340 / Tipo 375)
Ferrari 312 F1 (Tipo 228, Tipo 218, Tipo 242, Tipo 242C)
Ferrari 640 / F1-89 (Tipo 035/5)
Ferrari 641 / F1-90 (Tipo 036)
Ferrari 642 / F1-91 (Tipo 037 / Tipo 291)
Ferrari 643 (Tipo 291)
Ferrari F92A (Tipo 038 / E1 A-92)
Ferrari F93A (Tipo 041 / E2 A-93)
Ferrari 412 T1 (Tipo 043 / E4 A-94)
Ferrari 412 T2 (Tipo 044/1)
Sports cars/Sports Prototype race cars
Ferrari 312 P
Ferrari F333 SP
Ferrari F50 GT
Road cars
Ferrari F50
See also
List of Ferrari engines
References
Ferrari engines
Formula One engines
Gasoline engines by model
V12 engines
Engines by model | Ferrari V12 F1 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 1,944 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
68,951,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaking%20%28sexual%20practice%29 | Soaking is a sexual practice of inserting the penis into the vagina but not subsequently thrusting or ejaculating, reportedly used by some members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). News sources do not report it being a common practice, and some Latter-day Saints have said that soaking is an urban legend and not an actual practice. Others report knowing church members who had soaked, or gave a firsthand account of trying the practice with a partner before marriage while a member of the LDS Church.
Postings on TikTok and other social media sites have stated that soaking serves as a purported loophole to the LDS Church's sexual code of conduct, called the law of chastity, which says that all sexual activity outside of a heterosexual marriage is a sin, and further bars masturbation for church members. At church-run schools like Brigham Young University, students who confess to or are reported for having pre- or extra-marital sex can be expelled because of the universities' codes of conduct. The LDS Church teaches that "it is wrong to touch the private[...] parts of another person's body even if clothed" outside of a monogamous heterosexual marriage. Some news sources directly state that the LDS Church and its adherents do not believe soaking is a loophole to the church's code of sexual conduct.
One source stated it was difficult to know how common it was due to the secrecy and shame around sex in the LDS Church, and underreporting due to the social-desirability bias is a common issue even among anonymous surveys of many stigmatized sexual behaviors. The term comes from the idea that vaginal lubrication is "soaking" the penis. One source said the term started as "dick soak" on an internet forum in 2009, and morphed to simply "soaking" by 2011, and gained wider use in 2019.
In popular culture
In 2021, a video about soaking went viral on TikTok, and since then the topic has an estimated 69 million posts and 243 million mention on the platform as of 2024. The practice has its own page on the pop-culture website "Know Your Meme". It has been used as a plot point in sitcoms in the early 2020s, such as the television series Alpha House, Get Shorty, and Jury Duty. It was also referenced in the book Up Up, Down Down, in a Barstool Sports video segment, a Make Some Noise improv sketch, and in at least one short film of Mormon pornography. Comedian Chelsea Handler explained the practice in an interview on The Late Late Show with James Corden.
Reactions
Two satirical social media accounts, the BYU Virginity Club and the BYU Slut Club, have both disavowed the practice. Articles have stated that soaking does not prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infection and may still result in pregnancy. One interviewee stated it was "a dangerous form of misinformation being used to manipulate naive girls in college dorms."
Related practices
Practices described in the following sources as related to soaking include jump humping, provo pushing, and durfing:
Jump humping – Soaking is sometimes accompanied by "jump humping", in which a third person is invited to bounce on the bed (or to push up on the mattress from below) for a couple engaged in soaking, thus generating motion for them (according to TikTokers ExmoLex and FuneralPotatoSlut, and a BYU student interviewee on Barstool Sports). The external source of motion allegedly absolves the soaking couple from responsibility for any genital movement.
Provo pushing – The "jump hump" assistant has been termed the "bed jumper" or "Provo pusher" (after Provo, Utah, home of BYU). Other definitions of "provo push" refer to it as clothed or unclothed, non-penetrative dry humping or sexual frottage between church members.
Durfing – Dry humping between church members is also called "durfing".
Poophole loophole – Using anal sex to skirt rules around vaginal intercourse and to retain virginity is termed the "poophole loophole", and is reportedly used by some LDS adherents. One study found US teens who pledged to not have sex until marriage were more likely to engage in anal sex without vaginal sex than teens who had not made a sexual abstinence pledge, and found pledge-takers were just as likely to test positive for a sexually transmitted infection (STI) five years after taking the pledge as those who had not pledged to abstinence.
Historical citing of the practice
In 1885, one of the LDS Church's top leaders, 73-year-old apostle Albert Carrington, argued during the hearings before his excommunication that his decade of extramarital sexual relationships with multiple younger women did not count as adultery (a violation of the church's law of chastity) and was just a "little folly" because he would only partially penetrate the vagina with just the tip of his penis and part of the shaft (reportedly to less than the total "depth of four inches"), and pulled out before ejaculation. Then First Presidency member Joseph F. Smith called Carrington's actions a "transgression" and other top leaders called them "crimes of lewd and lascivious conduct and adultery", and Carrington was excommunicated. Carrington was rebaptized two years later.
See also
Coitus reservatus
Saddlebacking
Sexuality and the LDS Church
Technical virgin
References
Sexual slang
Sexual acts
Sexuality and Mormonism | Soaking (sexual practice) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,166 | [
"Sexual acts",
"Behavior",
"Sexuality",
"Mating"
] |
68,952,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20F1%20engine | Yamaha developed a number of naturally-aspirated racing engines during their time in Formula One; between and . They initially supplied engines for the Zakspeed team, in 1991 for the Brabham BT60Y, in 1992 for the Jordan 192, from 1993 to 1996 for Tyrrell, and in 1997 for the Arrows A18. These never won a race (Damon Hill nearly did so at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix), but drivers including Damon Hill, Ukyo Katayama, Mark Blundell and Mika Salo scored some acceptable results with them. However, their engines were often unreliable and were usually regarded as not very powerful.
Gallery
See also
Alfa Romeo Tipo 1035
Cosworth JD / VJ engine
Ferrari V10 engine
Hart 1035 engine
Honda V10 engine
Ilmor 2175 engine
Mercedes-Benz FO engine
Peugeot F1 engine
Renault RS engine
References
F1
Formula One engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
V8 engines
V10 engines
V12 engines | Yamaha F1 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 196 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
68,958,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20hydroperoxide | Ethyl hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OOH. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and diethyl ether.
Formation
Ethyl hydroperoxide is formed in the flame of burning alkanes. Ethyl hydroperoxide is also formed in the catalytic reaction of ethane and hydrogen peroxide. Yet another way to form ethyl hydroperoxide is by a photocatalytic oxidation of ethane:
CH3CH3 + O2 → CH3CH2OOH
References
Hydroperoxides
Oxidizing agents | Ethyl hydroperoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
68,959,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20G.%20Osteryoung | Janet Gretchen Osteryoung (March 1, 1939 – September 21, 2021) was an American chemist who was the director of the Chemistry Division of the National Science Foundation from 1994 to 2001. Her research furthered the development of electroanalysis and especially that of square wave voltammetry. She was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1984 and awarded the Garvan–Olin Medal in 1987.
Early life and education
Janet Gretchen Jones was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Vero Beach, Florida. She was an undergraduate student at Swarthmore College, where she was a Merit scholar. Jones was a graduate student at California Institute of Technology, where she worked alongside Fred Anson on ligand bridging in charge transfer reactions. Robert Osteryoung was a Visiting Associate in the Department of Chemistry at Caltech at this same time. After marrying, Janet and Robert Osteryoung both continued to carry out research in the field of electroanalytical chemistry.
Research and career
Osteryoung was appointed to the faculty at Montana State University in 1967. She moved to Colorado State University a year later, where she worked in the Departments of Civil Engineering and Microbiology. In 1977, Osteryoung moved to the National Science Foundation, where she was the program director for chemical analysis.
Osteryoung was made associate professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1979 and professor in 1982. In 1985 Osteryoung was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and spent a year at the University of Southampton, where she investigated the fundamentals of solid electrodes.
Osteryoung moved to North Carolina State University in 1992, where she served as head of department for two years. In 1994, she returned to the National Science Foundation, where she was made director of the division of chemistry. She was the first woman to win the Jacob F. Schoellkopf medal in 1992.
Awards and honors
1984 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1985 Guggenheim Fellowship
1986 Honorary Fulbright Fellow
1987 American Chemical Society Garvan–Olin Medal
1990 Anachem Award
1990 Honorary member of Iota Sigma Pi
1992 Jacob F. Schoellkopf Medal
1996 American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry Award in Electrochemistry
1998 Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award
1999 The Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry Charles N. Reilley Award in Electroanalytical Chemistry
Selected publications
Personal life
Janet Jones was once married to Robert Osteryoung, who was also an award-winning chemist. In April 2010, she married Chris Cobb in Washington, D.C. Together, Jones and Cobb established the Comis Foundation, a family philanthropic foundation to benefit children and youth.
References
1939 births
2021 deaths
Chemists from Pennsylvania
American women chemists
Electrochemists
Analytical chemists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American LGBTQ scientists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
Scientists from Pittsburgh
University at Buffalo faculty
North Carolina State University faculty
Montana State University faculty
Colorado State University faculty
Chemists from Florida
People from Vero Beach, Florida | Janet G. Osteryoung | [
"Chemistry"
] | 630 | [
"Analytical chemists",
"Electrochemists",
"Electrochemistry"
] |
68,959,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary%20biology%20of%20the%20tawny%20owl | The tawny owl (Strix aluco) is an opportunistic and generalized predator. Peak hunting activity tends to occur largely between dusk to midnight, with owls often following an erratic hunting pattern, perhaps to sites where previous hunts were successful. When feeding young, hunting may need to be prolonged into daylight in the early morning. Based on hand-reared young owls that re-released into the wild, hunting behaviour is quite innate rather than learned. Normally this owl hunts from a perch. Perching bouts usually last from about 8 to 14 minutes depending largely on habitat. Tawny owl's hunting from a perch or pole can recall a buzzard and the two take similar prey sizes as well. However, high initial speed and maneuvering among trees and bushes with great dexterity may allow it to surprise relatively large prey, more like a goshawk. The tawny owl is capable of lifting and carrying off in flight individual prey weighing up to at least . Their middle talon, the most enlarged claw on owls, measures an average of . While not as large as those of the Ural owl, the talons are extremely sharp, stout and quite decurved. The claws are considered to be visibly more overdeveloped than those of other European mid-sized owls and the footspan including the claws is somewhat larger as well, at an average of about . The hunting owl often extends its wings to balance and control prey upon impact. Alternatively, this species may hunt from flight. This occurs from over the ground, often over open habitats such as bushes, marsh or grassland, forming a quartering or zigzag pattern over the opening. During these flights they cover about before changing direction. Hunting from flight was surprisingly prevalent in a Swedish study of two radio-tagged birds, with 34% of study time spent hunting from flight while 40% of the study time was spent on hunting from a perch. In a similar study in England, less than 1% of time was spent hunting from flight. In a more deliberate variation of hunting from flight, the hunting owl may examine crags and nest boxes or also hover around prey roosts. In the latter type of hunts, the tawny owls may strike branches and/or beat their wings together in front of denser foliage, bushes or conifers in order to disturb and flush prey such as small birds and bats, or may dive directly into said foliage. Hovering has also been recorded in differing circumstances, including one incidence of an owl hunting a small bird that was caught on the wing after a hovering flight. Tawny owls have also taken bats on the wing as well (such as ones snatched from near streep lamps when attempting to hunt themselves) and have been seen to hawk large, relatively slow-flying insects such as some beetles and moths in flight. Caterpillars may too be taken from trees. Usually these hunting variations are correlated with poor weather hampering the capture of preferred prey. Tawny owls eat worms with relative frequency, as they often hear them apparently from below the surface and snatch them up from shallow dirt or below leaf litter. Their worm-hunting style recalls worm hunting techniques by most other birds and they were recorded to eat 0.39 worms per minute during an hour of observation in England and were sometimes seen to feed on worms during daylight. Other hunting from the ground has been observed, often of insects such as beetles, but tawny owls have also been reported to "leap" upon from a ground vantage point in order to capture a vole, quite like foxes often do. There are now many accounts of tawny owls feeding on carrion from a wide range of sources, including hares, rats, sheep, and trout.
Upon capture, small prey like shrews and rodents are often swallowed whole, while others may be torn into pieces. Often prey is dismembered in order to more easily ingest it whole, i.e. decapitating mice, removing the legs from frogs while birds like sparrows are also regularly decapitated (with the head often eaten separately) and nearly all avian prey is plucked before being consumed. One tawny owl was observed to eat a squirrel by leaving the head intact and peeling the skin back from the neck, apparently leaving bones in place while consuming the flesh. Indigestible items, including fur, feathers, bones (which sometimes visibly protrude out of the peller), sometimes intestines and invertebrate carapaces, are regurgitated in large pellets, that can be anywhere in typical size from long with a diameter of . The pellets are typically grey coloured and are found in groups under trees used for roosting or nesting. At least some tawny owl pellets can measure up to long and can include large objects such as an intact bill of a snipe. Undigested material coughed up often reveals different prey than pellets. Estimated daily food requirements for a tawny owl is , which is proportionately lower (at about 14% of their own body mass) than the estimates for other medium-sized owls in Europe (at 23–26% of their own body mass), therefore tawny owls can appear to live off of relatively little food quite efficiently.
Prey spectrum
The tawny owl takes an extremely wide range of prey species. The global prey spectrum for tawny owls includes well over 400 prey species. They generally prefer small mammals in their diet, especially various species of rodent, where they are available. However, they are one are the least specialized owls in Europe when it comes to prey selection and can broadly be described as extremely opportunistic. Tawny owls respond to access of prey concentrations of virtually any variety, including birds, amphibians and insects as well as sometimes reptiles and fish, by taking them in large numbers, sometimes equal or even (more infrequently) greater numbers than mammalian prey. The difference between the generalist tawny owl and a specialized rodent-hunter like the long-eared owl was illustrated in a semi-captive experience where the two owl species were exposed to different classes of wild prey as they encountered it. In this experiment, only small mammals and roosting sparrows were attacked and eaten by both, though flying sparrows were avoided by long-eared owls and not by the tawnys. In the stated study, the tawny owls would kill and eat amphibians and fish, while the long-eared owls would rarely kill and never eat these types of prey. In a study of five European biomes, with about 45 prey species per biome, the tawny owl was estimated to have tied for the second most prey species per biome after the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo). Another European study found the mean food niche breadth, i.e. the estimated average by number of prey species per nest or study site, the tawny owl surpassed all European owls within the two of the three main regions of non-British Europe, with 5.84 mean food niche breadth in central Europe and 4.3 food niche breadth in the Mediterranean region. In the latter study, the eagle-owl food niche breadth was listed as 2.4 and 3.3 in these regions, respectively (tawny owls were excluded from analysis in the Scandivanian region due to their marginal range there). The tawny owl mostly focuses on fairly small-sized prey. One estimation of the mean prey size taken in all of Europe for the tawny owl was . In northern and central Europe, older studies place the mean prey size taken as usually between . Another study, of the aforementioned 5 European biomes, showed a drastically lower mean estimated prey size of , even slightly lower than the mean prey size taken by an owl like the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum), which weighs about one-eighth as much as tawny owl. Individual dietary studies show that the mean prey mass taken by tawny owls can vary from depending on prey access. A central Italian study showed how habitat type and resulting prey composition can vary mean prey size considerably, with broadleaf highland forest having a mean prey mass of , mixed forest having a mean mass of , urban areas having a mean prey mass of and coppice woodland having a high mean prey mass of .
Mammals
Tawny owls will potentially take any small mammals that they encounter. This was illustrated in Poland where the number of species taken by the owls was greater than the number of species biologists could capture themselves. They primarily take and derive most of their food energy from rodent prey. Dietary staples in much of their range are in particular the long-tailed Apodemus, commonly called field or wood mice, and the short-tailed rodents known as voles. Amongst voles, the widely distributed bank vole (Myodes glareolus) tends to be the most favored type over large portions of the range, though different species of the Microtus genus can become locally rather prominent. Microtus voles tend to forage in more open habitats such as fields than do the wooded edge-favoring bank vole and especially Apodemus mice, and so are usually selected more so where the preferred rodent types are rare or absent. Previous studies claimed that Apodemus mice were preferred where available over bank voles as the latter was considered "somewhat diurnal", however bank voles like many voles are more correctly considered cathemeral, potentially active any time of day or night, and may actually be readily accessible to hunting tawny owls. However, the bank voles favoring of heavier ground cover does limit access to them in the warmer months, whereas Apodemus mice are more likely to continue forage on open ground adjacent to woods and tend to be preferred at this time. It was found that bank voles become more vulnerable to tawny owls in areas where enlarged deer herds consume more of the ground cover. A broad study of different nations within central Europe found that Apodemus mice and bank voles could alternately take the primary food mantle, and that the variation of which was favorite was likely due to differing habitat and forest composition characteristics in the given regions.
In Finland, bank and Microtus voles were taken more or less in equivalent occurrence to their observed populations in the field. Similarly, in Poland, they took yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) adults roughly in proportion to their occurrence in the wild. On the other hand, per the Polish study, juvenile yellow-necks were taken much less and subadults much more than their occurrence in the wild. Here, the tawny owls took slightly larger specimens on average than the average recorded in wild, at an estimated mean size taken of . In a study from Denmark, yellow-necked mice and bank voles that were caught by tawny owls were disproportionately large, adult males (55% and 73% of the time, respectively). In central Lithuania, tawny and long-eared owls took common voles (Microtus arvalis) than were 24% heavier on average than those encountered in the wild, which averaged (thus including younger voles). More surprisingly, the long-eared owls were taking voles averaging some 9% larger than those taken by tawny owls. Wild mice, bank voles and, to a more pronounced extent, Microtus voles undergo population cycles over a three-year (or sometimes four-year) span, which frequently requires the owls to alternate their foods when populations decline. This effect was studied in the British Kielder Forest and the nearby Kershope Burn. Here tawny owls are exceptionally dependent on field voles (Microtus agretis) as food, constituting about 64.3% of 1220 prey items in the area, but the Kielder forest field vole population had an exceptional four-year drought whereas in the same time frame Kershope kept a more stable owl population seemingly because it retained the typical three-year cycle. In Wytham, Britain, tawnys were thought to remove up to one-third of the local population of bank voles and one-third to three-quarters of the less numerous wood mouse (Apodemus sylvatica). On a plot of Wielkopolska, tawny owls are thought to remove an estimated 2,213 rodents annually, or 15 rodents per ha each year, which was about the same rate of loss of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) per ha in the Warsaw area as well. In Białowieża Forest, tawny owls were estimated to remove in autumn 54% of the yellow-necked mice and 40% of bank voles.
In the largest known European diet studies, rodents usually are predominant. Amongst 68,070 prey items in Slovakia, the main prey were the yellow-necked mouse (23.8%), the bank vole (9.9%) and the common vole (9.14%). In the Czech Republic, the same three main prey species led the foods amongst 17,433 prey items, with the yellow-necked at 33.4%, the common vole at 15.7% and the bank vole at 11.2%. Among prey groups in Grunewald, Germany, with 13,359 vertebrate prey items studied, Apodemus species made up 25.7% of the foods and Microtus voles of about four species made up a further 16.7%. The diet differed in the German area of Herrnut, where the common vole was dominant in the foods at 53.3% of 8513 prey items. In a little over half of about 15 smaller prey studies for tawny owls in Poland, mammals led the food composition of owls by number, but in different areas and habitats of the nation, yellow-necked mice, common voles and bank voles could be at the top of the list. Of 43,000 mammal prey items in an older large study of central Europe, 66% were bank or Microtus voles, while a further 24% were Apodemus species. In Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France, amongst 51,743 prey items, Apodemus species, presumably dominated by the wood mouse, made up 51.1% by number and 48.8% of the biomass followed by bank vole, at 20.4% by number and 15.6% by biomass. In western Switzerland, the diet was similar but far more homogeneous, with Apodemus species at 74.3% and bank vole at 18.7% among 10,176 prey items.
The northernmost food study for tawny owls thus far conducted showed that in Sweden, field voles were the main food amongst 578 prey items, at 30.5%, with bank voles being supplemental at 8.7%. However, the second most commonly taken prey in Sweden is the much larger European water vole (Arvicola amphibius), which weighs an estimated mean of , and presumably a very nutritious prey resource to these owls. The easternmost food study thus far known was a small one of 201 prey items for the tawny owls in Moscow, wherein the common vole was dominant at 72.6%. Of similar longitude, in the Caucasus, amongst 1236 prey items, the main foods were Ural field mouse (Apodemus uralensis) at 48.1% of the prey composition and edible dormouse (Glis glis) at 15%. The tawny owl takes many species of dormouse, which are nocturnal, largely arboreal and generally rarer within the forests and edges than common mice and vole prey. While many dormice are smallish (roughly vole or mouse sized), the edible species is often more than five times larger, being close in dimensions to the European water vole. Therefore, the prey biomass must have been hearty in Montenegro, where the edible dormouse was the main food, at 24.1% of 529 prey items. Other more easterly parts of Europe show relatively high balances of edible dormice as well, such as in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia. Another widely taken species is the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), as well as at least three further species. Another rodent of special interest due to its natural scarcity and its place in the diet of tawny owls is the northern birch mouse (Sicista betulina), which was found to constitute as much as 7% of the foods in some districts of Lithuania, but only contributed 0.6% of the foods overall in the country.
All told, no less than 80 rodent species are known to be taken by tawny owls. While most of these are characteristic prey such as various voles and lemmings and any type of murid rodent from the smallest available mice to the largest available rats, other rodents also taken. Black rats (Rattus rattus) were noted to be the main prey for tawny owls in Sicily, where they accounted for 35.3% by number of 351 prey items and 60.2% of the biomass, resulting in a relative high mean prey mass of here. Strong biomass contributions were noted of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) elsewhere such as in Lublin in Poland (wherein they accounted for 41.5% of the biomass) and in Algeria (wherein they accounted for about 20% of the biomass), although many rats taken are on the young side rather than large adults, especially of the large brown species. The tawny owl's prey spectrum also extends to less accessible prey like squirrels (including ground squirrels), with more or less all the species of Europe and western Asia known to be taken by these owls despite their diurnality, as well as the nocturnal but scarce flying squirrels. The widespread red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), estimated to weigh an average of when taken, appear to recognize the tawny owl as a serious threat, with ones exposed to recordings of their calls recorded to interrupt feedings, engage in rapid movements and scold harshly. Hamsters may too be taken despite favoring and occurring in more open habitats than those usually hunted by tawny owls. In the southerly parts of the range, as they've acclimated to semi-desert, tawny owls can sometimes partially off of quite different murid rodents like jirds and gerbils as well as the non-murid blind mole rats. Rodent prey may range up to the size of probable juveniles of the non-native nutria (Myocastor coypus).
Shrews are a common component of the foods of tawny owls, less so their larger but generally less numerous distant cousins such as moles and hedgehogs. More than 20 species of shrew are known in the foods of this owl. While usually secondary, shrews are widely present in the pellets and prey remains in most studies. Unlike some owls such as long-eared owls they do not seem to disdain these musky-tasting and slight insectivores. Certainly the most reported variety would be the widespread common shrew (Sorex araneus). Exceptionally, in a large food study for Belgium, common shrews were the leading prey species, at 18.2% of 15,450 prey items. In a much smaller study in Norway during the summer, the common shrew was the leading prey species, constituting 30.4% of 69 prey items. However, given their small size, with the common shrew being one of the larger available species at merely , shrews are a marginal contributor to the owl's prey biomass and taken for subsistence until a more substantial food source is available. Exceptional quantities of shrews may be predicted in French studies (usually during preferred prey shortages), with shrew prey contributing up to 15% of the biomass overall and more locally, in the Oignies, to 29% of the biomass. Despite the low numbers of moles that are usually hunted, species such as the European mole (Talpa europaea) can be contribute heartily to the prey biomass, such as in Wytham, where the species made up 15.6% of the biomass. Although such prey is known to be relatively limited in the species' foods, tawny owls are known to hunt the smallest living mammal species (by weight), the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), up to the size of the largest mole, the Russian desman (Desmana moschata), as well as perhaps larger still, some small adults of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).
On occasion, tawny owls will prey on young European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as well as very young hares. Mostly neonatal or scarcely older rabbits are taken, with a few studies estimating the mean weight as caught as only . Access to European rabbit was said to cause the mean prey mass of tawny owls in parts of the Netherlands to an unprecedentedly high . One Spanish study claimed that up to 23% of the vertebrate prey for the tawny owl was made up of by rabbits, making them the smallest known avian predator to show a dependence on them. Though generally a minor part of the diet, a wide diversity of bats are taken by tawny owls, with over 30 species in their prey spectrum. Usually less than 1% of vertebrate prey consists of bats but in Poland, dietary relations have been studied between tawny owls living near bat caves and urban bat roosts, and locally up to as much as 2% of the diet (and 5.3% of the mammalian foods) can consist of bats. Studies have indicated that bat species are more or less hunted in proportion to their occurrence in mixed colonies and are taken more so within urbanized environments as well as when staple rodent prey is low. In Austria, 252 attacks by tawny owls were recorded at a colony of Geoffroy's bats (Myotis emarginatus), 31 of which were successful. In Great Britain, it is estimated that tawny owls eliminate at minimum 140,000 individual bats annually. While most bats encountered (and hunted) are fairly small-bodied, tawny owls may hunt bats of all sizes available, from the roughly common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) to the greater noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus) in Europe and to the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) outside of Europe. Other mammalian prey recorded have been mustelids. The tawny owl is known to hunt both common weasels in Europe, including fairly large stoats (Mustela erminea), weighing averages of up to , despite the potential risk of counterattacking by these bold and powerful hunters. Traces of an even bigger mustelid have been found, the European pine marten (Martes martes), in the foods of tawny owls, though it is a considerable possibility that this was scavenged rather than killed by the owl, much like the verified case of tawny owls scavenging remains of European polecats (Mustela putorius).
Birds
Tawny owls do not take birds as commonly as mammals. Unlike the unrelated lineages of diurnal birds of prey, owls in general seldom prefer avian prey, with most varieties preferring small mammals and/or insects, except on a local basis (the closest to a specialized hunter of other birds are some in the pygmy owl genus). Tawny owls do opportunistically hunt birds through most of the range, however. When it comes to avian prey, there is little evidence that any particular kind is sought out and the owls are likely to randomly come across other birds as an alternate food choice. Usually, European studies show that birds normally constitute less than 15% of the total foods of this owl. In central Europe within an older study, 6000 bird prey (or a little less than 10% of the recorded prey) items were recorded of nearly 100 species, 33% of which were sparrows. When capturing avian prey, the tawny owls not only pluck the prey but also often decapitate and inflict fairly extensive skeletal damage, especially when the victim is a relatively large bird. When a population of great (Parus major) and Eurasian blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) was artificially increased by researchers in the vicinity of tawny owl nests, it was found that, despite the tits not being common food, the owls did reduce the population of increased tit. Many more tits were taken during snow cover or while incubating, with male tits being often being taken in larger numbers, and tit numbers were further reduced when fewer rodents were available. In Gothenburg, Sweden, on 26 tawny territories the diversity of songbird species was higher (at 12.83 average species) inside tawny territories than outside (10.3 species). Attempts to study whether songbirds were significant in the foods found that bird altogether amounted to 6.78% of the total prey numbers (most likely to be thrushes), so were not significantly effected here. As is the case with other medium-sized owls in Europe, there is some evidence that local snow cover, arid habitats and/or urbanization will increase the importance of avian prey. There was a fairly strong indication of local urban habitat causing the tawny owl to take a large quantity of bird prey in Grunewald. Here, among 13,359 prey items, bird constituted 35.9% with primary prey of this group being house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and European greenfinch (Chloris chloris) and that avian prey was more reliable and productive in the area than rodent prey due to the cyclic populations of the latter. Elsewhere in Germany, in the Pankow borough of Berlin, the house sparrow was also the most regular prey species, at 19.2% of 1912 prey items. The diet of tawny owls in the Polish city of Toruń was also dominated by birds, with them making up 47.8% by number and 51.8% of the biomass against 39.8% of the number and 36.1% of the biomass by mammals. Here the diet was led by the house sparrow (25.9% by number, 22.6% biomass) and secondarily the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus). In Warsaw, birds were dominant in the city, at 73% of the food. However, much like Toruń, in the rural or outer suburban vicinity (i.e. the Kampinos Forest) outside the urbanized areas of Warsaw, other prey such as rodents and frogs were favored instead. The urbanization effect was particularly strongly noted in England, where birds constituted only about 4% of the foods in the countryside per two studies, but in Wythenshawe part of Manchester and Holland Park in London, birds made up 89% and 93% of the foods, respectively. The most important avian foods to English tawny owls were the house sparrow (at 27% and 52% in Wythenshawe and Holland Park), the common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (at 33% in Wythenshawe) and the rock dove (at 22% in Holland Park). Some urban pairs in Italy derived about 50% of their food from rock doves and common swifts (Apus apus) of all ages, grabbing prey of the two species directly off their building ledge nests. In the Sahel of Algeria, where small native rodents are scarce, birds account for about 39% of the diet tawny owls amongst 2472 prey items, in particular the house and Spanish sparrows (Passer hispaniolensis), at 16.6% by number and 17% by biomass. Birds strongly dominated the foods of tawny owls in the Levant area, such as northern Israel, accounting for more than 70% of 229 prey items, especially Passer species. In the northern stretches of the range, when birds are taken, slightly larger avian prey such as thrushes, often averaging about , tend to be taken instead of sparrows and the like. In Amsterdamse-Waterleidingduinen area of the Netherlands, birds tended to dominate the biomass especially medium-sized passerines such as common starlings and Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius), with these contributing 54% of the biomass in high Apodemus mouse years to 62.7% in low mouse years in March–May. Smaller birds such as birds decrease from 21.1 to 3.1% in the spring while large birds such as pigeons and Eurasian woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola) may increase from 16.2 to 37.7% during high and low years for mice. In a small study from Norway, a large portion of diet consisted of birds in summer (61% of the biomass but only 23.2% by number) while, in winter, voles almost completely dominated the foods.
A huge diversity of birds may be taken by tawny owls, although most are not numerically significant. Slightly over half of the avian prey spectrum for tawny owls are various passerines down to the size of Europe's smallest bird, the goldcrest (Regulus regulus). At the other end of the size scale for passerine prey are corvids, including jays, magpies and assorted crows. In some cases, tawny owls have apparently preyed on adult crows of around their own size or slightly larger, such as an estimated carrion crow (Corvus corone). Frequently, the largest prey item found in dietary studies for tawny owls are relatively outsized birds, such as the aforementioned crow, or an estimated western jackdaw (Corvus monedula) in central Italy and a common kestrel (Falco tinniculus) of the same estimated weight in Suffolk. Although many species of dove are also taken, rock doves and common wood pigeon, the latter taken frequently as adults and estimated to average at when taken in England by two different studies, can be very hearty prey. Other large avian prey reported taken as adults by tawny owls (many of which approach or exceed the owls themselves in body mass) includes green-winged teal (Anas crecca), red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica), hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), chukar (Alectoris chukar) common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), black-headed gull, black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius). Larger gamebirds have been taken such as black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) as well as are some large birds of prey are sometimes found in the foods of tawny owls but it is not clear that these adults and may refer only to juvenile individuals. Reportage of tawny owls predation on much larger western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is quite likely to refer to juvenile capercaillie. In at least one case, a tawny owl preyed upon an adult mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), which, at a mean weight of around , is about twice a tawny owl's size and possibly the largest prey known to be tackled by the species.
Reptiles, amphibians and fish
Little evidence has been found of tawny owl predation on reptiles. Despite their scarcity about a dozen species are known to be hunted by this predator, including a couple species of snake and several lizard species. They are more or less taken incidentally, constituting always less than 2% of the foods in known European studies. An exceptional case was in Sahel, Algeria, where the Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica) was the leading prey species at 16.75% of 2472 prey items. Amphibians are generally much more prominent in the tawny owl's diet, almost exclusively frogs. Nearly 20 species of amphibian are known to be taken, which includes two species of newt outside of the more typical frogs and toads. Key to predation on frogs is the composition of the habitat, with frogs and toads being apparently much more accessible in remote and conserved areas rather than developed lands. In different areas of Poland, the Rana genus of frogs led the prey composition such as in Białowieża Forest, where they made up 21.1% of the foods, in Wigry National Park where they constituted 17.4% of the diet and in the northeasterly section of the country where they made up 23.4% of 2046 vertebrate prey items. Elsewhere frogs and amphibians are regular but secondary foods. Of 3194 prey items in Finland, amphibians (probably all frogs) were secondary to rodents, and could account for from 16.6% in good vole years to 19.5%, the leading prey type by number, in bad vole years, with an average 17.5%. from all years. In Lithuania, frogs constituted 14.5% of 1125 prey items, with the common frog (Rana temporaria) in particular accounting for 11.2%. In Sahel, Algeria, the Mediterranean painted frog (Discoglossus pictus) was a fairly important prey resource, at 9.22% by number and 10.5% by biomass. The average size of frogs taken can be fairly variable, from an estimated , as claimed for central Italy and England, respectively. There are now several instances known of tawny owls preying on fish, though they are not known to be a significant food source anywhere in the distribution. About eight species of wild fish are known to have been captured, including probably young or infirm specimens of large fish such as northern pike (Esox lucius) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), with at least some instances of tawny owls also catching ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) as well.
Invertebrates
The tawny owl feeds more extensively on invertebrates than many of the more northerly European studies would indicate. Virtually, any variety of edible invertebrate would be eaten by these owls, though generally insects are taken due to the high occurrence of encounters. Nearly 70 invertebrate prey species have been noted. In the more southerly parts of Europe, much stronger numbers of invertebrates tend to be detected. In central Italy, invertebrates constituted 53.3% of 654 prey items, in particular scarab beetles (15.8%), land snails (12.1%), ground beetles (5.3%), Orthoptera (5.14%) and longhorn beetles (5%). In the vicinity of Umbria in Italy, 47.8% of 874 prey items were invertebrates, particularly keelback slugs and roundback slugs, which together made up 28.6% of the prey items followed among invertebrates by Melolonthinae subfamily of scarab beetles at about 7% of the prey. In Muránska planina National Park in Slovakia, keelback slugs were the most identified prey type among 13,912 prey items, accounting for 26.1%. Keelback slugs were also the main prey type in Bulgaria (accounting for 24.6% of 529 prey items), and detected in strong numbers in Romania, the Caucasus and Crimea (wherein they made up 21.8% of 514 prey items, but trailed by number the yellow-necked mouse). A strong dominance of insect prey was detected in food studies from Spain, with 64.3% of 1002 prey items from across the nation being invertebrates. In the Spanish region, the wood mouse was the identified single prey species (at 20% by number and 21% by biomass) but was closely followed by bush crickets (at 19.76% and 1.5% biomass), Rhizotrogus aestivus (10.76% by number, 0.5% biomass), European field cricket (Gryllus campestris) (8.85% by number, 1% biomass), minotaur beetle (Typhaeus typhoeus) (7.92% #, 1% biomass) and common dor beetle (Anoplotrupes stercorosus) (4.35% by number, 1% biomass). More locally within the Province of León, beetles collectively constituted 35.1% of the diet and Orthoptera constituted 14.4%. In Sahel, Algeria, invertebrates in total slightly outnumbered mammals, but lagged slightly behind birds in number. In general, insects in central and northern Europe are a regular but secondary food source, taken in similar volume to birds but far less significant as contributors to biomass. Tawny owls are said to take beetles in central Europe more frequently in April–May before ground cover becomes too extensive. An exceptional case of invertebrates being primary as a food source in a northerly country was recorded in the Peak District of England, wherein earthworms were the primary food type, at 40.4% of 926 prey items and 15.6% of the biomass. Strong numbers were detected here too of Geotrupes beetles, contributing 14% of the prey numbers.
Interspecies predatory relationships
In every part of its range, tawny owls co-exist with other birds of prey, with other owls presenting the strongest possibility for competition given their overlapping food selection and shared nocturnality. As perhaps the most numerous and one of the most widely distributed in the continent of the 13 owl species regularly occurring in Europe, ecological interactions of some kind have been recorded with most other species. Given their medium-sized frame and general adaptability, of special interest is how they co-exist with other medium-sized owls such as long-eared owls and barn owls. Many studies have contrasted particularly the food habits of long-eared owls living in proximity to tawny owls. Generally speaking, the long-eared owls in Europe are much more strongly disposed to being a specialist species than the tawny owl, relying almost entirely on voles. Although in the broad picture, the long-eared also feeds on other prey such as birds and insects, their food niche breadth is consistently lower than that of the tawny owls. For example, in a very large study of central Europe, the common vole species alone constituted about 76% of 57,500 prey items for long-eared owls. Long-eared owls also differ strongly from tawny owls in selecting much more open hunting grounds, such as old fields, usually hunting on the wing rather than from a perch and in utilizing abandoned (and often rather open) bird nests rather than natural cavities as nesting sites. In terms of peri-urbanisation, the long-eared and tawny owls are more or less equally adaptive to such areas. The food niche breadth is usually greater in Europe for the tawny owl than for the barn owl as well, although the barn owl appears to have a stronger liking of shrews as prey than does the tawny owl (shrews more than twice as often selected). The barn owl, although also by nature a cavity nester, does not generally acclimate to well-wooded areas where the tawny owl is at home. Both the long-eared and barn owls prefer voles where they are available, especially as both often hunt in open areas where they are common, whereas Apodemus mice tend to be slightly preferred by tawny owls. When conflicts ensue, the tawny owl tends to dominate these other medium-sized owls. This is in part due to their size advantage, with the tawny being larger by an average of 32% (of 3 standards of measurements, two from the wing, one by body mass) than the long-eared owl and 24% larger than the barn owl. Tawny owls are known to readily evict barn owls from their own nest sites, normally when taking up residency in towns or cities. It was additionally found that barn owls, being a species better adapted to warmer, more tropical areas, is at higher risk of starvation in cool weather than long-eared and tawny owls, with proportionately many more found dead in winter in France due presumably to inferior lipid fat reserves.
In the British Isles, the tawny owl is the largest and most powerful year-around native owl, ahead slightly of the long-eared and barn owls. Therefore, the tawny owl may be considered an apex predator here (despite still being vulnerable occasionally to diurnal raptors and ground predators). However, since the tawny owl never colonized Ireland, here the long-eared owl is the largest year-around owl (in these island much larger owls are very rare winter visitors, in the case of the snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) or are probably accidentally introduced by humans, as is likely the Eurasian eagle-owl). However, in much of mainland Europe and elsewhere, tawny owls potentially overlap with larger owls and, depending on habitat composition and prey accessibilities, may be considered more correctly a mesopredator. Mainly in parts of northern and eastern Europe, tawny owls sometimes co-exist with their larger cousins, Ural owls. The Ural owl has generally similar nesting and feeding habits but tends to occur in slightly different habitats. Generally, the Ural is more broadly adaptive to taiga and similarly conifer based forests than are tawny owls and is also somewhat more likely to be active during daylight. In eastern Europe, the Ural species tends to occur more so at higher elevation in montane forest such as the Carpathian Mountains, especially those with extensive old growth of beech trees, while the tawny owls tend to occur at lower elevations and more mixed forest with fewer glades in these areas. A relatively low territory overlap of 13.3% was detected in Slovakia between tawny and Ural owl territories due to their differing habitats. Depending on range, the prey sizes taken by tawny owls tend to be considerably smaller than those selected by the more powerful Ural owl, with the latter's mean prey sizes averaging from 31 to 50% larger. However, the food niche breadth is up to two and a half times greater in the tawny than in the Ural owl. The Ural owl tends to dominate interspecific conflicts with tawny owls. On the contrary, in at least one case a tawny owl was observed to fiercely attack and drive off a Ural owl (although it may not be ruled out that this was a case of mobbing). A third and much larger still Strix species, the great grey owl, differs considerably in almost all respects of its life history from tawny owls. The great grey is adapted to taiga and other conifer based forests, both open and enclosed, and relies almost exclusively on voles for food. Almost cathemeral in activity, the great grey species may nest in a broad variety of situations in the boreal habitat but never utilizes tree cavities as does the tawny. Due to the latter species' specialization, the tawny owl is spared from any known ecological interactions with the great grey owl.
Much more dangerous than larger Strix species to the tawny owl is the Eurasian eagle-owl. A similar wide-ranging generalist, the eagle owl most often nests in and around rock formations, often in fairly mountainous areas, but locally is also adaptive to varying habitats and may too nesting in old birds nests or on the ground, usually between the trunks of large trees. In terms of their dietary habits, the eagle owl appears to be perhaps an even more indiscriminate predator, attacking animals of all taxonomic classes unfortunate enough to encounter them. Given its far larger size and much more powerful features, the eagle owl will attack much larger prey than tawny owls, even relative to their own size. Tawny owls are likely to avoid encounters with eagle-owls and are fortunate in many areas that the eagle-owl, which requires a larger home range and tends to more exclusively prefer remote areas than tawnys, can be scarce to absent in some parts of Europe. In some areas of Spain and Italy, tawny owls have adapted to live in the vicinity of wooded montane areas and even to nesting within rock formations. Both countries have healthy recovered populations of eagle-owls, so tawny owls appear to locally restrict their vocal activity and tend to occur on the fringes or outside active eagle-owl ranges. Unlike their larger, more powerful cousin, the Ural owl, the tawny owl is not infrequently victim to predation by larger raptors. There are at least 300 recorded instances of predation on tawny owls in Europe by Eurasian eagle-owls. They tend to be taken somewhat less than other medium-sized owls, especially long-eared owls, by eagle owls by virtue of using woodlands (which differ somewhat from the habitats usually used by eagle-owls) and nesting in tree hollows. The other greatest predatory threat is certain to be the Eurasian goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). There are at least a hundred cases of goshawks taking the owls and, unlike the eagle-owl, the habitats of the goshawks do fairly closely mirror those of tawny owls with the owls only spared by its different primary times of activity.
Other predators long known to have taken tawny owls have included their larger cousins, the Ural owls as well as common buzzards (Buteo buteo), red kites (Milvus milvus) and peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). In addition, more reported raptorial predators have included the Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) and black kite (Milvus migrans) Outside of traditionally raptorial groups, birds such as corvids may destroy and/or compromise tawny owl nests, either for food, anti-predator behaviour and/or competition. Western jackdaws, in particular, appear to be persistent competitors for nest sites and sometimes are aggressive enough as to displace tawny owls from a disputed site. In extreme cases of competition with jackdaws, the owls may bring themselves to starvation trying to incubate their nests in the hole when a murder of jackdaws continuously visit, harass and place a new nest on top of the owl's eggs repeatedly. In other cases, the owls nestlings have been suffocated by the jackdaws building a nest directly on top of the still living owl broods. Mammalian predators are a fairly frequent threat to tawny owls as well, though tend to attack almost exclusively during the breeding season. European pine martens are known to be a considerable threat of all aged tawny owls at nests from nestlings to brooding females, as are probably stone martens (Martes foina). In a food study in France, 9% of the diet of pine martens was found to consist of tawny owls, with the data indicating that owls using nest boxes are more vulnerable to martens. Especially once reaching or around the age of fledging, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are known to take several young tawny owls (and perhaps an unwary adult), at times taking up to 39% of young owls in a population, as are probably cats (Felis silvestris) in some areas. However, in chance encounters during the day, tawny owls have been known to attack and successfully chase off pine martens and have been seen to do the same to red foxes, cats and dogs.
The tawny owl is a considerable predator itself of smaller owls. Data indicates that it is second deadliest owl to the smaller species of owl in Europe, behind only the eagle owl. Among their known owl prey species are Eurasian scops owls (Otus scops), Eurasian pygmy owls, little owls (Athene noctua), long-eared owls and boreal owls (Aegolius funereus). Additionally, they may hunt smaller diurnal birds of prey such as Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), Eurasian hobbies (Falco subbuteo) and merlins (Falco columbarius). Reports of tawny owls killing common buzzards and northern goshawks are of nebulous detail and may refer in fact to nighttime nest robberies rather than overpowering adults of these larger, dangerous and often seemingly avoided raptors. Evidence from Slovenia has indicated that the tawny owl is more feared by small owls such as the boreal owl than even the larger, more powerful Ural owl, as they clustered more strongly as can be explained by habitat in the realm of Ural owl territories but seemed to avoid where possible tawny owl territories. Although there are more known instances of tawny owls hunting little owls, data in central Europe could not distinguish whether little owls were avoiding tawny owls or the wooded habitats they frequent to account for their sometimes spotty ranges. However, when forced to nest in quite close proximity to tawny owls and other medium-sized owl species due to clustered "islands" of habitat remaining in southeastern Poland, the productivity of little owls appeared to lower. Predation by tawny owls can be severe as well on Eurasian pygmy owls, to such an extent that they may have cause the regional extinction of the pygmy around World War II in the Black Forest after the smaller species was already depleted by deforestation. A successful reintroduction of Eurasian pygmies into the forest was followed by a natural range expansion back into the forest by tawnys, which again threatens the population growth of smaller owl.
References
Strix (genus)
Ethology
Eating behaviors | Dietary biology of the tawny owl | [
"Biology"
] | 10,387 | [
"Behavior",
"Biological interactions",
"Eating behaviors",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology"
] |
68,960,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding%20biology%20of%20the%20tawny%20owl | Tawny owls are monogamous and territorial year around. Young birds select territories and look for mates in autumn and tend to be very vocal, especially males. Due to their highly territorial behaviour, young birds frequently struggle to establish a territory unless a nearby adult dies. Males routinely engage in territorial fights. Territories have been known to have been maintained by single tawnys for up to 10 years in Russia and 13 years in Berlin. Of 34 males in Wytham, only one male moved off of territory, due to being disturbed by humans. It appears to be largely up to the male to select territorial boundaries. Despite the aforementioned territorial behaviour, active nests of two separate pairs at as close as , in the Tegel forest, have been reported. This species shows very little extrapair parentage. In Switzerland for example, a study of 137 nestings found that only one, or 0.7%, were from a different father than the mate, females cannot generally raise young without male contribution so the pair structure of these highly residential owls insures little instance of cuckoldry. Cases of bigamy were reported at Wytham in 6 of 34 males, in situations where apparently a neighboring male died and was suffixed subsequently, however, one or the other nesting attempts would completely fail each time. In Pavia, 3 of 22 territories included two mature females.
Nests
The male advertises several potential nest sites to his mate by singing at the entrance, slipping inside and so on, with the female finally selecting one. The typical nest site of a tawny owl is a tree hollow, wherein the owls will nest directly on the interior hole's surface. Tree hollows used may be as much as above the ground, but are usually within about of the ground. Virtually any species of deciduous tree may be used provided holes are available. These tree cavities may be of any origin, with trees that grow large such as oak, beech, poplar, maple, lime, hornbeam and alder often regularly utilized. Female may scratch out a shallow base in soil if present and sometimes seen to reportedly tear eggs into pieces as a cushion from their broods. Other tree nest locations have included those on top of a Witch's broom and on top of the tree canopy. Natural holes in trees are often the most frequently used nesting site, followed closely in recent decades many artificial nest boxes, preferably those with a entrance or larger. Of the nest boxes erected in different parts from Kielder forest and the Glenbranter forest of Argyll, 592 nest boxes were placed at high along the side of trees and 17.4% of which were used by tawnys (in latter 2 years of study up to 24.1%). In southeastern Scotland, all nest boxes erected in habitat were eventually utilized by tawny owls. Many nest boxes were recorded to be used as roost sites in the Milan, with only 12.3% of the 44% of nest boxes actually used by owls for breeding, usually with the owls utilizing boxes that were at least above the ground. Nest boxes are most successful wherever natural tree cavities are scarce or absent, such as conifer forests, young successional woods and farmlands. Tawny owls may not infrequently nest in an unmodified black woodpecker hole. This species may too nest in nest of larger birds such as crows, common ravens (Corvus corax) and Eurasian magpies as well as common buzzards, black kites, northern goshawks and various eagles while the sometimes recorded as used smaller nests such as those of Eurasian jays, Eurasian sparrowhawks and common wood pigeons but these are at potential risk of collapse. Occasionally, tawny owls have also been recorded nesting in abandoned burrows of larger mammals (e.g. red fox and European badger (Meles meles) as well as those of rabbits). Other nesting locations recorded for the species have included bare cliff ledges, between the roots of heavy tree trunks, on the bare forest floor and among heather. Also rarer still nests have been reported in the recesses of stone walls, in chimneys of large buildings, on cabins and sheds, in dovecotes and church towers. In southern Finland, 95% of 123 nest boxes put out were occupied by tawny owls in 1970–1975, natural tree hole use decreased in same period from 48% to 3%, on top of stumps from 4% to 1% and in buildings from 15% to 1%.
Eggs
Laying normally begins in March-early April, sometimes as early as February. Of 344 nests in Latvia, the mean egg laying dates were March 13th to April 3rd, with extreme dates of February 20th to April 30th, with shifts accounted for by late winter weather. In the German area of Swabian Jura clutches may start to be laid as early as mid-February if food is favorable. Egg laying in mid-February is fairly typical in Italy as well. The first egg is typically laid by mid-March in Great Britain, in late March in continental Europe and early April in Scandinavia. In very snowy years in Finland, the laying of clutch is often either delayed or does not occur at all. Due to the warmer average ambient temperatures and access to pestilent rodents, wintertime egg laying in human developed areas is now known to be commonplace: with records of laying in late December in Amsterdam, early January in Munich and late January in Riga, Latvia. They tend to lay their clutches earlier than long-eared owls and little owls and much earlier than barn owls. One clutch is laid per year but rarely replacement clutches have been reported if an entire clutch is lost. A record in Bizkaia, Spain of a second successful clutch was produced, with pairs of owlets were recorded in February then another pair of owlets apparently hatched to the same pair was recorded in July of same year. The female typically lays a relatively small clutch of 3–5 eggs, sometimes in extreme case from 2 and very rarely and in the times of food plenty, 7–9. Average clutch sizes were cited as 2.67 in Britain, 2.8 in Bohemia, 2.95 in Belgium 3.29 in central Europe, 3.3 in both Switzerland and the Netherlands, 3.65 in Denmark, 3.64–3.81 in Finland and 4.04 in Sweden. While in Bohemia, the clutch size varied remarkably little by year, in western Switzerland it could go from 2.52 to 3.63 in different years and Finnish data indicates it can vary from 3.1 to 4.2 in low and peak vole years. Therefore, clutch size may be more variable in more cool climatic zones but, on the other hand, the average size of the clutches averages larger in these colder areas. Although clutch sizes average smaller in Great Britain than in mainland Europe, they are more consistently laid there than the clutches of barn owls. Their eggs are pure white, smooth or slightly glossy in texture, and vary little in size. Egg dimensions were found to average in Britain, in central Europe, in Sweden (Makatsch 1976) and in Russia. The range may be from in height by in diameter (sample size 100). The average weight of eggs can vary from .
Parental behaviour
The female incubates alone, starting with the first egg for 28–29 days typically, and is fed by the male. The female also broods the chicks, feeding them strips of meat for about 2 weeks, after which they may start swallowing mice and such whole. She continues to feed them until they leave the nest, at which point she may resume her hunting but the male may continue to a majority of food capture and may even feed the offspring directly. Larger prey items tend to be more often fed to chicks such as medium-sized birds, young rabbits and moles where available, while the parents themselves usually eat small rodents (i.e. in Wytham and Ythan Valley). Sometimes when the mother feeds their young, separated feathers are sometimes doled out and consumed by them. In France, 4–19 prey deliveries by the male were recorded per night, or 2.5–3 prey per chick nightly. In Belgium, from as little as 0 to 22 prey items were recorded to be delivered per night, on average 3.7 (range 2.3–5.1) prey per chick nightly. Up to 21% of prey deliveries were done in daylight in Wytham whereas in the Netherlands only 2% were during daytime. In one British nest, with three owlets (the oldest being 15–25 days old) each chick received about of food per night while later near fledging, each would get per night. In an experiment study, broods were both increased and decreased to see if males differed their food deliveries, it was found that the males did change their food delivers as a result of brood increase or decrease, with the decreased broods being fed well while the increased broods were food stressed and showed particular signs of declining condition of the brooding female as she had less food for herself. Instrinic factors were weighed about the condition of parents in a study from Finland, with the female's age being the most significant factors that could be determined. Furthermore, it was found that male condition was the most important factor for female condition, with older males often in better physical condition. Weather conditions were found to be intrinsic with condition of parents in Finland, and further that larger females could breed earlier and more successfully on average. A study of steroid hormones in a selected 51 pairs within Denmark (from a network of 204 nest boxes) were used to measure hormone levels. It was found that testostrone levels were consistently higher in 3 year old birds of both sexes, birds of this age were more productive in all aspects of breeding than younger owls, although it was not clear to what extent higher breeding success to attributable to hormonal levels versus experience is unclear. A testing of testosterone levels in owl offspring within Danube-Ipoly National Park in Hungary determined that experienced parents produced nestlings with more testostrone mainly in correlation with mild weather. In poor weather or inexperienced parents the levels were lower. The testostrone levels in the Hungarian study were found to be lowest in poor weather conditions in the last of the owl's broods and most such young usually died during the early nesting period.
When they are alarmed or required to act in self-defense near the nest, tawny owls of all ages but especially older nestlings up to fledging age, have been recorded to raise feathers and outstretch wings, to their expand size and possible shield itself, also snapping their bills. Despite the tawny owl's reputation as a highly aggressive bird when encroached upon, the parents are usually retiring even when the area of the nest is broached. Passive measures are usually taken first in parental nest defense. The mother owls are often tight sitters, one female sat motionless even as she was physically turned over, while another sat tight but flushed eventually after several human intrusions. Sometimes parents engage in distraction display when attempting to protect their young but less frequently than do long-eared owls. There is much individual variation in aggressiveness of response to disturbance and threats, with a similar occasional but widely reported tendencies for aggressiveness in nest defense in many other Strix owls as well. In the earlier part of the nestling period, males sometimes launch defensive attacks but these tend to be relatively mild and no physical contact is often made. In western Switzerland, females were 2.9 times more likely to respond aggressively to artificial nest predator stimuli than males. Later into the nesting period, the female may begin showing more aggressive reactions to disturbance or threats. Older females were found in a study show a more aggressive defense as well as those with larger broods and earlier nestings, however non-aggressive females were found to have more future reproductive years on average than aggressive ones. Rufous morph females were more vigorous in nest defense than other morphs in a study from Switzerland. At the first detection of an intruder, the female may let out muffled hoots initially. Attacks only tend to occur somewhat regularly in developed areas, especially city parks, where repeated intrusions occur and perhaps resulting desensitization and irritation. Some individual females and rarely males become routine attackers on humans and may be known as "furies". In at least some cases parks may be closed due to unprovoked tawny owl attacks. The female tends to attack humans from behind and focus on the head and shoulders when physical contact is made, especially if the person turns their back, but even then often veer short of physical contact. Humans are inefficient at fending off sudden physical attacks because of the silent flight of the owls. Tawny owl mothers not infrequently attack threatening animals common in parks such as dogs and cats as well as martens (at times knocking them out of the trees) and red foxes, especially at dawn or early in the night. Other than scalp abrasions, occular damage can be considerable when tawny owls attack humans. Perhaps the best-known victim of the tawny owl's fierce attack was the renowned bird photographer Eric Hosking, who lost his left eye when struck by a bird he was attempting to photograph near its nest in 1937. He later called his autobiography An Eye for a Bird.
Development of young
Young begin to call in about 24 hours before they hatch. Asynchronous hatching occurs but is slightly less pronounced perhaps than long-eared and barn owls, rarely ranging up to 2–3 days apart. The female broods the owlets closely until 10–15 days, rarely ceasing as early as 7 days. In a Danish study, it was found that 59% of 268 nestlings were male, as opposed to roughly even sex ratio in Great Britain or Hungary, with the ratio not changing annually unlike clutch size, brood size and reproductive success. The gender of broods were studied relatively to testosterone levels in differently sized clutches in Hungary with smaller clutches with lower testosterone levels being male-biased. In this Hungarian study, survival rates were higher in smaller broods than in larger brood. Heavier parents raised all offspring hatched to them, while lighter parents raised 33% of the offspring. 59 of 99 reduced broods were males, while 34 of 81 unmodified broods male. Although sometimes said to only fed young at night, the mother can also parse out tiny bits of food by day to their nestlings. The young are fed small bits of meat for about 12 days, at which point the young open their eyes and begin to more actively beg. Also around 12 days, the nestlings produce their first pellets, though they are often of a rather liquid consistency.< Older nestlings beg with quivering wings and intense high-pitched food begging calls. Female only regularly hunts again after brooding period (usually a little after the young are 2 weeks old). The male tends not to enter the nest to make food delivery, often the female receives it nearby on a branch of the tree or at the entrance of the nest hole, later when the nestlings are large, the male often will silently deposit the prey directly into the nest without landing. When the young are 21–25 days old, young begin to spend much time around the entrance of nest hole, and may begin to emerge 3–5 days later. It was found in warmer conditions, that the owlets born to rufous morph mothers requires less oxygen consumption and may have experienced less stress. Evidently the oldest is usually the first to leave hole. After leaving the nest and becoming "branchers", the young owls often clamor around using both the feet and the beak, and often land on the forest floor, from where they tend to flutter and climb into bushes, trying to reach higher parts of the trees (and should not be handled if found on the ground as such). Finally, at 29–37 days, with an average of 32.1 days in Kielder Forest, the young fledge, but take about another two weeks before they can fly strongly. The young post-fledgling owls continue to beg, often following and rarely leaving an area of about away from their mother. The pre-dispersal young used an area of in England while, in Scotland, it was only . In Denmark, the distance between post-fledging siblings ranged from during day and by night, meaning that they are associative with one another at this stage, and they would spend 20–80% of nighttime hours food begging, up to 82% in poor food years. At around 1 to 3 months (sooner in Denmark, later in England on average), the young tawny owls begin to hunt for themselves. At the age of 2 to 3 months the young owls can be evicted by their parents, although often appear to disperse independently. However, on average of 72 radio-tagged juveniles in Denmark after the young owls would stop begging for food at 90–123 days of age, they would typically roost within their parents territories for another 18 days without incident. In the Danish Gribskov forest, 41 radio-tracked broods were dependent after fledging for a mean of 71 days (with a range of 56–84). 5 of 12 radiotagged juveniles survived dispersal in a different study from Denmark, independence was gained at an average 77.3 days and single day movements recorded of up to . 22 radiotagged young tawny owls in England were tracked post-dispersal relative to vole concentrations, though there was no evidence that there were consistently able to access the peak vole areas. 27.4% of area selection was found to be likely correlated to vole access. The age at first breeding may be early as one year, but is more commonly 2–3 years old and rarely not until 4 years old.
Breeding success
Breeding success averages fairly high in this species. A study within oak-hornbeam-birch forest in Hungary on the breeding output of males, 77 males examined from the 1st breeding year until 9 years of age, increase breeding output from 2 to 4 years of age thence peaking at 5–6 in age. However, at older than this the male breeding output begins to decline, possibly due to senescence, perhaps since males may be unable to continue withhold high-quality territories from competition. The 5 to 9 year old males were flexible to prey variations in ways younger males were not. In Hungary's Pilis Biosphere Reserve, 1992–2000, the age of females appeared to effect the number of eggs and hatching success, while the age of the male effected the number of fledglings, with 39 pairs studied, with 98 females and 85 males produced in network of 180 nest boxes. Again older males and females (i.e. 5 to 9) were seemingly more productive overall. Hungarian data shows lower overall number of young during years with harsh, snowy winters but due to the low number of young, the successful raised young were stronger and in better condition on average once fully grown than the young owls in years with many offspring. The breeding success overall in Lithuania has steadily increased, with a survival rate reached of 72% for females. The area of Burgundy in France, productivity of successful pairs avg 3.2, varying from 2 to 3 to 4 in poor, intermediate and good prey years. In western Switzerland, over the course of 14 years, females produced an average of 5.67 fledglings. On an area of in the Netherlands, 9 successful breeding attempts were recorded, a very low density to such an extent that unlike many other parts of the range that attempts to attract owls with playback were largely unsuccessful. As for breeding success near Rome in Italy, out of 326 attempts, 4–28% were successful in different years, with the number fledglings ranged from 0.4–1 overall and 1-1.18 per successful pair and habitats with more rainfall and less arid conditions being more productive. Of 311 breeding attempts studied over a 13 year period in Rome, 59.5% failed in urban plots and 51.3% in suburban areas, with 18.5% and 23.4% in urban and suburban zones producing 1 fledgling, 12% and 18% producing 2, 8% and 7.2% producing 3 and 2% in the urban area producing 4. In Roman areas, the breeding rates are generally quite low but are fairly stable annually, due to warmer average ambient temperature and less local trophic competition. The total breeding success in Roman pairs was 43.5% in the city (also 0.83 fledglings per pair and 1.86 per successful pairs) and 51% in suburbs (also 0.82 fledglings per pair, 1.63 per successful pair). Of 256 Belgian eggs, 24% did not hatch, 10% of those were deserted, 51% were addled and 39% were deserted or destroyed by the female when food supply was low. In the Belgian data, of 195 young hatched, 94% fledged and 6% died in nest as a result of starvation, with an average number of fledglings 2.06, varying from 0 to 3.25 on average in different years based on vole numbers. In southern France, brood size for all pairs was 2.2 while for successful pair it was 3.2 (range 2–4.3 per pair). In the French study, cannibalism was reportedly surprisingly often to be committed by mother or siblings. 73.7% of the studied French broods produced fledglings. Of 357 pairs in the woodlands around west Berlin in 2 decades starting 1958, 160 pairs produced 333 fledglings, with an average of 2.08 per successful nest. 13 pairs in the city parks of west Berlin produced 47 fledglings, 3.3 pairs per successful nest, productivity strongly correlated to number of yellow-necked mice available. More broadly in the Berlin metropolitan, nesting success averaged 2.1 and 2.8 per successful nest, but could vary 2.7 to 3.2 on average in low and high vole years. In eastern Bohemia, an average 2.6 young fledged per successful pair, but no determinable difference in productivity was noted during good and poor prey years. Breeding success varied in Finland based on vole numbers, from 2.4–2.7 in poor years to 3.4–3.5 in good years, but only a slight variation was recorded in clutch size and young hatched. Finland has shown a sharp increase overall in tawny owls in the recent three decades was from 422 to 1710 active territories found, from 198 to 1566 nests found and from 168 to 1341 successful nests found. When vole populations were high, the number of young tawny owls introduced into the population of Finland was ten times higher than in low years. It was found in Denmark that a control group of 32 out of 131 radio-tagged young that were supplementally fed by researchers were more vulnerable to predation (36% of these died, mostly due to mammals like foxes around fledging age) but also earlier nests were vulnerable as well (more so to other birds of prey).
Of 562 eggs laid in Great Britain, 314 young hatched, with 44% lost before hatching and 2% lost before fledging. Cambridgeshire produced an average of 0.3 for all territories in fragmented woods and 0.89 for all territories in continuous woods. This study of the English countryside showed that the owl population varied relatively little in proportion to the sharply cyclic nature of the main prey here, field voles and wood mice, due to the owl's ability to exploit alternate prey in poor rodent years. In Scotland, perhaps with less diverse prey available in the more northern clime, the trends of tawny owls were more sharp: 2.6 fledglings were produced in good vole years, 1.65 average in declining years and 0.2 in poor vole years over a 7 year period. Scottish data showed nestling mortality was higher in poor vole years, at about 31% vs 14% in good vole years, with no sex bias. During low prey years in Wytham, anywhere from 33 to 77% of eggs produced are abandoned and may freeze, but little to no change occurs in territory occupancy. Authors inferred that the parent owls in Kielder Forest are able to biological predict the vole numbers based on spring feeding access and produce more often the more productive sex, which were females here. Territorial changes in Kielder were associated to habitat and land use changes with 25% more territories recorded from 1981 to 1991 then a 21% reduction from 1992 to 1998. In this area, due probably to the exotic conifer dominated forest, owls were quite dependent on field vole numbers in the openings, and could vary from twentyfold from low to high years, with 70% of the variance of productivity could be correlated to the habitat types available and show the importance of habitat heterogeneity. In peak years at Kielder, of 197 attempts, 6.9% failed to breed and 28.3% successfully bred, in the increase years, of 44 attempts, 10.2% failed to breed and nesting successful was 76.2% and in the decrease years, of 62 attempts, 12.5% failed to breed and nesting success average was 69%.
Longevity and natural mortality
Tawny owls can live to more than a decade. The oldest recorded in the wild in central Europe was 18 years and 7 months old while the oldest in Sweden recorded was nearly 14 years old. These records were subsequently broken by a female recorded in the wild in Switzerland at an age of 21 years and 11 months. The species has been recorded to live to 27 years or so in captivity. If voles are scarce and weather harsh during winter, many tawny owls die by various means (starvation being primary). Starvation rates are high in newly independent young if there is no unoccupied territories in the vicinity (at least by 1 bird of their corresponding gender). Mortality averaged about 15% in territorial adults in Wytham. In Finland, Ural owl displaced tawny owls but great grey owl peaceably allow them in the vicinity. Although moderately hardy during sub-freezing winters, severe winters can be dangerous in areas such as the Russian part of their range. Mortality in general in the northern limits of the range is probably higher than Ural owl. This species is increasingly affected by avian malaria, the incidence of which has tripled in the last 70 years, in parallel with increasing global temperatures. An increase of one degree Celsius produces a two- to three-fold increase in the rate of malaria. In 2010, the incidence in British tawny owls was 60%, compared to 2–3% in 1996. Direct anthropogenic causes of mortality are covered later. Of 22 radio-tagged young tawny owls in Kielder, 36.4% (8) owls died 10-106 days after fledgling but while still on parent's ranges, another 22.7% (5) died after leaving parents territory at 40–147 days after fledgling, 22.7% (5) also disappeared after fledged but while still dependent and were quite likely preyed upon while the only 4 remaining lost radio contact after leaving parent's range at 58–178 days after fledging. Of 13 certain to have died, 6 were due to starvation, 3 were due to predation by goshawks, one by an infected eye injury, while the rest of uncertain cause. Mortality rates can be even higher elsewhere such as an average of about 92% in Scotland and about 61% in Norway for juveniles before they disperse. Meanwhile recorded average mortality rates in the 1st year of radio-tagged tawny owl lives were recorded as the following averages: Sweden at 71.7%, Switzerland at 49.4%, England at 52.6%, west Germany at 48% and Belgium at 58%. Radiotagging studies showed average mortality for Swedish 2nd year owls was 44.3%, 24.5% at this point for Swiss owls and 22.2% for English ones while in the third year the Swedish one's mortality was estimated to average 47.6% and English ones at 31.8%. The survival rate average over two decades was unexpectedly somewhat high in Finland in about 20,000 owls, where it was 33% in the 1st year, 64% in 2nd year, 73% in subsequent years. In England, it was estimated that there was 6–11 times lower survival rate for tawny owls that were radiotagged than for those that were not based on estimates, the theory as to why it lower survival is that the additional weight burden of the radio-tags themselves may have inhibited capture of food and also made juveniles more vulnerable to goshawks.
References
Strix (genus)
Ethology
Bird breeding | Breeding biology of the tawny owl | [
"Biology"
] | 5,912 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
68,965,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-insemination | Self-insemination (also known as "selfing") is a mating behavior engaged in by multiple flatworm species, such as the free-living Macrostomum hystrix, and some sea slugs. Species that engage in this method of reproduction are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess both male and female reproductive organs. Selfing is referred to as a conditional reproductive strategy in this species, which means that there is a preference to reproduce with a mate.
Mechanics
Self-insemination has been demonstrated in isolated individuals of the flatworm species M. hystrix. This is achieved by using their male copulatory organ, a needle-like stylet, to pierce through the epidermis and into the parenchyma. Sperm is injected into the anterior region of their body due to physical limitations, which is inclusive of their own head. From the site of injection, sperm migrate posteriorly to the female reproductive organs (ovaries) where fertilization occurs. Flatworms that were studied in isolation contained significantly more sperm in their anterior region than those who were placed in triplet groups.
As a conditional reproductive strategy
M. hystrix has been shown to prefer outcrossing under normal conditions. Another study showed the onset of reproduction is significantly delayed in isolated individuals in comparison to those who were placed in triplet groups. There is also a reduction in the number of hatchlings produced through self-insemination and a decrease in the survival of these offspring, which suggests that this method of reproduction is costly to the parent. While survival of the species is more likely via their ability to produce offspring in the absence of potential mates, these offspring will further lack genetic variety. Therefore, members of this species avail of delayed self-insemination as a conditional reproductive strategy to endure through periods where mates are scarce.
In sea slugs
It may be beneficial for hermaphroditic species to seldom reproduce via self-insemination since they can avoid the laborious costs of reproduction to the female function as experienced through traumatic insemination ― such as in the case of the sea slug Alderia willowi.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Mating systems
Platyhelminth biology
Mollusc anatomy | Self-insemination | [
"Biology"
] | 454 | [
"Behavior",
"Mating systems",
"Mating"
] |
68,967,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanist%20Bill%20of%20Rights | The Transhumanist Bill of Rights is a crowdsourced document that conveys rights and laws to humans and all sapient entities while specifically targeting future scenarios of humanity. The original version was created by transhumanist US presidential candidate Zoltan Istvan and was posted by Zoltan on the wall of the United States Capitol building on December 14, 2015.
History
In act reminiscent of Martin Luther, Zoltan Istvan was filmed writing the Transhumanist Bill of Rights on steps of the US Supreme Court on December 13, 2015. The following day, while being surrounded and warned by Capitol police he was going to be arrested for trespassing, Zoltan posted the one-page bill to the northside wall of the US Capitol, an act which is partially documented in the documentary Immortality or Bust. The bill quickly fell off the building.
Version 2.0 was published in Wired magazine by Bruce Sterling. By the time Version 3.0 was published in December 2018, the document had quadrupled in size from version 1.0. Versions 2.0 and 3.0 were developed using electronic ranked-preference voting that involved the members of the U.S. Transhumanist Party proposing articles and then selecting among the proposed wordings.
Istvan has spoken about the bill at the World Economic Forum (Global Council Meeting), Congreso Futuro, the World Bank, and the US Navy.
Content
The most current version of the Transhumanist Bill of Rights focuses protecting the rights of: Human beings; genetically modified humans beings; cyborgs; digital intelligences; intellectually enhanced, previously non-sapient animals; any species of plant or animal which has been enhanced to possess the capacity for intelligent thought; and other advanced sapient life forms. The section on morphological freedom has received particular attention in both the press and scholarly literature.
The Transhumanist Bill of Rights has been widely discussed - major media has published information on it, books have discussed it, and academics have written papers about it. Its 43 articles cover items such as the right to abolish all suffering, the right for morphological freedom, the right to universal basic income and healthcare, the right to strive for radical life extension, and the legal requirement for sentient entities to protect themselves against existential risk. To help guard against existential risk and ensure a bright future for humanity article 5 of the bill mandates that governments "take all reasonable measures to embrace and fund space travel". The bill also requires aging to be classified as a disease by all governments.
Criticism
In an article at The American Spectator titled a “A Transhumanist Bill of Wrongs” perennial transhumanist critic Wesley Smith argued that the laws in the Transhumanist Bill of Rights would cost too much and harm human exceptionalism. Dr. Michael Cook questions why transhumanists even need a bill of rights, and, instead, asks whether society would need a bill of rights against transhumanists and their goals. When critiquing Version 2.0 of the Bill, Michael Cook along with commentator Jasper Hammill of The Metro erroneously assumed that when Article IV references a right to "ending involuntary suffering", it was referring to euthanasia. As U.S. Transhumanist party chair Gennady Stolyarov II has explained, no such implication was intended and the text is actually a reference to David Pearce’s idea that suffering itself should be abolished for entities who desire this, as expressed in his philosophy of abolitionism.
Text of Version 1.0
References
External links
Version 1.0
Version 2.0
Version 3.0
Transhumanism
Transhumanist politics | Transhumanist Bill of Rights | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 753 | [
"Transhumanist politics",
"Science and technology studies",
"Genetic engineering",
"Transhumanism",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
68,972,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Zheng | Yan Zheng is a marine geochemist known for her research on metals in groundwater and private wells in Bangladesh, China, and the United States. She is an elected fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Geophysical Union.
Education and career
Zheng has a B.S. from the University of Science and Technology (1988). She then moved to Columbia University where she earned an M.A. (1993), an M.Phil (1994), and a Ph.D. (1999). Zheng began a position at Queens College, City University of New York in 1998 and was promoted to professor in 2006, and served as the director of the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences from 2012 until 2016. In 2014, she returned to China to hold the position of chair professor at Peking University's Institute of Water Sciences. In 2016 she moved to Southern University of Science and Technology where she is a chair professor.
From 2009 until 2011, she was a specialist at UNICEF Bangladesh working in their water and environmental sanitation group.
Research
Zheng's early research examined uranium and molybdenum in marine sediments, and used molybdenum concentrations to investigate the Bølling–Allerød warming that occurred 15 thousand years ago. In Bangladesh, Zheng has examined the spatial extent of arsenic in wells, and defined the conditions that lead to the presence of dissolved arsenic in groundwater in the region. In the United States, she has tracked arsenic in groundwater in Maine and considered how to best mitigate the risks associated with arsenic in drinking water. Zheng has worked with others to develop a colorimetric assay to detect arsenic which facilitates testing for arsenic in groundwater. Based on her research, she advocates for the need to test individual drinking-water wells for these metals.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
Zheng became an elected fellow of the Geological Society of America in 2010, and an elected fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2021. In 2021, she gave the Li Siguang Lecture at the University of Birmingham.
References
External links
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
Columbia University alumni
Academic staff of the Southern University of Science and Technology
Women geochemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Yan Zheng | [
"Chemistry"
] | 453 | [
"Geochemists",
"Women geochemists"
] |
68,972,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20V10 | The Peugeot V10 engine is a series of naturally-aspirated, V10, racing engines; produced between 1990 and 2000. These engines were used to compete in the World Sportscar Championship, between 1990 and 1993, with Peugeot winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans two years in a row (1992 and 1993). In 1994, they decided to make the switch to Formula One, using the same 3.5 L V10 derived from their highly successful, Le Mans-winning 905 Group C sports prototype, that was easily adjusted to F1 regulations. Peugeot debuted as an engine supplier with the McLaren team and remained in F1 until the end of the 2000 season.
Peugeot 905 SA35-A1/SA35-A2 engine
Technically advanced, the 905 used a light alloy and high revving SA35-A1 3499 cc naturally aspirated V10 engine that was similar to F1 engines of the time. The 905 was built at Vélizy-Villacoublay
The more powerful SA35-A2 engine evolution, used in the 905B, made its race debut at the Nürburgring round of the 1991 series.
Specifications
Manufacturer Peugeot
First race 1990
Category Group C1
Engine 80° V10, 40 valves
Output at 12,500 rpm (905B produced approximately )
Transmission 6-speed sequential manual, mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Formula One A4/A6 engine
Peugeot decided to switch to Formula One, using the same 3.5L V10 from the 905 that was easily adjusted to F1 regulations. In 1994, Peugeot debuted as an engine supplier with the McLaren team. The Peugeot A4 V10, used by the McLaren Formula One team in 1994, initially developed at 14,250 rpm. It was later further developed into the A6, which produced even more power; developing at 14,500 rpm. Peugeot remained in F1 until the end of the 2000 season, when, after little success, they decided to focus and concentrate their efforts on the World Rally Championship. Teams using Peugeot's V10 engine scored a total of 14 podium finishes, with 9 third places, and 5 second places, but never managed to win a race.
Applications
Formula 1 cars
McLaren MP4/9 (A4/A6)
Jordan 195 (A10)
Jordan 196 (A12)
Jordan 197 (A14)
Prost AP01 (A16)
Prost AP02 (A18)
Prost AP03 (A20)
Group C sports prototypes
Peugeot 905 (SA35-A1/SA35-A2)
See also
BMW E41 / P80 engine
Cosworth JD / VJ engine
Ferrari V10 engine
Hart 1035 engine
Honda V10 engine
Ilmor 2175 engine
Mercedes-Benz FO engine
Renault RS engine
Yamaha F1 engine
References
Peugeot engines
Formula One engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
V10 engines | Peugeot V10 | [
"Technology"
] | 585 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
68,972,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20%28software%29 | Session is a cross-platform end-to-end encrypted instant messaging application emphasizing user confidentiality and anonymity. Developed by The Oxen Project under the non-profit Oxen Privacy Tech Foundation, it employs a blockchain-based decentralized network for transmission. Users can send one-to-one and group messages, including various media types such as files, voice notes, images, and videos.
Session provides applications for various platforms, such as macOS, Windows, and Linux, along with mobile clients available on both iOS and Android.
Features
Session does not require a telephone number or email address for account creation. Instead, it utilizes a randomly generated 66-digit alphanumeric number for user identification. Communication between users, including messages, voice clips, photos, and files, is end-to-end encrypted using the Session protocol. Session uses the Loki blockchain network for transmissions. In 2021, an independent review by the third-party Quarkslab verified these claims.
Development
Session started as a fork of another messenger, Signal, aiming to build upon its foundation. However, concerns about the centralized structure of Signal Protocol and potential metadata collection led the team to deviate and create their own protocol, called "Session Protocol". This approach prioritized increased anonymity and decentralization. During development, the team encountered various challenges, leading to the necessity of abandoning or modifying many features.
Limitations
Session lacks support for two-factor authentication, and its underlying protocols are still in a developmental phase. Following the migration from the Signal Protocol to its internally developed protocol, forward secrecy and deniable authentication were not implemented.
References
External links
Cross-platform software
Cryptographic software
Free and open-source Android software
Free instant messaging clients
Free security software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Instant messaging clients programmed in Java
Internet privacy software
IOS software
Linux software
MacOS software
Windows software
Secure communication
Blockchain entities
Instant messaging clients
2020 software | Session (software) | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 401 | [
"Instant messaging",
"Cryptographic software",
"Instant messaging clients",
"Mathematical software"
] |
68,974,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire%20Mycological%20Committee | The Yorkshire Mycological Committee is a committee within the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. First formed in 1892, it was the first permanent organisation dedicated to the study of fungi in Great Britain. It was the principal founding organisation of the British Mycological Society.
History
The Mycological Committee was first founded in 1892 so that the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union might better organise its recording of fungi across Yorkshire via annual 'fungal forays'. The Rev. William Fowler was appointed as its first Chairman with Charles Crossland being appointed its first secretary. George Edward Massee would succeed Fowler and together with Crossland would run the Committee until 1916.
The period of Massee's tenure would see the Mycological Committee function completely independently of the British Mycological Society (a national mycological society founded primarily by members of Mycological Committee. This was primarily due to a disagreement of an unknown nature between Massee and Carleton Rea, a prominent figure in the British Mycological Society.
By 1903, the Committee was so prominent that it attracted the attention of George Francis Atkinson who attended the 1903 foray as a guest of George Edward Massee. Notably, he did not attend any events hosted by the British Mycological Society.
Notable members
George Francis Atkinson (1854–1918; visiting member)
George Edward Massee (1845–1917)
Charles Crossland (1844–1916)
James Needham (1849–1913)
Kathleen Sampson (1892–1980)
Henry Thomas Soppitt (1858–1899)
Harold Wager (1862–1929)
Roy Watling (b. 1938)
References
Mycology
1892 establishments in England
Mycology organizations | Yorkshire Mycological Committee | [
"Biology"
] | 332 | [
"Mycology"
] |
53,478,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HYDAC%20%28company%29 | HYDAC is a German company group that specializes in the production and distribution of components and systems as well as services related to hydraulics and fluidics. Hydac is constituted of 15 legal entities, all of which are GmbHs, companies with limited liabilities. CEOs for these companies are Alexander Dieter, Wolfgang Haering and Hartmut Herzog. Subsidiaries exist in more than 10 countries. In 2011, the company had approximately 5,500 employees.
History
HYDAC was founded in 1963 by Werner Dieter and Ottmar Schön, when an exclusive license for central Europe for a hydraulic accumulator was taken out. The name HYDAC is an abbreviation for "hydraulic accumulator".
Company structuring
In 2015, HYDAC had 9,000 employees, 50 subsidiaries, and 500 distribution and service partners. The company group is headquartered in Sulzbach (Saarland). More than 3000 employees are employed in Sulzbach.
In 2014, the subsidiary with the highest revenue was HYDAC Technology GmbH with revenues of €445.6 million and 384 employees. In the same year, HYDAC International GmbH and its 466 employees, which is presently providing distribution services to the other subsidiaries of the group, had revenues of €75.9 million.
The groups subsidiaries are:
HYDAC Technology GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Filtertechnik GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Fluidtechnik GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC International GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Verwaltung GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Electronic GmbH in Gersweiler / Saar
HYDAC Accessories GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Process Technology GmbH in Neunkirchen / Saar
HYDAC System GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Service GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC PTK Produktionstechnik GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Cooling GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Filter Systems GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Grundstücksverwaltung GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC FluidCareCenter GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDAC Drive Center GmbH in Langenau
HYDAC Speichertechnik GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
HYDROSAAR GmbH in Sulzbach / Saar
Kraeft GmbH Systemtechnik in Bremerhaven
NORDHYDRAULIC in Kramfors, Sweden
QHP in Chester, England
BIERI in Liebefeld, Switzerland
HYCOM in Apeldoorn, Netherlands
References
Hydraulic accumulators
Hydraulic engineering
German companies established in 1963
Companies based in Saarland | HYDAC (company) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 580 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic accumulators",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
53,479,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Geoscience%20Data%20Cube | The Australian Geoscience Data Cube (AGDC) is an approach to storing, processing and analyzing large collections of Earth observation data. The technology is designed to meet challenges of national interest by being agile and flexible with vast amounts of layered grid data.
The AGDC reduces processing time of traditional image analysis by calibrating, pre-computing known extents, pixel alignment and storing metadata in a cell lattice structure. The temporal-pixel aligned data can often be analysed faster across space and time dimensions than previous scene based techniques. This allows the AGDC to be flexible in tackling future challenges and improve analysis times on every-increasing data repositories of earth observation.
The AGDC has also been used internationally to allow countries to maintain ecologically sustainable programs and reduce the difficulty curve of utilizing Remote Sensing data.
Background
The AGDC was originally conceived by Geoscience Australia but is now maintained in a partnership between Geoscience Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and National Computational Infrastructure National Facility (Australia) (NCI). This is made possible by the funding from the partnership and a number of organisations such as National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
Analysis ready data, ingestion and indexing
The data processed in the cube is made analysis ready before being ingested and indexed into the AGDC. Analysis ready data is pre-processed data that has applied corrections for instrument calibration (gains and offsets), geolocation (spatial alignment) and radiometry (solar illumination, incidence angle, topography, atmospheric interference). The ingestion process manages the translation of datasets into the storage units while maintaining a database index. The data within the storage and index can be accessed via API calls often compiled within code such as Python (programming language).
Example:
s2a_l1c = dc.load(product='s2a_level1c_granule',x=(147.36, 147.41), y=(-35.1, -35.15), measurements=['04','03','02'], output_crs='EPSG:4326', resolution=(-0.00025,0.00025))
Datasets currently stored
Geoscience Australia Landsat Surface Reflectance (1987 to present)
Landsat Pixel Quality
Landsat Fractional Cover
Landsat NDVI
Datasets that have been piloted
USGS Landsat Surface Reflectance
SRTM DEM
Himawari 8
MODIS
Sentinel-2 L1C / S2A
Australian Gridded Climate Data
Open source
The AGDC code base is situated in GitHub as an open repository. The core code base moved to the Open Data Cube in early 2017 as part of an international collaboration. Whilst the code base is the Open Data Cube, individual cubes exist as their own right such as the AGDC on the National Computational Infrastructure National Facility (Australia) (NCI) using the High-Performance Computing Cluster HPCC. The core code can be installed on personal computers or public computers (using git) and has many unit tests.
Documentation for the code base exists on Read the Docs.
Challenges of the AGDC
The AGDC is designed to meet nationally significant challenges such as the following.
Sustainability
Environment
Water resource management
Disaster assist
Policy development
Community planning
Forest preservation
Carbon measurement
International awards
The AGDC won the 2016 Content Platform of the Year award from Geospatial World Forum.
References
Multimedia software
Information science | Australian Geoscience Data Cube | [
"Technology"
] | 720 | [
"Multimedia",
"Multimedia software"
] |
53,479,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoyasu%20Iimori | Satoyasu Iimori (19 October 1885 – 13 October 1982) was a Japanese analytical chemist and a pioneer of radiochemistry. He is so called "the father of radiochemistry in Japan", for his establishment of and contribution to the study of radiochemistry which was not developed at that time in Japan.
He was an honorary research member of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and also an honorary member of the Chemical Society of Japan as well as the Society of the Analytical Chemistry of Japan. After his retirement as a researcher, he became interested in the synthesis of artificial gemstones.
Biography
He was born in Kanazawa, Ishikawa prefecture, in 1885. In 1906 he entered the Department of Chemistry of Tokyo Imperial University, where he studied under Tamemasa Haga and Kikunae Ikeda. He continued his study in the graduate college of the university, and the Degree of Doctorate of Science was conferred for his research related to cyano-complex compounds of iron. </p>
In 1917 he entered the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), where he started to work in the research of analysis of various minerals. As he appointed to study radiochemistry, he went to U.K. in 1919. He was appointed to join the laboratory of Frederick Soddy, however due to the circumstance of Soddy he studied in the laboratory with Charles Heycock for a while, who was the chemist in the Cambridge University. He joined to work in the laboratory of Frederick Soddy from October 1920 until June 1921, in which his study was focused on the radiochemistry. After returning to Japan, he led his own laboratory as the chief researcher of RIKEN. Along with working for the research of radiochemistry, the laboratory conducted the research of analytical chemistry, mineralogical chemistry, photochemistry, geochemistry especially of rare elements, luminescence of minerals and ceramics as well.
During World War II, he contributed to the for search uranium ore, as part of the project "Ni-Goh Kenkyu" (Project NIGO), as his major research was mainly focused on radiochemical minerals. After the war the research of radiochemistry was prohibited by US authority, and he started to develop the field of ceramic materials and retired from RIKEN in 1952.
While he had his specific interest in the "actinolite" he tried to create it and this creation made him start the various creation of artificial gemstones. They are based on his own idea as a mineralogist.
They were called "IL Stone", which had patented in 1955. He established "Iimori Laboratory, Ltd." to run the business for the creation and trading them. Some of those gemstones were exported mostly to the U.S. in 70's as well as traded in Japan.
Translation "Isotope" into Japanese as "Doi genso ( 同位元素 )"
Iimori translated "Isotope" into Japanese as "Doi-genso". Isotope is the concept delivered in Soddy's lecture at the London Chemical Conference in 1918. The lecture was introduced in 1919 at the meeting of chemical laboratory of Tokyo Imperial University, where Iimori proposed to translate the word as " doi genso" in Japanese and it was assented immediately.
Selected publications
"Maßanalytische Bestimmung des Schwefelwasserstoffes in alkalischer Lösung mit Ferricyankalium", Japanese J. Chem., 1, 43 - 54 (1922)
"Radioactive Manganiferous Nodules from Tanokami Oomi Province", Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1, 43 - 47 (1926)
"Formation of the Radioactive Manganiferous Deposits from Tanokami, and the Source of Manganese in the Deep-sea Manganese Nodules", Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 2, 270 - 273 (1927)
"Photochemical Cell with Complex Cyanides of Nickel or Platinum", Sc.Pap.I.P.C.R.,8, 14 - 15(1928)
"The Uranium-Thorium Ratio in Monazite", Sc. Pap. I.P.C.R., 10, 229 - 236 (1929)
"A Pink Kaolin, and Ruthenium as a Minor Constituent of the Tanokami Kaolin", Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 4, 1 - 5 (1929)
"Periodicity in the Solarization of Calcite", Nature, 131, 619 (1933)
"The Photoluminescence of Feldspar", Sc.Pap.I.P.C.R.'', 29''', 79 - 110 (1936)
Sci.Pap.I.P.C.R:Scientific papers of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
See also
Japanese nuclear weapon program
References
1885 births
1982 deaths
20th-century Japanese chemists
Radiochemistry
University of Tokyo alumni
Riken personnel
People from Kanazawa, Ishikawa | Satoyasu Iimori | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,039 | [
"Radiochemistry",
"Radioactivity"
] |
53,479,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchro-Cin%C3%A9 | The Synchro-Ciné was a device, invented by the French inventor Charles Delacommune in 1921, pioneer in the objective of synchronizing the projection of a film with the corresponding sounds. The sounds to be synchronized could be from the words of a narrator, the reading of a score by an orchestra conductor (or by a musician soloist), or shooting up devices with noises-effects;. But always by mechanical procedures, and with live sound by interpreters in the room (it was still a decade away for sound cinema). By assimilation, it was also known as Ciné-pupitre, its most popular and well-known device in many countries.
But in reality, under the same name are called, over time, three different things:
A) Firstly, the original synchronized reading desk, from 1921, the so-called ciné-pupitre, an isolated device for reading texts or music, for a single user (although this may be a soloist or an orchestra conductor who, since reading it, controls the complete template of instrumentalists) adjusted by an engine in synchronization with the projected images of the films.
B) Soon after, in 1922-23, the synchro-ciné, expanding the connection possibilities of its central distributor, already became a complete synchronization system, in which the reading desk is only one of the many elements around the central element, the control band, circulating in the distributor gear, and which can automatically trigger various 'noise' devices (Ciné-bruiteurs) or 'noise-makers' (some designed by Delacommune himself and incorporated into the system in the patent), shoot piano players, gramophones, and various desks that are needed, up to a maximum of, it seems, 9 devices. The proof of the change of orientation in the machinery and final objectives is the fact that, although the reading desks remain a regular part of the system; however it is already perfectly possible to perform a performance without using at all (only with the capacity of the central distributor, and the connected noises devices). Also part of the system are the various procedures and methods that are registered to improve and facilitate the use of your procedure, throughout over time. It is called in the original patent the "Synchronismes Cinématographiques" system, although it was usually abbreviated as "Synchro-ciné" system, or even more usual "Delacommune system".
c) And finally, it gave name to the production and distribution company of the films realized with this device (and directed by the own Delacommune). Among others, "ElDorado", by L'Herbier; the "Danse Macabre" by Dudley Murphy or the Ballet mécanique, by Léger. With a career based on documentaries, this production company had a moment of boom at the beginning of sound cinema. as this procedure and device proved to be very suitable for the synchronization of voices in dubbing (the so-called 'band rhythm'), and used until very recently by the professionals of said specialty. However, Delacommune (and his company) it ended up falling into ruin and had to be subject to a special campaign of help by his fellow inventors for their mere subsistence.
The first audiovisual mixer
The original 1921 device, the ciné-pupitre, consisted of a reading desk supplied with an aperture at which a paper text "that unfolded before the reader, by small shakes, on which was inscribed the oral accompaniment of the film. Each line corresponded to the projection time of a number of determined frames and was in the center of the reference during the projection of these frames. In other words, the fixed reference allowed the reader to know in each instant the phrase of the text to say corresponding to the projection or the appropriate musical fragment for the conductor or soloist", say Delacommune himself in his patent.
Once the paper-band was prepared, the various mismatches common to the time from multiple causes (lack of electrical current, mechanical problems, etc.) could be solved, on the fly, in two ways. Or the speed of the control band was set at the desk (or the distributor) or by a mechanism that the orchestra conductor was placed in the hand (a rheostat), slightly vary the speed of the images.
But this system also had the potential to work in another way: firing directly from its paper-band orders to the various notes of a pianola, or shooting up effects and devices of noises or records previously prepared for this purpose. It is this potentiality of automatic adjustment (once the control-band is properly recorded) that makes it a mechanical precedent to the current audiovisual mixes tables, and, perhaps, of the MIDI systems (the digital control of musical instruments).
It was not the only device of the so-called synchronization desks or synchronized reading of the time, an advance that the film industry of the moment was looking forward to, as it offered movies with live music, including large symphony orchestras in the first class halls (Cinema-Palaces) or Theater-Cinemas.
Delacommune himself says in the magazines of the time: "One immediately understands the interest of such an apparatus. Of a little expensive manufacture, with a safe operation, its use is very indicated in all the places where the words must accompany a projection. One can foresee the happy consequences in teaching, in filmed lectures, in innovations (theater-filmed, novel-movies spoken, et cetera).
Shortly after, the German industry counted with the Musikchronometer, of Carl Blum for the same thing, an analog device although with different mechanism, and which was used with satisfaction by the participants (among them, Hindemith) in the Darmstad Music encounters since 1927.
References
Systems engineering
Systems | Synchro-Ciné | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,211 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
53,480,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatibacter%20iron-regulated%20sRNA | Four non-coding small RNAs containing a Fur box-like (ferric uptake regulator) sequence were identified by bioinformatics analysis in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HK1651 called JA01-JA04. The transcription of sRNAs was confirmed by Northern blot. Fur binding was demonstrated to each sRNA promoter, and that transcription of the sRNAs was decreased in presence of iron and increased by iron limitation. JA03 may have the ability to regulate biofilm formation. JA01 is conserved only among A. actinomycetemcomitans. JA02 is present in both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. multocida. JA 03 and JA04 are most widely conserved and have orthologues across many Pasteurellaceae. HrrF RNA is another Fur-regulated sRNA conserved among the Pasteurcellaceae.
See also
RhyB RNA
PrrF RNA
NrrF RNA
References
Non-coding RNA | Aggregatibacter iron-regulated sRNA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 212 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs"
] |
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