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58,128,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204222 | NGC 4222 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 8, 1784 and is often misidentified as IC 3087. NGC 4222 is a member of the Virgo Cluster and is a companion of NGC 4216 which lies about away. Despite this, the two galaxies are not interacting.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4222
39308
Coma Berenices
Virgo Cluster
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Spiral galaxies
7291 | NGC 4222 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 124 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
58,128,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial%20evolutionary%20allometry | Cranial evolutionary allometry (CREA) is a scientific theory regarding trends in the shape of mammalian skulls during the course of evolution in accordance with body size (i.e., allometry). Specifically, the theory posits that there is a propensity among closely related mammalian groups for the skulls of the smaller species to be short and those of the larger species to be long. This propensity appears to hold true for placental as well as non-placental mammals, and is highly robust. Examples of groups which exhibit this characteristic include antelopes, fruit bats, mongooses, squirrels and kangaroos as well as felids.
It is believed that the reason for this trend has to do with size-related constraints on the formation and development of the mammalian skull. Facial length is one of the best known examples of heterochrony. However, biomechanical principles relating to bite force might also be a major driver of the pattern among species that share similar diets. Because the hardness of a bite is a product of muscle force and leverage, larger species with bigger jaw muscles can bite a given food item with a longer face, but to bite into the same food, smaller species often need to have a shorter face to increase leverage as compensation for their weaker jaw muscles.
References
Branches of biology | Cranial evolutionary allometry | [
"Biology"
] | 274 | [
"nan"
] |
58,128,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC%20classification%20of%20goods%20and%20services | Economists and marketers use the Search, Experience, Credence (SEC) classification of goods and services, which is based on the ease or difficulty with which consumers can evaluate or obtain information. These days most economics and marketers treat the three classes of goods as a continuum. Archetypal goods are:<ref>Harsh V. Verma, Services Marketing: Text and Cases 2nd ed, India, Dorling-Kinderly, 2012, pp 261-264</ref>
Search goods: those with attributes that can be evaluated prior to purchase or consumption. Consumers rely on prior experience, direct product inspection and other information search activities to locate information that assists in the evaluation process. Most products fall into the search goods category (e.g. clothing, office stationery, home furnishings).
Experience goods: those that can be accurately evaluated only after the product has been purchased and experienced. Many personal services fall into this category (e.g. restaurant, hairdresser, beauty salon, theme park, travel, holiday).
Credence goods: those that are difficult or impossible to evaluate even after consumption has occurred. Evaluation difficulties may arise because the consumer lacks the knowledge or technical expertise to make a realistic evaluation or, alternatively because the cost of information-acquisition may outweigh the value of the information available. Many professional services fall into this category (e.g. accountant, legal services, medical diagnosis/treatment, cosmetic surgery)
Search good
A search good is a product or service with features and characteristics easily evaluated before purchase. In a distinction originally due to Philip Nelson, a search good is contrasted with an experience good.
Search goods are more subject to substitution and price competition, as consumers can easily verify the price of the product and alternatives at other outlets and make sure that the products are comparable. Branding and detailed product specifications act to transform a product from an experience good into a search good.
Experience good
An experience good is a product or service where product characteristics, such as quality or price, are difficult to observe in advance, but these characteristics can be ascertained upon consumption. The concept is originally due to Philip Nelson, who contrasted an experience good with a search good.
Experience goods pose difficulties for consumers in accurately making consumption choices. In service areas, such as healthcare, they reward reputation and create inertia. Experience goods typically have lower price elasticity than search goods, as consumers fear that lower prices may be due to unobservable problems or quality issues.
Credence good
A credence good (or post-experience good) is a good whose utility impact is difficult or impossible for the consumer to ascertain. In contrast to experience goods, the utility gain or loss of credence goods is difficult to measure after consumption as well. The seller of the good knows the utility impact of the good, creating a situation of asymmetric information. Examples of credence goods include;
Vitamin supplements
Education
Car repairs
Many forms of medical treatment
Home maintenance services, such as plumbing and electricity
Transactional legal services
Psychology
Credence goods may display a direct (rather than inverse) relationship between price and demand—similar to Veblen goods, when price is the only possible indicator of quality. A consumer might avoid the least expensive products to avoid suspected fraud and poor quality. So a restaurant customer may avoid the cheapest wine on the menu, but instead purchase something slightly more expensive. However, even after drinking it the buyer is unable to evaluate its relative value compared to all the wines they have not tried (unless they are a wine expert).
This course of action—buying the second cheapest option—is observable by the restaurateur, who can manipulate the pricing on the menu to maximize their margin, i.e. ensuring that the second cheapest wine is actually the least costly to the restaurant. Another practical application of this principle would be for competing job applicants not to propose too low a wage when asked, lest the employer think that the employee has something to hide or does not have the necessary qualification for the job.
In an unregulated market, prices of credence goods tend to converge, i.e. the same flat rate is charged for high and low value goods. The reason is that suppliers of credence goods tend to overcharge for low value goods, since the customers are not aware of the low value, while competitive pressures force down the price of high value goods.
Another reason for price convergence is that customers become aware of the possibility of being overcharged, and compensate by favoring more expensive goods over cheaper ones. For example, a customer may ask for a complete replacement of a broken car part with a new one, irrespective of whether the damage is small or large (which the customer doesn't know). In this case the new part is "proof" that the customer hasn't been overcharged.
A 2020 study into credence goods within the medical sector also showed connections between social economic standards (SES) and the likelihood of over treatment in the dental industry. Results showed that when portraying a higher SES, practitioners are less likely to offer treatment that is more invasive and expensive. This goes against intuition as the wealthier would be more likely to experience over charging compared to people of a lower SES.
Recent studies show that consumer decision making varies in the context of search, experience and credence services. Consumers spend more time searching for information about credence services and least time when buying search services.
References
Bibliography
Search
Luis M. B. Cabral: Introduction to Industrial Organisation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2000, page 223.
Philip Nelson, "Information and Consumer Behavior", 78 Journal of Political Economy 311, 312 (1970).
Credence
Experience
Luis M. B. Cabral: Introduction to Industrial Organization, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2000, page 223.
Philip Nelson, "Information and Consumer Behavior", 78(2) Journal of Political Economy 311-329 (1970).
Aidan R. Vining and David L. Weimer, "Information Asymmetry Favoring Sellers: A Policy Framework," 21(4) Policy Sciences'' 281–303 (1988).
Goods (economics) | SEC classification of goods and services | [
"Physics"
] | 1,265 | [
"Materials",
"Goods (economics)",
"Matter"
] |
58,128,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-21 | Kepler-21, also known as HD 179070, is a star with a closely orbiting exoplanet in the northern constellation of Lyra. At an apparent visual magnitude of 8.25 this was the brightest star observed by the Kepler spacecraft to host a validated planet until the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting HD 212657 in 2018. This system is located at a distance of from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −18.2 km/s.
The spectrum of HD 179070 presents as an evolving F-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of F6 IV. This suggests the star has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is evolving into a giant star. It is an estimated 2.6 billion years old and is spinning with a rotation period of 12.6 days. With 1.4 times the mass of the Sun it currently has 1.9 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating five times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,305 K.
A faint nearby source was detected in 2011 and determined to be a co-moving stellar companion in 2016. Designated HD 179070 B, it lies at an angular separation of along a position angle of 129° relative to the primary. At the distance of this star, this corresponds to a projected separation of . It is possible that this companion star had a significant influence on the exoplanet formation and subsequent orbital evolution.
Planetary system
A candidate transiting exoplanet was discovered based on data from the first four months of photometry from the Kepler spacecraft. Confirmation was obtained in 2012 after extensive follow-up observations and analysis of the Kepler light curves.
The calculated density of the planet is approximately , similar to Earth's , which suggests a rocky composition. With an equilibrium temperature of 2,025 Kelvin, the top few-hundred kilometers of the planet is probably molten.
Calculations of the rate of orbital decay from tidal effects results in a decrease in the orbital period of 3.88 milliseconds per year, since this would be a change of only 4 seconds every thousand years it would be undetectable in any reasonable length of time.
Kepler-21 might have another exoplanet, a gas giant with at least 3.7 times the mass of Jupiter, named Kepler-21c.
References
F-type subgiants
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
Lyra
J19092683+3842505
179070
094112
975 | Kepler-21 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 530 | [
"Lyra",
"Constellations"
] |
58,129,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andong%20Tunnel | The Andong Tunnel () is a tunnel in Dongyin Township, Lienchiang County, Taiwan.
History
The tunnel was constructed in the 1970s by the Republic of China Armed Forces during the cold war with People's Liberation Army. In 2002, the tunnel was transferred to Matsu National Scenic Area Administration and subsequently renovated. It was finally opened to the public in 2004.
Architecture
The tunnel path was constructed with 30 degrees angle downwards with 464 steps at a length of 260 meters. The tunnel itself is 640 meters long. It features military utilities, such as dormitories, ammunition depots, viewing platform etc.
Geology
The tunnel was constructed through Mount Erchong.
See also
List of tourist attractions in Taiwan
References
Dongyin Township
Military history of Taiwan
Tunnels in Lienchiang County
Tunnel warfare | Andong Tunnel | [
"Engineering"
] | 163 | [
"Military engineering",
"Tunnel warfare"
] |
64,718,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM%20%28automotive%29 | SAM (from Samochód Amatorski Motoru; Amateur Motor Car), in Polish law, is a kind of vehicle, usually car, motorcycle or tractor made by yourself or in a workshop. It is made in a single copy, less often in a small series. It is created by a thorough alteration of a serial vehicle or by building it from scratch. A vehicle brand "SAM" under the Act is a vehicle built using body, chassis or frame, own design. The construction uses many components of serial vehicles. The name derives from the popular in the 1950s in Poland by the competition of the weekly called Auto Amatorski Motoru, in which the editors of the magazine presented handcrafted constructions by workers or craftsmen .
"SAM" tractors are used in agriculture and horticulture, most often without approval and registration - hence they are not allowed for road traffic on public roads.
Vehicle registration requires technical inspection .
The scope of tests allowing for admission to traffic is specified in the regulation by the Minister of Infrastructure of October 22, 2004 (Journal of Laws No. 238, item 2395) on tests of compliance of historic vehicles and "SAM" brand vehicles with technical conditions .
Reservations regarding registration:
Self-built vehicle using Body, Chassis or frame of own design, brand of which is referred to as "SAM" without specifying model type
Engine and you cannot build it yourself - documents for the complete engine assembly must be submitted for registration.
Footnotes
External links
Examples of "SAM" vehicles:
Car "SAM"
Vehicle "SAM"
:pl:Sam (motoryzacja)
Vehicles
Agricultural machinery
Kit vehicles
Vehicles of Poland | SAM (automotive) | [
"Physics"
] | 332 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Vehicles"
] |
64,719,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20%28electrical%20networks%29 | Reciprocity in electrical networks is a property of a circuit that relates voltages and currents at two points. The reciprocity theorem states that the current at one point in a circuit due to a voltage at a second point is the same as the current at the second point due to the same voltage at the first. The reciprocity theorem is valid for almost all passive networks. The reciprocity theorem is a feature of a more general principle of reciprocity in electromagnetism.
Description
If a current, , injected into port A produces a voltage, , at port B and injected into port B produces at port A, then the network is said to be reciprocal. Equivalently, reciprocity can be defined by the dual situation; applying voltage, , at port A producing current at port B and at port B producing current at port A. In general, passive networks are reciprocal. Any network that consists entirely of ideal capacitances, inductances (including mutual inductances), and resistances, that is, elements that are linear and bilateral, will be reciprocal. However, passive components that are non-reciprocal do exist. Any component containing ferromagnetic material is likely to be non-reciprocal. Examples of passive components deliberately designed to be non-reciprocal include circulators and isolators.
The transfer function of a reciprocal network has the property that it is symmetrical about the main diagonal if expressed in terms of a z-parameter, y-parameter, or s-parameter matrix. A non-symmetrical matrix implies a non-reciprocal network. A symmetric matrix does not imply a symmetric network.
In some parametisations of networks, the representative matrix is not symmetrical for reciprocal networks. Common examples are h-parameters and ABCD-parameters, but they all have some other condition for reciprocity that can be calculated from the parameters. For h-parameters the condition is and for the ABCD parameters it is . These representations mix voltages and currents in the same column vector and therefore do not even have matching units in transposed elements.
Example
An example of reciprocity can be demonstrated using an asymmetrical resistive attenuator. An asymmetrical network is chosen as the example because a symmetrical network is self-evidently reciprocal.
Injecting 6 amperes into port 1 of this network produces 24 volts at port 2.
Injecting 6 amperes into port 2 produces 24 volts at port 1.
Hence, the network is reciprocal. In this example, the port that is not injecting current is left open circuit. This is because a current generator applying zero current is an open circuit. If, on the other hand, one wished to apply voltages and measure the resulting current, then the port to which the voltage is not applied would be made short circuit. This is because a voltage generator applying zero volts is a short circuit.
Proof
Reciprocity of electrical networks is a special case of Lorentz reciprocity, but it can also be proven more directly from network theorems. This proof shows reciprocity for a two-node network in terms of its admittance matrix, and then shows reciprocity for a network with an arbitrary number of nodes by an induction argument. A linear network can be represented as a set of linear equations through nodal analysis. For a network consisting of n+1 nodes (one being a reference node) where, in general, an admittance is connected between each pair of nodes and where a current is injected in each node (provided by an ideal current source connected between the node and the reference node), these equations can be expressed in the form of an admittance matrix,
where
is the current injected into node k by a generator (which amounts to zero if no current source is connected to node k)
is the voltage at node k with respect to the reference node (one could also say, it is the electric potential at node k)
(j ≠ k) is the negative of the admittance directly connecting nodes j and k (if any)
is the sum of the admittances connected to node k (regardless of the other node the admittance is connected to).
This representation corresponds to the one obtained by nodal analysis. If we further require that network is made up of passive, bilateral elements, then
since the admittance connected between nodes j and k is the same element as the admittance connected between nodes k and j. The matrix is therefore symmetrical. For the case where the matrix reduces to,
.
From which it can be seen that,
and
But since then,
which is synonymous with the condition for reciprocity. In words, the ratio of the current at one port to the voltage at another is the same ratio if the ports being driven and measured are interchanged. Thus reciprocity is proven for the case of .
For the case of a matrix of arbitrary size, the order of the matrix can be reduced through node elimination. After eliminating the sth node, the new admittance matrix will have the form,
It can be seen that this new matrix is also symmetrical. Nodes can continue to be eliminated in this way until only a 2×2 symmetrical matrix remains involving the two nodes of interest. Since this matrix is symmetrical it is proved that reciprocity applies to a matrix of arbitrary size when one node is driven by a voltage and current measured at another. A similar process using the impedance matrix from mesh analysis demonstrates reciprocity where one node is driven by a current and voltage is measured at another.
References
Bibliography
Bakshi, U.A.; Bakshi, A.V., Electrical Networks, Technical Publications, 2008 .
Guillemin, Ernst A., Introductory Circuit Theory, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1953
Kumar, K. S. Suresh, Electric Circuits and Networks, Pearson Education India, 2008 .
Harris, Vincent G., "Microwave ferrites and applications", ch. 14 in, Mailadil T. Sebastian, Rick Ubic, Heli Jantunen, Microwave Materials and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2017 .
Zhang, Kequian; Li, Dejie, Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013 .
Circuit theorems
Linear electronic circuits | Reciprocity (electrical networks) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,286 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Circuit theorems",
"Physics theorems"
] |
64,722,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20Jean%20Ricard | The Prix Jean-Ricard is a prize awarded by the Société française de physique (SFP) to a French physicist for remarkable and original work. Jean Ricard, alumnus of École Polytechnique, engineer École supérieure d'électricité (E.S.E), and member of the SFP since 1925, donated to the SFP in April 1970 a portfolio of securities amounting to around four million francs to found the prize. The prize has been awarded each year since 1971.
List of laureates
1971 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
1972 Claude Bloch
1973 Georges Charpak
1974 Jacques Winter
1975 Paul Musset
1976 Georges Slodzian
1977 Roger Balian
1978 Michel Hénon
1979 Albert Libchaber
1980 Maurice Kléman
1981 Paul Henri Rebut
1982 Étienne Guyon
1983 Serge Haroche
1984 Jean Iliopoulos
1985 Jacques Villain
1986 Yves Pomeau
1987 Cirano de Dominicis
1988 Joseph Rémilleux
1989 Jean-Loup Puget
1990 Marcel Banner
1991 Dominique Vautherin
1992 Raymond Stora
1993 Guy Laval
1994 Albert Fert
1995 Jacques Prost
1996 Gilbert Grynberg
1997 Jean-Paul Blaizot
1998 Françoise Brochard-Wyart
1999 Denis Gratias
2000 Jean Dalibard
2001 Yves Declay
2002 Jacques Meunier
2003 Alain Benoit
2004 Alain Blondel
2005 Yannick Mellier
2006 Élisabeth Charlaix
2007 Jean-Michel Raimond
2008 Philippe Grangier
2009 Patrick Bruno
2010 Gilles Chabrier
2011 Daniel Fournier
2012 Sébastien Balibar
2013 Daniel Esteve
2014 Guillaume Unal
2015 Jacqueline Bloch
2016 Jean-Yves Bigot
2017 Anne-Marie Lagrange
2018 Hubert Saleur
2019 Xavier Marie
2020 Luc Blanchet
2021 Aleksandra Walczak
2022 Jacky Even
2023 Pascale Senellart
2024 Marc Barthelemy
References
French science and technology awards
Physics awards
Awards established in 1971 | Prix Jean Ricard | [
"Technology"
] | 384 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs",
"Physics awards"
] |
64,723,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide | Pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide, also known as Pro-GRP, is a gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) precursor, a neurotransmitter that belongs to the bombesin-related neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of gastrin in order to increase the acidity of the gastric acid. Pro-GRP is a peptide composed of 125 amino acids, expressed in the nervous system and digestive tract. It is different from progastrin, consisting of 80 amino acids, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and oncogene in its extracellular version (hPG80).
The presence of GRP in lung cancer samples was identified in 1983. In pathological situations, GRP has mitogenic activity in vitro in many cancers including pancreatic cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, breast and colorectal cancer. GRP could operate as an autocrine growth factor. In cancers, GRP induces cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by shutting down the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. The mechanisms of the impacted signal pathways have not been established. As early as 1994, research on Pro-GRP as a biomarker for small-cell lung carcinoma began. Because of the very short half-life of GRP (2 minutes), the Pro-GRP is used for measurements and analysis. Since then, Pro-GRP has been used as a tumor marker for patients with small-cell lung carcinoma in limited and extended stages.
References
Molecular biology
Cell biology
Neurotransmitters | Pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 349 | [
"Cell biology",
"Neurotransmitters",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
64,723,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204589 | NGC 4589 is an elliptical galaxy located in the Draco constellation. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on November 22, 1797. This galaxy lies at a distance of from the Milky Way, and is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . It is known by its designations PGC 42139 or UGC 7797.
The morphological classification of NGC 4589 is E2 in the De Vaucouleurs system, Indicating this is an elliptical galaxy with a ratio of 5:4 between the major and minor axes. It is a bright source of X-ray emission and is a LINER-type galaxy. There is a dusty disk that is aligned with the minor axis, which is likely the remnant of a merger with a gas-rich galaxy. NGC 4589 has a large population of globular clusters, estimated at 640. A small population of young star clusters with an age of less than a billion years are located in the central region.
The calcium-rich type Ib supernova SN 2005cz was discovered on July 28, 2005. The progenitor star may have formed near the young stellar clusters at the core of NGC 4589.
Gallery
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
4589
Draco (constellation)
042139 | NGC 4589 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 263 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
64,723,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa%20Torsi | Luisa Torsi (born 1964) is an Italian chemist who is a professor at the Università degli Studi di Bari. She was the first woman to serve as President of the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS). In 2019 she was named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as one of the world's most Distinguished Women in Chemistry.
Early life and education
Torsi was born in Bari. She earned her undergraduate degree in physics at the University of Bari. Torsi has said that she realised that she wanted to be a researcher during her master's research project. She remained there for her graduate studies, switching specialties to chemical sciences. In 1994 Torsi moved to the United States, where she joined Bell Labs as a postdoctoral researcher. During her postdoctoral research Torsi investigated organic field-effect transistors .
Research and career
She returned to Italy in 1993, when she was made Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry. In 2005 Torsi was made a full Professor of Chemistry. Her research considers organic semiconductors and their application in electronic devices. She has developed single molecule transistors that are capable of label-free disease detection. The device was capable of detecting zeptomolar concentrations. The discovery launched the Horizon 2020 project SiMBiT, a bio-electronic system that looks to achieve single molecule detection of biomarkers for point-of-care testing. Torsi looks to use nanoparticle based sensor to detect toxic gases.
In 2015 Torsi delivered a TED talk at TEDxBari, where she discussed resilience. Torsi serves on the editorial board of ACS Omega.
Awards and honours
2010 Henrick Emmanuel Merck international award
2015 Global-Women Inventors and Innovators Network Platinum Prize
2016 Elected President of the European Materials Research Society
2017 Elected Fellow of the Materials Research Society
2018 Italian Chemical Society SCI Silver Medal
2019 Alto Riconoscimento "Virtù e Conoscenza"
2019 European Chemical Society Robert Kellner Lecturer
2019 Elected to the Board of Directors of the Leonardo Foundation
2021 Wilhelm Exner Medal
Selected publications
References
1964 births
Living people
University of Bari alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bari
20th-century Italian chemists
Scientists at Bell Labs
Organic semiconductors | Luisa Torsi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 453 | [
"Semiconductor materials",
"Molecular electronics",
"Organic semiconductors"
] |
64,723,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Baikal | Project Baikal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the VostokSibAcademCenter of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. It was established in 2004 and covers the fields of architecture, art, urbanism, and design.
The journal is abstracted and indexed by Scopus.
References
External links
Arts journals
Architecture journals
Urban studies and planning journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 2004
Multilingual journals | Project Baikal | [
"Engineering"
] | 87 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Architecture"
] |
64,731,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago%20Inc. | Medicago Inc. was a Canadian biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization of virus-like particles using plants as bioreactors to produce proteins, candidate vaccines, and medications. By using live plant leaves as hosts in the discovery and manufacturing process, the Medicago "Proficia" technology intended to create a rapid, high-yield system for its product candidates. Privately owned by a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Medicago and its product development programs were terminated by Mitsubishi in February 2023.
The main clinical targets for Medicago product candidates were antiviral vaccines and antibody therapeutics. The company's name was derived from the Latin word for alfalfa, which was the first plant the company used to develop its technologies. Medicago technologies evolved from research at the Laval University and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in the 1990s.
History
A research partnership was formed between Laval University and Agriculture Canada in 1997. This would go on to be incorporated in 1999 as Medicago, licensing that technology researched in the partnership, from Agriculture Canada and Université Laval.
In September 2013, Philip Morris International acquired a 40% stake in Medicago, the remaining 60% being acquired by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and other Mitsubishi Group companies, in a joint purchase.
The company had a Phase III clinical trial underway in 2020 for its candidate to prevent seasonal influenza.
For its COVID-19 vaccine, Medicago grew its virus-like particles in the Australian weed, Nicotiana benthamiana. In July 2020, the company began a Phase I clinical trial on its candidate vaccine for COVID-19 disease, coVLP, which advanced to a Phase II-III trial in Canada and the United States during November 2020. The Canadian government invested $173 million into Medicago to support development of the Covifenz vaccine and help expand its production facility. In December 2021, the company announced that its CoVLP vaccine candidate exhibited 71% efficacy and no adverse effects in a multinational, Phase III clinical trial. In February 2022, Health Canada authorized use of CoVLP (brand name Covifenz) for preventing COVID-19 infection in adults 18 to 64 years old.
In July 2022, the Canadian federal government determined it would not consider buying the shares owned by Medicago's parent company, tobacco company Philip Morris International, to overcome the problem of the World Health Organization accepting any products from tobacco concerns.
In December 2022, Philip Morris was bought out by Mitsubishi, acquiring a 100% stake in the company.
Termination
In February 2023, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation decided to shut down the company due to the changing landscape of COVID-19 vaccines and the marketplace, and the low commercial prospects of the company.
Technology
The Medicago technology used plants as bioreactors to produce proteins for vaccine and protein-based therapeutic candidates. The plant-based production platform was intended to be accurate and rapid to shorten product development time and prevent the risk of mutation.
Medicago used its proprietary Proficia technology, which is a possible alternative to traditional egg-based methods for producing virus-like particles (VLPs) used to manufacture vaccine candidates. Typically, licensed influenza vaccines are manufactured using embryonated chicken eggs. With living plants as hosts, Proficia technology used VLP production as antigens in plant leaves, providing a flexible, high-yield system with potential to produce test material within the growth period of plants (one month).
The steps of the technology are:
synthesis – VLP genes are produced from a known viral sequence, requiring no live virus;
infiltration – using a vacuum infiltration method, the VLP genes are introduced into plant leaves;
incubation – the plants containing the genetic material are incubated over days in specific chambers for protein production to grow VLPs;
harvest – leaves are collected then processed to extract VLPs;
purification – clinical-grade material is purified to prepare for human testing.
VLPs serve as potential vaccines by mimicking the natural structure and function of viruses, enabling recognition by the immune system. However, by absence of the main virus genetic material, VLPs are non-infectious and unable to replicate like a virus does in vivo, thereby evoking an immune response similar to a natural infection, but without the associated illnesses.
COVID-19 vaccine
The lead COVID-19 vaccine candidate, CoVLP, by Medicago, was a coronavirus VLP grown in the Australian weed, Nicotiana benthamiana.
Medicago was developing the COVID-19 vaccine candidate in collaboration with the governments of Canada and Quebec, and by using an adjuvant manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.
Phase I research
As of August 2020, the Medicago vaccine candidate was being evaluated for safety, toxicity, and immune response in a Phase I clinical trial at two locations in Quebec. In October 2020, the Government of Canada awarded Medicago a contract of up to $173 million to advance the company's COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
Phase II-III research
In November 2020, Medicago-GSK started Phase II-III clinical trials for their COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
As of January 2021, the Phase III trial was enrolling participants toward the total goal of 30,612, with each volunteer receiving two injections 21 days apart in an amount of 3.75 micrograms of CoVLP each time. The Phase III study is scheduled to conclude in April 2022. In December 2021, the CoVLP candidate showed 71% efficacy and safety in preliminary results from the Phase III trial.
Authorization
In February 2022, Medicago and GlaxoSmithKline received authorization for CoVLP from Health Canada as an approved vaccine for preventing COVID-19 infection in adults 18 to 64 years old. The brand name for CoVLP is Covifenz.
In March 2022, the first Canadian-made COVID-19 vaccine produced by Medicago was rejected by the World Health Organization due to the tobacco company Philip Morris International owning a stake in the company. The UN agency has a strict policy about engagement with the tobacco industry.
Withdrawal and corporate termination
Due to substantial competition in the global vaccine market and low demand for Covifenz, Mitsubishi announced in February 2023 that Covifenz and Medicago, Inc. would be terminated.
Aramis Biotechnologies
Aramis Biotechnologies was set up as a successor company to Medicago during 2023, acquiring intellectual property and equipment, in agreement with Mitsubishi Chemical Group.
See also
COVID-19 pandemic
2009 flu pandemic vaccine
References
Biotechnology companies of Canada
Life sciences industry
Specialty drugs
Companies based in Quebec City
Canadian companies established in 1999
Canadian companies disestablished in 2023
1999 establishments in Quebec
2023 disestablishments in Quebec
Privately held companies of Canada
COVID-19 vaccine producers
Vaccine producers | Medicago Inc. | [
"Biology"
] | 1,425 | [
"Specialty drugs",
"Life sciences industry"
] |
64,731,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20SysML%20tools | This article compares SysML tools. SysML tools are software applications which support some functions of the Systems Modeling Language.
General
Features
References
Technical communication
Software comparisons
Diagramming software
Computing-related lists | List of SysML tools | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 41 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Computing-related lists",
"Computing comparisons",
"Systems Modeling Language",
"Software comparisons"
] |
64,733,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20octacyanomolybdate%28IV%29 | Potassium octacyanomolybdate(IV) is the inorganic salt with the formula K4[Mo(CN)8]. A yellow light-sensitive solid, it is the potassium salt of the cyanometalate with the coordination number eight. The complex anion consists of a Mo(IV) center bound to eight cyanide ligands resulting in an overall charge of −4, which is balanced with four potassium cations. The salt is often prepared as its dihydrate K4[Mo(CN)8].(H2O)2.
Preparation
The dihydrate K4[Mo(CN)8] · 2 H2O can be prepared by the reduction of molybdate (MoO42-) with potassium borohydride (KBH4) in a solution with potassium cyanide and acetic acid. Yields of 70% are typical and the method is suited for scale-up.
4MoO42- + 32CN− + BH4− + 25H+ → 4 [Mo(CN)8]4- + 13H2O + H3BO3
An alternative route starts from MoCl4(Et2O)2 avoiding the need for reductants. The yield of this route is typically around 70%. This synthesis is convenient for lower batch sizes than the earlier method but the MoCl4(Et2O)2 is typically less available than the molybdate.
MoCl4(Et2O)2 + 8KCN → K4[Mo(CN)8] + 4KCl + 2Et2O
Reactions
Octacyanomolybdate(IV) can be oxidized to the paramagnetic octacyanomolybdate(V).
The cyanide ligands in [Mo(CN)8]4- remain basic. Strong acids lead to the hydrogen isocyanide complex [Mo(CNH)8]4+, in common with many cyanometalate complexes. These ligands can be substituted by others, for example H2O. The cyanide ligands also bind to other metals, leading to cages.
References
Cyano complexes
Coordination complexes
Molybdenum(IV) compounds
Potassium compounds
Cyanometallates | Potassium octacyanomolybdate(IV) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 478 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
64,733,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Bercovier | Michel Bercovier (Hebrew: מישל ברקוביאר; born: 10 September 1941) is a French-Israeli Professor (Emeritus) of Scientific Computing and Computer Aided Design (CAD) in The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bercovier is also the head of the School of Computer Science at the Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem.
Early life and education
Michel Bercovier was born in Lyon, France. He received his B.Sc in Mathematics from Paris University in 1964. He was from 1964 to 1965 vice president of Union of French Jewish Students and co-principal editor of its magazine Kadima.
During the years 1965-67 he served in the French Army. He earned his D. Es Sc. in 1976 at the Faculté des Sciences de Rouen. Bercovier authored the thesis Régularisation duale des problèmes variationnels mixtes (Dual regularization of mixed variational problems), under the supervision of Jacques-Louis Lions. He belongs to the second generation of Lions' students.
Career
Bercovier was an assistant professor at the University of Rouen (1969 - 1972) where he created the Computation Center.
He emigrated to Israel in 1973 and was director of applications and services at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Computer Center (1973 - 1976). He joined the School of Applied Sciences of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a Lecturer in 1977, becoming an associate professor in 1983, and moved to its Institute of Computer Science in 1986.
From 1997 until 2006 he held the Bertold Badler Chair of Computer Science as a full professor. In 1996-1998 Bercovier set up the Computer Science department of a new university at Paris-La Defense (Pôle universitaire Léonard de Vinci). From 1999 to 2007 he was in charge of the W3C office in Israel, and thus very active in the development of the Internet.
Retirement
He retired from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2007 as an emeritus professor. From 2010 he is also a professor and head of the school of Computer Science at the Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem.
Bercovier has advised more than 30 M.Sc. and 16 Ph.D. students.
Research
Professor Bercovier's research work focuses on Computer Aided Design and in Scientific Computation.
He developed new Finite Element Methods for fluid flows and incompressible materials based on penalty and reduced integration methods that are universally implemented.Together with Pironneau, Olivier he proved the optimality of the Hood Taylor finite element for incompressible fluids. He has made contributions to the integration of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Analysis, developed new methods in surface design, integrated optimal control methods in CAD and cloth simulation for animation.
He has been involved in multidisciplinary research, teaming with surgeons, biologists and pharmacologists (artificial heart valve modeling, Ca+ discharge in axons, keratotomical surgery, drug release models).
Bercovier carries joint research with INRIA, Pierre and Marie Curie University, EPFL, IMATI-Pavia, Institute of Applied Geometry (Johannes Kepler University Linz) and MIT, among others.
He is currently involved in several aspects of Isogeometric Analysis, such as smooth surfaces on arbitrary meshes and Domain Decomposition methods on arbitrarily overlapping domains. On the former subject, his book with Tanya Matskevitch is at the origin of numerous research on smooth surfaces over arbitrary quadrilateral meshes.
Professional experience
Parallel to his academic work, Bercovier has been involved in industrial research: he was Chief Consultant for Kleber and Michelin (1972 – 1985), Hutchinson (1990-2017), Pechiney (1992-2017), L’Oréal (1996-2013).
He also contributed to the creation of several Hi-Tech companies: FDI (now part of Ansys, a US company, was based on his research, as was Bercom, a leading CAD/CAE Israeli firm. Bercovier was also the chairman of Aleph Yissum (now Ex Libris) in the years 1986 - 1996, and was active in turning the small start up into the leader in computer systems for libraries.
He contributed to the creation of the R&D team of Visiowave (Lausanne), which was acquired by General Electric.
He is on the editorial board of several scientific journals. He is a member of SIAM, European Mathematical Society and ACM, on the board of SIA (Automotive Engineering Society in France) and ECCOMAS. He was a visiting fellow for long periods at IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and Matra. He was a member of the scientific council of AMIES, Agency for Interaction in Mathematics with Business and Society, a founding member of the Israel Association for Computational Methods in Mechanics and co-founder and chairman of the World User Association in CFD (Computational fluid dynamics).
Honors and awards
Chevalier des Palmes Académiques (1986)
Conseiller du Commerce Extérieur(fr) (1993, renewed 1995)
Publications
Bercovier is the author of over 80 papers and 3 books.
Books
Topics in computer aided geometric design. Barnhill RF., Bercovier M., Boehm W., Capasso V., eds Symposium on topics in computer aided geometric design held in Erice 1990 RAIRO MMAN 26, Duno Paris, 1992.
Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering 18, Editor, With M.J Gander, Kornhubler and O Widlund, Springer, 2008.
(with Tanya Matskevich) Smooth Bézier Surfaces over Arbitrary Quadrilateral Meshes Lectures Notes of the UMI, 22, Springer, 2017.
Selected articles
Isogeometric analysis with geometrically continuous functions on multi-patch geometries, Kapl, Mario and Buchegger, Florian and Bercovier, Michel and Jüttler, Bert. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (Vol 316, Pages 209-234), April 2017
Overlapping non Matching Meshes Domain Decomposition Method in Isogeometric Analysis, Bercovier, Michel and Soloveichik, Ilya. February 2015.
Efficient simulation of inextensible cloth. Goldenthal, Rony and Harmon, David and Fattal, Raanan and Bercovier, Michel and Grinspun, Eitan. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) (Pages 49), 2007
Curve and surface fitting and design by optimal control methods. Alhanaty, Michal and Bercovier, Michel. Computer-Aided Design (Volume 33, Pages 167–182), 2001
Virtual topology operators for meshing. Sheffer, Alla and Bercovier, Michel and BLACKER, TED and Clements, Jan. International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications (Volume 10, Pages 309–331), 2000
“Discrete” G 1 assembly of patches over irregular meshes. Matskevich, T and Volpin, O and Bercovier, M. Proceedings of the international conference on *Mathematical methods for curves and surfaces II Lillehammer, 1997 (Pages 351–358), 1998
The development of a mechanical model for a tyre: a 15 years story. Bercovier, Michel and Jankovich, Etienne and Durand, Michel. Proceedings of the Second *European Symposium on Mathematics in Industry: ESMI II, March 1–7, 1987, Oberwolfach (Pages 269), 1988
Computer simulation of lamellar keratectomy and laser myopic keratomileusis. Hanna, Khalil D and Jouve, Francois and Bercovier, Michel H and Waring, George O. Journal of refractive surgery (Volume 4, Pages 222–231), 1988
Finite elements and characteristics for some parabolic-hyperbolic problems. Bercovier, Michel and Pironneau, Olivier and Sastri, Vedala. Applied Mathematical Modelling (Volume 7, Pages 89–96), 1983
The vortex method with finite elements. Bardos, Claude and Bercovier, Michel and Pironneau, Olivier. Mathematics of Computation (Volume 36, Pages 119–136), 1981
A finite-element method for incompressible non-Newtonian flows. Bercovier, Michel and Engelman, Michael. Journal of Computational Physics (Volume 36, Pages 313–326), 1980
Error estimates for finite element method solution of the Stokes problem in the primitive variables. Bercovier, Michel and Pironneau, Olivier. Numerische Mathematik (Volume 33, Pages 211–224), 1979
A finite element for the numerical solution of viscous incompressible flows. Bercovier, Michel and Engelman, Michael. Journal of Computational Physics (Volume 30, Pages 181–201), 1979
Perturbation of mixed variational problems. Application to mixed finite element methods. Bercovier, Michel. RAIRO. Analyse numérique (Volume 12, Pages 211–236), 1978
Personal life
Bercovier is divorced, has three sons and lives in Jerusalem. His brother, Herve Bercovier, is a Professor (Emeritus) in the faculty of medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Michel Bercovier is a co-founder and Honorary President of the Association du Festival Lyrique de Montperreux(fr).
References
External links
Michel Bercovier, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Michel Bercovier, Hadassah Academic College
Michel Bercovier, Mathematics Genealogy Project
My personal story of Aleph-Yissum (Ex Libris), Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1941 births
Living people
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israeli computer scientists
Applied mathematicians
Numerical analysts
Computer graphics researchers
University of Paris alumni
University of Rouen Normandy alumni
French emigrants to Israel | Michel Bercovier | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,017 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
64,733,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-48 | WASP-48 is a subgiant star about 1400 light-years away. The star is likely older than Sun and slightly depleted in heavy elements. It shows an infrared excess noise of unknown origin, yet has no detectable ultraviolet emissions associated with the starspot activity. The discrepancy may be due to large interstellar absorption of light in interstellar medium for WASP-48. The measurements are compounded by the emission from eclipsing contact binary NSVS-3071474 projected on sky plane nearby, although no true stellar companions were detected by survey in 2015.
The star is rotating rapidly, being spun up by the tides raised by the giant planet on close orbit.
Planetary system
In 2011 a transiting hot Jupiter planet b was detected.
References
Cygnus (constellation)
G-type subgiants
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
J19243895+5528233 | WASP-48 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 187 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
64,734,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldresca | A baldresca is an architectural element supporting a loggia. The element is of the medieval tradition and looks like a shelf with a supporting function. A baldresca has no columns.
Examples
A notable example of the use of baldrescas is in the (a 15th-century building located in Ferrara, known precisely for a peculiar mixture of medieval and Renaissance elements), where they support the east loggia.
Gallery
See also
Gallery
Loggia
Overhang
Peristyle
References
Architectural elements
Italian words and phrases | Baldresca | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 103 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Architecture stubs",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
64,735,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Nuclear%20Regulatory%20Authority | The Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) is the government entity responsible for nuclear safety and radiological protection regulation in Nigeria. It was established pursuant to the Nuclear Act 1995 on August 3,1995 and began effective operation in 2001. The current director general of the NNRA is Dr Yau Usman Idris.
References
Nuclear regulatory organizations
Government of Nigeria | Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority | [
"Engineering"
] | 74 | [
"Nuclear regulatory organizations",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
64,740,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyth%20bound | In cosmological inflation, within the slow-roll paradigm, the Lyth argument places a theoretical upper bound on the amount of gravitational waves produced during inflation, given the amount of departure from the homogeneity of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
Summary
During slow-roll inflation, the ratio of gravitational waves to inhomogeneities of the CMB is correlated to the inflationary potential steepness.
Temperature inhomogeneities of the CMB were successfully and accurately measured. in the CMB.
There are current CMB polarization experiments (see this article for instance for an overview of gravitational wave observatories) aimed at measuring the primordial gravitational wave signature in the CMB.
However, to date, a significant signal of primordial gravitational waves was not detected. Thus the ratio cannot exceed a certain value.
Thus the steepness of the inflationary potential is bounded.
Detail
The argument was first introduced by David H. Lyth in his 1997 paper "What Would We Learn by Detecting a Gravitational Wave Signal in the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy?" The detailed argument is as follows:
The power spectrum for curvature perturbations is given by:
,
Whereas the power spectrum for tensor perturbations is given by:
,
in which is the Hubble parameter, is the wave number, is the Planck mass and is the first slow-roll parameter given by .
Thus the ratio of tensor to scalar power spectra at a certain wave number , denoted as the so-called tensor-to-scalar ratio , is given by:
.
While strictly speaking is a function of , during slow-roll inflation, it is understood to change very mildly, thus it is customary to simply omit the wavenumber dependence.
Additionally, the numeric pre-factor is susceptible to slight changes owing to more detailed calculations but is usually between .
Although the slow-roll parameter is given as above, it was shown that in the slow-roll limit, this parameter can be given by the slope of the inflationary potential such that:
, in which is the inflationary potential over a scalar field .
Thus, , and the upper bound on placed by CMB measurements and the lack of gravitational wave signal is translated to and upper bound on the steepness of the inflationary potential.
Acceptance and significance
Although the Lyth bound argument was adopted relatively slowly, it has been used in many subsequent theoretical works.
The original argument deals only with the original inflationary time period that is reflected in the CMB signature, which at the time were about 5 e-folds, as opposed to about 8 e-folds to date. However, an effort was made to generalize this argument to the entire span of physical inflation, which corresponds to the order of 50 to 60 e-folds
On the base of these generalized arguments, an unnecessary constraining view arose, which preferred realization of inflation based in large-field models, as opposed to small-field models. This view was prevalent until the last decade which saw a revival in small-field model prevalence due to the theoretical works that pointed to possible likely small-field model candidates. The likelihood of these models was further developed and numerically demonstrated.
References
Inflation (cosmology)
Gravitational waves | Lyth bound | [
"Physics"
] | 664 | [
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Gravitational waves"
] |
64,740,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICD | FIC domain protein adenylyltransferase (FICD) is an enzyme in metazoans possessing adenylylation and deadenylylation activity (also known as (de)AMPylation), and is a member of the Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) domain family of proteins. AMPylation is a reversible post-translational modification that FICD performs on target cellular protein substrates. FICD is the only known Fic domain encoded by the metazoan genome, and is located on chromosome 12 in humans. Catalytic activity is reliant on the enzyme's Fic domain, which catalyzes the addition of an AMP (adenylyl group) moiety to the substrate. FICD has been linked to many cellular pathways, most notably the ATF6 and PERK branches of the UPR (unfolded protein response) pathway regulating ER homeostasis. FICD is present at very low basal levels in most cell types in humans, and its expression is highly regulated. Examples of FICD include HYPE (Huntingtin Yeast Interacting Partner E) in humans, Fic-1 in C. elegans, and dfic in D. melanogaster.
Structure
The structure of FICD proteins consists of different regions, which are the SS/TM (signal sequence/transmembrane domain),TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) domain and fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) domain. The secondary structure is primarily composed of nine α-helices. All FICD proteins share the same catalytic motif in their fic domain, consisting of the amino acid sequence HxFx(D/E)(G/A)N(G/K)R1xxR2, located at the C terminus of the protein. At the N terminus of the protein is an inhibitory α-helix, composed of the motif (S/T)xxxE(G/N). Interaction between the glutamate of the inhibitory α-helix and the second arginine of the fic motif prevent ATP from entering the catalytic cleft of the protein and participating in AMPylation. This auto-inhibition leads to very low activity of FICD proteins in vitro.
Mutants of FICD have been created which lead to different activity levels in vitro. A mutation of the catalytic histidine in the fic motif to an alanine leads to a complete loss of AMPylation activity by the enzyme. Conversely, mutation of the glutamate in the inhibitory α-helix to a glycine abolishes any auto-inhibition, creating a constitutively active enzyme.
FICD proteins can exist as either a dimer or a monomer, although they generally exist as an asymmetric dimer in solution. Linkage occurs between the fic domains of the two monomers to form the dimer. New crystal structures have recently been published to model the structure the HYPE monomer.
Mechanism
FICD's AMPylation activity is dependent on the sequence of its fic motif (HxFx(D/E)(G/A)N(G/K)R1xxR2). The basic mechanism of AMPylation involves the addition of an AMP group to a substrate residue containing a hydroxyl group, where the AMP group is taken from an ATP molecule. In the case of FICD proteins, the catalytic histidine acts as a general base, drawing a proton away from the hydroxyl group of the substrate (usually located on a threonine or serine residue). The hydroxyl group, now a nucleophile, will then attack the α-phosphate of ATP, thus attaching the AMP group to the target residue's hydroxyl group. This mechanism both requires the presence of the catalytic histidine and the correct orientation of ATP in the ATP-binding pocket of the FICD protein. Interactions between the secondary arginine (HxFx(D/E)GN(G/K)R1xxR2) and the γ-phosphate of ATP orients ATP correctly in the pocket so that the proton transfer between the hydroxyl group of the substrate and the α-phosphate of ATP can take place.
One mechanism by which FICD proteins are self-regulated is through interactions of the inhibitory α-helix and the catalytic fic domain. The glutamate found in the inhibitory α-helix motif ((S/T)xxxE(G/N))interacts with the secondary arginine in the fic motif, which in turn prevents interactions of the γ-phosphate of ATP at that site. Because ATP is unable to orient properly in the ATP binding pocket, AMPylation cannot occur.
FICD proteins are also capable of de-AMPylation activity, the complement to AMPylation. Research suggests that a switch between the dimerization state of FICD may be responsible for the switch between AMPylation and de-AMPylation activity, in which FICD in its monomeric form is responsible for AMPylation, while FICD as a dimer is responsible for de-AMPylation.
Function
FIC proteins are known for their general function of carrying out post-translational modifications on target proteins that are a part of the cell signaling system. The conserved fic domain is involved in the addition of phosphate-containing compounds including AMP,GTP and other nucleoside monophosphates and phosphates. Fic proteins play a vital role in the mediation of post-translational modifications in host cell proteins that interfere with cytoskeletal, trafficking, signaling or translation pathways such as the UPR pathway. The UPR (unfolded protein response) pathway depends on the activation of transmembrane transducers during ER stress to promote specific downstream effects. In the event of fluctuating unfolded proteins the UPR pathway becomes activated, and this includes the activation of Hsp70 chaperone, Bip. This process incorporates inactive oligomers and reversible AMPylation and de-AMPylation activities. Bip/GRP78 is adenylated by HYPE, which induces the UPR activation, reportedly at the specific sites Thr366 and Thr518 in vitro, and thereby is able to assist in carrying out the modifications to target proteins in order to maintain ER homeostasis. The expression of HYPE is regulated depending on the magnitude of ER stress.
Expression
Expression of FICD in most species and cell types occurs at very low levels, with human FICD (HYPE) being expressed between 2-20 NX of RNA in human cell lines. In humans, HYPE's under-expression has been linked to decreased ability of the UPR to maintain ER homeostasis.
In Drosophilia, knockdown of FICD (dfic in D. melanogaster) causes blindness in flies. This phenotype could be rescued by the expression of wild-type dfic in the glial cells of those flies.
In C. elegans, FICD (FIC-1 in C. elegans) is also expressed at a basal level throughout all cell types in the worm body. FIC-1 also shows no change in level of expression throughout the worm's lifetime. FIC-1 expression has been linked to immunity to P. aeruginosa, as mutants with inactive FIC-1 showed increased susceptibility to the bacteria.
Localization
The region of localization depends on the type of organism that different FIC proteins reside in. In many cases FICD is situated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where it adenylates Hsp70 chaperone, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) at the Thr-366 and Thr-518. HYPE localizes in the ER via its hydrophobic N-terminus. Drosophila CG9523 or dFic can be found in the cytosolic region but are also transcriptionally activated during ER stress.
HYPE has two sites of N- glycosylation at Asn275 and Asn446. FICD is a type II transmembrane protein with the Fic domain facing the ER lumen. Similar results have been shown for dFic through in vitro translation in the presence of microsomes, which indicated N-glycosylation at site Asn288.
Clinical Significance
While FICD (HYPE in humans) has not been directly linked to any disease pathways, some of its substrates are known participants in human diseases. BiP (GRP78/HSPA5), a validated substrate of HYPE, has been substantially linked to increased rates of cancer cell survival under proapoptotic conditions. α-syn, a putative substrate for HYPE, is a known factor in the development of Parkinson's disease through the formation of protein aggregates in the brain. HYPE also has other potential roles in the fields of neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration.
References
Enzymes
Post-translational modification | FICD | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,910 | [
"Post-translational modification",
"Gene expression",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
64,743,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology%20industry%20in%20Italy | Biotechnology industry in Italy is a highly innovative and fast-growing sector dedicated to research.
At the end of 2019, there are 696 biotech companies active in Italy.
Industry
The turnover exceeds 12 billion euros, the number of employees exceeds 13,000 units. Between 2017 and 2019, over 50 new innovative start-ups active in biotechnology were registered.
Healthcare
Vaccine
The first Ebola vaccine in the world was developed in the IRBM Science Park laboratories, Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
In the laboratories of the IRBM Science Park a team of Italian and American researchers has developed the Chad3Ebola-Zaire anti-ebola vaccine, a monovalent adenovirus capable of neutralizing the «Zaire» strain of the virus, conceived and produced by OKAIROS, a biotech company founded by Prof. Riccardo Cortese, with whom IRBM set up the Advent equal joint venture.
A COVID-19 vaccine was developed in the IRBM Science Park laboratories, Pomezia, Rome, Italy, in cooperation with Jenner Institute Oxford University.
An other COVID-19 vaccine was developed by ReiThera, Castel Romano, Rome, Italy, in cooperation with Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases.On 10 August 2020, 3,000 candidates (including doctors) are ready for the test phase. Screening tests carried out throughout the course of the study will be used to select suitable people to test the safety of the vaccine in this early phase of testing (Phase I). Volunteers are divided into two age groups: from 18 to 55, and from 65 to 85. Each group will be divided into three subgroups who will be given a different dosage of vaccine.
Agricultural biotechnology
Research
The research intensity of the biotech sector is significantly higher than that found for the Italian industry as a whole.
Organizations
Ministries
Ministero della Salute
Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali (MiPAAF)
Ministero dell'istruzione, dell'università e della ricerca (MIUR)
Agencies
Federchimica Assobiotec
Science parks and incubators
Istituto di Ricerca di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti SpA (IRBM)
IRBM Science Park
See also
References
External links
Science and technology in Italy
Pharmaceutical industry
Manufacturing in Italy
Biotechnology | Biotechnology industry in Italy | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 482 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Life sciences industry",
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"Biotechnology",
"nan"
] |
64,743,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20Hodge%20structure | In algebraic geometry, a mixed Hodge structure is an algebraic structure containing information about the cohomology of general algebraic varieties. It is a generalization of a Hodge structure, which is used to study smooth projective varieties.
In mixed Hodge theory, where the decomposition of a cohomology group may have subspaces of different weights, i.e. as a direct sum of Hodge structures
where each of the Hodge structures have weight . One of the early hints that such structures should exist comes from the long exact sequence associated to a pair of smooth projective varieties . This sequence suggests that the cohomology groups (for ) should have differing weights coming from both and .
Motivation
Originally, Hodge structures were introduced as a tool for keeping track of abstract Hodge decompositions on the cohomology groups of smooth projective algebraic varieties. These structures gave geometers new tools for studying algebraic curves, such as the Torelli theorem, Abelian varieties, and the cohomology of smooth projective varieties. One of the chief results for computing Hodge structures is an explicit decomposition of the cohomology groups of smooth hypersurfaces using the relation between the Jacobian ideal and the Hodge decomposition of a smooth projective hypersurface through Griffith's residue theorem. Porting this language to smooth non-projective varieties and singular varieties requires the concept of mixed Hodge structures.
Definition
A mixed Hodge structure (MHS) is a triple such that
is a -module of finite type
is an increasing -filtration on ,
is a decreasing -filtration on ,
where the induced filtration of on the graded piecesare pure Hodge structures of weight .
Remark on filtrations
Note that similar to Hodge structures, mixed Hodge structures use a filtration instead of a direct sum decomposition since the cohomology groups with anti-holomorphic terms, where , don't vary holomorphically. But, the filtrations can vary holomorphically, giving a better defined structure.
Morphisms of mixed Hodge structures
Morphisms of mixed Hodge structures are defined by maps of abelian groupssuch thatand the induced map of -vector spaces has the property
Further definitions and properties
Hodge numbers
The Hodge numbers of a MHS are defined as the dimensionssince is a weight Hodge structure, andis the -component of a weight Hodge structure.
Homological properties
There is an Abelian category of mixed Hodge structures which has vanishing -groups whenever the cohomological degree is greater than : that is, given mixed hodge structures the groupsfor pg 83.
Mixed Hodge structures on bi-filtered complexes
Many mixed Hodge structures can be constructed from a bifiltered complex. This includes complements of smooth varieties defined by the complement of a normal crossing variety. Given a complex of sheaves of abelian groups and filtrations of the complex, meaningThere is an induced mixed Hodge structure on the hyperhomology groupsfrom the bi-filtered complex . Such a bi-filtered complex is called a mixed Hodge complex
Logarithmic complex
Given a smooth variety where is a normal crossing divisor (meaning all intersections of components are complete intersections), there are filtrations on the logarithmic de Rham complex given byIt turns out these filtrations define a natural mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology group from the mixed Hodge complex defined on the logarithmic complex .
Smooth compactifications
The above construction of the logarithmic complex extends to every smooth variety; and the mixed Hodge structure is isomorphic under any such compactificaiton. Note a smooth compactification of a smooth variety is defined as a smooth variety and an embedding such that is a normal crossing divisor. That is, given compactifications with boundary divisors there is an isomorphism of mixed Hodge structureshowing the mixed Hodge structure is invariant under smooth compactification.
Example
For example, on a genus plane curve logarithmic cohomology of with the normal crossing divisor with can be easily computed since the terms of the complex equal toare both acyclic. Then, the Hypercohomology is justthe first vector space are just the constant sections, hence the differential is the zero map. The second is the vector space is isomorphic to the vector space spanned byThen has a weight mixed Hodge structure and has a weight mixed Hodge structure.
Examples
Complement of a smooth projective variety by a closed subvariety
Given a smooth projective variety of dimension and a closed subvariety there is a long exact sequence in cohomologypg7-8coming from the distinguished triangleof constructible sheaves. There is another long exact sequencefrom the distinguished trianglewhenever is smooth. Note the homology groups are called Borel–Moore homology, which are dual to cohomology for general spaces and the means tensoring with the Tate structure add weight to the weight filtration. The smoothness hypothesis is required because Verdier duality implies , and whenever is smooth. Also, the dualizing complex for has weight , hence . Also, the maps from Borel-Moore homology must be twisted by up to weight is order for it to have a map to . Also, there is the perfect duality pairinggiving an isomorphism of the two groups.
Algebraic torus
A one dimensional algebraic torus is isomorphic to the variety , hence its cohomology groups are isomorphic toThe long exact exact sequence then readsSince and this gives the exact sequencesince there is a twisting of weights for well-defined maps of mixed Hodge structures, there is the isomorphism
Quartic K3 surface minus a genus 3 curve
Given a quartic K3 surface , and a genus 3 curve defined by the vanishing locus of a generic section of , hence it is isomorphic to a degree plane curve, which has genus 3. Then, the Gysin sequence gives the long exact sequenceBut, it is a result that the maps take a Hodge class of type to a Hodge class of type . The Hodge structures for both the K3 surface and the curve are well-known, and can be computed using the Jacobian ideal. In the case of the curve there are two zero maps hence contains the weight one pieces . Because has dimension , but the Leftschetz class is killed off by the mapsending the class in to the class in . Then the primitive cohomology group is the weight 2 piece of . Therefore,The induced filtrations on these graded pieces are the Hodge filtrations coming from each cohomology group.
See also
Motive (algebraic geometry)
Jacobian ideal
Milnor fiber
Mixed Hodge module
References
Examples
A Naive Guide to Mixed Hodge Theory
Introduction to Limit Mixed Hodge Structures
Deligne’s Mixed Hodge Structure for Projective Varieties with only Normal Crossing Singularities
In Mirror Symmetry
Local B-Model and Mixed Hodge Structure
Algebraic geometry
Homological algebra
Hodge theory | Mixed Hodge structure | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,401 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Tensors",
"Hodge theory",
"Differential forms",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Algebraic geometry",
"Homological algebra"
] |
64,744,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvalency%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, polyvalency (or polyvalence, multivalency) is the property of molecules and larger species, such as antibodies, medical drugs, and even nanoparticles surface-functionalized with ligands, like spherical nucleic acids, that exhibit more than one supramolecular interaction. For the number of chemical bonds of atoms, the term "valence" is used (Fig. 1). For both atoms and larger species, the number of bonds may be specified: divalent species can form two bonds; a trivalent species can form three bonds; and so on.
Species that have polyvalency usually show enhanced or cooperative binding compared to their monovalent counterparts. Nanoparticles with multiple nucleic acid strands on their surfaces (e.g., DNA) can form multiple bonds with one another by DNA hybridization to form hierarchical assemblies, some of which are highly crystalline in nature.
References
Chemical properties
Chemical bonding
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry | Polyvalency (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 200 | [
"Dimensionless numbers of chemistry",
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
74,866,391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury%20in%20animals | Injury in animals is damage to the body caused by wounding, change in pressure, heat or cold, chemical substances, venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing, which may be rapid, as in the Cnidaria.
Causes
Injuries to animals including humans can be caused by wounding, change in pressure, heat or cold, chemical substances, venoms and biotoxins. Such damage may result from attempted predation, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors.
Human activities such as trawling can cause wound injury to a high proportion of seabed invertebrates; a study of a Nephrops lobster fishery found that all the discarded Ophiura ophiura brittlestars were injured, along with 57% of the Munida rugosa squat lobsters and 56% of the Astropecten irregularis starfish. Species with stronger shells such as scallops were less often injured. A study of beam trawling in contrast found survival rates over 75% for bottom-living invertebrates.
Effects
Injury causes multiple effects at different biological levels from molecular and cellular to physiological, organismal, behavioural, and ecological. These include such harmful effects as direct damage to cells and tissues; loss of energy reserves; stress responses and changes to immune function; defensive behaviour; and reduced ability to move, feed, reproduce, and compete. In addition, injury sets off a chain of responses that tend to restore structure and function.
Immune responses
The tissues of many animals respond to injury with inflammation, resulting in repair of the wound. Inflammation occurs in many taxa, but the nature of the response varies widely. In Hydra, a cnidarian, damage to the area around the mouth is fully healed within 20 minutes.
Animals in several phyla, including annelids, arthropods, cnidaria, molluscs, nematodes, and vertebrates are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to fight off infection following an injury.
Wound occlusion
Many animals are able to block off the area around an injury rapidly, by coagulating their blood or body fluid. Invertebrates with hydrostatic skeletons (moving by peristalsis) are unable to move without internal fluid under pressure, while those with an open circulation (body fluid not confined to blood vessels) quickly die from loss of body fluid. In addition, open wounds allow bacteria to enter the body. The invertebrate coagulation system is comparable with the innate immune system (the simpler of two systems of protection against infection) of vertebrates.
Wound healing
In arthropods such as insects, wound healing following injury and coagulation of body fluid involves a process of melanisation of the scab, migration of cells to the scab area, and a degree of repair of the cuticle (which serves as an exoskeleton), in locusts restoring it to 2/3 of its original strength.
Several vertebrates including lizards and salamanders shed their tails (autotomy) when attacked by a predator, especially if the tail is grasped, giving the animal a chance to escape. The tail is at least partially regrown over a period of weeks or months.
Effects on behaviour
Octopuses such as Abdopus aculeatus can survive the loss of an arm (tentacle) but suffer long-term behavioural changes and hypersensitivity afterwards. The species makes use of autotomy, the self-amputation of an arm, as an anti-predator defence. Crush injury to an arm caused the animals to eject ink, to squirt a jet of water, to groom the wound, and later to retract the injured arm and guard it with other arms.
See also
Injury in plants
References
Sources
Zoology | Injury in animals | [
"Biology"
] | 782 | [
"Zoology"
] |
74,867,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20in%20the%20Americas%20by%20life%20expectancy | This is a list of American countries by life expectancy.
United Nations (2023)
Estimation of the analytical agency of the UN.
UN: Estimate of life expectancy for various ages in 2023
UN: Change of life expectancy from 2019 to 2023
World Bank Group (2022)
Estimation of the World Bank Group for 2022. The data is filtered according to the list of countries in the Americas. The values in the World Bank Group tables are rounded. All calculations are based on raw data; so due to the nuances of rounding, in some places illusory inconsistencies of indicators arose, with a size of 0.01 year.
In 2014, some of the world's leading countries had a local peak in life expectancy, so this year is chosen for comparison with 2019 and 2022.
WHO (2019)
Estimation of the World Health Organization for 2019.
Charts
See also
References
Life expectancy
Americas | List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy | [
"Biology"
] | 190 | [
"Senescence",
"Life expectancy"
] |
74,868,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM13B | Family with sequence similarity 13 member B is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FAM13B gene, also known as C5ORF5. The FAM13B gene is found in vertebrates and jawed fish. FAM13B is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues and has been linked to maglinant myelomas susceptibility to atrial fibrillation, a cardiac arrhythmia.
Molecular Features
Gene
The FAM13B gene is located on human chromosome 5q31, spanning 5610 base pairs and containing 23 exons.
mRNA
There are 18 transcript variants, the longest mRNA contains 5610 base pairs.
Expression
The FAM13B gene is expressed at high levels ubiquitously among human cell tissues with some variability, with the highest expression in the brain and the lowest expression in the liver.
Protein
The longest protein product of FAM13B consists of 915 amino acids with a molecular mass of 105kD. FAM13B variants have the potential to encode several swapped proteins, including proteins with internal deletions, with different C termini, and with a deletion of the N terminus. The protein has an isoelectric point of 4.9. The human FAM13B protein is localized in the nucleoplasm and contains multiple peroxisomal targeting signals and nuclear localization signals. The FAM13B protein has a lower amount of threonine and a higher amount of glutamate compared to other human proteins.
The FAM13B contains 2 disordered region and 2 conserved domains:
RHO GTPase-activating proteins domain (RhoGAP) - crucial in cell cytoskeletal organization, growth, differentiation, neuronal development and synaptic functions.
N-terminal homeodomain-like domain of metazoan RecQ protein-like 4 (RecQL4_SLD2_NTD) - involved in various cellular process, including DNA replication, recombination, and repair.
The RHOGAP domain is also found in the orthologs.
Post-translation modifications
The human FAM13B protein can undergo post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation.
Interacting proteins
The human FAM13B protein interacts with several proteins that are localized in the nucleoplasm, including RAC1, NME5, SPATA24, HIGD1A, PPP2CA, SAMHD1, UNK, YWHAZ.
Evolution
Orthologs
Orthologs of the FAM13B gene can be found in vertebrates including mammals, aves, reptiles, amphibians, and jawed fish. There are no FAM13B orthologs found in invertebrates. FAM13B is more conserved in mammals, aves, and reptiles. FAM13B has a moderate mutation rate that is slower than Fibrinogen Alpha Chain but faster than Cytochrome C.
Paralogs
The human FAM13B gene has two paralogs, FAM13A and FAM13C. Similar to FAM13B, the FAM13A and FAM13C are found in vertebrates including mammals, aves, reptiles, amphibians, and jawed fish. The paralogs are not found in invertebrates.
Clinical significance
FAM13B is frequently deleted in malignant myelomas, suggesting its potential role in cancer development. Altered expression of FAM13B has been linked to susceptibility to atrial fibrillation, a cardiac arrhythmia.
References
Proteins | FAM13B | [
"Chemistry"
] | 757 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
74,868,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven%20Shepherd | Haven Shepherd (born March 9, 2003) is a Vietnamese-American Paralympic swimmer. In 2018, she was included on the BBC 100 Women list.
Early life
Shepherd was born Do Thi Thuy Phuong in Quang Nam province, Vietnam after her parents had an affair. When she was 14 months old, her parents died in a bomb explosion, either as a double suicide or as a murder-suicide perpetuated by her father. Although Shepherd was also intended to die in the explosion, she was instead blown 40 feet away and only sustained damage to her legs. An older half-sister also survived the explosion. Shepherd was brought by her grandmother to a hospital in Da Nang, where both her legs were amputated. At age 20 months, she was adopted by an American couple from Carthage, Missouri, who had six older children.
Shepherd learned to swim by age 3. She was homeschooled.
Athletic career
Shepherd began swimming competitively at age 10. By the time she was 13, the US Paralympic team began tracking her as a potential candidate based on her times.
She came in second in her event at the 2019 Parapan American Games in Lima, Peru.
At the 2020 Summer Paralympics, Shepherd came fifth in the Women's 200m Individual Medley SM8.
Shepherd won a gold medal at the 2023 Parapan American Games in the women's 200m individual medley SM8. Prior to her win, she came fourth in the backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke 100m events, and seventh in the 50m freestyle.
In April 2024, Shepherd participated in an ad campaign for Reese's. Shepherd is set to compete at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris.
Personal life
Shepherd uses prosthetic legs.
References
Living people
2003 births
21st-century American sportswomen
American female medley swimmers
American sportspeople of Vietnamese descent
Explosion survivors
Medalists at the 2023 Parapan American Games
Paralympic swimmers for the United States
People from Carthage, Missouri
People from Quảng Nam province
S8-classified para swimmers
Sportspeople from Missouri
Sportspeople of Vietnamese descent
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2023 Parapan American Games
Swimmers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics
Parapan American Games gold medalists for the United States | Haven Shepherd | [
"Chemistry"
] | 457 | [
"Explosion survivors",
"Explosions"
] |
74,869,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalisation%20dam | A compartmentalisation dam is a dam that divides a body of water into two parts. A typical use of such a dam is the regulation of water levels separately in different sections of a basin. One application of a compartmentalisation dam is to facilitate closures of areas with multiple tidal inlets, such as in the case of the Delta Works.
Compartmentalisation dams employed as a watershed
Compartmentalisation dams have been deployed in scenarios where there is a significant disparity in water quality across different basins, where separation is used to address undesirable conditions. Such structures play a crucial role in water management by creating physical barriers between bodies of water with differing qualities. Noteworthy examples include the following compartmentalisation dams in the Netherlands:
Volkerakdam: This dam was constructed to prevent saltwater intrusion into the freshwater Haringvliet, and to protect the relatively pristine Oosterschelde area from being contaminated by the polluted waters of the Rhine.
Houtribdijk: Initially built as the northern boundary for the Markerwaard, it now functions to delineate the waters between the Markermeer and IJsselmeer. Furthermore, the Houtribdijk mitigates the impact of wind fetch under certain wind conditions, which in turn reduces wave formation and wind setup within the basin.
Oesterdam: Erected to facilitate a tide-free navigational route from Antwerp to Rotterdam, the Oesterdam also narrows the tidal basin of the Oosterschelde. This constriction ensures that the tidal range at Yerseke and Zierikzee remains significant, even following the construction of the Oosterscheldekering.
Role of compartmentalisation dams in Dutch closure projects
In regions with tidal influences where closure dams are essential and multiple tidal inlets are present, the establishment of a compartmentalisation dam becomes crucial. Without such a structure (represented by the dotted line), Dam A would require the basin to be entirely filled through sea inlet B. This scenario could lead to a significant increase in flow rate at the inlet, causing the channel to widen and deepen, thereby complicating or outright preventing closure.
Constructing a compartmentalisation dam is notably easier in areas over a , a Dutch term denoting a shallow part or tidal divide in a delta system where two tidal currents meet. At these junctures, the converging tides neutralise each other, creating an area with minimal current, facilitating easier dam construction despite the rapid movement of adjacent waters. The wantij serves as a critical navigational feature, offering shelter from strong currents or presenting challenges for vessels with deeper drafts.
After the Storm Surge of 1953, it was decided to close the main inlets in the South-West of the Netherlands: the Oosterschelde, the Brouwershavenische Gat, and the Haringvliet. As these basins are connected to each other, and it is not possible to simply close them one-by-one, prior separation is required. Some notable examples of compartmentalisation dams used to implement such separation as part of the Delta Works project in The Netherlands include:
Volkerakdam: separates the Haringvliet basin from the Volkerak.
Grevelingendam: separates the Oosterschelde basin from the Grevelingen.
Zandkreekdam: separates the Oosterschelde basin from the Veerse Gat.
The (English: Delta Commission), a governmental expert panel convened to advise on measures to avert disasters like the 1953 flood, described these structures as side dams (Dutch: ), rather than compartmentalisation dams.
Following the completion of these dams, the original Delta Plan was adapted. Instead of constructing a closure at the Oosterschelde estuary, the plan was revised to include a storm surge barrier, the Oosterscheldekering. This shift affected the dams' intended functions. Initially, the Oosterschelde dam was to transform the area into a vast freshwater body, dubbed the Zeeland Lake, to ensure a tide-free route from Antwerp to Rotterdam. This would have involved lock complexes at both the Volkerakdam and Kreekrakdam.
Due to the non-completion of the Oosterschelde closure and the deferred decision to build a storm surge barrier, the Volkerak remained open, maintaining significant flow rates through the Zijpe channel. This persistent flow led to erosion, necessitating additional protective measures until the completion of the Oosterscheldekering.
See also
Delta Works
Flood control in the Netherlands
Rijkswaterstaat
Johan van Veen
References
Dams in South Holland
Dams in North Brabant
Delta Works
Hydraulic engineering
Civil engineering | Compartmentalisation dam | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 967 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Construction",
"Hydraulics",
"Delta Works",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
74,869,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20IBM%20Personal%20Computer%20models | The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, spanned multiple models in its first generation (including the PCjr, the Portable PC, the XT, the AT, the Convertible, and the /370 systems, among others), from 1981 to 1987. It eventually gave way to many splintering product lines after IBM introduced the Personal System/2 in April 1987.
Notes
Legend
Models
Original line
Successor lines
Personal System/2 (list of models)
Industrial System (list of models)
PCradio (list of models)
Ambra (list of models)
PS/note (list of models)
EduQuest (list of models)
ThinkPad
PS/ValuePoint (list of models)
Aptiva (list of models)
PC Series (list of models)
NetVista
ThinkCentre
Timeline
See also
Predecessors to the IBM PC:
IBM 5100 (1975)
IBM 5110 (1978)
IBM 5120 (1980)
IBM System/23 Datamaster (1981)
Japan-only IBM PC variants:
IBM 5550
IBM JX
IBM PS/55
IBM Palm Top PC 110
IBM IntelliStation
List of IBM products
IBM PC compatible
References
General references
Footnotes
Personal Computer models
Lists of computer hardware | List of IBM Personal Computer models | [
"Technology"
] | 245 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"IBM lists",
"Lists of computer hardware"
] |
74,870,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPMIP10 | SPMIP10 is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the SPMIP10 gene.
SPMIP10 - Gene
Common Aliases
SPMIP10 (or Sperm Microtubule Inner Protein 10) is also known as Testis Expressed 43, C5orf48, Tseg7, Sperm Associated Microtubule Inner Protein 10, and Testis Specific Expressed Gene 73.
Cytogenetic Locus
SPMIP10 is located on the plus strand of the long arm of chromosome 5, band 23, sub-band 2 (5q23.2, see the ideogram of the SPMIP10 gene location on chromosome 5).
Topological Features
SPMIP10 is a 478 bp long protein-coding gene. SPMIP10 contains three exons. Exon 1 spans from position 1–116, exon 2 spans from positions 117–225, and exon 3 spans from positions 226–478 in the SPMIP10 DNA sequence.
SPMIP10 - Transcript
Known Isoforms
There are no known isoforms for SPMIP10 in humans.
SPMIP10 - Protein
Compositional Analysis
SPMIP10 has a predicted molecular weight (Mw) of 15.5 kda and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 9.3. Similar predicted molecular weights and theoretical isoelectric points are seen for various close orthologs (mammals, sequence identity >79%). Varying predicted molecular weights and theoretical isoelectric points are seen in distant orthologs (non-mammal vertebrates, sequence identity <79%).
SPMIP10 protein in humans, as well as various closely related organism, has higher levels than normal of histidine and lower than normal levels of alanine.
Domains
SPMIP10 contains a domain of unknown function, DUF4513, from positions 33-452.
Predicted Tertiary Structure
SPMIP10 has a tertiary structure that includes both beta sheets and alpha helices. These structures, predicted by AlphaFold and iTasser, are shown in the below images.
SPMIP10 - Gene Level Regulation
Expression Pattern
SPMIP10 mRNA expression data, obtained from NCBI Gene, shows that SPMIP10 is expressed in varying amounts in both fetal (highest between the 10th and 15th week of development) and adult human tissues. There is SPMIP10 expression seen in heart tissues (approximately 0.049 RPKM) and kidney tissues (approximately 0.064 RPKM) at week 10 and in intestine tissues at 15 weeks (approximately 0.016 RPKM) in fetal tissues. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of total SPMIP10 RNA from 20 human tissues showed expression levels at approximately 0.064 reads per kilobase, per million mapped reads (RPKM) in cerebellum tissue. Transcription profiling by high throughput sequencing of 16 human tissues indicated high tests expression (approximately 6.5 RPKM) and low expression levels in lymph node and thyroid tissues. RNA-seq of 95 human individuals showed the highest expression levels of SPMIP10 mRNA expression in the testis at approximately 4.6 RPKM with minute amounts seen in colon and small intestine tissue samples.
Microarray Expression Data
An experiment, from the Allen Brain Atlas site, indicated low amounts of SPMIP10 expression throughout various structures in the human brain (see SPMIP10 Microarray Expression Schematic in the Human Brain). Higher amounts of expression for SPMIP10 in the human brain were found in the posterior lobe, parietal lobe, and the amygdala. Higher amounts were primarily seen concentrated in the posterior lobe. Table 1 summarizes these findings.
SPMIP10 - Transcript Level Regulation
5’ UTR
There is no 5’ UTR for SPMIP10 because its first exon begins at the start of translation.
3’ UTR
The 3' UTR sequence of SPMIP10 in humans is highly conserved in various mammals. It is predicted to contain 3 stem loops.
Translation Initiation and Enhancers
Utilizing UCSC Genome Browser, a transcription initiation site (Tex43_1) for SPMIP10 was located at positions 126,631,722 - 126,631,782 on chromosome 5 along with two enhancers (E2405703 and E2405704). These findings are depicted in the SPMIP10 Transcription Regulation Diagram.
SPMIP10 - Protein Level Regulation
Subcellular Localization
SPMIP10 protein is predicted to be localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, primarily. DEEPLOC-2.0 indicates that SPMIP10 is located in the cytoplasm and contains a nuclear export signal at positions 130-134 of the protein.
Post-translational Modifications
SPMIP10 has predicted SUMOylation sites (positions 107, 13, 65, 25, 54, 29, and 41), O-glycosylation sites (positions 10 and 122), and phosphoprotein-binding domains (SH2/LCK at position 30, SH2/CISH at position 30, and PBD at position 24). The locations of these modifications are labeled in the Annotated Conserved Post-translational Modifications for SPMIP10 Diagram.
SPMIP10 Homology and Evolution
Paralogs
There are no known paralogs of SPMIP10 in humans.
Orthologs
The SPMIP10 protein is only found in vertebrates. Species containing the SPMIP10 protein include mammals (26.5-100% identity), reptiles (40.9-48.1% identity), birds (23.2-41.8% identity), amphibians (27.7-37.1% identity), and fish (27.9-35.5% identity). Table 2 contains twenty orthologs and their respective sequence identity in relation to SPMIP10 in humans.
SPMIP10 Rate of Divergence
Graph 1 shows the corrected sequence divergence vs estimated date of divergence for SPMIP10 compared to Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha. SPMIP10 evolves at a pace similar to that of Fibrinogen Alpha than.
SPMIP10 - Functions and Clinical Significance
Predicted Function
On the B-tubule of the flagellum microtubule doublets, ENKUR protein interacts with the loop region of the SPMIP10 protein providing flagellum reinforcement in mammalian sperm. SPMIP10 binds closely to ENKUR and envelops itself around the inter-promoter interface of CCDC105, in this regard, SPMIP10 functions as a “staple” while interacting with protofilaments A12 and A11. SPMIP10 enveloping of CCDC105 provides the promoter with stabilization.
A 4bp deletion, resulting in a frameshift mutation (introducing a premature stop condone 33 aa further), of SPMIP10 in mice has been shown to slightly decrease sperm velocity and motility, however not lower rates of fertilization. Wild-type mouse sperm maintained flexibility at both the mid and end pieces of the flagellum, while the SPMIP10 knock-out mouse sperm showed reduced flexibility at the endpiece of the flagellum.
Clinical Significance
The duplication of SPMIP10 correlates with karyotypically balanced chromosomal rearrangements associates with decreased cognitive abilities as well as craniofacial and hand dysmorphisms.
The depletion of p63 in ME180 cells (human cervical adenocarcinoma epithelial cells) correlates with a decrease of SPMIP10 expression. Wild-type ME180 cells have slightly higher amounts of SMPIP10 expression on average than those that experienced a depletion of p63.
Diseased cells expressing low levels of EVI1 have higher mean expression of SPMIP10 than diseased cells expressing elevated levels.
References
Proteins
Genes
Human genes | SPMIP10 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,684 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
74,871,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20-%20Daniel%20Guggenheim%20School%20of%20Aerospace%20Engineering | The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is an academic institution specializing in aerospace engineering education, research, and innovation. Located in Atlanta, Georgia, the school offers degree programs in Aerospace engineering that are accredited by ABET. It is a department under the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Engineering.
As of 2024, the Chair of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering is Mitchell L.R. Walker, Ph.D.
Degrees offered
The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering offers one undergraduate degree, and eight graduate degrees.
B.S: Aerospace Engineering
M.S: Aerospace Engineering
M.S: Bioengineering
M.S: Computational Science and Engineering
Ph.D: Aerospace Engineering
Ph.D: Bioengineering
Ph.D: Computational Science and Engineering
Ph.D: Machine Learning
Ph.D: Robotics
Enrollment and research
As of Fall 2023, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering reported that it had over 40 tenure-track professors and enrollment of more than 1,800 students.
The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering earns over US$40,000,000 in research funding each year.
Research areas of The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering include:
Cyberphysical Systems, Safety, Security, & Reliability
Large-Scale Computations, Data, & Analytics
Mechanics of Multifunctional Structures and Materials
Robotics, Autonomy and Human Interaction
Space Exploration & Earth Monitoring
Sustainable Transportation & Energy Systems
System of Systems and Complex Systems Integration
Vertical Lift and Urban air mobility
Facilities
The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering occupies four buildings, most of which are located in central/east campus:
Montgomery Knight Building
Assistant Director for Operations, Human Resources, Academic Advising Office, AE Development, Academic Advising Manager, Loewy Library, AE Computer Lab, Cognitive Engineering Center, AE Machine Shop, Dynamics & Control Systems Lab, Low Turbulence Wind Tunnel, Structures Laboratory.
Daniel Guggenheim Building
Computational Combustion Laboratory, Georgia Space Grant Consortium, Harper Wind Tunnel.
Weber Space Science & Technology Building(s)
Aerospace Systems Design Lab (ASDL), Yang Aero Maker Space, Space Systems Design Lab (SSDL), Collaborative Visual Environment (CoVE) auditorium, Collaborative Design Environment (CoDE) auditorium.
Engineering, Science, and Mathematics (ESM) Building
Air Transportation Laboratory, Center for Advanced Machine Mobility (CAMM), Center for Space Systems
References
Georgia Tech colleges and schools
Aerospace engineering organizations
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
1930 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1930 | Georgia Institute of Technology - Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 504 | [
"Aeronautics organizations",
"Aerospace engineering organizations",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
74,871,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM61 | Transmembrane protein 61 (TMEM61) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM61 gene in humans. It is located on the first chromosome in humans and is highly expressed in the intestinal regions predominantly the kidney, adrenal gland and pituitary tissues. The protein, unlike other transmembrane protein in the region does not promote cancer growth. However, the TMEM61 protein when inhibited by secondary factors restricts normal activity in the kidney. The human protein shares many Orthologs and has been prevalent on Earth for millions of years.
Gene
Aliases
There are no known aliases of TMEM61. The human protein can be identified with any tool that uses UniProt by Q8N0U2.
Location
TMEM61 is located on the plus strand of the human chromosome 1 at the locus 1 p32.3. The gene is 11, 661 base pairs long, it ranges from position 54,980,628 to 54,992,288 on chromosome 1. TMEM61 lies between LOC124904184 and BSND.
Transcript variants
NCBI RefSeq contains seven mRNA transcript variants for TMEM61. Transcription variants X1, X2, and X2 both are splices of the original protein, but all three isoforms have their own variants. None of the variants share similar exon boundaries, domain or disordered regions.
Protein
Isoforms
There are six known Isoforms of the TMEM61 protein, Isoform X1 is encoded by transcript variant X1, and Isoform X2 with variant X2 and so on. There are two different X2 isoforms, but both have the same amino acid sequence, both the X2 have five less amino acids in the start of the protein, which differs from isoform X1 with same protein sequence and size as the original protein.
Protein characteristics
The Isoform 1 of the TMEM61 protein is made up of 210 amino acids. The protein has a predicted molecular weight of about 22.2 KDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of about 4.54. In terms of amino acid composition, TMEM61 is relatively rich in both the hydrophobic Proline and hydrophilic Serine. The protein is relatively poor in both hydrophilic Asparagine and Lysine. It is also poor in both hydrophobic Isoleucine and Phenylalanine. The protein indicates acid components from it addition of Arginine and Lysine subtracted to the addition of Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid.
Domains
TMEM61 Isoform 1 contains two transmembrane domains one of encompasses a DUF domain. TMEM61 also contains a MTP domain, unlike the transmembrane domain this domains located in the Golgi Apparatus and involves spanning transportation. All four domain regions had low value scores except the second TMEM domain was not able to be scored.
Secondary structure
The Ali2D, and I-TASSER models predicted that the secondary structure of TMEM61 has both alpha helices and beta strands.
Tertiary structure
No confident model for tertiary structure for TMEM61.
Post-translational modifications
While the modification are few, phosphorylation will not result in a change oil the amino acid for TMEM61, this is a result of the lack of glycosylation that takes place in the sequence. Results are represented by graph on bottom right.
Subcellular localization
Immunofluorescent standing experiments have detected the TMEM61 protein in the endocrine tissues, kidney and Urinary bladder, and proximal digestive tract. The experiment also found slight expression in the brain tissues.
Regulation and expression
Transcription factors
Tissue specificity
According to HumanAtlas, Geoprofile, and NCBI, TMEM61 is highly expressed in the Kidney, Pituitary gland, Salivary gland, Adrenal, and brain tissues in a decreasing order.
Embryonic development
In situ hybridization staining a mouse embryo discovered high levels of TMEM61 in Kidneys and found no other tissues to express the protein.
Immunochemistry
TMEM61 was found to be very abundant in the human body in comparison to other proteins.
Western blotting showed an over expression of lysate in mammalian, in this case rabbit.
The staining of the human pancreas shows cytoplasmic positivity in exocrine cells.
Interacting proteins
The IntAct, String, and BioGrid database found eight relevant interacting protein to the TMEM61. Other TMEM protein such as TMEM124 are closely monitored together for the cancer expression both in the same region but both did not promote cancer growth.
Homology and evolution
Orthologs and paralogs
TMEM61 has orthologs in mammals, reptiles, aves, amphibians, and fish. A table of orthologs is beside to the right. There is no known paralog of TMEM61.
Evolutionary history
West African lungfish is the furthest-from-human known organism to express TMEM61 approximately 408 million years ago. The expression of TMEM61 protein throughout its closely related orthologs all indicate high expression in the Kidney.Based on a molecular clock analysis, the protein sequence of TMEM61 has on average evolved faster than Cytochrome C but slower than Fibrinogen alpha.
Clinical significance
TMEM61 was anticipated to be associated with the formation of brain tumors but was later debunked as there was low levels expressed, however the test did indicate its location to be in the mitochondrial neural membrane region. The TMEM61 has been hoped to promote cancer or tumor growth but there has been no clinical research that proves this idea.
The information obtained about the TMEM61 does show expression on the kidney beyond it human organism and the studies show MIF limiting the expression of TMEM61.
The Aquaporin-11 deficiency, closing or breaking of water channels limits the protein expression in the membrane and restricts TMEM61 expression and inhibits kidney function.
Interacting proteins
Very close to other TMEM protein such as TMEM124 was closely monitored for the cancer expression both in the same region but both did not promote cancer growth. PMP22, YAP1.
References
Genes
DNA
Immunology | TMEM61 | [
"Biology"
] | 1,361 | [
"Immunology"
] |
74,872,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying%20Sun%20%28environmental%20scientist%29 | Ying Sun is a Chinese-American agricultural scientist and environmental scientist whose research combines space-based sensing and land surface modeling to study the interactions between climate and agricultural ecosystems. She is an associate professor in the School of Integrative Plant Science Soil and Crop Sciences at Cornell University.
Sun is originally from Yangquan. She is a 2008 graduate of Beijing Normal University, and completed a doctorate at the University of Texas at Austin in 2013. Her doctoral dissertation, Role of Mesophyll CO2 Diffusion and Large-Scale Disturbances in the Interactions between Climate and Carbon Cycles, was supervised by Robert E. Dickinson. She was a postdoctoral researcher, jointly between the University of Texas and with Christian Frankenberg at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, before taking her present faculty position at Cornell in 2016.
In 2024, Sun's research group developed a remote sensing method to assess and predict crop yield by measuring the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). This approach using satellite data is cost-effective and has the potential to inform policy making, crop insurance, and poverty forecasting.
References
External links
Sun Lab at Cornell
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Yangquan
Chinese climatologists
Chinese women scientists
American climatologists
American women scientists
Women climatologists
Environmental scientists
Beijing Normal University alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Cornell University faculty | Ying Sun (environmental scientist) | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 280 | [
"American environmental scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
74,872,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury | Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.
Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Taxonomic range
Animals
Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure, but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including drowning, burns, and poisoning. Such damage may result from attempted predation, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors.
Injury prompts an inflammatory response in animals of many different phyla; this prompts coagulation of the blood or body fluid, followed by wound healing, which may be rapid, as in the cnidaria. Arthropods are able to repair injuries to the cuticle that forms their exoskeleton to some extent.
Animals in several phyla, including annelids, arthropods, cnidaria, molluscs, nematodes, and vertebrates are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to fight off infection following an injury.
Humans
Injury in humans has been studied extensively for its importance in medicine. Much of medical practice, including emergency medicine and pain management, is dedicated to the treatment of injuries. The World Health Organization has developed a classification of injuries in humans by categories including mechanism, objects/substances producing injury, place of occurrence, activity when injured and the role of human intent. In addition to physical harm, injuries can cause psychological harm, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
Plants
In plants, injuries result from the eating of plant parts by herbivorous animals including insects and mammals, from damage to tissues by plant pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways, and from abiotic factors such as heat, freezing, flooding, lightning, and pollutants such as ozone. Plants respond to injury by signalling that damage has occurred, by secreting materials to seal off the damaged area, by producing antimicrobial chemicals, and in woody plants by regrowing over wounds.
Cell injury
Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused.
References
Biological concepts | Injury | [
"Biology"
] | 688 | [
"nan",
"Physiology"
] |
74,876,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComfortJet | ComfortJet is a high-speed push-pull train which is being built by Siemens Mobility and Škoda Transportation for the Czech train operator České dráhy and it is planned to start operations from summer 2024. Based on the Railjet, Siemens developed its Vectrain train family. It will operate at speeds of up to 230 km/h and will replace old carriages on international EuroCity services between the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary and on domestic InterCity services in the Czech Republic.
History
On April 12, 2021, the Siemens Mobility – Škoda Transportation consortium won the competition for the framework contract for the supply of 180 new express wagons for České dráhy. 20 sets consist of 9 Siemens Viaggio Comfort wagons. In March 2022, České dráhy signed a contract with Siemens Mobility for the purchase of 50 Siemens Vectron MS multi-system electric locomotives, which have a maximum operating speed of 230 km/h. The ComfortJet sets will be powered by these locomotives.
Trainsets
A ComfortJet train set consists of nine individual coaches that are permanently coupled with airtight interconnections. The coach furthest from the locomotive acts as a control car. The number of cars in the train can also be expanded by adding regular carriages.
Routes
Planned services
České dráhy plans to use the new trains on the following routes:
Praha hl. n. - Olomouc hl. n. - Ostrava hl. n. (for testing in 2024)
Praha hl. n. - Ústí nad Labem hl. n. - Dresden Hbf - Berlin Hbf - Hamburg Hbf (- København H)
Praha hl. n. - Brno hl. n. - Wien Hbf - Graz Hbf (- Villach Hbf)
Praha hl. n. - Brno hl. n. - Bratislava hlavná stanica - Budapest Nyugati
See also
List of high-speed trains
Train categories in Europe
References
Siemens Mobility projects
České dráhy
High-speed trains of the Czech Republic | ComfortJet | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 437 | [
"Siemens Mobility projects",
"Transport systems"
] |
74,878,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOCOMOCO | HOCOMOCO
is an open-access database providing curated and benchmarked binding motifs of human and mouse transcription factors. It captures the following data types: Homo sapiens (human) and Mus musculus (mouse) transcription factors, their DNA binding site motifs, and motif subtypes.
Introduction
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind DNA and thus regulate the trasncription process. The binding is sequence-specific. A sequence motif is a model that describes the common pattern of the DNA binding sites that a particular TF prefers to bind. One of the possible representations of the model is the Position-Weight Matrix (PWM).
Organisms
Homo sapiens
Mus musculus
Recognition
According to the Web of Science, the 2018 publication of HOCOMOCO has been cited 396 times (as of January 2024). The publications have been cited 144 and 151 times.
See also
Transcription factor binding site databases
References
Transcription factors
Genetics databases | HOCOMOCO | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 198 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
74,878,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-14968 | SR-14968 is a drug which acts as a biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor, selective for activation of the G-protein signalling pathway over β-arrestin 2 recruitment. It is closely related to other compounds such as brorphine and SR-17018. Similarly to brorphine, SR-14968 shows robust biased agonist activity in vitro, but in animal studies in vivo behaves more like a typical opioid agonist at higher dose ranges, though still with a superior safety profile compared to unbiased agonists such as fentanyl. Compounds of this class are under development as potential analgesic medications with lower risk of overdose and drug dependence compared to traditional opioid drugs.
See also
SR-16435
References
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Ureas
Piperidines
Benzimidazoles
4-Bromophenyl compounds
Chloroarenes | SR-14968 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 194 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Ureas"
] |
74,879,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%20Kwo-ray | Chu Kwo-ray (; born 10 October 1942) is a Taiwanese plasma physicist.
Life and career
Chu was born on 10 October 1942. He pursued a Bachelor of Science degree from National Taiwan University, graduating in 1965. He then obtained a master's of science in the same subject at the University of Massachusetts in 1968. He completed a doctorate in applied physics at Cornell University in 1973.
Chu subsequently worked for the Science Applications International Corporation until 1978, when he joined the United States Naval Research Laboratory. He returned to Taiwan in September 1983 to accept a professorship within the physics department at National Tsing Hua University. In 2010, Kuo became a distinguished chair professor of the National Taiwan University Department of Physics.
Chu's honors and awards include election as fellow of the American Physical Society in 1983, and IEEE in 1997, membership within Academia Sinica in 2002, and receiving a in 2003.
References
20th-century Taiwanese physicists
Living people
1942 births
21st-century Taiwanese physicists
Plasma physicists
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
National Taiwan University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences alumni
Members of Academia Sinica
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Academic staff of the National Tsing Hua University | Chu Kwo-ray | [
"Physics"
] | 248 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
73,501,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoni | Ayoni is non-vaginal sex in Hindu culture. The concept of ayoni is broad and can include oral, anal, and manual sex, intercourse with other animals, and forms of masturbation.
Hindu law books tend to prohibit ayoni, but epic narratives and Puranas, on the contrary, describes the birth of heroic children or even gods from this kind of sex. Sometimes such a contradiction can be found even within the same text, such as in the Mahabharata. Thus, ayoni is presented either as impure or as sacred. This inconsistency can be explained by the fact that normally taboo practices can be sanctified by ritual contexts.
Etymology
Since yoni is the vagina, the literal meaning of the term ayoni is "non-vagina".
Mythology
In the sacred texts, ayoni is responsible for the birth of many gods and heroes. Among them are both the Gurus of the Mahabharata, Dronacharya and Kripacharya. There is also a legend that Ayyappa was born of two men as a result of ayoni. The Hindu god of war Kartikeya was born under circumstances when Shiva was interrupted during coitus with his wife, Parvati, and ejaculated into the flames, i.e. into the hand of the god of fire Agni (according to another version, into his mouth).
History
One of the earliest prohibitions on ayoni is found in the Manusmriti (the Laws of Manu).
The penalties for ayoni are very lenient when compared to other sexual offenes, such as adultery. The Arthashastra prescribes that the ayoni be punished with a small fine (IV.XIII: 236). The Laws of Manu also prescribe a minor fine or in some cases even just taking a bath (XII, 175; XIII, 236).
During the British Rule in the Indian subcontinent, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (1860) prohibited sex "against the nature and order".
On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Section 377 is unconstitutional as it infringed on the fundamental rights of autonomy, identity, and intimacy, thus legalizing homosexuality in India.
Kama Sutra
Vatsyayana's Kama Sutra, while not denying the existence of the prohibition, considers its violation permissible, detailing oral sex (auparishtaka) and other forms of ayoni.
Sodomy and ayoni
Although ayoni, like Western sodomy, describe similar various types of sex commonly regarded as reprehensible, there are significant differences between the concepts:
In the Abrahamic religions, sodomy is understood to be a terrible sin that deserves serious punishment. In Hindu law, however, ayoni remained a rather minor offense.
Western sodomy was not talked about out loud and its mention in literature and art was restricted. In Hinduism, there was no such prohibition against mentioning ayoni.
In Western countries, sodomy was legally forbidden for centuries. Punishments varied up to the capital punishment. In the case of ayoni, such extreme measures were never taken.
See also
Anti-sodomy laws
Auparishtaka
LGBT history in India
LGBT themes in Hindu mythology
Religion and sexuality
References
Sexology
Sexual acts
LGBTQ history
Sex crimes
Sexuality and religion
Hindu culture | Ayoni | [
"Biology"
] | 705 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexual acts",
"Sexology",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Sexuality",
"Mating"
] |
73,501,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20singularity | A legal singularity is a hypothetical future point in time beyond which the law is much more completely specified, with human lawmakers and other legal actors being supported by rapid technological advancements and artificial intelligence (AI), leading to a vast reduction in legal uncertainty.
The legal singularity is based on the idea that as AI systems become more advanced, they will be capable of processing and analyzing vast amounts of legal data and case law more quickly and accurately than humans. This could potentially lead to a situation where AI systems become the primary legal decision-makers, and humans are relegated to a more supervisory role, if any role at all.
There is much debate around whether the legal singularity is possible or desirable among legal scholars, ethicists, and AI researchers. While some see it as a potential way to improve legal efficiency and reduce bias, others are concerned about the potential for AI systems to lead to decisions that violate fundamental human rights or perpetuate existing inequalities.
References
Hypothetical technology
Applications of artificial intelligence
Singularitarianism
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Legal singularity | [
"Technology"
] | 219 | [
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence"
] |
73,502,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20restoration | Marine restoration involves actions taken to restore the marine environment to its state prior to anthropogenic damage. This is particularly disastrous given that the ocean takes up the largest part of our planet and serves as the home to many organisms, including the algae that provides most. The ocean is currently suffering from the impacts of human damage including pollution, acidification, species loss, and more. This could prove particularly catastrophic given that the ocean takes up the largest part of the planet and serves as the home to many organisms, including the algae that provides around half of the oxygen on Earth. Efforts have been made by various agencies to help alleviate these issues.
Methods
Carbon dioxide removal
The ocean has long helped get rid of excess carbon on Earth with its role in the Carbon cycle. However, the excess emissions and warming temperature as the result of climate change may change the ocean's ability to cycle carbon as efficiently. This has made it necessary to augment natural processes to increase the natural amount of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Electrochemical approaches remain the most popular. Current methods involve applying voltage to a membrane stack to split the stream of water. A team of professors from MIT have hypothesized ways to make the methods cheaper and more efficient. Efforts to improve carbon capture naturally by means of preserving the seagrass meadows have been enacted by various British conservation efforts.
Coral restoration
Coral reefs provide a vital part of the ocean ecosystem, serving as the habitat to many species and protection for the coastline from erosion and storms. At this time, thirty to fifty percent of Earth's coral reefs have already been lost . Coral has been threatened by pollution, overfishing, and unsafe fishing techniques. Methods to restore coral reefs have involved the gardening and transplanting of coral developed at different sites to locations previously inhabited by coral, as well as the use of green engineering methods to help the coral become more suited to the changing environment.
Mangrove regrowth
Mangrove forests, like coral reefs, are essential for protecting the coastlines and providing a habitat for various aqueous creatures . They too have been severely threatened, mostly for wood harvesting and fish farms. Wetland scientist Robin Lewis has spent the past few decades restoring mangrove forests. Previously, attempts to restore mangrove environments were made by replanting mangrove seedlings grown elsewhere, but this proved to be ineffective. Lewis took to moving dirt and relying on tide systems, which proved more effective . There are currently multiple mangrove restoration organizations across the world to help protect biodiversity.
Removing pollutants
Plastic, oil, and other pollutants have detrimental impacts on marine environments. As a result, various organizations have developed technology to physically remove pollutants. There has been some criticism of clean-up methods, such as The Ocean Cleanup, over concerns that the methods, similar to fish trawling, may harm marine life and do not understand the nature of plastic pollution in the ocean. At this point, the more effective method of combating ocean pollution is keeping it from reaching the ocean to begin with through waste management and legislation to prevent further pollution . Some research has shown that certain bacteria could naturally consume plastics, but more studies are needed.
Legislation
In order to enforce protection to the marine environment, various pieces of legislation have been passed. The Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed in the US Congress in 1972 to protect national waters. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) created The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities to protect marine ecosystems. They also passed the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships in 1973 to prevent ship-based pollution to the ocean. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was updated from its original intention of the Law of the Sea to include protecting wildlife and marine ecoystems, which was agreed upon by countries from all inhabited continents. Various cities, states, and countries have placed bans on single use plastic with marine protection often cited as a primary reason. The Break Free From Plastic Act reached the US Senate in 2021 and is still being decided.
Organizations
Ocean Visions
Running Tide
Oceana
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Coral Restoration Foundation
Oceanic Preservation Society
See also
Climate restoration
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Ecological restoration | Marine restoration | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 864 | [
"Ecological restoration",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
73,504,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest%20now%2C%20decrypt%20later | Harvest now, decrypt later, also known as store now, decrypt later, steal now decrypt later or retrospective decryption, is a surveillance strategy that relies on the acquisition and long-term storage of currently unreadable encrypted data awaiting possible breakthroughs in decryption technology that would render it readable in the future - a hypothetical date referred to as Y2Q (a reference to Y2K) or Q-Day.
The most common concern is the prospect of developments in quantum computing which would allow current strong encryption algorithms to be broken at some time in the future, making it possible to decrypt any stored material that had been encrypted using those algorithms. However, the improvement in decryption technology need not be due to a quantum-cryptographic advance; any other form of attack capable of enabling decryption would be sufficient.
The existence of this strategy has led to concerns about the need to urgently deploy post-quantum cryptography, even though no practical quantum attacks yet exist, as some data stored now may still remain sensitive even decades into the future. , the U.S. federal government has proposed a roadmap for organizations to start migrating toward quantum-cryptography-resistant algorithms to mitigate these threats.
References
See also
Communications interception (disambiguation)
Indiscriminate monitoring
Mass surveillance
Perfect forward secrecy
Cryptography
Espionage techniques
Mass surveillance
Computer data storage
Privacy | Harvest now, decrypt later | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 295 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
73,504,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20in%20the%20NBA | The issue of sleeping is of considerable importance and note in regard to the National Basketball Association (NBA). Traveling and packed game schedules are among aspects of the NBA calendar that affect the sleep of NBA personnel. Due to these and other factors, sleep deprivation has become a prevalent issue affecting player performance.
To help combat sleep deprivation, NBA organizations have employed scientists or doctors specializing in sleep or sleep medicine on their staffs.
History of sleep deprivation in the NBA
NBA players have long cited having issues sleeping or suffering from sleep deprivation. Aspects contributing to sleep deprivation include frequent travel across multiple time zones throughout a season, as well as constant circadian rhythm disruption. The issue has been noted to affect both in-game performances and mobility, as well as player recovery and mindset. The attitudes of players and organizations around the league, in regard to sleeping have changed over time. Starting in the late 2000s, NBA teams began to pay more attention to their players' sleeping habits.
According to a 2009 report by The Atlantic, players and coaches seldom slept for more than two or three hours at a time in between back-to-back games. During travel, both players and coaches were asked to sleep on the plane, the report stated. That year, NBA journalist Howard Beck wrote:
The typical night game ends at about 10 p.m. By the time players shower, dress and speak with the news media, it is close to 11 p.m. They are usually famished, so everyone eats a late dinner. Even the most conservative players—those who do not frequent nightclubs—will not get to sleep until at least 2 a.m. If the team is traveling, players may not reach their hotel until 3 a.m. For a shoot-around or practice that starts at 10 a.m., players have to arrive as early as 9 a.m. to lift weights, receive treatment or be taped.
Kobe Bryant stated in a 2014 interview that he used to "get by on three or four hours a night", before increasing the amount to between six and eight. By 2015, teams were still dealing with packed schedules, having to sometimes play four games in five nights or six in nine, respectively. These schedules often were cited as detrimental to players' energy and sleeping. LeBron James opined that sleep is the "most important" factor in player recovery but added that an NBA player's schedule makes it difficult to attain such sleep.
During the 2017–18 season, then-Charlotte Hornets head coach Steve Clifford was told by a doctor that the major headaches he was suffering were due to sleep deprivation. Clifford had routinely slept four or five hours per night before waking up and working throughout his career. Later in 2018, Jake Fischer of Sports Illustrated wrote that scientific data showing the effects of sleep deprivation on players of sports came to the forefront of team personnel's attention, leading to a greater focus on players' sleep and overall well-being that year. Also in 2018, a study by Lauren Hale of Stony Brook University showed that late-night use of Twitter had effects on players' performances during the day, with shooting accuracy, ability to rebound, and number of points scored negatively affected.
Despite greater importance placed on helping players receive better sleep, the issue of sleep deprivation persisted. Hassan Whiteside, then with the Miami Heat, stated "it's impossible" to get a good night of sleep within the NBA schedule. A 2019 ESPN report cited five NBA athletic training staff members who separately noted that players netted an average six hours of sleep per 24 hours, this figure combining nightly sleep and pregame naps. Ahead of the 2019–20 season, one NBA general manager anonymously told the outlet that the NBA community has "a large population of vampires", adding that traveling logistics compounded the issue.
The NBA officially commented on the issue, maintaining that player health and wellness was a main priority for the league and stating "significant game schedule changes, an investment in a new airline charter program, a focus on mental health and wellness, and the advancement of wearable technology. ... Sleep is an area we look at closely as part of this effort." The importance emphasized on sleeping in the late 2010s came during a time when NBA coaches also began to place higher amounts of care on other off-court aspects of a player's routine. By 2019, the NBA Coaches Association had hired specialists to offer guidance to players on forming healthy habits, encompassing sleep, mental health, diet and exercise.
Sleep science in the NBA
By 2009, increasing interest in sleep science and the understanding that recovery time for players was important inspired then-Boston Celtics head coach Doc Rivers to eliminate the morning shoot-around from his players' game-day routine. The Spurs and Portland Trail Blazers also dropped the routine, while the New York Knicks only practiced it during road games. 2009 also marked when Charles Czeisler, the director of the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, began working with the Portland Trail Blazers. Czeisler became known as the "Sleep Doctor" in NBA circles.
During the 2009–10 season, the Spurs invited a sleep specialist from Stanford University to teach them how to optimize players' rest. As part of a trial run, the team decided to shift their practice schedule from mornings to afternoons, with the expectation that players would have more time to sleep in the morning. The aim was to provide players with a continuous sleep time of 8 to 10 hours. After the trial, the Spurs reverted to morning practices. The Spurs organization would, however, continue efforts to help players with their sleeping habits; each season, the team provides wristbands to its players that track their sleeping habits and send them their personal sleep data.
Cheri Mah was also noted by media outlets to assist NBA players with their sleeping. A physician scientist at the University of California, Mah has assisted Stephen Curry with his sleeping habits.
In the 2016–17 season, the Orlando Magic staff began using mobile polysomnographs and wearable devices to measure players' sleep across the season. By the end of the season, they noticed players were obtaining minimal or no restorative REM sleep.
By 2019, many teams had begun hiring so-called sleep coaches to their staffs. Then–Celtics coach Brad Stevens noted that the team speaks "with each player on their roster about maximizing their sleep and planning their routines." Teams also began using technology to help players focus on their sleep, such as a sleep tracking device placed underneath the mattress. However, Chip Schafer, the Chicago Bulls' director of performance health, noted that players' compliance was an issue with the technology.
Effect on player habits
Players' sleep schedules are extremely programmed. Many NBA players have cited mid-day naps on game days as being critical or vital. In 2011, Adam Silver, then the NBA's deputy commissioner, stated "Everyone in the league office knows not to call players at 3 p.m. It's the player nap." The length of naps varies from player-to-player. NBA guard Ty Lawson noted that he sleeps five hours during the night and then takes a three-hour nap during the daytime. Denver Nuggets guard Jamal Murray has stated that while in the NBA bubble, he slept for five hours following shoot-around, and regularly sleeps for two hours prior to games. Murray's teammate, Nikola Jokić sleeps for eight hours at night, though his status as a "non-napper" is considered rare in the NBA. Those players who do routinely employ scheduled naps have been noted to become irritable when their naps are interrupted.
In 2016, Ken Berger of CBS Sports wrote that NBA trainers, coaches, and owners had only then began realizing the devastating impact poor sleep habits can have on a player's longevity and injury rates, as well as an organization's financial bottom line. Some players, such as Danny Green and Rajon Rondo, have noted that early afternoon games disrupt their napping schedules.
Wanting to minimize the effects of travel on his sleeping patterns, NBA forward Tobias Harris was noted by ESPN to travel with an electroencephalogram (EEG) machine. Though having an efficacy debated by medical experts, Harris uses the EEG machine in order to engage in neurofeedback, believing that his daily 45-minute training sessions provide him with data to combat against fatigue. Some players ensure their sleeping is directly preceded by entering amply prepared environments, with LeBron James and Jimmy Butler being cited examples. James has been noted to employ a specific sleeping routine while playing on the road: in hotel rooms, James sets the temperature to between and , shuts off nearby electronics 30 to 45 minutes before settling into bed, and uses the meditation app Calm to play back a field recording of rain falling on leaves in order to soothe him to sleep. Meanwhile, Butler targets nine hours of sleep, beginning at 7 p.m., which he prepares for by drinking herbal tea three hours earlier, avoiding all screen use, and using a cold air diffuser.
See also
Concussions in American football
Sleep debt
References
Further reading
History of basketball
National Basketball Association
Occupational safety and health
NBA | Sleep in the NBA | [
"Biology"
] | 1,864 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation"
] |
73,505,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20arthropod%20cuticle | This is a glossary of terms used in the description of arthropod cuticle, including that of insects such as ants. For reasons still under investigation, these animals can have surface textures spanning and combining cracks, excavations, imbrications, mealiness, punctures, reticulations, roughness, scratches, spots, wrinkles, and more (generically, 'sculpturing' or 'microsculpture'). As such, hundreds of technical terms have been adapted for use in description of individual specimens from which taxa are defined.
A
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
See also
References
External links
Antkey glossary
PIAkey glossary
arthropod anatomy
Ants
myrmecology
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | Glossary of arthropod cuticle | [
"Biology"
] | 166 | [
"Glossaries of zoology",
"Glossaries of biology"
] |
73,505,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IW%20Andromedae | IW Andromedae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda, abbreviated IW And. It is the prototype of a class of variable stars known as IW And variables, which is an anomalous sub-class of the Z Camelopardalis (Z Cam) variables. The brightness of this system ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 13.7 down to 17.3, which requires a telescope to view. The system is located at a distance of approximately 2,860 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements.
The irregular variability of this star was discovered by L. Meinunger in 1975. The spectra was found to resemble a blue–hued OB star with some peculiarities. It is a confirmed cataclysmic variable (CV) but its properties differ markedly from other sub-classes of that type. The photometric behavior of the star is dissimilar to that of a dwarf or polar nova as it shows rapid brightening of up to three magnitudes in periods of around a day, but stays in a low excitement state about 72% of the time. Evidence for weak emission of the hydrogen–alpha line was discovered by W. Liu and associates in 1999.
This is a close binary system with an orbital period of . The primary component is a white dwarf star with 75% of the mass of the Sun. The secondary component has 27% of the Sun's mass and is overflowing its Roche lobe, resulting in mass transfer to an accretion disk orbiting the primary. The accretion rate for the primary is ·yr−1.
T. Kato and associates in 2003 found the light curve matched a Z Cam variable, with the previously observed inactive states being caused by a characteristic standstill. The duty cycle of its standstill is unusually long for a variable of this class. Outbursts during these standstills may be explained by flares on the secondary, which result in brief surges in mass transfer.
Other variables displaying IW And–type behavior have since been discovered, including HO Puppis, BC Cassiopeiae, IM Eridani, V507 Cygni, and FY Vulpecula.
References
Dwarf novae
Andromeda (constellation)
Andromedae, IW | IW Andromedae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 470 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
73,505,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutanecarboxylic%20acid | Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid is the organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless nonvolatile liquid. It can be prepared by decarboxylation of 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid. Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid is an intermediate in organic synthesis. For example, it is a precursor to cyclobutylamine.
References
Cyclobutanes
Carboxylic acids | Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,506,123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericity%20%28graph%20theory%29 | In graph theory, the sphericity of a graph is a graph invariant defined to be the smallest dimension of Euclidean space required to realize the graph as an intersection graph of unit spheres. The sphericity of a graph is a generalization of the boxicity and cubicity invariants defined by F.S. Roberts in the late 1960s. The concept of sphericity was first introduced by Hiroshi Maehara in the early 1980s.
Definition
Let be a graph. Then the sphericity of , denoted by , is the smallest integer such that can be realized as an intersection graph of unit spheres in -dimensional Euclidean space .
Sphericity can also be defined using the language of space graphs as follows. For a finite set of points in some -dimensional Euclidean space, a space graph is built by connecting pairs of points with a line segment when their Euclidean distance is less than some specified constant. Then the sphericity of a graph is the minimum such that is isomorphic to a space graph in .
Graphs of sphericity 1 are known as interval graphs or indifference graphs. Graphs of sphericity 2 are known as unit disk graphs.
Bounds
The sphericity of certain graph classes can be computed exactly. The following sphericities were given by Maehara on page 56 of his original paper on the topic.
The most general known upper bound on sphericity is as follows. Assuming the graph is not complete, then where is the clique number of and denotes the number of vertices of
References
Graph theory
Discrete mathematics
Geometric graph theory | Sphericity (graph theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 322 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Geometric graph theory"
] |
73,506,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubicity | In graph theory, cubicity is a graph invariant defined to be the smallest dimension such that a graph can be realized as an intersection graph of unit cubes in Euclidean space. Cubicity was introduced by Fred S. Roberts in 1969 along with a related invariant called boxicity that considers the smallest dimension needed to represent a graph as an intersection graph of axis-parallel rectangles in Euclidean space.
Definition
Let be a graph. Then the cubicity of , denoted by , is the smallest integer such that can be realized as an intersection graph of axis-parallel unit cubes in -dimensional Euclidean space.
The cubicity of a graph is closely related to the boxicity of a graph, denoted . The definition of boxicity is essentially the same as cubicity, except in terms of using axis-parallel rectangles instead of cubes. Since a cube is a special case of a rectangle, the cubicity of a graph is always an upper bound for the boxicity of a graph. In the other direction, it can be shown that for any graph on vertices, the inequality , where is the ceiling function, i.e., the smallest integer greater than or equal to .
References
Graph theory
Discrete mathematics
Geometric graph theory | Cubicity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Geometric graph theory"
] |
73,507,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn%3A%20The%20Misunderstood%20Science%20of%20Metabolism | Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism is a 2022 book written by Herman Pontzer in which he discusses metabolism, human health and use of energy in the human body. The book examines research and proposes a constrained approach to total energy expenditure.
References
2022 non-fiction books
Metabolism | Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 58 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
73,507,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Carpio | Ana María Carpio Rodríguez is a Spanish applied mathematician whose research has included inverse problems, the propagation of dislocations in crystals, fluid dynamics, reaction–diffusion systems, and cancer metastasis. She is a professor of applied mathematics at the Complutense University of Madrid.
Education and career
Carpio studied mathematics and numerical analysis at the University of the Basque Country, earning bachelor's and master's degrees in 1988. Next, she went to Pierre and Marie Curie University in France, where she earned a Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies in 1989. She continued there for a Ph.D. in 1993, directed by Alain Haraux. Her doctoral dissertation there was Etude de quelques problèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles nonlinéaires, and concerned partial differential equations. In the same year, the Complutense University of Madrid recognized her with a Ph.D., for the same dissertation (in Spanish), listing Enrique Zuazua as her advisor. She completed a Spanish habilitation in 2004.
She was appointed as an assistant professor at the Complutense University of Madrid in 1992, associate professor in 1994, and full professor in 2006. From 1996 to 1997 she traveled to the University of Oxford for postdoctoral research at the Oxford Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Since 2007 she has also been affiliated with the Gregorio Millán Barbany University Institute for Modelling and Simulation in Fluodynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics of Charles III University of Madrid.
Recognition
Carpio was the inaugural winner of the SEMA Young Researcher Award of the Spanish Society of Applied Mathematics, in 1998.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Spanish mathematicians
Spanish women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
University of the Basque Country alumni | Ana Carpio | [
"Mathematics"
] | 371 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
73,508,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal%20gold%20protein%20assay | The colloidal gold protein assay is a highly sensitive biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (~0.1 ng/μL to 200 ng/μL). It was first described in 1987 by two groups who used commercially available "Aurodye" colloidal gold solutions. Notably, the formulation of Aurodye changed between 1987 and 1990 such that it became incompatible with protein assays, however vendors such as Bio-Rad & Diversified Biotech starting offering colloidal gold formulations that were suitable for protein assays. These products have since been discontinued and there are no vendors that currently explicitly sell colloidal gold for the assay, however detailed synthetic procedures were published to produce the ~17-40 nm gold nanoparticles that are suitable for the assay, along with modifications to increase the shelf stability of the colloidal gold & adapt the assay to microplate format & increase its sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles in the ~17-40 nm size range that are presumably compatible with the assay are currently commercially available.
Mechanism
The total protein concentration is readout by an increase in absorbance at 565 nm, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques, including using microplate readers. Most common reagents, except thiols and SDS, are compatible with the assay. An optimized formulation for the assay to maximize sensitivity in microplate format was described.
Comparison to other assays
While the colloidal gold assay is the most sensitive in-solution colorimetric protein assay, it may be equally sensitive or surpassed in sensitivity by fluorescent protein assays such as the CBQCA, FQ, NanoOrange, Quant-iT, and EZQ assays.
See also
Colloidal gold
Bradford assay
BCA assay
References
Biochemistry methods
Chemical tests | Colloidal gold protein assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 387 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical tests"
] |
73,509,826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20de%20Kleer | Johan de Kleer is a computer scientist working as a Research Fellow at Xerox PARC.
Education
De Kleer earned a Bachelor of Science in computer science and mathematics from University of British Columbia, and Master of Science in computer science and electrical engineering and PhD in artificial intelligence from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Career
De Kleer is known for his work on qualitative reasoning, model-based diagnosis, design and truth maintenance systems. He won the Computers and Thought award from IJCAI in 1987 for his work in qualitative reasoning. He is a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and the Association for Computing Machinery.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
University of British Columbia alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence | Johan de Kleer | [
"Technology"
] | 183 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer scientists"
] |
73,510,470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered%20CAR%20T%20cell%20delivery | Engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell delivery is the methodology by which clinicians introduce the cancer-targeting therapeutic system of the CAR-T cell to the human body. CAR-T cells, which utilizes genetic modification of human T-cells to contain antigen binding sequences in addition to the receptor systems CD4 or CD8, are useful in direct targeting and elimination of cancer cells through cytotoxicity.
CAR-T cell delivery involves many varying modalities for implementation, spurring innovative biomedical research to address these modalities. These delivery mechanisms serve to address the limitations of CAR-T cells in translational experimentation and clinical trials, including shelf-life, off-target effects, and tumor infiltration. As of April 2023, six CAR-T cell therapies are clinically approved by the FDA, all of which target hematologic (blood-based) cancers, including multiple myeloma and B-cell leukemias. Novel engineered compound-based delivery methods, some of which are in clinical trials, aim to address limitations related to CAR-T cell delivery with the focus to target non-blood based cancers.
Systemic and intravenous delivery
The classic method of administration of CAR-T cells to cancers within the human body is through intravenous (IV) central line infusion. This infusion allows the CAR-T cells to enter the body’s cardiovascular system, entering the circulation (systemically) amongst developing hematologic cancers. This facilitates the final step in generation and implementation of both autologous and allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy. While this delivery method is reliable for hematologic cancers, as demonstrated by successful clinical trials and FDA regulation, systemic delivery may result in an increase in autoimmune overload, leading to toxic disorders such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Discrimination between healthy and malignant cancer cells may additionally result in aplasia, or extremely low or absent amounts of healthy blood cells. Thus, clinically recommended dosage amounts are in place for current CAR-T cell therapies. Current methods exploring ways to improve such complications have been introduced recently by researchers, including “off-switches” to turn off CAR-T cells after initial therapies and further genetic modification to avoid immune rejection. While systemic delivery is important for targeting hematologic cancers, it remains inefficient at targeting solid, or non-circulatory, cancerous tumors. Therefore, regional, or localized targeting strategies utilizing CAR-T cells have arisen in pre-clinical research.
Localized delivery mechanisms
Solid tumors, which typically take the form of neoplasms in epithelial cells or in bones, tissue, or adipose (fat), are different than hematologic cancers in that they form a mass of cells, thereby maintaining multiple layers of protection. Because CAR-T cells attack cancerous cells at a surface level, this leaves the CAR-T cells vulnerable to cancerous cell resistance, which renders the CAR-T cell inefficient. In recent years, cellular and genetic engineering methods have been explored by researchers to overcome layered protection of solid tumors, in addition to other challenges that have been presented in the advent of CAR-T cell delivery such as in-situ editing and manufacturing, negative immune responses, and biocompatibility of delivery structures. Some of the methodologies used to suspend and deliver CAR-T cells include hydrogel and polymeric gel-based delivery systems, thin polymeric films, and microneedle patches. Most of these devices, currently still in the pre-clinical phase, are intended to be injected or surgically inserted directly into the solid tumor mass. While initial clinical trials have been unsuccessful due to relatively inefficient delivery as compared to direct injection and high immunosuppression, recent research has shown promise in overcoming these barriers.
Gel-based delivery
Gel-based delivery of CAR-T cells involves implantation or injection of a hydrogel or polymer gel into the target solid tumor. These gels suspend CAR-T cells in various ways through manipulation of cell-specific chemistry or by fixing the cells in a polymeric matrix. One strength of gel-based delivery is that these systems are functionally biodegradable, so once the CAR-T cells have been administered, the depot does not stay in the body, reducing immunosuppressive conditions or tumor resistance.
One of the earliest examples of this methodology developed by Luo et al. in 2020 consisted of a layered hydrogel microchip that facilitated CAR-T survival from immunosuppressive elements of the tumor system which could be injected into the tumor. In addition, this system was able to take advantage of the hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions of the tumor by additionally containing oxygen-releasing agents that when released with interleukin-15 (IL-15) cytokines could cause tumor cell death.
Two recent examples utilizing gel-based delivery towards specific cancers include targeted fibrin gel-based delivery to glioblastoma and modified CAR-T cell hydrogel complexes to retinoblastoma. In the glioblastoma-targeting system, Ogunnaike et al. used CAR-T cells loaded in a fibrin matrix, which undergoes in-situ polymerization upon mixture of fibrinogen and thrombin (as part of the coagulation cascade). In addition, the CAR-T cells were modified to target the B7-H3 antigen, present on some forms of cancer including glioblastoma. In the retinoblastoma-targeting system, Wang et al. fabricated CAR-T cells specific to the GD2 ganglioside, specific to retinoblastoma, and suspended them into an IL-15/chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel suspension, effectively targeting the tumor via injection.
Additionally, researchers have developed hydrogel-based systems that limit further growth and proliferation of tumors, such as the hyaluronic acid hydrogel system developed by Hu et al. This system, which targets melanoma through targeting the CSPG4 antigen, was shown to slowly but efficiently release IL-15 and CAR-T cells from a cross-linked hyaluronic acid matrix and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle suspension intratumorally. In addition, the system utilized anti-PDL1 antibody delivery, increasing platelet release of programmed cell death molecules onto the tumors, killing them.
Sustained delivery and long-term retention of CAR-T cells through hydrogel systems has also been developed, as shown by Grosskopf et al., to address controlled release of CAR-T cells onto tumors. In this system, the researchers crosslinked a combination of dodecyl-modified hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-C12) and PEG-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles to form the hydrogel, then mixed CAR-T cells and IL-15 into the matrix. The sustained release profiles showed promise in tumor suppression treatments due to the slow release duration profiles.
Codelivery of CAR-T cells with other agonists, such as stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), remain a popular new method of administration of CAR-T cells to solid tumors. Smith et al. developed a silica nanoparticle based coating conjugated with lipid film to suspend CAR-T cells and select antibodies onto an alginate polymer scaffold. This system was tested in mouse pancreatic cancer and melanoma models, and showed expansion of CAR-T cells at the tumor site, increasing the therapeutic efficiency.
There are still challenges with these delivery systems, however, as they have limitations on CAR-T cell suspension amounts, host-specific immunogenic responses, and have been performed primarily in mouse models. Regardless, hydrogel-based CAR-T delivery systems have shown promise in translational experimentations towards solid tumor targeting.
Thin Film Delivery
Thin-film targeting has emerged as an alternative method of CAR-T cell delivery to solid tumors, utilizing metal-based microfilms made of nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium, a composite commonly used in stents. One such example using these nitinol scaffolds was developed by Coon et al., whereby the researchers suspended CAR-T cells into pores laden throughout the film, combined with fibrin. Upon implantation, the CAR-T cells would release from the film, but remain within the site of the tumor due to engineered antibody attraction of the film. This caused increased localization and duration of CAR-T therapy to the tumor site as compared to intravenous or local injection of CAR-T cells.
Microneedle Delivery
Microneedle patches have been used previously as a minimally-invasive, distributive system to release drugs across certain body systems, most notably on the skin. Microneedles patches have been used recently as a method of CAR-T cell release to solid tumor cancers such as melanoma and pancreatic cancer. Using a porous PLGA microneedle-shaped scaffold, Li et al. developed a system to suspend and release CAR-T cells. An advantage of this method is that the patch could be inserted on the surface of the tumor, allowing for surface-targeting of CAR-T cells upon release. Additionally, the needles would penetrate into the solid tumor, allowing for a distribution of CAR-T cells release along the interior axis of the tumor.
In-situ generation of CAR-T cells
Production of CAR-T cells involve removal of T cells via an extraction process known as leukapheresis, followed by cell culture with viral vectors containing ingredients needed to construct the chimeric system. These methodologies, while important, have been shown to be expensive and time-consuming. Recent advances in research have introduced “scaffold factories” to program, produce, and release autologous CAR-T cells into the body after implantation. These “scaffold factories” have shown to function in targeting hematologic cancers and show promise in future research to target solid tumors.
One method of in-situ generation involves the injection of lentiviral vectors, containing genetic information relating to targeting of CD4 antigens directly to lymphocytes in conjugation with the CAR gene, allowing for the construction of this system within the body, as shown by Agarwal et al. Another method of in-situ generation involves the manufacture polymeric nanocarriers to carry genes involved in the development of the CAR-T cell. Smith et al. used poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) particles laden with polyglutamic acid (PGA), nuclear localization signals, and T-cell targeting fragments to deliver CAR genes to T cells for translation into CAR-T cells.
These advances have led to the investigation and development of a novel system for manufacturing CAR-T cells known as Multifunctional Alginate Scaffold for T Cell Engineering and Release (MASTER). These alginate scaffolds, which are highly porous, are embedded with azide, cyclooctyne-conjugated targeting antibodies, CAR-based retroviral vectors, and mononuclear blood cells. The azide and cyclooctyne-conjugated particles undergo a rapid click chemistry reaction, whereby when implanted, alongside introduction of the blood cells, the scaffold will generate CAR-T cells. This system was shown to be long-lasting and biodegradable, factors that are important for long suppression of cancers.
See also
CAR T cell
Cellular adoptive immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy
Bioinstructive material
Cell encapsulation
Drug delivery devices
References | Engineered CAR T cell delivery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,458 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug delivery devices"
] |
73,510,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium%28IV%29%20fluoride | Ruthenium(IV) fluoride is a binary inorganic compound of ruthenium and fluorine with the formula .
Synthesis
The compound was first prepared in 1963 by Holloway and Peacock, who obtained a yellow solid by reducing ruthenium pentafluoride with iodine, using iodine pentafluoride as a solvent.
Subsequent studies have indicated that produced by this way is impure. The pure, pink compound was isolated for the first time in 1992 by reacting with at 20 °C in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, with strict exclusion of water and oxygen. This synthesis exploits the very strong fluoride ion accepting capabilities of the Lewis acid .
Physical properties
in the solid state is polymeric, with a three-dimensional structure of corrugated layers containing octahedra joined by shared fluorine atoms. The crystalline structure is similar to that of vanadium tetrafluoride and is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with lattice constants a = 560.7 pm, b = 494.6 pm, and c =514.3 pm, β = 121.27°.
Ruthenium tetrafluoride is an extremely reactive compound which darkens immediately upon contact with moisture, and reacts violently with water to deposit ruthenium dioxide. The compound can be stored in glass containers, which are, however, attacked if the sample is heated above 280 °C.
References
Fluorides
Ruthenium(IV) compounds | Ruthenium(IV) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 306 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
73,510,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays%20Bank%2C%20Enfield | Barclays Bank, at 20 The Town, Enfield, formerly the London and Provincial Bank, is a Grade II listed building in the London Borough of Enfield. It was designed by William Gillbee Scott in a Flemish Renaissance style and completed in 1897. London and Provincial were taken over by Barclays Bank in 1918.
The interior of the building has been greatly altered since 1897. It received an interior redesign in 1919 and the original double-height banking hall has been reduced to one storey. In the mid-twentieth century a block of offices was built at the rear but those are not listed. In 1967, the world's first automatic teller machine (ATM) was installed on the west side of the building and in 2017, a gold-coloured ATM and plaque were installed to mark the spot.
History
The first bank to open a branch in Enfield was the London and Provincial Bank in 1875. In 1894, they bought the Greyhound Inn and terraced houses on the eastern side of Enfield Market Square, and in 1896 launched an architectural competition for a new building on that site. The London architect William Gillbee Scott was the winner with his designs shown at the Royal Academy and published in The Builder in January 1897. They were for a main bank building and a block of offices in a similar style to the rear but only the main building was built at the time.
The bank was built by Alan Fairhead and Son of Cecil Road, Enfield, and completed in December 1897. It is of red brick in Flemish bond with stone dressings to all storeys which completely cover the ground floor front elevation. The style is Flemish Renaissance. In 1918, the London and Provincial became Barclays Bank.
The interior of the bank has been much changed during its existence with a redesign by Alfred Foster in 1919 at a cost of £4,055 () and other changes including the loss of the original double-height banking hall that has been reduced to one storey. In the mid-twentieth century a single storey block of offices was added at the rear.
The bank was listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England in March 2023, in part for its group value with the adjacent Grade II listed Old Vestry Office. The twentieth-century office extension is not included in the listing. To the rear is the Grade II* listed St Andrew's Church and to its west is the Enfield market square. The bank faces Hatton Walk and various retail buildings on the south side of The Town.
World's first ATM
The world's first cash machine or automatic teller machine, invented by John Shepherd-Barron, was installed on the western side of the building on 27 June 1967 and opened by the actor and Enfield resident Reg Varney, best known for his lead role in the television sitcom On the Buses (1969-1973). The maximum permitted cash withdrawal at the time was £10 (), and customers had to purchase a paper voucher in advance which they inserted into the machine, along with a personal identification number (PIN). The Enfield branch of Barclays was chosen for the installation because it was likely to easily obtain planning permission for the machine, had a good pavement facade, sufficiently high windows, and a clientele that was a good cross-section of banking customers.
In 2017, Barclays installed a gold-coloured ATM and plaque on the site of the original machine to mark the 50th anniversary of the first ATM.
Gallery
References
External links
1897 establishments in England
1897 in London
1967 establishments in England
1967 in London
Automated teller machines
Barclays
Buildings and structures completed in 1897
Enfield, London
First things
Grade II listed banks
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Enfield | Barclays Bank, Enfield | [
"Engineering"
] | 734 | [
"Automation",
"Automated teller machines"
] |
73,511,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpredation | Hyperpredation, also known as hypopredation, is when a generalist predator increases its predation pressure as a result of the introduction of a substitute prey. Hyperpredation has been proven, for instance, in lab settings using two hosts and a parasitoid wasp. Prey that require more handling time than they are worth in terms of nutritional value leads to hyperpredation. In severe circumstances, predators that fed on such prey went extinct. Introduced Eastern cottontails cause an apparent competition with the European hare, as a result this along with the red fox being their main predator causes hyperpredation.
Examples
After the invasion of feral pigs, golden eagles (which had inhabited the islands due to DDT wiping out the more territorial Bald eagle population) began preying heavily on the alien species. Another prey on the islands, the Island fox, nearly went locally extinct due to the predation pressure from the golden eagles. These incidents happened in the California Channel Islands.
Causes
Theoretical research indicates that this increased predation may be sufficient to have a demographic impact on prey populations. The empirical data on hyperpredation that are now available are only applicable to situations where the introduction of a feral prey led to an overexploitation of the local prey. The most common cause of hyperpredation is apparent competition between the native and alien prey.
See also
Predator
Carnivore
Mesopredator
Mutualism (biology)
Interspecific competition
Surplus killing
References
Ecology
Ethology
Predation | Hyperpredation | [
"Biology"
] | 302 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ecology"
] |
73,512,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20Indonesian%20used%20train%20import%20controversy | In 2023, a controversy arose in Indonesia over the import of used Japanese rail units for use in the Commuterline network.
KAI Commuter, intending to import additional used Japanese trains to replace old rolling stock and expand the capacity of the network, failed to secure approval from a number of government bodies such as the Ministry of Industry and the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs. The ministries gave preference to domestically produced, albeit costlier, units by Industri Kereta Api. The importation of used rolling stock were eventually shot down, and KAI instead agreed to import new trainsets while refurbishing old ones.
Background
Since 2000, the Indonesian state-owned railway operator Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) have received or imported secondhand rolling stock from Japan for use in the Greater Jakarta commuter railway network. Starting around 2010, this accelerated and by 2018 KAI (or its subsidiary, KAI Commuter) was operating over 900 used Japanese train cars. For Japanese railway companies, it was often considered more cost-effective to transfer the used train cars than to scrap them locally due to environmental regulations. Additionally, Japan and Indonesia shared the 1,067 mm gauge, which made Japanese trains immediately useable in Indonesia.
These cars were transferred at a relatively low price – according to trade statistics, over a thousand Japanese train cars were sold to Indonesia with a price below ¥10 million (~USD 100,000 each) between 1999 and 2017, while KAI stated in 2023 that it would cost the company Rp 150 billion (~USD 10 million) to import ten used train car sets (100 cars) from Japan. In comparison, KAI stated that locally manufactured trains by Industri Kereta Api (INKA) would cost Rp 4 trillion (USD 270 million) for the purchase of 160 cars. Both KAI and its passengers generally welcomed the Japanese cars such as the Tokyo Metro 6000 series, which arrived in typically good condition and featured air conditioning. Furthermore, as INKA lacked the production capacity to rapidly expand commuter services, KAI under then-CEO Ignasius Jonan opted to import more cars throughout the 2010s.
2023 import
In September 2022, KAI filed for permission to import 348 used Japanese E217 series cars, as it planned to retire a number of older trainsets and expand its capacity in 2023. However, in January 2023, the Ministry of Industry rejected the filing, claiming that INKA was capable of manufacturing the needed train cars. INKA, however, stated that it would only be able to fulfill the production needed by 2025, as it already had production backlogs for the Jabodebek LRT and the Trans-Sulawesi Railway.
Following the industrial ministry's rejection, a review by the (BPKP) further recommended that KAI not import the trains, and proposed that KAI should instead retrofit the 29 trainsets previously intended to be retired. The BPKP's review also considered the present Commuterline capacity to be sufficient, citing overall occupancy while acknowledging overload during peak hours. It further noted that the expected passenger loads in 2023 were lower than the actual passenger numbers recorded in 2019, despite the number of train carriages being slightly higher. The Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs also opposed the import, citing the BPKP recommendation.
On 22 June 2023, the Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment Affairs Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan announced that the import of the used train cars will be cancelled, but instead the government will import three newly manufactured trainsets from Japan. The trainsets are expected to arrive in Indonesia by 2024. KAI set aside Rp 676.8 billion (USD 42 million) to purchase the trainsets. However, this was later changed when KAI Commuter opted to import new trains from China's CRRC Qingdao Sifang instead. Pandjaitan added that this was to avoid violating a number of ministerial regulations, including one from the Ministry of Trade which banned the importation of capital goods exceeding 20 years of age. Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Erick Thohir noted that the import would be done to cover short-term needs, as the recovery in passenger numbers exceeded KAI's projections. KAI also signed a contract with PT INKA for 16 new trainsets, to be delivered gradually between 2025 and 2026.
Reactions
One member of the People's Representative Council, from the Gerindra Party, initially voiced his opposition to the import, but switched his stance after riding a train during rush hour due to public demand. Another legislator, of PDI-P, also opposed the bill and questioned the urgency of the import.
References
2023 controversies
2023 in Indonesia
Train import
Transport controversies
KRL Commuterline | 2023 Indonesian used train import controversy | [
"Physics"
] | 962 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport controversies"
] |
73,512,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium%28III%29%20oxide | Californium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and oxygen with the formula . It is one of the first obtained solid compounds of californium, synthesized in 1958.
Synthesis
The compound can be prepared by burning ionite in air, on which ions of trivalent californium are sorbed, at a temperature of 1400 °C. It can also be obtained by β-decay of berkelium(III) oxide.
Physical properties
Californium(III) oxide forms a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1750 °C and exists in three modifications. The body-centered cubic modification forms a crystal lattice with a = 1083.9 ± 0.4 pm. The transition temperature between body-centered cubic and monoclinic structures is about 1400 °C.
It is insoluble in water.
References
Californium compounds
Oxides | Californium(III) oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 186 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Oxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
73,512,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Coronelli%20Society%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Globes | The International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes () is a non-profit academic organization devoted to the analysis, restoration and comprehensive study of terrestrial and celestial globes and other cosmographical instruments, such as armillary spheres and planetaria, mainly made before 1850.
History
Founded in Vienna in 1952 by the Austrian engineer and private scholar (1884–1962), the Society's name is an hommage to Franciscan friar, cosmographer, cartographer, and publisher Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718). As of 2023, the Society counts around 300 members from academic institutions around the world.
The eponymous Coronelli was not only a renowned producer of large-scale globe pairs, but also the founder of the first geographical society in the world, the Venetian Accademia Cosmografica degli Argonauti.
Activities
Since 1963, it has furthered the study of globe-related topics, including inventorying, restoration and conservation, which have been discussed in dedicated international symposia.
The Society awards two international prizes, The International Coronelli-Society Award for Encouragement of Globestudies, and the Fiorini-Haardt Prize for research into pre-1945 globes and their makers.
Publications
Since its foundation in 1952, the society publishes a journal, Der Globusfreund: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Globenkunde. Since 2002 there is an English-language version with the title Globe Studies.
See also
Early world maps
Gemma Frisius
Globe Museum
References
External links
"A new president for the international coronelli society for the study of globes", a 2001 article on the Society.
Description page at the Union of International Associations.
Globe Museum at the Austrian National Library.
Page at Globes International.
Society's page at the Austrian National Library.
Society's website in German and English.
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Astronomical instruments
Geography journals
Multilingual journals
Historical scientific instruments
History of science journals
History of science and technology
Academic journals established in 1952 | International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 425 | [
"History of science and technology",
"Astronomical instruments"
] |
73,513,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEE-FIM%20Protocol | The SEE-FIM protocol is a pathology dissection protocol for Sectioning and Extensively Examining the Fimbria (SEE-FIM). This protocol is intended to provide for the optimal microscopic examination of the distal fallopian tube (fimbria) to identify either cancerous or precancerous conditions in this organ.
Background
Women with either a strong family history of breast and ovarian cancer or a documented inherited (germline) mutation in a BRCA gene are encouraged to consider risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). The surgery is ideally conducted prior to the time that the risk of developing HGSC became too great to defer the procedure, which was age 35 for women with BRCA1 and 45 for BRCA2 mutations. Removal of both tubes and ovaries has reduced the risk of subsequent HGSC by 85% [see BRCA mutation].
Beginning in 2000, pathologists began to encounter early, often non-invasive HGSCs (serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas or STICs) in the fallopian tubes of women with germ line BRCA mutation who underwent RRSO.
Introduction of the SEE-FIM protocol
Conception
The SEE-FIM protocol was introduced in 2005 and required examining all of the fallopian tube, specifically the sectioning and examination of the distal one-third (infundibulum and fimbria). Early HGSCs of the fallopian tube, once considered rare, were encountered frequently in this portion of the tube once the SEE-FIM protocol was adopted. Based on this information, the distal fallopian tube was cited as an origin for many HGSCs formerly classified as ovarian cancers. The SEE-FIM protocol was adopted by many to identify or exclude these tumors during pathologic examination of the fallopian tubes in risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomies.
Method
The SEE-FIM protocol consists of five steps (See Figure):
The tube is fixed for at least 2 hours in laboratory fixative.
The distal one third is amputated.
The distal one third is sectioned in the longitudinal (sagittal) plane as thinly as possible and submitted for processing.
The remainder of the tube is sectioned in the transverse (cross section) plane every 1-2 millimeters and submitted for processing.
Sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin and are examined by the pathologist with attention to the epithelial cells and the presence of any evidence of a malignancy or precancerous condition.
Acceptance in pathology practice
As of 2018, the SEE-FIM protocol was being used by 85% of academic pathology practices and 65% of private practices in the United States and elsewhere in the World. Routine use of the SEE-FIM protocol has been recommended by the College of American Pathologists and the International Society of Gynecologic Pathologists when processing fallopian tubes in risk reduction surgeries, and cases of ovarian and uterine serous cancer. It is also recommended in the reporting guidelines for gynecologic cancer sponsored by the British Gynecologic Cancer Society. It is also part of routine protocols in academic institutions and was employed to ascertain the frequency of STIC in a large population-based study.
Indications for the Protocol
The primary purpose of the SEE-FIM protocol is to detect small cancers in the fallopian tube that are not visible to the naked eye. It is used most often in the following scenarios.
Prophylactic salpingectomy
In RRSO specimens from healthy women at increased risk for HGSC, the protocol is used to confirm or exclude the presence of an early HGSC (STIC). If a malignancy is discovered there is a significant risk of a later recurrence, computed at 10% and 27% at 5 and 10 years. In contrast, if no abnormality is found the risk is less than 1%.
Opportunistic salpingectomy
This procedure has been introduced to remove the fallopian tubes when convenient after the cessation of childbearing. The protocol is used to exclude occult cancer. A recent study of over 25,000 women who underwent this procedure reported no cases of HGSC in follow-up if no cancer was found.[see Prophylactic salpingectomy].
Surgical excision specimens from women with HGSC
In cases with advanced HGSC, the SEE-FIM protocol provides a detailed assessment of the fallopian tube to determine if the tumor arose in the fallopian tube. If pathologic examination confirmed the presence of HGSC in the tubal epithelium, the tumor would be classified as a primary fallopian tube malignancy. This information is also helpful in ascertaining the extent (or stage) of tumor involvement, which in turn influences choice of therapy.
.
See also
High grade serous carcinoma
BRCA mutation
Fallopian tube cancer
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance
Prophylactic salpingectomy
Abbreviations
BRCA – Breast cancer associated tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2. Inherited (germline) loss of a BRCA gene imposes an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
TP53 – A tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in High grade serous carcinoma.
RRSO – Risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy.
RRS – Risk reduction salpingectomy.
HGSC – Extrauterine high grade serous carcinoma.
STIC – Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, a non-invasive precursor to high grade serous carcinoma
References
Diagnostic obstetrics and gynaecology
Medical guidelines
Oncology
Pathology | SEE-FIM Protocol | [
"Biology"
] | 1,210 | [
"Pathology"
] |
73,513,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprinting%20drug%20delivery | Bioprinting drug delivery is a method for producing drug delivery vehicles. It uses 3D printing of biomaterials. Such vehicles are biocompatible, tissue-specific hydrogels or implantable devices. 3D bioprinting prints cells and biological molecules to form tissues, organs, or biological materials in a scaffold-free manner that mimics living human tissue. The technique allows targeted disease treatments with scalable and complex geometry.
This technique was first developed in the 1950s as patients with incurable diseases sought organ transplantations beyond those available from donors. Organ transplantation showed limitations with immune responses and organ rejection.
Techniques that have been studied include bioprinting hydrogels with various bio-ink (cell-laden microgel) materials and bioprinting implantable devices that mimic specific tissues or biological functions. Applications include promoting wound healing by delivering antibiotics, anti-inflammatory treatments, or drugs that promote cell differentiation and cell proliferation, providing anticancer treatments directly to tumors, and promoting/inhibiting angiogenesis and vascularization to treat cancer, arterial diseases, heart diseases, and arthritis. In addition, implants can be printed in unique shapes and forms to deliver drugs directly to targeted tissues. One approach adds a fourth dimension, which allows the materials to conform, by folding/unfolding, to release drugs in a more controlled manner. Bioprinting allows for biocompatible, biodegradable, universal, and personalized delivery vehicles.
Methods
Layer-by-layer printing of biochemicals and living cells requires precise placement and viable materials. The basic technology of a bioprinter starts with data taken from computer-assisted design (CAD) or a similar program, uses motion control systems to control the X/Y/Z axis direction drive mechanisms along with a material control system for the bio-ink printhead, and deposits material into a 3D construct. Bioprinting can be done by material jetting, material extrusion, or vat polymerization.
Jetting
Material jetting, sometimes referred to as fused deposition modeling (FDM), is a method that involves depositing cells using piezoelectric/thermal ink-jetting, acoustic wave jetting, electrohydrodynamic jetting, or laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). Piezoelectric/thermal ink-jetting uses the same non-contact process as desktop inkjet printers by pressuring material into a nozzle that expels droplets. Acoustic wave jetting uses acoustic radiation force to produce droplets; electrohydrodynamic jetting uses electric voltage to form droplets; and LIFT is replaces nozzles with a laser and generates a high-pressure bubble that propels droplets. These methods provide precise placement of the bioink and enable scaffold-free bioprinting.
Extrusion
Another method of bioprinting is extrusion. This is a mechanical method that uses motors to drive a piston. Extrusion is based on the rate of the motor's displacement, where the difference between the piston-driven pressure and ambient pressure drives the material through an angular turn of a rotary screw.
Vat polymerization
Vat polymerization printing (VPP) uses a cell-hydrogel suspension. The constructs are formed layer-by-layer through laser curing in stereolithography (SLA) or UV digital light processing (DLP) into the vat of a photopolymer using a micromirror device.
Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks that can maintain their structure while absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels can be made of many different synthetic polymers or natural polysaccharides. These have been widely studied due to their similarities to the human extracellular matrix (ECM) and their ability to encapsulate drugs. They are mainly printed using jetting and extrusion.
Alginates
A common polysaccharide used in biomedical hydrogel applications is alginate, a naturally occurring polyanionic copolymer. The structure and high water absorption of alginate provides a tissue environment that closely mimics human soft tissue. In addition, it is an ideal candidate for biomedical applications due to its natural biodegradability and biocompatibility. This hydrogel leverages the delivery of drugs, protects drugs with encapsulation, and allows for tunable drug release and degradability
To construct alginate hydrogels, a series of negatively and positively charged polyelectrolytes are assembled layer-by-layer. Alginate is used as the matrix in bio-ink that is extruded from the bioprinter's syringe with increasing shear, resulting in a tough hydrogel with low viscosity. Depending on the surrounding medium, alginate has the potential to form two different types of gels. Low-pH alginate shrinks and produces a viscous acidic gel, holding onto encapsulated drugs. Once the pH increases, such as inside an intestinal tract, alginate turns into a viscose gel that allows drug dissolution and release. This process allows for a controlled and sustained release to specific tissues.
One 2018 study used alginate-based hydrogels combined with the growth factor platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to develop a bio-ink with personalized biological factors. The plasms was extracted from specific patients, then mixed with the alginate solution. The solution was coated with calcium chloride agarose gel. The result was a hydrogel disk that had decreased the risk of immune responses from the patient. The disk showed potential for promoting mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells in tissue healing. The study reported that PRP and alginate hydrogel bio-ink could be used by any bioprinter to produce personalized drug delivery therapies.
The hydrogel can be loaded with any drug, and target any tissue. The low toxicity and controllable factors of alginate make it a suitable candidate for hydrogel incorporation. Alginate hydrogels have been used to deliver bortezomib, an anticancer drug, tetracycline hydrochloride and silver sulfadiazine, which are hydrophobic antibiotics, and simvastatin, which promotes local stem cell differentiation.
Peptides
Another bio-ink is low molecular weight self-assembling peptide-based materials. Peptide-based hydrogels are candidates for bio-inks since they resemble the ECM. In addition, their mechanical strength and stiffness of up to 40 kPa allow for strong and rigid hydrogels.
A 2019 study used the "helical coiling of micelles induced by disulfide crosslinking in a lyotropic peptide liquid crystal" to produce a printable hydrogel. They reported that the tripeptide self-assembled into a viscous solution of aligned micelles at high pH values that could be transformed into a self-supporting hydrogel when the cross-linking of the sulfhydryl group of the side chain peptides increased the storage modulus of the solution.
These self-assembling peptides provide beneficial organization and strength. In addition, their resemblance to the native cellular microenvironment and tunable mechanical strength allow them to support the proliferation of human stem cells. Using self-assembling peptides to print hydrogels provides drug delivery vehicles that represent the ECM and potentially differentiate primary cells into organotypic structures and deliver antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and wound healing drugs. Specifically, hydrogels made of such peptides have been studied to encapsulate chemotherapy drugs that can disassemble and release the loaded drug under the stimulation of tumor environments, providing an alternative to typical chemotherapy that inevitably damages healthy cells, while killing cancer cells.
Protein
Common protein-based bio-inks include collagen, keratin, gelatin, and silk. These proteins are advantageous since they are in the ECM and display good cytocompatibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. They are all derived from natural sources, are isolated with different methods, and have various advantages and disadvantages. Collagen is typically printed using extrusion or SLA and provides good structural responses and esion for cells. Silk is printed using digital light processing, and provides strength and robustness. One disadvantage of silk is its potential to conform in response to high shear forces. Gelatin is printed using extrusion and provides good cellular affinity, however, its covalent crosslinking-based stabilization requires chemical reactions that are not cytocompatible. Overall, protein-based bio-inks are abundant, inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and are in common use for 3D bioprinting. Advantages of protein-based bio-inks over synthetic bio-inks include their similarity to human host tissue and their ability to match their degradation rate with the regeneration of host tissue.
Applications
Multiple protein applications use bio-inks for 3D printing. A 2014 study bioprinted cell-laden methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels at concentrations ranging from 7 to 15% with varying cell densities. The study used "direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden photolabile ECM-derived hydrogels". They reported a direct correlation between printability and hydrogel mechanical properties. A commercially available bioprinter dispensed the GelMA hydrogel fibers using digital light processing since GelMA is photosensitive. The hydrogels provided cell viability for at least eight days.
Other research includes gelatin-sulfonated skin composite tissue to deliver cells to open wounds by seeding matrices. Doing this helps wounds to heal faster and more efficiently. Gelatin hydrogels have successfully delivered fluorescein, a hydrophobic molecule, and microRNA to promote osteogenic cell differentiation. Silk has successfully delivered aspirin, an anti-inflammatory drug that aids in wound dressing, and gentamicin, an antibiotic that also aids in wound dressing.
Nanocellulose
Another bio-ink that has been successful in producing drug delivery systems via bioprinting is cellulosic nanomaterials. Cellulose-based bio-inks are accessible, inexpensive, biodegradable, biocompatible, and stiff. A polysaccharide is obtained from the biosynthesis of plants and bacteria. It is extracted from raw materials with mechanical shearing actions and biological treatments, such as hydrolysis, resulting in highly structured nanofibrils. Cellulose materials are defined by their high viscosity and shear-thinning behavior.
One 2015 study used nanocellulose bio-inks as wound dressings. Extrusion produced porous structures with ionic calcium chloride cross-linking. These porous hydrogels were reported to support bacterial growth and incorporate and release antimicrobial drugs. These structures provide strong, moist environments that are ideal for delivering drugs to tissues that require wound healing aid.
Non-hydrogel implants
Non-hydrogel delivery systems implants are printed in the same manner as hydrogels. A 2022 study used SLA 3D printing to produce an implant to deliver drugs to the ear. 0.5% levofloxacin was added to a flexible resin. Mechanical and in vitro tests measured levofloxacin release. The results showed no interaction between the resin and the drug, the resistance of the implant without compromise, and high antimicrobial activity. Antibiotics were delivered directly to the inner ear to address infection.
Researchers studied a printed bladder device for intravesical drug delivery. Intravesical instillation provides an alternative to oral medication and delivers high drug concentrations to specific sites. Studies reported the use indwelling bladder devices with an elastic polymer bio-ink to deliver lidocaine hydrochloride directly to the target site.
One study deposited perfusable vascular structures with a cell-responsive bio-ink that consisted of GelMA, sodium alginate, and poly(ethylene glycol)-tetra-acrylate (PEGTA). The study reported that this supported the spreading and proliferation of encapsulated endothelial and stem cells, leading to the formation of perfusable vessels. These may lead to the application of vascularized tissue constructs in organ transplantation and repair. Bioprinting vascular structures may lead to treatments for cancer, arterial disease, heart disease, and arthritis by regulating vascularization and angiogenesis.
Nanocellulose
Cellulose nanofibrils have been used as a bio-ink for non-hydrogel applications. A 2017 study evaluated the use of bioprinting cellulose as drug-loaded implants. Researchers used FDM to evaluate drug release behavior. Fluorescent dye quinine was used to visualize the distribution of drugs in the implants. Quinine filaments were loaded into bio-printed cellulose implants and then incubated to observe their drug-release behaviors. The study reported showed that around 5% of the quinine was released from the cellulose implant over 100 days. Using cellulose nanofibrils might provide implants with customizable shapes and controlled release of loaded drugs via FDM.
4D bioprinting
One study added a fourth dimension to the devices, which allows printed objects to change their shapes and functions as external factors are applied, broadening the range of biomedical applications as cellular self-organization becomes possible. This technique allows for more advanced control of drug release. Studies have reported results in the use of responsive materials and bio-inks. Responsive materials can reshape in response to stimuli, such as transforming via self-folding, assembling, and disassembling. Certain bio-inks have been reported to undergo maturation with cellular coating, self-organization, and matrix deposition.
Applications
Examples include a self-folding hydrogel in vitro model for ductal carcinoma. The study attempted to create a self-folding curved hydrogel microstructure to mimic the geometry of ducts and acini within mammary glands. The researchers used microstructures composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) and copolymerized the PEGDA to synthesize microstructures with increased cell adherence. Curved and tubular structures were fabricated via bioprinting, and the proliferation of cells on the outer surface, along with encapsulation of cells on the inner surface, was observed.
4D printing with thermally actuating hydrogels was reported to be relatively fast and reversible with skeletal muscle-like linear actuation in tough hydrogel materials that control the flow of water. Other examples include the usage of water absorption and thermal shape memory to demonstrate shape change. A 2015 study considered a 4D-printed capsule system that could release drugs on-demand at specific locations with a core-shell hydrogel. A 2014 study evaluated thermo-responsive poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based system that released drugs in a controlled manner for treating the gastrointestinal tract.
References
Drug delivery devices
3D printing | Bioprinting drug delivery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,153 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug delivery devices"
] |
73,514,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bombings%20during%20the%20Islamic%20State%20insurgency%20in%20Iraq%20%282017%E2%80%93present%29 | This article lists major bombings during the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present), which followed the War in Iraq (2013–2017).
Bombings
This article lists all major bombings after 9 December 2017. For bombings that occurred prior this date see List of bombings during the Iraq War or List of bombings during the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
References
Insurgency
Lists of explosions | List of bombings during the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 77 | [
"Lists of explosions",
"Explosions"
] |
69,110,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti%20straight-8%20Grand%20Prix%20racing%20engine | Bugatti made a series of Grand Prix, and later Formula One, straight-8 racing engines; between 1922 and 1939, and once again in 1956.
Background
Bugatti commonly used 16-valve to 24-valve, single-overhead and double-overhead cam, two-valve to four-valve per cylinder, straight-eight engines. Bugatti built numerous successful racing cars; with high-performance single-overhead, or dual-overhead-camshaft, straight-eight engines, in the 1920s and 1930s.
Ettore Bugatti experimented with straight-eight engines from 1922, and in 1924, he introduced the 2 L Bugatti Type 35, one of the most successful racing cars of all time, which eventually won over 1000 races. Like the Duesenbergs, Bugatti got his ideas from building aircraft engines during World War I, and like them, his engine was a high-revving overhead camshaft unit with three valves per cylinder. It produced at 5,000 rpm and could be revved to over 6,000 rpm. Nearly 400 of the Type 35 and its derivatives were produced, an all-time record for Grand Prix motor racing.
Applications
Bugatti T30
Bugatti T32
Bugatti T35B
Bugatti T35C
Bugatti T36
Bugatti T39
Bugatti T51
Bugatti T53
Bugatti T54
Bugatti T59/50B
Bugatti T251
References
Engines by model
Bugatti
Gasoline engines by model
Straight-eight engines | Bugatti straight-8 Grand Prix racing engine | [
"Technology"
] | 318 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,111,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30%20by%2030 | 30 by 30 (or 30x30) is a worldwide initiative for governments to designate 30% of Earth's land and ocean area as protected areas by 2030. The target was proposed by a 2019 article in Science Advances, "A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets", highlighting the need for expanded nature conservation efforts to mitigate climate change. Launched by the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People in 2020, more than 50 nations had agreed to the initiative by January 2021, which has increased to more than 100 countries by October 2022.
US$5 billion in funding for a project called the "Protecting Our Planet Challenge" was announced for the initiative in September 2021.
In December 2022, 30 by 30 was agreed at the COP15 meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and became a target of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. This includes the G7 and European Union.
The initiative has attracted controversy over indigenous rights issues.
Global
30 by 30 is the third of 23 global biodiversity targets for 2030 in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted in December 2022:
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.
European Union
The European Commission's Biodiversity strategy for 2030 was proposed on May 20, 2020, as the European Union's contribution to a post-2020 global biodiversity framework. The strategy contains several biodiversity-related commitments and actions to be delivered by 2030, including:
increasing the European Union's network of terrestrial and marine protected areas, by expanding Natura 2000 areas, and providing strict protection of areas with very high biodiversity and climate value.
restore more degraded ecosystems and manage them sustainably, by proposing binding nature restoration targets.
strengthening governance of European Union biodiversity efforts, including expanded funding, improving implementation and tracking, and integrating biodiversity goals into public and business decision-making.
The plan includes turning 30% of EU territory to protected area by 2030 and 10% to strictly protected area. However as of 2023 EU is not on track to meet the targets.
The biodiversity strategy is a core part of the European Green Deal, and also intended to support green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.
In July 2023 after many debates the European parliament adopted a version of the Nature restoration law, aiming to restore nature on 20% of the territory of the European Union by 2030.
In 2024, the European Union passed a nature restoration law aiming to restore 20% of degraded ecosystems by 2030 and 100% by 2050.
United States
On January 27, 2021, President Joe Biden issued an executive order on "Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad". Among several initiatives to address the climate crisis, the order directed federal departments to issue a report within 90 days "recommending steps that the United States should take, working with State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments, agricultural and forest landowners, fishermen, and other key stakeholders, to achieve the goal of conserving at least 30 percent of our lands and waters by 2030."
On 6 May 2022, the Biden administration issued Conserving and Restoring America the Beautiful, a preliminary report to the National Climate Task Force outlining the proposed principles, measures, and early focus areas for a national "ten-year, locally-led campaign to conserve and restore the lands and waters upon which we all depend". Participating federal agencies included the U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce, and Council on Environmental Quality.
The report identified eight principles to guide the effort:
Pursue a Collaborative and Inclusive Approach to Conservation
Conserve America’s Lands and Waters for the Benefit of All People
Support Locally Led and Locally Designed Conservation Efforts
Honor Tribal Sovereignty and Support the Priorities of Tribal Nations
Pursue Conservation and Restoration Approaches that Create Jobs and Support Healthy Communities
Honor Private Property Rights and Support the Voluntary Stewardship Efforts of Private Landowners and Fishers
Use Science as a Guide
Build on Existing Tools and Strategies with an Emphasis on Flexibility and Adaptive Approaches
The report outlined six early focus initiatives:
Create more parks and safe outdoor opportunities in nature-deprived communities
Support Tribally led conservation and restoration priorities
Expand collaborative conservation of fish and wildlife habitats and corridors
Increase access for outdoor recreation
Incentivize and reward the voluntary conservation efforts of fishers, ranchers, farmers, and forest owners
Create jobs by investing in restoration and resilience
The report proposed tracking progress through an American Conservation and Stewardship Atlas, an accessible online database and mapping tool which would provide current information on lands and waters conserved and restored, and an annual America the Beautiful public report, which would track fish and wildlife populations, and progress on conservation and restoration efforts across the country.
California
On 7 October 2020, California governor Gavin Newsom issued an executive order declaring it "the goal of the State to conserve at least 30 percent of California’s land and coastal waters by 2030", and directing state agencies to develop and report strategies for achieving the goal by February 1, 2022. The order also established a California Biodiversity Collaborative composed of representatives of government agencies, Native tribes, experts, and other stakeholders.
The official report, Pathways to 30x30 California, was issued by the California Natural Resources Agency on 22 April 2022. The report outlines ten pathways, or strategies, to achieving California's biodiversity and protected area goals by 2030:
Accelerate Regionally Led Conservation
Execute Strategic Land Acquisitions
Increase Voluntary Conservation Easements
Enhance Conservation of Existing Public Lands and Coastal Waters
Institutionalize Advance Mitigation
Expand and Accelerate Environmental Restoration and Stewardship
Strengthen Coordination Among Governments
Align Investments to Maximize Conservation Benefits
Advance and Promote Complementary Conservation Measures
Evaluate Conservation Outcomes and Adaptively Manage
Controversies and International Reactions
Criticism from Members of the Scientific Community
Despite positive media coverage received by this global environmental decision, some scientists have nuanced the supposed benefits of this policy to cope with the biodiversity crisis. Hélène Soubelet, for example, underlined that in the last 60 years in Germany in protected areas, the decline in the number of insects neared 80%, thus nuancing the idea that protected areas enable to protect biodiversity. Kareiva, Lalasz and Marvier further underline that the rhythm at which wild species have been disappearing has increased, even though the number of protected areas raised from less than 10 000 in 1950 to over 100 000 in 2009. Some scientists thus seem to dispute the idea that there is a direct link between increase in the number of protected areas and slowdown of the biodiversity crisis.
Moreover, S. Counsel underlines that the protecting 30% of areas target is not enough, as nothing guarantees that the areas that will be chosen to be protected will be the most important and relevant ones to actually protect. More affluent nations would have the possibility to select vast natural parks and classify them as protected areas, without any additional benefit for flora and fauna.
Several NGOs have also underlined that the 30% target is not based on a scientific consensus, but is a random choice: why not 25% or 35% ? Some researchers and public groups advocate for 50% of terrestrial and marine areas to be biologically conserved (i.e., the 'half earth' project).
Accusations of Green Colonialism
The 30 by 30 initiative has been openly accused of embodying a form of green colonialism or green grabbing.
On November 30, 2022, a group of NGOs composed of Amnesty International, Minority Rights Group International, and Rainforest Foundation UK wrote an open letter citing concerns about potential human and indigenous rights violations if the 30 by 30 plan were to be applied.
More broadly, the plan has been criticized for appropriating Indigenous lands under the guise of biodiversity conservation. The Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs notably claimed the plan has “all the hallmarks of green colonialism”, due to its lack of consideration of Indigenous titles and rights.
International Reactions
The COP15 included 196 parties in negotiations, with competing views regarding the adoption of the 30 by 30 target being wide-spread and well documented. The resulting agreement of the conference, the Convention on Biological Diversity, was signed by every party, with the exception of two: the United States and the Vatican. Towards the end of the talks, a negotiator from Democratic Republic of the Congo raised objections to the agreement, citing a lack of funding separate from the current Global Environment Facility (GEF). After a delay, COP15 president and Chinese environment minister Huang Runqiu overruled the objection due to a legal technicality, resulting in the passage of the agreement. Delegates from the DRC, Cameroon, and Uganda were reportedly displeased with the outcome. After the agreement was passed, the DRC’s government announced that it would not recognize it as valid.
See also
Half-Earth
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
References
External links
America the Beautiful – U.S Department of the Interior
Biodiversity strategy for 2030 – European Commission
30x30 News – Campaign for Nature
The 30x30 Project – EarthShare
Protected areas
Convention on Biological Diversity
Nature conservation
Climate change mitigation
Marine protected areas
2030
Environmental policies approved in 2022 | 30 by 30 | [
"Biology"
] | 1,964 | [
"Convention on Biological Diversity",
"Biodiversity"
] |
69,114,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20video%20game%20podcasts | The following is a list of video game podcasts.
List
References
Lists of podcasts
Video game podcasts
Video game lists | List of video game podcasts | [
"Technology"
] | 26 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Video game lists"
] |
69,116,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing%20subspace | In linear algebra, a reducing subspace of a linear map from a Hilbert space to itself is an invariant subspace of whose orthogonal complement is also an invariant subspace of That is, and One says that the subspace reduces the map
One says that a linear map is reducible if it has a nontrivial reducing subspace. Otherwise one says it is irreducible.
If is of finite dimension and is a reducing subspace of the map represented under basis by matrix then can be expressed as the sum
where is the matrix of the orthogonal projection from to and is the matrix of the projection onto (Here is the identity matrix.)
Furthermore, has an orthonormal basis with a subset that is an orthonormal basis of . If is the transition matrix from to then with respect to the matrix representing is a block-diagonal matrix
with where , and
References
Linear algebra
Matrices | Reducing subspace | [
"Mathematics"
] | 182 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Matrix stubs",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
69,116,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely%20Ridley | Elizabeth Cicely Ridley (née Taylor, September 26, 1927 – December 23, 2008) was a British-American applied mathematician known for her work in numerical quantum chemistry and in climate modeling. The Roble–Dickinson–Ridley code that she and her collaborators created at the National Center for Atmospheric Research was the first general circulation model of the thermosphere.
Life
Ridley was born in Leicester on September 26, 1927, the older of two sisters. She became head girl at the Wyggeston Grammar School for Girls, now incorporated into Regent College, Leicester, and went up to Newnham College, Cambridge on a scholarship in 1947. She earned a master's degree in physics in 1951, with first-class honours, in 1951, and remained at Cambridge as a doctoral student of Douglas Hartree, completing her Ph.D. in 1955. Her dissertation was Some Studies of Atomic Structure.
After finishing her doctorate, she became a researcher at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, at what is now the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; her work there involved computing the electron configuration of uranium, and applied mathematician John P. Boyd has called her "a pathfinder in numerical quantum chemistry" for this work. Her husband, Brian Ward Ridley, also came to work at Harwell; they had four children beginning in 1957, and Ridley retired from her work in 1958 to become a housewife.
In 1964, Ridley and her family moved to Colorado, following her husband, who became a professor of physics at the University of Colorado. She joined the National Center for Atmospheric Research in 1968, working for them on computer codes for climate modeling of both the Earth and Venus. Before 1972, when Margaret Anne LeMone joined NCAR, she was one of only three doctoral-level women researchers at NCAR, together with Joan Feynman and Sue Anne Bowling. It was in her work at NCAR that Ridley created the Roble–Dickinson–Ridley code for general circulation modeling of the thermosphere.
She retired in 1995, and died in Louisville, Colorado on December 23, 2008.
Selected publications
References
1927 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
British women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
American climatologists
British climatologists
Scientists from Leicester
Women climatologists
21st-century American women
20th-century American women mathematicians | Cicely Ridley | [
"Mathematics"
] | 474 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
69,120,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinda%20Lowe | Malinda Lowe (born 13 August 1979), is a Sri Lankan record producer, audio engineer, songwriter, and event manager particularly in Live Sound and mixing console. He is known for recording and mixing songs and synthesizers for artists such as Shreya Goshal, Udit Narayan, Olivia Newton-John, Mohombi, Akon, Sonu Nigam, Bathiya and Santhush and The Gypsies. He is also the creator and founder of Universal Sound Productions.
Personal life
Lowe was born on 13 August 1979 in Chailaw, Sri Lanka. He started his education at St. Mary's College, Chilaw. Then he attended St. Anthony's College, Wattala to complete secondary education. He completed his O/Ls in 1996, and started mathematics for his A/Ls, which ended in three months. In school times, he studied keyboard and piano from Dulip Gabadamudalige.
Career
Lowe spent time with his father helping with business-related matters while he was studying. In the meantime, he helped his father to run his hardware shop related to machinery and distribution. During his A/Ls, he joined with NIBM where he studied audio engineering. He studied audio engineering at Harman International Business School in California, and later followed a comprehensive course on Audio engineering endorsing Harman products. Then he completed digital mixing exams in Bangalore with Indian audio engineers. And joined with a few brands such as JBL USA, AVID USA, Soundcraft UK, Crown Audio, AKG, Waves, DanteAudio, and for Post mixing work Pro Tools.
In the early 2000s, he met renowned musician Nalin Perera, and they compiled a radio jingle in 2002. In 2006, Lowe entered the music industry by working as the sound engineer in the solo album Bambarindu for musician Nalin Perera. Later, he made collaborative work with Nalin Perera's musical band "Marians" during its first unplugged concert. The unplugged version was done for the 11th anniversary of Sirasa TV. At the same time, he met Ranga Dasanayake at Turning point studios where Lowe studied all the DAW and plugins. In 2009, he founded the sound production company titled "Universal Sound Productions", in which he was the director and Pro Audio live and post-production engineer. The company rigged a JBL VERTEC line array system at the 5,000-capacity Sri Lanka Exhibition and Convention Center for the musical show of R&B singer Ocean. Then the company supported two mega concerts in Sri Lanka by the UK/Australian singer Olivia Newton-John at the 1,800-capacity Musaeus College Auditorium in Colombo.
In 2018, Lowe got the opportunity to become the sound engineer for Sonu Nigam Live in Concert held at CH & FC, which was also his first international event. After that, Lowe continued to do many international events such as; Arjit Singh symphony orchestra, Yanni Live in concert, Colombo Musical festival, Jaxx festival, Shreya Goshal, Udit Narayan, Olivia Newton-John, Mohombi, Akon & Priyanka Chopra Concert in the Maldives, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Abba Teens, Boney M., Jason Derulo, Kenny G, Engelbart Humperdinck, and Enrique Iglesias. In the meantime, he also made sound mixing for Sir Lionel Richie at the FOH and Jon Sacada. He was also involved as the sound mixer and engineer with many major events that took place in Sri Lanka such as the Commonwealth summit main event, the world Buddhist summit and Maldives 50th independence day celebration. Apart from that, he contributed to major local concert productions for leading musical bands and musicians such as Mahesh Denipitiya, Bathiya and Santhush Live concerts, Marians Unplugged, The Gypsies, Daddy: Chandrayan Pidu Live, Doctor and Rookantha Gunathilake's show Ru Sanda Re.
Apart from musical events, Lowe also worked as the sound mixer in sports events and modeling shows in Sri Lanka, such as; the Colombo Night Races, the Sri Lanka Premier League (SLPL) opening show, and Carlton Super Sevens Rugby. Currently, he is working as one of the member of the Audio Engineering Society in New York and also as a Harman technical presenter in Sri Lanka. He is also the managing director of Lowe Audio Solutions. In 2020, he was involved with Sri Lanka's first Drive-in Concert performed by Bathiya and Santhush.
References
Living people
1973 births
People from Chilaw
Audio engineers
Production sound mixers
Sri Lankan record producers | Malinda Lowe | [
"Engineering"
] | 961 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Audio engineers"
] |
69,120,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Earth%20Prize | The Earth Prize is an environmental sustainability prize for secondary education students awarded by The Earth Foundation every year. The Earth Prize was first launched in September 2021, and first awarded in March 2022. The winner receives US$50,000, to be shared between the team members and their school or educational program. Three runner-up teams are rewarded with $12,500 each for their schools or educational programs. The competition also recognizes one educator and three mentors participating in the initiative. The Earth Prize is presented by the Swiss nonprofit organization The Earth Foundation, founded by Peter McGarry and directed by Angela McCarthy, who is CEO.
2024 award winners and finalists
2023 Award Winners and Finalists
Team Delavo, a group of four teenage girls from Diyarbakır Bahçeşehir College Science and Technology High School in Turkey secured the top position as winners of the second edition of The Earth Prize on April 25th, 2023 for their “e-Caundry” invention, a filtration device that can be installed in washing machines to recycle approximately 8,200 liters of
wastewater per year.
2022 Award Winners and Finalists
In the 2022 edition of The Earth Prize, ten teams of teenage students from Armenia, Great Britain, Vietnam, Switzerland, Taiwan, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Jamaica, and Kenya advanced to the final phase of the competition, including students from Eton College (Great Britain).
The Earth Prize 2022 Awards Ceremony took place virtually on March 25, 2022. Team Adorbsies, a team of three teenage girls from Vietnam who proposed the idea for a biodegradable sanitary pad made out of dragon fruit waste, was announced as the first-ever winner of the competition.
References
External links
Environmental awards
International awards | The Earth Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 363 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"International science and technology awards"
] |
69,121,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgibox | Surgibox is a portable inflatable operating theater designed to provide a safe and sterile surgical environment for use in settings such as disaster relief areas, humanitarian efforts, and remote combat zones.
History
Surgibox was invented by Debbie Lin Teodorescu while working in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, who saw the need to perform urgent surgical procedures without access to an operating theater and sterile operating environment.
Design & Function
The patented Surgibox design is used primarily for abdominal, chest, pelvic and orthopedic surgical procedures. It is designed to be portable.
There are three parts in Surgibox, a plastic bubble, a control module and a battery pack. Surgibox is inflated with HEPA using solar power and uses renewable batteries. It weighs less than 5 kilograms and can be transported in a 30-litre backpack.
Surgibox sticks to human skin using adhesives. The skin and the plastic bubble form a sterile space, which allows surgeons to operate through entry ports on the side of the device. The plastic bubble is single-use format.
The Surgibox enclosure keeps the sterile space well within the safety limits of operating theaters and also protects healthcare workers from body fluids.
Awards
UK Design Museum Design Of the Year finalist
Harvard Innovations Labs' President's Challenge Grand Prize
MassChallenge winner
References
Surgery
Medical devices
Surgical instruments | Surgibox | [
"Biology"
] | 275 | [
"Medical devices",
"Medical technology"
] |
69,122,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Nuclear%20Science | The National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science was a UK Government establishment that provided equipment and facilities for nuclear research that would otherwise be beyond the financial capability of individual universities and other nuclear research establishments. It operated from 1957 to 1965.
Establishment
The Institute was established in March 1957 by the UK Government after consultation with the University Grants Committee, the Atomic Energy Authority and Government Research Departments. It had four objectives:
to provide common facilities beyond the scope of individual universities and institutions carrying out research in nuclear science;
to encourage the use of the facilities by scientists from universities, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), and industrial laboratories;
to co-operate with UKAEA to address specific problems requiring the use of these facilities;
to develop the Institute as a national asset for training scientists and engineers, and to disseminate scientific and technical knowledge.
The Institute was granted its Royal Charter on 7 May 1958.
Governance
The governing board comprised:
Chairman (Lord Bridges);
7 members representing Universities;
2 members representing the University Grants Committee;
1 member representing the Royal Society;
3 members representing the UKAEA;
2 members representing the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Operation
The Institute’s first laboratory was the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory adjacent to the UKAEA Site. Equipment at the laboratory included a proton linear accelerator and a synchrotron. It was envisaged that the machines would be operated by Institute staff for research workers.
In 1961 the Rutherford Laboratory of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science assumed responsibility for developing particle accelerators, from the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The annual budget for the National Institute in 1961 was £6,211,000.
A second laboratory was opened at Daresbury near Warrington in 1962.
The model developed by the National Institute of providing expensive equipment for the use of researchers was adopted elsewhere. The Advisory Council on Scientific Policy suggested that a number of national institutes should be established, for example in Radio Astronomy.
The rationalisation of the structure of government sponsored civil science was proposed in 1963. However, the change of government in 1964 delayed the implementation of the necessary legislation.
Dissolution
The Science and Technology Act 1965 established the Science Research Council. The Council took over the functions of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, and established a Nuclear Physics Board which supervised the activities formerly undertaken by the National Institute.
The documentary records of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science are held by The National Archives in class AY 33.
See also
Atomic Energy Authority Act
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Science Research Council
References
Government agencies established in 1957
Governmental nuclear organizations
1957 establishments in the United Kingdom
1957 in technology
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Nuclear energy in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1957 | National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science | [
"Engineering"
] | 556 | [
"Governmental nuclear organizations",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
69,122,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvin%20Carl%20Teich | Malvin Carl Teich is an American electrical engineer, physicist, and computational neuroscientist which is professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Columbia University and physics at Boston University. He is also a consultant to government, academia, and private industry, where he serves as an advisor in intellectual-property conflicts. He is the coauthor of Fundamentals of Photonics (Wiley, 3rd Ed. 2019, with B. E. A. Saleh), and of Fractal-Based Point Processes (Wiley, 2005, with S. B. Lowen).
Education
Teich’s academic credentials include an S.B. degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. degree from Cornell University. His bachelor's thesis, written jointly with Paul J. Schweitzer and supervised by Theos J. Thompson, investigated the total neutron cross section of palladium using the fast chopper at the M.I.T. nuclear reactor. In carrying out his Ph.D. dissertation, supervised by George J. Wolga, he made use of the then-new gallium-arsenide laser diode to observe the nonlinear two-photon photoelectric effect in metallic sodium. The principal results that followed from his doctoral dissertation were published in Physical Review Letters.
Career
Teich assumed his first professional affiliation in January 1966 at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, as a member of the research group directed by Robert J. Keyes and Robert H. Kingston. In September 1967, he joined the faculty of Columbia University, where he served as a member of the Electrical Engineering Department (as Chairman from 1978 to 1980), the Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, the Columbia Radiation Laboratory (founded and directed by I. I. Rabi) in the Department of Physics, and the Fowler Memorial Laboratory (directed by Shyam M. Khanna) in the Department of Otolaryngology at the Columbia University Medical Center. In 1996, he was appointed Professor Emeritus of Engineering Science and Applied Physics. In 1995, concurrently with his Emeritus status at Columbia, he joined Boston University as a faculty member in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (as Director of the Quantum Photonics Laboratory and as a member of the Boston University Photonics Center), the Department of Biomedical Engineering (as a member of the Graduate Program for Neuroscience and the Hearing Research Center), and the Department of Physics. In 2011, he was appointed Professor Emeritus of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Physics in Boston University. Over the course of his career, his efforts in quantum photonics have been devoted to exploring the properties, behavior, and applications of classical and nonclassical light, including its generation, characterization, modulation, transmission, propagation, amplification, detection, and frequency-conversion. In computational neuroscience, he has concentrated on elucidating the role of fractal stochastic processes in neural information transmission. He has also worked on codifying the detection laws of audition and vision, an enterprise that lies at the interface of quantum photonics and computational neuroscience.
Research contributions
M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory
Quantum Photonics: Infrared heterodyne detection.
Columbia University
Quantum Photonics:
Optical heterodyne detection. Photon statistics and point processes. Single-photon detection at the retinal rod. Squeezed Franck–Hertz experiment. Behavior of nonclassical light at a beam splitter. Noise in avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Noise in fiber-optic amplifiers.
Computational Neuroscience:
Noise in neural-network amplifiers. Hensen's-cell vibrations in the cochlea. Fractal character of the cochlear-nerve-fiber spike train. Fractal shot noise.
Boston University
Quantum Photonics:
Entangled-photon properties. Entangled-photon interference. Entangled-photon dispersion cancellation. Entangled-photon photoelectric effect. Entangled-photon absorption and transparency. Entangled-photon spectroscopy. Entangled n-photon absorption and spectroscopy. Hyperentangled quantum states. Entangled-photon holography. Entangled-photon and ghost imaging. Entangled-photon microscopy. Quantum optical coherence tomography (QOCT). Entangled-photon ellipsometry. Entangled-photon cryptography. Entangled-photon generation. Ultrafast entangled-photon generation. Quantum information. Ubiquity of the inverse-square photon-count power spectral density at baseband.
Computational Neuroscience:
Fractal character of the optic-nerve-fiber spike train. Fractal behavior of neurotransmitter exocytosis. Heart rate variability (HRV). Detection theory in hearing and vision.
Awards and honors
Sigma Xi (1968).
IEEE Browder J. Thompson Memorial Prize Award for the paper "Infrared Heterodyne Detection," published in Proceedings of the IEEE (1969). Presented from 1945 through 1997, this award recognized the best paper in any IEEE publication by an author under thirty years of age.
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (1973).
Fellow of Optica (1983). Optica was formerly known as The Optical Society, and prior to that as the Optical Society of America (OSA).
Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) (1988).
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (1989).
Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1989).
Tau Beta Pi (1989).
Commemorative Medal of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (1992).
Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) (1994).
IEEE Morris E. Leeds Award (1997). Presented from 1958 through 2000, this award honored outstanding contributions to the field of electrical measurement.
Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2005).
Distinguished Scholar Award of Boston University (2009).
Fellow of SPIE–The International Society for Optics and Photonics (2011).
See also
List of textbooks in electromagnetism
References
1939 births
Living people
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Boston University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Electrical engineering academics
American electrical engineers
Optical engineers
21st-century American physicists
Experimental physicists
Laser researchers
Quantum physicists
Optical physicists
American biophysicists
American neuroscientists
Computational psychologists | Malvin Carl Teich | [
"Physics"
] | 1,377 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physicists",
"Experimental physics",
"Experimental physicists"
] |
69,122,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20overlay | Vector overlay is an operation (or class of operations) in a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating two or more vector spatial data sets. Terms such as polygon overlay, map overlay, and topological overlay are often used synonymously, although they are not identical in the range of operations they include. Overlay has been one of the core elements of spatial analysis in GIS since its early development. Some overlay operations, especially Intersect and Union, are implemented in all GIS software and are used in a wide variety of analytical applications, while others are less common.
Overlay is based on the fundamental principle of geography known as areal integration, in which different topics (say, climate, topography, and agriculture) can be directly compared based on a common location. It is also based on the mathematics of set theory and point-set topology.
The basic approach of a vector overlay operation is to take in two or more layers composed of vector shapes, and output a layer consisting of new shapes created from the topological relationships discovered between the input shapes. A range of specific operators allows for different types of input, and different choices in what to include in the output.
History
Prior to the advent of GIS, the overlay principle had developed as a method of literally superimposing different thematic maps (typically an isarithmic map or a chorochromatic map) drawn on transparent film (e.g., cellulose acetate) to see the interactions and find locations with specific combinations of characteristics. The technique was largely developed by landscape architects. Warren Manning appears to have used this approach to compare aspects of Billerica, Massachusetts, although his published accounts only reproduce the maps without explaining the technique. Jacqueline Tyrwhitt published instructions for the technique in an English textbook in 1950, including:
Ian McHarg was perhaps most responsible for widely publicizing this approach to planning in Design with Nature (1969), in which he gave several examples of projects on which he had consulted, such as transportation planning and land conservation.
The first true GIS, the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), developed during the 1960s and completed in 1971, was based on a rudimentary vector data model, and one of the earliest functions was polygon overlay. Another early vector GIS, the Polygon Information Overlay System (PIOS), developed by ESRI for San Diego County, California in 1971, also supported polygon overlay. It used the Point in polygon algorithm to find intersections quickly. Unfortunately, the results of overlay in these early systems was often prone to error.
Carl Steinitz, a landscape architect, helped found the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, in part to develop GIS as a digital tool to implement McHarg's methods. In 1975, Thomas Peucker and Nicholas Chrisman of the Harvard Lab introduced the POLYVRT data model, one of the first to explicitly represent topological relationships and attributes in vector data. They envisioned a system that could handle multiple "polygon networks" (layers) that overlapped by computing Least Common Geographic Units (LCGU), the area where a pair of polygons overlapped, with attributes inherited from the original polygons. Chrisman and James Dougenik implemented this strategy in the WHIRLPOOL program, released in 1979 as part of the Odyssey project to develop a general-purpose GIS. This system implemented several improvements over the earlier approaches in CGIS and PIOS, and its algorithm became part of the core of GIS software for decades to come.
Algorithm
The goal of all overlay operations is to take in vector layers, and create a layer that integrates both the geometry and the attributes of the inputs. Usually, both inputs are polygon layers, but lines and points are allowed in many operations, with simpler processing.
Since the original implementation, the basic strategy of the polygon overlay algorithm has remained the same, although the vector data structures that are used have evolved.
Given the two input polygon layers, extract the boundary lines.
Cracking part A: In each layer, identify edges shared between polygons. Break each line at the junction of shared edges and remove duplicates to create a set of topologically planar connected lines. In early topological data structures such as POLYVRT and the ARC/INFO coverage, the data was natively stored this way, so this step was unnecessary.
Cracking part B: Find any intersections between lines from the two inputs. At each intersection, split both lines. Then merge the two line layers into a single set of topologically planar connected lines.
Assembling part A: Find each minimal closed ring of lines, and use it to create a polygon. Each of these will be a least common geographic unit (LCGU), with at most one "parent" polygon from each of the two inputs.
Assembling part B: Create an attribute table that includes the columns from both inputs. For each LCGU, determine its parent polygon from each input layer, and copy its attributes into the LCGU's row the new table; if was not in any of the polygons for one of the input layers, leave the values as null.
Parameters are usually available to allow the user to calibrate the algorithm for a particular situation. One of the earliest was the snapping or fuzzy tolerance, a threshold distance. Any pair of lines that stay within this distance of each other are collapsed into a single line, avoiding unwanted narrow sliver polygons that can occur when lines that should be coincident (for example, a river and a boundary that should follow it de jure) are digitized separately with slightly different vertices.
Operators
The basic algorithm can be modified in a number of ways to return different forms of integration between the two input layers. These different overlay operators are used to answer a variety of questions, although some are far more commonly implemented and used than others. The most common are closely analogous to operators in set theory and boolean logic, and have adopted their terms. As in these algebraic systems, the overlay operators may be commutative (giving the same result regardless of order) and/or associative (more than two inputs giving the same result regardless of the order in which they are paired).
Intersect (ArcGIS, QGIS, Manifold, TNTmips; AND in GRASS): The result includes only the LCGUs where the two input layers intersect (overlap); that is, those with both "parents." This is identical to the set theoretic intersection of the input layers. Intersect is probably the most commonly used operator in this list. Commutative, associative
Union (ArcGIS, QGIS, Manifold, TNTmips; or in GRASS): The result includes all of the LCGUs, both those where the inputs intersect and where they do not. This is identical to the set theoretic union of the input layers. Commutative, associative
Subtract (TNTmips; Erase in ArcGIS; Difference in QGIS; not in GRASS; missing from Manifold): The result includes only the portions of polygons in one layer that do not overlap with the other layer; that is, the LCGUs that have no parent from the other layer. Non-commutative, non-associative
Exclusive or (Symmetrical Difference in ArcGIS, QGIS; Exclusive Union in TNTmips; XOR in GRASS; missing from Manifold): The result includes the portions of polygons in both layers that do not overlap; that is, all LCGUs that have one parent. This could also be achieved by computing the intersection and the union, then subtracting the intersection from the union, or by subtracting each layer from the other, then computing the union of the two subtractions. Commutative, associative
Clip (ArcGIS, QGIS, GRASS, Manifold; Extract Inside in TNTmips): The result includes the portions of polygons of one layer where they intersect the other layer. The outline is the same as the intersection, but the interior only includes the polygons of one layer rather than computing the LCGUs. Non-commutative, non-associative
Cover (Update in ArcGIS and Manifold; Replace in TNTmips; not in QGIS or GRASS): The result includes one layer intact, with the portions of the polygons of the other layer only where the two layers do not intersect. It is called "cover" because the result looks like one layer is covering the other; it is called "update" in ArcGIS because the most common use is when the two layers represent the same theme, but one represents recent changes (e.g., new parcels) that need to replace the older ones in the same location. It can be replicated by subtracting one layer from the other, then computing the union of that result with the original first layer. Non-commutative, non-associative
Divide (Identity in ArcGIS and Manifold; not in QGIS, TNTmips, or GRASS): The result includes all of the LCGUs that cover one of the input layers, excluding those that are only in the other layer. It is called "divide" because it has the appearance of one layer being used to divide the polygons of the other layer. It can be replicated by computing the intersection, then subtracting one layer from the other, then computing the union of these two results. Non-commutative, non-associative
Boolean overlay algebra
One of the most common uses of polygon overlay is to perform a suitability analysis, also known as a suitability model or multi-criteria evaluation. The task is to find the region that meets a set of criteria, each of which can be represented by a region. For example, the habitat of a species of wildlife might need to be A) within certain vegetation cover types, B) within a threshold distance of a water source (computed using a buffer), and C) not within a threshold distance of significant roads. Each of the criteria can be considered boolean in the sense of Boolean logic, because for any point in space, each criterion is either present or not present, and the point is either in the final habitat area or it is not (acknowledging that the criteria may be vague, but this requires more complex fuzzy suitability analysis methods). That is, which vegetation polygon the point is in is not important, only whether it is suitable or not suitable. This means that the criteria can be expressed as a Boolean logic expression, in this case, H = A and B and not C.
In a task such as this, the overlay procedure can be simplified because the individual polygons within each layer are not important, and can be dissolved into a single boolean region (consisting of one or more disjoint polygons but no adjacent polygons) representing the region that meets the criterion. With these inputs, each of the operators of Boolean logic corresponds exactly to one of the polygon overlay operators: intersect = AND, union = OR, subtract = AND NOT, exclusive or = XOR. Thus, the above habitat region would be generated by computing the intersection of A and B, and subtracting C from the result.
Thus, this particular use of polygon overlay can be treated as an algebra that is homomorphic to Boolean logic. This enables the use of GIS to solve many spatial tasks that can be reduced to simple logic.
Lines and points
Vector overlay is most commonly performed using two polygon layers as input and creating a third polygon layer. However, it is possible to perform the same algorithm (parts of it at least) on points and lines. The following operations are typically supported in GIS software:
Intersect: The output will be of the same dimension as the lower of the inputs: Points * {Points, Lines, Polygons} = Points, Lines * {Lines, Polygons} = Lines. This is often used as a form of spatial join, as it merges the attribute tables of the two layers analogous to a table join. An example of this would be allocating students to school districts. Because it is rare for a point to exactly fall on a line or another point, the fuzzy tolerance is often used here. QGIS has separate operations for computing a line intersection as lines (to find coincident lines) and as points.
Subtract: The output will be of the same dimension as the primary input, with the subtraction layer being of the same or lesser dimension: Points - {Points, Lines, Polygons} = Points, Lines - {Lines, Polygons} = Lines
Clip: While the primary input can be points or lines, the clipping layer is usually required to be polygons, producing the same geometry as the primary input, but only including those features (or parts of lines) that are within the clipping polygons. This operation might also be considered a form of spatial query, as it retains the features of one layer based on its topological relationship to another.
Union: Normally, both input layers are expected to be of the same dimensionality, producing an output layer including both sets of features. ArcGIS and GRASS do not allow this option with points or lines.
Implementations
Vector Overlay is included in some form in virtually every GIS software package that supports vector analysis, although the interface and underlying algorithms vary significantly.
Esri GIS software has included polygon overlay since the first release of ARC/INFO in 1982. Each generation of Esri software (ARC/INFO, ArcGIS, ArcGIS Pro) has included a set of separate tools for each of the overlay operators (Intersect, Union, Clip, etc.). The current implementation in ArcGIS Pro recently added an alternative set of "Pairwise Overlay" tools (as of v2.7) that uses parallel processing to more efficiently process very large datasets.
GRASS GIS (open source), although it was originally raster-based, has included overlay as part of its vector system since GRASS 3.0 (1988). Most of the polygon overlay operators are collected into a single v.overlay command, with v.clip as a separate command.
QGIS (open source) originally incorporated GRASS as its analytical engine, but has gradually developed its own processing framework, including vector overlay.
Manifold System implements overlay in its transformation system.
The Turf Javascript API includes the most common overlay methods, although these operate on individual input polygon objects, not on entire layers.
TNTmips includes several tools for overlay among its vector analysis process.
References
External links
The Overlay toolset documentation in Esri ArcGIS
v.overlay command documentation in GRASS GIS
Vector Overlay documentation in QGIS
Topology Overlays documentation in Manifold
GIS software
Geographic information systems | Vector overlay | [
"Technology"
] | 3,084 | [
"Information systems",
"Geographic information systems"
] |
56,417,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20User%20Modeling%2C%20Adaptation%2C%20and%20Personalization | The International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization (UMAP) is the oldest international conference for researchers and practitioners working on various kinds of user-adaptive computer systems such as Adaptive hypermedia systems, Recommender systems, Adaptive websites, Adaptive learning, Personalized learning and Intelligent tutoring systems and Personalized search systems. All of these systems adapt to their individual users, or to groups of users (i.e., Personalization).
To achieve this goal, they collect and represent information about users or groups (i.e., User modeling).
The UMAP conferences have historically been organized under the auspices of User Modeling Inc., a professional organization of User Modeling researchers. Until 2015, the conference proceedings were published by Springer. In 2016, the UMAP conference series became affiliated with the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), where it is supported by ACM SIGWEB and ACM SIGCHI.
History
UMAP is the successor of the biennial conference series on User Modeling and Adaptive Hypermedia. The User Modeling series started in 1986 as the First International Workshop on User Modeling (UM) at Maria Laach, Germany and was first officially called a conference at the Fourth International Conference on User Modeling in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The last conference in the original series was UM 2007. The International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-based Systems (abbreviated as AH) started in 2000. The last conference in this original series was AH 2008, held in 2008. For several years between 2000 and 2008, UM and AH ran biennially in alternate years. In 2009, the conference series merged into a single annual series under the UMAP designation. The first UMAP conference was in 2009.
The full list of conferences in the series can be found on the UM Inc. website and in a timeline on the Springer publisher website.
References
Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Computer science conferences
Artificial intelligence conferences
Computer conferences | International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization | [
"Technology"
] | 391 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science conferences"
] |
56,418,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline%20%28software%29 | Skyline is an open source software for targeted proteomics and metabolomics data analysis. It runs on Microsoft Windows and supports the raw data formats from multiple mass spectrometric vendors. It contains a graphical user interface to display chromatographic data for individual peptide or small molecule analytes.
Skyline supports multiple workflows including selected reaction monitoring (SRM) / multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), data-independent acquisition (DIA/SWATH) and targeted data-dependent acquisition.
See also
ProteoWizard
OpenMS
Trans-Proteomic Pipeline
Mass spectrometry software
References
External links
Free science software
Bioinformatics software
Mass spectrometry software
Proteomics
Software using the Apache license | Skyline (software) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 157 | [
"Chromatography",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Chemistry software",
"Bioinformatics software",
"Bioinformatics",
"Mass spectrometry software",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Chromatography software"
] |
56,418,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20tiling | In geometry, a binary tiling (sometimes called a Böröczky tiling) is a tiling of the hyperbolic plane, resembling a quadtree over the Poincaré half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane. The tiles are congruent, each adjoining five others. They may be convex pentagons, or non-convex shapes with four sides, alternatingly line segments and horocyclic arcs, meeting at four right angles.
There are uncountably many distinct binary tilings for a given shape of tile. They are all weakly aperiodic, which means that they can have a one-dimensional symmetry group but not a two-dimensional family of symmetries. There exist binary tilings with tiles of arbitrarily small area.
Binary tilings were first studied mathematically in 1974 by . Closely related tilings have been used since the late 1930s in the Smith chart for radio engineering, and appear in a 1957 print by M. C. Escher.
Tiles
A tiling of a surface is a covering of the surface by geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps. An example is the familiar tiling of the Euclidean plane by squares, meeting edge-to-edge, as seen for instance in many bathrooms. When all the tiles have the same shape and size (they are all congruent), the tiling is called a monohedral tiling, and the shape of the tiles is called the prototile of the tiling. The binary tilings are monohedral tilings of the hyperbolic plane, a kind of non-Euclidean geometry with different notions of length, area, congruence, and symmetry than the Euclidean plane.
Two common models for the hyperbolic plane are the Poincaré disk model and Poincaré half-plane model. In these, the points of the hyperbolic plane are modeled by points in the Euclidean plane, in an open disk or the half-plane above a horizontal line respectively. Hyperbolic lines are modeled by those Euclidean circles and lines that cross the model's boundary perpendicularly. The boundary points of the model are called ideal points, and a hyperbolic line through an ideal point is said to be asymptotic to it. The half-plane model has one more ideal point, the point at infinity, asymptotic to all vertical lines. Another important class of hyperbolic curves, called horocycles, are modeled as circles that are tangent to the boundary of the model, or as horizontal lines in the half-plane model. Horocycles are asymptotic to their point of tangency, or to the point at infinity if they have none.
In one version of binary tiling, each tile is a shape bounded by two hyperbolic lines and two horocycles. These four curves should be asymptotic to the same ideal point, with the two horocycles at hyperbolic distance from each other. With these choices, the tile has four right angles, like a rectangle, with its sides alternating between segments of hyperbolic lines and arcs of horocycles. The choice of as the distance between the two horocycles causes one of the two arcs of horocycles (the one farther from the asymptotic point) to have twice the hyperbolic length of the opposite arc. Copies of this shape, meeting edge-to-edge along their line segment sides, can tile the slab or crescent shaped region between two horocycles. A nested family of these slabs or crescents can then tile the entire hyperbolic plane, lined up so that the long arc of each tile in one slab is covered by the short arcs of two tiles in the next slab. The result is a binary tiling.
In the Poincaré half-plane model of hyperbolic geometry, each tile can be modeled as an axis-parallel square or rectangle. In this model, rays through the vertical sides of a tile model hyperbolic lines, asymptotic to the point at infinity, and lines through the horizontal sides of a tile model horocycles, asymptotic to the same point. The hyperbolic length of an arc of a horizontal horocycle is its Euclidean length divided by its -coordinate, while the hyperbolic distance between points with the same -coordinate is the logarithm of the ratio of their -coordinates. From these facts one can calculate that successive horocycles of a binary tiling, at hyperbolic distance , are modeled by horizontal lines whose Euclidean distance from the -axis doubles at each step, and that the two bottom half-arcs of a binary tile each equal the top arc.
An alternative and combinatorially equivalent version of the tiling places its vertices at the same points, but connects them by hyperbolic line segments instead of arcs of horocycles, so that each tile becomes a hyperbolic convex pentagon. This makes the tiling a proper pentagonal tiling. The hyperbolic lines through the non-vertical sides of these tiles are modeled in the half-plane model by semicircles centered on the -axis, and the sides form arcs of these semicircles.
Enumeration and aperiodicity
In the square tiling of the Euclidean plane, every two tiles are positioned in the same way: there is a symmetry of the whole tiling (a translation) that takes one tile to the other. But a binary tiling does not have symmetries that take every tile to every other tile. For instance, for the four tiles two levels below any given tile, no symmetry takes a middle tile to an outer tile. Further, there is only one way of tiling the Euclidean plane by square tiles that meet edge-to-edge, but there are uncountably many edge-to-edge binary tilings. The prototile of the binary tiling can be modified to force the tiling to be edge-to-edge, by adding small protrusions to some sides and matching indentations to others.
Some binary tilings have a one-dimensional infinite symmetry group. For instance, when a binary tiling is viewed in the half-plane model, it may be possible to scale the model by any power of two without changing the tiling. When this is possible, the tiling has infinitely many symmetries, one for each power of two. However, no binary tiling has a two-dimensional symmetry group. This can be expressed mathematically by saying that it is not possible to find a finite set of tiles such that all tiles can be mapped to the finite set by a symmetry of the tiling. More technically, no binary tiling has a cocompact symmetry group.
As a tile all of whose tilings are not fully periodic, the prototile of a binary tiling solves an analogue of the in the hyperbolic plane. This problem asks for a single prototile that tiles only aperiodically; long after the discovery of the binary tilings, it was solved in the Euclidean plane by the discovery of the "hat" and "spectre" tilings. However, the binary tilings are only weakly aperiodic, meaning that no tiling has a two-dimensional group of symmetries. Because they can have one-dimensional symmetries, the binary tilings are not strongly aperiodic.
In binary tilings, more strongly than having all tiles the same shape, all first coronas of tiles have the same shape (possibly after a reflection). The first corona is the set of tiles touching a single central tile. Here, coronas are considered the same if they are reflections of each other. For tilings of the Euclidean plane, having all first coronas the same implies that the tiling is periodic and isohedral, meaning that all tiles are symmetric to each other. The binary tilings show that, in the hyperbolic plane, a tiling can have congruent coronas without being isohedral.
The dual tilings of the binary tilings are formed by choosing a reference point within each tile of a binary tiling, and connecting pairs of reference points of tiles that share an edge with each other. They are not monohedral: the binary tilings have vertices where three or four tiles meet, and correspondingly the dual tilings have some tiles that are triangles and some tiles that are quadrilaterals. The fact that the binary tilings are non-periodic but monohedral (having only one tile shape) translates an equivalent fact about the dual tilings: they are non-periodic but monocoronal, having the same pattern of tiles surrounding each vertex.
Applications
Binary tilings were first studied mathematically in 1974 by . Böröczky was investigating the density of a discrete planar point set, the average number of points per unit area. This quantity is used, for instance, to study Danzer sets. For points placed one per tile in a monohedral tiling of the Euclidean plane, the density is inverse to the tile area. But for the hyperbolic plane, paradoxical issues ensue. The tiles of a binary tiling can be grouped into three-tile subunits, with each subunit consisting of one tile above two more (as viewed in the Poincaré half-plane model). Points centered within the upper tile of each subunit have one point per subunit, for an apparent density equal to one third of the area of a binary tile. However, the same points and the same binary tiling can be regrouped in a different way, with two points per subunit, centered in the two lower tiles of each subunit, with two times the apparent density. This example shows that it is not possible to determine the density of a hyperbolic point set from tilings in this way.
Another application involves the area of tiles in a monohedral tiling.
In defining the binary tilings, there is a free parameter, the distance between the vertical sides of the tiles. All tiles in a single tiling have equal hyperbolic areas, but if this distance changes, the (equal) area of all the tiles will also change, in proportion. Choosing this distance to be arbitrarily small shows that the hyperbolic plane has tilings by congruent tiles of arbitrarily small area.
Jarkko Kari has used a system of colorings of tiles from a binary tiling, analogous to Wang tiles, to prove that determining whether a given system of hyperbolic prototiles can tile the hyperbolic plane is an undecidable problem. Subdivisions of a binary tiling that replace each tile by a grid graph have been used to obtain tight bounds on the fine-grained complexity of graph algorithms. Recursive data structures resembling quadtrees, based on binary tiling, have been used for approximate nearest neighbor queries in the hyperbolic plane.
Related patterns
A 1957 print by M. C. Escher, Regular Division of the Plane VI, has this tiling as its underlying structure, with each square tile of a binary tiling (as seen in its quadtree form) subdivided into three isosceles right triangles. It is one of several Escher prints based on the half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane. The print itself replaces each triangle by a stylized lizard.
The Smith chart, a graphical method of visualizing parameters in radio engineering, resembles a binary tiling on the Poincaré disk model of the hyperbolic plane, and has been analyzed for its connections to hyperbolic geometry and to Escher's hyperbolic tilings. It was first developed in the late 1930s by Tōsaku Mizuhashi, Phillip Hagar Smith, and Amiel R. Volpert.
The Cayley graph of the Baumslag–Solitar group , has the group elements as vertices, connected by edges representing multiplication by this group's standard generating elements. This graph can be decomposed into "sheets", whose vertices and edges form a binary tiling. At each level of a binary tiling, there are two choices for how to continue the tiling at the next higher level. Any two sheets will coincide for some number of levels until separating from each other by following different choices at one of these levels, giving the sheets the structure of an infinite binary tree.
A related tiling of the hyperbolic plane by Roger Penrose can be interpreted as being formed by adjacent pairs of binary tiles, one above the other, whose unions form L-shaped tiles. Like binary tiling, it is weakly aperiodic. Charles Radin describes another modification to the binary tiling in which an angular bump is added to the two lower sides of each tile, with a matching indentation cut from the upper side of each tile. These modified tiles can form the usual binary tilings, but they can also be used to form different tilings that replace each face of an apeirogonal tiling by the subset of a binary tiling that lies inside a horocycle. (For horizontal horocycles in the Poincaré half-plane, the inside is above the horocycle.) These mixed binary and apeirogonal tilings avoid the density paradoxes of the binary tiling.
The dual graph of a binary tiling has a vertex for each tile, and an edge for each pair of tiles that share an edge. It takes the form of an infinite binary tree (extending infinitely both upwards and downwards, without a root) with added side-to-side connections between tree nodes at the same level as each other. An analogous structure for finite complete binary trees, with the side-to-side connections at each level extended from paths to cycles, has been studied as a network topology in parallel computing, the ringed tree. Ringed trees have also been studied in terms of their hyperbolic metric properties in connection with small-world networks.
Omitting the side-to-side connections gives an embedding of an infinite binary tree as a hyperbolic tree.
See also
Tetrapentagonal tiling, a periodic tiling of the hyperbolic plane by pentagons
References
Aperiodic tilings
Hyperbolic tilings
Pentagonal tilings
Binary trees | Binary tiling | [
"Physics"
] | 2,904 | [
"Tessellation",
"Aperiodic tilings",
"Symmetry",
"Hyperbolic tilings"
] |
56,421,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20hardware%20manufacturers%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union | This is a list of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union:
List
Major Soviet hardware manufacturers and ministry affiliations in 1988:
Ministry of the Electronics Industry
Elka Plant
Leningrad Svetlana Association
Exiton Plant in Pavlovskiy Posad (завод «Экситон»)
Voronezh Elektronika Association (НПО «Электроника»)
Zelenograd Complex
Ministry of Instrument Making
V. I. Lenin Kiev Elektronmash Production Association (Киевское производственное объединение «Электронмаш» им. В. И. Ленина)
Kiev Plant of Computers and Electronic Control Machines (VUM) (Киевский завод вычислительных и управляющих машин - ВУМ)
Kishinev Calculating Machine Plant
Kursk Calculating Machines Plant
Leningrad Electrical Machines Plant (Ленинградский Электромашиностроительный Завод)
Livny Experimental Factory of Computer Graphics (Ливенский завод средств машинной графики)
Moscow Elektronmash Scientific Production Association
Orel Computer Machines Plant
Ryazan Order of Lenin Factory of Calculating Analytical Machinery
Impulse Severodonetsk Scientific Production Association (Северодонецкое научно-производственное объединение «Импульс»)
Smolensk Calculating Machine Factory
Taurage Calculating Machine Assemblies Plant (Tauragės skaičiavimo mašinų elementų gamykla)
Tbilisi Control Computer Works
Lenin Vilnius Computer Factory
Vilnius Sigma Association
Vinnytsia Terminal Plant (Завод «Терминал»)
Ministry of Radio Technology
Kazan Computer Plant (Казанский завод ЭВМ)
Minsk Computer Technology Production Corporation (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники)
Moscow Calculating Machines Plant (SAM; Московский завод счётно-аналитических машин)
Moscow Radio Plant (Московский Радиозавод)
Penza Computer Work (Завод вычислительных электронных машин)
Yerevan Electronics Plant (Ереванский завод "Электрон")
See also
List of computer hardware manufacturers
References
Soviet computer hardware
Soviet computer hardware
Soviet computer hardware
Soviet computer hardware
Computer hardware manufacturers
Computer hardware
Computing in the Soviet Union | List of computer hardware manufacturers in the Soviet Union | [
"Technology"
] | 749 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Computing in the Soviet Union",
"History of computing"
] |
56,424,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20multiplier | In electronics, a Q multiplier is a circuit added to a radio receiver to improve its selectivity and sensitivity. It is a regenerative amplifier adjusted to provide positive feedback within the receiver. This has the effect of narrowing the receiver's bandwidth, as if the Q factor of its tuned circuits had been increased. The Q multiplier was a common accessory in shortwave receivers of the vacuum tube era as either a factory installation or an add-on device. In use, the Q multiplier had to be adjusted to a point just short of oscillation to provide maximum sensitivity and rejection of interfering signals.
A Q multiplier could also be adjusted to act as a notch filter, useful for reducing the interfering effect of signals on frequencies near to the desired signal. In some receiver designs, the Q multiplier was made to also serve as a beat frequency oscillator by adjusting it to oscillate. This could be used for reception of single sideband or Morse radiotelegraphy, but in that case the circuit no longer provided improved selectivity.
The principle of regeneration applied to radio receivers was developed by Edwin Armstrong, who patented a regenerative receiver in 1914. At least one console-model broadcast superheterodyne receiver used positive feedback to improve selectivity in a 1926 design. Q-multipliers were common on shortwave general-coverage and communications receivers of the 1950s. With the advent of crystal and ceramic intermediate frequency filters, the Q-multiplier was no longer popular.
See also
Q meter
References
Radio electronics | Q multiplier | [
"Engineering"
] | 320 | [
"Radio electronics"
] |
56,424,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Workflow%20Language | The Common Workflow Language (CWL) is a standard for describing computational data-analysis workflows. Development of CWL is focused particularly on serving the data-intensive sciences, such as bioinformatics, medical imaging, astronomy, physics, and chemistry.
Standard
A key goal of the CWL is to allow the creation of a workflow that is portable and thus may be run reproducibly in different computational environments.
The CWL originated from discussions in 2014 between Peter Amstutz, John Chilton, Nebojša Tijanić, and Michael R. Crusoe (at that time their respective affiliations were: Galaxy, Arvados, Seven Bridges, and Michigan State University) at the Open Bioinformatics Foundation BOSC 2014 codefest.
CWL is supported by multiple analysis runners and platforms such as Apache Airflow (via CWL-Airflow ), Arvados, Rabix, Cromwell workflow engine, Toil, REANA - Reusable Analyses and CWLEXEC for IBM Spectrum LSF, and was identified in 2017 as one of the future trends for bioinformatics pipeline development. Several additional analysis environments are currently implementing support for CWL including Pegasus and Galaxy.
Availability
The CWL Project is a multi-stakeholder working group consisting of both organizations and individuals. A member project of Software Freedom Conservancy, it publishes the CWL standards freely available via its GitHub repository under a permissive Apache License 2.0.
References
External links
CWL v1.0 specification DOI
CWL website
CWL GitHub Repository
CWL entry in the EU Observatory for ICT Standardisation
Workflow languages
Cloud standards
Computer standards
Data interchange standards | Common Workflow Language | [
"Technology"
] | 350 | [
"Computer standards",
"Data interchange standards",
"Cloud standards"
] |
56,424,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae%20West%20%28sculpture%29 | Mae West is a sculpture in Munich-Bogenhausen designed by Rita McBride. Named after the eponymous actress, the plastic artwork is a 52 meter high hyperboloid of one sheet built from carbon fiber reinforced polymer.
Mae West was planned in 2002 for the altered Effnerplatz after construction of a tunnel for the so-called Mittlerer Ring. Following highly controversial discussions about size, shape and cost both within the city council and among the citizens, the sculpture was built between October 2010 and January 2011. Since December 2011, the Munich tram runs through it.
Location
Mae West is located at the center of the (Effner square) in Munich-Bogenhausen, at the intersection of Mittlerer Ring, Bülowstraße and Effnerstraße. The sculpture stands on top of the Effnertunnel constructed for the Mittlerer Ring. The Arabellapark is to the east of the sculpture, and several stops of the Munich tram and Bus system are located nearby.
History
Idea, planning and development
In 2002, due to the planning of the Effnertunnel, the newly available square was selected as the site of a new art project and eight artists were asked to develop ideas for the area. In the end, Rita McBride's idea won against drafts by, among others, Thomas Schütte and Dennis Oppenheim.
Due to the size of 52 m (171 ft) (previously 60 m) and the projected costs of € 1.5m, the sculpture was highly controversial. Munich mayor Christian Ude was the most prominent critic, comparing the sculpture to an egg cup. After heated discussions, Munich's city council voted 40–35 to build the sculpture, with the co-ruling Alliance 90/The Greens party joining the opposition parties to vote for the sculpture.
Construction
References
2011 establishments in Germany
2011 sculptures
Buildings and structures in Munich
Cultural depictions of Mae West
Hyperboloid structures
Outdoor sculptures in Munich | Mae West (sculpture) | [
"Technology"
] | 397 | [
"Structural system",
"Hyperboloid structures"
] |
56,425,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternionic%20manifold | In differential geometry, a quaternionic manifold is a quaternionic analog of a complex manifold. The definition is more complicated and technical than the one for complex manifolds due in part to the noncommutativity of the quaternions and in part to the lack of a suitable calculus of holomorphic functions for quaternions. The most succinct definition uses the language of G-structures on a manifold. Specifically, a quaternionic n-manifold can be defined as a smooth manifold of real dimension 4n equipped with a torsion-free -structure. More naïve, but straightforward, definitions lead to a dearth of examples, and exclude spaces like quaternionic projective space which should clearly be considered as quaternionic manifolds.
Early history
Marcel Berger's 1955 paper on the classification of Riemannian holonomy groups first raised the issue of the existence of non-symmetric manifolds with holonomy Sp(n)·Sp(1).Interesting results were proved in the mid-1960s in pioneering work by Edmond Bonan and Kraines who have independently proven that any such manifold admits a parallel 4-form .The long-awaited analog of strong Lefschetz theorem was published in 1982 :
Definitions
The enhanced quaternionic general linear group
If we regard the quaternionic vector space as a right -module, we can identify the algebra of right -linear maps with the algebra of quaternionic matrices acting on from the left. The invertible right -linear maps then form a subgroup of . We can enhance this group with the group of nonzero quaternions acting by scalar multiplication on from the right. Since this scalar multiplication is -linear (but not -linear) we have another embedding of into . The group is then defined as the product of these subgroups in . Since the intersection of the subgroups and in is their mutual center (the group of scalar matrices with nonzero real coefficients), we have the isomorphism
Almost quaternionic structure
An almost quaternionic structure on a smooth manifold is just a -structure on . Equivalently, it can be defined as a subbundle of the endomorphism bundle such that each fiber is isomorphic (as a real algebra) to the quaternion algebra . The subbundle is called the almost quaternionic structure bundle. A manifold equipped with an almost quaternionic structure is called an almost quaternionic manifold.
The quaternion structure bundle naturally admits a bundle metric coming from the quaternionic algebra structure, and, with this metric, splits into an orthogonal direct sum of vector bundles
where is the trivial line bundle through the identity operator, and is a rank-3 vector bundle corresponding to the purely imaginary quaternions. Neither the bundles or are necessarily trivial.
The unit sphere bundle
inside corresponds to the pure unit imaginary quaternions. These are endomorphisms of the tangent spaces that square to −1. The bundle is called the twistor space of the manifold , and its properties are described in more detail below. Local sections of are (locally defined) almost complex structures. There exists a neighborhood of every point in an almost quaternionic manifold with an entire 2-sphere of almost complex structures defined on . One can always find such that
Note, however, that none of these operators may be extendable to all of . That is, the bundle may admit no global sections (e.g. this is the case with quaternionic projective space ). This is in marked contrast to the situation for complex manifolds, which always have a globally defined almost complex structure.
Quaternionic structure
A quaternionic structure on a smooth manifold is an almost quaternionic structure which admits a torsion-free affine connection preserving . Such a connection is never unique, and is not considered to be part of the quaternionic structure. A quaternionic manifold is a smooth manifold together with a quaternionic structure on .
Special cases and additional structures
Hypercomplex manifolds
A hypercomplex manifold is a quaternionic manifold with a torsion-free -structure. The reduction of the structure group to is possible if and only if the almost quaternionic structure bundle is trivial (i.e. isomorphic to ). An almost hypercomplex structure corresponds to a global frame of , or, equivalently, triple of almost complex structures , and such that
A hypercomplex structure is an almost hypercomplex structure such that each of , and are integrable.
Quaternionic Kähler manifolds
A quaternionic Kähler manifold is a quaternionic manifold with a torsion-free -structure.
Hyperkähler manifolds
A hyperkähler manifold is a quaternionic manifold with a torsion-free -structure. A hyperkähler manifold is simultaneously a hypercomplex manifold and a quaternionic Kähler manifold.
Twistor space
Given a quaternionic -manifold , the unit 2-sphere subbundle corresponding to the pure unit imaginary quaternions (or almost complex structures) is called the twistor space of . It turns out that, when , there exists a natural complex structure on such that the fibers of the projection are isomorphic to . When , the space admits a natural almost complex structure, but this structure is integrable only if the manifold is self-dual. It turns out that the quaternionic geometry on can be reconstructed entirely from holomorphic data on .
The twistor space theory gives a method of translating problems on quaternionic manifolds into problems on complex manifolds, which are much better understood, and amenable to methods from algebraic geometry. Unfortunately, the twistor space of a quaternionic manifold can be quite complicated, even for simple spaces like .
References
Differential geometry
Manifolds
manifold
Structures on manifolds | Quaternionic manifold | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,232 | [
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Manifolds",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
56,426,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonyl%20nitrene | A sulfonyl nitrene is a chemical compound with generic formula RSO2N. Known sulfonyl nitrenes include methyl sulfonyl nitrene, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitrene, and tolyl sulfonyl nitrene. Also fluorosulfonyl nitrene FSO2N exists, but rearranges to FNSO2. Preparation of sulfonyl nitrenes can be accomplished by heating sulfonyl azides:
RSO2N3 → RSO2N + N2
They are distinct from sulfinyl nitrenes which only have one oxygen attached to the sulfur atom.
References
Nitrogen compounds
Sulfonyl groups | Sulfonyl nitrene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 155 | [
"Substituents",
"Functional groups",
"Sulfonyl groups"
] |
77,834,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidofludimus | Vidofludimus is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It is a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor.
References
Anti-inflammatory agents
Carboxamides
Biphenyls
Carboxylic acids
Cyclopentanes
Fluorobenzene derivatives
3-Methoxyphenyl compounds | Vidofludimus | [
"Chemistry"
] | 85 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
77,834,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20pricing%20on%20shipping | Carbon pricing of shipping is a charges that applies to maritime transport ships for their greenhouse gas emissions. Maritime transport makes up 3% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reach the goals set out in the Paris Agreement, the European Union and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have begun to implement or explore ways to reduce the carbon emissions produced by shipping.
Overview
Carbon pricing has been proposed as a way to address a number of barriers to decarbonization in the shipping industry. Foremost among these is the difference in price between traditional fossil fuels, such as heavy fuel oil or marine diesel oil, and low-carbon marine propulsion. Putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions is intended to make fossil fuels more expensive, in turn increasing the competitiveness of alternative fuels (such as methanol) which have so far not been taken up on a large scale. Such measures are intended to also reduce rebound effects, whereby improvements in the energy efficiency of vessels result in greater use of shipping as a means of transport.
Some commentators have claimed that progress in this area has been limited by a mutual lack of motivation on the part of both ship owners and port operators to be the first to take action. In this scenario, potential fuel suppliers wait for shipowners to begin using low-carbon fuels before they invest in infrastructure to supply it, and shipowners wait for the infrastructure to be put in place before investing in ships that can use it. A carbon price is intended to overcome this dilemma.
Carbon pricing
Carbon pricing follows the polluter pays principle, and is widely regarded as a cost-effective way to reduce emissions. In 2023, the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was expanded to include the shipping sector. That same year, the International Maritime Organization, the UN agency responsible for regulating maritime transport, agreed on a strategy to bring emissions from shipping to net zero “by or around” 2050. Though the details of this are still under discussion as of late 2024, this strategy includes the implementation of a carbon price.
Implementation
European Union
The EU ETS applies a carbon price to emissions by issuing a limited amount of ‘allowances,’ which can be traded. In order to make up for any emissions released, a company is required to surrender the equivalent amount of allowances. This, in theory, allows the EU to cap the total amount of emissions produced in the bloc. If one company or facility has more allowances than it needs, it can sell these to a company that requires more. This kind of system is known as ‘cap and trade.’ In 2023, it was decided that this system would apply to the shipping industry from the following year, charging for all the emissions generated by voyages between EU countries and half of emissions generated by voyages between EU countries and countries outside the EU. The inclusion of international shipping in the EU ETS will be gradual. Initially, the EU ETS will cover only 40% of the emissions, and it will be gradually expanded over time. As well as price, emissions from ships above 5000 tonnes calling at EU ports are also limited by regulation.
International
As of late 2024, discussions are underway at the International Maritime Organization regarding the details of an emission-reduction strategy that includes a carbon pricing system for international shipping. If implemented, this would be the first global carbon pricing system. An alternative method of carbon pricing to cap and trade would be a carbon tax.
The IMO GHG Strategy outlines a goal of reaching net zero emissions from shipping by or around 2050. The strategy also indicates that the decarbonization of the sector will be achieved via the implementation of a number of measures, one which is likely to be a GHG emission pricing mechanism. Discussions are underway as of late 2024 regarding the exact nature of that pricing mechanism. The IMO is composed of a number of stakeholders, including both member states and observer organizations, all of whom are able to put forward policy proposals to be voted on by the IMO Assembly, composed of member states. To date various proposals for a carbon pricing mechanism have been put forward, which vary in their level of stringency and flexibility.
Criticisms of these proposals at the IMO include the contention that applying such a carbon price will have a disproportionately negative effect on developing countries, for instance by reducing their export and import opportunities. China, Argentina, Brazil and South Africa are among the countries that have opposed such measures on these grounds. A review of empirical research indicates that the impact of such a carbon price on GDP may be limited. Others have argued that it is likely that other measures to decarbonize international shipping would also have a negative impact on trade. This impact may be higher than that of a GHG price, because carbon pricing tends to be a cost-effective measure, that is less expensive than other policy options. Additionally, the concurrent implementation of an IMO GHG pricing mechanism and the extension of the EU ETS to international shipping may create a situation where GHG emissions from shipping are priced twice.
Revenue policies
Most of the revenue generated by the EU ETS system is given to member states. Initially, member states were only required to use half of this revenue on climate-related goals. As of 2023, the EU requires that member states use all of this revenue on climate-related projects. The remaining portion of the total money generated by the system is deployed into the two EU-level funds with remits related to climate change. The first of these, the Innovation Fund, finances industrial decarbonization. The second, the Social Climate Fund, provides member states with funding with the aim of ensuring that vulnerable groups are not negatively impacted by the green transition, for example by mitigating energy poverty.
Estimates indicate that an IMO GHG pricing mechanism may generate up to 40-60 billion US dollars every year up to 2050. As a result of this, there is considerable debate over how such money should be pooled, managed, and spent. Stakeholders disagree on the degree to which such money ought to be used ‘in-sector,’ (i.e. spent on further decarbonizing the shipping industry itself) or ‘out-of-sector.’ (used as general climate finance)
Several IMO members have highlighted that this revenue opens up opportunities for financing the energy transition in shipping itself, and also offers an opportunity to address concerns over climate justice. Other ways of taking climate justice into account, such as granting exemptions to ports in selected countries, have also been considered, but this opens up opportunities for price avoidance and risks unfairly disadvantaging some countries.
References
See also
Emissions trading
Marine fuel management
Carbon finance
Fossil fuels
Environmental tax
Emissions reduction
Freight transport | Carbon pricing on shipping | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,363 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Emissions reduction"
] |
77,834,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buloxibutid | Buloxibutid is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat COVID-19 infections. It is an angiotensin II receptor type 2 agonist.
References
Carbamates
Imidazoles
Sulfonamides
Thiophenes
Butyl esters
Isobutyl compounds | Buloxibutid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 65 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
77,834,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandelisib | Zandelisib is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat follicular lymphoma. It is a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase delta inhibitor.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Amines
Benzimidazoles
Morpholines
Piperidines
Triazines
Difluoromethyl compounds | Zandelisib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 72 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
77,834,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaparib | Senaparib is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat ovarian cancer. It is a PARP inhibitor.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Fluorobenzene derivatives
Piperazines
Pyrimidines
Quinazolinones | Senaparib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 55 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
77,835,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei%20Mate%20XT | The Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design is the world's first double-folding, or tri-fold foldable smartphone. It was announced on 10 September 2024 and made available for pre-order in China the same day.
Hardware
RAM: 16GB
Storage: 256 GB, 512 GB, or 1 TB
Diagonal display size: (depends on number of unfolded panels)
6.4 inch (1 panel)
7.9 inch (2 panels)
10.2 inch (3 panels), 3184 x 2232 pixels, 90 Hz, 16:11 ratio.
Cameras:
50MP main
12MP ultra-wide
12MP 5.5x telephoto
8MP selfie
Battery:
5600 mAh (total for three batteries)
Features and specifications
Out of the box, the Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design dual-SIM (Nano+ Nano) runs Harmony OS 4.2. Its 10.2-inch (3,184 x 2,232 pixel) flexible LTPO OLED screen folds into two different sizes when folded: 7.9 inches (2,048 x 2,232 pixels) when folded once, and 6.4 inches (1,008 x 2,232 pixels) when folded twice.
Details on the processor powering the Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design, which features 16GB of RAM, have been released by the brand. It uses the Kirin 9010, which is a 7nm processor. There are three storage configurations available: 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB. The Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design base edition costs CNY 19,999 (about Rs. 2,37,000, or $2,800), and it has 16GB of RAM and 256GB of built-in storage. Furthermore, at CNY 21,999 (approximately Rs. 2,59,500 approximately $3090) and CNY 23,999 (approximately Rs. 2,84,000 approximately $3370), respectively, the phone will be available with storage capacities of 512GB and 1TB.
The 50-megapixel camera on the outside of the Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design features optical image stabilization (OIS) and a variable aperture that goes from f/1.2 to f/4.0. It also has a 12-megapixel periscope telephoto camera with 5.5x optical zoom, OIS, and an f/3.4 aperture, as well as a 12-megapixel ultrawide camera with an f/2.2 aperture. The smartphone's display has an 8-megapixel camera for selfies and video chats, located in a hole-punch cutout in the center of the screen.
The Huawei Mate XT Ultimate Design has USB 3.1 Type-C port, GPS, NFC, Bluetooth 5.2, Wi-Fi 6, 5G, and 4G LTE connectivity choices. In addition to having a side-mounted fingerprint scanner for biometric verification, the phone is equipped with a powerful 5,600mAh battery that supports both fast wired charging at 66W and wireless charging at 50W. Additionally, it offers reverse charging capabilities, allowing users to charge other devices either with 5W wired reverse charging or 7.5W wireless reverse charging. It weighs 298g and has dimensions of 156.7x73x12.8mm for a single screen, 156.7x143x7.45mm for a dual screen, and 156.7x219x3.6mm for a triple screen.
The device can be used with a case that has a kickstand, and a foldable keyboard with a built in trackpad to provide a desktop PC-like experience.
Repair cost
The cost of replacing and maintaining the equipment will also be high. According to GSM Arena, Huawei has released the official list of Mate XT repair charges. Replacing the screen will cost ¥7,999. If the user chooses to keep the old display, the repair would cost ¥9,799. In case the motherboard malfunctions, a replacement for the 1 TB model might cost as much as ¥10,699.
Notes
References
External links
HUAWEI Mate XT official website
Foldable smartphones
Huawei smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2024
Flagship smartphones
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording | Huawei Mate XT | [
"Technology"
] | 920 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Foldable smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
77,836,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari%20Calculator | Atari Calculator (or Calculator) is a proprietary software program developed by Atari, Inc. for Atari 8-bit computers and publoished in 1979. It incorporates the functionality of a scientific calculator into a software calculator. It was written in assembly language by American programmer and game designer Carol Shaw. The program supports multiple modes, including enabling it to be used as a programmable calculator with a then-popular reverse Polish notation (RPN) input method.
History
In 1977, the Calculator computer program was developed by Carol Shaw at Atari, Inc. In 1979, the screenshot of the Atari Calculator, with the title ATARI CALCULATOR COPYRIGHT 1979 in the main window, was printed in the "Touch the future." brochure on the screenshots gallery page, featuring the upcoming Atari 800 computer. The UI was colored in light bluish text on a dark blue background. In the same year, the "Calculator: Instruction Manual" book was printed, and program got product ID number CX-8102. On the screenshots of the program, printed in grayscale in the manual, the title in the main window changed to CALCULATOR COPYRIGHT (C) ATARI 1979.
In 1981, the Calculator was marketed in the "Atari Personal Computer Product Catalog".
In September 1981, the Atari Calculator was marketed in the Atari Connection magazine, in the section for new business and professional applications:
During 1981—1982, it was distributed in two variants, by Atari, Inc. itself and by the Atari Program Exchange (APX) department, in the form of boxed diskette, together with the Atari DOS 2.0, for the Atari 8-bit computers.
In June 1982, the "Calculator: Instruction Manual" book was printed by the APX, noted with "User-Written Software for Atari Computers" on the cover, and the program got product ID number APX-20130. In the same year, product CX-8102 was listed in the "Atari Home Computer Product Catalog". On the screenshot, printed in color in the catalog, the colors of the UI were changed from dark blue to reddish brown, the output line colored in black with gray text, and the input line colored in light bluish colors.
After 1982, there was little news about the Atari Calculator, its development, and it was excluded from the listing in the next official catalogs by Atari.
On 12 October 2011, Benj Edwards, a tech reporter and historian, published on the "Vintage Computing & Gaming" site the transcription of the interview with Carol Shaw, who left Atari after 1980. During the interview, there was revealed details about the Atari Calculator origin and development:
Features
Data sources: the official Atari manuals and catalogs, Carol Shaw's papers, the Atari Connection magazine, the AtariWiki
Display size: 40×24 characters
Required RAM size: 24 KB
Programming support
Program storage size: 100 memory registers
Stack input size: 42 characters
Memory data storage size: 3072 bytes
Various calculation modes:
ALG (algebraic with operator precedence)
ALGN (algebraic without operator precedence)
RPN (Reverse Polish Notation)
Various angular modes: DEG, RAD
Various numeric modes: DEC, OCT, HEX
Precision: Floating point, Integer
Logical operations: AND, OR
145 Functions: Financial, Statistical, Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Bit Manipulation, Factorial, Logarithm, Single- and Double-variable functions, etc.
Polar/Rectangular conversion
Unit conversion (temperature, mass, distance, volume, angle, etc.)
Constants: π (pi)
Dual-panel view for stack and memory inputs
Tips and Error messages
Various color themes: Brown tones (default), Black and White (positive and negative), Blue/Dark Blue/Green/Pink/Yellow tones
Input/Output
Save/Load
Print out (requires Atari 825 printer to be connected)
Exit to DOS (Atari DOS 2.0 included in diskette distribution)
Alternatives
The Atari Calculator was not the only RPN calculator for Atari 800, there was also the commercial RPN Calculator (ID numbers APX-10105 and APX-20105), written in Atari BASIC by John Crane, and the Atari Rechner Simulation mit UPN by MTC (imitating hardware RPN calculator).
In October 2014, Norbert Kehrer created free simulators of the Hewlett-Packard RPN calculators (HP-35, HP-45, HP-55 and HP-80) for Atari 800XL and Commodore 64.
For the later Atari computers, further scientific calculators were developed, for example, there were two public-domain software calculators: the Scientific Calculator by M. Weller for Atari ST, and the RPN Calculator by Arnauld Chevallier for Intellivision.
Atari hardware calculators
In the late 1980s, Atari produced a line of hardware desktop and pocket calculators, but none of them had programming support and an RPN input.
Legacy
In 2012, the Atari Calculator was highlighted in an article published in the ABBUC Magazin (Issue #111), which was published by the German-based, Atari Bit Byter User Club e.V., and the styled Atari Calculator title was featured on the cover. Cover design and fan art illustrations assisting the article authored by Oliver Rapp. Cover illustration also includes a sign in a lower right corner in a form of mathematical formula to say "Thank you", used by Atari community to honor notable contributors:
Rapp also designed a label for the possible future ROM cartridge release of the Atari Calculator, reserving ID number CXL-4028.
On 27—28 April 2013, the Atari Calculator was displayed at the 14th Vintage Computer Festival Europe (VCFe) in Munich, and Vortrag Wassenberg made its presentation. Slides from this presentation were published online.
On 22 November 2013, Peter Dell released a ROM cartridge version of the modified original Atari Calculator with adding startup screen, as a personal gift sent to Carol Shaw:
In 2013, Norbert Kehrer ported the original Atari Calculator to Commodore 64.
On 5 November 2014, the Atari Calculator was highlighted on the 'Inverse ATASCII Podcast'. The podcast site also published the source of the example program for the Atari Calculator, newly created cheat sheet, screenshots of software screen in various modes and an excerpt from the original user manual showing a mistake on instruction illustration.
Colleen Calculator
On 31 August 2016, Kay Savetz, the host of the 'ANTIC podcast', uploaded at the Internet Archive the scans of the Colleen Calculator source printouts, an unreleased cartridge version of the Atari Calculator — obtained from Harry Stewart — which was originally presented by Carol Shaw. In addition, two source printiouts, which included code for floating-point arithmetic handling, were scanned and uploaded the Atari Calculator cartridge specification, handwritten by Shaw, and the official prited user manual for the Atari Calculator. Savetz uploaded it all with a permission from Shaw, and the original printouts Shaw had donated to and now are storing at the Strong Museum, as well as all of the materials related to Atari, she collected during her employment period at the Atari (1978–1980).
On 29 June 2017, Shaw was hosted by Savetz on the "ANTIC" podcast. During the interview, Shaw described more details about the Atari Calculator and the Colleen Calculator development.
On 4 September 2020, Savetz released on GitHub source files of the Colleen Calculator, recovered and reconstructed from scanned printouts. The header in source files includes info on the initial commit date by Shaw:
The name of the Colleen Calculator refers to the codename of Atari 800 — the "Colleen".
Gallery
UI layout from the screenshot printed in 1979:
UI layout from the screenshot printed in 1982:
See also
Comparison of software calculators
Atari BASIC
VisiCalc
Publications
(Compressed PDF, 22 MB)
(Original PDF, Gzip'ed, 114 MB)
References
External links
Atari Calculator at the AtariWiki
Atari Calculator at the AtariAge Forums
Atari Calculator(APX-20130) at the AtariArchives
Carol Shaw papers at the Strong Museum
Atari Calculator (Atari cartridge by Peter Dell)
Atari Calculator (Commodore 64 port by Norbert Kehrer)
Carol Shaw.
John Crane.
Norbert Kehrer. HP Calculator Emulators for the Commodore 64 and ATARI 800XL at the Museum of HP Calculators
MTC.
Atari
Atari 8-bit computer software
Software calculators
Programmable calculators
Financial software
Mathematical software
1979 software
1982 software | Atari Calculator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,837 | [
"Software calculators",
"Mathematical software"
] |
77,839,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20mental%20health%20crisis | The ongoing youth mental health crisis refers to the significant rise in mental health challenges among adolescents and young adults in the US, Canada, the UK, and Europe. The trend began in the early 2010s and escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notable issues include increasing rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide. Girls are particularly vulnerable.
History
In October 2021, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), and the Children's Hospital Association (CHA) jointly declared a "national emergency in child and adolescent mental health." Two months later, U.S. Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy published a rare public health advisory, sounding alarm at a "devastating" decline in mental health faced by young people in America. According to the report, while the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the trend, the sharp drop in youth mental health had already begun ten years prior.
Prevalence
Between 2014 and 2024, the suicide rate for young Americans aged 10-24 years has risen by 56%, with Black youth experiencing a particularly sharp rise of 78%. Among adolescents aged 10-14, the suicide rate surged by 167% for girls and 91% for boys between 2010 and 2020. Other signs of mental health distress, such as self-harm episodes, major depressive episodes, anxiety, have also shown similar growth.
Possible causes
A 2021 report by the U.S. Surgeon General suggested that "messages through the media and popular culture that erode [adolescents'] sense of self-worth" may be responsible. Similarly, in a 2023 statement, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) recognised the risks of "excessive use of social media", but also called attention to social and political malaise, as well as anxieties over climate change.
The 2024 best-selling book The Anxious Generation by American social psychologist Jonathan Haidt, argued that the rise of "phone-based" childhood and overprotective parenting has disrupted social and neurological development of adolescents. The book highlighted several negative factors, including social anxiety, attention fragmentation, sleep deprivation, and addiction. Others have disputed Haidt's theory.
A survey conducted by Politico in April 2024, involving 1,400 medical and mental health professions, identified the following factors as the primary drivers of mental health issues in children: social media (cited by 28% respondents), external events such as school shootings, climate change, war, and political instability (14%), social isolation (13%), and lack of skills to be more independents (12%).
David Wallace-Wells of The New York Times suggested that the spike may at least partly be attributed to "changing methods of measuring and addressing mental health and mental illness."
See also
Teenage suicide in the United States
Youth in the United States
References
Child and adolescent psychiatry
Suicide
Youth in the United States | Youth mental health crisis | [
"Biology"
] | 602 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Suicide"
] |
77,840,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy%20Daszy%C5%84ski%20Monument | The Ignacy Daszyński Monument (Polish: Pomnik Ignacego Daszyńskiego) is a bronze statue in Warsaw, Poland, placed in the Crossroads Square, at the intersection of Szucha Avenue and People's Army Avenue. It is dedicated to Ignacy Daszyński, a socialist and politician who was the first prime minister of Poland in 1918. The monument was designed by Jacek Kucaba and unveiled on 11 November 2018.
History
In 2012, Bronisław Komorowski, the president of Poland, gave his support to the long-proposed idea of erecting monument dedicated to Ignacy Daszyński (1866–1936), a socialist and politician who was the first prime minister of Poland in 1918. The monument was designed by sculptor Jacek Kucaba.
It was unveiled on 11 November 2018, in the 100th National Independence Day of Poland. The ceremony was attended, among others, by the deputy prime minister and minister of culture and national heritage Piotr Gliński, the Deputy Marshal of the Senate Bogdan Borusewicz, former President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski, and the chairperson of the All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions, Jan Guz. There were also representatives of the Democratic Left Alliance, Polish People's Party, Labour Union, Greens, Left Together, and Ignacy Daszyński Centre. During the ceremony, a letter from President of Poland Andrzej Duda was read.
Characteristics
The monument is located in the Crossroads Square, at the intersection of Szucha Avenue and People's Army Avenue. It consists of a bronze statue of Ignacy Daszyński standing behind a small lectern. It has a height of 4.5 m.
References
Monuments and memorials in Warsaw
2018 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures completed in 2018
2018 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Warsaw
Statues of men in Poland
Statues of prime ministers
Bronze sculptures in Poland
Śródmieście Południowe
Colossal statues | Ignacy Daszyński Monument | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 402 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
77,840,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Vaccine%20Theory%2C%20Practice%2C%20and%20Research | The International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research is an anti-vaccine journal. It is known for promoting misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines.
Editors
The editor-in-chief is John Oller, a former linguistics professor at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette who published a book falsely linking vaccines to autism in 2009. Its senior editor, Christopher Shaw, is a professor at the University of British Columbia's Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences department who has promoted scare stories about vaccines. Its associate editors are Russell Blaylock, a former neurosurgeon who has baselessly claimed that wearing face masks helps SARS-CoV-2 enter the brain, and anti-vaccine activists Stephanie Seneff and Brian Hooker. Hooker and associate editor Mary Holland are also members of the anti-vaccine group Children's Health Defense.
Matti Sällström (Karolinska Institute) said of the journal: "The editorial board is a joke. None of the editors or associate editors are scientists of a good reputation. Some even are not in the scope of the title of the journal."
Anti-vaccine publications
In May 2021, Seneff published a paper with co-author Greg Nigh (a naturopath) titled "Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19" in the then-brand new journal.
In October 2023, the journal published a paper baselessly implying that Pfizer had knowingly avoided reporting deaths that happened during clinical trials of its COVID-19 vaccine. The paper was cited as a source by The Epoch Times, a far-right newspaper known for promoting anti-vaccine misinformation.
In September 2024, James Lawler (University of Nebraska Medical Center) said the journal is "not a real journal". He described a paper published in the journal claiming that COVID-19 vaccines contain nanobots as "a case study on how to spot disinformation", and said its content was "scientific gibberish with no basis in actual biology or the scientific method" and "relatively amateurish gibberish... that a reasonable person with a high-school level biology education should be able to easily debunk."
References
External links
Anti-vaccination media
COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
Vaccinology journals
Continuous journals
Academic journals established in 2020
English-language journals | International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research | [
"Biology"
] | 505 | [
"Vaccinology journals",
"Vaccination"
] |
77,840,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcibalome | Postcibalome is the comprehensive array of biochemical and physiological responses that occur in the body, most notably in the blood, following the consumption of food. This term encompasses the complex interplay of hormonal, nutritional, and metabolic changes that take place as the body processes food and returns to its fasting state. It includes fluctuations in hormones, nutrients, metabolites, and proteins, as well as stress responses associated with excessive food intake. The term "postcibalome" is derived from "postcibal," which combines the prefix "post-" (after) with the Latin word "cibus," meaning food.
The changes in blood composition after eating are intricate and can serve as important indicators of metabolic health. Studies have shown that alterations in glucose and insulin levels are significant markers of metabolic dysfunction, with insulin resistance often signifying a risk for diabetes. Additionally, the gene expression and proteome of white blood cells, as well as the metabolome and proteome of the blood, exhibit dynamic changes in response to food intake. These collective fluctuations highlight the body's adaptive mechanisms in managing nutrient intake and maintaining metabolic balance.
References
Metabolism
Eating behaviors of humans | Postcibalome | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 243 | [
"Behavior",
"Eating behaviors of humans",
"Cellular processes",
"Metabolism",
"Biochemistry",
"Eating behaviors",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,841,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMSS%20Medal | The BMSS Medal is awarded by the British Mass Spectrometry Society to individuals who have worked in the United Kingdom and have made sustained contributions by individual members of the British Mass Spectrometry Society to the promotion and advancement of mass spectrometry, primarily within the UK.
Details
The award is a very occasional award, with no more than one medal being awarded each year. Recipients of this honour receive a gold-plated medal as well as an award certificate.
Recipients
Edward Houghton
Anthony Mallet
John J. Monaghan
Frank S Pullen
Gareth Brenton
Alison Ashcroft
John G. Langley
Michael Morris
See also
List of chemistry awards
References
External links
Landmarks in the last 50 years of British Mass Spectrometry
Academic awards
Mass spectrometry awards
British science and technology awards | BMSS Medal | [
"Physics"
] | 161 | [
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometry awards"
] |
77,842,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele%20Manuel | Michele V. Manuel is an American materials scientist whose research topics have included biodegradable materials for medical implants, and high-strength self-healing alloys for aerospace applications. She is the U. S. Steel Dean of the Swanson School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh.
Education and career
Manuel did her undergraduate studies at the University of Florida, in materials science and engineering, and completed a Ph.D. in the same subject at Northwestern University.
After working at NASA and General Motors, she returned to academia and to the University of Florida in 2008, taking a position as an assistant professor. She became chair of the University of Florida's Department of Materials Science and Engineering in 2017, "the first woman and person of color to hold the position". She also became Rolf E. Hummel Professor of Electronic Materials at the University of Florida. In 2024, she moved to the Swanson School of Engineering as U. S. Steel Dean, becoming the first female dean of engineering at the University of Pittsburgh.
Recognition
Manuel received the Bradley Stoughton Award for Young Teachers of the American Society of Metals in 2013, and the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2016. She was named as a Fellow of the American Society of Metals in 2017. In 2021 she was a recipient of the Brimacombe Medal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society "for significant contributions in the integration of systems-based materials design approaches to light metals and her meaningful service to the profession".
In 2022 she was named to the National Academy of Engineering, "for contributions to research, implementation, and teaching of computational materials design of biomimetic self-healing metals and high-performance lightweight alloys".
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American metallurgists
Women materials scientists and engineers
University of Florida alumni
Northwestern University alumni
University of Florida faculty
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering | Michele Manuel | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 395 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
77,843,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%20Pi%C5%82sudski%20Monument%20%28Belweder%29 | The Józef Piłsudski Monument (Polish: Pomnik Józefa Piłsudskiego) is a gunmetal statue in Warsaw, Poland, within the Downtown district, placed next to the Belweder Palace, near the intersection of Belwederska Street, Ujazdów Avenue, and Bagatela Street. It is dedicated to Józef Piłsudski, a military officer and statesman who served as the Chief of State of Poland from 1918 to 1922, the Prime Minister of Poland from 1926 to 1928, and in 1930, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces and the Marshal of Poland. The monument was based on a sculpture made by Stanisław Kazimierz Ostrowski, prior to the Second World War. It was unveiled on 8 November 1998.
History
The monument was proposed in 1997 by writer Jerzy Waldorff, and the next year, the idea was approved by the local municipal authorities. It was dedicated to Józef Piłsudski, a military officer and statesman who served as the Chief of State of Poland from 1918 to 1922, the Prime Minister of Poland from 1926 to 1928, and in 1930, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces and the Marshal of Poland. The design was based on a sculpture made by Stanisław Kazimierz Ostrowski, prior to the Second World War. It was cast in gunmetal from melted artillery shells that were donated by the Ministry of National Defence. It was unveiled on 8 November 1998, in the presence of Jerzy Waldorff, Marcin Święcicki, the mayor of Warsaw, and Jadwiga Piłsudska, Józef Piłsudski's daughter.
Characteristics
The monument is placed next to the Belweder Palace, near the intersection of Belwederska Street, Ujazdów Avenue, and Bagatela Street.
The gunmetal statue depicts Józef Piłsudski wearing a military longcoat and a maciejówka cap, standing while resting his arms on a vertically placed sable. Next to him is a pedestal with an engraving of an eagle with a crown, from the coat of arms of Poland. On top of it is placed the bulava of the Marshal of Poland. The statue has a height of 3.5 m. It is placed on a 1-metre-tall marble pedestal. It features Polish inscriptions that read "Marszałek Józef Piłsudski" (translation: Marshal Józef Piłsudski), and "Swemu Obrońcy w 1920 r. – Warszawa" (translation: To its Defender of 1920, Warsaw).
See also
Józef Piłsudski Monument (Piłsudski Square), another monument in Warsaw dedicated to Piłsudski
References
Monuments and memorials in Warsaw
1998 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures completed in 1998
1998 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Warsaw
Statues of men in Poland
Statues of heads of government
Statues of prime ministers
Statues of military officers
Bronze sculptures in Poland
Sculptures of eagles
Animal sculptures in Poland
Ujazdów, Warsaw
Colossal statues
Józef Piłsudski | Józef Piłsudski Monument (Belweder) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 648 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
77,844,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap%20attenuator | The flap attenuator or resistive-card attenuator is a flap-type waveguide attenuator that allows for precise and continuous attenuation of electromagnetic waves traveling through a rectangle waveguide.
It comprises a thin, disk-shaped attenuation material that extends through a longitudinal slot in the middle of the wider side of the waveguide into the inner space of the waveguide. The extent of the insertion is variable, and the attenuation can be made approximately linear with the insertion by properly shaping the resistance card. A shape with as few sharp edges as possible is considered to minimize reflections. As a rule, semicircular, thin panes are preferred.
The attenuation can be typically up to 30 decibels. In the millimeter wave range, it's possible to achieve up to 40 dB. The attenuation is frequency-dependent, resulting in less attenuation of harmonics for complex signals.
References
Electrical components
Radio electronics | Flap attenuator | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical components",
"Components",
"Radio electronics"
] |
77,845,749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Crick | Tom Crick (born 1981) is a British interdisciplinary computer scientist. He is Chief Scientific Adviser at the UK Government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport, and Professor of Digital Policy at Swansea University. Alongside his academic work, Crick has led major reforms to the science and technology curriculum in Wales, with related contributions to digital/technology policy in the UK.
Early life and education
Crick was raised and educated in Wheatley, Oxfordshire. He completed his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in computer science at the University of Bath, having been sponsored through his undergraduate degree by ARM. His doctoral research, funded by the EPSRC, considered superoptimisation by developing practical strategies to generate provably optimal code using answer set programming.
Career
After a period as a postdoc on ALIVE, a European Commission FP7-funded project at the University of Bath, Crick was appointed lecturer in computer science at Cardiff Metropolitan University in 2009, becoming a full professor in 2016. He was recognised as a UK National Teaching Fellow in 2014. He moved to a research chair at Swansea University in 2018, becoming Deputy Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Civic Mission in 2021. Crick joined the UK Government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport as Chief Scientific Adviser in 2023, and is the youngest government CSA to date.
In 2017, Crick was elected Vice-President of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT for a three-year term. He has also served in a number of senior elected positions in the Association for Computing Machinery, including Vice-Chair of ACM Europe Council and a Member-at-Large of ACM Council.
Crick is editor-in-chief (2021-present) of The Computer Journal, published by Oxford University Press, and an editor (2020-present) of the Wales Journal of Education, published by University of Wales Press.
He was also an inaugural Commissioner of the National Infrastructure Commission for Wales from 2018 to 2022. Crick has previously been a trustee of the British Science Association and the Campaign for Science and Engineering (both 2011-2017). He was appointed a trustee of Cumberland Lodge in 2024.
Computer science education and digital skills
Crick has been involved with the reform of the school-level science and technology curriculum in Wales since 2010. In 2013, he was appointed by the Welsh Government to chair an independent review of the ICT curriculum in Wales. Crick argued that Welsh learners were not being given the necessary skills or agency to thrive in our digital world.
In 2015-2016, Crick chaired the development of the bilingual Digital Competence Framework in Wales, which elevated digital competence (the skills, knowledge and attitudes required to be confident in the use of technologies) to the same statutory position as literacy and numeracy in the new Curriculum for Wales. It outlined how schools could incorporate student-centred digital competency into their local curriculum.
He then led the development of the Science & Technology strand of the new Curriculum for Wales in 2017. His efforts united the traditional sciences (physics, chemistry and biology) with computer science and design & technology. The new curriculum was published in January 2020 and started phasing in for all schools in Wales from September 2022 onwards. Crick was also appointed Chair of the National Network of Excellence in Science & Technology, a £4m Welsh Government strategic investment which focused on supporting STEM teachers in partnership with higher education institutions.
Crick also chaired Qualification Wales’ 2018 review of ICT sector qualifications, which reported that they were outdated and needed considerable reform, resulting in new GCSE and A-Level qualifications in Digital Technology from 2021 onwards.
Awards and honours
2011: British Science Association Media Fellow with BBC Wales
2013: Worshipful Livery Company of Wales Gold Award
2014: HEA National Teaching Fellow
2017: Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE)
2020: British Educational Research Association Public Engagement and Impact Award
2020: Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales
2022: IET Achievement Medal
2022: Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences
2023: BCS Lovelace Medal
2023: Learned Society of Wales Hugh Owen Medal
2024: British Science Association Honorary Fellow
References
External links
Personal website
British computer scientists
Welsh computer scientists
Welsh scholars and academics
Welsh engineers
21st-century Welsh engineers
British scientists
21st-century British scientists
Welsh scientists
21st-century Welsh scientists
British social scientists
21st-century British social scientists
Welsh educators
21st-century Welsh educators
Computer science educators
British science communicators
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Academics of Swansea University
Alumni of the University of Bath
Civil servants in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport
British civil servants
21st-century British civil servants
People from Oxford
1981 births
Living people | Tom Crick | [
"Engineering"
] | 964 | [
"Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology"
] |
77,849,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m%20Mechler | Ádám István Mechler is a materials scientist and academic most known for his research on intermolecular interactions in physical chemistry, as well as on molecular machines, hierarchical metamaterials, and self-assembling systems inspired by biology. He is a professor of Chemistry at La Trobe University, Australia, where he leads the Bioinspired self-assembling nanostructures research group. He is also the Academic Program Director of the IIT Kanpur - La Trobe University Research Academy
and the BITS Pilani - La Trobe University joint PhD program.
Education and career
Mechler earned a Diploma (BSc and MSc) in Chemistry and Physics in 1996, followed by a PhD in physics at the University of Szeged in 2001. Subsequently, he worked at the University of California, Santa Barbara, for three years, during which his research focus shifted to bioinspired materials and biomolecule interactions. In 2004, he moved to Australia to Monash University, where he established his independent research program focusing on biomolecule self-assembly, membrane biophysics, and peptide-membrane interactions while continuing to explore bioinspired materials and bioactive natural products.
In 2009, Mechler joined La Trobe University as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, was later appointed associate professor in 2016, and has held the position of Professor since 2021.
For his work, Mechler was honored with the Government of Australia Office of Learning and Teaching National Citation For Outstanding Student Learning in 2013 and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2016.
Research
Mechler has contributed to the field of materials science through his work on self-assembling systems, lipid membranes, biophysical chemistry, antimicrobial peptides, and metallosupramolecular systems.
Antimicrobial peptides and biomembranes
Mechler's research on biomolecular interactions has focused on lipid membranes, their phase and domain dynamics, and membrane disruption by antimicrobial peptides. He utilized spectroscopic imaging and near-field microscopy to show that cholesterol-rich domains in bilayer membranes form optimally at a 15:85 lipid-cholesterol ratio, with specific domain separation occurring at lower concentrations. Additionally, he found that the structure of supported phospholipid bilayers varies with liposome size, composition, and substrate, as shown by quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy.
Working with Imad Younus Hasan, Mechler employed QCM-based measurements to show cholesterol induces phase separation in single bilayer lipid membranes and demonstrated that partially suspended DMPC-based bilayer membranes can form on functionalized gold surfaces in a way that allows natural membrane movement, providing a truly Biomimetic platform for membrane studies and protein insertion. They also mapped thermodynamic phase transitions of lipid membranes, through nanoviscosity measurements, in single bilayer lipid membranes, revealing that domain separation occurs only in planar membranes and that phase transitions are due to the breaking of van der Waals interactions.
Using quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy, Mechler and his research group investigated how specific antimicrobial peptides secreted by insects such as honeybees and amphibians such as Australian tree frogs disrupt bacterial membranes. Among other contributions, his research introduced oncocin, a novel antimicrobial peptide optimized for treating Gram-negative bacteria, showing effective activity and improved stability in mouse serum without causing lysis or toxicity. Later, he showed that LL-37 acts through pore formation in membranes made of unsaturated lipids whereas it yields membrane modulation in saturated lipids, suggesting new design strategies for antimicrobial peptide drugs.
Biomaterials and nanotechnology
Mechler engaged in the design and characterization of biomaterials, nanostructures as well as in the development of novel nanotechnologies throughout his career. He used multimodal atomic force microscopy to map charge transfer properties of the conductive copolymer poly(ethyldioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid), showing that efficient charge injection occurs at lamellar edges and can be improved by controlling lamellar orientation. In a collaborative project, he also presented a method utilizing surface acoustic waves to produce monodispersed submicron poly-ε-caprolactone particles, demonstrating how acoustic forces and evaporative processes influence particle size and morphology.
In a joint study, Mechler established that 14-helical N-acetyl β3-peptides self-assemble into nanofibers and that their morphology, such as nano-beams and dendritic structures, can be tuned by adjusting the solvent and inter-fibril interactions, enabling new bio- and nanomaterial applications. By using far-IR spectroscopy and DFT modeling, he confirmed the structure of self-assembled fibrous nano-materials from unnatural tripeptides, showing that far-IR spectroscopy can effectively characterize bioinspired materials where crystallographic methods fall short. He further showcased that using two binding motifs in supramolecular assemblies creates metallosupramolecular frameworks with controlled nanorod and two-dimensional structures, with copper ions forming polynuclear metal complexes. In 2023, his work highlighted that substituted beta oligoamides self-assemble into metallosupramolecular frameworks with varied structures, including thin films and three-dimensional networks, by coordinating with different transition metals and metalates.
Awards and honors
2013 – National Citation For Outstanding Student Learning, Government of Australia Office of Learning and Teaching
2016 – Fellow, Royal Society for Chemistry
Selected articles
Ionescu‐Zanetti, C., Mechler, A., Carter, S. A., & Lal, R. (2004). Semiconductive polymer blends: Correlating structure with transport properties at the nanoscale. Advanced Materials, 16(5), 385–389.
Thimm, J., Mechler, A., Lin, H., Rhee, S., & Lal, R. (2005). Calcium-dependent open/closed conformations and interfacial energy maps of reconstituted hemichannels. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(11), 10646–10654.
Mechler, A., Praporski, S., Atmuri, K., Boland, M., Separovic, F., & Martin, L. L. (2007). Specific and selective peptide-membrane interactions revealed using quartz crystal microbalance. Biophysical Journal, 93(11), 3907–3916.
Del Borgo, M. P., Mechler, A. I., Traore, D., Forsyth, C., Wilce, J. A., Wilce, M. C., ... & Perlmutter, P. (2013). Supramolecular self-assembly of N-acetyl-capped β-peptides leads to nano-to macroscale fiber formation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(32).
Hasan, I. Y., & Mechler, A. (2017). Nanoviscosity measurements revealing domain formation in biomimetic membranes. Analytical chemistry, 89(3), 1855–1862.
West, N. G., Bamford, S. E., Pigram, P. J., Pan, J., Qi, D. C., & Mechler, A. (2023). Controllable hierarchical self-assembly: systematic study forming metallosupramolecular frameworks on the basis of helical beta-oligoamides. Materials Horizons, 10(12), 5584–5596.
References
Materials scientists and engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Academic staff of La Trobe University
University of Szeged alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Ádám Mechler | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,677 | [
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials science"
] |
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