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70,662,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium%28III%29%20chloride | Berkelium(III) chloride also known as berkelium trichloride, is a chemical compound with the formula BkCl3. It is a water-soluble green salt with a melting point of 603 °C. This compound forms the hexahydrate, BkCl3·6H2O.
Preparation and reactions
This compound was first prepared in 1970 by reacting hydrogen chloride gas and berkelium(IV) oxide or berkelium(III) oxide at 520 °C:
Bk2O3 + 6HCl → 2BkCl3 + 3H2O
Berkelium(III) chloride reacts with beryllocene to produce berkelocene(Bk(C5H5)3). It also reacts with oxalic acid to produce berkelium oxalate. This reaction is used to purify this compound, by reacting the oxalate with hydrochloric acid.
Structure
Anhydrous berkelium(III) chloride has a hexagonal crystal structure, is isostructural to uranium trichloride, and has the person symbol hP6. When heated it its melting point, it converts to an orthorhombic phase. However, the hexahydrate has a monoclinic crystal structure and is isostructural to americium trichloride hexahydrate with the lattice constants a = 966 pm, b = 654 pm and c = 797 pm. This hexahydrate consists of BkCl2(OH2)6+ ions and Cl− ions.
Complexes
Caesium sodium berkelium chloride is known with the formula Cs2NaBkCl6 and is produced by the reaction of berkelium(III) hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and caesium chloride.
References
Berkelium compounds
Chlorides
Actinide halides | Berkelium(III) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 392 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
70,662,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporothrix%20brasiliensis | Sporothrix brasiliensis is a fungus that is commonly found in soil. It is an emerging fungal pathogen that is causing disease in humans and cats mainly in Brazil and other countries in South America.
Similar to other species in Sporothrix genus, this fungus causes the disease sporotrichosis. However, it has been observed that more severe disease results from infection by Sporothrix brasiliensis compared to other species. The fungus is a thermally dimorphic fungus as it is found in the mycelium phase at room temperature and as yeast in the warmer temperatures of host bodies.
Morphology
The two morphologies displayed by Sporothrix brasiliensis are a hyphal form which occurs in the environment and a yeast form which occurs at higher temperatures (36 - 37 °C) such as within the bodies of mammals.
Hyphal Phase
The hyphal form of S.brasiliensis occurs at room temperature. Melaninization level of the hyphal form can vary from light (albino) to dark (pigmented) phenotypes. Sympodial conidia are obovoid shaped with a glassy (hyaline) appearance while sessile conidia are dark colored and globose.
Yeast Phase
The yeast form of S.brasiliensis occurs at higher temperatures. Micro-morphologically the yeast takes the shape of an elongated cigar.
Habitat and Ecology
S.brasiliensis is commonly found in the soil and is saprophytic in its mycelium phase. The main vector of the pathogen is thought to be cats which spread the fungus through bites and scratches as well as lesions found on the bodies of cats. It is believed that the origin of the pathogen comes from the ingestion of rats by cats where it zoonotically spread to humans.
Epidemiology
Sporothrix brasiliensis was first described in the Southeastern region of Brazil and sporotrichosis caused by the fungus was endemic to the region prior to 1990. However disease has quickly spread to other parts of Brazil and neighboring countries in South America with reported cases in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Columbia and Panama. A review in 2015 reported that of 5,814 cases of sporotrichosis in Brazil, 88% of cases were caused by S.brasiliensis. The fungus has been isolated from intestinal and feline fecal samples which suggest that feces from infected cats may contaminate soil and contribute to the spread of the disease.
Sporotrichosis
Sporotrichosis is traditionally associated with subcutaneous exposure of Sporothrix propagules typically through minor injury while coming in contact with plants, soil, or organic matter. However zoonotic transmission through cats mainly through scratching, biting, or coming in contact with skin lesions has been the main mode of transmission for S.brasiliensis, constituting the current epidemic in South America. While cutaneous infection is most common, pulmonary sporotrichosis from inhaling conidia, and disseminated sporotrichosis can also occur, primarily in individuals who are immunocompromised. It is believed that S.brasiliensis is more virulent than other species that cause sporotrichosis like S.schenckii and results in larger, longer lasting lesion with a higher degree of local and systemic inflammation as demonstrated on mice. A report in May 2020 reported a fatal case of pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by S.brasiliensis in a patient with no history of skin trauma or immunocompromise further supporting the notion of increased fungal virulence in S.brasiliensis relative to S.schenckii.
Treatment
Sporotrichosis caused by S.brasiliensis is difficult to treat due to resistance to main antifungal therapies. Current treatment recommendations for both felines and humans mainly include the antifungal drug itraconazole. Alternative therapies include the use of terbinafine and potassium iodine for cutaneous infection, and amphotericin B for severe pulmonary and disseminated forms of infection.
Issues with Treatment
While itraconazole has shown moderate effectiveness against S.brasiliensis, strains of the fungus that display resistance against the drug have been documented. In addition, the treatment of felines is particularly difficult as care requires prolonged intervals of time daily and many cats fail to respond well to therapies. As such abandonment of treatments is frequent and typically occurs with the observed healing of skin lesions. Due to this the recurence of disease can typically occur with higher severity while increasing the chances of antifungal resistance strain development. Failure to complete treatment regimens also contributes to the continued spread of the disease to other cats and humans.
References
Fungi described in 2007
Ophiostomatales
Fungi of South America
Fungus species | Sporothrix brasiliensis | [
"Biology"
] | 978 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,663,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrogWatch | A FrogWatch is any of several citizen science programs in which laypeople monitor amphibians. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other animals that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study.
Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries.
The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it. Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads. FrogWatch USA volunteers record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down.
In 2006, the National Wildlife Federation assessed the utility of FrogWatch USA for the U.S. Geological Survey and published its findings. It recommended continued funding based on "scientific value alone," though it also acknowledged its value as an educational tool and its ability to render research more cost-efficient.
Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, species diversity, the way species react to changes in temperature, and the way they act during different parts of the year.
History
The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002.
Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch. They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads. This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries.
FrogWatch NT operates in northern Australia. It began in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and became a problematic invasive species.
References
External links
India Biodiversity Portal
FrogWatch USA
FrogWatch Canada
Citizen science
Amphibians | FrogWatch | [
"Biology"
] | 432 | [
"Animals",
"Amphibians"
] |
70,663,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbamine | Columbamine is a chemical with the molecular formula . It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a berberine alkaloid. Columbamine can be also called dehydroisocorypalmine. It has a molecular weight of 338.4 g/mol and its monoisotopic mass is 339.1470581677 daltons. Columbamine is soluble in DMSO and is a solid at room temperature.
Occurrence
Columbamine has been found in Plumeria rubra.
References
Tetracyclic compounds
Alkaloids
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Methoxy compounds
Nitrogen heterocycles
Quaternary ammonium compounds | Columbamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 145 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Natural products",
"Alkaloids"
] |
70,664,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2035184 | HD 35184 is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.50, which the maximum naked eye visibility. Located 375 light years away, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 35184 has a stellar classification of A6 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. At present it has 2.15 times the mass of the Sun and 2.8 times the radius of the Sun. It shines at from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,034 K, giving it a white hue. HD 35184 is 674 million years old – 79.6% through its main sequence lifetime – and spins with a projected rotational velocity of 92 km/s−1.
References
Mensa (constellation)
A-type main-sequence stars
035184
024507
Mensae, 22
PD-73 294 | HD 35184 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 199 | [
"Mensa (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
70,665,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abikoviromycin | Abikoviromycin is an antiviral antibiotic piperidine alkaloid with the molecular formula C10H11NO which is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces abikoensis and Streptomyces rubescens.
References
Further reading
antibiotics
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Tetrahydropyridines
Epoxides | Abikoviromycin | [
"Biology"
] | 76 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
70,666,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20plans | This is a list of urban plans, which are used by urban planners to direct the future growth of cities.
Historic plans
Australia
Melbourne
Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme 1954
Perth
Colonial Town Plans of Perth (1829, 1838)
Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle (1955)
Corridor Plan for Perth (1970)
Sydney
County of Cumberland planning scheme (1948)
Canada
Greber Plan (1950)
China
Greater Shanghai Plan (1929)
France
Haussmann's renovation of Paris (1853)
Plan Voisin (1925)
Germany
Hobrecht-Plan (1862)
Germania (1938)
Pabst Plan (1940)
Nordstern (1941)
Netherlands
Plan Zuid (1915)
Philippines
Burnham Plan of Manila (1905)
Frost Plan (1941)
Singapore
Jackson Plan (1822)
South Africa
Norweto (1986)
Madrid
Madrid Metropolitan Plan (1996)
United Kingdom
County of London Plan (1943)
Greater London Plan (1944)
United States
L'Enfant Plan (1791)
Commissioners' Plan of 1811
Waller Plan (1839)
McMillan Plan (1902)
City Plan for Cincinnati (1907)
Burnham Plan of Chicago (1909)
Kessler Plan (1910)
Broadacre City (1935)
The Baltimore Plan (1949)
Pei Plan (1965)
EPCOT (1966)
PlaNYC (2007)
Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan (2020)
Current plans
Egypt
New Administrative Capital
Ethiopia
2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan
Indonesia
Nusantara
Pakistan
Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project
Zulfiqarabad
Saudi Arabia
The Line, Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Big City Plan
London Plan
City plans
Urban planning | List of urban plans | [
"Engineering"
] | 323 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
70,673,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Scar | American Scar is a 2021 documentary short film directed by Daniel Lombroso. It focuses on the damage caused to desert ecosystems by the construction of a barrier at the Mexico–United States border.
Synopsis
American Scar focuses on the damage caused to desert ecosystems by the Mexico–United States barrier, with a particular focus on that caused by the 400-mile portion built under the Trump administration. The administration's classification of the construction as a matter of national security made it exempt from more than 80 regulations including the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Endangered Species Act; the newly built sections of wall endanger more than 70 species. The film additionally argues that the wall is ineffective at preventing border crossings by humans.
Production
American Scar was directed by Daniel Lombroso. Its executive producer was Soo-Jeong Kang, while producers included Lombroso as well as Yara Bishara, Melissa Fajardo, and Stephania Taladrid. Adam Perez was the cinematographer, Eric Maierson was editor, and music was provided by Gil Talmi. The film was publicized by The New Yorker. It also features video footage taken from a drone by photographer John Kurc.
Produced in the United States, the documentary film is a short with a runtime of 13 minutes.
Release
American Scar made its world premiere at DOC NYC in 2021 as one in a group of short films under the theme "OUR IMPACT/OUR CRISIS", where it received an honorable mention for the grand jury prize for short film, which was won by Nasir. Its international premiere occurred at Hot Docs. It was also shown at Big Sky Documentary Film Festival and the Environmental Film Festival in the Nation's Capital, among others.
American Scar was publicly released on April 30, 2022 by The New Yorker as part of The New Yorker Documentary. It was later featured on Short of the Week, where it was praised as a "a depiction of 'the wall' as it is not often seen."
Reception
Wildlands Network borderlands coordinator Myles Traphagen praised the film, describing it as "really highlighting the harms that border-wall construction have inflicted upon protected lands and water and wildlife". Peter Keough of The Boston Globe called the film "potent" and recommended it as a documentary to watch.
References
External links
Watch American Scar at The New Yorker
2021 short documentary films
2021 films
Mexico–United States barrier
Border barriers
Works originally published in The New Yorker
American short documentary films | American Scar | [
"Engineering"
] | 500 | [
"Separation barriers",
"Border barriers"
] |
70,673,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylammonium | In organic chemistry, alkylammonium refers to cations of the formula [R4−nNHn]+, where R = alkyl and 1≤ n ≤ 4. The cations with four alkyl substituents, i.e., [R4N]+, are further classified as quaternary ammonium cations and are discussed more thoroughly in the article with that title. In contrast to quaternary ammonium cations, other members of the alkylammonium cations do not exist appreciably in the presence of strong base because they undergo deprotonation, yielding the parent amine. The alkylammonium cations containing N-H centers are colorless and often hydrophilic.
Occurrence
Alkylammonium species are pervasive since virtually all alkyl amines protonate near neutral pH.
Examples of technologically significant alkylammonium compounds are:
Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide is used as a source of iodide in animal feed.
dimethylammonium and diethylammonium, which are generated in the production of dimethyldithiocarbamate and diethyldithiocarbamate:
2R2NH + CS2 → [R2NH2+][R2NCS2−]
References
Ammonium compounds
Organonitrogen compounds | Alkylammonium | [
"Chemistry"
] | 282 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organonitrogen compounds",
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
70,674,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Reid%20%28environmental%20scientist%29 | Robin S. Reid is an American environmental scientist who is a professor at Colorado State University. She led research activity at the International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, for almost twenty years. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.
Early life and education
Reid earned a bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1979 and her master's degree in ecology from the University of Washington in 1983. Her research investigated patterns of juvenile mortality in response to mountain goat disturbance in the Olympic National Park. Reid joined Colorado State University as a doctoral researcher. Her doctorate involved studying livestock-mediated tree regeneration.
Research and career
In 1992, Reid joined the team who established the International Livestock Research Institute. She was originally appointed to study the environmental impact of the Tsetse fly. Trypanosomiasis, a condition caused by the Tsetse fly, causes sleeping sickness in humans.
In 1999, Reid launched Land-Use Change Impacts and Dynamics (LUCID), a network of researchers who look to understand land use change in East Africa. LUCID involved policy makers, biodiversity researchers and farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Reid worked to strengthen the relationship between people, their lands and their livestock. She was responsible for the People, Livestock and Environment Program. In this capacity she sought to protect the semi-migratory pastoral lives of the Maasai people whilst also conserving the local big mammals. Between 1976 and 1996 over 70% of the wildlife in the Maasai Mara was lost, and around half of the people were living on less than $1 per day. In 2002, Reid established "The Mara Count", a large-scale survey to count people, wildlife and livestock in the Maasai Mara. The total count involved scientists, tourist operators, land managers and community members, who acquired over three million data points.
Inspired by the Maa language expression "Reto-o-Reto", which means 'I help you; you help me,’, Reid built partnerships between human, wildlife and livestock populations. She coordinated hundreds of meetings with scientists, local communities and policy makers. Reto-o-Reto and the Kitengela Ilparakuo Landowners Association were awarded a Consultative group on international agricultural research award.
Reid left the International Livestock Research Institute in 2008, and joined Colorado State University, where she was appointed Director of the Center for Collaborative Conservation at the Warner College of Natural Resources.
Awards and honors
Reid was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2021.
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women scientists
Duke University alumni
University of Washington alumni
Colorado State University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American environmental scientists | Robin Reid (environmental scientist) | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 543 | [
"American environmental scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
70,674,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20Octantis | Chi Octantis, Latinized from χ Octantis, is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued star with an apparent magnitude of 5.28. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 261 light years based on Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity . At its current distance, Chi Octantis' brightness is diminished by 0.24 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +0.81.
Chi Octantis is an evolved red giant with a stellar classification of K3 III. It has 125% the mass of the Sun and an enlarged radius of due to its evolved state. It radiates 73.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,266 K. Chi Octantis is metal enriched with an iron abundance 126% that of the Sun ([Fe/H] = +0.10) and spins slowly with a projected rotational velocity less than 1 km/s−1.
References
Octans
K-type giants
Octantis, Chi
Octantis, 30
CD-87 00092
164461
092824
6721 | Chi Octantis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 273 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
70,674,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Khargone%20violence | On 10 April 2022, a clash between Hindus and Muslims occurred in the city of Khargone, Madhya Pradesh. It took place between 5:00pm and 6:00pm, in the midst of a Ram Navami procession organised by a Hindu nationalist organisation allied to the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). At 5:00pm, when Muslims were gathering for evening prayers at the neighbouring Jama Masjid, the procession had not yet departed from the city's central Talab Chowk area.
Stones were pelted by both sides, houses and vehicles were set on fire, and several shots were fired, in which multiple people were injured, including a police officer.
By the next day, 77 people, mostly Muslim, were arrested and a temporary curfew was imposed.
Several days later, the number of people arrested climbed to 175, of whom only 14 were not Muslim.
The BJP state government retaliated by demolishing the establishments where violence erupted, mostly those of Muslims.
The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shivraj Singh Chouhan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, said the government would take "strict action" against the rioters.
He defended the decision to demolish properties and said it was intended to "instil fear of financial losses among the accused".
The government was criticized for its apparent attempts to deliver 'bulldozer justice'.
Background
The Hindu festival of Ram Navami, a celebration of the Hindu deity Rama's birth, occurs on the ninth day (Navami) of the Chaitra month of the Hindu calendar, usually between March and April.
In the year 2022, the festival fell during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, a form of synchronisation that occurs roughly once every 33 years.
On the day of Ram Navami, large processions called Shobha Yatras were held by the Sangh Parivar Hindu nationalists across India, and numerous Hindu–Muslim clashes occurred.
The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) holding power in India has been blamed for the religious polarisation that led to the clashes.
Khargone had an early infusion of Hindu nationalist politics when an RSS branch was set up in 1939. After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, Indian National Congress politician Ram Chandra Bade switched to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the modern Bharatiya Janata Party, and won the legislative assembly seat of Khargone in 1952. He won the Lok Sabha seat in 1962.
Despite winning several elections since then, the (BJP) has been not been as successful in recent years, having lost 9 out of 10 seats in the region in the 2018 Legislative Assembly elections.
Opposition parties accused it of having made efforts to instigate communal violence in order to regain political advantage. During the previous years, over half a dozen incidents occurred where mosques and Muslims were targeted during festivals.
Residents said that free screenings of the film The Kashmir Files had been arranged in Khargone in March 2022.
Reviews of the film had noted its depiction of graphic violence as decontextualized, one-sided and islamophobic.
Incidents
Processions
A community of Raghuvanshis located in Khargone, who claim descent from Rama, organise Ram Navami processions at Khargone every year. On 10 April 2022, their procession began at the Talab Chowk area, the location of the town's jama masjid, at around 11:00am and ended at the Ram temple by noon without incident.
However, the BJP state vice-president Shyam Mahajan was unhappy that the police had barricaded the Muslim localities near Talab Chowk. He was reported to have had a heated argument with the police superintendent and threatened to remove him from his position. After the argument, a rumour was allegedly spread that the police had stopped the procession at Talab Chowk. The BJP leader is claimed to have instigated the crowd, asking them to gather for a second procession to be organised by the Gauraksha Samiti later in the afternoon.
The Gauraksha Samiti (literally "Cow Protection Society") of Khargone was reportedly formed in 2019, after the BJP losses in the Legislative Assembly elections. It consisted of leaders from BJP and other right-wing groups. The organisers of the second procession used the controversial film The Kashmir Files to instigate the local Hindu community. The film's climactic scene of a Hindu woman being cut up by a mechanical saw was recreated with makeshift devices and placed on a tractor trolley. The back of the trolley displayed a picture of Anupam Kher's character in the film along with the slogan, "Wake up Hindus, lest other states in India become Kashmir." The soundtrack of the film with the woman's sobs was remixed with a music track containing cries of "Jai Shri Ram" and "Har Har Mahadev".
The procession had permission to start at Talab Chowk between 2:00pm and 3:00pm; however, the procession had not departed even until 5:00pm, when Muslims were gathering for Ramadan prayers at the neighbouring Jama Masjid. Video recordings showed disc jockeys playing raucous music and processionists spilling over into nearby streets, some waving Ram Rajya flags. About 1,000 people participated in the procession. They were carrying swords, sticks and saffron flags.
Clashes
At around 5:00pm and 6:00pm, stone pelting started. The Hindu processionists accused the Muslims of attacking them. They claim stones were pelted from the terraces behind the local mosque.
Muslims said that the members of the procession first threw stones at the police. Others admitted stone-pelting from both the sides.
Others taking part in the second Ram Navami procession said that they were agitated by those leaving the mosque after performing namaz. "There was a tremendous throng," a participant in the march stated. "We had made elaborate preparations for this year's Ram Navami, but at the Talab Chowk, stones were thrown at us, forcing us to defend ourselves."
According to Hafiz Mohammad Mohsin, secretary of the Talab Chowk Jama Masjid, stone-pelting occurred from both sides. He accused the Hindus of instigating of Muslims. "Previously, we have notified the government and written to the PMO that the Talab Chowk near the Jama Masjid is a sensitive zone," he added. "Communal squabbles are common around here. Stones are also thrown at the masjid, thus such processions or celebrations should be prohibited in order to maintain communal peace."
Police responded with lathi charge and tear gas shelling. This caused the crowd to disperse into adjoining neighbourhoods, including Qazipura, Tavdi Mohalla, Sanjay Nagar, Gaushala Marg, Anand Nagar, Bhausar Mohalla and Khaskhaswadi. Rioting and arson continued until well after midnight.
Demolitions
On the morning of April 11, Madhya Pradesh's home minister Narottam Mishra told reporters in Bhopal, "The houses of those pelting stones will be turned into a pile of stones." By midday, when Khargone was still under curfew, bulldozers began destroying buildings, including a single-room house built on government property with subsidies from the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, the prime minister's housing initiative. Wasim Sheikh, a disabled man, had his tin-shed kiosk destroyed. According to a document given to the media in Bhopal by a senior officer of the state home department, 49 Muslim-owned homes were demolished in Khargone that day.
Investigation
Soon after the incident, police began arresting rioters from different locations. As of 8 May, 182 people have been arrested in 72 cases registered in connection with the clashes. Iqbal Bani, who allegedly incited the violence, was arrested in Kasrawad, located in Khargone district.
Protests
On May 10, 2022, Muslim women in Khargone came out in protest. They alleged that the police were inhumanely treating their friends and family members in the name of the “rule of law”. They claimed that police were acting arbitrarily by raiding the homes of Muslims. “Instead of opening the doors, they crash the doors and ruthlessly beat the male members,” they said. Restrictions were re-imposed in Khargone a day after a group Muslim women rallied. Section 144 was imposed and a joint notification was issued by both the district administration and the police on Wednesday; no rallies, processions, Jagarans and shobha yatras or political rallies were allowed in the district until July 10.
See also
Ram Navami riots
2022 Karauli violence
2022 Jahangirpuri violence
Notes
Bibliography
References
Religiously motivated violence in India
Violence
2022 riots | 2022 Khargone violence | [
"Biology"
] | 1,840 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior",
"Violence"
] |
70,675,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated%20drug%20delivery%20systems | Gated drug delivery systems are a method of controlled drug release that center around the use of physical molecules that cover the pores of drug carriers until triggered for removal by an external stimulus. Gated drug delivery systems are a recent innovation in the field of drug delivery and pose as a promising candidate for future drug delivery systems that are effective at targeting certain sites without having leakages or off target effects in normal tissues. This new technology has the potential to be used in a variety of tissues over a wide range of disease states and has the added benefit of protecting healthy tissues and reducing systemic side effects.
Uses
Gated drug delivery systems are an emerging concept that have drawn a lot of attention for their wide variety of potential applications in the medical field. The abnormal physiological conditions found within the tumor environment provide a breadth of options that could be used for externally stimulating these systems to release cargo. Gated systems in cancer therapy also have the added effect of reducing off target effects and decreasing leakage and delivery of drug to normal tissues. Another use for this technology could also be antibacterial regulation. These systems could be used to limit bacterial resistance as well as accumulation of antibiotics within the body. Antibacterial regulation potentially opens the door to using gated systems in theranostics, in which the system is able to detect an issue and then provide a therapeutic response.
There is also the potential for inhalable pulmonary drug delivery. With an increase in respiratory disease cases, the need for a drug delivery system that can be targeted to the lungs and provide sustained release is becoming more severe. This type of system would be applicable to patients experiencing asthma, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary disease, and a number of other lung related diseases.
History
The history of gated drug delivery systems starts in the mid-1960s when the concept of zero order controlled drug delivery was first thought of. Researchers raced to be able to find a drug delivery platform that would be able to have perfectly sustained drug release. These efforts were initially on the macroscopic level with some of the first controlled drug delivery (CDD) devices being an ophthalmic insert, an intrauterine device, and a skin patch. In the 1970s the drug delivery field shifted from macroscopic systems and started to delve into microscopic systems. Ideas such as steroid loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, microparticles came into existence. The next major jump came in the 1980s in the form of nanotherapeutics. There were some major technological advances that allowed this next generation of drug delivery systems to come along. Those ideas were PEGylation, active targeting, and the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR).
Some of the issues that had been seen with earlier renditions of nanoparticle drug delivery was that there were off target effects from drug being delivered to normal tissue, the delivery system wasn't highly controllable, and there wasn't optimal accumulation of drug in the targeted area. This is when the development of "smart drug delivery" originated. Encapsulated within the idea of smart drug delivery is the use of gated delivery systems. Researchers discovered that certain materials could be loaded and capped to prevent premature drug release. The caps could subsequently be removed using different external stimuli. This created a class of drug delivery systems that were able to solve a number of problems exhibited by normal nanoparticle drug delivery systems. These smart drug delivery systems are able to deliver the drug with minimal leakage, can be actively or passively targeted to different areas within the body, and will only release drug in the presence of certain triggers, creating a sustained local response and accumulation of drug at the disease area.
Scaffold fabrication
There are many different materials and fabrication methods that can be used to produce gated drug delivery scaffolding. In general, porous materials, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles are used because of their expansive surface area, large loading capacity, and porous structures. These characteristics make it possible to load a variety of molecules that vary greatly in size.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are considered to be one of the most widely used systems for drug delivery. MSN's have some of the characteristic features of gated systems such as being porous and having a high loading capacity, but they also exhibit some special features such as increased biocompatibility and chemical inertness. These delivery systems are composed of two parts: the inorganic scaffold and the molecular gates. In a study conducted by the Kong Lab at Deakin University in Australia, the researchers generated MSN's by adding tetraethyl orthosilicate to aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The MSN's they created had a surface area of 363 m^2/g, an average pore size of 2.59 nm, and a pore volume of 0.33 cm^3/g.
Mesoporous carbon Nanoparticles
Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) are similar to MSN's. They have a similar structure and share key physical properties and characteristics. However, it has been found that MCN's can exhibit lower toxicity that MSN's. To date, not much research has been done on MCN's. The Du lab based in Nanjing, China took made MSN templates using the common method of combining CTAB and TEOS. The researchers then took the MSN templates and dispersed them in a glucose solution followed by autoclaving the mixture to produce a reaction. The product was then subjected to carbonization at 900 degrees Celsius and the MCN's were generated. The researchers found that MCN's had a surface area of 1575 m^2/g, a pore size of 2.2 nm, and an average diameter of 115 nm.
External stimuli
There is a number of external triggers that can be used to release cargo on gated delivery systems. Examples of some triggers include pH, redox, enzyme, light, temperature, magnetic, ultrasound, and small molecule responsive gated systems.
pH
One of the most common triggers for drug delivery systems is pH. This stimulus is abundantly used in cancer therapies due to the fact that the tumor microenvironment is acidic. The development of pH triggered systems meant that drug could be introduced to the body but not be deployed until encountering the tumor microenvironment. Hence a possible and probable reason that pH triggered systems are so common. There are a few approaches to making these systems. One method is using linkages that dissolve at certain pH levels. As the system enters an acidic environment, the linkages that hold that gates onto the porous scaffold are hydrolyzed and the cargo can be released. Examples of pH linkages are imine, amides, esters, and acetals. Another method that can be used is protonation. This method relies on electrostatic interactions between the gate molecule and the porous scaffold. The two will be linked together with a certain molecule, for example, acetylated carboxymethyl. When the system reaches an acidic environment, protonation of the molecule is initiated. The protonation causes a disruption in the linkage and the cargo can be released.
Redox
Redox reactions are also used for gated delivery systems. Within cells and the bloodstream there are several reducing agents that can be used to trigger drug release in gated systems. The most common reducing agent used in gated delivery system is glutathione (GSH) because it has been determined that GSH is the most abundant reducing agent in the body. GSH also has significantly different concentrations between the intracellular and extracellular environments making it easier to target either environment without getting triggered by the other. Furthermore, GSH is found in higher concentration within tumor cells. This provides another way to have sustained and local release of drug at tumor sites. There are generally 2 different mechanisms for this type of gated system. One method is to cleave disulfide bonds. Another method is to cleave bonds through the use of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bonds that are able to be cleaved by ROS are generally thioketals, ketals, and diselenides.
Enzyme
Enzyme responsive gated materials are another class of gated delivery systems. In these scenarios, enzymes can trigger release of the gates from the scaffolds in drug delivery systems. The mechanism for this type of gate is that certain linkages are used that can be hydrolyzed by select enzymes. The two most popular choices are protease and hyaluronidase. An advantage of using enzyme responsive triggers is that there is a large amount of substrate specificity, and the enzymes are able to trigger their target with high selectivity, even under mild conditions. Another advantage of this system is that enzymes are found throughout the entire body and work on almost all biological processes so the delivery system could potentially be activated in any part of the body during many points within a singular process. One study done by the Martinez-Manez lab in Valencia, Spain aimed to generate MSNs linked to poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) gates through peptide bonds. The trigger for this system was the presence of a lysosomal proteolytic enzyme (protease), in this case, pronase. The researchers found that in the absence of pronase, the system was only able to release less than 20% of its cargo in 24 hours, however, in the presence of pronase, there was a 90% release of cargo within 5 hours.
Magnetic and temperature
Within the topic of gated drug delivery systems, utilizing magnetic forces generally goes hand in hand with temperature stimulus. The phenomenon of magnetic hyperthermia is when superparamagnetic nanoparticles reorient themselves after being exposed to heat generated by an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This concept has been utilized within the drug delivery field wherein gatekeepers are magnetically linked to the scaffolding and upon the application of heat, reorient and allow for the release of drug. This particular method has not been researched as heavily given the drawback that high energy is needed to produce the AMF and uncap the system. However, the Vallet-Regi lab based in Madrid, Spain decided to investigate the possibility of using magnetic gates bound to the scaffold using DNA. The lab generated oligonucleotide-modified superparamagnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles. They capped the scaffolding using iron oxide nanoparticles that carried complementary DNA to the scaffold's oligonucleotide sequence. What the lab found was that they were able to cap their system due to the DNA coming together and creating a double strand. Upon heating the system using an AMF, the DNA bonds detached, the system became uncapped, and the drug was able to be released. Furthermore, the lab found that this linkage was reversible. As temperature was reduced, the DNA was able to re-link to its complementary half. This study was able to illustrate the possibility of having a drug delivery system that could be remotely triggered and exhibit an on-off switch.
Electrostatic
Researchers started investigating electrostatic gating because some trigger drug delivery systems on the market are not entirely feasible. The main complaint of these other systems is that continual external stimulation is required for the therapy to function. In order to combat this complaint, the Grattoni lab in Houston, Texas started working on a drug delivery system that utilized electrostatic gating. The researchers generated a silicon carbide coated nanofluidic membrane that would have controlled release of a drug when a buried electrode was exposed to low intensity voltage. What the researchers found was that their device was able to successfully release drug and do it in such a way that drug release was proportional to the applied voltage. They also found that the device was chemically inert, making it feasible for long term implantation.
References
Medicinal chemistry
Biophysics | Gated drug delivery systems | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,508 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics",
"nan",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Biochemistry"
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70,678,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Natick | Project Natick was an experimental data center that underwent research and development by Microsoft. Microsoft deployed its first undersea data center prototype in August 2015. It subsequently deployed and retrieved a "shipping-container" sized data center off the coast of the Northern Isles in 2018. Microsoft subcontracted Naval Group to spearhead the design and manufacture of the vessel. In 2024, Microsoft stated that Project Natick was no longer active.
History
In 2013, a Microsoft employee with previous experience in the US Navy suggested that an underwater farm server could cut on cooling costs and increase environmental sustainability. A white paper written by employees began to circulate to promote the idea.
Phase I
In late 2014, the project was launched with a meeting in Redmond, Washington. The first prototype was named Leona Philpot (named after a character from the Xbox Halo video game series) and was deployed off the coast of California on August 10, 2015. The prototype was placed 30 feet underwater. The trial lasted 105 days and the prototype was successfully lifted out of the water for further testing. Following the initial experiment, Microsoft wanted the next prototype to be larger in size, deployed in harsher conditions, and powered with renewable energy.
Phase II
Microsoft invited a group of marine organizations to submit proposals to realize the second phase of the project. Naval Group, a French defense contractor, was selected to lead in the design and deployment of the project. The Natick Phase 2 vessel was deployed in June 1, 2018 off the coast of Orkney. The vessel stayed underwater for over two years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the undersea data center was employed to process workloads for vaccine research via Folding@home. In July 2020, the vessel was successfully lifted out of the water and retrieved for analysis.
Termination
By 2024, Project Natick had been inactive for several years, though it was referenced in media as though it was ongoing. That year, Microsoft confirmed that the project was inactive and that it had no servers underwater.
Impact
Scottish Renewables awarded Microsoft the Carbon Reduction Award in 2018. Additionally, the project showed that 864 servers could run reliably for two years with cooling provided by the natural sea temperature. A United States Department of Energy report used Project Natick as an example that "marine energy combined with storage and potentially other renewable energy sources could provide the power or partial power for [data centers]."
References
Data centers
Microsoft buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Orkney
2018 establishments in Scotland
2020 disestablishments in Scotland
Sustainability in Scotland | Project Natick | [
"Technology"
] | 516 | [
"Data centers",
"Computers"
] |
72,153,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20events%20on%20Mars | In modern times, numerous impact events on Mars have been detected. Although most have been inferred from the appearance of new impact craters on the planet, some have corresponded to marsquakes felt by the InSight lander. To date, no impacting meteors have been directly observed as a fireball or discovered in space before impact.
Overview
As the best-explored planet in the Solar System (after Earth), Mars has been continuously explored by various spacecraft, landers, and rovers since 1997. The first probe to image Mars's surface in detail was Mariner 4 in 1965, and Mariner 9 became the first probe to orbit Mars in 1971. However, few early probes were able to image Mars in high enough resolution to detect new impact craters, which are typically less than across. Early probes reached resolutions of , while Mariner 9 was able to reach . From 1976 to 1982, Viking 1 and Viking 2 imaged all of Mars at resolution, with some areas imaged in up to resolution.
The Mars Global Surveyor, active from 1997 to 2006, was the first spacecraft able to image Mars in high enough resolution to detect new impacts, with a resolution of up to . The first detected impact, a -diameter crater in southern Lucus Planum, happened between 27 January 2000, and 19 March 2001. Since then, over 1,200 new impact craters have been found on Mars with 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, over 1,100 of which were found by the last.
Unlike on Earth, most impact craters on Mars come in clusters, caused by the meteor partially fragmenting before impact. Due to Mars's tenuous atmosphere, with just 0.6% the surface pressure of Earth's, incoming meteors are much less prone to breaking up. while a asteroid falling over Earth is unlikely to reach the surface intact before being destroyed in a meteor air burst, a asteroid falling over Mars may leave a crater over across, or several smaller craters tens of meters across.
There is significant observation bias in the locations of discovered impact craters: certain locations on Mars are of much more geological interest, and so are imaged more frequently and in detail than less notable ones. Additionally, many new craters are first noticed by their 'blast zone' of ejecta, which can be 10-100 times the size of the crater itself. However, only certain regions of Mars have subsurface material that can be ejected to create these features; in particular, the Tharsis rise, Olympus Mons, Elysium Mons, and Arabia Terra. As a result, very few impacts have been detected outside of these regions, despite impacts in theory happening randomly across the planet.
Despite these biases, the existing observations of new Martian impacts suggest that asteroids of a given size impacting the planet are about 3 times more common than on Earth and the Moon, with roughly 240 craters and one to seven craters forming each year (compared to the observed ~0.8). Larger impactors also seem to be more relatively frequent than on Earth or the Moon (i.e. the size-frequency distribution slope is shallower). If this holds true for larger asteroid sizes, this suggests that Mars may be in a modern impact surge, although atmospheric deceleration of small asteroids might explain the unexpectedly shallow slope, which would become more consistent with predictions for larger asteroids.
List of notable impacts
The following is a list of detected impact events with a crater size of >15 meters, which excludes most meteoroid impacts (<1 meter asteroids). 10-15 meter craters discovered before 2010 are also included, before the rate of discovering such craters became dozens per year.
Notes
See also
Impact event
Impact events on Jupiter
Marsquake
References
Impact events
Geology of Mars
Mars | Impact events on Mars | [
"Astronomy"
] | 766 | [
"Astronomical events",
"Impact events"
] |
72,154,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim%20DS-2 | The Oberheim DS-2 is a pre-MIDI digital music sequencer. Designed and built in 1974 by Tom Oberheim, it is considered one of the first ever digital musical sequencers.
Features
The DS-2 is capable of storing and sequencing 48 notes and provides a single channel of CV/Gate input and output. It can also be clocked externally. A later model, the DS-2a was capable of storing up to 144 notes.
Music sequencers
Oberheim synthesizers | Oberheim DS-2 | [
"Engineering"
] | 101 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
72,154,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20551 | NGC 551 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. It is estimated to be about 205 million light-years from the Milky Way. The object was discovered on 21, September 1786 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
551
Andromeda (constellation)
005450 | NGC 551 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 78 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,155,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowability | Flowability, also known as powder flow is a property that defines an ability of a powdered material to flow, related to cohesion.
Powder flowability depends on many traits:
the shape and size of the powder particles due to intermolecular force,
porosity
electrostatic activity
hygroscopy
bulk density
angle of repose
presence of glidants
oxidation rate (of a metallic powder)
humidity
ISO 4490:2018 norm (and its precedent, ISO 4490:2014) standardizes a method for determining the flow rate of metallic powders. It uses a normalized/calibrated funnel, named Hall flowmeter.
See also
Fluid mechanics
Soil mechanics
Cohesion (geology)
angle of repose
References
Condensed matter physics
Intermolecular forces
Physical phenomena
Mechanics
Geotechnical engineering
Fluid mechanics | Flowability | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 165 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Molecular physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"Geotechnical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
72,155,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20micro-nanobubbles | Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology overcomes the limitation of ozone oxidation and mass transfer of ozone and its utilization. It improves the oxidation efficiency of ozone. Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology improves the disinfectant capacity of ozone.
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent widely used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, and coal chemical wastewater. Its solubility in water is less and stability is also poor, which will reduce the degradation capacity of ozone towards organic molecules. For improving its ability mass-transfer efficiency ozone micro/nano-bubble(MNB) is an important technology. For improving, gas-liquid contact and mass-transfer effectiveness air microbubbles were used. While in the case of ozone, MNB improves the properties of ozonation or oxidation.
Methods
MNB can be generated and formed by two pathways which are as follows: -
1. The nucleation of the new gas phase emerging from the liquid phase.
2. Collapse of microbubbles
The growth and the collapse of microbubbles in the solution can be distinct as cavitation, and there are four types based on the mode of generation:
Hydrodynamic cavitation
It defines as the change in the geometry of the fluid, which leads to the occurrence of vaporization and generation of MNB. Enhancing the formation of MNB hydrodynamic cavitation by mechanical agitation, axial flow shearing, and depressurized flow constriction
Acoustic cavitation
It can be created by ultrasonic waves, which leads to the establishment of local pressure variations in liquid and then the formation of bubbles.
Optical cavitation
In this method, MNBs were produced by short-pulsed lasers, which were focused into a low absorption coefficient solution.
Particle cavitation
Nano-bubbles were produced by water passing through high-intensity light photons in liquids. Other methods were also used for the formation of MNB.
electrolysis, nanopore membranes, sonochemistry using ultrasound, and water-solvent mixing.
Characteristics
MNBs are the gaseous body. Microbubble has a size between 10-50μm, while nano-bubble has a size of less than 200 nm. There are a few characteristics of MNBs, which are as follows: -
Surface area
MNBs have small diameters, so their specific surface area is large. It gives a large contact area to liquid which is correlated to a higher reaction rate.
Swirl flow
MNBs have swirl flow in water. They float slowly in the gas-liquid mass transfer process, and microbubbles have a long residence time in the liquid. Because of their long hysteresis contact area of gas/liquid has been increased, which improves its oxidation ability
Zeta potential
High negative Zeta Potential is directly related to the stability of MNBs, and most studies verify that this is due to the negatively charged solution reason for this negative charge is the adsorption of hydroxyl ions at the gas-liquid interface. It also avoids aggregation and amalgamation of MNB.
Hydroxyl radicals
Microbubbles can erupt without external stimulus; this rupture process produces a mass of hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical has a high oxidation potential and can oxidize organic pollutants in water.
Disinfection mechanism
Ozone MNB can react in two different ways, direct and indirect. Direct involves the degradation of pollutants with ozone itself, while the case indirect involves oxidation with the formation of hydroxyl radicals(•OH).
Hydroxyl radicals will form by the shrinking of microbubbles; it is due to an increase in the value of electromotive force on the liquid interface. Hydroxyl radical(•OH) and H+ accumulate rapidly at the bubble interface. Ozone reacts with hydroxyl ions and hydroxyl radicals will form. The formation of hydroxyl radicals is pH-dependent.
Applications
Antimicrobial and disinfection process
Ozone MNB can deactivate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This activity of Ozone MNB does not show any cytotoxicity against human health.
Drinking water disinfection
Ozone MNB gives the same inactivation rate same like conventional ozonation for the target pathogen E.coli, but here in the case of microbubble technology, the ozone dose was lower. As higher mass transfer leads to lower ozone dosage so, this ozone MNB technique is promising and beneficial for the existing water treatment plants.
Plant effluents treatment
Elimination of industrial pollutants is a major concern as they are discharged into water bodies. Even at low concentrations, they can induce an adverse effect on living organisms and the environment. Ozone MNBs provides better degradation behavior of targeted pollutant as compared to conventional ozonation and also minimizes the discharge of impurities into water bodies.
Effect on fish health
Ozone has greatest used as a disinfectant in aquaculture systems to reduce pathogenic bacteria to prevent fish disease. In many experiments, it is observed that multiple treatments have not exhibited any deviations either in behavioral patterns or viability of the fish. This technology provides protection to cultivated species from pathogenic infections.
Agriculture
This technology for washing fresh vegetables was tested, and when acidic electrolyzed water containing ozone ultra-fine bubbles and strong mechanical action combined, it showed the lowest viable bacterial count was recorded among other treatments like using sodium hypochlorite.
References
Ozone | Ozone micro-nanobubbles | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,113 | [
"Ozone",
"Oxidizing agents"
] |
72,155,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinmarketcap | Coinmarketcap is a website that provides information and data such as prices, trade volumes, market capitalization on cryptocurrencies. It was founded in 2013 in New York City by Brandon Chez.
Overview
Coinmarketcap was founded in 2013 by IT programmer Brandon Chez in New York City. By 2018, the website had become one of the most popular in the world, according to The Wall Street Journal.
In January 2018, Coinmarketcap took out South Korean exchanges from its calculation for prices because the prices there were consistently higher than in other regions. That caused a significant decline in XRP's market capitalization and created chaos on the markets.
According to Bloomberg, in November 2019, Coinmarketcap introduced a Liquidity metric designed to combat fake trading volume.
In April 2020, Binance, a cryptocurrency exchange, acquired Coinmarketcap for an undisclosed amount. Forbes suggested that the deal could be worth $400 million.
In November 2021, Coinmarketcap was cited by Vice, The New York Times and some other media for warning users of the "Squid" coin fraud scheme, which falsely claimed to be affiliated with the Squid Game TV show. The website is also a source for crypto exchanges rankings.
In a letter to The Wall Street Journal, Chez explained that the Coinmarketcap delisted Korean exchanges because many users complained about the inaccurate prices; however, he did not expect the effect of the Korean exchange exclusion to be so large.
References
American websites
Data and information organizations
Cryptocurrencies
Web3
Technology companies of the United States | Coinmarketcap | [
"Technology"
] | 320 | [
"Data",
"Data and information organizations"
] |
72,155,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinara%20%28company%29 | Kinara is an American semiconductor company that develops AI processors for machine learning applications.
History
Kinara was founded in 2013 by Rehan Hameed, Wajahat Qadeer and Jason Copeland as CoreViz. The company was rebranded as Deep Vision, and raised $35M in a series B funding round led by Tiger Global Management. In 2022 Deep Vision rebranded as Kinara. The company has a development base in Hyderabad, India.
Kinara has partnerships with NXP Semiconductors and Arcturus Networks. In December 2023 they began a collaboration with Ampere and Mirasys. Kinara is a member of the AI Platform Alliance which is led by Ampere and is made up of 8 other companies. In April 2023, Kinara announced a partnership with ENERZAi, a company that offers technology to compress AI models.
Kinara has a partnership with Awiros, which showed its first results in January 2023 at the Consumer Technology Association’s CES annual trade show.
Products
In 2020, the company announced its first product, the Ara-1 Edge AI Processor. The product uses a polymorphic dataflow architecture. The Ara-2 was launched in December 2023 and is 5 to 8 times faster than its predecessor.
References
External links
Kinara
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies | Kinara (company) | [
"Technology"
] | 285 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
72,155,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Academy%20of%20Art | The Australian Academy of Art was a conservative Australian government-authorised art organisation which operated for ten years between 1937 and 1946 and staged annual exhibitions. Its demise resulted from opposition by Modernist artists, especially those associated with the Contemporary Art Society, though the influence of the Academy continued into the 1960s.
History
Precedents
Efforts to form an art academy in Australia were initially limited to individual States: The Academy of Arts, Australia, under the presidentship of P. Fletcher Watson was founded in Sydney in 1891, with its first exhibition held in 1892, but survived only four years. The Society of Artists, founded in Sydney in 1897, and the Australian Artists’ Association, of Melbourne, both had members from various States, but held their regular exhibitions only in their home states.
Formation
Aspiring to the principles of the long-established, but independent, privately funded, and also by then conservative, British Royal Academy of Arts (founded in 1768), Attorney-General Robert Menzies envisaged an overarching, Federal organisation promoting art that would be "understood by" the ordinary Australian amongst the middle class who were his prime supporters in his later prime-ministerships.
In The Argus of 3 May 1937 in an article headed "Does Not Like the "cross-eyed drawing" of Modern Art," he was reported to take issue with the idea that this might be de facto censorship of "those whose conception of art is not his," as had been suggested by Mr. Norman Macgeorge in a letter published the previous Saturday. MacGeorge, Menzies responded, was "misinformed about the object of the proposed Australian Academy;" It is true, however, as Mr. Macgeorge claims, that I find nothing but absurdity in much so-called modern art, with its evasion of real problems and its cross-eyed drawing. It is equally true that I think that in art beauty is the condition of immortality - a conclusion strengthened by an examination of the works of the great European masters and that the language of beauty ought to be capable of being understood by reasonably cultivated people who are not themselves artists. I realise that an academy should find room in its membership for all schools of artistic thought provided they are based on competent craftsmanship. So much do I realise this truth, which I take to be the basis of Mr. Macgeorge's letter, that at the outset, when mentioning the academy idea to a committee of artists, I stipulated that I would take no steps to further it unless this principle were adhered to. The published list of those invited to join the proposed academy is the best proof that the principle has been followed. The list was selected by artists of the highest standing. My only function has been, and is, as an uninstructed lover of fine painting and drawing, to do as much as I can to help obtain for Australia the benefits of an artistic organisation which has been invaluable in England."
Subsequently, at a meeting of ten state delegates in the smokeroom of the Canberra Hotel, Menzies formed the Australian Academy of Art, on 19 June 1937 and was its inaugural chair. Where long-established European art academies were teaching institutions, the Australian Academy was not, and served to present annual salons by invitation to established artists. Its other role was to advise government on art administration as "a body which will be recognised as a standard reference on art." It was to be the second such academy in the British dominions, following Canada's which was established in 1880 with a Royal charter, which was sought also by Australia's.
The Academy was to continue in an anti-Modernist stance, with one member, Norman St Clair Carter, describing 'contemporary art' as a 'fungoid growth.' While tolerating some Australian post-impressionism, its exhibitions showed traditional figurative and realist paintings by Hans Heysen, William Dargie, John Longstaff, Elioth Gruner and Charles Mere as examples of conventional academic values of draughtsmanship and technical prowess; the Modernists' innovation and originality meant they were excluded. Its first catalogue announced that its nationalist, doctrinaire intent;...marks a definite move towards the co-ordination of the artistic activities in a true Federal spirit. Hitherto there has not existed an institution which has adequately represented the whole continent. Nor has there been a body of artists who could speak with one authoritative voice on the many questions that concern the right development of the Fine Arts of this country. It is hoped, then, as the Academy proceeds with its work, the Federal and State Governments, as well as the general public, will realize the value that such an institution can be to the community, not only as a group of artists representing various points of view in their work but also as an advisory body which works in the interests of government and people alike.
Influence and demise
The organisation failed to obtain a royal charter when opposed by the Contemporary Art Society and other modernist groups, so its last annual exhibition was in 1947, although its influence remained through former members who were assembling national collections, writing art criticism and teaching art, in particular through those who were instructors or administrators at Melbourne's National Gallery School, who held roles as curators, or who were critics for newspapers and magazines. William Nicholas Rowell was appointed drawing master at the National Gallery in 1941 and was acting head of its art school briefly in 1946. William Beckwith (Billy) McInnes was acting-director at the National Gallery of Victoria (1935) and an instructor in its art school, while The Age critic James Stuart (Jimmy) MacDonald supported Menzies and reviled George Bell, and Lionel Lindsay used his art criticism in the Melbourne Herald to spruik the organisation.
Foundation members
By June 1937 it was announced that forty-seven artists had accepted invitations to be foundation members. The initiators appear in a group photograph taken on the day of the Academy's founding, and representing five states of the Commonwealth, but not Western Australia;
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Hans Heysen
Tasmania
John Eldershaw
In addition to the foundation members, others who showed in the annual exhibitions hosted by the Academy were William Wallace Anderson (exhibited in the 1939 and 1943 shows), Archibald Bertram Webb (1938), Frank Charles Medworth (1939), Joshua Smith (1938), Lyndon Raymond Dadswell (1938), Amalie Sara Colquhoun (1938), L. J. Harvey (1938), Isabel Mackenzie (1938), and Elma Roach (1938) among others. Max Meldrum joined Menzies' organisation but resigned before the Academy held its first exhibition, though kept showing in early annual exhibitions. Frederick William (Fred) Leist was a foundation member but soon resigned. Rayner Hoff had died before the inaugural exhibition, as had Paul Montford.
Opposition
In the Victorian Artists Society autumn exhibition being opened at its quarters in East Melbourne on 27 April 1937 by Menzies, the Society's new president (and foundation member of the Academy) James Quinn, had included modernists whose works he had seen on his visits to their studios. When Menzies had finished his speech condemning modernity in painting as "doing all that great artists wouldn't have done," like making "a face look exactly like a cabbage, or a cabbage resemble a face," Quinn indignantly attacked Menzies, pointing out that Rembrandt himself was a rebel; "Instead of painting for buyers he painted to please himself as an artist and, accordingly, 'went broke'," he countered. The confrontation prompted letters from readers.
When the Academy's exclusion of modernist art from its officially sanctioned exhibitions became clear, opposition to the Academy was led by George Bell, a spokesman for 'modern art'. His argument with Menzies was very public, pursued through the newspapers, and in The Australian Quarterly. The avant-garde Angry Penguins''' first three issues published in Adelaide also reflected these bitter tensions in what C.P. Snow regarded as "the last flowering of a 'national' modernism that a completely internationalised world of the arts was likely to see". In July 1938 Bell issued a leaflet, To Art Lovers, which led to the formation of the Contemporary Art Society, of which he became founding president, with painter and writer Adrian Lawlor as secretary, who produced a book, Arquebus (1937), and pamphlet, Eliminations (1939), detailing their opposition. Others who declared themselves against a conservative, outmoded 'Academy,' were Isabel May Tweddle and Norman Macgeorge, while Rupert Bunny, Sydney Long and William Lister Lister publicly refused Menzies' invitiaton to join, while James Quinn was in conflict with Menzies over his open support for modern art.
In contrast to the Academy's venue for its first show, in Sydney's Education Department gallery, the first CAS exhibition was held at the National Gallery of Victoria in 1939, where it presented young artists including Sidney Nolan, Albert Tucker, Joy Hester, Russell Drysdale, William Dobell, James Gleeson, Eric Thake, Peter Purves Smith, Noel Counihan and new arrivals from Europe, Yosl Bergner and Danila Vassilieff. William Frater switched allegiances after the first Academy exhibition and showed with the CAS.
Exhibitions of the Australian Art Academy
First exhibition
By the time of its first exhibition, held 8–29 April 1938 at the Education Department's Art Gallery, Loftus Street, Sydney, the catalogue lists more; Robert Henderson (Bob) Croll (Academy general secretary) William Frater, and John Rowell
The catalogue also names as Patrons; Rt. Hon. R. G. Menzies, P.C., M.P., Alexander Melrose, LL..B., G. R. Nicholas, J. R. McGregor, Charles Lloyd Jones, Hon. John Lane Mullins, Howard Hinton, O.B.E.; and its officers; the President Sir John Longstaff (who held the office until 1941); Vice-President Sydney Ure Smith, O.B.E., Exhibition Manager C. Parker, Secretary and Treasurer R. H. Croll, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer Vera Carruthers.
For this first exhibition, a Selection Committee was formed comprising Sir John Longstaff, W. B. McInnes, Harold Herbert, Lionel Lindsay, Sydney Ure Smith, Norman Carter, William Rowell, Thea Proctor, Margaret Preston, and Douglas Dundas.
Its Council had two 'divisions',' Northern, whose members were Norman Carter, Lionel Lindsay, Elioth Gruner, Thea. Proctor and Sydney Ure Smith; and Southern, whose officers were Harold Herbert, W. B. McInnes, Hans Heysen, Sir John Longstaff and William Rowell.
Second exhibition
The second annual Academy exhibition was held 5 April-3 May 1939 at the National Gallery of Victoria in Swanston Street, Melbourne. The exhibitors, several of whom were not Academy members, were from all states except Western Australia;
New South Wales artists represented by 4 works each were; Sydney Ure Smith O.B.E., Lloyd Rees, Adelaide E. Perry. With 3 works: Norman Carter, Grace Cossington-Smith, Elioth Gruner, Margaret Preston, Douglas Dundas, Adrian Feint. With 2 works: James. R. Jackson, Frank Medworth, Enid Cambridge, E. A. Harvey, Ralph D. Shelley, Maud Sherwood, Lionel Lindsay, Thea Proctor, Lyndon R. Dadswell. And with 1 work: Hector Gilliland, Sydney Long A.R.E., Freda Robertshaw, Will Ashton R.O.I., Nora Heysen, Gordon Esling, Norman Cartet, Harold Abbott, Eileen Vaughan, Unk White, G. T. Williamson, Dorothy Thornhill
Victorians with 4 works: H. Septimus Power, William Rowell, A. D. Colquhoun. With 3 works: Violet M. Mcinnes, John Rowell, James Quinn R.O.I.. R.P., Harley Griffiths Jr., Harry B. Harrison, Harold B. Herbert, Dora L. Wilson. With 2 works: Dorothy Whitehead, W. Beckwith McInnes, W. D. Knox, Wm. A. Dargie, A. E. Newbury, Polly Hurry, Amalie Colquhoun, Arnold Shore, Norah Gurdon, William Spence, John S. Loxton, Alfred Coleman, John W. Elischer, Orlando Dutton, Raymond Ewers, Stanley J. Hammond, W. Leslie Bowles, Geo. H. Allen, Ernest Buckmaster, Aileen Dent. And with 1 work: Alexander Colquhoun, Edward Heffernan, William Frater, John Farmer, Norman B. Cathcart, Ethel Wardle, Max Meldrum, Lance J. Sullivan, Charles Hills, W. Prater, Geo. H. Allen, Wallace Anderson
South Australians with 3 works: Hans Heysen. With 2 works: Ivor Hele, F. Millward Grey. And with 1 work: George Whinnen, Max Ragless, T. H. Bone, John C. Goodchild, Gwen Barringer
Queenslanders with 4 works: Vida Lahey. With 3 works: Kenneth Macqueen. With 2 works: Noel Wood. And with 1 work: L. J. Harvey
Tasmanians with 3 works: John R. Eldershaw. And with 1 work each: Joseph Connor, Ethel M. Nicholls
Third exhibition
The Academy's third exhibition was held, again at the Education Department gallery in Sydney, March–April 1940 during World War II. Arthur Murch, foundation member of Menzies' organisation, in his review in The Home which included an illustration of Roy de Maistre's 1938 quasi-cubist Football Match, reported that the "Exhibition demonstrates the changing face of Australian Art," and that there was evidence of a French influence, and picked out as "names to remember: Eric Wilson, Jean Bellette, Frank Medworth, Muriel Medworth, M. B. Paxton, Desiderius Orban, Alison Rehfisch, George Duncan, Arthur Fleischmann, Nora Heysen, Paul Haefliger, Alice Danciger," and the sculptures of Orlando Dutton and Lyndon Dadswell, asking of the latter "You would not like to live with his "Decorative Head”? No, nor vice-versa! but it could stand the competition of architectural surroundings or the irregularity of tree forms in open air. Does he see things like that? Certainly not. He has consciously produced a work in a decorative baroque manner." The Bulletin declared that "The most original thing in the show is William Dobell’s Red Lady, a fantastic and not at all beautiful composition. Examples of the “modern” style by Arnold Shore and essays in esoteric expressionism by Grace Cossington Smith, Roi de Maistre and M. B. Paxton demonstrate the Academy’s beautiful tolerance." Writing in the magazine Pertinent, Frank Rhodes Farmer found the Academy show 'depressed' him, while being 'transported' by photography of the Miniature Camera Group at Blaxland Gallery, in which "appeared that same enthusiasm for life, for the new, fresh angle, as in Giotto, Chaucer, Shakespeare," asking; "Why then does the Australian Academy of Art lack this freshness, this new approach to life, this enthusiasm?"
Fourth exhibition
The Melbourne Athenaeum theatre was the venue for the fourth of the Academy's annual exhibitions, on which The Bulletin commented that of works inducing 'pleasant feelings,' only one belonged to a member of the A.A.A., but that "The true-blue three As. can't be said to have justified their claim to being a national institution. They are not Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece, but more like a party on an ocean liner exchanging current gossip. The Old Guard weigh in with portraits in their accepted manner, and a disquietening feature is that the young portrait-painters, who are not A.A.As., appear to be trying to paint like the A.A.As."
Fifth exhibition
From 20–31 July 1943, the fifth annual exhibition of the Academy was held again at the Melbourne Athenaeum, was opened by Menzies, and featured war artists Adams, Dargie, Hele, Herbert, Hodgkinson, Murch and Norton. George Bell, reviewing it for the Melbourne Herald, remarked that "Although the catalogue says the show is restricted to the Southern Division, the walls are crowded — too crowded to show the pictures at their best. More stringent selection would have made a better show." While picking out paintings by Frater, Bryans, Ragless, Murch, Eldershaw, Watson, Whinnen, N. Heysen and Grant for favourable comment, Bell considered that "A number of well-known names are represented by works which, well enough painted though they be, call for no further comment than has been accorded many times. If the artist continually repeats himself there Is no reason why the critic should follow suit."
Sixth exhibition
Again limited to artists from the Academy's southern division as New South Wales and Queensland (the 'northern division') had decided not to exhibit for the duration of the war, the venue for the annual show held 11–22 July 1944 was again the Melbourne Athenaeum. It was opened by Governor Winston Dugan, and Academy member Harold Herbert reviewed it in The Argus and conceded that, among a majority of landscapes, "There is a leaven of semi-modern or contemporary work which is not altogether lacking in interest-an admission hard to wring from this stone-hearted reviewer!" Recent acquisitions of works by Australian official war artists in Australia, the Pacific, and abroad lent by the board of management of the Australian War Memorial. Herbert, also a war artist, considered that "the quality of some of the work, as painting, is open to question. They are vivid records, at all events."
Seventh exhibition
The Seventh annual exhibition was held at the Athenaeum from 31 July – 11 August 1945 and again opened by the Governor of Victoria. At the hieight of the Pacific War it received little media attention. Clive Turnbull's article in the Herald was headed 'Art Exhibition Is Not Outstanding,' with praise only for "a blood transfusion from a few non-members," and reacts to the 'remarkable' catalogue statement that; "Recognition by the Federal Government of the Academy as the principal representative art body in Australia has been evidenced by an invitation to advise the Government on the appointment of war artists, on additions and alterations to be made to the War Memorial at Canberra, and on other cultural matters." "If this is so," he then asks, "it is an extraordinary and reactionary decision which ought to be annulled. An admirable advisory committee. however, could be made from artists who are not members of the Academy, according to its published list. It would include Rupert Bunny and George Bell in Melbourne and William Dobell and Russell Drysdale in Sydney. If the Academy has indeed been set up as a quasi-official advisory body it would be interesting to know what Minister made the decision, and why."
Eighth exhibition
Alan McCulloch welcomed the "smaller—and therefore better hung" eighth annual exhibition of the Australian Academy of Art, on 23 July 1946, and once again at the Athenaeum Gallery, Collins Street, Melbourne. Conductor Eugene Goossens officiated and encouraged attendees to purchase works "to lake them home for refreshment of the soul." Only seven Academy members showed; Quinn, Power, Ragless, Rowell, Buckmaster, Dora Wilson, and Violet Mcinnes. McCulloch's review in The Argus concluded that; ...the business-like competence of academy members is considerably helped by some of the more modest, perhaps more inspired, invitees. Lina Bryan's rolling forms and lively colours attract attention. "Afternoon, Frankston," by Alan Moore, is a quietly poetic and charming work, and three small works two low-toned lyrical pastels, and a head study in pencil by David Eager, are quietly impressive. "Burke Road Bridge," by Annois, is outstanding in the water-colour section." Herald critic Clive Turnbull commented; "As now seems to be usual, outsiders show the best work — Charles Bush with two Koepang scenes, Alan Moore with a little beach scene, Lorna [sic] Bryans with a landscape. William Frater, strangely met in this company, livens up the ranks of the academics with a portrait and a couple of other works."
The Academy's eighth annual exhibition was not its very last; in November that year a private viewing in Melbourne was arranged during the visit of the then Governor-General Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester and the Duchess, herself an artist. From it, a loan of fifteen Academy works was hung at Government House, Yarralumla, in Canberra. The paintings the Vice-Royal couple selected were one by William Dargie, four by Will Rowell, three by Alfred Coleman, two by Violet McInnes and two by C. Dudley Wood, and others by W.B. McInnes, Ernest Buckmaster, and Gwen Barringer.
Also that year the Australian Government commissioned three Australian artists, Academy member Colin Colahan, and war artists Stella Bowen and Lt. G. R. Mainwaring, to paint views of the Victory Parade for the Australian War Memorial Board.
Legacy
The controversy and confrontations between the modernist and antimodernist forces spilled into politics, as Herbert Vere (Doc) Evatt, largely at the prompting of his wife Mary, sole female trustee of the AGNSW, championed the modernists during his leadership (1951–1960) of the Labor opposition to Robert Menzies' Liberal Party.
As Sarah Scott argues, even after the collapse of the Academy, Menzies' views continued to impact Australia's modernist artists in his second term as prime minister from 1949. The 'conservative old guard' of which Menzies was a part continued its influence due to the government's monopoly in selection of works for official overseas exhibitions. Twenty years after disputes over the Academy, the conflict erupted again over which art should be Australia's first official representation at the 1958 Venice Biennale; the Commonwealth Arts Advisory Board sent outdated examples of the Heidelberg School and a few Arthur Boyd landscapes (and not the more radical Brides'' series he was then painting). A consequence of the ensuing critical rejection was that Australia refused an invitation to exhibit at the 1960 biennale and did not show in Venice again until 1978; the country was absent from the world's showcase of international art for twenty years. The ramifications for the nation's artists, and the cultural presentation of the nation through art, were profound, and deep divisions emerged between nationalist values represented by the heritage of the Heidelberg school versus the internationalism of those aligned with European modernism.
Gallery of works by founding members of the Academy 1930s-1940s in chronological order
References
Arts organizations established in 1937
1937 establishments in Australia
1947 disestablishments in Australia
Australian art movements
Australian art
Censorship in Australia
Conservatism in Australia
Art and design organizations
Academic art
1930s in art
1940s in art
Modernism | Australian Academy of Art | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,840 | [
"Design",
"Art and design organizations"
] |
72,155,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-based%20engineering | Value-based engineering (VBE) is a system development and innovation approach that implements the IEEE St. 7000 "Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns during System Design" released in 2021. The standard was developed over a five-year period based on the initial work published in "Ethical IT innovation: A value-based system design approach" in 2015. Similar to value sensitive design, the standard's intent is to provide a framework for the consideration of human values and ethical concerns. In Fall 2022, it was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-7000.
VBE follows a sociotechnical perspective on system development, and has a philosophical foundation in Max Scheler's material value ethics and post-phenomenology.
As a complement to IEEE St. 7000, VBE presents ten principles considered essential to ethical system design, as well as two risk-based pathways for specifying system requirements.
Engineering process
In VBE, ethical system design is achieved through four processes aligned with ISO/IEC 15288.
Concept of operation and context exploration process: This process aims to gain an initial understanding of the context, relevant stakeholders, legal, social, environmental, and ethical feasibility, and control over the intended external partners of a proposed system, and to develop a tangible concept of operations.
Ethical values elicitation and prioritization process: The impact of a proposed system on values and virtues is investigated using a utilitarian, virtue ethics, duty ethics, and culture-specific perspectives. While the utilitarian perspective identifies harms and benefits to the direct and indirect stakeholders, the virtue ethics perspective identifies potentially harmful virtue effects, and the duty ethics perspective considers the impact of the system on duty-ethical principles.
Ethically aligned design process: During this process core values and their value qualities are translated into , which are then specified into system requirements. Unique to VBE is that either a threat analysis (low risk) or an impact assessment (high risk) is used for specifying system requirements, depending on the damage potential and probability of occurrence.
Transparency and information management process: This process accompanies the entire development lifecycle and focuses on creating transparency about the prioritized core values and their logical chain to the system requirements.
The ten principles
VBE complements IEEE St. 7000 by introducing ten principles essential for addressing ethical concerns during system design.
Organizations take responsibility for their ecosystem and forgo services over which they have no control.
Organizations actively consider not investing in a system if there are ethical reasons for not doing so.
Systems are developed in open collaboration with stakeholders or their representatives.
Ethical investigations are used to elicit values.
The context of a system's implementation is to be understood and its potential impact anticipated.
Organizations are recommended to respect the ethical principles of the laws and signed agreements in its target market region.
Organization management makes a public and personal commitment to the chosen core values.
Organizations provide transparency on prioritized core values and their linkage to system requirements.
Core values are understood in depth through conceptualization and their associated value qualities.
are specified into system requirements through either a threat analysis (low risk) or an impact assessment (high risk).
Criticism
There are only a limited number of case studies that show that VBE is effective in facilitating the development of innovative or even ethical systems.
See also
Value sensitive design
Value-based innovation
Stakeholder theory
External links
Value-Based Engineering: Technology for Humanity Hub
References
IEEE standards | Value-based engineering | [
"Technology"
] | 705 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEEE standards"
] |
72,157,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023%20pediatric%20care%20crisis | In the waning months of 2022, the first northern hemisphere autumn with the nearly full relaxation of public health precautions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals in the United States and Canada began to see overwhelming numbers of pediatric care patients, primarily driven by a massive upswing in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases, but also flu, rhinovirus, enterovirus, and SARS-CoV-2.
With high levels of hand-washing, mask-wearing, and social isolation during the early years of the pandemic, children born during this period had particularly low levels of exposure to RSV, with public health professionals reporting extremely low levels of RSV transmission in 2020 and 2021. In contrast, 2022 evidenced a dramatic reversal.
Starting in September 2022, many emergency departments and intensive-care units in the United States have been either at-capacity or over-capacity, with a variety of hospitals resorting to extreme measures which have included the use of a makeshift tent outside Johns Hopkins Children's Center in Maryland and the proposed deployment of the National Guard in Connecticut.
Outside of North America, in the United Kingdom, pediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as Group A streptococcal infection and resultant scarlet fever. As of mid-December in 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to Strep A and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.
In late 2023, a similar pattern of pediatric illness appeared to emerge with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in China during the first full autumn and winter season following relaxation of its stringent Zero-COVID policies. Increased rates of pediatric Mycoplasma pneumonia were simultaneously observed in other parts of the world, with Denmark declaring that infections had reached epidemic levels.
Timeline
The crisis had no clear start date, as multiple disease outbreaks occurred over the course of 2022, with cascading effects on healthcare systems already burdened by the ongoing pandemic. Notably, staffing shortages led commentators in the US to say that the system was "crumbling" in August. While authorities at one health region in Ontario spoke of "serious" and "unprecedented" challenges in September. In Canada, warning signs appeared as early as July with a spike in enterovirus ("hand foot and mouth disease") cases which continued into August.
The pediatric care crisis in the United States began to be visible in statistics with high late-summer, August 2022 hospitalization numbers of children infected with rhinovirus and enterovirus, which are both acute respiratory illnesses and often indistinguishable without molecular sequencing or via a specific rRT-PCR assay. By early September, the Centers of Disease Control issued an official Health Advisory about severe respiratory illnesses from Rhinoviruses and/or Enteroviruses D-68.
RSV then began to see its exponential rise to the top of pediatric infections in September and October 2022, with mid and late-autumn SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal flu infections increasing the pediatric care burden later into the year.By mid-autumn, flu cases had already shuttered schools and reactivated remote learning in parts of the American South and mid-Atlantic.
On October 26, the Government of Canada issued an advisory that Canada was experiencing a shortage of children's acetaminophen and ibuprofen due to the spike in infections. By late October, staff infections with respiratory illnesses had compounded the previous staffing shortages in Ontario causing many emergency rooms and other departments at multiple hospitals to close. In the USA staffing shortages and the spike in infections saw 80% of pediatric beds full nationally, with the worst numbers being in Rhode Island where beds were 99% full, causing some hospitals to set up field tents.
On November 7, researchers determined that the United States was concurrently facing epidemics of flu, RSV, and COVID-19 in children.
As of early November, 75% of beds in US children's hospitals were full and the crisis had spread to eastern Canada, with a children's hospital in Ottawa reporting over 130% capacity for both intensive care and inpatient beds. On November 1, 2022, California's Orange County declared a pediatric health emergency after seeing record-breaking numbers of children enter emergency rooms in the county's hospitals. At the same time over fourteen thousand students were out of school due to illness in the Edmonton region of Alberta. By November 5, Emily Gruenwold, president and CEO of Children's Healthcare Canada said that "across the country, almost without exception, our children's hospitals are all running at 100 percent occupancy or more" in part because the shortage of over-the-counter painkillers that could suppress fevers lead more parents to bring their sick children to hospitals.
On November 14, the Children's Hospital Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics wrote a joint letter to President Biden and Health Secretary Xavier Becerra, asking that the administration declare an emergency that would unlock funding and regulatory flexibilities akin to the ongoing COVID-19 emergency. This request came as RSV hospitalizations reached seven times pre-pandemic levels among infants 6 months and younger and flu hospitalizations were the highest in a decade. One US state, Oregon, had already declared a public health emergency related to the pediatric care crisis several days prior to the national appeal. The US Department of Health and Human Services decided against a national emergency declaration at the time, deciding to instead support struggling communities on a case-by-case basis.
Also on November 14, the Public Health Agency of Canada's FluWatch surveillance program took action on one major component of the pediatric crisis, declaring the flu an epidemic and noting a spike in pediatric flu hospitalizations above expected levels.
Days later, on November 17, the Canadian Medical Protective Association (a legal defense fund for doctors) issued advice to its members about practising out of scope due to the "unprecedented overcrowding occurring in pediatric hospitals across the country". On November 23, a group called "Moms, Grandmoms, and Caregivers for Kids" issued an open letter to the Canadian federal and provincial governments about the crisis because, they said, "There is a palpable sense of hopelessness amongst parents and those that serve kids on the frontlines. Doctors say the crisis will get worse before it gets better, yet we see no tangible signs of action." The signatories to the letter included Lisa Raitt, Penny Collenette, Kathleen Wynne, and Marg McCuaig-Boyd. By the end of November, Canadian pediatric hospitalizations for seasonal influenza alone were 20 times the usual rate of admissions for that time of year.
On December 9, the premiers of Canada's provinces and territories held a joint news conference to address the crisis in children's hospitals.
By mid-December, some US children's hospitals were receiving transfer requests from communities far outside of their typical geographic coverage areas. Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Grand Rapids, Michigan fielded requests from communities in the state's Upper Peninsula, upwards of 300 miles away, and the state of Illinois. Both areas share land borders with Wisconsin rather than lower Michigan, but Wisconsin's hospitals were full. Devos also had to turn away patients and could only accept children who were severely ill.
The UK's spike in severe pediatric Strep A infections also began to spill over into the United States in December 2022, with Colorado, Texas, and Arizona reporting atypically high numbers of cases in children's hospitals, including two deaths in Colorado, while the World Health Organization noted that the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and France had also begun experiencing unusually high levels of Strep A infections. On 22 December, the US CDC issued a health advisory due to increasing levels of Strep A infections in the United States.
A study released on 7 February 2023 found that 40 percent of US households had experienced infection by one of the three primary drivers of the pediatric crisis in North America during the 2022–2023 winter season.
Coinfections
While coinfections have always been a possibility in pediatric medicine, SARS-CoV-2 has made coinfection with multiple viruses much more common, with doctors reporting back-to-back hospitalizations and children presenting with upwards of four distinct respiratory viruses in the span of a single month. According to a CDC report released in December 2022, children who experience a coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are more likely to encounter adverse outcomes and require invasive or noninvasive respiratory support than children infected with influenza only.
Contributing factors
In the two decades preceding the crisis, US hospitals experienced a significant decline in the number of pediatric beds due to lower billable procedures in pediatric admissions in comparison to adults. Pediatric beds have also been occupied by greater numbers of young people experiencing mental health emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic, who have been admitted to ICUs following suicide attempts.
In typical years, without a surge of cases and multiple coinfections, RSV is the most common cause of pediatric hospitalization in developed countries, and Bronchiolitis caused by RSV is more severe and leads to higher hospitalization rates as compared with non-RSV bronchiolitis.
A widespread shortage of liquid amoxicillin has also complicated pediatric care for primary bacterial infections, such as Strep A, as well as potentially dangerous secondary bacterial infections arising from a primary viral infection.
Government responses
In the US, Surgeon General Vivek Murthy noted that the federal government was responding to the crisis in a variety of ways. First, it was offering direct support to struggling hospitals by providing personnel, ventilators, and equipment. The federal government also actively assisted in interstate coordination of available beds across given regions. Although the US would not declare a public health emergency specific to the pediatric crisis, HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra wrote, in a 2 December letter to US governors, that the existing emergency declaration for COVID-19 could be broadly applied to the surge in other respiratory viruses related to the relaxation of pandemic public health measures.
Broader crisis
In December 2022, the terms "tripledemic" and "tridemic" were used to describe simultaneous outbreaks of RSV, influenza, and COVID-19 in both Canada and the United States. Accordingly, with cases of RSV at 300% more than would be expected in a normal season and rising numbers of adult infections together with increased COVID-19 hospitalizations, some public health professionals have expressed alarm at the potential for spillover into a widespread medical crisis, not confined solely to pediatric care.
See also
Twindemic
Outline of infectious disease concepts
References
Epidemiology
2022 in health
Pediatrics
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues
2022 disease outbreaks
Disease outbreaks in Canada
Disease outbreaks in the United States | 2022–2023 pediatric care crisis | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,257 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
72,160,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20dolly | Airport dollies for unit load device (ULD) and cargo pallets are standard sized flatbed trolley or platform, with many wheels, roller bars or ball bearings protruding above the top surface for easy loading and unloading of ULD and cargo pallets respectively. Since ULD/pallet rest on ball bearings, these dollies are equipped with hinge/locks to secure the position of the ULD/pallet on them during tugging transportation. The aviation industry adopted ULD/pallets to be lightweight containers and supporting platforms respectively, intended to be loaded into aircraft and fly along with their loads, they need to be minimum in weight and thus do not have wheels or strong base structure. Also, the ULD/pallets have stringent dimensional standard following the aircraft cargo bay dimension. Therefore, these dollies are custom designed to complement the ULD/pallet's dimension, hinge/fixture position, weak overall physical strength and transportation need. Advanced dollies for ULD and pallets, such as those used on an airport apron, may have the following specialized facilities:
Rollers – Dollies have built-in rollers or balls bearings on the deck to assist in the moving of containers or pallets. Advance dollies have two sets of power driven rollers, one set moves the container forward and backward, and the other move it left and right. The precise movement is needed to align the center of gravity of the container to the center of the deck, or else the dollies may turn over when in motion. In addition, the containers or pallets on dollies are secured with built-in locks.
Revolving platform – Some dollies have a revolving platform to facilitate rotating the ULDs to the correct orientation before transferring them onto a cargo conveyor belt or ULD/pallet lift leading to the aircraft bay. Some revolving platforms are power assisted.
Brakes – Dollies have mechanical brakes which automatically lock the dolly wheels when the towbar is in the parked (vertical) orientation, and automatically release the dolly wheels when the towbar is in the towing (horizontal) orientation. No explicit manual locking/unlocking action by the operator is needed.
Dolly fleet management is an issue specific to the airport ground support industry. Dollies are not inexpensive consumable equipment like a hand trolley. Dollies are numerous (thousands) on a large airport apron. An airport usually has more than one dolly fleet operator, using dollies not greatly different in appearance, and each operator is using many types of dollies simultaneously. The apron is a large area that using direct eyesight to find an item is not easy. A dolly in operation needs frequent detachment and re-attachment from the tug and other dollies. It is not access controlled (it does not need a car key be used, like an automobile). It is not always supervised by the same driver (any tractor can come to pick up any dolly and tug them away, sometimes erroneously). As a result of all above factors, dollies do get lost/misplaced on an apron, or at least dollies fleet management is an ongoing burden for ground support equipment operator. Major airports are starting to attach battery power active RFID tags to dollies to facilitate their fleet management. The active RFID tags can be detected at up to 100m away in open space from the fixed RFID reader antenna, which can be mounted at the aircraft loading bridges. The RFID tag report the dolly's facility number as well as the "battery weak" and "strong collision" status, making management of the RFID tags (and thus the associated dolly) easier.
Gallery
See also
Index of aviation articles
Dolly (trailer)
References
External links
Airport infrastructure
Trailers | Airport dolly | [
"Engineering"
] | 752 | [
"Airport infrastructure",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
72,161,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Bromotheophylline | 8-Bromotheophylline is a xanthine diuretic drug. It is the main active ingredient in pamabrom where it is sold as an over-the-counter medication in combination with paracetamol, among other analgesics, to treat dysmenorrhea. It is also an adenosine receptor A1 antagonist.
See also
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
8-Phenyltheophylline
References
Adenosine receptor antagonists
Xanthines
Diuretics | 8-Bromotheophylline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
72,162,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycopyrronium%20tosylate | Glycopyrronium tosylate, sold under the brand name Qbrexza among others, is a medication used for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2018, and in Japan in January 2022.
References
Muscarinic antagonists | Glycopyrronium tosylate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
72,163,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US%20Data%20Privacy%20Framework | The EU–US Data Privacy Framework is a European Union–United States data transfer framework that was agreed to in 2022 and declared adequate by the European Commission in 2023. Previous such regimes—the EU–US Privacy Shield (2016–2020) and the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles (2000–2015)—were declared invalid by the European Court of Justice in part due to concerns that personal data leaving EU borders is subject to sweeping US government surveillance. The EU-US Data Privacy Framework is intended to address these concerns.
After the invalidation of the EU–US Privacy Shield in July 2020, companies wishing to transfer data between the EU and the US "have faced confusion, higher compliance costs, and challenges for EU–US business relationships".
The European Parliament raised substantial doubts whether the new agreement reached by Ursula von der Leyen actually conforms with EU laws, as it still does not sufficiently protect EU citizens from US mass surveillance and fails to enforce basic human digital rights in the EU. In May 2023, a resolution on this matter passed the European Parliament with 306 votes in favor and 27 against. The NGO NOYB (European Center for Digital Rights) has announced that it will challenge the framework again before the European Court of Justice.
History
On March 25, 2022, it was announced that the European Commission and the United States had committed to a "Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework" in reaction to the failure of the EU-US Privacy Shield.
In October 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order to implement the framework.
In May of 2023, the European Data Protection Board approved the Commission's adequacy decision draft that was published on December 13, 2022.
Although not binding on the European Commission, on 11 May 2023 the European Parliament voted in favour of a resolution calling on the Commission to renegotiate the Framework and not to adopt an adequacy finding on the basis that "the EU–U.S. Data Privacy Framework fails to create essential equivalence in the level of protection".
On July 10 2023, the European Commission adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, thereby allowing transfer of personal data from the EU to the U.S. on the basis of Article 45 of the GDPR.
Data Protection Review Court
The Data Protection Review Court (DPRC) is a three-judge panel, established in Executive Order 14086 of 7 October 2022, which will deal with appeals made to the decisions of the Civil Liberties Protection Officer of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence as described by the EU-U.S. Privacy Framework. The decisions made by the DPRC have binding authority.
There has been criticism.
See also
Data Protection Directive
Digital privacy
General Data Protection Regulation
Safe harbor (law)
US Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB)
References
External links
EU-US data transfers webpage of the European Commission
Data Privacy Framework List website of the US International Trade Administration
Commission Implementing Decision EU 2023/1795 of the European Commission on EUR-Lex
28 CFR Part 201 (Data Protection Review Court) of the US Code of Federal Regulations from the LII
28 CFR Part 201 (Data Protection Review Court) of the US Code of Federal Regulations from the OFR
Information privacy
International law
Privacy law
United States–European Union relations | EU–US Data Privacy Framework | [
"Engineering"
] | 687 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Information privacy"
] |
72,164,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2040091 | HD 40091, also known as HR 2082, is a solitary star located in the southern constellation Columba, the dove. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.54, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. Based on parallax measurements from the Gaia spacecraft, the object is estimated to be 501 light years distant. However, it is rapidly receding with a high heliocentric radial velocity of .
This is an evolved red giant with a stellar classification of M0 III. It has 121% the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 52.43 times its girth. It radiates 392 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a red hue. HD 40091 is slightly metal enriched, having an iron abundance 38% above solar levels.
HD 40091 is found to vary between 5.64 and 5.68 in the Hipparcos passband, but it is not confirmed to be a variable star. Therefore, it is catalogued in the GCVS as a suspected variable.
References
M-type giants
Suspected variables
Columba (constellation)
Columbae, 60
CD-39 02260
40091
27955
2082 | HD 40091 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 261 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,164,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaerodorstroy | Donaerodorstroy (full name: Joint Stock Company for Construction and Reconstruction of Highways and Airfields) is a Russian company, one of the largest construction companies in the country. It is a part of OJSC "Group of construction companies "DON".
It specializes in comprehensive construction of roads with asphalt and cement concrete pavement, bridges and overpasses, airfields and hydraulic structures.
The company is headquartered in Moscow.
History
The company was founded in 1956. The first task was to create a backbone network of intercity and inter-settlement roads in the Rostov region.
In 1960-1970s due to the construction of public roads Moscow-Volgograd and Moscow-Kharkiv-Simferopol 3 construction units and 2 depots were transferred to the Volgograd and Kharkiv regions.
In 1984, the company was awarded the Red Banner of the Ministry of Construction of the USSR and the Central Committee of the Trade Union of workers of road transport and highways.
In 1992, the Trust "Dondorstrstroy" was incorporated and received the name "Donaerodorstrstroy".
In 2005, DONAERODORSTROY JSC became a part of DON Group of Construction Companies.
In 2020, by the decision of the Russian government Donaerodorstroy JSC was included in the list of backbone organizations of the Russian economy. The head office of Donaerodorstroy was relocated to Moscow.
In 2021, Donaerodorstroy became one of the founders of the National Association of Infrastructure Companies (NAIC).
Activity
The company implements projects in the Rostov, Volgograd, Vladimir, Novgorod, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions, the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan.
In the Soviet era there were built such roads as Rostov-Ordzhonikidze, Rostov-Novocherkassk, Rostov-Olginsk-Volgodonsk, Debaltsevo-Luhansk, Moscow-Volgograd, Moscow-Kharkiv-Simferopol, Novocherkassk, etc.
The company built airfields in Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Taganrog, Volgodonsk. The total construction area is more than 1,042 thousand square meters.
In 2006 the road "Morozovsk - Tsimlyansk - Volgodonsk" with a bridge crossing over the Don was built.
From 2008 to 2019 over 400 km of federal highway M-4 "Don" was reconstructed and built.
In 2015, a four-lane highway "Rostov - Azov" was built.
In 2017, the road "Approach to Platov Airport" was built, the federal highway A-260 "Volgograd - Ukraine" and the federal highway R-22 "Caspian Sea" (M-4 - Tambov - Volgograd - Astrakhan) were reconstructed.
In 2021, Donaerodorstroy started construction of the 3rd stage of the Rostov-on-Don Northern Bypass.
In 2020, the construction of the Southern Bypass in the village of Leningradskaya and reconstruction of the 3rd stage of the Rostov bypass ("Aksai Bypass") in the section of 1024–1036 km were carried out.
In 2021, there was construction of the Volgograd City Bypass, and the Krasnodar Far Western Bypass. This is the largest contract in the history of the company with a cost of 41.5 billion rubles.
Structure and management
The company owns 9 production bases, 13 stationary and mobile asphalt plants, 5 plants for the production of concrete, 10 bitumen storage, 6 access railroads, 6 own laboratories.
The general director is Ivanov Vladimir Yurievich.
The number of employees of the company overpasses 13 000 people.
References
Construction and civil engineering companies
1956 establishments in the Soviet Union | Donaerodorstroy | [
"Engineering"
] | 798 | [
"Construction and civil engineering companies",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
72,165,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside-down%20painting | Most paintings are intended to be hung in a precise orientation, defining an upper part and a lower part.
Some paintings are displayed upside down, sometimes by mistake since the image does not represent an easily recognizable oriented subject and lacks a signature or by a deliberate decision of the exhibitor.
Examples
In 1941 unfinished version of New York City, a 1942 oil by Piet Mondrian, was hung upside-down at 1945 at the MOMA of New York and since 1980 at the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen. After the mistake was discovered in 2022, the painting's orientation was not corrected, to avoid damage.
, a paper-cut by Henri Matisse, depicts a ship reflecting on the water. It hung upside down at MOMA for 47 days in 1961.
Georgia O'Keeffe's The Lawrence Tree (1929) depicts a tree from its foot. It hung up upside down in 1931 and between 1979 and 1989. Her Oriental Poppies hung upside down for 30 years at the Weisman Art Museum of the University of Minnesota.
Vincent van Gogh's Long Grass with Butterflies spent two weeks inverted at the National Gallery of London.
Salvador Dalí's Four Fishermen's Wives in Cadaquès was upside down at the Metropolitan Museum of New York.
Pablo Picasso's 1912 drawing The Fiddler was upside down at the Reina Sofía Museum of Madrid. The representations of the head and the fiddle were confused.
Josep Amorós's portrait of Philip V of Spain hangs upside down at the , Spain. The king ordered the burning of Xàtiva in 1701, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Georg Baselitz used a painting by Louis-Ferdinand von Rayski, Wermsdorf Woods, as a model, in order to paint his first picture with an inverted motif: The Wood On Its Head (1969). By inverting his paintings, the artist is able to emphasize the organisation of colours and form and confront the viewer with the picture's surface rather than the personal content of the image. In this sense, the paintings are empty and not subject to interpretation. Instead, one can only look at them.
When both orientations are valid
Some works display rotational symmetry or are ambiguous figures that allow both orientations to be meaningful.
Giuseppe Arcimboldo painted several works that are still lifes in one orientation and related portraits in the other.
See also
Spolia (fragments of sculpture and architecture recycled in new buildings) may not be in the original orientation for ideological or pragmatical reasons. An example is the blocks in the shape of a Medusa head reused as column bases in the Basilica Cistern of Constantinople.
, a genre depicting enemies hanging from their feet.
🔝, a symbol to show the top side of an object.
Denny Dent, an artist who sometimes painted upside-down portraits on stage before turning the canvas right-side-up for the audience
References
Rotation
Painting
Visual arts exhibitions | Upside-down painting | [
"Physics"
] | 599 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation"
] |
59,840,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEX9 | Testis-expressed protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded the TEX9 gene. TEX9 that encodes a 391-long amino acid protein containing two coiled-coil regions. The gene is conserved in many species and encodes orthologous proteins in eukarya, archaea, and one species of bacteria. The function of TEX9 is not yet fully understood, but it is suggested to have ATP-binding capabilities.
Gene
Locus
TEX9 is located at 15q21.3 and has 18 exons. However, some exons overlap; therefore, there are only 13 distinguishable exons in the human genome. TEX9 is on the sense strand and spans from base 56,365,573 to 56,428,441. TEX9 is located in the gene neighborhood of CD24P2, RFX7, MNS1, and HMGB1P33.
Transcription Regulation
The promoter for TEX9 was determined using 19 supporting transcripts to be GXP_7531542, spanning from base 56,364,254 to base 56,365,775 on the sense strand of chromosome 15. A number of transcription factors with a matrix similarity greater than or equal to 0.780 that are predicted to regulate transcription of TEX9 are listed below with their respective binding site:
Expression
The expression of TEX9 is highest in the testis, followed by the thyroid, duodenum, and kidney, although other tissues have been shown to express TEX9. TEX9 is expected to have a subcellular localization in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
mRNA
Characteristics of Isoform 1
Isoform 1 of TEX9 has a 5' UTR region of 27 base pairs and a 3' UTR region of 356 base pairs. The transcript is 1,559 base pairs long.
Additional Primary Sequence and Variants (Isoforms)
Less common isoforms of TEX9 include isoforms: 2, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6.
Protein
The theoretical molecular weight of the 391 amino acid TEX9 protein is 45kDa and the theoretical pI is 6. However, the experimental molecular weight has been shown to be ~55kDa.
Domains, Motifs, and Secondary Structure
The most pronounced domains in TEX9 are the two coiled-coil regions, which include amino acids 32-59 and 194-351. Repetitive domains within the protein include ALEE (34-37 and 302-305) and EKYK (251-254 and 307-310). TEX9 has more glutamate, lysine, and glutamine residues and less glycine residues compared to a typical human protein.
Post-translational Modifications
TEX9 has been shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine (Y) residues 85 and 264, and have a ubiquitylation site at the lysine (K) residue at 159. It is predicted that there are multiple other phosphorylation, glycation, 0-beta-GlcNAc, and SUMO protein attachment sites.
Tertiary Structure
TEX9's two coiled-coil regions make up its tertiary structure and can be visualized using the predicted structure from Phyre2. Shown on the structure are the two known phosphorylated sites and one ubiquitylation site.
Quaternary Structure and Protein Interactions
TEX9 has been experimentally determined to have interactions including coiled-coil containing 112 (CCDC112), chromosome 20 open reading frame 112 (C20orf112), and nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4). Textmining has suggested that TEX9 also interacts with olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily C, member 3, odorant receptor (OR4C3). Other interactions include gene products of human genes NOL4-2 (at an unknown location), GOGA2 (in the cis-Golgi network membrane, spindle pole of cytoskeleton, and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane), and KDM1A (in the nucleus). Another proposed interaction between TEX9 involves attachment with the SUMO protein, which has a molecular weight of 11kDa. The realized MW of TEX9 is 55kDa but the theoretical MW is 45kDa, which provides evidence for this interaction.
Homology and Evolution
Paralogs
There are no paralogs of TEX9 in humans.
Orthologs
TEX9 has homologs in over 260 other organisms, including vertebrates, invertebrates, archaea, and one species of bacteria. TEX9 has been found in all clades of organisms except land plants.
The relative rate of change for TEX9 is fairly slow compared to fibrinogen and beta-globin, but not as slow as cytochrome c.
Homologous Domains
TEX9 sequences that are most conserved between humans and other organisms are found within the two coiled-coil regions, where some amino acids are conserved in vertebrates, invertebrates, and microorganisms. The bacterial ortholog is most similar to vertebrates than invertebrates or microorganisms.
Phylogeny
All of the orthologs of TEX9 are derived from the same common ancestor except the gene found in Chlamydia, which is thought to have transferred from humans into the bacterium.
Clinical significance
Pathology
No diseases have been shown to be directly linked to TEX9, but some correlations have been found regarding estrogen receptor knockdown and increased TEX9 expression as well as colorectal cancer cells with decreased TEX9 expression.
Disease Association
Reduced expression of TEX9 has been shown to boost tumor growth in immunocompetent mice but not in immunocompromised mice. This result suggested that TEX9 may function as a tumor antigen in some tumors. Mutations of the TEX9 protein have been found in 1-2% of tumors taken from certain cancers, including endometrial, head and neck, colorectal, and squamous lung.
References
Proteins | TEX9 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,242 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
59,840,983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204066 | NGC 4066 is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. NGC 4066 is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4066
038161
07051
Coma Berenices
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
Elliptical galaxies
NGC 4065 Group
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 4066 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 96 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
59,841,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Caesar%27s%20planned%20invasion%20of%20the%20Parthian%20Empire | Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire was to begin in 44 BC, with the aim to conquer Dacia, much of the Middle East as well as Central Asia for the Roman Republic. The Roman dictator's assassination that year prevented the invasion from taking place.
Following his victory in the Civil War against Pompey and his followers in 45 BC, Julius Caesar's authority was uncontested in the Roman Republic. His next plan was to launch an invasion of the Parthian Empire, the other great power of the period, which had, like the Republic, vastly expanded over the previous two centuries. Caesar sought to avenge the disaster of Carrhae in 53 BC, when the Parthians soundly defeated an invading army led by Crassus. The campaign was to start with the pacification of Dacia, followed by an invasion of the Parthian Empire. However, the invasion was cancelled with the murder of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. In 36 BC, Mark Antony, Caesar's former lieutenant, likewise attempted to conquer the Parthian Empire.
Plutarch also claims that once Parthia had been subdued, the army was to continue to Scythia, then Germania and finally back to Rome. Those grander plans are found only in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, and their authenticity is questioned by most scholars.
Background and motivation for invasion
By the 40s BC, recent hostilities between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire dated to the Marcus Licinius Crassus's campaign in 53 BC which ended in a crushing Roman defeat in the Battle of Carrhae. Afterward, occasional clashes in border regions continued, though Parthian raids into Syria and Cilicia were largely repelled by the Romans. Parthia subsequently took Pompey's side in the civil war against Caesar. In 45 BC, Caesar emerged victorious in the civil war, and turned his attention east for his next campaign.
The public excuse for the expedition was the need to avenge the failed invasion attempt by Crassus, even though it dated back ten years at this point. To many Romans, this defeat still required revenge. As the Roman Republic in 45 BC was still politically divided after the civil war, Marcus Cicero tried to lobby Caesar to postpone the Parthian invasion and to solve domestic problems instead. Following a similar line of thought in June that year, Caesar temporarily wavered in his intention to leave with the expedition. However, Caesar finally decided to leave Rome and to join the army in Macedonia.
A number of motivations have been proposed to explain Caesar's decision to continue his military career. After a victorious campaign he would have, as Plutarch wrote, "completed this circuit of his empire, which would then be bounded on all sides by the ocean" and effectively achieved world domination as the Romans understood it. Furthermore, he would have returned home with his lifelong dictatorship secured. It has also been proposed that Caesar knew of the threats against him and felt that leaving Rome and being in the company of a loyal army would be safer both personally and politically. Caesar may have also wished to heal the rift from the civil war or to distract from it by reminding the populace of Rome of the threat of a neighbouring empire.
Historian Nic Fields argued that Caesar's plan was a "grandiose campaign" backed by "breathtaking self-assurance", with the dictator seemingly being more inspired by his own comparatively limited military experience with eastern enemies than the reality on the ground. Even though the Parthians had completely crushed Crassus' legions, Caesar may have still seen the Parthian Empire in the context of the "myth of eastern degeneracy" which had been reinforced by his easy victory over the Kingdom of Pontus in 47 BC.
Preparation and invasion plans
There is evidence that Caesar had begun practical preparation for the campaign some time before late 45 BC. By 44 BC Caesar had begun a mass mobilization, sixteen legions (c.60,000 men) and 10,000 cavalry were being gathered for the invasion. These would be supported by auxiliary cavalry and light armed infantry. In 46 and 45, two supporters of Caesar, Titus Carisius and Lucius Valerius Acisculus, also struck denarii with eastern symbols, such as Sol and the sphinx, which may allude to the planned campaign.
Six of the legions had already been sent to Macedonia to train, along with a large sum of gold for the expedition. Octavius was sent to Apollonia (within modern Albania), ostensibly as a student, to remain in contact with the army. As Caesar planned to be away for some time, he reordered the senate and ensured that all magistrates, consuls and tribunes would be appointed by him during his absence. Caesar intended to leave Rome to start the campaign on 18 March; however, three days prior to his departure he was assassinated.
The expedition was planned to take three years. It was to begin with a punitive attack on Dacia under King Burebista, who had been threatening Macedonia's northern border. It has been suggested by Christopher Pelling that Dacia, not Parthia, was going to be the expedition's main target.
After Dacia the army was then to invade Parthia from Armenia. The ancient sources diverge. Suetonius states that Caesar wished to proceed cautiously and would not fully engage the Parthian army unless he had determined their full strength. Although he implies that Caesar's goal was an expansion of the empire, not just its stabilization, Plutarch describes a bolder campaign by writing that once Parthia had been subdued, the army would move through the Caucasus, attack Scythia and return to Italy after it had conquered Germania. Plutarch also states that the construction of a canal through the isthmus of Corinth for which Anienus had been placed in charge, was to occur during the campaign.
Plutarch's reliability
Plutarch's Parallel Lives was written with the intention of finding correlations between the lives of famous Romans and Greeks; for example, Caesar was paired with Alexander the Great. Buszard's reading of Parallel Lives also interprets Plutarch as trying to use Caesar's future plans as a case study in the error of unbridled ambition.
Some academics have theorised that Caesar's pairing with Alexander and Trajan's invasion of Parthia, which was around the time of Plutarch's writing, led to exaggerations in the presented invasion plan. The deployment of the army to Macedonia near the Dacian frontier and the lack of military preparation in Syria have also been used to lend support for that hypothesis. Malitz acknowledges that the Scythia and Germania plans appear to be unrealistic but believes that they were credible with the geographic knowledge of the time.
Aftermath
In order to support a royal title for Caesar, a rumour was spread before the planned invasion. It alleged that it had been prophesied that only a Roman king could defeat Parthia. As Caesar's greatest internal opposition came from those that believed he wanted royal power, that strengthened the conspiracy against him.
It has also been proposed that Caesar's opposition would be fearful of him returning victorious from his campaign since he would be more popular than ever.
The assassination occurred on 15 March 44 BC on the day that the senate was to debate granting Caesar the title of king for the war with Parthia. However, some of the aspects of Caesar's planned kingship may have been invented after the assassination to justify the act. The relationship between the planned Parthian war and his death, if any, is unknown.
After Caesar's death, Mark Antony successfully vied for control of the legions from the planned invasion, which were still stationed in Macedonia, and he temporarily took control of that province to do so. From 40 to 33 BC, Rome and particularly Antony would wage an unsuccessful war against Parthia. He used Caesar's proposed invasion plan, of attacking through Armenia, where it was felt that the support of the local king could be relied on.
In Dacia, Burebista died the same year as Caesar, which led to the dissolution of his kingdom.
Footnotes
References
Sources
Ancient
Appian, The Civil Wars
Cassius Dio, Roman History
Nicolaus of Damascus, Life of Augustus
Plutarch, Parallel Lives.
Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.
Modern
External links
History of Rome podcast: by Mike Duncan contextualizing and describing invasion plans.
Roman–Parthian Wars
1st century BC in the Roman Republic
1st century BC in Iran
Abandoned military projects
1st century BC
Julius Caesar | Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,755 | [
"Military projects",
"Abandoned military projects"
] |
59,841,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Jab%2C%20No%20Pay | No Jab No Pay is an Australian policy initiative which withholds three state payments – Child Care Benefit, the Child Care Rebate and a portion of the fortnightly Family Tax Benefit part A per child – for parents of children under 20 years of age who are not fully immunised or on a recognised catch-up schedule. No Jab No Play is a related policy that disallows unvaccinated children from attending preschool and childcare centres, and imposes fines on childcare centres that admit unvaccinated children. The system allows exemptions for children who cannot be safely vaccinated for medical reasons.
History
The policies grew out of a grassroots campaign championed by News Limited, in 2013. It was boosted by parent activists representing children who had died of preventable disease, notably the families of Riley Hughes and Dana McCaffery, infants who died of pertussis, leading to a backlash of harassment and trolling from anti-vaccination activists. Far-right politician Pauline Hanson also opposed the policy, though she later gave in to political pressure and backed the policy. and clarified that she supports vaccination. The campaign was a response to a rise in "conscientious objections", which had reached record levels particularly in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, where early attempts to pass legislation were knocked back in 2014. Efforts to circumvent the legislation included the founding of more fake religions, of which the best known, the "Church of Conscious Living", was promoted by anti-vaccine group the Australian Vaccination Network (since renamed to Australian Vaccination-risks Network after legal action over its deceptive name), and by anti-vaccination activist Stephanie Messenger.
No Jab No Pay was legislated in 2015, came into effect January 1, 2016, and was expanded in July 2018. By July 2016, 148,000 children who had not previously been fully immunised, were meeting the new requirements.
No Jab No Play was introduced at the state level, in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria in 2017, leading to an immediate though small rise in immunisation rates, with Western Australia, which has some of the lowest vaccination rates in the country, following in December 2018.
Impact
Public health researchers have had mixed evaluations of No Jab, No Pay and No Jab, No Play. Removing non-medical exemptions from vaccine requirements have been questioned on ethical grounds, the potential for coercive policies to lead to an increase in anti-vaccination sentiment, and the inequity of policy based on welfare conditionality. A study on the impact of removing conscientious objection from financial payments and childcare enrolments found that the policies led to a significant increase in childhood vaccination above the pre-intervention trend. The effect of the policies were larger in areas with lower socio-economic status, higher rates of government benefits, and higher pre-intervention coverage rates. A study of adolescent catch-up vaccination found that No Jab No Pay resulted in a large rise in catch up vaccination. A 2022 study examined the effect of No Jab No Play policies on vaccine adherence with a study design that isolated the effect of No Jab No Play policies distinct from federal mandates found that childcare mandate policies had a small positive impact on uptake.
See also
Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters
Vaccine policy
Vaccine hesitancy
References
Health policy in Australia
Vaccination law
2015 establishments in Australia
Vaccination in Australia | No Jab, No Pay | [
"Biology"
] | 721 | [
"Biotechnology law",
"Vaccination law",
"Vaccination"
] |
59,842,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20removal%20lemma | In graph theory, the graph removal lemma states that when a graph contains few copies of a given subgraph, then all of the copies can be eliminated by removing a small number of edges. The special case in which the subgraph is a triangle is known as the triangle removal lemma.
The graph removal lemma can be used to prove Roth's theorem on 3-term arithmetic progressions, and a generalization of it, the hypergraph removal lemma, can be used to prove Szemerédi's theorem. It also has applications to property testing.
Formulation
Let be a graph with vertices. The graph removal lemma states that for any , there exists a constant such that for any -vertex graph with fewer than subgraphs isomorphic to , it is possible to eliminate all copies of by removing at most edges from .
An alternative way to state this is to say that for any -vertex graph with subgraphs isomorphic to , it is possible to eliminate all copies of by removing edges from . Here, the indicates the use of little o notation.
In the case when is a triangle, resulting lemma is called triangle removal lemma.
History
The original motivation for the study of triangle removal lemma was the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem. Its initial formulation due to Imre Z. Ruzsa and Szemerédi from 1978 was slightly weaker than the triangle removal lemma used nowadays and can be roughly stated as follows: every locally linear graph on vertices contains edges. This statement can be quickly deduced from a modern triangle removal lemma. Ruzsa and Szemerédi provided also an alternative proof of Roth's theorem on arithmetic progressions as a simple corollary.
In 1986, during their work on generalizations of the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem to arbitrary -uniform graphs, Erdős, Frankl, and Rödl provided a statement for general graphs very close to the modern graph removal lemma: if graph is a homomorphic image of , then any -free graph on vertices can be made -free by removing edges.
The modern formulation of the graph removal lemma was first stated by Füredi in 1994. The proof generalized earlier approaches by Ruzsa and Szemerédi and Erdős, Frankl, and Rödl, also using the Szemerédi regularity lemma.
Graph counting lemma
A key component of the proof of the graph removal lemma is the graph counting lemma about counting subgraphs in systems of regular pairs. The graph counting lemma is also very useful on its own. According to Füredi, it is used "in most applications of regularity lemma".
Heuristic argument
Let be a graph on vertices, whose vertex set is and edge set is . Let be sets of vertices of some graph such that, for all , the pair is -regular (in the sense of the regularity lemma). Let also be the density between the sets and . Intuitively, a regular pair with density should behave like a random Erdős–Rényi-like graph, where every pair of vertices is selected to be an edge independently with probability . This suggests that the number of copies of on vertices such that should be close to the expected number from the Erdős–Rényi model,where and are the edge set and the vertex set of .
Precise statement
The straightforward formalization of the above heuristic claim is as follows. Let be a graph on vertices, whose vertex set is and whose edge set is . Let be arbitrary. Then there exists such that for any as above, satisfying for all , the number of graph homomorphisms from to such that vertex is mapped to is not smaller than
Blow-up Lemma
One can even find bounded-degree subgraphs of blow-ups of in a similar setting. The following claim appears in the literature under name of the blow-up lemma and was first proven by Komlós, Sárközy, and Szemerédi. The precise statement here is a slightly simplified version due to Komlós, who referred to it also as the key lemma, as it is used in numerous regularity-based proofs.
Let be an arbitrary graph and let . Construct by replacing each vertex of by an independent set of size and replacing every edge of by the complete bipartite graph on . Let be arbitrary reals, let be a positive integer, and let be a subgraph of with vertices and maximum degree . Define . Finally, let be a graph and be disjoint sets of vertices of such that, whenever , then is a -regular pair with density at least . Then if and , then the number of injective graph homomorphisms from to is at least .
In fact, one can restrict to counting only those homomorphisms such that any vertex of with is mapped to a vertex in .
Proof
We will provide a proof of the counting lemma in the case when is a triangle (triangle counting lemma). The proof of the general case, as well as the proof of the blow-up lemma, are very similar and do not require different techniques.
Take . Let be the set of those vertices in which have at least neighbors in and at least neighbors in . Note that if there were more than vertices in with less than neighbors in , then these vertices together with the whole would witness -irregularity of the pair . Repeating this argument for shows that we must have . Now take an arbitrary and define and as neighbors of in and , respectively. By definition, and , so by the regularity of we obtain existence of at leasttriangles containing . Since was chosen arbitrarily from the set of size at least , we obtain a total of at leastwhich finishes the proof as .
Proof
Proof of the triangle removal lemma
To prove the triangle removal lemma, consider an -regular partition of the vertex set of . This exists by the Szemerédi regularity lemma. The idea is to remove all edges between irregular pairs, low-density pairs, and small parts, and prove that if at least one triangle still remains, then many triangles remain. Specifically, remove all edges between parts and if
This procedure removes at most edges. If there exists a triangle with vertices in after these edges are removed, then the triangle counting lemma tells us there are at leasttriples in which form a triangle. Thus, we may take
Proof of the graph removal lemma
The proof of the case of general is analogous to the triangle case, and uses the graph counting lemma instead of the triangle counting lemma.
Induced Graph Removal Lemma
A natural generalization of the graph removal lemma is to consider induced subgraphs. In property testing, it is often useful to consider how far a graph is from being induced -free. A graph is considered to contain an induced subgraph if there is an injective map such that is an edge of if and only if is an edge of . Notice that non-edges are considered as well. is induced -free if there is no induced subgraph . We define as -far from being induced -free if we cannot add or delete edges to make induced -free.
Formulation
A version of the graph removal lemma for induced subgraphs was proved by Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich, and Szegedy in 2000. It states that for any graph with vertices and , there exists a constant such that, if an -vertex graph has fewer than induced subgraphs isomorphic to , then it is possible to eliminate all induced copies of by adding or removing fewer than edges.
The problem can be reformulated as follows: Given a red-blue coloring of the complete graph (analogous to the graph on the same vertices where non-edges are blue and edges are red), and a constant , then there exists a constant such that for any red-blue colorings of has fewer than subgraphs isomorphic to , then it is possible to eliminate all copies of by changing the colors of fewer than edges. Notice that our previous "cleaning" process, where we remove all edges between irregular pairs, low-density pairs, and small parts, only involves removing edges. Removing edges only corresponds to changing edge colors from red to blue. However, there are situations in the induced case where the optimal edit distance involves changing edge colors from blue to red as well. Thus, the regularity lemma is insufficient to prove the induced graph removal lemma. The proof of the induced graph removal lemma must take advantage of the strong regularity lemma.
Proof
Strong Regularity Lemma
The strong regularity lemma is a strengthened version of Szemerédi's regularity lemma. For any infinite sequence of constants , there exists an integer such that for any graph , we can obtain two (equitable) partitions and such that the following properties are satisfied:
refines ; that is, every part of is the union of some collection of parts in .
is -regular and is -regular.
The function is defined to be the energy function defined in Szemerédi regularity lemma. Essentially, we can find a pair of partitions where is regular compared to , and at the same time are close to each other. This property is captured in the third condition.
Corollary of the Strong Regularity Lemma
The following corollary of the strong regularity lemma is used in the proof of the induced graph removal lemma. For any infinite sequence of constants , there exists such that there exists a partition and subsets for each where the following properties are satisfied:
is -regular for each pair
for all but pairs
The main idea of the proof of this corollary is to start with two partitions and that satisfy the Strong Regularity Lemma where . Then for each part , we uniformly at random choose some part that is a part in . The expected number of irregular pairs is less than 1. Thus, there exists some collection of such that every pair is -regular!
The important aspect of this corollary is that pair of is -regular! This allows us to consider edges and non-edges when we perform our cleaning argument.
Proof Sketch of the Induced Graph Removal Lemma
With these results, we are able to prove the induced graph removal lemma. Take any graph with vertices that has less than copies of . The idea is to start with a collection of vertex sets which satisfy the conditions of the Corollary of the Strong Regularity Lemma. We then can perform a "cleaning" process where we remove all edges between pairs of parts with low density, and we can add all edges between pairs of parts with high density. We choose the density requirements such that we added/deleted at most edges.
If the new graph has no copies of , then we are done. Suppose the new graph has a copy of . Suppose the vertex is embedded in . Then if there is an edge connecting in , then does not have low density. (Edges between were not removed in the cleaning process.) Similarly, if there is not an edge connecting in , then does not have high density. (Edges between were not added in the cleaning process.)
Thus, by a similar counting argument to the proof of the triangle counting lemma (that is, the graph counting lemma), we can show that has more than copies of .
Generalizations
The graph removal lemma was later extended to directed graphs and to hypergraphs.
Quantitative bounds
The usage of the regularity lemma in the proof of the graph removal lemma forces to be extremely small, bounded by a tower function whose height is polynomial in ; that is, (here is the tower of twos of height ). A tower function of height is necessary in all regularity proofs, as is implied by results of Gowers on lower bounds in the regularity lemma. However, in 2011, Fox provided a new proof of the graph removal lemma which does not use the regularity lemma, improving the bound to (here is the number of vertices of the removed graph ). His proof, however, uses regularity-related ideas such as energy increment, but with a different notion of energy, related to entropy. This proof can be also rephrased using the Frieze-Kannan weak regularity lemma as noted by Conlon and Fox. In the special case of bipartite , it was shown that is sufficient.
There is a large gap between the available upper and lower bounds for in the general case. The current best result true for all graphs is due to Alon and states that, for each nonbipartite , there exists a constant such that is necessary for the graph removal lemma to hold, while for bipartite , the optimal has polynomial dependence on , which matches the lower bound. The construction for the nonbipartite case is a consequence of Behrend construction of large Salem-Spencer sets. Indeed, as the triangle removal lemma implies Roth's theorem, existence of large Salem-Spencer sets may be translated to an upper bound for in the triangle removal lemma. This method can be leveraged for arbitrary nonbipartite to give the aforementioned bound.
Applications
Additive combinatorics
Graph theory
Property testing
See also
Counting lemma
Tuza's conjecture
References
Graph theory | Graph removal lemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,712 | [
"Theorems in graph theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
59,842,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzsa%E2%80%93Szemer%C3%A9di%20problem | In combinatorial mathematics and extremal graph theory, the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem or (6,3)-problem asks for the maximum number of edges in a
graph in which every edge belongs to a unique triangle.
Equivalently it asks for the maximum number of edges in a balanced bipartite graph whose edges can be partitioned into a linear number of induced matchings, or the maximum number of triples one can choose from points so that every six points contain at most two triples. The problem is named after Imre Z. Ruzsa and Endre Szemerédi, who first proved that its answer is smaller than by a slowly-growing (but still unknown) factor.
Equivalence between formulations
The following questions all have answers that are asymptotically equivalent: they differ by, at most, constant factors from each other.
What is the maximum possible number of edges in a graph with vertices in which every edge belongs to a unique triangle? The graphs with this property are called locally linear graphs or locally matching graphs.
What is the maximum possible number of edges in a bipartite graph with vertices on each side of its bipartition, whose edges can be partitioned into induced subgraphs that are each matchings?
What is the largest possible number of triples of points that one can select from given points, in such a way that every six points contain at most two of the selected triples?
The Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem asks for the answer to these equivalent questions.
To convert the bipartite graph induced matching problem into the unique triangle problem, add a third set of vertices to the graph, one for each induced matching, and add edges from vertices and of the bipartite graph to vertex in this third set whenever
bipartite edge belongs to induced matching .
The result is a balanced tripartite graph with vertices and the unique triangle property. In the other direction, an arbitrary graph with the unique triangle property can be made into a balanced tripartite graph by choosing a partition of the vertices into three equal sets randomly and keeping only the triangles that respect the partition. This will retain (in expectation) a constant fraction of the triangles and edges. A balanced tripartite graph with the unique triangle property can be made into a partitioned bipartite graph by removing one of its three subsets of vertices, and making an induced matching on the neighbors of each removed vertex.
To convert a graph with a unique triangle per edge into a triple system,
let the triples be the triangles of the graph. No six points can include three triangles without either two of the three triangles sharing an edge or all three triangles forming a fourth triangle that shares an edge with each of them.
In the other direction, to convert a triple system into a graph, first eliminate any sets of four points that contain two triples. These four points cannot participate in any other triples, and so cannot contribute towards a more-than-linear total number of triples. Then, form a graph connecting any pair of points that both belong to any of the remaining triples.
Lower bound
A nearly-quadratic lower bound on the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem can be derived from a result of Felix Behrend, according to which the numbers modulo an odd prime number have large Salem–Spencer sets, subsets of size with no three-term arithmetic progressions.
Behrend's result can be used to construct tripartite graphs in which each side of the tripartition has vertices, there are edges, and each edge belongs to a unique triangle. Thus, with this construction, and the number of edges is .
To construct a graph of this form from Behrend's arithmetic-progression-free subset , number the vertices on each side of the tripartition from to , and construct triangles of the form modulo for each in the range from to and each in . For example, with and , the result is a nine-vertex balanced tripartite graph with 18 edges, shown in the illustration. The graph formed from the union of these triangles has the desired property that every edge belongs to a unique triangle. For, if not, there would be a triangle where , , and all belong to , violating the assumption that there be no arithmetic progressions in .
Upper bound
The Szemerédi regularity lemma can be used to prove that any solution to the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem has at most edges or triples. A stronger form of the graph removal lemma by Jacob Fox implies that the size of a solution is at most . Here the and are instances of little o and big Omega notation, and denotes the iterated logarithm.
Fox proves that, in any -vertex graph with triangles for some , one can find a triangle-free subgraph by removing at most edges. In a graph with the unique triangle property, there are (naively) triangles, so this result applies with . But in this graph, each edge removal eliminates only one triangle, so the number of edges that must be removed to eliminate all triangles is the same as the number of triangles.
History
The problem is named after Imre Z. Ruzsa and Endre Szemerédi, who studied this problem, in the formulation involving triples of points, in a 1978 publication. However, it had been previously studied by W. G. Brown, Paul Erdős, and Vera T. Sós, in two publications in 1973 which
proved that the maximum number of triples can be , and conjectured that it was . Ruzsa and Szemerédi provided (unequal) nearly-quadratic upper and lower bounds for the problem, significantly improving the previous lower bound of Brown, Erdős, and Sós, and proving their conjecture.
Applications
The existence of dense graphs that can be partitioned into large induced matchings has been used to construct efficient tests for whether a Boolean function is linear, a key component of the PCP theorem in computational complexity theory. In the theory of property testing algorithms, the known results on the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem have been applied to show that it is possible to test whether a graph has no copies of a given subgraph , with one-sided error in a number of queries polynomial in the error parameter, if and only if is a bipartite graph.
In the theory of streaming algorithms for graph matching (for instance to match internet advertisers with advertising slots), the quality of matching covers (sparse subgraphs that approximately preserve the size of a matching in all vertex subsets) is closely related to the density of bipartite graphs that can be partitioned into induced matchings. This construction uses a modified form of the Ruzsa-Szemerédi problem in which the number of induced matchings can be much smaller than the number of vertices, but each induced matching must cover most of the vertices of the graph. In this version of the problem, it is possible to construct graphs with a non-constant number of linear-sized induced matchings, and this result leads to nearly-tight bounds on the approximation ratio of streaming matching algorithms.
The subquadratic upper bound on the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem was also used to provide an bound on the size of cap sets,
before stronger bounds of the form for were proven for this problem. It also provides the best known upper bound on tripod packing.
References
Combinatorial design
Extremal graph theory
Matching (graph theory) | Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,545 | [
"Combinatorial design",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Extremal graph theory",
"Matching (graph theory)"
] |
59,842,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204070 | NGC 4070 is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4070 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. It was rediscovered by John Herschel on April 29, 1832 and was listed as NGC 4059. The galaxy is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.
NGC 4070 is also classified as a LINER galaxy.
Physical characteristics
Deep images obtained with the CAFOS instrument at the Calar Alto Observatory reveal that NGC 4070 has some deviation from a perfectly spherical or ellipsoidal shape morphology. This indicates that NGC 4070 has undergone a recent interaction, either with the galaxy 2MASX J12040831+2023280 or with a small knot of material. There also appears to be a faint, broad bridge of luminous matter between NGC 4070 and the neighbouring elliptical galaxy NGC 4066. The two galaxies are separated by a projected distance of .
SN 2005bl
On April 14, 2005 a type Ia supernova designated as SN 2005bl was discovered in NGC 4070.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4070
038169
07052
+04-29-009
Coma Berenices
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
Elliptical galaxies
NGC 4065 Group
LINER galaxies
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 4070 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 273 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
59,842,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204072 | NGC 4072 is a lenticular galaxy located 300 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Ralph Copeland on April 3, 1872 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.
NGC 4072 is classified as a LINER galaxy.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4072
038176
Coma Berenices
Astronomical objects discovered in 1872
Lenticular galaxies
NGC 4065 Group
Discoveries by Ralph Copeland
LINER galaxies | NGC 4072 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 102 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
59,843,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20law%20of%20processor%20performance | In computer architecture, the iron law of processor performance (or simply iron law of performance) describes the performance trade-off between complexity and the number of primitive instructions that processors use to perform calculations. This formulation of the trade-off spurred the development of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) whose instruction set architectures (ISAs) leverage a smaller set of core instructions to improve performance. The term was coined by Douglas Clark based on research performed by Clark and Joel Emer in the 1980s.
Explanation
The performance of a processor is the time it takes to execute a program: . This can be further broken down into three factors:
Selection of an instruction set architecture affects , whereas is largely determined by the manufacturing technology. Classic Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) ISAs optimized by providing a larger set of more complex CPU instructions. Generally speaking, however, complex instructions inflate the number of clock cycles per instruction because they must be decoded into simpler micro-operations actually performed by the hardware. After converting X86 binary to the micro-operations used internally, the total number of operations is close to what is produced for a comparable RISC ISA. The iron law of processor performance makes this trade-off explicit and pushes for optimization of as a whole, not just a single component.
While the iron law is credited for sparking the development of RISC architectures, it does not imply that a simpler ISA is always faster. If that were the case, the fastest ISA would consist of simple binary logic. A single CISC instruction can be faster than the equivalent set of RISC instructions when it enables multiple micro-operations to be performed in a single clock cycle. In practice, however, the regularity of RISC instructions allowed a pipelined implementation where the total execution time of an instruction was (typically) ~5 clock cycles, but each instruction followed the previous instruction ~1 clock cycle later . CISC processors can also achieve higher performance using techniques such as modular extensions, predictive logic, compressed instructions, and macro-operation fusion.
See also
Reduced instruction set computer
Classic RISC pipeline
References
Computer architecture statements
Rules of thumb | Iron law of processor performance | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 431 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer engineering stubs",
"Computer engineering"
] |
59,843,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20W.%20V.%20Hayes%20Medal | The Norman W. V. Hayes Medal was awarded by the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers (IREE), Australia, annually for the most meritorious paper published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers Australia during the preceding year. Adjudication alternated between the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (New York) and the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London). It was named in honour of Norman William Victor Hayes (1891-1950) who was originally communications engineer at the Postmaster-General's Department, and then later president of the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers until his death. The inaugural medal was in 1951.
Recipients
1951 Donald Gordon Lindsay, AWA
1960 Albert Jakob Seyler, University of Melbourne
1964 Albert Jakob Seyler, University of Melbourne
1968 Albert Neville Thiele, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1968 Thomas Albert Pascoe, Philips Electrical
1970 Albert Neville Thiele, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1971 Alan M. Fowler, Telecom Research Laboratories
1972 Harro Brueggemann, Graeme Kidd, Lawerence K. (Laurie) Mackechnie, and Albert Jakob Seyler, Australian Post Office Research Laboratories
1978 Edward M. Cherry, Monash University
1980 Robert Henry (Bob) Frater, CSIRO
1980 David James Skellern, Macquarie University
1981 Harry E. Green, University of New South Wales
1982 Peter J. Hall, University of Tasmania, Phillip Alexander (Pip) Hamilton, Deakin University, and Peter M. McCulloch
1989 Bruce R. Davis, University of Adelaide
1992 Albert Neville Thiele, University of New South Wales
See also
List of engineering awards
List of prizes named after people
References
Australian science and technology awards
Engineering awards
Awards established in 1951
1951 establishments in Australia | Norman W. V. Hayes Medal | [
"Technology"
] | 343 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Engineering awards"
] |
59,844,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Concurrency%20Theory | The International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR) is an academic conference in the field of computer science, with focus on the theory of concurrency and its applications. It is the flagship conference for concurrency theory according to the International Federation for Information Processing Working Group on Concurrency Theory (WP 1.8). The conference is organised annually since 1988. Since 2015, papers presented at CONCUR are published in the LIPIcs–Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics, a "series of high-quality conference proceedings across all fields in informatics established in cooperation with Schloss Dagstuhl –Leibniz Center for Informatics". Before, CONCUR papers were published in the series Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
According to CORE Ranking, CONCUR has rank A ("excellent conference, and highly respected in a discipline area").
According to Google Scholar Metrics (as of 1. April 2023), CONCUR has H5-index 17 and H5-median 22.
Editions
35th CONCUR 2024: Calgary, Canada
34th CONCUR 2023: Antwerp, Belgium
33rd CONCUR 2022: Warsaw, Poland
32nd CONCUR 2021: Paris, France Online
31st CONCUR 2020: Vienna, Austria Online
30th CONCUR 2019: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
29th CONCUR 2018: Beijing, China
28th CONCUR 2017: Berlin, Germany
27th CONCUR 2016: Québec City, Canada
26th CONCUR 2015: Madrid, Spain
25th CONCUR 2014: Rome, Italy
24th CONCUR 2013: Buenos Aires, Argentina
23rd CONCUR 2012: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
22nd CONCUR 2011: Aachen, Germany
21st CONCUR 2010: Paris, France
20th CONCUR 2009: Bologna, Italy
19th CONCUR 2008: Toronto, Canada
18th CONCUR 2007: Lisbon, Portugal
17th CONCUR 2006: Bonn, Germany
16th CONCUR 2005: San Francisco, CA, USA
15th CONCUR 2004: London, UK
14th CONCUR 2003: Marseille, France
13th CONCUR 2002: Brno, Czech Republic
12th CONCUR 2001: Aalborg, Denmark
11th CONCUR 2000: Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
10th CONCUR 1999: Eindhoven, The Netherlands
9th CONCUR 1998: Nice, France
8th CONCUR 1997: Warsaw, Poland
7th CONCUR 1996: Pisa, Italy
6th CONCUR 1995: Philadelphia, PA, USA
5th CONCUR 1994: Uppsala, Sweden
4th CONCUR 1993: Hildesheim, Germany
3rd CONCUR 1992: Stony Brook, NY, USA
2nd CONCUR 1991: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
1st CONCUR 1990: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Concurrency: Theory, Language, And Architecture 1989: Oxford, UK
Concurrency 1988: Hamburg, Germany
Seminar on Concurrency 1984: Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Test-of-Time Award
In 2020, the International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR) and the IFIP Working Group 1.8 on Concurrency Theory
established the CONCUR Test-of-Time Award.
The goal of the Award is to recognize important achievements in concurrency theory that
have stood the test of time, and were published at CONCUR since its first edition in 1990.
Starting with CONCUR 2024, an award event will take
place every other year, and recognize one or two papers presented at CONCUR in the 4-year period from 20 to 17 years earlier.
From 2020 to 2023 two such award events are combined each year, in order to also recognize achievements that appeared
in the early editions of CONCUR.
2023
Period 2002–2005
Vincent Danos, Jean Krivine: "Reversible Communicating Systems." (CONCUR 2004)
2022
Period 2000–2003
Luca de Alfaro, Marco Faella, Thomas A. Henzinger, Rupak Majumdar & Mariëlle Stoelinga: "The Element of Surprise in Timed Games." (CONCUR 2003)
James J. Leifer & Robin Milner: "Deriving Bisimulation Congruences for Reactive Systems." (CONCUR 2000)
Period 1998–2001
Franck Cassez & Kim Larsen: "The Impressive Power of Stopwatches" (CONCUR 2000)
Christel Baier, Joost-Pieter Katoen & Holger Hermanns: "Approximate symbolic model checking of continuous-time Markov chains." (CONCUR 1999)
2021
Period 1996–1999
Rajeev Alur, Thomas A. Henzinger, Orna Kupferman & Moshe Y. Vardi: "Alternating Refinement Relations" (CONCUR 1998)
Ahmed Bouajjani, Javier Esparza & Oded Maler: "Reachability Analysis of Pushdown Automata: Application to Model-checking" (CONCUR 1997)
Period 1994–1997
Uwe Nestmann & Benjamin C. Pierce: "Decoding Choice Encodings" (CONCUR 1996)
David Janin & Igor Walukiewicz: "On the Expressive Completeness of the Propositional mu-Calculus with Respect to Monadic Second Order Logic." (CONCUR 1996)
2020
Period 1992–1995
Roberto Segala & Nancy Lynch: "Probabilistic Simulations for Probabilistic Processes" (CONCUR 1994)
Davide Sangiorgi: "A Theory of Bisimulation for the pi-Calculus" (CONCUR 1993)
Period 1990–1993
Rob van Glabbeek: "The Linear Time-Branching Time Spectrum" (CONCUR 1993)
Søren Christensen, Hans Hüttel & Colin Stirling: "Bisimulation Equivalence is Decidable for all Context-Free Processes" (CONCUR 1992)
Affiliated events
International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems (FORMATS)
International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of SysTems (QEST)
See also
List of computer science conferences
List of computer science conference acronyms
Outline of computer science
References
External links
DBLP Page of CONCUR Conferences
Computer science conferences | International Conference on Concurrency Theory | [
"Technology"
] | 1,237 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science conferences"
] |
59,845,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Health%20Record | My Health Record (MHR) is the national digital health record platform for Australia, and is managed by the Australian Digital Health Agency. It was originally established as the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR), a shared electronic health summary set up by the Australian government with implementation overseen by the National Electronic Health Transition Authority (NEHTA). The purpose of the MHR is to provide a secure electronic summary of people's medical history which will eventually include information such as current medications, adverse drug reactions, allergies and immunisation history in an easily accessible format. This MHR is stored in a network of connected systems with the ability to improve the sharing of information amongst health care providers to improve patient outcomes no matter where in Australia a patient presents for treatment. PCEHR was an opt-in system with a unique individual healthcare identifier (IHI) being assigned to participants and the option of masking and limiting information available for viewing controlled by the patient or a nominated representative; MHR uses an opt-out system.
History
Background
In 2013 it was reported that on average, each Australian has 22 health system interactions annually. This includes General practitioner (GP) visits, specialists, or prescriptions. All of these interactions are held in individual, separate, paper-based records making the entire health picture of an individual difficult to ascertain. It is also reported that up to 10% of hospital admissions are due to adverse drug events, 18% are due to medical errors relating to lack of adequate available patient information, and an estimated 25% of clinicians time is spent collecting information regarding the patient than actually treating them. These facts combined with the ageing Australian population, vast geographic expanse, and ever increasing population, drove the implementation of an electronic health record in an effort to bring the medical record into the 21st century.
PCEHR
As part of the 2010/11 Australian federal budget the Hon. Nicola Roxon (Minister for Health and Ageing) announced the PCEHR as a "key building block of the National Health and Hospitals Network". The system went live on 1 July 2012
The Australian Government had a policy to develop a lifetime electronic health record for all its citizens. PCEHR was the major national EHR initiative in Australia, being delivered through territory, state, and federal governments. This electronic health record was initially deployed in July 2012, and underwent active development and extension by the Australian Digital Health Agency.
It was budgeted to cost $466.7m but had surpassed this to $766m before the actual launch date with the final figure still to be calculated.
In contrast a recent study published by Deloitte projected the PCEHR to save approximately $11.5 billion over the 2010 to 2025 period. This consists of approximately $9.5 billion in net direct benefits to the Australian Government and $2.0 billion in net direct benefits to the private sector.
1233 healthcare organisations had registered for the PCEHR with NEHTA CEO Peter Fleming estimating 98% of GP-specific software was PCEHR compatible.
At the 7-month mark 56,761 patients had registered with the 12-month target at 500,000 patients. The target figure was still considered achievable according to the DoHA deputy secretary Rosemary Huxtable who had released this information to a Senate Estimates committee.
My Health Record
The name of PCEHR has changed to My Health Record in 2015 with an opt-out model. The Australian government budgeted around $485million for this system which potentially could save nearly 5,000 lives per year when functional.
e-health
The Australian standards organisation, Standards Australia, and federal Department of Health have created an electronic health website, "e-health" relating to information not only about Australia and what is currently going on about EHRs but also globally. Many key stakeholders contribute to the process of integrating EHRs within Australia. They range from each States Departments of Health to Universities around Australia and National E-Health Transition Authority to name a few.
Registration
Patients were able to opt into the PCEHR by providing personal details such as full name, date of birth, Medicare/Department of Veteran Affairs number, and sex. Currently there are several mediums for consumers to register via:
Online
By telephone
In writing
In person (by visiting a Department of Human Services centre offering Medicare services)
Identity Verification Code (IVC)
If a consumer registered over the phone, in writing, or in person an identity verification code IVC is issued to enable access to the e-Health record online for the first time. After this first log, or post 30 days from issuance the IVC becomes obsolete. There are four steps in the registration process:
Read the essential information
Create a new or log into your australia.gov.au account
Verify your identity
Set up your e-Health record
Healthcare Identifiers Service (HI Service)
The Healthcare Identifiers Service (HI Service) was established by the federal, state and territory governments to create unique identifiers for healthcare providers and individuals seeking healthcare. It was designed and implemented by Medicare Australia under the control of the NEHTA.
The HI Service allocates three types of Healthcare Identifiers:
Individual healthcare identifier (i.e., who received the service)
The Individual Healthcare Identifier (IHI) is a unique 16 digit reference number that is used to identify individuals within the healthcare system.
The healthcare provider can retrieve a registered patients IHI via the Healthcare Identifier Service by entering in the correct name, DOB, and Medicare number which will automatically retrieve the patients unique IHI from the system. This then links the patients with their PCEHR, allowing the healthcare provider to view all the uploaded material.
Health Provider Identifier-Individual (i.e., who provided the service)
The Health Provider Identifier-Individual (HPI-I) is allocated to healthcare providers involved in providing patient care. Healthcare providers belonging to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) have automatically been registered for their HPI-I. This unique number allows healthcare providers to access patients PCEHR and also acts as a tracking tool of who has accessed what, what edits were made etc.
Health Provider Identifier-Organisation (i.e., where the service was provided)
The Health Provider Identifier-Organisation (HPI-O) is a unique code for organisations that provide healthcare services. An HPI-O may be linked to several HPI-I's, but an organisation can not have more than one HPI-O.
eHealth Practice Incentives Program (ePIP)
The eHealth Practice Incentives Program (ePIP) aims to encourage GP's to adopt and embrace the latest technology and developments within the eHealth industry as they occur.
GP's are only eligible for ePIP if they are already registered in the Practice Incentives Program (PIP) administered by the Australian Government Department of Human Services (Human Services) on behalf of the Department of Health and Ageing(DoHA). There are five further requirements for this incentive:
Integrating Healthcare Identifiers into Electronic Practice Records
Secure Messaging Capability
Data Records and Coding
Electronic Transfer of Prescriptions
Personally Controlled Electronic Health (eHealth) Record System
The benefits of participation in this incentive is practices can receive a maximum of $12,500 per quarter, based on $6.50 per Standardised Whole Patient Equivalent (SWPE) per year.
System Operator
The System Operator is the entity that is responsible for creating and operating the PCEHR. This position was held by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Ageing. The System Operator during their duties must have regard to the advice and recommendations (if any) given by the PCEHR Jurisdictional Advisory Committee and the PCEHR Independent Advisory Council.
Software
PCEHC was based on the XDS (Cross Enterprise Document Sharing) Profile published by Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE). However, the usual IHE Patient Management system (PIX/PDQ) has been replaced by the National Health Identity (HI) Service. In addition the usual authentication and security IHE profiles have been replaced by, or significantly modified to work with, existing infrastructure. HL7 CDA format is used to transfer information between different healthcare clinical systems whilst still allowing information to be accessed and viewed.
National Authentication Service for Health Public Key Infrastructure (NASH PKI)
National Authentication Service for Health Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a certificate that authenticates healthcare professionals accessing the eHealth records system. These certificates can be loaded onto smart cards which are then used in combination with the healthcare professionals HPI-I to log on to patients who have a PCEHR using the patients IHI. This system also facilitates secure electronic communications with other healthcare provider organisations.
The PKI allows users to know:
who sent the message
the message hasn't been altered between sending and receiving it.
the sender can't dispute the message they created and sent
that only the person the message is directed to can open it
These benefits allow users to securely and confidently relay patient information to trustworthy sources.
For the PKI to work there must be a Chain of Trust on your computer. This Chain of Trust is composed of three certificates, namely:
Medicare Australia Root CA
Medicare Australia Organisation CA
Medicare Australia Organisation CA2
The PKI Certificates are based on the Australian Gatekeeper framework and met the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Health Informatics-Public Key Infrastructure technical specification (ISO/TS 17090).
Vendors
The six GP Desktop Vendor Panel members are :-
Best Practice Software Pty Ltd
Communicare System
Genie Solutions
iSoft
Medtech Global
Zedmed
Legality
On 16 August 2012 the Hon. Tanya Plibersek, the then Minister for Health announced the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Records Act 2012 (PCEHR) The legislation was amended in late 2015 to be known as the My Health Records Act 2012 (Cth)
Patients can read in full everything that is added to their eHealth record. They may choose to include additional information in their own local clinical information system that is not included in the eHealth record. In any event, patients have a right under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) to access the personal information that healthcare professionals hold about them.
From November 2015 the My Health Records Act 2012 (Cth) was amended to reflect that representatives of persons who require decision-making support related to the Act must support the person to make decisions, or make decisions on their behalf, reflecting the individual's "will and preferences". This reflects the principle that people with disability or varied capacity have an equal right to have their decisions respected.
Healthcare Identifiers Act 2010 This Act outlines how unique identifying numbers are allocated to each health provider and individuals as healthcare recipients to provide a way of ensuring that health information is correctly matched to the individual that received healthcare or the entity that provides healthcare.
Healthcare Identifiers Regulations 2010 regulates the collection, use and disclosure of healthcare record identifiers and information.
PCEHR Jurisdictional Advisory Committee (PCEHR JAC)
The PCEHR Act established the PCEHR Jurisdictional Advisory Committee (PCEHR JAC) to advise the System Operator on matters relating to the interests of the Commonwealth, States and Territories in the PCEHR system. The PCEHR JAC meets at least four times per year, or more frequently as agreed between the System Operator and the Chair.
The PCEHR JAC has nine members, a member to represent the Commonwealth and a member to represent each State and Territory.
PCEHR Independent Advisory Council (PCEHR IAC)
The PCEHR Independent Advisory Council (PCEHR IAC) was established under the PCEHR Act to advise on the operation and participation in the PCEHR system, clinical, privacy and security matters relating to PCEHR system operations. The PCEHR IAC meets at least four times per year.
Criticism
Security and privacy concerns have been raised about the platform. Originally, participation of the system was to opt-in by each person giving consent, however due to low participation rates, the platform moved to become opt-out instead. Each Australian had until 31st of Jan 2019 to opt-out. After 31st of Jan 2019, however, any user can delete their My Health Record, as well as restrict access to providers. In a life-threatening emergency, certain providers (like hospital emergency departments) can access a patient's My Health Record without being given explicit access. There are 13,000 health providers involved, from specialists and general practice doctors to pharmacies and hospitals.
Additional concerns have been raised around warrant-less law enforcement access to health data. The health minister Greg Hunt requested the deletion of advice indicating that police would have access to health record data, before promising a redraft of the legislation to explicitly curtail warrant-less access.
Additionally cybersecurity audits have remained incomplete.
Further concerns have surrounded the inappropriate access of health record data.
Additionally uptake amongst health care providers has remained low with half of all records standing empty, and with poor uptake and usage by health care providers.
Similar initiatives
MediConnect was an early program that provides an electronic medication record to keep track of patient prescriptions and provide stakeholders with drug alerts to avoid errors in prescribing.
Patent Issues
MyMedicalRecords.com, a subsidiary of MMRGlobal began investigations about the PCEHR use of its intellectual property.
See also
Electronic Health Record Confidentiality
References
External links
Electronic health records
Government databases in Australia
Healthcare in Australia
Medical controversies in Australia
Political controversies in Australia
Public policy in Australia | My Health Record | [
"Technology"
] | 2,784 | [
"Electronic health records",
"Information technology"
] |
59,846,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20litoralis | Agaricus litoralis, also known as the coastal mushroom, is a species of mushroom in the genus Agaricus. It was first described by Wakefield and A. Pearson as Psalliota litoralis in 1946.
It occurs throughout Europe including Scandinavia and Great Britain. While it may be quite common locally, such as on Öland island, it is rarely found in most areas except for southern Europe. Its conservation status in Sweden is "near threatened".
Description
A. litoralis is a white or grey-white mushroom with a compact cap that may reach a width of up to . The cap is often depressed when older and rests of the annulus may occur on the outer rim. While rose-coloured at a young age, the gills become dark brown as the mushroom grows older. The stem is tall and wide. It is often remarkably shorter than the cap is wide. The spores are dark brown and egg-shaped. The mushroom is saprotrophic, i.e. it feeds on decaying matter. It prefers herbaceous dry grasslands, heaths and steppe.
References
litoralis
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Agaricus litoralis | [
"Biology"
] | 232 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
59,846,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abir%20Igamberdiev | Abir Ubayevich Igamberdiev (Russian: Абир Убаевич Игамбердиев, also known as Andrei Igamberdiev) (born 4 July 1959) is a Russian-Canadian theoretical biologist and plant scientist. He is professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. He is most known for his research on organization of plant metabolism, for the conceptual development of foundations of theoretical biology, and for his works on history and philosophy of science.
Early life and education
Igamberdiev was born in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) and lived in Voronezh (Russia) where he studied biology at Voronezh State University. He earned a PhD in biology from the same university in 1985 and a Doctor of Science degree at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow in 1992. In the 1990s he was a guest scientist at Umeå University (Sweden), Free University of Berlin (Germany), University of Wyoming (US), and Risø National Laboratory (Denmark). In 2002, he permanently moved to Canada where he worked at the University of Manitoba (Winnipeg) and then at the Memorial University of Newfoundland (St. John's, Newfoundland), where he is currently a professor at the Department of Biology.
Professional activity
Igamberdiev has published over 250 peer-reviewed journal publications and several edited books. He currently is editor-in-chief of the Elsevier journal BioSystems and a subject editor of the Journal of Plant Physiology. Abir Igamberdiev's research focuses on the organization of metabolism, bioenergetics of plant cells, plant enzymology, plant adaptation to hypoxic stress, nitric oxide metabolism in plants and the role of plant hemoglobins, foundations of theoretical biology, natural philosophy, and dynamics of social systems.
Abir Igamberdiev has contributed to the characterization of metabolic pathways and enzymes of plant respiratory metabolism and to the discovery that plant mitochondria use nitrite as an alternative electron acceptor under anoxia (anaerobic respiration) and produce nitric oxide, which is scavenged by phytoglobin. He developed the concept of thermodynamic buffering in metabolism that supports stable non-equilibrium dynamics of living systems. He introduced the concept of internal quantum state of living systems that maintains their computational properties and determines morphogenesis and evolution. Evolution of social systems is viewed by Igamberdiev as a continuous generation and interaction of reflexive models of externality that trigger social dynamics and establish the structure of societies.
Essays and works of fiction
Abir Igamberdiev is an author of short stories and essays on classical music, literature and philosophy in Russian.
References
External links
Igamberdiev’s Homepage at Memorial University of Newfoundland
List of publications
1959 births
Living people
20th-century Russian scientists
21st-century Russian biologists
20th-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian biologists
Theoretical biologists
People from Almaty
Voronezh State University alumni | Abir Igamberdiev | [
"Biology"
] | 633 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Theoretical biologists"
] |
59,848,525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS%20buoy | A GPS buoy is a buoy equipped with a GPS receiver.
It is used for sea level and research search-and-rescue operations, among other applications.
See also
GPS sonobuoy
Self-locating datum marker buoy
References
Global Positioning System
Buoyage | GPS buoy | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 57 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"Wireless locating",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
59,849,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet%20MMR%20autism%20fraud | In February 1998, a fraudulent research paper by physician Andrew Wakefield and twelve coauthors, titled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children", was published in the British medical journal The Lancet. The paper falsely claimed causative links between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and colitis and between colitis and autism. The fraud involved data selection, data manipulation, and two undisclosed conflicts of interest. It was exposed in a lengthy Sunday Times investigation by reporter Brian Deer, resulting in the paper's retraction in February 2010 and Wakefield being discredited and struck off the UK medical register three months later. Wakefield reportedly stood to earn up to US$43 million per year selling diagnostic kits for a non-existent syndrome he claimed to have discovered. He also held a patent to a rival vaccine at the time, and he had been employed by a lawyer representing parents in lawsuits against vaccine producers.
The scientific consensus on vaccines and autism is that there is no causal connection between MMR, or any other vaccine, and autism.
1998 The Lancet paper
In February 1998, a group led by Andrew Wakefield published a paper in the British medical journal the Lancet, supported by a press conference at the Royal Free Hospital in London, where the research was carried out. This paper reported on twelve children with developmental disorders referred to the hospital and described a constellation of bowel symptoms, as well as endoscopy and biopsy findings, that were said to be evidence of a new "syndrome" that Wakefield would later call "autistic enterocolitis". The paper described MMR vaccination as the "apparent precipitating event", tabulated the parents of eight of the twelve children as linking their developmental symptoms with MMR vaccination, suggested the connection between autism and the gastrointestinal pathologies was "real", and called for further research. But it admitted that the research did not "prove" an association between the MMR vaccine and autism.
At a press conference accompanying the paper's publication, later criticized as "science by press conference", Wakefield said that he thought it prudent to use single vaccines instead of the MMR triple vaccine until this could be ruled out as an environmental trigger. Wakefield said, "I can't support the continued use of these three vaccines given in combination until this issue has been resolved." In a video news release issued by the hospital to broadcasters in advance of the press conference, he called for MMR vaccine to be "suspended in favour of the single vaccines". In a BBC interview, Wakefield's mentor, Roy Pounder, who was not a coauthor, "admitted the study was controversial". He added: "In hindsight it may be a better solution to give the vaccinations separately ... When the vaccinations were given individually there was no problem." These suggestions were supported neither by Wakefield's coauthors nor any scientific evidence.
British television coverage of the press conference was intense, but press interest was mixed. The Guardian and the Independent reported it on their front pages, while the Daily Mail only gave the story a minor mention in the middle of the paper, and the Sun did not cover it.
Controversy over MMR
Multiple subsequent studies failed to find any link between the MMR vaccine, colitis, and autism. In March 1998, a panel of 37 scientific experts set up by the Medical Research Council, headed by Professor Sir John Pattison found "no evidence to indicate any link" between the MMR vaccine and colitis or autism in children.
Public concern over Wakefield's claims of a possible link between MMR and autism gained momentum in 2001 and 2002, after he published further papers suggesting that the immunisation programme was not safe. These were a review paper with no new evidence, published in a minor journal, and two papers on laboratory work that he said showed that measles virus had been found in tissue samples taken from children who had autism and bowel problems. There was wide media coverage including distressing anecdotal evidence from parents, and political coverage attacking the health service and government peaked with unmet demands that Prime minister Tony Blair reveal whether his infant son, Leo, had been given the vaccine. It was the biggest science story of 2002, with 1257 articles mostly written by non-expert commentators. In the period January to September 2002, 32% of the stories written about MMR mentioned Leo Blair, as opposed to only 25% that mentioned Wakefield. Less than a third of the stories mentioned the overwhelming evidence that MMR is safe. The paper, press conference and video sparked a major health scare in the United Kingdom. As a result of the scare, full confidence in MMR fell from 59% to 41% after publication of the Wakefield research. In 2001, 26% of family doctors felt the government had failed to prove there was no link between MMR and autism and bowel disease. In his book Bad Science, Ben Goldacre describes the MMR vaccine scare as one of the "three all-time classic bogus science stories" by the British newspapers (the other two are the Arpad Pusztai affair about genetically modified crops, and Chris Malyszewicz and the MRSA hoax).
A 2003 survey of 366 family doctors in the UK reported that 77% of them would advise giving the MMR vaccine to a child with a close family history of autism, and that 3% of them thought that autism could sometimes be caused by the MMR vaccine. A similar survey in 2004 found that these percentages changed to 82% and at most 2%, respectively, and that confidence in MMR had been increasing over the previous two years.
A factor in the controversy is that only the combined vaccine is available through the UK National Health Service. As of 2010 there are no single vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella licensed for use in the UK. Prime Minister Tony Blair gave support to the programme, arguing that the vaccine was safe enough for his own son, Leo, but refusing on privacy grounds to state whether Leo had received the vaccine; in contrast, the subsequent Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, explicitly confirmed that his son has been immunised. Cherie Blair confirmed that Leo had been given the MMR vaccination when promoting her autobiography.
The government stressed that administration of the combined vaccine instead of separate vaccines decreases the risk of children catching the disease while waiting for full immunisation coverage. The combined vaccine's two injections results in less pain and distress to the child than the six injections required by separate vaccines, and the extra clinic visits required by separate vaccinations increases the likelihood of some being delayed or missed altogether; vaccination uptake significantly increased in the UK when MMR was introduced in 1988. Health professionals have heavily criticized media coverage of the controversy for triggering a decline in vaccination rates. No scientific basis has been found for preferring separate vaccines, or for using any particular interval between them.
In 2001, Mark Berelowitz, one of the co-authors of the paper, said "I am certainly not aware of any convincing evidence for the hypothesis of a link between MMR and autism". The Canadian Paediatric Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences,
and the UK National Health Service have all concluded that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and a 2011 journal article described the vaccine–autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years".
Newspaper investigation
Conflict of interest
Public understanding of the claims sharply changed in February 2004 with revelations by The Sunday Times of an undisclosed conflict of interest on Wakefield's part in that, two years before the paper's publication, he had been approached by Richard Barr, a lawyer of Justice, Awareness and Basic Support, who was looking for an expert witness to start a planned class action regarding alleged "vaccine damage". Barr hired Wakefield at £150 per hour, plus expenses, and only then did they recruit the twelve children, actively seeking the parents of cases that might imply a connection between MMR and autism. Barr and Wakefield convinced the UK Legal Aid Board, a UK government organization to give financial support to people who could not afford access to justice, to assign £55,000 to fund the initial stage of the research. According to journalist Brian Deer, the project was intended to create evidence for the court case, but this only became publicly known six years after the Lancet report, with the newspaper's first disclosures.
Based on Deer's evidence, the Lancet editor-in-chief Richard Horton said Wakefield's paper should have never been published because its findings were "entirely flawed". Although Wakefield maintained that the legal aid funding was for a separate, unpublished study (a position later rejected by a panel of the UK General Medical Council), the editors of The Lancet judged that the funding source should have been disclosed to them. Horton wrote, "It seems obvious now that had we appreciated the full context in which the work reported in the 1998 Lancet paper by Wakefield and colleagues was done, publication would not have taken place in the way that it did." Several of Wakefield's co-researchers also strongly criticized the lack of disclosure.
No ethical approval
Among Deer's earliest reported allegations was that, contrary to a statement in the paper, Wakefield's research on the 12 children was conducted without any institutional review board authorization—a claim quickly denied in February 2004 by both the paper's authors and the Lancet. The paper itself said, "Ethical approval and consent. Investigations were approved by the Ethical Practices Committee of the Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, and parents gave informed consent." The dispute over this would remain unresolved, however, until settled in the English High Court in March 2012, where a senior judge vindicated Deer. Quoting the text, Justice Mitting ruled, "This statement was untrue and should not have been included in the paper."
Retraction of an interpretation
The Lancet and many other medical journals require papers to include the authors' conclusions about their research, known as the "interpretation". The summary of the 1998 Lancet paper ended as follows:
In March 2004, immediately following the news of the conflict of interest allegations, ten of Wakefield's 12 coauthors retracted this interpretation, while insisting that the possibility of a distinctive gastrointestinal condition in children with autism merited further investigation. However, a separate study of children with gastrointestinal disturbances found no difference between those with autism spectrum disorders and those without, with respect to the presence of measles virus RNA in the bowel; it also found that gastrointestinal symptoms and the onset of autism were unrelated in time to the administration of MMR vaccine.
Later in 2004, the newspaper's investigation also found that Wakefield had a further conflict of interest in the form of a patent for a single measles vaccines, had manipulated evidence, and had broken other ethical codes. The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, when Lancets editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as "utterly false" and said that the journal had been deceived. Wakefield was found guilty by the General Medical Council of serious professional misconduct in May 2010 and was struck off the Medical Register, meaning he could no longer practise as a doctor in the UK. In 2011, Deer provided further information on Wakefield's improper research practices to the British Medical Journal, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent.
Deer continued his reporting in a Channel 4 Dispatches television documentary, MMR: What They Didn't Tell You, broadcast on 18 November 2004. This documentary reported that Wakefield had applied for patents on a single measles vaccine that claimed to be a potential rival of MMR, and that he knew of test results from his own laboratory at the Royal Free Hospital that contradicted his own claims. Wakefield's patent application was also noted in Paul Offit's 2008 book, Autism's False Prophets.
In January 2005, Wakefield sued Channel 4, 20/20 Productions, and the investigative reporter Brian Deer, who presented the Dispatches programme. However, after two years of litigation, and the revelation of more than £400,000 in undisclosed payments by lawyers to Wakefield, he discontinued his action and paid all the defendants' costs.
In 2006, Deer reported in The Sunday Times that Wakefield had been paid £435,643, plus expenses, by British trial lawyers attempting to prove that the vaccine was dangerous, with the undisclosed payments beginning two years before the Lancet paper's publication. This funding came from the UK legal aid fund, a fund intended to provide legal services to the poor.
Support for Wakefield
Despite The Sunday Times disclosures, Wakefield continued to find support. Melanie Phillips, an influential columnist with the Daily Mail, called the reporting of Wakefield's contract with the solicitor Richard Barr "a smear whose timing should raise a few eyebrows."
According to Deer writing in the BMJ, the General Medical Council hearing was also criticized by Richard Horton, the Lancet editor: "My own view is that the GMC is no place to continue this debate. But the process has started and it will be impossible to stop."
Manipulation of data
The Sunday Times continued the investigation, and on 8 February 2009, Brian Deer reported that Wakefield had "fixed" results and "manipulated" patient data in the Lancet, creating the appearance of a link with autism. Wakefield falsely denied these allegations, and even filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) over this article on 13 March 2009. The complaint was expanded by a 20 March 2009 addendum by Wakefield's publicist. In July 2009, the PCC stated that it was staying any investigation regarding the Sunday Times article, pending the conclusion of the GMC investigation. In the event that Wakefield did not pursue his complaint, Deer published the complaint with a statement saying he and The Sunday Times rejected the complaint as "false and disingenuous in all material respects", and that the action had been suspended by the PCC in February 2010.
UK General Medical Council inquiry
Responding to the first Sunday Times reports, the General Medical Council (GMC), which is responsible for licensing doctors and supervising medical ethics in the UK, launched an investigation into the affair. The GMC brought the case itself, not citing any specific complaints, claiming that an investigation was in the public interest. The then-secretary of state for health, John Reid, called for a GMC investigation, which Wakefield himself welcomed. During a debate in the House of Commons, on 15 March 2004, Dr. Evan Harris, a Liberal Democrat MP, called for a judicial inquiry into the ethical aspects of the case, even suggesting it might be conducted by the CPS. In June 2006 the GMC confirmed that they would hold a disciplinary hearing of Wakefield.
The GMC's Fitness to Practise Panel first met on 16 July 2007 to consider the cases of Wakefield, Professor John Angus Walker-Smith, and Professor Simon Harry Murch. All faced charges of serious professional misconduct. The GMC examined, among other ethical points, whether Wakefield and his colleagues obtained the required approvals for the tests they performed on the children; the data-manipulation charges reported in the Sunday Times, which surfaced after the case was prepared, were not at question in the hearings. The GMC stressed that it would not be assessing the validity of competing scientific theories on MMR and autism. The GMC alleged that the trio acted unethically and dishonestly in preparing the research into the MMR vaccine. They denied the allegations. The case proceeded in front of a GMC Fitness to Practise panel of three medical and two lay members.
On 28 January 2010, the GMC panel delivered its decision on the facts of the case, finding four counts of dishonesty and 12 involving the abuse of developmentally disabled children. Wakefield was found to have acted "dishonestly and irresponsibly" and to have acted with "callous disregard" for the children involved in his study, conducting unnecessary and invasive tests. The panel found that the trial was improperly conducted without the approval of an independent ethics committee, and that Wakefield had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest.
On 24 May 2010, the GMC panel ordered that he be struck off the medical register. John Walker-Smith was also found guilty of serious professional misconduct and struck off the medical register, but that decision was reversed on appeal to the High Court in 2012, because the GMC panel had failed to decide whether Walker-Smith actually thought he was doing research in the guise of clinical investigation and treatment. The High Court criticised "a number of" wrong conclusions by the disciplinary panel and its "inadequate and superficial reasoning". Simon Murch was found not guilty.
In response to the GMC investigation and findings, the editors of the Lancet announced on 2 February 2010 that they "fully retract this paper from the published record". The Lancets editor-in-chief Richard Horton described it as "utterly false" and said that the journal had been deceived.
The Hansard text for 16 March 2010 reported Lord McColl asking the Government whether it had plans to recover legal aid money paid to the experts in connection with the measles, mumps and rubella/measles and rubella vaccine litigation. Lord Bach, Ministry of Justice dismissed this possibility.
Full retraction and fraud revelations
In an April 2010 report in The BMJ, Deer expanded on the laboratory aspects of his findings recounting how normal clinical histopathology results generated by the Royal Free Hospital were later changed in the medical school to abnormal results, published in the Lancet. Deer wrote an article in The BMJ casting doubt on the "autistic enterocolitis" that Wakefield claimed to have discovered. In the same edition, Deirdre Kelly, President of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and the Editor of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition expressed some concern about The BMJ publishing this article while the GMC proceedings were underway.
On 5 January 2011, The BMJ published the first of a series of articles by Brian Deer, detailing how Wakefield and his colleagues had faked some of the data behind the 1998 Lancet article. By looking at the records and interviewing the parents, Deer found that for all 12 children in the Wakefield study, diagnoses had been tweaked or dates changed to fit the article's conclusion. Continuing BMJ series on 11 January 2011, Deer said that based upon documents he obtained under freedom of information legislation, Wakefield—in partnership with the father of one of the boys in the study—had planned to launch a venture on the back of an MMR vaccination scare that would profit from new medical tests and "litigation driven testing". The Washington Post reported that Deer said that Wakefield predicted he "could make more than $43 million a year from diagnostic kits" for the new condition, autistic enterocolitis. WebMD reported on Deer's BMJ report, saying that the $43 million predicted yearly profits would come from marketing kits for "diagnosing patients with autism" and "the initial market for the diagnostic will be litigation-driven testing of patients with AE [autistic enterocolitis, an unproven condition concocted by Wakefield] from both the UK and the USA". According to WebMD, the BMJ article also claimed that the venture would succeed in marketing products and developing a replacement vaccine if "public confidence in the MMR vaccine was damaged".
In an editorial accompanying Deer's 2011 series, The BMJ said, "it has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud", and asked:
Summarizing findings as of January 2011 in The BMJ, Deer set out the following analysis of the cases reported in the study:
In subsequent disclosures from the investigation, Deer obtained copies of unpublished gastrointestinal pathology reports on the children in the Lancet study that Wakefield had claimed showed "non-specific colitis" and "autistic enterocolitis". But expert analyses of these reports found bowel biopsies from the children to be overwhelmingly normal and with no evidence of any enterocolitis at all.
In September 2020, Johns Hopkins University Press published Deer's account of the fraud in his book The Doctor Who Fooled the World: Science, Deception, and the War on Vaccines. The book includes reporting of parents whose children were among the twelve recruited by Wakefield in the Lancet study. One described the paper as "fraudulent" while another complained of "outright fabrication".
Aftermath
Characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the 20th Century", The Lancet paper led to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland. Promotion of the claimed link, which continues in anti-vaccination propaganda despite being refuted, led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries. Following the initial claims in 1998, multiple large epidemiological studies were undertaken. Reviews of the evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences, the UK National Health Service, and the Cochrane Library all found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Physicians, medical journals, and editors have described Wakefield's actions as fraudulent and tied them to epidemics and deaths.
Among commentators drawing on Deer's investigation, academic Peter N. Steinmetz summarizes six fabrications and falsifications in the paper itself and in Wakefield's response in the areas of findings of non-specific colitis; behavioral symptoms; findings of regressive autism; ethics consent statement; conflict of interest statement; and methods of patient referral.
Wakefield has continued to defend his research and conclusions, saying there was no fraud, hoax or profit motive. He has subsequently become known for anti-vaccination activism. In 2016, Wakefield directed the anti-vaccination film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe.
See also
Vaccine hesitancy
Folk epidemiology of autism
References
1998 hoaxes
Autism pseudoscience
MMR vaccine and autism
Health-related conspiracy theories
Vaccine hesitancy
Scientific controversies
de:MMR-Impfstoff#Der Fall Wakefield | Lancet MMR autism fraud | [
"Technology"
] | 4,660 | [
"Health-related conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
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59,850,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205363 | NGC 5363 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is located at a distance of circa 65 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 5363 is about 100,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on January 19, 1784. It is a member of the NGC 5364 Group of galaxies, itself one of the Virgo III Groups strung out to the east of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies.
Characteristics
NGC 5363 is characterised by the presence of a dust lane along its minor axis, visible also in mid-infrared maps, and a more extended one with an intermediate orientation. The total mass of cold dust in the galaxy is estimated to be , extending for 52 arcseconds in the far-infrared. The dust emission appears as a disk with spiral arms and a possible barlike structure, and extends at the outer parts of the galaxy as a fainter, armlike structure, along the major axis of the galaxy. The galaxy also features HII emission that forms a spiral disk.
The total dust mass is about a factor of 100 larger than the one predicted if it was created only by the mass lost by evolved stars. The galaxy also has shells, which are evidence of a recent merger, in which NGC 5363 accreted another galaxy, and thus it is strongly suggested that the interstellar dust is of external origin. It is highly likely that this merger event caused star formation activity in the galaxy, as is evident by the detection of ultraviolet radiation associated with young stars.
Based on its spectrum, the nucleus of NGC 5363 has been found to be active and has been categorised as a LINER. In the centre of NGC 5363 lies a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 375 million . NGC 5363 has been found to emit radio waves. The radio source consists of a compact core with a diameter of less than 2 arcseconds and probably an extended component, stretching for about 20 arcseconds.
Nearby galaxies
NGC 5363 is the foremost galaxy in a galaxy group known as the NGC 5363 group. Other members of the group include NGC 5300, NGC 5348, NGC 5356, NGC 5360, and NGC 5364. NGC 5363 and NGC 5364 lie at a projected distance of 14.5 arcminutes, forming a non-interacting pair. The group is part of the Virgo III Groups, a very obvious chain of galaxy groups on the left side of the Virgo cluster, stretching across 40 million light years of space.
See also
IC 1459, NGC 3108, NGC 5128, and NGC 5173 – other early-type galaxies with spiral features
References
External links
NGC 5363 on SIMBAD
Lenticular galaxies
Virgo (constellation)
5363
08847
49547
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 5363 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 604 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
59,850,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20G.%20Brown | William G. Brown is a Canadian mathematician specializing in graph theory. He is a professor emeritus of mathematics at McGill University.
Education and career
Brown earned his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1963, under the joint supervision of Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter and W. T. Tutte. His dissertation was Enumeration Problems Of Linear Graph Theory (Problems in the Enumeration of Maps).
In 1968, he moved to McGill from the University of British Columbia as an associate professor.
Contributions
Brown's dissertation research concerned graph enumeration, and his early publications continued in that direction. However, much of his later work was in extremal graph theory. He is known for formulating the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem on the density of systems of triples in which no six points contain more than two triples in joint work with Paul Erdős and Vera T. Sós, and for his constructions of dense -free graphs in connection with the Zarankiewicz problem.
Selected publications
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian mathematicians
Graph theorists
University of Toronto
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Science
Academic staff of McGill University | W. G. Brown | [
"Mathematics"
] | 246 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
59,850,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem%E2%80%93Spencer%20set | In mathematics, and in particular in arithmetic combinatorics, a Salem-Spencer set is a set of numbers no three of which form an arithmetic progression. Salem–Spencer sets are also called 3-AP-free sequences or progression-free sets. They have also been called non-averaging sets, but this term has also been used to denote a set of integers none of which can be obtained as the average of any subset of the other numbers. Salem-Spencer sets are named after Raphaël Salem and Donald C. Spencer, who showed in 1942 that Salem–Spencer sets can have nearly-linear size. However a later theorem of Klaus Roth shows that the size is always less than linear.
Examples
For the smallest values of such that the numbers from to have a -element Salem-Spencer set are
1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 20, 24, 26, 30, 32, 36, ...
For instance, among the numbers from 1 to 14, the eight numbers
{1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14}
form the unique largest Salem-Spencer set.
This example is shifted by adding one to the elements of an infinite Salem–Spencer set, the Stanley sequence
0, 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 27, 28, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, ...
of numbers that, when written as a ternary number, use only the digits 0 and 1. This sequence is the lexicographically first infinite Salem–Spencer set. Another infinite Salem–Spencer set is given by the cubes
0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, ...
It is a theorem of Leonhard Euler that no three cubes are in arithmetic progression.
Size
In 1942, Salem and Spencer published a proof that the integers in the range from to have large Salem–Spencer sets, of size . The denominator of this expression uses big O notation, and grows more slowly than any power of , so the sets found by Salem and Spencer have a size that is nearly linear. This bound disproved a conjecture of Paul Erdős and Pál Turán that the size of such a set could be at most for some .
The construction of Salem and Spencer was improved by Felix Behrend in 1946, who found sets of size .
In 1952, Klaus Roth proved Roth's theorem establishing that the size of a Salem-Spencer set must be . Therefore, although the sets constructed by Salem, Spencer, and Behrend have sizes that are nearly linear, it is not possible to improve them and find sets whose size is actually linear. This result became a special case of Szemerédi's theorem on the density of sets of integers that avoid longer arithmetic progressions. To distinguish Roth's bound on Salem–Spencer sets from Roth's theorem on Diophantine approximation of algebraic numbers, this result has been called Roth's theorem on arithmetic progressions. After several additional improvements to Roth's theorem, the size of a Salem–Spencer set has been proven to be . An even better bound of (for some that has not been explicitly computed) was announced in 2020 in a preprint. In 2023 a new bound of was found by computers scientist Kelley and Meka and shortly after an exposition in more familiar mathematical terms was given by Bloom and Sisask who have since also improved the exponent of the Kelly-Meka bound to (and conjectured ) in a preprint.
Construction
A simple construction for a Salem–Spencer set (of size considerably smaller than Behrend's bound) is to choose the ternary numbers that use only the digits 0 and 1, not 2. Such a set must be progression-free, because if two of its elements and are the first and second members of an arithmetic progression, the third member must have the digit two at the position of the least significant digit where and differ. The illustration shows a set of this form, for the three-digit ternary numbers (shifted by one to make the smallest element 1 instead of 0).
Behrend's construction uses a similar idea, for a larger odd radix . His set consists of the numbers whose digits are restricted to the range from to (so that addition of these numbers has no carries), with the extra constraint that the sum of the squares of the digits is some chosen value . If the digits of each number are thought of as coordinates of a vector, this constraint describes a sphere in the resulting vector space, and by convexity the average of two distinct values on this sphere will be interior to the sphere rather than on it. Therefore, if two elements of Behrend's set are the endpoints of an arithmetic progression, the middle value of the progression (their average) will not be in the set. Thus, the resulting set is progression-free.
With a careful choice of , and a choice of as the most frequently-occurring sum of squares of digits, Behrend achieves his bound.
In 1953, Leo Moser proved that there is a single infinite Salem–Spencer sequence achieving the same asymptotic density on every prefix as Behrend's construction.
By considering the convex hull of points inside a sphere, rather than the set of points on a sphere,
it is possible to improve the construction by a factor of . However, this does not affect the size bound in the form stated above.
Generalization
The notion of Salem–Spencer sets (3-AP-free set) can be generalized to -AP-free sets, in which elements form an arithmetic progression if and only if they are all equal. gave constructions of large -AP-free sets.
Computational results
Gasarch, Glenn, and Kruskal have performed a comparison of different computational methods for large subsets of with no arithmetic progression. Using these methods they found the exact size of the largest such set for . Their results include several new bounds for different values of , found by branch-and-bound algorithms that use linear programming and problem-specific heuristics to bound the size that can be achieved in any branch of the search tree. One heuristic that they found to be particularly effective was the thirds method, in which two shifted copies of a Salem–Spencer set for are placed in the first and last thirds of a set for .
Applications
In connection with the Ruzsa–Szemerédi problem, Salem–Spencer sets have been used to construct dense graphs in which each edge belongs to a unique triangle.
Salem–Spencer sets have also been used in theoretical computer science. They have been used in the design of the Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm for fast matrix multiplication, and in the construction of efficient non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs. Recently, they have been used to show size lower bounds for graph spanners, and the strong exponential time hypothesis based hardness of the subset sum problem.
These sets can also be applied in recreational mathematics to a mathematical chess problem of
placing as few queens as possible on the main diagonal of an chessboard so that all squares of the board are attacked. The set of diagonal squares that remain unoccupied must form a Salem–Spencer set, in which all values have the same parity (all odd or all even).
The smallest possible set of queens is the complement of the largest Salem–Spencer subset of the odd numbers in .
This Salem-Spencer subset can be found by doubling and subtracting one from the values in a Salem–Spencer subset of all the numbers in
References
External links
Nonaveraging sets search, Jarek Wroblewski, University of Wrocław
Additive combinatorics | Salem–Spencer set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,581 | [
"Additive combinatorics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
59,851,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%20Cole | Jared Cole is an Australian theoretical physicist specialising in quantum physics and decoherence theory and its application to solid-state systems. He specialises in using mathematical and computational models to describe the design and operation of quantum computing and quantum electronic devices.
Cole is a professor at RMIT University where he leads study of theoretical condensed-matter physics, superconducting devices, charge transport in nanoscale devices, quantum metrology and decoherence theory. He is the Group Leader of RMIT's Theoretical Chemical and Quantum Physics Research Group.
Expertise
Quantum circuit theory, superconducting devices based on the Josephson effect, spin physics, decoherence, measurement and entanglement theory, quantum information and quantum computing.
Career
Cole completed a Bachelor of Applied Physics and Communication Engineering (Hons) from RMIT University in 2002 and a PhD University of Melbourne in 2006 (Controllable few-state quantum systems for information processing).
Cole was a postdoctoral researcher within the Centre for Quantum Computing Technology, University of Melbourne from 2006 to 2007, studying solid-state quantum computing.
Cole was postdoctoral researcher (initially as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow) at Karlsruhe University 2007–11, studying qubit characterisation, superconducting qubits and defects in Josephson junctions.
Cole returned to RMIT University in Feb. 2011 as a Vice-Chancellor's senior research fellow, and was made a full professor in Jan 2018.
Cole is a chief investigator within the ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), investigating the influence of dissipation and decoherence on electronic transport in nanostructures, and its role in electronic devices based on topologically protected conduction channels.
Cole is a chief investigator within the ARC Centre of Excellence for Exciton Science, applying expertise in electron transport, spin physics and decoherence theory to understanding the control and manipulation of excitons to create more-efficient solar cells.
Cole is a founding partner at h-bar, a consultancy dedicated to quantum information and quantum technology.
Publications, Writings
Cole has authored over 80 peer-reviewed publications, has been cited over 2300 times and has an h-index of 26. He holds five patents.
Cole has written general-audience articles on Australia quantum research, low-energy electronics (in The Conversation), and has been interviewed on metric units and ICT energy use.
Major Projects
2018 ARC Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilities Grant – Chief Investigator
2017-2023 ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science – Chief Investigator
2017-2023 ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies – Chief Investigator
2014-2016 ARC Discovery Project, Understanding and eliminating dissipation in superconducting devices: the origin of two-level defects - Lead Investigator
Awards and fellowships
2015 Peter Schwerdtfeger Award of the Australian Association of Alexander von Humboldt Fellows
2011–2015 Vice-Chancellor's Senior Research Fellow, RMIT University
2007-2009 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Karlsruhe University
References
Living people
Australian physicists
Quantum physicists
Academic staff of RMIT University
Year of birth missing (living people)
RMIT University alumni
University of Melbourne alumni | Jared Cole | [
"Physics"
] | 641 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
59,852,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyusternik%E2%80%93Fet%20theorem | In mathematics, the Lyusternik–Fet theorem states that on every compact Riemannian manifold there exists a closed geodesic. It is named after Lazar Lyusternik and Abram Ilyich Fet, who published it in 1951.
References
Differential geometry
Geodesic (mathematics) | Lyusternik–Fet theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 65 | [
"Theorems in differential geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
59,852,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrend%27s%20theorem | In arithmetic combinatorics, Behrend's theorem states that the subsets of the integers from 1 to in which no member of the set is a multiple of any other must have a logarithmic density that goes to zero as becomes large. The theorem is named after Felix Behrend, who published it in 1935.
Statement
The logarithmic density of a set of integers from 1 to can be defined by setting the weight of each integer to be , and dividing the total weight of the set by the th partial sum of the harmonic series (or, equivalently for the purposes of asymptotic analysis, dividing by ). The resulting number is 1 or close to 1 when the set includes all of the integers in that range, but smaller when many integers are missing, and particularly when the missing integers are themselves small.
A subset of is called primitive if it has the property that no subset element is a multiple of any other element.
Behrend's theorem states that the logarithmic density of any primitive subset must be small.
More precisely, the logarithmic density of such a set must be .
For infinite primitive sequences, the maximum possible density is smaller, .
Examples
There exist large primitive subsets of . However, these sets still have small logarithmic density.
In the subset , all pairs of numbers are within a factor of less than two of each other, so no two can be multiples. It includes approximately half of the numbers from to . By Dilworth's theorem (using a partition of the integers into chains of powers of two multiplied by an odd number) this subset has maximum cardinality among all subsets in which no two are multiples. But because all of its elements are large, this subset has low logarithmic density, only .
Another primitive subset is the set of prime numbers. Despite there being fewer prime numbers than the number of elements in the previous example, this set has larger logarithmic density, , according to the divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes.
Both of these subsets have significantly smaller logarithmic density than the bound given by Behrend's theorem. Resolving a conjecture of G. H. Hardy, both Paul Erdős and Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai showed that, for ,
the set of numbers with exactly prime factors (counted with multiplicity) has logarithmic density
exactly matching the form of Behrend's theorem. This example is best possible, in the sense that no other primitive subset has logarithmic density with the same form and a larger leading constant.
History
This theorem is known as Behrend's theorem because Felix Behrend proved it in 1934, and published it in 1935. Paul Erdős proved the same result, on a 1934 train trip from Hungary to Cambridge to escape the growing anti-semitism in Europe, but on his arrival he discovered that Behrend's proof was already known.
References
Theorems in number theory | Behrend's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 623 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
59,852,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin%20E.%20Sekeris | Constantin Sekeris was a Greek biochemist and molecular biologist.
Early life
He was born in Nafplio, the first capital of Greece and his paternal family home. During World War II, he accompanied his parents to Egypt, South Africa, and finally the United States (U.S.), where his father held ministerial posts in the Greek Government in exile. The family stayed in the U.S. until 1944, when, following the liberation of Greece after the defeat of Nazi Germany, they returned permanently to Greece.
After his secondary education at the 8th Gymnasium of Athens, he graduated from the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 1956. After completion of Army service he joined the team of Prof. Peter Karlson at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He completed his doctoral degree in biochemistry in 1962 from the Medical School of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Career
In 1964 Sekeris accompanied Karlson when he moved to the position of Director of the Institut für Physiologische Chemie of the Philipps University of Marburg. In 1966 he became a Privatdozent at the Medical School where, in 1970, he was promoted to “Wissenschaftlicher Rat und Professor”, and then to a C3 Professor. In 1974 he moved to the German Cancer Research Centre (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum) in Heidelberg as the Head of the Section “Molecular Biology of the Cell” and a professor at the Science Faculty of Heidelberg University. In 1977, he finally moved home to Greece as a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Athens, first at the Department of Biology and then (1993) at the Medical School. During his tenure at the University of Athens he held a joint appointment at the Institute of Biological Research at the National Hellenic Research Foundation, serving as its director. In 2000, he reached the mandatory retirement age for the Greek Public Service, but kept performing research, unofficially, up until his death in 2009.
Sekeris’ main research interest was the mode of action of steroid hormones. He started his research working on tyrosine metabolism in insects and then rapidly moved to molecular endocrinology, where he stayed. Building on the work of Adolf_Butenandt (Karlson's father-in-law and director of the Munich Institute), Karlson and Sekeris early on proposed a model on how steroids function, which was very loosely based on Jacob and Monod's model for the regulation of the lactose operon of Escherichia coli. He concentrated his later work on steroid receptor(s) including the binding of glucocorticoid receptor to mitochondrial DNA, which he and his group first described. His overall focus could be described as the elucidation of the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of gene expression and cellular metabolism. This research led to research on post-transcriptional events such as mRNA processing. He was the first to describe the presence of small RNA species involved in the processing of hnRNA. He published more than 250 papers and book chapters, making him one of Greece's most prolific scientists in non-clinical life sciences.
In addition to his long-term directorship of the Institute of Biological Research at the National Hellenic Research Foundation, Sekeris was involved in science administration both in Greece and abroad. He was a member of the Greek Research Council and acted as the Chief Executive Officer of the National Hellenic Research Foundation. Among different honours that he received during his career one should mention his election to the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and the European Academy of Sciences. After leaving Germany he was made an Honorary Professor of Cell Biology at the Science Faculty of Heidelberg University.
Family
Sekeris was a direct descendant of Panagiotis Sekeris, a merchant and ship owner who lived in Constantinople in the early 19th century and co-founded the Filiki Eteria (a secret society aiming to overthrow the Ottoman rule in Greece), and who spent his entire wealth financing this process. Sekeris married Lioka (Kalliope), born Platsouka (passed away in 1997) and then Evi, born Protopappa. He was survived by one son, Evangelos a member of the Hellenic Diplomatic Corps, three grandchildren (Kalliope, Katherine and Constantine) and his three siblings, two brothers (Giorgos and Thanassis) and one sister (Kalliope).
References
1933 births
2009 deaths
Biochemists
Greek chemists
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Molecular biologists
Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
People from Nafplion | Constantin E. Sekeris | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 980 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists",
"Molecular biology",
"Molecular biologists"
] |
61,274,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchrony%20%28game%20theory%29 | In game theory, asynchrony occurs when gameplay does not proceed in consistently paced rounds. A system is synchronous if agents in a game move in lockstep according to a global timing system, whereas "in an asynchronous system, there is no global clock. The agents in the system can run at arbitrary rates relative to each other."
External links
Abraham, I., Alvisi, L., & Halpern, J. Y. (2011). Distributed computing meets game theory: combining insights from two fields. Acm Sigact News, 42(2), 69–76.
Ben-Or, M. (1983). Another Advantage of Free Choice: Completely Asynchronous Agreement Protocols. In Proc. 2nd ACM Symp. on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp. 27–30.
Solodkin, L., & Oshman, R. (2021). Truthful Information Dissemination in General Asynchronous Networks. In 35th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2021). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/14839/pdf/LIPIcs-DISC-2021-37.pdf
Yifrach, A., & Mansour, Y. (2018, July). Fair leader election for rational agents in asynchronous rings and networks. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (pp. 217-226). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.04778.pdf
References
Game theory | Asynchrony (game theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 358 | [
"Game theory"
] |
61,275,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatiality%20%28architecture%29 | Spatiality is a term used in architecture for characteristics that, looked at from a certain aspect, define the quality of a space. In comparison to the term spaciousness, which includes formal, dimensional determination of size—depth, width or height—spatiality is a higher category term. It includes not only formal but other qualities of space—such as definition, openness, visibility, expressivity, etc.
Spatiality in architecture is achieved in different ways, by using one of the design principles. In a general sense, the principles are classified into: a) those that use space organisation to determine or redefine boundaries, and b) those that use visual treatment to create a perceptive experience of its extension. In the physical sense, the principles can refer to:
space volume (open plan, flexibility, enfilade, and circular connection),
space surface (overlapping and gradation of planes), and
materialisation of elements or surfaces.
Spatiality can be defined by the user of the space or the designer of the space. In attempts to find a clearance to sleep within, homeless or unhoused individuals seek public spaces as temporary homes. Spatiality is used within an architectural context to prevent unhoused individuals from residing in these spaces. It often targets people who use or rely on public space more than others, like people who are homeless and youth which can be referred to as hostile architecture. Hostile architecture is defined as "an urban design strategy in which public spaces and structures are used to prevent certain activities or restrict certain people from using those spaces." The formal qualities of design and architecture aid in defining the quality of a space as unfit for a specific sub culture of individuals. "The form, function, and meaning of public space differ across numerous cultural traditions and is influenced by varying degrees of social and political control." Using objects like spikes, metal teeth, metal bars, large bolts, dividers, and steep ledges are all physical qualities that go unnoticed but serve a purpose of keeping individuals out of that physical space, preventing them from resting in that space and deterring the use of that space. An example is youth skateboarding where forms of exclusionary architecture prevent them from specific behaviours like riding on the sides of railings or buildings. Another example of exclusionary architecture is reduced public seating in train stations or at bus stops that restrict not only intended groups like unhoused individuals but those who require extra accessibility aid. Using formal qualities and defining the spatiality can control the behaviours of those intended but inhibit behaviours of others unintentionally. The designed spaces that include hostile aspects and restrict or exclude (exclusionary architecture) individuals are creating a designed experience for those that reside within it. By preventing individuals from sleeping on a park bench, the experience in that space is changed for the individual looking for a place to sleep and it is also changed for those who what have coexisted in that public space.
Social spatialization (architecture)
Social spatialization (social spatiality) is a concept that can be defined within the realm of architecture as a mode of being, a manner of 'seeing; and way of doing'. Alongside the term spatiality, social spatialization focuses on cultural affordance which is defined in psychology as the possibility of an action or event taking place in relation to the user and an object within a particular context. It is important to consider spatiality in a social and cultural context within a range of different professional disciplines and practices including but not limited to philosophy, the natural sciences, art, and poetry.
An example of social spatiality applied within an architectural context is Kabyle houses. The Kabyle house and the Berber culture were a North African community and group of people studied by Bourdieu. The Kabyle house divides the different areas of the house through formal qualities of design. The relationship between the house and the outside world and the affordances offered are connected to the roles of the male and female culture. Women take responsibility for the dark, interior of the home and look after the water, cooking, and manure. They stay within the house and the garden while the male spends their time outside the home working in agriculture. The layout of the homes reflect these roles, the lower part of the home is reserved for the humans and the tasks to be performed including procreation, death, and forms of intimacy must be completed in this section of the home. Bourdieu outlines that the social identities and actions of the Berber people is mirrored by their designed space. Each role is reflected back in the hierarchy of their space, the objects that reside within them and light or direction of the sun it follows.
References
Architectural terminology | Spatiality (architecture) | [
"Engineering"
] | 950 | [
"Architectural terminology",
"Architecture"
] |
61,276,647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20textbooks%20on%20classical%20mechanics%20and%20quantum%20mechanics | This is a list of notable textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics arranged according to level and surnames of the authors in alphabetical order.
Undergraduate
Classical mechanics
Chapters 1–21. Numerous subsequent editions.
Quantum mechanics
Advanced undergraduate and graduate
Classical mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Three volumes.
Landau, L. D, and Lifshitz, E. M. Course of Theoretical Physics Volume 3 - Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Edited by Pitaevskiĭ L. P. Translated by J. B Sykes and J. S Bell, Third edition, revised and enlarged ed., Pergamon Press, 1977. .
Leonard I. Schiff (1968) Quantum Mechanics McGraw-Hill Education
Davydov A.S. (1965) Quantum Mechanics Pergamon ISBN 9781483172026
Both topics
See also
List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
List of textbooks in electromagnetism
List of books on general relativity
Teaching quantum mechanics
External links
A Physics Book List. John Baez. Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside. 1993–1997.
Textbooks
Lists of science textbooks
Mathematics-related lists
Physics-related lists
Textbooks | List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics | [
"Physics"
] | 238 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Works about quantum mechanics"
] |
61,277,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium%20pentafluoride | Rhodium pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula Rh4F20. It is a red solid. It is prepared by fluorination of rhodium trifluoride at 400 °C.
According to X-ray crystallography, the Rh centers are octahedral. The structure is very similar to that of the related ruthenium pentafluoride, osmium pentafluoride, and iridium pentafluoride. All are tetrameric, meaning that they have the molecular structure [MF5]4. The M-F distances for the bridging fluoride ligands are typically about 0.2 Å longer than the Rh-F distances for the nonbridging fluoride ligands. In the case of rhodium pentafluoride, these distances average 1.999(4) and 1.808(8) Å. The Rh-F-Rh angles average 135°, which leads to a ruffled structure. In contrast, the M-F-M centers are linear in the pentafluorides of niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten.
References
Rhodium compounds
Fluorides
Platinum group halides | Rhodium pentafluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 269 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
61,277,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone%20heptanoate%20benzilic%20acid%20hydrazone | Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone (OHPHBH), also known as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-heptanoate 3-benzilic acid hydrazone, is a progestin medication which was never marketed. It is the C3 benzilic acid hydrazone of hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (OHPH). The medication has a longer duration of action than OHPH when administered by subcutaneous injection in animals.
See also
Testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone
List of progestogen esters § Esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives
References
Abandoned drugs
Benzilic acid hydrazone esters
Enanthate esters
Esters
Hydrazones
Pregnanes
Progestogen esters
Progestogens | Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 180 | [
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Organic compounds",
"Hydrazones",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
61,279,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse%20Gas%20Pollution%20Pricing%20Act | The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act () is a Canadian federal law establishing a set of minimum national standards for carbon pricing in Canada to meet emission reduction targets under the Paris Agreement. It was passed as Part 5 of the Budget Implementation Act, 2018, No. 1 – an omnibus budget bill – during the 42nd Parliament of Canada. The law came into force immediately upon receiving royal assent on June 21, 2018.
On March 25, 2021, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the 2019 appeal of the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and Saskatchewan and ruled in Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act that the GHGPPA was constitutional. Commentators had varying reactions to who the ruling benefited most politically, with some stating that it represented a blow to the group of conservative premiers that made opposition to carbon pricing a central aspect of their policies.
Provisions
The legislation aims to put a price on all greenhouse gases that play a significant role in trapping heat in the atmosphere through binding "minimum national standards" on the federal government and all of the provinces and territories of Canada. The standards on pricing are divided into two parts: a regulatory charge on carbon-based fuels and an output-based emissions trading system for polluting industries.
The GHGPPA requires that all provincial and territorial governments establish a pollution pricing scheme that meets the national minimum price per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent and established emission caps under the act. A federally-managed backstop system under GHGPPA applies in provinces or territories that do not have a system that meets the criteria or if the province or territory request the federal system be used. , five provinces and two territories are under the federal pricing system for one or both aspects of pollution pricing. The provinces of Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan are under both the federal fuel charge and industrial emissions trading system; the territories of Yukon and Nunavut are voluntarily under both systems; and Prince Edward Island is voluntarily under the federal pricing system for industrial emissions trading only. Following the repeal of Alberta's provincial fuel levy on May 30, 2019, the federal fuel charge system will be applied to Alberta beginning January 1, 2020.
All funds collected under the federal system are returned to the province or territory where they are collected. In cases where the provincial or territorial government requested to be part of the federal system, such as Yukon (fuel charge and emissions trading) or Prince Edward Island (emissions trading only), the funds are remitted to the government of that province or territory. Residents of provinces and territories that are under the federal system due to not implementing a pollution pricing system, such as Ontario and New Brunswick, receive their share of the collected charges directly as a tax-free Climate Action Incentive Payment paid out four times per year (until 2022 the CAI was a refundable tax credit on the federal income tax for residents of these provinces instead). Approximately ten percent of the money collected from these "backstop provinces" is separately distributed by the federal government for environmental initiatives in those provinces, such as green retrofits of public schools.
Constitutional challenges
The provisions of the GHGPPA were opposed by the governments of Saskatchewan and Ontario, and challenged in provincial courts. They were joined in their legal challenges by several others. For example, under Premier Blaine Higgs, the New Brunswick Attorney General submitted his intention to intervene in Saskatchewan's court challenge of the federal government's carbon pricing plan.
Saskatchewan
On May 3, 2019, the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan ruled in favour of the federal government in a 155-page 3–2 split decision that concluded that, "The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act is not unconstitutional either in whole or in part." The federal government argued successfully that the Act was a legitimate exercise of Parliament’s "Peace, Order, and good Government" (POGG) power. Moe said he would bring the case before the Supreme Court of Canada.
On May 31, 2019, Premier Scott Moe filed his appeal of the Saskatchewan decision to the Supreme Court of Canada. He hopes the case will be heard in the fall of 2019.
Ontario
Following the election of a Progressive Conservative Party government under Doug Ford in the 2018 Ontario general election, Ontario cancelled its participation in the Western Climate Initiative cap-and-trade system. For this reason, the province was deemed non-compliant with the minimum national standards set by the GHGPPA and both backstop federal pricing systems were implemented for Ontario on April 1, 2019.
Ontario's Environment Minister Rod Phillips and Attorney General Caroline Mulroney announced a $30 million plan on August 2, 2018, to challenge the constitutionality of the GHGPPA in the Court of Appeal for Ontario. The court challenge was opposed by all three of the province's opposition parties. Eighteen parties were granted intervenor status. Intervenors supporting the Ontario government's challenge included the conservative Canadian Taxpayers Federation and Alberta's United Conservative Party (at the time forming Alberta's Official Opposition), while the Assembly of First Nations and environmentalist groups like the David Suzuki Foundation were among the intervenors supporting the GHGPPA's constitutionality.
The Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled by a four to one margin on June 28, 2019, that the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act was constitutional. Specifically, writing for the majority, Chief Justice George Strathy ruled that the law was within federal jurisdiction "to legislate in relation to matters of 'national concern' under the 'Peace, Order, and good Government' clause of s. 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867."
Justice Grant Huscroft wrote in his dissenting opinion that the decision of the majority could have repercussions to the existing division of powers between the provinces and the federal government. He noted: "federalism is no constitutional nicety; it is a defining feature of the Canadian constitutional order that governs the way in which even the most serious problems must be addressed" and "in effect, [the federal government] has asked the court to sanction a change to the constitutional order – to increase Parliament's lawmaking authority while diminishing that of the provincial legislatures, and to do so on a permanent basis." Huscroft's dissent was described as "traditionalist" in its view of the division of powers and compared to Gérard La Forest, a former puis-ne on the Supreme Court of Canada, by former Attorney-General Peter MacKay.
The Ontario government filed an appeal of the decision with the Supreme Court of Canada on August 28, 2019.
Supreme Court of Canada
On March 25, 2021, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act is constitutional.
See also
R v Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 401
Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976]
Notes
References
2018 establishments in Canada
2018 in Canadian law
2018 in the environment
42nd Canadian Parliament
Environmental tax
Carbon finance
Carbon pricing in Canada
Climate change in Canada
Emissions reduction
Emissions trading
Environmental law in Canada
Taxation in Canada
Omnibus legislation | Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,411 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Emissions reduction"
] |
61,280,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten%20pentafluoride | Tungsten(V) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula WF5. It is a hygroscopic yellow solid. Like most pentafluorides, it adopts a tetrameric structure, consisting of [WF5]4 molecules. In this way, each W center achieves octahedral coordination.
Production
Tungsten(V) fluoride is produced by the reaction of tungsten and tungsten hexafluoride:
W + 5 WF6 → 6 WF5
At room temperature, it disproportionates to the tetra- and hexafluoride:
2 WF5 → WF4 + WF6
References
Tungsten halides
Fluorides
Tungsten(V) compounds | Tungsten pentafluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 161 | [
"Salts",
"Fluorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
61,280,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium%20pentafluoride | Osmium pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula OsF5. It is a blue-green solid. Like the pentafluorides of Ru, Rh, and Ir, OsF5 exists as a tetramer in the solid state.
Preparation
Osmium pentafluoride can be prepared by reduction of osmium hexafluoride with iodine as a solution in iodine pentafluoride:
10 OsF6 + I2 → 10 OsF5 + 2 IF5
References
Osmium compounds
Fluorides
Platinum group halides | Osmium pentafluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 122 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
61,282,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20of%20the%20Wild%20Horses | Return of the Wild Horses is an in-situ conservation project organized by Prague Zoo. Its aim is to increase the numbers and genetic diversity of Przewalski's horses in their native habitat in Mongolia. Resuming previous similar European projects, Return of the Wild Horses transports and reintroduces captive-bred wild horses into large nature reserves in Mongolia, the project also provides material support to Mongolian rangers who protect and monitor the herds in Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area. Through yearly transports of horses from the Czech Republic starting in 2011, Zoo Prague managed to increase the population of wild horses in Khomyn Tal by 34 animals.
Development of the project
Prague Zoo manages the international Przewalski's horse studbook since 1959, in 1997 it joined the reintroduction efforts in Mongolia, contributing four of its horses to Takhin Tal Nature Reserve and Khustain Nuruu National Park. Prague Zoo exhibits and breeds horses in Prague and keeps a core herd in its Przewalski's Horse Breeding and Acclimatization Facility in Dolní Dobřejov (Střezimíř municipality).
The management office of Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area was opened in 2006 and began cooperating with Prague Zoo, who continues to provide important material and technical support to park management and guards such as satellite phones, GPS navigation, microscopes, binoculars, off-road cars, motorcycles, guardhouses, hay barns, diesel generator and a well. In 2007, Prague Zoo joined the International Takhi Group.
The horses suitable for release are selected and transported from European zoos as well as from the core herd in Dobřejov. Once a year four of these are loaded in boxes, taken by car to airport, lifted by Czech Army cargo plane to Mongolia, then travel to their destination on lorries. After some time spent in acclimatization pen, they are released into the wild. The project is supported by Czech Army, Czech Development Agency, Czech and Mongolian embassies, public donations and proceeds from Prague Zoo ticket sales.
Yearly transports of horses
The first four Przewalski's horses were transported to Khomyn Tal in 2011.
All following transports have been headed to Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area. The total number of reintroduced horses from Czech Republic so far is 34. Four more horses were transported by Prague Zoo within Mongolia during the eighth Return of the Wild Horses, from Khustain Nuruu National Park near Ulaanbaatar to Takhin Tal Nature Reserve in Gobi B.
Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area is now home to more than 270 Przewalski's horses, the transported horses have formed or joined the local herds and reproduce successfully.
See also
Wildlife conservation
Reintroduction
in-situ conservation
References
External links
Documentary Návrat divokých koní 2011 at the website of Česká televize, in Czech
Documentary Návrat divokých koní 2012 at youtube.com
Return of the Wild Horses website of Tierpark Berlin
Zoos in the Czech Republic
Conservation projects
Wildlife conservation
Animal reintroduction
Fauna of East Asia
Nature conservation in Mongolia | Return of the Wild Horses | [
"Biology"
] | 636 | [
"Wildlife conservation",
"Biodiversity"
] |
61,284,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Ecosystem%20Assessment%20for%20the%20Southern%20Ocean | The Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (MEASO) is a collaborative initiative launched in 2018, involving more than 200 scientists from 19 countries, with diverse representation, striving to comprehensively evaluate the status and changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems and the underlying factors driving these transformations. MEASO is a key component of the Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) program, which falls under the umbrella of Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBER), jointly operated by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and Future Earth. It is also supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). The MEASO initiative serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, scientists, and the general public interested in the Southern Ocean's ecological well-being and its ever-changing dynamics.
Aims
MEASO aims to comprehensively evaluate the status and changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems and the underlying factors driving these transformations. It does not give specific scientific requirements for year to year management, but long-term assessments, and continues previous works such as the Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean.
MEASO 2018
MEASO 2018 was an international conference held in Hobart in early April 2018, which included a day-long policy forum. Background to the conference, including the program and abstracts, can be found on the www.MEASO2018.aq conference web site. The conference was supported by Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) ICED and CLIOTOP, Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, and the Australian Antarctic Program to share science, enhance community input into design and planning of the MEASO, and to develop a work plan.
175 people attended from 23 countries, including scientists, policy-makers, fishing industry, and environmental NGOs. The conference was focused on four themes: (i) assessments of parts of the ecosystem; (ii) responses of biota to changing environments; (iii) methods for modelling habitats, species and food webs; (iv) design of observing systems to measure change in the ecosystem. The day-long policy forum discussed how to better link scientists, policy makers, industry and environmental NGOs and the public at large.
MEASO 2019
A MEASO workshop was held at the World Wide Fund for Nature British headquarters in Woking, UK from the 3–7 June 2019. It focused on planning the delivery of the first MEASO for 2020. This workshop was attended by 30 international scientists including scientists from 12 countries and 7 early career scientists.
First Assessment
The first Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean was a five-year inclusive international program, modelled on a working group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It involved 203 scientists from across the Antarctic and Southern Ocean scientific community (19 countries, 51% female, 30% early career), contributing to 24 research articles published in a special research topic in Frontiers Media journals.
A MEASO summary for policymakers was developed by members of the MEASO Steering Committee and the lead authors of the core papers as a synthesis of key findings from papers in the Research Topic, in plain language and developed for policy- and decision-makers in managing Southern Ocean ecosystems. Infographics from the original papers were adapted and presented as part of the summary for policymakers. The text of the key findings was translated into Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish to increase accessibility.
References
External links
Southern Ocean
Regional effects of climate change
Aquatic ecology | Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean | [
"Biology"
] | 721 | [
"Aquatic ecology",
"Ecosystems"
] |
61,285,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternatin | "Ternatin" is a term used for two unrelated categories of biochemical compounds:
The ternatin heptapeptide derived from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor
Delphinidin ternatins derivatives of delphinidin, an anthocyanidin
Biochemistry terminology | Ternatin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 62 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemistry terminology"
] |
56,481,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20support%20structures | The vaginal support structures are those muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, membranes and fascia, of the pelvic floor that maintain the position of the vagina within the pelvic cavity and allow the normal functioning of the vagina and other reproductive structures in the female. Defects or injuries to these support structures in the pelvic floor leads to pelvic organ prolapse. Anatomical and congenital variations of vaginal support structures can predispose a woman to further dysfunction and prolapse later in life. The urethra is part of the anterior wall of the vagina and damage to the support structures there can lead to incontinence and urinary retention.
Pelvic bones
The support for the vagina is provided by muscles, membranes, tendons and ligaments. These structures are attached to the hip bones. These bones are the pubis, ilium and ischium. The interior surface of these pelvic bones and their projections and contours are used as attachment sites for the fascia, muscles, tendons and ligaments that support the vagina. These bones are then fuse and attach to the sacrum behind the vagina and anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. Supporting ligaments include the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments. The sacrospinous ligament is unusual in that it is thin and triangular.
Pelvic diaphragm
The muscular pelvic diaphragm is composed of the bilateral levator ani and coccygeus muscles and these attach to the inner pelvic surface. The iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus make up the levator ani muscle. The muscles pass behind the rectum. The levator ani surrounds the opening which the urethra, rectum and vagina pass. The pubococcygeus muscle is subdivided into the pubourethralis, pubovaginal muscle and the puborectalis muscle. The names describe the attachments of the muscles to the urethra, vagina, anus, and rectum. The names are also called the pubourethralis, pubovaginalis, puboanalis, and puborectalis muscles and sometimes the pubovisceralis since it attaches to the viscera.
Urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)
The urogenital diaphragm, or perineal membrane, is present over the anterior pelvic outlet below the pelvic diaphragm. The exact structure description is controversial. Despite the controversy, MRI imaging studies support the existence of the structure.
Superficial and inferior muscles of the perineum (urogenital diaphragm):
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perinei
The perineum attaches across the gap between the inferior pubic rami bilaterally and the perineal body. This grouping of muscles constricts to close the urogenital openings. The perineum supports and functions as a sphincter at the opening of the vagina. Other structures exist below the perineum that support the anus.
Perineal body
The perineal body is a pyramidal structure of muscle and connective tissue and part of it is located between the anus and vagina. It is a tendon that is formed at the point where the bulbospongiosus muscle, superficial transverse perineal muscle, and external anal sphincter muscle converge to form this major supportive structure of the pelvis and vagina. Below this, muscles and their fascia converge and become part of the perineal body. The lower vagina is attached to the perineal body by attachments from the pubococcygeus, perineal muscles, and the anal sphincter. The perineal body is made up of smooth muscle, elastic connective tissue fibers, and nerve endings. Above the perineal body are the vagina and the uterus. Damage and resulting weakness of the perineal body changes the length of the vagina and predisposes it to rectocele and enterocele.
Endopelvic fascia and connective tissue
The vagina is attached to the pelvic walls by endopelvic fascia. The peritoneum is the external layer of skin that covers the fascia. This tissue provides additional support to the pelvic floor. The endopelvic fascia is one continuous sheet of tissue and varies in thickness. It permits some shifting of the pelvic structures. The fascia contains elastic collagen fibers in a 'mesh-like' structure. The fascia also contains fibroblasts, smooth muscle, and vascular vessels. The cardinal ligament supports the apex of the vagina and derives some of its strength from vascular tissue. The endopelvic fascia attaches to the lateral pelvic wall via the arcus tendineus.
Anterior vaginal support
Not all agree to the amount of supportive tissue or fascia exists in the anterior vaginal wall. The major point of contention is whether the vaginal fascial layer exists. Some texts do not describe a fascial layer. Other sources state that the fascia is present under the urethra which is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall. Despite disagreement, the urethra is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall.
Lateral and mid support structures
The midsection of the vagina is supported by its lateral attachments to the arcus tendineus. Some describe the pubocervical fascia as extending from the pubic symphysis to the anterior vaginal wall and cervix. Anatomists do not agree on its existence.
Complications
Vaginal support structures can be damaged or weakened during childbirth or pelvic surgery. Other conditions that repeatedly strain or increase pressure in the pelvic area can also compromise support. Examples are:
chronic constipation
chronic or violent coughing
heavy lifting
being overweight or obese
See also
Bone terminology
Anatomical terms of location
Ilium (bone)
Human anatomical terms
Pelvic organ prolapse
References
External links
Vagina, Anatomical Atlases, an Anatomical Digital Library (2018)
Human female reproductive system
Women and sexuality
Women's health
Anatomy
Gynaecology | Vaginal support structures | [
"Biology"
] | 1,309 | [
"Anatomy"
] |
56,482,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Jamie%20Lewis | Sarah Jamie Lewis is an anonymity and privacy researcher with published research in the fields of deanonymization and e-voting. In 2019, Lewis in collaboration with researchers from the University of Melbourne and UCLouvain published details of critical vulnerabilities impacting electronic voting systems in Switzerland and Australia.
Lewis has also researched the privacy protocols (or lack thereof) of sex toys. She has been cited in academic research regarding their security. She believes there is a lack of legal framework related to the field of onion dildonics, stating that "We are currently sprinting into this world of connected sex toys and connected sex tech without regards to what consent, privacy, or security means in that context..." and recommending "100% encrypted peer-to-peer cyber sex over Tor hidden services." More generally, due to the litigious environment in which computer security researchers operate, she has opted to build bespoke secure systems rather than fix broken systems.
In 2017, Lewis edited a collection of essays entitled Queer Privacy, focussing on the effects of technology on marginalised communities; she describes herself as a "Vegan Lesbian, Queer Anarchist" and lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.
See also
Crypto-anarchism
Tor (anonymity network)
Dark web
Ricochet (software)
References
External links
The law isn’t ready for the internet of sexual assault: What happens when our most intimate devices get hacked?
Tricky tech questions: Is hacking a sex toy sexual assault?
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Canadian LGBTQ people
21st-century Canadian LGBTQ people
Anarchist writers
Canadian anarchists
Canadian lesbian writers
Canadian LGBTQ scientists
Canadian queer women
Canadian queer writers
Computer security specialists
Crypto-anarchists
InfoSec Twitter
Lesbian feminists
Lesbian scientists
Open source advocates
People in information technology
Privacy activists
Queer feminists
Women in computing
Women in Vancouver
Women technology writers
Writers from Vancouver | Sarah Jamie Lewis | [
"Technology"
] | 393 | [
"People in information technology",
"Information technology"
] |
56,484,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202326 | NGC 2326 is a barred spiral galaxy in the Lynx constellation. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 6062 ± 11km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . It was discovered by William Herschel on 9 February 1788. Its apparent magnitude is 14.3 and its size is 2.71 arc minutes. It is located near NGC 2326A.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC2326 as a radio galaxy, i.e. it has giant regions of radio emission extending well beyond its visible structure.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 2326. SN 2023pgb (type II, mag. 17.4) was discovered on 12 August 2023 by the Zwicky Transient Facility.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
Barred spiral galaxies
020218
2326
03681
Lynx (constellation)
18260906
Discoveries by William Herschel
+08-13-062
F07043+5045
Radio galaxies | NGC 2326 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 208 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
56,485,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLnet%20Labs | NLnet Labs is a Dutch network research laboratory in Amsterdam, founded in 1999 by the board members of NLnet. NLNet Labs develops DNS-related software, such as NSD, Unbound, OpenDNSSEC and getDNS.
History
NLnet Labs originated from the NLnet Foundation. NLnet's core business is to support independent organisations and people that contribute to an open information society. For long term research projects, NLnet Labs was founded in 1999 by the board members of NLnet and Ted Lindgreen. One of the first activities was creating an implementation for DNSSEC. In 2001 the RIPE NCC asked NLnet Labs to write a DNS implementation geared especially to rootservers, but not containing any code of existing software. This marked the start of the development of NSD, the authoritative nameserver package.
Other major projects include a validating caching resolver Unbound, and the OpenDNSSEC project.
On 19 April 2023, NLnet Labs and the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) sent a joint letter to the European Parliament committee working on the EU Cyber Resilience Act. The letter is a plea for fairness for non-profit developers of open-source software, because the Act mostly focuses on those who supply products in a business related context, while according to the two organisations the non-profit distribution of open source internet infrastructure software should not be regarded as a "commercial activity".
External links
References
Research institutes in the Netherlands | NLnet Labs | [
"Technology"
] | 307 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
56,487,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology%20and%20Histopathology | Histology and Histopathology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal publishing original and review articles in the fields of histology and histopathology. It was established in 1986 and is published by the University of Murcia in Spain. The editors-in-chief are Francisco Hernández and Juan F. Madrid (University of Murcia). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.025.
References
External links
Histopathology
Pathology journals
Anatomy journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Quarterly journals
University of Murcia
English-language journals | Histology and Histopathology | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
56,488,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU%20Ursae%20Majoris | SU Ursae Majoris, or SU UMa, is a close binary star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major. It is a periodic cataclysmic variable that varies in magnitude from a peak of 10.8 down to a base of 14.96. The distance to this system, as determined from its annual parallax shift of , is 719 light-years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +27 km/s.
The variable nature of this star was discovered at the Moscow Observatory by Lidiya Tseraskaya (L. Ceraski) in 1908. It was classified as a U Geminorum-type variable, or dwarf nova. Observation since 1926 showed that this variable undergoes two different types of eruptions: a short maxima lasting around two days that ranged in brightness between 11.6–12.9 magnitude, and a longer maxima extending for 13 days that ranged between 10.4–11.8 magnitude. The later event came to be referred to as 'supermaxima'. Similar dwarf novae of this class have since been discovered, and SU UMa is now the prototype for this sub-category of variable stars.
This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of . It consists of a white dwarf star that is acquiring matter from its close companion via an accretion disk. This disk is unstable and undergoes periodic outbursts which increase the luminosity of the system. For SU UMa, the accretion rate from the companion is . X-ray emission has been detected in the vicinity of the white dwarf, which drops by a factor of four during outbursts. This emission is theorized to come from the boundary layer between the white dwarf and its accretion disk.
See also
Superhump
References
Further reading
White dwarfs
Dwarf novae
Spectroscopic binaries
Ursa Major
Ursae Majoris, SU
J08122826+6236224 | SU Ursae Majoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 412 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
56,488,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20%28book%29 | Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story is a 2017 book by science journalist Angela Saini. The book discusses the effect of sexism on scientific research, and how that sexism influences social beliefs.
Inferior was launched in June 2017 at the Royal Academy of Engineering. The book was published by Beacon Press in the United States and Fourth Estate Books in the United Kingdom.
Reception
According to journalist Chantal Da Silva of The Independent, Angela Saini "paints a disturbing picture of just how deeply sexist notions have been woven into the fabric of scientific research" and concluded that her work "presents the rest of the scientific community with an important challenge: to acknowledge and correct a deep-rooted bias – and to help rewrite the role of women in the story of human evolution".
Science journalist Nicola Davis writing for The Guardian stated that Saini "discovers that many of society’s traditional beliefs about women are built on shaky ground" and that "Saini’s scrutiny of the stereotype of men as hunters, leaving women to tend hearth and home, is eye-opening".
Journalist Anjana Vaswani in the Ahmedabad Mirror wrote that Saini "exposes Charles Darwin's prejudices and how his views on a woman's place in society tinted, or rather tainted, his theories."
In a review by Chemistry World, journalist Jennifer Newton wrote that "Saini’s narrative is sharp, engaging and admirably tempered" "I cannot recommend it highly enough".
A month after its release, Inferior was recommended by Scientific American. It was a finalist in the Goodreads Choice Awards for "Best Science and Technology" in 2017 but ultimately lost to Astrophysics for People in a Hurry. Inferior was chosen as the Physics World "Book of the Year" for 2017 by the editor Tushna Commissariat who called it "[i]ntrepid, detailed [and] upbeat".
Egyptologist Julien Delhez, writing for the journal Evolution, Mind and Behaviour in 2019, criticized Inferior for being "imprecise", "hazy", stating that "[w]hile researchers often benefit from listening to those who disagree with them, innuendos and vague claims such as these will certainly not help". He also wrote that the book creates confusion that could potentially "seriously deteriorate the dialogue between the public and the scientific community", unless "evolutionary psychologists, personality researchers, and intelligence researchers take the time to respond to such critics [i.e. Saini]".
Psychologist Felipe Carvalho Novaes in the Portuguese journal Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho, wrote that the book was well-written, but that it suffers from excessive biases and several contradictions. Novaes also recommended reading other books, such as The Sexual Paradox, so the reader could get different perspectives on the subject.
After the release of Inferior, Angela Saini was invited to speak at universities and schools around the country, in what became a "scientific feminist book tour".
References
Further reading
2017 non-fiction books
Books about science
Women in science and technology
Books about women
Fourth Estate books
Beacon Press books | Inferior (book) | [
"Technology"
] | 652 | [
"Women in science and technology"
] |
56,489,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy%20Marmot | Stormy Marmot is a yellow-bellied marmot of the Rocky Mountain region, living in Aurora, Colorado. Every February 2, on Groundhog Day, Stormy makes a prediction for the remainder of winter.
History
Stormy is a yellow-bellied marmot, a member of the squirrel family. He is one of the few famous groundhogs west of the Mississippi. Stormy is trotted out once a year to check for his shadow and make a weather prediction.
Concrete Driveway in Colorado claims to rely on Stormy's forecasts to prepare their fleet.
Punxsutawney Phil loyalists have been known to disparage Stormy.
Flatiron Freddy also represents Groundhog Day prognostication in Colorado. He makes his home at Chautauqua Park in Boulder, CO.
Past predictions
Accuracy
Statistical analysis of groundhog predictions show that Stormy Marmot and Poor Richard (a groundhog based in York, Pennsylvania) have the best correlation to observed weather trends. "When Stormy Marmot predicts an early spring, we can expect March to be on average 6 °F warmer, and April to be 2.5 °F warmer. When Poor Richard predicts an early spring, we can expect February to be 4 °F warmer and March to be 8 °F warmer." Dover Doug, a groundhog from Dover, Pennsylvania, was also noted for having a strong correlation between the sign of his shadow and the arrival of spring conditions.
According to analysis by FiveThirtyEight, Stormy has a 70% prediction accuracy in his own region, tied by General Beauregard Lee for the southeast and beaten only by Snohomish Slew, a bullfrog in the northwest, who has an 80% accuracy. Punxsutawney Phil only scored 50% for his region, the northeast.
References
External links
Stormy Marmot's website
Stormy Marmot's blog
February observances
Public holidays in the United States
Colorado culture
Weather lore
Individual groundhogs
Holiday characters
Oracular animals
Groundhog Day | Stormy Marmot | [
"Physics"
] | 408 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather lore"
] |
56,489,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206045 | NGC 6045 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 450 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules. NGC 6045 was discovered by astronomer Lewis Swift on June 27, 1886 and is a member of the Hercules Cluster. It is also a LINER galaxy.
Possible interaction
NGC 6045 is very luminous in both X-ray and infrared light. This high luminosity in both X-ray and infrared has been suggested to be the result of a starburst event in the galaxy. It is thought that starburst events are caused by interactions or mergers with other galaxies. Also, NGC 6045 has a warped disk which may be due to an interaction with the elliptical galaxy NGC 6047 which lies around ~ from the galaxy.
See also
List of NGC objects (6001–7000)
Messier 82
NGC 6872
References
External links
LINER galaxies
Hercules (constellation)
Interacting galaxies
Barred spiral galaxies
6045
10177
057031
+03-41-088
71
Astronomical objects discovered in 1886
Hercules Cluster
Starburst galaxies | NGC 6045 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 209 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
56,490,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20BioGenome%20Project | The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an initiative that aims to sequence and catalog the genomes of all of Earth's currently described eukaryotic species over a period of ten years. The initiative would produce an open DNA database of biological information that provides a platform for scientific research and supports environmental and conservation initiatives. A scientific paper presenting the vision for the project was published in PNAS in April 2018, and the project officially launched November 1, 2018.
The initiative was inspired by Human Genome Project, and emerged during November 2015 meeting between Harris Lewin (UCD), Gene E. Robinson (IGB) and W. John Kress (Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History). In February 2017, at major conference on genomics and biodiversity organized by the Smithsonian Institution and BGI in Washington, D.C. was supported project's 10-year plan and organizational structure.
Summary
The project is projected to cost US$4.7 billion. It includes already ongoing projects such as i5K (insects), B10K (birds), 10KP (plants), and the Darwin Tree of Life, which aim to sequence the estimated 66,000 eukaryotic species in the United Kingdom. The project is aiming to sequence and annotate the roughly 1.5 million known eukaryotic species in three phases, with first to create "annotated chromosome-scale reference assemblies for at least one representative species of each of the ~9,000 eukaryotic taxonomic families".
According to PNAS paper, several sequencing centers are supporting the project, including BGI (China), Baylor College of Medicine (USA), Wellcome Sanger Institute (UK), Rockefeller University (US), with an additional center to be established for the project in South America by São Paulo Research Foundation. As for bio-observatories which use genomics, examples which meet the project needs are National Ecological Observatory Network, Chinese Ecological Research Network, ForestGEO, and MarineGEO. To provide insight into the feasibility and technical requirements for "planetary scale" projects such as this, the 10,000 Plant Genome Project has published a pilot "Digitalization of Ruili Botanical Garden" project sampling and sequencing 761 vascular plant specimens growing in a Botanical Garden in South West China.
See also
Computational genomics
List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
Earth Microbiome Project
1000 Plant Genomes Project
100,000 Genomes Project
Human Genome Project
All Species Foundation
Encyclopedia of Life
Wellcome Sanger Institute
References
External links
Earth BioGenome Project Website
The Insect 5,000 Genomes (i5k) Project Website
The Bird 10,000 Genomes (B10K) Project Website
The Darwin Tree of Life Website
The European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) Website
Genome projects
Biobank organizations | Earth BioGenome Project | [
"Biology"
] | 582 | [
"Genome projects"
] |
62,534,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20structure | The local structure is a term in nuclear spectroscopy that refers to the structure of the nearest neighbours around an atom in crystals and molecules. E.g. in crystals the atoms order in a regular fashion on wide ranges to form even gigantic highly ordered crystals (Naica Mine). However, in reality, crystals are never perfect and have impurities or defects, which means that a foreign atom resides on a lattice site or in between lattice sites (interstitials). These small defects and impurities cannot be seen by methods such as X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction, because these methods average in their nature of measurement over a large number of atoms and thus are insensitive to effects in local structure. Methods in nuclear spectroscopy use specific nuclei as probe. The nucleus of an atom is about 10,000 to 150,000 times smaller than the atom itself. It experiences the electric fields created by the atom's electrons that surround the nucleus. In addition, the electric fields created by neighbouring atoms also influence the fields that the nucleus experiences. The interactions between the nucleus and these fields are called hyperfine interactions that influence the nucleus' properties. The nucleus therefore becomes very sensitive to small changes in its hyperfine structure, which can be measured by methods of nuclear spectroscopy, such as e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and perturbed angular correlation.
With the same methods, the local magnetic fields in a crystal structure can also be probed and provide a magnetic local structure. This is of great importance for the understanding of defects in magnetic materials, which have wide range of applications such as modern magnetic materials or the giant magnetoresistance effect, that is used in materials in the reader heads of harddrives.
Research of the local structure of materials has become an important tool for the understanding of properties especially in functional materials, such as used in electronics, chips, batteries, semiconductors, or solar cells. Many of those materials are defect materials and their specific properties are controlled by defects.
References
Electrostatics
Atomic physics
Quantum chemistry
Electric and magnetic fields in matter | Local structure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 424 | [
"Quantum chemistry stubs",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
" and ... |
62,534,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolymer%20complexes | Interpolymer complexes (IPC) are the products of non-covalent interactions between complementary unlike macromolecules in solutions. There are four types of these complexes:
Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC)
Hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes
Stereocomplexes
Charge-transfer complexes
Formation of interpolymer complexes
Interpolymer complexes can be prepared either by mixing complementary polymers in solutions or by matrix (template) polymerisation. It is also possible to prepare IPCs at liquid-liquid interfaces or at solid or soft surfaces. Usually the structure of IPCs formed will depend on many factors, including the nature of interacting polymers, concentrations of their solutions, nature of solvent and presence of inorganic ions or organic molecules in solutions. Mixing of dilute polymer solutions usually leads to formation of IPCs as a colloidal dispersion, whereas more concentrated polymer solutions form IPCs in the form of a gel.
Methods to study interpolymer complexes
Methods to study interpolymer complexes could be classified into:
(1) approaches to demonstrate the fact of the complex formation and to determine the composition of IPCs in solutions;
(2) approaches to study the structure of IPCs formed;
(3) methods to characterize IPCs in solid state.
Applications of interpolymer complexes
IPCs are finding applications in pharmaceutics in the design of novel dosage forms. They also are increasingly used to form various coatings using layer-by-layer deposition approach. Some IPCs were proposed for application as membranes and films. They also have been used for structuring of soils to protect from erosion. Other applications include encapsulation technologies.
References
Polymer chemistry | Interpolymer complexes | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 361 | [
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
62,534,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-rich%20meteorites | Gas-rich meteorites are meteorites with high levels of primordial gases, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and sometimes other elements. Though these gases are present "in virtually all meteorites," the Fayetteville meteorite has ~2,000,000 x10−8 ccSTP/g helium, or ~2% helium by volume equivalent. In comparison, background level is a few ppm.
The identification of gas-rich meteorites is based on the presence of light noble gases in large amounts, at levels which cannot be explained without involving an additional component over and above the well-known noble gas components that are present in all meteorites.
History
William Ramsay was the first to report helium in an iron meteorite, in 1895- not long after its first Earth sample, instead of via Solar observation.
The use of decay products to date meteorites was suggested by Bauer in 1947, and explicitly published by Gerling and Pavlova in 1951. However, this soon resulted in wildly varying ages; it was realized excess helium (including helium-3, rare on Earth) was generated by radiation, too.
The first explicit publication of a gas-rich meteorite was Staroe Pesyanoe (often shortened to Pesyanoe), by Gerling and Levskii in 1956. In family with the later Fayetteville, Pesyanoe's helium level is ~1 million x10−8 ccSTP/g.
Reynolds' publication of a "general Xe anomaly", including 129I decay products and more, touched off the subfield of xenology, continuing to today.
The first publication of presolar grains in the 1980s was precipitated by workers searching for noble gases; PSGs were not simply checked via their gas contents.
Lines of inquiry
As unreactive components, they are tracers of processes throughout and predating the Solar System:
Material age can be determined by relative exposure to direct solar and cosmic radiation (by cosmic ray tracks), and indirect creation of resultant nuclides. This includes Ar-Ar dating, I-Xe dating, and U to its various decay products including helium.
The parent body of a meteorite can be traced in part via comparison of trace elements. That meteorites are fragments of asteroids, and conditions on such asteroids, were partially deduced from gas evidence.
This includes meteorite pairing, the re-association of meteorites which had split before recovery.
Meteorite, parent, and Solar System histories are indicated by tracer elements, including thermometry, a record of material temperature.
Presolar activity.
A supernova thought to have preceded the Solar System.
The history of the Sun. This record extends to billion-year timescales, back to "very early in the life of the Sun".
The history of cosmic ray fluence. Meteorites do not show significant variation of cosmic rays over time.
The Lost City Meteor was tracked, allowing an orbit determination back to the asteroid belt. Measurement of relatively short-half-life isotopes in the subsequent Lost City Meteorite then indicate radiation levels in that region of the Solar System.
Gas study
The field of meteoritic gases follows progress in analytical methods.
The first analyses were basic laboratory chemistry, such as acid dissolution. Various acids were necessary, due to mixtures of various soluble and insoluble minerals. Stepped etching gave higher levels of resolution and discrimination.
Pyrolysis was used, such as on highly acid resistant minerals. These two methods were alternately lauded and derided as "burning the haystack to find the needle."
Meteoritical studies have tracked the progress of mass spectrometry, a continual and rapid progression comparable to or greater than Moore's Law.
More recently, laser extraction
Meteorites
This meteoritics-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Interplanetary dust, like c-chondrites and enstatites, contain hosts for these gases and often measurable gas contents. So too do a fraction of micrometeorites.
Gas
Gas components were first named by descriptors, then letter codes; the letter taxonomy "has become increasingly complicated and confusing with time."
By Element and Isotope
Primordial/trapped
36A 132Xe
Solar wind/solar flare
4He 20Ne 36Ar
Cosmic ray/spallogenic
3He 83Kr 126Xe
Radiogenic/fissile
3He 36Ar 40Ar 129Xe 132Xe 134Xe 136Xe 128Xe
By Component
Planetary
"Planetary" gases (P, Q, P1) are depleted in light elements (He, Ne) compared to solar abundances (see below), or conversely, enriched in Kr, Xe. This name originally implied an origin, the gas blend observed in terrestrial planets. Scientists wished to stop implying this, but the habit was retained.
Solar, subsolar
This gas component corresponds to the solar wind. Solar flare gas can be distinguished by its greater depth, and a slightly variant composition. "Subsolar" is intermediary between solar and planetary.
E
"Exotic" neon- aberrant 20Ne/22Ne values.
H
"Heavy" isotopes of xenon, primarily r-process isotopes, plus p-process. Thus, sometimes seen as "HL," anomalous heavy and light isotopes.
G
"Giant", after asymptotic giant branch (while A and B had been taken); contains their s-process isotopes.
See also
Activated carbon
Clathrate
Cryopump
Getter
Hydrogen embrittlement
Ion implantation
Molecular sieve and Molecular distillation
Outgassing
References
Handbook of Elemental Abundances in Meteorites, Mason, B. ed. 1970 Gordon and Breach New York Chapter 2: The Noble Gases, Heymann, D., p. 29
Mazor, E. Heymann, D. Anders, E. Noble gases in carbonaceous chondrites. 1970 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta vol. 34 p. 781-824
Goswami, J. Lal, D. Wilkening, L. Gas-Rich meteorites: Probes for particle environment and dynamical processes in the inner solar system 1983 Space Science Reviews vol. 37 p. 111-59
The Sun in Time, Sonett, C. Giampapa, M. Mathews, M. eds. 1991 University of Arizona Press Tucson
Ozima, M. Podosek, F. Noble Gases in Geochemistry, 2nd ed. 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Porcelli, D. Ballentine, C. Wieler, R. eds. 2002 Mineralogical Society of America Washington, DC
Treatise on Geochemistry vol.1 2003 1.14 Noble Gases, Podosek, F. p. 381-403
Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, Lauretta, D. McSween, H. eds. 2006 University of Arizona Press Tucson
Geochemical Perspectives Jul 2013 vol. 2 issue 2 Special issue, Noble Gas Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Earth's Volatiles ISSN 2223-7755
Meteorite types
Geophysics | Gas-rich meteorites | [
"Physics"
] | 1,493 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
62,535,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20M.%20Murray | Richard M. Murray is a synthetic biologist and Thomas E. and Doris Everhart Professor of Control & Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering at Caltech, California.
He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2013 for "contributions in control theory and networked control systems with applications to aerospace engineering, robotics, and autonomy".
Murray is a co-author of several textbooks on feedback and control systems, and helped to develop the Python Control Systems Library to provide operations for use in feedback control systems. He was a founding member of the Department of Defense's Defense Innovation Advisory Board as of 2016.
Education
Murray received a BS in electrical engineering from California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1985. He received a MS (1988) and PhD (1990) from the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Murray joined Caltech in 1991 as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering. He became an associate professor in 1997, a professor in 2000, and the Everhart Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems in 2006. He was named the Everhart Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering in 2009. He has served as Chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science (2000–2005) and Director of Information Science and Technology (2006–2009).
Research
Murray is a pioneer of the field of biological engineering, synthetic biology and control theory
including feedback in networked control systems, biomolecular feedback, engineered biological circuits, and novel architectures.
Murray is a founder and steering group member of the Build-a-Cell Initiative, an international collaboration investigating creation of synthetic live cells.
He is a co-founder of Tierra Biosciences, for cell-free synthetic biology.
Books
Awards and honors
2019, John R. Ragazzini Award
2017, IEEE Control Systems Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2013, National Academy of Engineering for "contributions in control theory and networked control systems with applications to aerospace engineering, robotics, and autonomy".
2007, honorary doctorate, Lund University
2005–2006, Richard P. Feynman Prize for Excellence in Teaching, Caltech
1997, Donald P. Eckman Award, American Automatic Control Council
1995, NSF Early Faculty Development Award
References
External links
Lab webpage
Control Theory and Methods - Richard Murray KISSCaltech lecture
History of robotics interview
Living people
Synthetic biologists
American bioengineers
California Institute of Technology faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Control engineering
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences | Richard M. Murray | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 515 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Control engineering",
"Synthetic biologists"
] |
62,535,948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20typhoid%20fever | In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are also frequently reported from sub-Saharan Africa and countries in Southeast Asia. In the United States, about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.
Historically, before the antibiotic era, the case fatality rate of typhoid fever was 10–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%. However, about 3–5% of individuals who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since S. e. subsp. enterica is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating the identification and treatment of the disease. Lately, the study of S. e. subsp. enterica associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the pathogen.
In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of cases. Developing nations, such as those found in parts of Asia and Africa, have the highest rates of typhoid fever. These areas have a lack of access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. For these areas, such access to basic public-health needs is not in the near future.
Ancient Greece and typhoid fever
In 430 BC, a plague killed one-third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. Following this disaster, the balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian dominance in the Greek ancient world. The ancient historian Thucydides also contracted the disease, but he recovered and wrote about the plague. His writings are the primary source of information on this outbreak, and modern academics and medical scientists consider typhoid fever the most likely cause. In 2006, a study detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever in dental pulp extracted from a burial pit dated to the time of the outbreak.
The cause of the plague has long been disputed and other scientists have disputed the findings, citing serious methodologic flaws in the dental pulp-derived DNA study. The disease is most commonly transmitted through poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions; during the period in question related to Athens above, the whole population of Attica was besieged within the Long Walls and lived in tents.
16th and 17th centuries
A pair of epidemics struck the Mexican highlands in 1545 and 1576, causing an estimated 7 to 17 million deaths. A study published in 2018 suggests that the cause was typhoid fever.
Some historians believe that the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, died out from typhoid. Typhoid fever killed more than 6,000 settlers in the New World between 1607 and 1624.
19th century
A long-held belief is that 9th US President William Henry Harrison died of pneumonia, but recent studies suggest he likely died from typhoid.
This disease may also have been a contributing factor in the death of 12th US President Zachary Taylor due to the unsanitary conditions in Washington, DC, in the mid-19th century.
During the American Civil War, 81,360 Union soldiers died of typhoid or dysentery, far more than died of battle wounds. In the late 19th century, the typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago averaged 65 per 100,000 people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 people.
During the Spanish–American War, American troops were exposed to typhoid fever in stateside training camps and overseas, largely due to inadequate sanitation systems. The Surgeon General of the Army, George Miller Sternberg, suggested that the War Department create a Typhoid Fever Board. Major Walter Reed, Edward O. Shakespeare, and Victor C. Vaughan were appointed August 18, 1898, with Reed being designated the president of the board. The Typhoid Board determined that during the war, more soldiers died from this disease than from yellow fever or from battle wounds. The board promoted sanitary measures including latrine policy, disinfection, camp relocation, and water sterilization, but by far the most successful antityphoid method was vaccination, which became compulsory in June 1911 for all federal troops.
20th century
In 1902, local government board inspector H Timbrell Bulstrode, led an investigation when guests at mayoral banquets in Southampton and Winchester, England, became ill and four died, including the Dean of Winchester, after consuming oysters. The infection was due to oysters sourced from Emsworth, where the oyster beds had been contaminated with raw sewage.
The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first carrier in the United States to be identified and traced. She was a cook in New York, who was closely associated with 53 cases and three deaths. Public-health authorities told Mary to give up working as a cook or have her gall bladder removed, as she had a chronic infection that kept her active as a carrier of the disease. Mary quit her job, but returned later under a false name. She was detained and quarantined after another typhoid outbreak. She died of pneumonia in 1938, after 26 years in quarantine.
A well-publicised outbreak occurred in Croydon, Surrey, now part of London, in 1937. It resulted in 341 cases of typhoid (43 fatal), and it caused considerable local discontent. While repair work was being performed on the primary well, the water supply was no longer being filtered and chlorinated. The infection was traced to one repair workman, who was (unwittingly) an active carrier of typhoid.
A notable outbreak occurred in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1964, due to contaminated tinned meat sold at the city's branch of the William Low chain of stores. There were three deaths connected with the outbreak, and over 400 cases were diagnosed.
21st century
In 2004–2005, an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo resulted in more than 42,000 cases and 214 deaths. Since November 2016, Pakistan has had an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever.
In 2020 a meta-analysis of reports of drug resistant typhoid fever revealed that among all Typhi isolates, 9,056 (25.9%) of 34,996 were resistant to chloramphenicol, 13,481 (38.8%) of 34,783 to ampicillin, and 13,366 (37.9%) of 35,270 to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazol. Of isolates in the time periods 2005 –2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2018; 2.1%, 4.1%, and 6.7% were resistant to azithromycin, indicating a steady increase in resistance to first-line treatment. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) typhoid remains prevalent in Asia, with resistance developing to an increasing number of antimicrobial classes such that extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi is now a major threat. MDR Salmonella Typhi is a growing problem in Africa.
References
Epidemiology
Typhoid fever | History of typhoid fever | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,599 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
62,536,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlo%C3%AB%20canadensis | Epichloë canadensis is a hybrid asexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë.
A systemic and seed-transmissible grass symbiont first described in 2012, Epichloë canadensis is a natural allopolyploid of Epichloë amarillans and Epichloë elymi.
Epichloë canadensis is found in North America, where it has been identified in the grass species Elymus canadensis.
References
canadensis
Fungi described in 2012
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Epichloë canadensis | [
"Biology"
] | 109 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
62,536,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlo%C3%AB%20uncinata | Epichloë uncinata is a hybrid asexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë.
A systemic and seed-transmissible grass symbiont first described in 1990, Epichloë uncinata is a natural allopolyploid of Epichloë bromicola and a strain in the Epichloë typhina complex.
Epichloë uncinata is found in Europe, where it has been identified in the grass species Schedonorus pratensis (also called Festuca pratensis or Lolium pratense).
References
uncinata
Fungi described in 1990
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Epichloë uncinata | [
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
62,536,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freweini%20Mebrahtu | Freweini Mebrahtu () is an Ethiopian chemical engineer and inventor who won the 2019 CNN Hero of the year award for her activism in improving girls' access to education.
Early life
Freweini was born in Ethiopia and educated in the United States, studying chemical engineering at Prairie View A&M University. In 2005, she patented a reusable menstrual pad that can be used for up to 2 years with proper care. As of 2019, she employs hundreds of locals in Tigray region of Ethiopia, and makes more than 700,000 of the reusable pads that are mainly provided to non-governmental organizations.
Contribution
Her menstrual product plus her educational campaign has helped in removing the stigma surrounding menstruation and stopped girls from dropping out of schools due to the stigma. The non profit organization Dignity Period has distributed more than 150,000 free menstrual supplies purchased from Freweni's factory. It was reported that attendance among girls improved by 24% due to this effort.
References
Living people
Ethiopian engineers
Chemical engineers
Ethiopian emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Menstrual cycle
Prairie View A&M University alumni
People from Tigray Region | Freweini Mebrahtu | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 254 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
62,539,802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation%20distance | In discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, the rotation distance between two binary trees with the same number of nodes is the minimum number of tree rotations needed to reconfigure one tree into another. Because of a combinatorial equivalence between binary trees and triangulations of convex polygons, rotation distance is equivalent to the flip distance for triangulations of convex polygons.
Rotation distance was first defined by Karel Čulík II and Derick Wood in 1982. Every two -node binary trees have rotation distance at most , and some pairs of trees have exactly this distance. The computational complexity of computing the rotation distance is unknown.
Definition
A binary tree is a structure consisting of a set of nodes, one of which is designated as the root node, in which each remaining node is either the left child or right child of some other node, its parent, and in which following the parent links from any node eventually leads to the root node.
(In some sources, the nodes described here are called "internal nodes", there exists another set of nodes called "external nodes", each internal node is required to have exactly two children, and each external node is required to have zero children. The version described here can be obtained by removing all the external nodes from such a tree.)
For any node in the tree, there is a subtree of the same form, rooted at and consisting of all the nodes that can reach by following parent links. Each binary tree has a left-to-right ordering of its nodes, its inorder traversal, obtained by recursively traversing the left subtree (the subtree at the left child of the root, if such a child exists), then listing the root itself, and then recursively traversing the right subtree.
In a binary search tree, each node is associated with a search key, and the left-to-right ordering is required to be consistent with the order of the keys.
A tree rotation is an operation that changes the structure of a binary tree without changing its left-to-right ordering. Several self-balancing binary search tree data structures use these rotations as a primitive operation in their rebalancing algorithms. A rotation operates on two nodes and , where is the parent of , and restructures the tree by making be the parent of and taking the place of in the tree. To free up one of the child links of and make room to link as a child of , this operation may also need to move one of the children of to become a child of .
There are two variations of this operation, a right rotation in which begins as the left child of and ends as the right child of , and a left rotation in which begins as the right child of and ends as the left child of .
Any two trees that have the same left-to-right sequence of nodes may be transformed into each other by a sequence of rotations. The rotation distance between the two trees is the number of rotations in the shortest possible sequence of rotations that performs this transformation. It can also be described as the shortest path distance in a rotation graph, a graph that has a vertex for each binary tree on a given left-to-right sequence of nodes and an edge for each rotation between two trees. This rotation graph is exactly the graph of vertices and edges of an associahedron.
Equivalence to flip distance
Given a family of triangulations of some geometric object, a flip is an operation that transforms one triangulation to another by removing an edge between two triangles and adding the opposite diagonal to the resulting quadrilateral. The flip distance between two triangulations is the minimum number of flips needed to transform one triangulation into another. It can also be described as the shortest path distance in a flip graph, a graph that has a vertex for each triangulation and an edge for each flip between two triangulations. Flips and flip distances can be defined in this way for several different kinds of triangulations, including triangulations of sets of points in the Euclidean plane, triangulations of polygons, and triangulations of abstract manifolds.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between triangulations of a given convex polygon, with a designated root edge, and binary trees, taking triangulations of -sided polygons into binary trees with nodes. In this correspondence, each triangle of a triangulation corresponds to a node in a binary tree. The root node is the triangle having the designated root edge as one of its sides, and two nodes are linked as parent and child in the tree when the corresponding triangles share a diagonal in the triangulation.
Under this correspondence, rotations in binary trees correspond exactly to flips in the corresponding triangulations. Therefore, the rotation distance on -node trees corresponds exactly to flip distance on triangulations of -sided convex polygons.
Maximum value
define the "right spine" of a binary tree to be the path obtained by starting from the root and following right child links until reaching a node that has no right child. If a tree has the property that not all nodes belong to the right spine, there always exists a right rotation that increases the length of the right spine. For, in this case, there exists at least one node on the right spine that has a left child that is not on the right spine. Performing a right rotation on and adds to the right spine without removing any other node from it. By repeatedly increasing the length of the right spine, any -node tree can be transformed into the unique tree with the same node order in which all nodes belong to the right spine, in at most steps. Given any two trees with the same node order, one can transform one into the other by transforming the first tree into a tree with all nodes on the right spine, and then reversing the same transformation of the second tree, in a total of at most steps. Therefore, as proved, the rotation distance between any two trees is at most .
By considering the problem in terms of flips of convex polygons instead of rotations of trees, were able to show that the rotation distance is at most . In terms of triangulations of convex polygons, the right spine is the sequence of triangles incident to the right endpoint of the root edge, and the tree in which all vertices lie on the spine corresponds to a fan triangulation for this vertex. The main idea of their improvement is to try flipping both given triangulations to a fan triangulation for any vertex, rather than only the one for the right endpoint of the root edge. It is not possible for all of these choices to simultaneously give the worst-case distance from each starting triangulation, giving the improvement.
also used a geometric argument to show that, for infinitely many values of , the maximum rotation distance is exactly . They again use the interpretation of the problem in terms of flips of triangulations of convex polygons, and they interpret the starting and ending triangulation as the top and bottom faces of a convex polyhedron with the convex polygon itself interpreted as a Hamiltonian circuit in this polyhedron. Under this interpretation, a sequence of flips from one triangulation to the other can be translated into a collection of tetrahedra that triangulate the given three-dimensional polyhedron. They find a family of polyhedra with the property that (in three-dimensional hyperbolic geometry) the polyhedra have large volume, but all tetrahedra inside them have much smaller volume, implying that many tetrahedra are needed in any triangulation. The binary trees obtained from translating the top and bottom sets of faces of these polyhedra back into trees have high rotation distance, at least .
Subsequently, provided a proof that for all , the maximum rotation distance is exactly . Pournin's proof is combinatorial, and avoids the use of hyperbolic geometry.
Computational complexity
As well as defining rotation distance, asked for the computational complexity of computing the rotation distance between two given trees. The existence of short rotation sequences between any two trees implies that testing whether the rotation distance is at most belongs to the complexity class NP, but it is not known to be NP-complete, nor is it known to be solvable in polynomial time.
The rotation distance between any two trees can be lower bounded, in the equivalent view of polygon triangulations, by the number of diagonals that need to be removed from one triangulation and replaced by other diagonals to produce the other triangulation. It can also be upper bounded by twice this number,
by partitioning the problem into subproblems along any diagonals shared between both triangulations and then applying the method of to each subproblem. This method provides an approximation algorithm for the problem with an approximation ratio of two. A similar approach of partitioning into subproblems along shared diagonals leads to a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm for computing the rotation distance exactly.
Determining the complexity of computing the rotation distance exactly without parameterization remains unsolved, and the best algorithms currently known for the problem run in exponential time.
Variants
Though the complexity of rotation distance is unknown, there exists several variants for which rotation distance can be solved in polynomial time.
In abstract algebra, each element in Thompson's group F has a presentation using two generators. Finding the minimum length of such a presentation is equivalent to finding the rotation distance between two binary trees with only rotations on the root node and its right child allowed. Fordham's algorithm computes the rotation distance under this restriction in linear time. The algorithm classifies tree nodes into 7 types and uses a lookup table to find the number of rotations required to transform a node of one type into another. The sum of the costs of all transformations is the rotation distance.
In two additional variants, one only allows rotations such that the pivot of the rotation is a non-leaf child of the root and the other child of the root is a leaf, while the other only allow rotations on right-arm nodes (nodes that are on the path from the root to its rightmost leaf). Both variants result in a meet semi-lattice, whose structure is exploited to derive a algorithm.
References
Binary trees
Triangulation (geometry)
Reconfiguration | Rotation distance | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,136 | [
"Triangulation (geometry)",
"Reconfiguration",
"Planar graphs",
"Computational problems",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
62,541,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Pelletier%20%28agronomist%29 | Georges Pelletier (born 1943) is a French agricultural engineer and Doctor of Science. He spent his career at the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) in the Department of Plant Genetics and Improvement. He headed the Unit of the INRA Versailles Centre from 1991 to 1999, chaired from 2001 to 2010, the Operational Management Board of the Group of Scientific Interest in Plant Genomics Genoplant, and from 2010 to 2013 was appointed to the French Agency for Research (ANR) scientific manager of the Biotechnologies and Bio-resources programme for "Investments for the Future". He was a member of the Biomolecular Engineering Commission and the Scientific Council of the Genopoles. Member of the French Academy of sciences (2004) and the Academy of Agriculture (2004), he was awarded the Lauriers d'excellence de INRA (2006).
Scientific work
His field of research has been the study of multiplication and reproduction mechanisms in angiosperms.
First, by generating haploid individuals, either by in vitro culture of immature pollen, in tobacco and asparagus, or by selecting fertilization anomalies that eliminate one of the parental genomes. This work has led to the clarification of sex determinism in asparagus, a dioecious species, and has provided the method for obtaining fully male F1 hybrid varieties, which have since been widely developed.
He developed a genetics of cytoplasmic organelles in higher plants by protoplast fusion, revealing the existence of almost systematic recombinations between mitochondrial genomes and the exchange of chloroplasts between the parents of these fusions. The application of these principles to the species of the Brassicaceae family has led to the discovery of the mitochondrial gene responsible for male sterility (absence of pollen) known as Ogura, which is found in the genus Raphanus. It is an additional gene whose only biological function is to block pollen formation. It is involved in gynodoecia (a species composed of females and hermaphrodites) in the genus Raphanus. The discovery of the gene responsible for male sterility, its transfer to Brassica by fusion of protoplasts, and the selection of mitochondrial recombinants with improved agronomic characteristics have enabled this male sterility to be widely distributed and exploited in Europe and North America for the production of hybrid varieties in rapeseed and various cabbage.
He showed that the gene transfer bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, introduced by simple infiltration into the plant, is unexpectedly capable of transferring its T-DNA to female gametes. An original method of transformation to create collections of "insertion mutants" in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome has been developed for his team to study the genes that control reproductive mechanisms, whether they are meiosis and recombination of chromosomes or gametogenesis, pollen and embryonic sac development. On a global scale, the method has been widely used as one of the major tools for functional analysis of the genome of A. thaliana, a plant model of plant genomics.
Distinctions
Jean-Dufrenoy Prize from the Académie d'agriculture de France in 1986;
Doistaut-Blutet Prize of the French Academy of sciences in 1989;
Laurier de la recherche agronomique de l'INRA in 2006.
Decorations
Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite. He was promoted to officier by decree on 13 May 2016. He was a Chevalier on January 30, 1992.
Chevalier of the Ordre national de la Légion d'Honneur.
References
Living people
1943 births
French agronomists
Institut Français
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
French geneticists
Biotechnologists | Georges Pelletier (agronomist) | [
"Biology"
] | 775 | [
"Biotechnologists"
] |
62,541,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20834 | NGC 834 is a spiral galaxy located in the Andromeda constellation. It is estimated to be 160 million light-years away from the Milky Way galaxy and has a diameter of about 65,000 light-years. The object was discovered on September 21, 1786 by the astronomer William Herschel.
References
Discoveries by William Herschel
Spiral galaxies
834
Galaxies discovered in 1786
Andromeda (constellation)
008352 | NGC 834 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 86 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
62,541,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20852 | NGC 852 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Eridanus constellation. It is estimated to be 281 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of about 110,000 light-years. NGC 852 was discovered on October 27, 1834, by John Herschel.
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
852
Discoveries by William Herschel
Eridanus (constellation)
008195 | NGC 852 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 84 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
62,541,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20874 | NGC 874 is a spiral galaxy located in the Cetus constellation. It is estimated to be 572 million light-years away from the Milky Way galaxy and has a diameter of approximately 80,000 light-years. NGC 874 was discovered in 1886 by Frank Muller.
References
Cetus
874
Spiral galaxies
008663 | NGC 874 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 68 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
62,541,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Morris%20textile%20designs | William Morris (1834-1898), a founder of the British Arts and Crafts movement, sought to restore the prestige and methods of hand-made crafts, including textiles, in opposition to the 19th century tendency toward factory-produced textiles. With this goal in mind, he created his own workshop and designed dozens of patterns for hand-produced woven and printed cloth, upholstery, and other textiles.
Embroidered textiles
The first textile designs Morris made were created in the 1860s and were for embroideries, expressing his interest in medieval arts and crafts, particularly the medieval wall hangings that he admired as a child. In a collection of essays by members of the Arts and Crafts movement published in 1893, he wrote that one of the aims of embroidery should be simply "The exhibition of beautiful material. Furthermore, it is not worth doing unless it is either very copious and rich, or very delicate - or both."
His first embroidery designs were primitive, but later, working with his wife Jane, he created a set of wall hangings for his residence in the London suburbs, Red House. One of his designs in this historical style, stitched by Jane Morris, won the Morris company an award in an international competition in 1862. Morris and his workshop began making embroideries for the households of his friends as well as larger panels for some of the many new churches being constructed in England. In these designs, Morris created the decorative elements, while his friend Edward Burne-Jones drew the figures, and a team of embroiderers manufactured the work by hand. Other wall hangings were designed to be sold off the shelf of the new Morris and Company shop on Oxford Street which owned in 1877. Later, he and his daughter May made designs for panels for "embroider yourself" kits for cushion covers, fireplace screens, doorway curtains, bedcovers and other household objects. In 1885, Morris turned production of embroidery entirely over to his daughter.
Furnishing textiles and woven fabrics
In the late 1860s Morris began to experiment with a genre, textiles for furnishing or upholstery. His first design was jasmine trail or jasmine trellis (1868–70), based on a similar wallpaper design he had made in 1862. In the 1870s, he expanded his activity in woven furnishing textiles. In 1877, he brought a skilled French silk weaver, Jacques Bazin, from Lyon to London, rented a studio at Great Esmond Yard, and established Bazin and his mechanical Jacquard loom there to make woven wooden fabrics.
In 1881, he opened new workshops at Merton Abbey, seven miles southwest of London, for manufacturing printed and woven textiles. The workshops were next to the River Wandle, providing a source of abundant clean water, and also had a grassy meadow where dyed clothes could be dried in the open air. He produced a number of furnishing fabrics there, including the Wey and Wandle designs.
Printed textiles
Morris made his first experiments with printed textiles for his company Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. beginning in 1868, at about the same time he was starting to make printed wallpaper (see William Morris wallpaper designs). These first textiles were recreations of earlier designs he had made from the 1830s, and were printed for Morris by the workshop of Thomas Clarkson of Bannister Hall, in Lancaster. His next textile was Trellis with jasmine (1868–70). This was printed with synthetic analine dyes. Next he made Tulip and Willow, a design he made in 1873, but he was very disappointed by the result. He blamed the problem on the artificial dyes, and began doing research into the natural dyes which had been used in the 16th century.
The Strawberry Thief became one of Morris's best-known designs. It depicted a scene from his own garden, where thrushes came to dine upon the ripe strawberries.
Morris moved with his family to Turham Green in 1872, which created greater space in his house at Queen Square in London where Morris had his workshop. Morris and his assistant John Smith made a series of experiments with indigo and other natural dyes, but were unable to attain colours that satisfied Morris. In 1875, Morris tried working with a commercial printer, Wardle and Company, using wood blocks with a reduced number of colours and modern chemical dyes, This time he was dissatisfied with the lack of quality control by the workers, and the uneven results. He therefore decided to establish his own workshop, where he could control everything.
He moved his printing workshop to Merton Abbey Mills, near the Merton Abbey Priory. For printed textiles, the design was traced onto a block of pear wood, and then the wood was sculpted so only the desired surface would touch the fabric. Thin strips of brass were pounded edge-first into the block to make the fine lines. One block was used for each colour of the final fabric, The block was inked by placing into a vat of colorant, and then carefully placed onto the fabric on the table in front of the craftsman. He pounded it with a mallet to impress the colour, then he lifted the block carefully, moved the fabric, re-inked the block, and printed the next section with the same colour. When the first colour was finished, the finished fabric was set aside to dry. If more than one colour was used, once the fabric was dry, a block with the next colour would be inked and carefully impressed over the image left by the first. The same process and the same blocks could be used for making both fabrics and wallpaper. Since fifteen or more colours might be used, It was an extremely laborious and long process, sometimes lasting several weeks, and the cost was higher than that of mechanical printing methods.
Tapestries
Morris wrote that making tapestries was 'the noblest of all the weaving arts', and most suitable for his interest in reviving medieval arts and crafts. He set up his first tapestry loom in 1877, and made completed his first tapestry, was 'Acanthus and Vine' in (1879). He wove the tapestry himself, often getting up at dawn to work on a loom in his bedroom at Kelmscott House. His design was modelled after the "large leaf" tapestries woven in France and Flanders in the 16th century, and he deliberately gave them a faded appearance to make them look two centuries old. He recorded that it took him five hundred sixteen and one half hours to complete.
Once he had mastered the technique, he created a full-time tapestry workshop at the Morris and Company house on Queen Square. For most of his tapestries, Morris worked with other artists, particularly Edward Burne-Jones, who designed the figures, Philip Webb, who designed birds and animals, and with his primary assistant and successor as chief designer, John Henry Dearle. Burne-Jones made a drawing of the figures first, which was transformed into a color design by Morris or Dearle. A photographic image was made of he design with figures, to which Morris or Dearle added a floral background, and a border equally filled with designs of trees and flowers. The full scale image was transferred onto cloth by rubbing with a piece of ivory, and then woven on a loom. Large-scale tapestries were made in this way at Merton, mostly by the employment of boys ages thirteen and fourteen, who received shelter, board and a daily wage.
The most famous tapestries made by Burne-Jones and Morris were Holy Grail tapestries made for William Knox D'Arcy in 1890 for his dining room at Stanmore Hall Additional versions of the tapestries with minor variations were woven on commission by Morris & Co. over the next decade.
In addition to full-scale tapestries, the Merton Abbey workshop produced smaller works, designed as coverings for cushions and furniture. Multiple copies were made of some popular tapestries. Ten copies were made of The Adoration between 1890 and 1907.
Carpets
In March, 1875, Morris became the sole owner of what became William Morris Company, buying out the shares of his partners. He decided to diversify the products by adding carpets, a market that was almost totally dominated by original or imitation oriental carpets. Within three months, he had registered his first design for the Cataline floor cloth, a decorative covering for linoleum floors, a material which had been invented in 1855. By December had registered two designs for machine-woven carpets which he had made by the Wilton Royal Carpet Factory.
As usual, Morris set a high goal for himself. His aim, he declared, was to make England independent of the Orient for the provision of hand-make carpets which aspire to the status of art. He made a careful study of techniques and materials, and made a series of experiments. When he moved to Kelmscott House in 1879 he began to produce a series of carpets called Hammersmith. He hired a labor force of young women to work on looms he set up in the former stables and garage of his London residence. He also revived the art of hand-knotting for making small carpets.
In the 1880s, in addition to the Hammersmith carpets, Morris created series of designs for machine-made Axminster and Kidderminister carpets, made at the Wilton factory or at Heckmondwike Manufacturing company in Yorkshire. Many of the carpets he designed used the patterns he had invented for printed fabrics, but others, particularly the Hammersmith carpets, resembled the designs he made for his woven textiles. His early carpets sometimes borrowed popular oriental motifs. The designs he made for Axminister and Wilton carpets were less lavish in their ornament and more geometrical, to make them more affordable.
In 1881 he moved the workshop to Merton Abbey, where there was space to weave much larger carpets commissioned by his clients. His designs for these large Hammersmith carpets moved farther away from the Oriental influence, and took on a more specifically English style. As with his wallpapers other textiles, his inspirations were most often flowers, plants and animals found in English gardens.
One particularly notable design was the Bullerswood carpet, was made in 1889 for the wool trader John Sanderson, who had a country residence called Bullerswood in Chislehurst, Kent. Morris made two versions of the carpet for the house, in collaboration with his assistant John Henry Dearle. Extremely complex, they were virtual anthologies of all of the motifs of Morris. Morris made one carpet for the living room and another for the front hallway. He also strictly supervised the decoration of these rooms, so it would be in harmony with the carpet.
The William Morris style
Morris explained his ideas about textile designs in a group of essays by members of the Arts and Crafts movement published in 1893. In his essay on textiles, Morris wrote: "The aim should be to combine clearness of form and firmness of structure with the mystery which comes of abundance and richness of detail...Do not introduce any lines or objects which cannot be explained by the structure of the pattern; it is just this logical sequence of form, this growth which looks as if, under the circumstances, it could not have been otherwise, which prevents he eye wearying of he repetition of the pattern.
"...Do not be afraid of large patterns; if properly designed they are more restful to the eye than small ones...Very small rooms, as well as very large ones, look best ornamented with large patterns."
"...As final maxims, never forget the material you are working with, and try always to use it for doing what it can do best: if you feel yourself hampered by the material in which you are working, instead of being helped by it, you have so far not learned your business, any more than a would-be poet has, who complains of the hardship of writing in measure and rhyme."
In the same group of 1893 essays, he expressed his views of tapestry designs. He wrote: "As in all wall decoration, the first thing to be considered in designing of Tapestry is the force, purity and elegance of the silhouette of the objects represented, and nothing vague or indeterminate is admissible. But special excellencies can be expected from it. Depth of tone, richness of colour, and exquisite gradation of tints are easily to be obtained in Tapestry; and it also demands that crispness and abundance of beautiful detail which was the especial characteristic of fully developed Medieval Art. The style of even the best period of the Renaissance is wholly unfit for Tapestry; accordingly, we find that Tapestry retained its Gothic character longer than any other of the pictorial arts."
In writing about textiles, Morris emphasised the importance of using natural dyes and colours. "These colours in fading still remain beautiful," he wrote, "and even after long wear, never pass into nothingness, through that stage which of livid ugliness which distinguishes the commercial dyes as nuisances, even more than their short and by no means merry life."
As to colours for carpets, he wrote in his essay on textiles; "The soft gradations of tint to which Tapestry lends itself are unfit for Carpet-weaving; beauty and variety of colour must be obtained bh harmonious juxtaposition of tints, bounded by judiciously chosen outlines, and the pattern should lie absolutely flat on the ground. On the whole, in designing carpets the method of contrast should is the best one to employ, and blue and red, quit frankly used, with white or very light outlines on a dark ground, and black or some very dark colour on a light ground, are the main colours on which the designer should depend."
Legacy
William Morris died on October 3, 1896, but the Morris & Co. continued to design and produce textiles he had designed or planned, under the supervision of his chief assistant and Art Director John Henry Dearle. Dearle managed the company's textile works at Merton Abbey until his own death in 1932. The firm was finally dissolved in 1940, but his designs continue to be produced and marketed by other textile firms, including Sanderson and Sons, part of the Walker Greenbank wallpaper and fabrics business, which now owns the. "Morris and Co." brand name, and by the department store Liberty of London.
Notes and citations
Bibliography
Fairclough, Oliver and Emmeline Leary, Textiles by William Morris and Morris & Co. 1861–1940, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 1981,
Parry, Linda, ed., William Morris, Abrams, 1996,
Parry, Linda, William Morris Textiles, New York, Viking Press, 1983,
See also
William Morris wallpaper designs
External links
Works by William Morris
Textile design
Interior design
Embroidery in the United Kingdom | William Morris textile designs | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,005 | [
"Textile design",
"Design"
] |
62,542,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizdish%20ROVR | The ROVR is an omnidirectional treadmill that simulates walking and running in virtual reality when used alongside a head-mounted display.
It is developed by ROVR Systems Ltd, who market it as "The mouse of the VR world". This is due to the ROVR providing omnidirectional movement in virtual reality in a manner akin to walking in the real world. This is as opposed to the current teleportation solution. The difference can be described as navigating a website with a mouse instead of cycling through links sequentially using the tab key.
Product overview
The ROVR consists of a round, concave, low friction platform and a plastic or metal frame for user support. The user slides their feet back and forward on the platform, in a reciprocating motion, to simulate locomotion whilst wearing shoe covers that are designed to reduce friction. The soles of the shoe covers are coated in ceramic discs that reduce friction between the user's feet and the ROVR. ROVR Systems also sells shoes with ceramic discs already fitted. A contact microphone in the ROVR's platform translates the sound of the user's feet moving into forward movement within virtual reality. A low level of noise, made by slow or small movements on the platform, becomes slow movement in virtual reality, whilst louder noises increase the speed of movement. The user moves in whichever direction the head or hand controllers are facing, as the acoustic sensor system can not detect the movement direction of the feet or the orientation of the body. The concave platform combined with reciprocating movement of the feet minimises vertical movement of a person's centre of mass and so mimics the best low energy movement of real walking. It also encourages the user's feet to slip back into the centre of the ROVR, stopping the user from moving off the platform. A ring encircles the user at waist height, forming a containment field. This is for user support during orientation and to provide a boundary to stop the user from moving off the platform. Users quickly become used to the platform's surface, and are able to balance without the help of the ring, their hands being free to use independent controllers such as Oculus Touch, Vive wands, Knuckles and the Xbox One Controller.
The ROVR works with multiple different head mounted displays as it interfaces with software directly and not through the headset.
Virtual reality sickness solution
By enabling naturally intuitive full physicality of movement in virtual reality the ROVR seeks to solve the problem of virtual reality sickness. Virtual reality sickness is a type of motion sickness that occurs when movement is seen but not felt when immersed in virtual reality thereby disrupting visual-vestibular matching and proprioception of the body. It is reported that two thirds of virtual reality users experience virtual reality sickness. The ROVR aims to satisfy the body's need to feel the movement it is experiencing visually by having the user perform a variation of walking in place. Studies indicate that walking in place increases the sense of presence when using virtual reality as the proprioceptive information in the body resembles the visual stimulus being provided by the head-mounted display. People do not carry memories of how they move their legs when they walk because locomotion is largely autonomous, being controlled by a Central pattern generator. The ROVR, therefore, does not rely on the exact recreation of how the legs move during ambulation, rather, it aims to provide enough activity in the legs that approximates the sensation of ambulation to 'trick' the users mind into thinking they are walking normally.
History
ROVR Systems Ltd was founded in 2009 by Julian Williams. Williams, an engineer for the BBC, had been experimenting with the idea of a 'VR treadmill' since 2001 and had applied for a US patent in 2003 which was granted in 2008. Williams was put in contact with Charles King, who holds a PhD in Physical metallurgy and the Science of Materials. King had links with several UK universities including University College London, King's College London, and Oxford Brookes University, the latter through a partnership that began when he was a consultant for Siemens. Together they developed and patented the low friction material used in the ROVR's platform base.
ROVR1
King and Williams built a prototype version of the ROVR and began selling it in 2012 on the ROVR Systems website under the name ROVR1. The ROVR1's containment frame consists of a waist high polymer ring supported by five polymer legs that adjoin a larger ring at the base of the ROVR1. This larger ring encircles the ROVR's patented, concave, low friction surface platform. Between its release in 2012 and 2016 the ROVR1, weighing in at 15kgs, had been actively tested by over 30,000 people.
Sales of the ROVR1, along with funding from Liberty Global and Techstars, helped fund the development of the ROVR2.
ROVR2
ROVR Systems launched their ROVR2 at the VR World Congress 2017. The ROVR2 is a slightly heavier, more aesthetic version of ROVR Systems's initial prototype. It weighs 25kg. The containment frame consists of a waist high, stainless steel metal ring supported by two legs that connect to the ROVR2's base. The low friction platform of the ROVR2 also has higher sides than the ROVR1. It is also collapsible, making it portable.
Applications
The ROVR's most popular application is for gaming in virtual reality. Omnidirectional treadmills increase immersion inside virtual worlds by allowing the gamer to be mobile. The gamer's feeling of 'being there' is increased by this freedom of movement as they are able to identify more closely with their in-game avatar. This is as opposed to sitting still whilst their in-game avatar moves around.
There is also potential for the ROVR in the arcade gaming market. The act of sliding the feet to navigate virtual spaces provides a novel gaming experience in a similar vein to arcade dance pads.
The ROVR requires the user to be on their feet and mobile and therefore can be used as fitness equipment in a manner similar to a regular treadmill and the Wii Balance Board. It also has the potential to aid with injury recovery by providing a low stress environment to exercise injured muscles.
The ROVR has been used by Dominator Yachts to show customers around virtual versions of the yachts they sell.
In 2014 Nissan used the ROVR to market their Juke at the Paris Motor Show. The user assumed the role of an 'iron man' figure running through a virtual city, keeping pace with a Juke driving alongside.
In 2015 Wells Fargo started on a 3 year campaign using ROVRs at public events in the US to promote the Wells Fargo brand. Mosaic, an event marketing think tank, found that after attending a Wells Fargo event 74% of the participants said they have a more positive opinion about the company, brand, product, or service being promoted. The study also found 96% of consumers who tell a friend or family member about their experience mention the company or brand running the event.
With the advent of 5G the viability for wireless head-mounted displays and peripherals is increasing. ROVR Systems is developing a bluetooth version of the ROVR which aims to provide a wireless virtual reality experience when used in tandem with a wireless head-mounted display.
See also
Virtuix Omni
Cyberith Virtualizer
References
Multimodal interaction
Game controllers
Virtual reality accessories
Video game accessories
Oculus Rift
Computer-related introductions in 2012
Motion capture | Wizdish ROVR | [
"Technology"
] | 1,557 | [
"Video game accessories",
"Components"
] |
62,542,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20740 | NGC 740 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Triangulum constellation. It is estimated to be 210 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of about 85,000 light-years. It was discovered by the Irish engineer Bindon Stoney, an assistant to William Parsons.
References
External links
0740
Barred spiral galaxies
Triangulum
007316 | NGC 740 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 77 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
62,543,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology%20of%20climate%20change%20denial | The psychology of climate change denial is the study of why people deny climate change, despite the scientific consensus on climate change. A study assessed public perception and action on climate change on grounds of belief systems, and identified seven psychological barriers affecting behavior that otherwise would facilitate mitigation, adaptation, and environmental stewardship: cognition, ideological worldviews, comparisons to key people, costs and momentum, disbelief in experts and authorities, perceived risks of change, and inadequate behavioral changes. Other factors include distance in time, space, and influence.
Reactions to climate change may include anxiety, depression, despair, dissonance, uncertainty, insecurity, and distress, with one psychologist suggesting that "despair about our changing climate may get in the way of fixing it." The American Psychological Association has urged psychologists and other social scientists to work on psychological barriers to taking action on climate change. The immediacy of a growing number of extreme weather events are thought to motivate people to deal with climate change.
Types of denial
Expanding the meaning of "denial"
The idea of "soft" or implicit climate change denial became prominent in the mid-2010s, but variations of the same concept originated earlier. An article published by National Center for Science Education referred to "implicit" denial:
In May 2015, environmentalist Bill McKibben penned an op-ed criticizing Barack Obama's policies of approving petroleum exploration in the Arctic, expanding coal mining, and remaining indecisive on the Keystone XL pipeline. McKibben wrote:
McKibben's use of the word "denial" was an early expansion of the term's meaning in environmental discourse to include "denial of the significance or logical consequences of a fact or problem; in this case, what advocates see as the necessary policies that flow from the dangers of global warming."
Analysis of soft climate change denial
Michael Hoexter, a scholar and sustainability advocate, analyzed the phenomenon of "soft climate change denial" in a September 2016 article for the blog New Economic Perspectives and expanded on the idea in a follow-up article published the next month. Despite the term's earlier, informal usage, Hoexter has been credited with formally defining the concept. In Hoexter's terms, "soft" climate denial "means that one acknowledges in some parts of one's life that climate change is real, disastrous and happening now but in most other parts of one's life, one ignores that anthropogenic global warming is, in fact, a real existential emergency and catastrophic." According to Hoexter, "soft climate denial and the thin gruel of climate action policies that accompany it may be functioning as a 'face-saving' device to mask fundamental inertia or a deep manifest preference for inaction while continuing fossil-fueled business as usual."
He also applied the term to "more 'radical' groups" that pushed for more responsive measures, but "often either miss the mark in terms of the climate challenge facing us or wrap themselves in communication strategies and 'memes' that limit their potential influence on politics and policy." In Hoexter's view, soft denial can only be escaped through collective action, not individual action or realization.
Soft climate change denial (also called implicit or implicatory climate change denial) is a state of mind acknowledging the existence of global warming in the abstract while remaining, to some extent, in partial psychological or intellectual denialism about its reality or impact. It is contrasted with conventional "hard" climate change denial, which refers to explicit disavowal of the consensus on global warming's existence, causes, or effects (including its effects on human society).
Psychological reasons for denial
Various psychological factors can impact the effectiveness of communication about climate change, driving potential climate change denial. Psychological barriers, such as emotions, opinions and morals refer to the internal beliefs that a person has which stop them from completing a certain action. Psychologist Robert Gifford wrote in 2011 "we are hindered by seven categories of psychological barriers, also known as dragons of inaction: limited cognition about the problem, ideological worldviews that tend to preclude pro-environmental attitudes and behavior, comparisons with other key people, sunk costs and behavioral momentum, discordance toward experts and authorities, perceived risk of change, and positive but inadequate behavior change".
A study published in PLOS One in 2024 found that even a single repetition of a claim was sufficient to increase the perceived truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition". This effect was found even among climate science endorsers.
Distance in time, space, and influence
Climate change is often portrayed as occurring in the future, whether that be the near or distant future. Many estimations portray climate change effects as occurring by 2050 or 2100, which both seem much more distant in time than they really are, which can create a barrier to acceptance. There is also a barrier created by the distance portrayed in climate change discussions. Effects caused by climate change across the planet do not seem concrete to people living thousands of miles away, especially if they are not experiencing any effects. Climate change is also a complex, abstract concept to many, which can create barriers to understanding. Carbon dioxide is an invisible gas, and it causes changes in overall average global temperatures, both of which are difficult, if not impossible, for one single person to discern. Due to these distances in time, space, and influence, climate change becomes a far-away, abstract issue that does not demand immediate attention.
Anthony Leiserowitz, the director of the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication said that one "almost couldn't design a worse fit for our underlying psychology or our institutions of decision-making" than dealing with climate change—owing primarily to the short-term focus of humans and their institutions.
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs or engaging in actions inconsistent with one’s values.In the context of climate change, individuals often experience dissonance when their acknowledgment of the climate crisis conflicts with their everyday behaviors or perceived self-interest. Because there is little solid action that people can take on a daily basis to combat climate change, then some believe climate change must not be as pressing an issue as it is made out to be. An example of this phenomenon is that most people know smoking cigarettes is not healthy, yet people continue to smoke cigarettes, and so an inner discomfort is elicited by the contradiction in ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’. A similar cognitive dissonance is created when people know that things like driving, flying, and eating meat are causing climate change, but the infrastructure is not in place to change those behaviors effectively.
In order to address this dissonance, climate change is rejected or downplayed. This dissonance also fuels denial, wherein people cannot find a solution to an anxiety-inducing problem, and so the problem is denied outright. Creating stories that climate change is actually caused by something out of humans’ control, such as sunspots or natural weather patterns, or suggesting that we must wait until we are certain of all of the facts about climate change before any action be taken, are manifestations of this fear and consequent denial of climate change."It seems as if people stop paying attention to global climate change when they realise that there are no easy solutions for it. Many people instead judge as serious only those problems for which they think action can be found."Individuals are alarmed about the dangerous potential futures resulting from a high-energy world in which climate change was occurring, but simultaneously create denial mechanisms to overcome the dissonance of knowing these futures, yet not wanting to change their convenient lifestyles. These denial mechanisms include things like overestimating the costs of changing their lifestyles, blaming others, including government or corporations, rather than their own inaction, and emphasizing the doubt that individual action could make a difference within a problem so large.
Cognitive barriers
Cognitive barriers to climate change acceptance include:
Limited cognition of the human brain, caused by things like the fact that the human brain has not evolved much in thousands of years, and so has not transitioned to caring about the future rather than immediate danger,
ignorance, the idea that environments are composed of more elements than humans can monitor, so we only attend to things causing immediate difficulty, which climate change does not seem to do
uncertainty, undervaluing of distant or future risk, optimism bias,
the belief that an individual can do nothing against climate change are all cognitive barriers to climate change acceptance.
Conspiratorial beliefs
Climate change denial is commonly rooted in a phenomenon commonly known as conspiracy theory, in which people misattribute events to a secret plot or plan by a powerful group of individuals. The development of conspiracy theories is further prompted by the proportionality bias that results from climate change — an event of mass scale and a great deal of significance — being frequently presented as a result of daily small-scale human behavior; often, individuals are less likely to believe large events of this scale can be so easily explained by ordinary details.
This inclination is furthered by a variety of possible strong individually and socially grounded reasons to believe in these conspiracy theories. The social nature of being a human holds influential merit when it comes to information evaluation. Conspiracy theories reaffirm the idea that people are part of moral social groups that have the ability to remain firm in the face of deep-seated threats. Conspiracy theories also feed into the human desire and motivation to maintain one's level of self-esteem, a concept known as self-enhancement. With climate change in particular, one possibility for the popularity of climate change conspiracy theories is that these theories knee-cap the reasoning that humans are culpable for the degradation of their own world and environment. This allows for maintenance of one's own self-esteem, and provides strong backing for belief in conspiracy theories. These climate change conspiracy theories pass the social blame to others, which upholds both the self and the in-group as moral and legitimate, making them highly appealing to those who perceive a threat to the esteem of themselves or their group. In a similar vein, much like how conspiracy belief is linked with narcissism, it is also predicted by collective narcissism. Collective narcissism is a belief in the distinction of one's own group whilst believing that those outside the group do not give the group enough recognition.
A variety of factors related to the nature of climate change science itself also enable the proliferation of conspiratorial beliefs. Climate change is a complicated field of science for lay people to make sense of. Research has experimentally indicated that people are used to creating patterns where there are none when they perceive a loss of control in order to return the world to one they can make sense of. Research indicates that people hold stronger beliefs about conspiracies when they exhibit distress as a consequence of uncertainty, which are both prominent when it comes to climate change science. Additionally, in order to meet the psychological desire for clear, cognitive closure, the likes of which is not consistently accessible to lay people regarding climate change, people often lean on conspiracy theories. Bearing this in mind, it is also crucial to note that conspiracy belief is conversely lessened in intensity when individuals have their sense of control affirmed.
People with certain cognitive tendencies are also more drawn to conspiracy theories about climate change as compared to others. Aside from narcissism as previously mentioned, conspiratorial beliefs are more predominantly found in those who consistently look for meanings or patterns in their world, which often includes those who believe in paranormal activities. Climate change conspiracy disbelief is also linked with lower levels of education and analytic thinking. If a person has a predisposed inclination towards perceiving others’ actions as having been actively done willfully even when no such thing is happening, they are more likely to buy into conspiratorial thinking.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the increase of conspiratorial beliefs, contested science, skepticism, and overall denial of climate science. Researchers studying science skepticism of vaccination for COVID-19 see direct linkages between this and science skepticism for other large-scale domain issues like that of climate science.
Threat to self-interest
The realisation that an individual's actions contribute to climate change can threaten their self-interest and compromise their psychological integrity. The threat to self-interest can often result in ‘denialism’ – a refusal to accept and even deny the scientific evidence- manifested across all levels of society. Large organisations that have a strong vested interest in activities directly responsible for climate change, such as fossil fuel companies, may even promote climate change denial through the spread of misinformation.
Denial is manifested at the individual level where it is used to protect the self from overwhelming emotional responses to climate change. This is often referred to as ‘soft denial’ or ‘disavowal’ in the relevant literature. Here the dangers of climate change are experienced in a purely intellectual way, resulting in no psychological disturbance: cognition is split off from feeling. Disavowal can be induced by a wide variety of psychological processes including: the diffusion of responsibility, rationalisation, perceptual distortion, wishful thinking and projection. These are all avoidant ways of coping.
Framing
In popular climate discourse framing, the three dominant framing ideas have been apocalypse, uncertainty and high costs/losses. These framings create intense feelings of fear and doom and helplessness. Framing climate change in these ways creates thoughts that nothing can be done to change the trajectory, that any solution will be too expensive and do too little, or that it is not worth trying to find a solution to something we are unsure is happening. Climate change has been framed this way for years, and so these messages are instilled in peoples’ minds, elicited whenever the words "climate change" are brought up.
Ideology and religion
Ideologies, including suprahuman powers, technosalvation, and system justification, are all psychological barriers to climate change acceptance. Suprahuman powers describes the belief that humans cannot or should not interfere because they believe a religious deity will not turn on them or will do what it wants to do regardless of their intervention. Technosalvation is the ideology that technologies such as geoengineering will save us from climate change, and so mitigation behavior is not necessary. Another ideological barrier is the ideology of system justification, or the defense and justification of the status quo, so as to not "rock the boat" on a comfortable lifestyle.
Own behaviors, habits, aspirations
People are also very invested in their own behavior. Behavioral momentum, or daily habits, are one of the most important barriers to remove for climate change mitigation. Lastly, conflicting values, goals, and aspirations can interfere with the acceptance of climate change mitigation. Because many of the goals held by individuals directly conflict with climate change mitigation strategies, climate change gets pushed to the bottom of their list of values, so as to minimize the extent of its conflict.
One type of limited behavior is tokenism, where after completing one small task or engaging in one small behavior, the individual feels they have done their part to mitigate climate change, when in reality they could be doing much more. Individuals could also experience the rebound effect, where one positive activity is diminished or erased by a subsequent activity (like walking to work all week because you are flying across the country every weekend).
Financial investment in fossil fuels and other climate change inducing industries (sunk costs) is often a reason for denial of climate change. If one accepts that these things cause climate change, they would have to lose their investment, and so continued denial is more acceptable.
The difficulty of comprehending the sheer scale of global warming and its effects can result in sincere (albeit ill-founded) belief that individual changes in behavior will suffice to address the problem without requiring more fundamental structural changes.
Views of others and perceived risk
If someone is held in a negative light, it is not likely others will take guidance from them due to feelings of mistrust, inadequacy, denial of their beliefs, and reactance against statements they believe threaten their freedom.
Several types of perceived risk can occur when an individual is considering changing their behavior to accept and mitigate climate change: functional risk, physical risk, financial risk, social risk, psychological risk, and temporal risk. Due to the perception of all of these risks, the individual may just reject climate change altogether to avoid potential risks completely.
Social comparisons between individuals build social norms. These social norms then dictate how someone "should" behave in order to align with society's ideas of "proper" behavior. This barrier also includes perceived inequity, where an individual feels they should not or do not have to act a certain way because they believe no one else acts that way.
Psychological reasons for soft denial
There are several beliefs or thought patterns that tend to contribute to soft climate denial:
Psychological isolation and compartmentalization – Events of everyday life usually lack an obvious connection to global warming. As such, people compartmentalize their awareness of global warming as abstract knowledge without taking any practical action. Hoexter identifies isolation/compartmentalization as the most common facet of soft denial.
"Climate providentialism" – In post-industrial society, modern comforts and disconnection from nature lead to an assumption that the climate "will provide" for humans, regardless of drastic changes. Though named for a belief found in some forms of Christianity, Hoexter uses the term in a secular context and relates it to anthropocentrism.
"Carbon gradualism" – An assumption that global warming can be addressed though minor "tweaks" conducted over extended periods of time. Proposals for more drastic change may be more realistic, but appear "radical" by comparison.
Substitutionism – A tendency among politically engaged people to "substitute a high-minded pre-existing activist cause" in place of the more immediate challenge of fossil fuel phase-out. Hoexter associates substitutionism with eco-socialism, green anarchism, and the climate justice movement, which he said tends to prioritize "laudable and important concerns about environmental justice and inequality" at the expense of "the future-looking fight to stabilize the climate."
Intellectualization – Engaging with climate change in a primarily academic context makes the issue an abstraction, lacking the visceral stimuli that prompt people to take concrete action.
Localism – Emphasis on "small" changes to improve one's local environment is a well-intentioned but limited response to a problem on the scale of global warming.
"Moral or intellectual narcissism" – Deriving a misplaced sense of superiority over "hard" climate deniers, soft deniers may come to believe that simply acknowledging the existence of climate change or expressing concern is sufficient by itself.
"Confirmation of pre-existing worldview" – Because of cognitive inertia, people may fail to integrate the significance or scale of climate change the framework of their existing beliefs, knowledge, and priorities.
Millenarianism – Activists become transfixed with a grand vision of an eventual, fundamental transformation of society, supplanting meaningful concrete action at the day-to-day level.
Sectarianism – Activists may become preoccupied with a particular vision of climate policy and become caught up in the narcissism of small differences, tedious debates, and far-flung hypotheticals to the detriment of more productive activity.
"Commitment to Hedonism" – The looming dread of climate change can emotionally overwhelm a person and may prompt a retreat into pleasure for its own sake. Alternately, people may indulge in pleasurable activities that they worry may not be readily accessible in a future society adapted to climate change.
"Entente with nihilism, defeatism, and depression" – In Hoexter's view, genuine nihilism remains a tendency within "hard" denialism; however, people who feel disempowered or overwhelmed about climate change may come to accept an uneasy coexistence with such nihilism.
Examples
Soft climate denial has been ascribed to both liberals and conservatives, as well as proponents of market-based environmental policy instruments. It has also been used in self-criticism against tendencies toward complacency and inaction. Depending on perspective, sources may differ on whether a person engages in "soft" or "hard" denial (or neither). For example, the environmental policy of the Trump administration has been described as both "soft" and "hard" climate denial.
In Scientific American, Robert N. Proctor and Steve Lyons described Bret Stephens, a conservative New York Times opinion columnist and self-described "climate agnostic", as a soft denialist:
It was pointed out in 2017 that all the other current opinion columnists at the New York Times expressed varying degrees of soft denial in their work: "Like many liberals, every current liberal NYT columnist remains stuck in various states of 'soft' climate denial". This applied to the writing of Stephens's fellow conservatives (Ross Douthat and David Brooks) as well as his liberal colleagues (Maureen Dowd, David Leonhardt, Frank Bruni, Gail Collins, Charles Blow, Paul Krugman, Nicholas Kristof, Thomas Friedman, and Roger Cohen).
See also
Anti-environmentalism
Barriers to pro-environmental behavior
Environmental skepticism
False consciousness
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
Individual action on climate change
Inoculation theory
Motivated reasoning
Pluralistic ignorance
Status quo bias
References
Sources
Climate communication
Cognitive inertia
Environmental terminology
2010s neologisms
Cognitive biases
Environmental psychology | Psychology of climate change denial | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,438 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Environmental psychology"
] |
62,543,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201210 | NGC 1210 is a barred lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Fornax, about 179 million light-years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Ormond Stone in 1885.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
1210
Barred lenticular galaxies
Shell galaxies
Fornax
011666 | NGC 1210 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 70 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
62,544,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201444 | NGC 1444 is a small open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Perseus, about 2-° to the northwest of 43 Persei. It has an angular diameter of and a brightness of 6.60 in visual magnitude. The cluster has sixty members of seventh magnitude or fainter, and is better appreciated in larger telescopes. NGC 1444 was discovered on 18 December 1788 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. It is located at a distance of from the Sun and is about 7.1 million years old. The cluster has a physical core radius of and a tidal radius of . The most prominent member is the triple star system Σ446, with a magnitude 6.7 primary. The cluster is a member of the Camelopardalis OB1 association.
References
Open clusters
1444
Perseus (constellation) | NGC 1444 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 170 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
62,545,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPASS%20complex | Complex Proteins Associated with Set1, also known as COMPASS, is a conserved protein complex playing a major role as a H3K4me3 methylase in eukaryotes. Since it was first identified in 2001, other members of the COMPASS family of methylases with different functions have been discovered, in particular in humans.
The COMPASS complex, or similar protein complexes, have been identified in species ranging from single-celled fungi to humans. They play an important regulatory role in many essential biological processes including DNA repair, the progression of the cell cycle, and transcription through the methylenation of histone lysines.
The COMPASS complex is an example of a trithorax-group protein. The MLL1/SET domain associated with the COMPASS complex have crystal structure. The gene Cps50 coordinates the construction of COMPASS.
References
Protein complexes | COMPASS complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 174 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
62,547,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Adamala | Katarzyna (Kate) P Adamala is an American synthetic biologist and a professor of genetics at the University of Minnesota.
Research
Adamala's work includes contributions to the field of astrobiology, synthetic cell engineering and biocomputing.
Her research on prebiotic RNA replication provided an experimental scenario for the RNA world hypothesis of the origin of life. She has worked on constructing liposome bioreactor synthetic cells.
She is a founder and steering group member of the Build-a-Cell Initiative, an international collaboration for creation of synthetic live cells. She is a co-founder of synthetic cell company Synlife.
Adamala and Szostak demonstrated non enzymatic RNA replication in primitive protocells is only possibly in presence of weak cation chelator like citric acid, providing further evidence for central role of citric acid in primordial metabolism.
In 2017 Adamala gave a TEDx talk entitled Life but not Alive about how and why humans can create synthetic cells.
Selected Publications
Engineering genetic circuit interactions within and between synthetic minimal cells (2016)
Programmable RNA-binding protein composed of repeats of a single modular unit (2016)
Collaboration between primitive cell membranes and soluble catalysts (2016)
A simple physical mechanism enables homeostasis in primitive cells (2016)
Generation of Functional RNAs from Inactive Oligonucleotide Complexes by Non-enzymatic Primer Extension (2013)
Non-enzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells (2013)
References
External links
Lab webpage
Kate Adamala: Life but Not Alive TEDx talk
Mindscape Podcast Kate Adamala on Creating Synthetic Life
Kate Adamala: Breakthrough Discuss 2019
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Synthetic biologists
American bioengineers
American astrobiologists
University of Warsaw alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Minnesota faculty | Kate Adamala | [
"Biology"
] | 371 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Synthetic biologists"
] |
62,548,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20metallurgy%20in%20Mosul | During the thirteenth century, Mosul, Iraq became home to a school of luxury metalwork which rose to international renown. Artifacts classified as Mosul are some of the most intricately designed and revered pieces of the Middle Ages.
Background
The school of metalwork in Mosul is believed to have been founded in the early 13th century under Zengid patronage. During this time, the Zengid region was operating as a vassal under the Ayyubid Sultanate. Control over Mosul as a city central to trade between China, the Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia was contested between the Zengids and the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin, throughout the early acquisitions of the Ayyubid Sultanate in Syria and Iraq after the decline of Fatimid rule. However, the Zengids remained in Mosul and were allowed some degree of authority under the Sultanate.
Around 1256, the Mongol occupation of Iraq began, and the region became a part of the Ilkhanate. Of the artifacts agreed to be "nabish al-Mawsili" (of Mosul), approximately 80% were produced after the commencement of Mongol rule in Mosul. However, it is unclear as to whether or not all of these artifacts were produced within Mosul and later exported as esteemed gifts, or created elsewhere by Mosulian artisans who relocated but maintained the "al-Mawsili" signature.
Design
The process of creating these luxuriously inlaid objects is somewhat complicated and has multiple stages. First, designs are formed on the surface of the metal (usually copper or brass) by relief, piercing, engraving, or chasing. Color is then added to the crevices of the surface by encrustation, overlay or, most commonly, inlay of precious metals. These metal inlays could be sheets or wires hammered into place. The area around the inlaid design was often roughened or covered with some sort of black material. Each craftsman in the industry had their own personal specialization. This specialization could be in a particular metal, technique, object, or step in the process. There are two reasons the casting step of the process usually took place in an urban workshop. The first is simply because most patrons were located in these urban areas. The second is because it would be too difficult to move all of the heavy equipment necessary for casting from one rural location to the next. Inlayers and precious metalworkers were able to travel with ease and were not confined to the workshops as casters were. There were three main inlay innovations that are believed to have originated in Mosul in the thirteenth century- gold inlays, black inlay, and background scrolls inlaid with silver.
The designs themselves are quite varied in subject matter. Some of the popular motifs include: astrology, hunting, enthronements, battles, court life, and genre scenes. Genre scenes, images of everyday life are particularly prominent. Among the original design traditions there is evidence that can trace them to East Asia through the designs within textiles. Mosul was a great textile industry during the same period that they were producing these inlaid objects and they happened to specialize in reproductions of Chinese silks. It is speculated that many of the traditional metalwork designs were heavily influenced or even direct copies of these silk reproductions.
Historically, many scholars have argued that the Mongol sack of Mosul led to the demise of the luxury metalworking industry, however modern scholarship and an abundance of evidence disproves this. For example, it is known that Mosul metalworkers received an imperial commission by Il-Khan Abu Sa'id in the last years of the Ilkanate. Not only did Mosul continue to produce elaborate inlaid objects after the Mongol sack, they also altered their traditional stylistic choices to coalesce with Mongol taste. There was a new emphasis on minuscule style, the figures represented reflect the Ilkanhid fashion of the period, and they started to put more emphasis on pattern over figuration.
One of the finest examples of the Mosul school of metalworking is the Blacas Ewer.
Another item tentatively attributed to Mosul is the Courtauld bag, which is thought to be the world's oldest surviving handbag.
Scholarship
The scholarship surrounding Mosul Metalwork has been ongoing for a very long time, since it became the first Islamic objects d'art studied in Europe, due to its early arrival on the continent. The diverse opinions on what constitutes as Mosul Metalwork arise due to the style's dispersion across lands and through the component of signatures which identify creators as "al Mawsili", meaning "of Mosul". Within the section of metalwork with signatures, twenty-seven out of the thirty-five state themselves as "al- Mawsili". Out of those, eight state their provenance through the name of the people for which they were created along with statements declaring their engendering within Mosul. Some notable scholars that have helped shape the basis of this study include: Joseph Toussaint Reinaud, Henri Lavoix, Gaston Migeon, Max Van Berchem, Mehmed Aga-Oglu, David Storm Rice.
In the early years of Mosul Metalwork, around 1828, Joseph Toussaint Reinaud, published a collection that included the first item to clearly state its creation in Mosul, the 'Blacas ewer', an artifact consistently scrutinized by scholars when exploring Mosul style. Then in the 1860s the credibility of Mosul was being questioned by scholars, it was during that century that Henry Lavoix declared that Damascus, Aleppo, Mosul, and Egypt all created inlaid metalwork, but specifically singled out Mosul as a source for a unique style unseen throughout the medium.
A critical point in the scholarship came in the beginning of the 20th, through Gaston Migeon, whose claims over the precedency of Mosul caused objection and an urgency for reliability. Migeon also wrote the first comprehensive article introducing the inlaid Islamic metalwork. In the following years, the fluctuation of precedence of Mosul and the lack of it continued, leading up to David Storm Rice, who released the first series of articles exploring the complexities of multiple objects, a process similar to that of Max Van Brehmen and Mehmed Aga-Oglu, two scholars that impacted the relevance and viability of Mosul Metalwork, some of which included the Blacas Ewer, Louvre basin and the Munich Tray.
Present day, Mosul Metalwork is still elusive, and lacks a sustaining amount of scholarship, but scholars continue to construct a field that utilizes substantiated evidence through designs, inscription, and other items engendered specifically in Mosul around the 13th century. An example of this is represented in an article written by Ruba Kana' An who utilizes its iconography and description to construct the argument stating the Freer Ewer as one of many metalworks constructed in Mosul.
See also
Timeline of materials technology
Nonferrous archaeometallurgy of the Southern Levant
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
Further reading
References
Metalworking
Mosul
History of Mosul | History of metallurgy in Mosul | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,472 | [
"Metallurgy",
"History of metallurgy"
] |
62,548,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203175 | NGC 3175 is a spiral galaxy located in the far eastern part of the southern constellation of Antlia at an approximate distance of 54 million light-years. NGC 3175 was discovered on March 30, 1835 by English astronomer John Herschel, whose notes described it as, "considerably bright, large, much extended NE-SW, very gradually little brighter middle". This galaxy is the namesake of the NGC 3175 group of galaxies, which includes the spiral galaxy NGC 3137.
The morphological classification of this galaxy is SAB(s)b, which indicates a weakly-barred spiral galaxy (SAB) with no inner ring structure (s), and somewhat tightly wound spiral arms (b). It spans an angular size of , with the major axis aligned along a position angle of 56°. The plane of the galaxy is inclined at an angle of 77° to the line of sight from the Earth, and thus is being viewed close to edge on.
A study of the galaxy using the Australia Telescope Compact Array found that the outer disk of this galaxy, beyond a radius of from the core, is free of neutral hydrogen emission. This is an indication that no star formation is occurring, which is peculiar for a spiral galaxy. In contrast, the central region is undergoing star formation and contains of neutral hydrogen. There are no nearby galaxies that could explain the stripping of hydrogen gas from the outer part of the galaxy.
See also
Spiral galaxy
References
External links
NGC 3175 on SIMBAD
3175
Spiral galaxies
Antlia
029892 | NGC 3175 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 310 | [
"Antlia",
"Constellations"
] |
62,549,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodioideae | Lycopodioideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodium in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodioideae reproduce by spores. The oldest fossils of modern members of the subfamily date to the Early Cretaceous.
Description
The sporophytes of Lycopodioideae species are relatively short herbaceous plants. They have stems with pseudomonopodial branching in which unequal binary branching produces the appearance of a main stem with secondary side branches. The main stems are indeterminate and of various forms, including rhizomatous, creeping, trailing and climbing. They usually form roots at intervals along their length. The branches are usually determinate (i.e. of limited growth and extension). Sporangia are borne at the bases or in the axils of special spore-bearing leaves (sporophylls), which are notably different from the normal leaves, and are usually grouped into compact terminal structures (strobili). The strobili may be either upright or drooping.
Taxonomy
The family Lycopodiaceae was first established in 1802. Although other genera now placed within the family (in particular Huperzia, published in 1801) had been described, until the mid-1900s, Lycopodium was often the only genus recognized. Work by Josef Holub and Benjamin Øllgaard in the 1980s established three clear divisions within the family. This has since been supported by molecular phylogenetic studies. Several different ways of representing this situation taxonomically have been used, and are still in use , including three subfamilies with multiple genera, and three genera with multiple subgeneric divisions. Three subfamilies, including Lycopodioideae, were first suggested by Warren Wagner Jr. and Joseph Beitel in 1992, but were not validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as it was then. The names were validated by Benjamin Øllgaard in 2015. The entire subfamily Lycopodioideae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) corresponds to the single genus Lycopodium in other classifications.
Phylogeny
Within the family Lycopodiaceae, there is support for three subgroups. In 2016, Field et al. proposed that the primary division is between Lycopodielloideae plus Lycopodioideae (which comprised their Lycopodioideae) and Huperzioideae (subfamilies sensu PPG I).
Field et al. (2016) included 22 species of Lycopodioideae in their analysis, which suggested the relationships among the genera shown in the following cladogram, where the number of species included in the study is shown in parentheses:
Genera
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) the Lycopodioideae has the following genera:
Austrolycopodium Holub
Dendrolycopodium A.Haines
Diphasiastrum Holub
Diphasium C.Presl ex Rothm.
Lycopodiastrum Holub ex R.D.Dixit
Lycopodium L.
Pseudodiphasium Holub
Pseudolycopodium Holub
Spinulum A.Haines
All of these genera are submerged into a single genus Lycopodium sensu lato in other systems of classification.
References
Lycopodiaceae
Plant subfamilies | Lycopodioideae | [
"Biology"
] | 777 | [
"Plant subfamilies",
"Plants"
] |
62,549,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoscape | Phenoscape is a project to develop a database of phenotype data for species across the Ostariophysi, a large group of teleost fish. The data is captured using annotations that combine terms from an anatomy ontology, an accompanying taxonomic ontology, and quality terms from the PATO ontology of phenotype qualities. Several other OBO ontologies are also used. The anatomy ontology was developed from the zebrafish anatomy ontology developed by the Zebrafish Information Network.
References
External links
https://phenoscape.org/
Biological databases | Phenoscape | [
"Biology"
] | 122 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
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