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68,046,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally%20manipulated%20cells | Minimally manipulated cells are non-cultured (non-expanded) cells isolated from the biological material by its grinding, homogenization or selective collection of cells, which undergo minimal manipulation. Minimally manipulated cells are usually using for the treatment of skin ulceration, alopecia, and arthritis. Minimally manipulated cells can be used for the intraoperative creation of tissue-engineered grafts in situ.
International regulation
Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of manufacture and homologous transplantation in USA and European Countries. The criteria of "minimal manipulation" are variative in different countries. European regulations, according to the Reflection Paper on the classification of advanced therapy medicinal products of the European Medicines Agency, define "minimal manipulation" as the procedure that does not change biological characteristics and functions of cells. In particular, enzymatic digestion of biomaterial is prohibited, when cell-to-cell contacts are dissociated.
According to the US regulations (US 21 Code of Federal Regulations § 1271.3(f)(1), Section 361) human cells and tissues and tissue-based products (section 361 HCT/Ps), “minimal manipulation” is a processing that does not alter the original relevant characteristics of the structural tissue relating to the tissue’s utility for reconstruction, repair, or replacement.
Russian regulations provide no specific definition for “minimally manipulated” cells. However, it follows from the content of the Order of Russian Ministry of Health No. 1158n “On amending the list of transplantation objects”. According to the Order, cells obtained from the biomaterial by its grinding, homogenization, enzymatic treatment, removal of unwanted components or by selective collection of cells, could be considered as “minimally manipulated”. Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of transplantation, when they do not contain any other substances except for water, crystalloids, sterilizing, storage, and (or) specific preserving agents.
See also
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product
References
Biomedicine
Regenerative biomedicine | Minimally manipulated cells | [
"Biology"
] | 430 | [
"Biomedicine"
] |
68,047,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20oligomannate | Sodium oligomannate (development code GV-971) is a mixture of oligosaccharides isolated from the marine algae Ecklonia kurome that is used in China as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
It was conditionally approved in China by the National Medical Products Administration in 2019 for mild to moderate AD to improve cognitive function. However, the clinical data supporting its potential benefits have been received skeptically elsewhere and are considered insufficient for approval in other countries. Therefore, it is still undergoing Phase III clinical trials necessary for regulatory approval in the United States and Europe. In 2022, Green Valley Pharmaceuticals, the company conducting Phase III clinical trials for the purpose of obtaining FDA approval in the United States, ended the trials early and suspended further development of the drug.
The mechanism by which sodium oligomannate may function is unclear and several possibilities have been proposed, including amyloid beta disaggregation, mediation of inflammatory responses to amyloid plaques, protein binding inside neurons, and alteration of intestinal bacteria.
References
Polysaccharides
Treatment of Alzheimer's disease | Sodium oligomannate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 228 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
68,048,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Taiclet | James Donald Taiclet Jr. (born May 13, 1960) is an American business executive who has been the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Lockheed Martin since June 2020, and chairman since March 2021.
Early life and education
James Taiclet was born in Pittsburgh, on May 13, 1960. His father, James Sr., served in the U.S. Army at the Wiesbaden Air Base in Germany, and later became a boilermaker in Pittsburgh. His mother, Mary Ann (née Foley), was a homemaker and school administrator.
Taiclet graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1982 with a degree in engineering and international relations. While at the academy, Taiclet played on the rugby team, serving as captain during his senior year.
Taiclet earned a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University. Taiclet has a fellowship at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.
Military service
From 1985 to 1991, Taiclet was a pilot in the United States Air Force, serving as aircraft commander, instructor pilot and unit chief of standardization and evaluation. During Operation Desert Shield, he flew multiple missions in a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter transport jet. His rotational assignments included the Joint Staff and Air Staff at the Pentagon.
Business career
Taiclet first worked in the private sector as a management consultant at McKinsey & Co. from July 1991 to February 1996. He then joined Pratt & Whitney as vice president of engine services until 1999, and was then president of Honeywell Aerospace Services until 2001.
In 2001, American Tower recruited Taiclet for the role of chief operating officer. He was named chief executive officer of American Tower in October 2003 after the departure of Steven B. Dodge, and was selected as chairman in February 2004. He remained as CEO and on the board of American Tower until 2020.
In 2018, Taiclet joined the board of directors of Lockheed Martin.
In June 2020, Taiclet was named as CEO of Lockheed Martin, succeeding Marillyn Hewson. He was named chairman of the company in March 2021.
On Feb. 16, China placed two companies, Lockheed Martin Corporation and Raytheon Missiles & Defense, on its unreliable entities list as they sold arms to Taiwan, banning them from engaging in China-related import or export activities and making new investments in China.
Senior executives of the two companies, including Taiclet, have since then been prohibited from entering China, as well as working, staying and residing in China.
Other memberships
While he was CEO of American Tower, Taiclet and his wife supported the Newton-Wellesley Hospital Charitable Foundation as well as the Charles River Center. He also serves on the board of the Brigham and Women's Hospital as a trustee.
Taiclet hold memberships on the boards of various non-profits and NGOs such as the Council on Foreign Relations, Catalyst.org, the U.S.-India Business Council, the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum, and has attended the World Economic Forum.
Recognition
From 2013 to 2018, Taiclet was named to Harvard Business Review's list of Best-Performing CEOs in the World.
References
External links
Taiclet Bio on Lockheed Martin website
Taiclet profile on Linkedin
1960 births
Living people
Lockheed Martin people
Princeton University alumni
McKinsey & Company people
United States Air Force Academy alumni
21st-century American businesspeople
American technology chief executives
20th-century American businesspeople
American individuals subject to Chinese sanctions
American technology businesspeople
American technology executives
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
Aviators from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania | James Taiclet | [
"Technology"
] | 746 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Proprietary technology salespersons"
] |
68,048,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emdoor | Emdoor (Chinese: 亿道), with the full name Shenzhen Emdoor Information Co., Ltd., also known as Emdoor Information, is a Chinese provider of rugged mobile computers founded by Zane Zhang in 2008, headquartered in Shenzhen. It is a subsidiary of Emdoor Group, and principally provides rugged tablets, laptops and handheld terminals.
Emdoor is currently a technology ecosystem partner of Microsoft and a partner of Rockchip, as well as a former partner of Electric Cloud.
History
In 2012, Emdoor stepped into the field of rugged tablets, with product lines including rugged phones, tablets and 2-in-1s. Since early 2014, it has collaborated with Intel and become one of the latter's ODM partners in China.
In June 2014, Emdoor joined with Microsoft and Intel to release the EM-I8080, a Windows 8.1 tablet priced at $100. In October, it presented another Windows 8.1 tablet costing around $65 in Hong Kong.
Emdoor cooperated with Microsoft and Intel to unveil a tablet called "EM-i8080" at Computex 2014, which cost just $100.
In 2015, Emdoor worked with Qualcomm and Microsoft to launch Windows 10 Phones in China. In 2020, it rolled out its first 5G rugged tablet.
In April 2016, it was listed on the New Third Board with the stock code , and was delisted on 27 April 2018. The company started IPO counseling, and made a counseling filing with the Shenzhen Securities Regulatory Bureau on December 11, 2020.
References
Chinese brands
Computer companies of China
Computer hardware companies
Computer companies established in 2008
Chinese companies established in 2008 | Emdoor | [
"Technology"
] | 341 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
68,049,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20of%20clothing | Color is an essential aspect of the aesthetic properties of clothing. The color of clothing has a significant impact on one's appearance. Our clothes communicate about us and reveal our social and economic standing.
Significance
Color is a visual characteristic that is described by terms like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple etc. Typically, it is the color of an object that attracts the most attention. Color is one of the primary properties that is noticed when a consumer makes a decision to buy a dress. The colors are distinctive and distinguishable; we frequently refer to clothing by its color, for instance, a "blue shirt."
Self decoration
Decoration of self is prevalent in societies, and self-decoration is a fundamental characteristic of humans. Decorative values of clothing are regarded as "primary if not the most primary." Hence, as a decorative element, color plays a critical part in meeting the necessary criterion.
Aesthetic comfort
Colors create aesthetic comfort when combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fitting, style, and fashion compatibility. All these elements collectively contribute to satisfying our visual perception.
Symbolic representations
Historically, different societies have set their own restrictions and norms for different clothing. For example, during the Tudor period, the crimson red color was not allowed in the ranks below the “knights of the garter.” During the Renaissance era, the significance of clothing color increased, with specific colors reserved for the upper class and royalty. Sumptuary laws were created in medieval Europe, which restricted the wearing of expensive colors such as purple, obtained from seashells of the Mediterranean to the nobility.
Colors of clothing have specific associations with certain types of clothing styles and symbolize cultural beliefs. Blue, for example, is closely associated with denim.
The Saffron color is considered sacred in Hinduism, and Buddhism.
Tekhelet in Judaism is the holiest color of Judaism. It is a blue or violet dye.
The color green () has a number of traditional associations in Islam. In the Quran, it is associated with paradise.
Social significance
Colors have social, cultural and political significance. Clothing colors also discriminates. In the past, some societies and cultures have adopted unconventional fashion trends. Pink and blue, for example, have a gender stereotype. Gender stereotypes can be seen not only on the color of clothing, but also regarding clothing being genderly classified.Such as jeans for men, hence skirts for women. These gender stereotypes also classified by colors such as pink for women, hence blue for men. In Hinduism, for example, widows are required to wear white, and in contrast to this Brides in western cultures wear white wedding gowns. In Christianity, the color black is associated with mourning.
Identity
Clothing color represents the identity of political parties, sports teams, and various professions. The Bharatiya Janata Party uses the saffron color in their promotional activities. Cricket whites is a type of white colored uniform worn in the sports of cricket. A white coat is a smock worn by professionals in the medical field or by those involved in laboratory work. There are various terms denoting groups of working individuals based on the colors of their collars worn at work. (See: Designation of workers by collar color)
White-collar worker is a social class; person who performs intellectual labor.
Blue-collar worker is a working-class person who performs manual labor.
Pink-collar worker is someone working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be women’s work. This may include jobs in the beauty industry, nursing, social work, teaching, secretarial work, or child care.
Uniform
A uniform depicts the use of a similar color of clothing in a group, organization, or profession.
School uniform
A school uniform is a standardized outfit worn by students of an educational institution.
Military uniform
A standardized dress worn by military personnel and paramilitary groups of various nations.
Political uniform
A political uniform is distinctive clothing worn by members of a political movement.
Sportswear
A Standardized sportswear may also function as a uniform for sports teams. In team sports, opposing teams is usually identified by their clothing colors, while individual team members can be identified by the back number on their shirt.
Dress or Garments by color names
Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
White tie
Little black dress
Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn
White dress of Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe's pink dress
Black dress of Rita Hayworth
Fashion
Color of clothing is a key factor in capturing people's attention and persuading them to purchase a product.
Quotes
Psychology
Psychologists believe that the color of our clothing influences our stress levels and moods. Color enhances a person's experience of their surroundings.
Literature
The color saffron is associated with the goddess of dawn (Eos in Greek mythology and Aurora in Roman mythology) in classical literature:
Homer's Iliad:Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of Okeanos, to bring light to mortals and immortals, Thetis reached the ships with the armor that the god had given her. (19.1)Virgil's Aeneid:Aurora now had left her saffron bed,
And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread,
When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes,
Saw day point upward from the rosy skies.
Value addition
Greige goods have limited shades ranging from offwhite to white, colors add value to the products. Application of color involves many textile arts such as dyeing, printing, painting, etc. Royal blue dye is one of the costliest dye to obtain the Royal blue hues. Different colors have different cost because of longer and shorter dye cycles.
Application
Colors can be applied to textiles in a variety of ways, the most common of which are dyeing and printing. Dyeing is a uniform color application, whereas in printing, color is applied in certain patterns. Coloring has a set of procedures.
Seasons and colors
Retailers and buyers design the merchandise as per the seasonal forecast. Primarily, there are four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Some fast fashion brands, like Zara, have more than four seasonal changes on their shelves.
There are professional organizations that forecast colors, such as the Color Marketing Group, Color Association of the United States, and International Colour Authority.
Color matching systems
Pantone is a standardized color reproduction system that conveys colors through color matching systems. These standards can be used by manufacturers all over the world.
Production
Textile dyeing mills use color standards in physical and digital forms for the reproduction of these colors. Physical color standards are cut pieces of reference colors, whereas digital color standards are known as "QTX files" (Spectral data), which is a more efficient method.
When working with color matching and quality control software, it is possible to import a QTX file. With regard to color, a QTX file is simply a text file containing reflectance measurements for the color in question.
Measurement (Delta-E)
Color is a subjective visual perception that varies between individuals. There are spectrophotometers that can objectively compare spectral values and colors. Though colors are viewed visually and digitally, both depend on the customer's requirements. Delta E (dE-CMC) expresses the difference between the original standard and the reproduction.
Alternative technologies for color application
Structural coloration
Microstructures that interfere with the light cause structural coloration. Some examples of structural coloration include bird feathers and butterfly wings. (see:Iridescence)
Nanocoating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light) in textiles for biomimetics is the new method of structural coloration without dyes. In structural coloration, interference effects are used to create colors instead of using pigments or dyes.
Gallery
See also
Color analysis (art)
Clothing laws by country
Color appearance model
Colour fastness
Court dress
Dress code
International Commission on Illumination
Political color
Textile sample
References
Color appearance phenomena
Textiles
Visual perception
Color of clothing
Articles containing video clips | Color of clothing | [
"Physics"
] | 1,629 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Color appearance phenomena"
] |
68,049,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxetamine | Hydroxetamine (3'-hydroxy-2-oxo-PCE, O-desmethylmethoxetamine, HXE) is a recreational designer drug from the arylcyclohexylamine family, with dissociative effects. It is known as an active metabolite of the dissociative designer drug methoxetamine, but has also been sold in its own right since late 2019.
See also
3-HO-PCP
4-Keto-PCP
Desmetramadol
Deoxymethoxetamine
Fluorexetamine
References
Arylcyclohexylamines
Designer drugs
Dissociative drugs
3-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Ketones
Secondary amines | Hydroxetamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 158 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
68,051,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxymethoxetamine | Deoxymethoxetamine (3'-methyl-2-oxo-PCE, DMXE, 3D-MXE) is a recreational designer drug from the arylcyclohexylamine family, with dissociative effects. It is an analogue of methoxetamine where the 3-methoxy group has been replaced by methyl. It has been sold online since around October 2020, and was first definitively identified by a forensic laboratory in Denmark in February 2021.
See also
3-Methyl-PCP
3-Methyl-PCPy
Hydroxetamine
Fluorexetamine
Methoxetamine
Methoxieticyclidine
MXiPr
References
Arylcyclohexylamines
Designer drugs
Dissociative drugs
Secondary amines
Ketones | Deoxymethoxetamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 167 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
68,051,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20II%20%28monkey%29 | Albert II was a male rhesus macaque monkey who was the first primate and first mammal to travel to outer space. He flew from Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, United States, to an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) aboard a U.S. V-2 sounding rocket on June 14, 1949. Albert died upon landing after a parachute failure caused his capsule to strike the ground at high speed. Albert's respiratory and cardiological data were recorded up to the moment of impact.
Albert II's flight, run by the Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base and organized with the help of Holloman Air Force Base, followed the likely preflight death of Albert I before a high mesospheric flight aboard a V-2 rocket on June 11, 1948. The capsule was redesigned in-between flights to enlarge the cramped quarters experienced by Albert I.
Previous life launched into space
Before Albert II the only previous known living beings in space were fruit flies, launched by the United States in a V-2 rocket suborbital flight on February 20, 1947. The flies were recovered alive.
See also
Monkeys and apes in space
Animals in space
Alice King Chatham, who designed Albert II's oxygen mask and harness
Laika, a Russian space dog, the first animal to orbit the Earth (November 3, 1957)
Ham, a chimpanzee, the first great ape in space (January 31, 1961)
Yuri Gagarin, the first human in space and first primate to orbit the Earth (April 12, 1961)
Enos, the first chimpanzee and third primate to orbit the Earth (November 29, 1961)
List of individual monkeys
References
Animals in space
Individual monkeys
1940s in spaceflight
1949 in outer space
1949 in transport
1949 animal deaths
Non-human primate astronauts of the American space program
June 1949 events in the United States | Albert II (monkey) | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 384 | [
"Animal testing",
"Space-flown life",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Animals in space",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
68,052,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2029559 | HD 29559 is a solitary star in the southern constellation Caelum. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.40, placing it near the max naked eye visibility. The star is situated at a distance 408 light years based on parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 29559 has a stellar classification of A5 IV-V — a luminosity class intermediate between a main sequence star and subgiant. It has alternatively been classified as A3 Vs:, indicating that it is an A-type main-sequence star with sharp (narrow) absorption lines due to slow rotation. However, there is uncertainty behind the class.
It has 2.19 times the mass of the Sun and a slightly enlarged diameter of . It radiates at 35 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , which gives it a white hue. Contrary to the second classification, HD 29559 spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of and has a solar metallicity. It is estimated to be 719 million years old, having completed 85.9% of its main sequence lifetime.
References
29559
CD-42 01572
21525
A-type main-sequence stars
Caelum
Caeli, 8
A-type subgiants | HD 29559 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 268 | [
"Caelum",
"Constellations"
] |
68,055,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Chlorobutyronitrile | 4-Chlorobutyronitrile is the organic compound with the formula ClCH2CH2CH2CN. With both chloro and cyano functional groups, it is a bifunctional molecule. It is a colorless liquid.
Synthesis
It is prepared by the reaction of potassium cyanide with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane.
Cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by reaction of 4-chlorobutyronitrile with sodium amide in liquid ammonia. However an increased yield was reported when the base/solvent mixture was changed to NaOH/DMSO.
Drug use
4-Chlorobutyronitrile is a precursor to the drugs buflomedil and buspirone.
Precursor
4-Chlorobutyronitrile has been used as a starting material to prepare 2-phenylpyrrolidine [registry number 1006-64-0]. This in turn is a chief precursor to a family of compounds called pyrroloisoquinolines. These are valuable agents in medicinal chemistry that are endowed with BAT substrate reuptake inhibitor properties, elevating the synaptic concentration of serotonin and/or catecholamines. They therefore have application in the treatment of CNS diseases and eating disorders. A list of all of the known codenamed examples includes the following: JNJ-7925476, McN5652, Mcn-5292, Mcn 5707, McN-5908, McN 4612-z, McN-5558 & McN-5847.
More recently, an alternative synthetic protocol was also reported by Maryanoff.
References
Nitriles
Organochlorides | 4-Chlorobutyronitrile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 369 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
68,057,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28III%29%20iodide | Indium(III) iodide or indium triiodide is a chemical compound of indium and iodine with the formula InI3.
Preparation
Indium(III) iodide can be obtained by reacting indium with iodine vapor:
Indium(III) iodide can also be obtained by evaporation of a solution of indium in HI.
Properties
Indium(III) iodide is a pale yellow, very hygroscopic monoclinic solid (space group P21/c (space group no. 14), a = 9.837 Å, b = 6.102 Å, c = 12.195 Å, β = 107.69°), which melts at 210 °C to form a dark brown liquid and is highly soluble in water. Its crystals consist of dimeric molecules. The yellow β form slowly converts to the red α form. In the presence of water vapor, the compound reacts with oxygen at 245 °C to form indium(III) oxide iodide.
Distinct yellow and red forms are known. The red form undergoes a transition to the yellow at 57 °C. The structure of the red form has not been determined by X-ray crystallography; however, spectroscopic evidence indicates that indium may be six coordinate. The yellow form consists of In2I6 with 4 coordinate indium centres.
References
Iodides
Indium compounds
Metal halides | Indium(III) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 296 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
68,058,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pakistani%20YouTubers | YouTubers are people mostly known for their work on the video sharing website YouTube. The following is a list of Pakistani YouTubers for whom Wikipedia has articles either under their own name or their YouTube channel name. This list excludes people who, despite having a YouTube presence, are primarily known for their work elsewhere.
References
Internet-related lists
Lists of Pakistani people | List of Pakistani YouTubers | [
"Technology"
] | 73 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Internet-related lists"
] |
78,215,470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20tubes | Fungal tubes (pores) are a type of mushroom hymenium structure, distinguishing bolete mushrooms from e.g. lamellar mushrooms.
References
Fungal morphology and anatomy | Fungal tubes | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,216,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C%20138 | 3C 138 is a quasar located in the constellation of Taurus. It has a redshift of (z) 0.76. The radio spectrum of this source appears both compact and steep, making it a compact steep-spectrum radio quasar. It is also one of the few 3C objects showing a defined and turn-over in its electromagnetic spectrum at low frequencies.
3C 138 is known to shown linear polarization at high degrees although the source of it remains a mystery. When correcting the Faraday rotation for this object, the electric field position angle is ~170°, indicating the magnetic field direction as ~ 80°. The source of 3C 138 is shown to emit gamma rays with a powerful flare detected in 2012.
The radio structure of 3C 138 is unresolved at both 0.151 and 0.408 GHz. However, when detected through higher frequencies, it is revealed to be largely linear. The structure is then further divided into separate components consisting of a bright radio core and a radio jet which is polarized and showing a slight increase from 12 percent at 5 GHz to 14 percent at 15 GHz. There are several extended knots present within the main jet emission region extending 400 milliarcseconds in a 65° position angle. A low surface-brightness counter-jet is located in an opposite direction from the region. Furthermore, 3C 138 has a compact radio lobe located east and a much fainter, diffused radio lobe located west.
3C 138 is one of the four primary calibrators used by the Very Large Array. The other three are 3C 48, 3C 147 and 3C 286. For all visibilities of other sources, they are calibrated via observed visibilities of one of the four calibrators.
References
External links
3C 138 on SIMBAD
3C 138 on NASA/IPAC Database
Quasars
Taurus (constellation)
138
1612
Active galaxies
2817552 | 3C 138 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 405 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,216,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KINGSEMI | KINGSEMI (Kingsemi; ) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese company that manufactures semiconductor device fabrication equipment. They include photolithography process coating equipment and wafer cleaning tools.
Background
Harbin Institute of Technology graduate, Zong Runfu worked at the Shenyang Institute of Automation where he eventually became director of the Science and Technology Department. During his time there he noticed the project cycle was long and the efficiency was low. Zong suggested to the institute that researchers should go to enterprises and turn the results from academia into standardized products.
In 2002, Shenyang Xinyuan Advanced Semiconductor Technology (later rebranded to Kingsemi) was established which was led by Zong. Initially the company experienced difficulty as they had to develop everything from scratch and there was pressure from both the institute and external stakeholders.
On 16 December 2019, Kingsemi held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market. The reason for listing was to obtain capital to fund R&D investments.
In 2024 at a product presentation event, Kingsemi stated it was only domestic company that could produce spin-coater developing equipment. It received CNY2.2 billion worth of orders in 2023 due to demand for advanced packaging and foundry process equipment. Kingsemi demonstrated its equipment which included a prototype chemical cleansing machine that covers the process requirements at 28nm and above as well as a wafer bonding machine.
In December 2024, Kingsemi was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.
See also
Shenyang Institute of Automation
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
2002 establishments in China
2019 initial public offerings
Companies based in Shenyang
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2002
Equipment semiconductor companies
Government-owned companies of China
Semiconductor companies of China | KINGSEMI | [
"Engineering"
] | 370 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,216,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%20of%20human%20faeces%20in%20traditional%20medicine | Human faeces has been used in traditional medicine, namely in traditional Chinese medicine and in traditional Tibetan medicine. From China, the practice also spread to Korea, although there, the practice was rare in the past and has since virtually ceased.
History
In Chinese medicine
Consuming human faeces is reportedly mentioned as a way of treating diarrhea and food poisoning in a 4th-century Chinese medicine book by Ge Hong.
Li Shizhen, a pharmacologist of the Ming dynasty, mentioned a medical use of human faeces in his 1596 book Bencao Gangmu (or Compendium of Materia Medica):This book also mentions other healing and beneficial properties attributed to animal and human faeces as a solution to various diseases. One writer for the Disgusting Food Museum argued that, since Eastern medicine has drawn much of its foundation from Li Shizhen, the Korean practice was possibly derived from Li's work.
In Korean medicine
The practice existed in pre-modern Korea, although it was reportedly rare. The Joseon-era medical manual Donguibogam reportedly has a claim that human faeces can cure food poisoning from animal flesh or mushrooms. A folk medicine during the Joseon period was the consumption of faeces-infused water to ease the throats of singers.
In Tomo Imamura's book Chōsen Fūzoku-shū, a collection of Korean customs and traditions, written during the Japanese occupation of Korea, it is stated that some people wrapped their faeces in black rags, exposing them for three days under the moonlight, to fight off fever. Furthermore, human faeces were reportedly mixed with salt and applied as bandages to wounds, while they were "cooled, put in water and left in a hole, then strained and drunk some time later" to fight typhoid fever.
Ttongsul
Ttongsul is a premodern traditional Korean medical wine made from the faeces of children. The faeces is soaked, crushed, and made into a paste that is then fermented. It is strained, mixed with rice, and then left to rest. The mixture is then distilled to produce a wine.
In modern South Korea, the use of ttongsul is considered extremely rare, to the extent that most South Koreans have never heard of it. In recent years, a Vice Japan video on ttongsul drew criticism in South Korea, with some South Koreans arguing the rare practice was being disproportionately magnified by the Japanese right wing to mock Korean people.
In Tibetan medicine
The Four Tantras identify faeces (and the excrements of other animals) to treat various diseases, but reportedly do not explain how they should be administered. Human faeces was reportedly recommended for curing gallstones, poisoning, and swelling.
Notes
References
Feces
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Korean medicine
Tibetan medicine | Use of human faeces in traditional medicine | [
"Biology"
] | 575 | [
"Excretion",
"Feces",
"Animal waste products"
] |
78,217,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDSS%201624%2B00 | SDSS 1624+00 (also known as SDSSp J162414.371+002915.6) is the first T dwarf discovered in the field, meaning it does free-float in space and does not belong to a group of stars.
The object was discovered after Gliese 229B and at around the same time Gliese 570D was discovered. SDSS 1624+00 was discovered in 1999 with preliminary data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It was selected because of its extreme red color (i-z=3.77 ±0.21 mag). Optical spectroscopy was obtained with the Apache Point 3.5 m telescope and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy with the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. The spectrum showed absorption due to water vapor, methane and caesium and the spectrum was similar to Gliese 229B, but with SDSS 1624+00 showing a stronger potassium line. It is 1.2 mag fainter than Gliese 229B, which helped to constrain the distance to around 10 parsec.
A red spectrum was obtained with the Keck Observatory. The researchers found that SDSS 1624+00 is likely warmer than Gliese 229B, due to stronger absorption by alkali metals (caesium, potassium and sodium). Later it was discovered that Gliese 229B is a binary, which can cause differences in the spectrum. SDSS 1624+00 was assigned a spectral type of T6 by two teams at the same time.
SDSS 1624+00 was one of the few T-dwarfs observed with JWST NIRSpec and MIRI spectroscopy, which revealed additional molecules in its atmosphere, namely carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Potential variability
Additional near-infrared spectra were obtained with the Subaru Telescope. The multiple spectra taken over a period of 80 minutes showed possible variability in the water vapor absorption. Later observations did not find water vapor variability in spectra with the Very Large Telescope. Potential strong water vapor variability was also found with Hubble WFC3. Observations on Kitt Peak 2.1 m telescope also found low significance evidence for variability of this T-dwarf. Analysis of archived WFC3 data later found it not to be variable.
References
T-type brown dwarfs
Ophiuchus
Astronomical objects discovered in 1999 | SDSS 1624+00 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 474 | [
"Ophiuchus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,218,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altohyrtin%20A | Altohyrtin A (spongistatin 1, cinachyrolide A) is a polyether macrolide originally isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hyrtios altum by Kobayashi et al. in 1993, the Indian marine sponge Spongia sp. by Pettit et al. in 1993, and the Japanese marine sponge Cinachyra sp. by Fusetani et al. in 1993. It has potent anti-cancer activity.
Mechanism of action
Altohyrtin A binds to the maytansine site on β-tubulin.
Biosynthesis
While a producer organism for Altohyrtin A has never been isolated in pure culture, the structural features of Altohyrtin A, such as the 'odd-even' rule of methylation, and the abundance of oxygen heterocycles, suggest it is a product of dinoflagellate polyether metabolism. Alternatively, it may be a bacterial natural product.
See also
Halichondrin B
References
Macrolides
Polyether toxins
Heterocyclic compounds with 7 or more rings
Spiro compounds
Acetate esters
Methoxy compounds
Tetrahydropyrans
Dienes | Altohyrtin A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 246 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Polyether toxins",
"Toxins by chemical classification",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
78,218,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20Women%27s%20Round%20Table | The Electrical Women's Round Table (EWRT) was an American organization founded in 1923 to provide a professional network for women in the electricity industry. The organization was incorporated in the state of New York in 1927, became a national organization in 1948, and in 1998 expanded its scope again, to become the Women's International Network of Utility Professionals (WiNUP).
Founding and early years
The Electrical Women's Round Table was founded by seven women attending the Society for Electrical Development meeting in 1923, and incorporated in New York in 1927 with more than fifty charter members in the New York area. "We believe this to be the first group of its kind," wrote board member Lilian Cassels in 1925. It welcomed women working in all aspects of the electricity industry, including home economists, electricians, editors, teachers, designers, businesswomen, and engineers. In 1927, the group produced a children's pantomime, "Cinderella's House", performed at an exposition of women's arts and industries in New York.
After 1948
The Electrical Women's Round Table held its first national annual conference in 1954, in St. Louis. The first day of workshops was open to the public, especially educators and representatives of allied fields. They awarded scholarships, hosted speakers, and promoted the safe use of electricity in the home, through educational outreach to women. The Round Table had 24 chapters nationwide by 1974. Local chapters held social events and fundraisers. For example, the Portland, Oregon, chapter offered men's cooking classes in the 1970s. A chapter in Tennessee held a poster contest about energy conservation in 1975, and an Indiana chapter published a cookbook in 1992.
In 1998, the organization expanded its geographic and professional scopes, and was reorganized as the Women's International Network of Utility Professionals (WiNUP).
See also
Electrical Association for Women
References
External links
Women's International Network of Utility Professionals (official website)
Women's Electrical Board (official website)
Maddie Fowler, "Refrigerators and Women's Empowerment: The 'Peaceful Revolution' of Rural Electrification" National Museum of American History (October 20, 2021).
Women in technology
Women's organizations based in the United States | Electrical Women's Round Table | [
"Technology"
] | 449 | [
"Women in technology",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
78,220,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20theory%20of%20cancer | The metabolic theory of cancer is the hypothesis that the primary cause of cancer is changes in cellular metabolism. The theory is strongly linked to the idea that diet can be used to prevent or treat many or most types of cancer. It is widely accepted that changes in cellular metabolism—specifically, an increased reliance on glucose for energy, and up-regulation of anabolic processes—do occur in many types of cancer cells. However, the idea that cancer can be controlled mostly or entirely by diet does not have broad acceptance in the medical field.
Key principles of the metabolic theory of cancer
The metabolic theory of cancer is built upon several well-known biochemical differences between normal and rapidly-proliferating cells, including:
The Warburg effect: In the 1920s, Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells prefer to generate energy through anaerobic fermentation, even when oxygen is plentiful. This is different from normal cells, which use oxygen-dependent oxidative phosphorylation for more efficient energy production. As a result, cancer cells rely heavily on glucose (sugar) for energy, and produce significant amounts of lactate.
Mitochondrial dysfunction: Proponents of the metabolic theory argue that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in cancer. Mitochondria are the cell’s energy factories and play a role in regulating cell death (apoptosis). Alterations in mitochondrial morphology are evident in several types of cancer cells.
Metabolic flexibility and glutamine dependence: Cancer cells often rely on glutamine as an alternative energy source and as a building block for growth, especially when glucose is limited. This metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to adapt and thrive under varying conditions, making them more resistant to standard treatments like chemotherapy.
Therapeutic implications
Dietary approaches: Low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets are suggested as potentially helpful because they limit glucose availability to cancer cells, thereby "starving" them. These diets force the body to produce ketones, which cancer cells cannot use.
Targeting metabolism in treatment: Drugs that disrupt cancer cells' metabolic processes, particularly those targeting glucose or glutamine metabolism, are being explored as cancer treatments.
Controversy and research
The metabolic theory is still under investigation and remains controversial. While there is evidence supporting the role of altered metabolism in cancer, the genetic mutation model also has significant support. Many researchers are now examining cancer as a complex interplay of genetic mutations and metabolic dysregulation, rather than a purely genetic or purely metabolic disease.
See also
Cancer
Tumor metabolome
References
Aging-associated diseases
Cancer | Metabolic theory of cancer | [
"Biology"
] | 515 | [
"Senescence",
"Aging-associated diseases"
] |
78,220,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20investigational%20autism%20and%20pervasive%20developmental%20disorder%20drugs | This is a list of investigational autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of autistic spectrum disorders and/or other pervasive developmental disorders but are not yet approved.
Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.
This list was last comprehensively updated in October 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.
Under development
Preregistration
CM-4612 (CM-ADHD; CM-AT; CM-PK) – enzyme modulator/replacement for gastrointestinal or pancreatic secretory deficiencies
Phase 3
Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Bumetanide oral liquid (S-95008) – sodium–potassium–chloride symporter/cotransporter inhibitor and indirect GABAergic inhibitor
Cariprazine (Reagila, Symvenu, Vraylar; MP-214, RGH-188, WID-RGC20) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2B receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Lumateperone (Caplyta) – dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and atypical antipsychotic
Lurasidone (Latuda) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, α2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Tasimelteon (Hetlioz) – melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist
Phase 2
AB-2004 – microbiome modulator
Acamprosate (AOP-2020; Campral; SF-679/SF-775; SF-999) – unknown / GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist
Alogabat (RG-7816, RG7816, RO-7017773; GABA-A-α5 PAM) – GABAA α5 subunit-containing receptor positive allosteric modulator
Arbaclofen ((R)-baclofen; STX-209) – GABAB receptor agonist
Cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex) – cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions
Cannabidiol transdermal patch/gel (Zygel; ZYN-002) – cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions
Cannabidivarin (CBDV; GWP-42006) – non-intoxicating cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions
CP-101 – bacteria relacement and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator
JNJ-42165279 (JNJ-5279) – fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor
Oxytocin (intranasal potentiated oxytocin; TI-001, TI-114, TNX-1900, TNX-2900) – oxytocin receptor agonist
Pitolisant (Wakix; tiprolisant) – histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist
Racemetirosine (DL-α-methyltyrosine; L1-79) – tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor
Suramin (IV suramin; PAX-101/PAX-102) – DNA synthesis inhibitor and anti-purinergic agent
Zolmitriptan modified-release (ML-004, ML004) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist
Phase 1
(R)-MDMA ((R)-midomafetamine; MM-402) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen)
STP-1 (STALICLA Therapeutic Package 1) – phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor and sodium–potassium–chloride symporter inhibitor
Sulforafan alfadex (sulforaphane alfadex; sulforafan α-cyclodextrin; SFX-01, STP-2; broccoli sprout extract) – various actions
Preclinical
Bryostatin-1 (MW-904) – protein kinase C stimulant
CJRB-303 (CJRB-901, MRx-0006) – bacteria replacement
Debamestrocel (growth factor-producing stem cell therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement therapy
FIN-211 – bacteria replacement and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator
Levophacetoperane (NLS-3; (R,R)-phacetoperone; methylphenidate reverse ester) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and psychostimulant
LIT-001 – small-molecule oxytocin receptor agonist
MBDB – serotonin and norepinephrine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor ligand (entactogen)
Psilocin (PLZ-1015) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen
QBM-001 – undefined mechanism of action (allosteric channel modulator; putative neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent)
Research
Baeocystin (PLZ-1019) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, other actions
Norpsilocin (PLZ-1017) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, other actions
Roluperidone (CYR-101, MIN-101, MT-210) – serotonin 5-HT2A, sigma σ2, and α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist
Squalamine (ENT-01; Enterin-01; kenterin) – various actions
Phase unknown
Psilocybin (COMP360; COMP-360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen
Not under development
Development suspended
KM-391 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor
No development reported
AB-1224 – microbiome modulator
AGX-201 (histamine dihydrochloride salt) – histamine H1 receptor antagonist and histamine H3 receptor agonist
Aminolevulinic acid/sodium ferrous citrate (5-ALA-SFC, 5-ALA/SFX; sodium ferrous citrate/aminolevulinic acid; SPP-003) – erythropoiesis stimulant and photosensitizer
Aripiprazole transdermal (AQS-1301; transdermal aripiprazole) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic
BAER-101 (AZ-7325; AZD-7325) – selective GABAA α2 and α3 subunit-containing receptor positive allosteric modulator
BBP-472 – phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase β (PI3Kβ) inhibitor
Fasoracetam co-crystallised (co-crystallised fasoracetam; AEVI-004) – various actions and racetam
Guanfacine once-daily (Guanfacine Carrier Wave; SPD-547) – α2-adrenergic receptor agonist
KBLP-010 – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator
NBTX-001 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist
Oxytocin intranasal (OPN-300; OptiNose oxytocin) – oxytocin receptor agonist
Research programme: allosteric modulators - Addex Therapeutics (various) – various actions
Research programme: antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics - RogCon U.R (RCUR-313, RCUR-SMP) – voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.2 expression stimulants
Research programme: autism and obesity therapeutics - Berand Neuropharmacology – histone deacetylase inhibitors
Research programme: brain development disorder therapeutics - Seaside Therapeutics (STX-110) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonists and muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor antagonists
Research programme: cannabinoid receptor modulators - GW Pharmaceuticals (cannabigerol; CBG) – cannabinoid receptor modulators
Research programme: cannabis extract therapeutics - Cannabis Science (CBIS compounds) – cannabinoid receptor modulators
Research programme: central nervous system therapeutics - AbbVie/Rugen – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: CNS disorder therapeutics - Promentis Pharmaceuticals – antioxidants, glutamate receptor modulators, SLC7A11 modulators
Research programme: CNS disorders therapeutics - Sage Therapeutics (SAGE-105; SGE-202; SGE-301; SGE-516) – GABAA receptor modulators and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor modulators
Research programme: G protein-coupled receptor modulating small molecules - Omeros Corporation – G protein-coupled receptor modulator and neuromedin U receptor modulator
Research programme: GPCR modulators - Nxera Pharma – various actions
Research programme: immunomodulating bacteria-based therapeutics - 4D Pharma – bacteria replacements
Research programme: metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists - Roche/Seaside Therapeutics – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonists
Research programme: oxytocin intranasal - Pastorus Pharma – neurotransmitter modulators/oxytocin receptor agonists
Research programme: therapeutic autoantibodies - Sengenics – undefined mechanism of action
RG-7713 (RG7713) – vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist
Tideglusib (AMO-02, NP-031112, NP-12; Nypta, Zentylor) – glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor
Vafidemstat (ORY-2001) – dual lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen NBTX 001 - AdisInsight
Discontinued
Balovaptan (RG-7314, RO-5028442, RO-5285119) – vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist
Blarcamesine (AE-37, ANA001, ANAVEX 2-73) – sigma σ1, muscarinic acetylcholine M1, and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor agonist
Brilaroxazine (RP-5063, RP-5000) – dopamine D2, D3, D4 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Carbetocin (CYP-2001) – oxytocin receptor agonist
CX-516 (1-BCP; BDP-12, SPD-420; AMPAlex) – AMPA receptor modulator
EM-036 (memantine analogue) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions
Fasoracetam (AEVI-001, LAM-105, MDGN-001, NFC-1, NS-105) – various actions and racetam
Fluoxetine rapid-dissolve (AT-001; AT001; NPL-2008; Serelsa; Zydis™ ODT fluoxetine) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor
GTS-21 (DMXB-A, DMXB-A sustained release, DMXB-A-SR) – α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist
Ketamine intranasal (RVT-701) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist
Memantine (Namenda) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions
Oxytocin intranasal (Syntocinon Nasal Spray; TUR 001) – oxytocin receptor agonist
Research programme: AMPA receptor agonists (ampakines, AMPAkines; CX compounds) - RespireRx – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor agonists
Research programme: NMDA receptor modulators - AbbVie/Naurex (NRX-1050; NRX-1051; NRX-1059; NRX-105x; NRX-1060; NRX-2085; NRX-20xx) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor modulators
Risperidone extended-release (Risperisphere) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Secretin (INN-329, RG-1068; SecreFlo) – medical imaging enhancer (diagnosis)
Suramin (Antrypol) – DNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitor and intercellular signaling peptide/protein inhibitor
Trichuris suis ova (CNDO-201, TSO, TSO-2500, TSO-7500) – immunomodulator
Trofinetide (Daybue; G-2Me-PE; Glycyl-2-methyl-L-prolyl-L-glutamic acid; NNZ-2566; IGF-1 (1–3) analogue) – unknown / various actions
Clinically used drugs
Approved drugs
Aripiprazole (Abilify) – dopamine D2 and D3 partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Risperidone (Risperdal) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic
Off-label drugs
α2-Adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g., clonidine, guanfacine)
Anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers (e.g., valproic acid, lamotrigine)
Antipsychotics (non-licensed) (e.g., haloperidol, olanzapine)
Dietary supplements (e.g., N-acetylcysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, sulforaphane)
Entactogens (serotonin releasing agents) (e.g., MDMA)
Melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., melatonin)
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) (e.g., atomoxetine)
Opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., naltrexone)
Other antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine)
Oxytocin receptor agonists (e.g., oxytocin)
Probiotics and prebiotics
Psychostimulants (norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents and/or reuptake inhibitors) (e.g., amphetamine, methylphenidate)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, citalopram)
Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD))
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., milnacipran)
Serotonin releasing agents (e.g., fenfluramine—withdrawn and no longer recommended)
Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists (e.g., buspirone)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., clomipramine)
See also
List of investigational drugs
List of investigational social anxiety disorder drugs
References
External links
AdisInsight - Springer
Autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs, investigational
Dynamic lists
Experimental drugs
Treatment of autism | List of investigational autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,971 | [
"Drug-related lists"
] |
78,220,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG7713 | RG7713, or RG-7713, also known as RO5028442, is a small-molecule vasopression V1A receptor antagonist which is or was under development for the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders or autism. It is administered by intravenous injection.
The drug is centrally penetrant and is devoid of antagonism of the vasopressin V2 and oxytocin receptors. Clinical studies found induction of subtle improvements but also subtle deficits in social communication surrogates with RG7713 in adult men with high-functioning autism. A 2024 meta-analysis of vasopressin V1A receptor antagonists including RG7713 for autism found that they may not be effective in the treatment of the core symptoms of autism.
As of December 2018, no recent development has been reported. It reached phase 1 clinical trials. Balovaptan (RG7314) has been described as a follow-up compound of RG7713 and reached later-stage clinical trials but was found to be ineffective.
See also
ABT-436
Brezivaptan
LIT-001
Nelivaptan
SSR-149415
SRX246
References
Abandoned drugs
Benzofurans
Chloroarenes
Dimethylamino compounds
Indoles
Ketones
Piperidines
Spiro compounds
Vasopressin receptor antagonists | RG7713 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 291 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Organic compounds",
"Abandoned drugs",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
78,220,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20and%20New%20Zealand%20Society%20of%20Biomechanics | Australian and New Zealand Society of Biomechanics (ANZSB) is an affiliate society of the International Society of Biomechanics and it was founded in February 1996 to be a forum for biomechanists, of all disciplines, within Australia and New Zealand.
About
The main objectives of the society are to:
Facilitate communication
Provide a forum
Promote the dissemination and application of information
Membership of the society is open to all people that have a professional and/or scientific interest in biomechanics; including students.
Regular events
Every two years the society hosts the Australasian Biomechanics Conference (ABC).
Annually they promote National Biomechanics Day (5 April), which started in the United States, in the region.
In Australia they host a nationwide Biomechanics and Research Innovation Challenge which engages high school aged girls with early to mid-career female biomechanists to complete a 100-day research and/or innovation project. The project is led by Celeste Coltman from the University of Canberra.
References
Biomechanics
1996 establishments
International learned societies
Learned societies of Australia
Learned societies of New Zealand | Australian and New Zealand Society of Biomechanics | [
"Physics"
] | 229 | [
"Biomechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
78,220,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxytryptamine | 4-Hydroxytryptamine (4-HT, 4-HTA), also known as N,N-didesmethylpsilocin, is a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid. It is closely related chemically to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the psychedelic psilocin, and is the active form of the tryptamine alkaloid norbaeocystin.
The compound is a serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, but in contrast to certain closely related compounds like psilocin, appears to be non-hallucinogenic.
4-HT may occur naturally in Psilocybe baeocystis and Psilocybe cyanescens. It may serve as an alternative precursor in the biosynthesis of psilocybin (4-PO-DMT) in psilocybin mushrooms.
Pharmacology
4-HT is a potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor similarly to psilocin ( = 38nM and 21nM, respectively). It produces serotonergic peripheral effects in animals, shows similar metabolism and metabolic stability to psilocin, and appears to cross the blood–brain barrier and hence is centrally penetrant.
Surprisingly however, the compound, similarly to baeocystin, norbaeocystin, and norpsilocin, does not produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in animals, and hence is putatively non-hallucinogenic. In older literature, the psychoactive effects of 4-hydroxylated tryptamines have been said to increase in the series of 4-hydroxytryptamine, 4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine (norpsilocin), and 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin).
The reason for the lack of hallucinogenic effects with 4-HT and related compounds is unknown, but may be due to biased agonism of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor; or, more specifically, biased agonism for the β-arrestin2 signaling pathway.
Norbaeocystin is thought to be a prodrug of 4-HT, analogously to how psilocybin is a prodrug of psilocin and how baeocystin is thought to be a prodrug of norpsilocin.
Chemistry
4-HT, also known as 4-hydroxytryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine derivative. It is a positional isomer of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), an analogue of the serotonergic psychedelic psilocin (4-HO-DMT), and the dephosphorylated form of the tryptamine alkaloid norbaeocystin (4-phosphoryloxytryptamine; 4-PO-T).
The predicted log P of 4-HT is 0.65 to 1.1.
History
4-HT was first described in the scientific literature by 1959. Its pharmacology was first thoroughly characterized in 2024.
References
Human drug metabolites
Hydroxyarenes
Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists
Tryptamine alkaloids | 4-Hydroxytryptamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 731 | [
"Tryptamine alkaloids",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
78,220,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirta%20Aranguren | Mirta Ines Aranguren (born 18 January 1958) is an Argentine chemist who studies polymers. A 2008 Guggenheim Fellow and 2023 Konex Award winner, she is professor emeritus at the National University of Mar del Plata and has worked as a superior investigator at National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET).
Biography
Mirta Ines Aranguren was born on 18 January 1958. She attended the National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), where she obtained her BS in 1980, and the University of Minnesota, where she obtained her PhD in 1990; her doctoral dissertation Morphology and Rheology of Silica Reinforced Silicone Rubbers (1990) was supervised by Christopher Macosko.
After studying thermosetting polymers at the Institute of Materials Science and Technology Research (INTEMA) on a CONICET Fellowship, she returned to the UNMdP and started working at their Department of Chemical and Food Engineering as an adjunct professor, being promoted to associate professor in 1994 and full professor in 2010. She ceased being full professor in 2020 and became professor emeritus in 2022. She also worked as a researcher at CONICET from 1992 until 2020, being promoted to principal investigator in 2005 and superior investigator in 2013.
As an academic, she studies modified thermosets and vegetable-reinforced polymer composites, introducing research on the subject to her native country. In addition to several grants from the International Foundation for Science and The World Academy of Sciences, she won the 1996 IFS/King Baudouin Award, the last time it was awarded. In 2008, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, becoming the first Latin American woman to receive one in chemistry; this grant was allocated to research on nanocellulose-reinforced smart polyurethanes.
In 2014, the Buenos Aires Province Senate awarded her the Outstanding Women of the Buenos Aires Province silver medal. In 2018, she was awarded the 's Consecration Award in Engineering and Technology Sciences. In 2023, she won the Konex Award in Engineering.
References
1958 births
Living people
20th-century chemists
21st-century chemists
Argentine chemists
Women chemists
Polymer scientists and engineers
20th-century Argentine scientists
20th-century Argentine women scientists
21st-century Argentine scientists
21st-century Argentine women scientists
National University of Mar del Plata alumni
University of Minnesota alumni | Mirta Aranguren | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 474 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
78,221,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Grieves | Michael Grieves is an expert in Product life-cycle management (PLM). His work focuses on virtual product development, including Digital twins, engineering, systems engineering, complex systems, manufacturing, especially additive manufacturing, and operational sustainment.
Education
Grieves earned his B.S. Computer Engineering from Michigan State University, an MBA from Oakland University, and his doctorate from Case Western Reserve University.
Career
Grieves was executive director and chief scientist for the Digital Twin Institute and he has been on boards of several public companies in the United States, Japan, and China, such as Longhai Steel Inc.
At present he serves as chief scientist of advanced manufacturing and executive vice president of operations at the Florida Institute of Technology.
References
Living people
American engineers
Year of birth missing (living people) | Michael Grieves | [
"Engineering"
] | 161 | [
"Industrial engineering"
] |
78,221,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongying%20Jin | Rongying Jin is a Chinese and American physicist and materials scientist, the SmartState Endowed Chair for Experimental Nanoscale Physics and John M. Palms Bicentennial Chair in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of South Carolina. Her research concerns the condensed matter physics of nanoscale materials, including superconductors and other quantum materials.
Education and career
After working as a research assistant in the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1988 to 1991, and visiting the University of Sussex and University of Cambridge in the UK, Jin completed a Ph.D. at ETH Zurich in 1997.
She was a postdoctoral researcher at the Pennsylvania State University from 1997 to 2000, and a staff research scientist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000 to 2009. She joined Louisiana State University as an associate professor of physics in 2009, and was promoted to full professor in 2012, before moving to her present position at the University of South Carolina.
Recognition
Jin was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2010, "for her significant contributions to materials physics, including science-driven materials development and pioneering studies of their underlying physics". She was named as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2012, "for her significant contributions to materials physics, including science-driven materials development and pioneering studies of their underlying physics".
References
External links
SmartState Center for Experimental Nanoscale Physics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese physicists
Chinese women physicists
American physicists
American women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
American materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
ETH Zurich alumni
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
Louisiana State University faculty
University of South Carolina faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science | Rongying Jin | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 362 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
78,222,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortiboletus%20coccyginus | Hortiboletus coccyginus, commonly known as the sumac-colored bolete, is a species of mushroom in the genus Hortiboletus. It is rare.
Taxonomy
Hortiboletus coccyginus was first described in California in 1975. Back then, it was known as Boletus coccyginus. In 2020, JL Frank transferred it to the genus Hortiboletus.
Description
Hortiboletus coccyginus has a rosy-colored cap that is about wide. The stipe is about tall and about wide.
Habitat and ecology
Hortiboletus coccyginus grows under several different types of trees, including coast live oak, tanoak, and douglas-fir. It is known to grow in mixed forests, and it is known from California and Oregon. Despite being rare, it is listed by the IUCN Red List as Least Concern.
See also
List of North American boletes
References
Boletaceae
Fungi described in 1975
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Harry Delbert Thiers
Fungus species | Hortiboletus coccyginus | [
"Biology"
] | 226 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,224,517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drechmeria | Drechmeria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
The species in this genus include:
Drechmeria bactrospora
Drechmeria balanoides
Drechmeria campanulata
Drechmeria coniospora
Drechmeria glockingiae
Drechmeria gunii
Drechmeria harposporioides
Drechmeria obovata
Drechmeria panacis
Drechmeria rhabdospora
Drechmeria sinensis
Drechmeria sphaerospora
Drechmeria zeospora
References
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales genera | Drechmeria | [
"Biology"
] | 140 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,225,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventually%20stable%20polynomial | A non-constant polynomial with coefficients in a field is said to be eventually stable if the number of irreducible factors of the -fold iteration of the polynomial is eventually constant as a function of . The terminology is due to R. Jones and A. Levy, who generalized the seminal notion of stability first introduced by R. Odoni.
Definition
Let be a field and be a non-constant polynomial. The polynomial is called stable or dynamically irreducible if, for every natural number , the -fold composition is irreducible over .
A non-constant polynomial is called -stable if, for every natural number , the composition is irreducible over .
The polynomial is called eventually stable if there exists a natural number such that is a product of -stable factors. Equivalently, is eventually stable if there exist natural numbers such that for every the polynomial decomposes in as a product of irreducible factors.
Examples
If is such that and are all non-squares in for every , then is stable. If is a finite field, the two conditions are equivalent.
Let where is a field of characteristic not dividing . If there exists a discrete non-archimedean absolute value on such that , then is eventually stable. In particular, if and is not the reciprocal of an integer, then is eventually stable.
Generalization to rational functions and arbitrary basepoints
Let be a field and be a rational function of degree at least . Let . For every natural number , let for coprime .
We say that the pair is eventually stable if there exist natural numbers such that for every the polynomial decomposes in as a prodcut of irreducible factors. If, in particular, , we say that the pair is stable.
R. Jones and A. Levy proposed the following conjecture in 2017.
Conjecture: Let be a field and be a rational function of degree at least . Let be a point that is not periodic for .
If is a number field, then the pair is eventually stable.
If is a function field and is not isotrivial, then is eventually stable.
Several cases of the above conjecture have been proved by Jones and Levy, Hamblen et al., and DeMark et al.
References
Arithmetic dynamics
Polynomials | Eventually stable polynomial | [
"Mathematics"
] | 454 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Polynomials",
"Arithmetic dynamics",
"Number theory",
"Algebra",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
78,225,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWISE%20J0506%2B0738 | CWISE J0506+0738 (also known as CWISE J050626.96+073842.4) is an exceptionally red substellar object, likely located in the Beta Pictoris moving group.
Discovery
CWISE J0506+0738 was first noticed as a high proper motion object in WISE data by volunteers of the citizen science project Backyard Worlds. These volunteers are Austin Rothermich, Arttu Sainio, Sam Goodman, Dan Caselden, and Martin Kabatnik. Near- and mid-infrared photometry were collected by the project team of astronomers, led by Adam C. Schneider (USNO). This showed that this object was likely a L7.5 dwarf with unusual red near-infrared colors, redder than the planetary-mass object PSO J318.5−22. Refined UKIDSS photometry showed a color redder than any free-floating brown dwarf, with (J − K)MKO = 2.97 ± 0.03 mag and JMKO − W2 = 4.94 ± 0.02 mag. This makes CWISE J0506+0738 similar to planetary-mass companions near the L/T transition that also show exceptional red colors, with only 2M1207b and HD 206893B being redder than CWISE J0506+0738. The same team also discovered VHS J1831‑5513, which is similar to CWISE J0506+0738 in its red color and potential low mass.
Observations
Spectroscopy was obtained with Keck/NIRES. CWISE J0506+0738 does not fit with any field L-dwarf and has stronger water vapor absorption when compared to the L7-standard, which is a sign of low surface gravity. The best match provides the L7 VL-G object PSO J318.5−22 (VL-G means very low gravity), which is a planetary-mass object. But even here the red color of the H- and K-band is noticeable. Additionally CWISE J0506+0738 shows absorption features likely due to the presence of methane, potentially making this object a T-dwarf. The astrometry is consistent with a membership of the Beta Pictoris group, but a measurement of the parallax is needed to confirm this. The mass was estimated using the age of this group and preliminary luminosity of CWISE J0506+0738, which resulted in a mass of 7±2 . This would make the object a planetary-mass object. The red color and the spectral type near the L/T transition is often connected to variability, an edge-on inclination and patchy clouds. CWISE J0506+0738 is therefore a good target for future variability studies. First evidence of J-band variability comes from follow-up observation with UKIDSS, which showed an increase in brightness by 0.27 mag.
References
Rogue planets
Orion (constellation)
L-type brown dwarfs
T-type brown dwarfs
Astronomical objects discovered in 2023 | CWISE J0506+0738 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 641 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
78,227,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20religious%20architecture%20in%20Vicenza | The city of Vicenza is extremely rich in churches, monasteries, convents and other buildings intended for worship or religious activities, built during the seventeen centuries of Christian presence in the city.
Their history is not only about the vicissitudes of construction, renovations and additions, and then deconsecration and finally demolition; the history is about the people: the social, political and artistic context that characterized them; who commissioned these buildings and why; who financed their construction and implementation with works of art and piety; who earned income from them and appointed their rectors; and who was buried or remembered in them. It is only through the compilation of this variety of data that the history of a community can be understood through the study of religious buildings.
Late ancient period
The earliest churches in the city of Vicenzaof which there is evidence left to us and whose foundation dates back to the late 4th centuryare the church of Santa Maria Annunciata and the Basilica of Saints Felix and Fortunatus, both of which have come down to us in their medieval, Renaissance and Baroque extensions and renovations. The former was the main church of the late Roman city and became its cathedral at the end of the 6th century, when the diocese of Vicenza was established; the latter was built in the existing cemetery area outside the city to house the remains of Vicenza's martyrs.
They were probably not the only places of worship in the city, but they are the only ones in which artifacts referring to the period can still be observed.
Early Middle Ages
During the Early Middle Ages, and particularly after the construction of the , there was a clear separationalso in the aspect of ecclesiastical organizationbetween the city, in which the bishop resided and officiated in the cathedral and on which the urban chapels depended, and the suburb outside the walls, practically all of which was entrusted to the Benedictine monks. Within the city there was only one baptismal fontin the cathedralwhile in the suburb there were perhaps two other fonts, one in the basilica of San Felice and the other in the church of San Vito.
Structural and artistic features
With the exception of the churches of the two main monasteriesSt. Felix and St. Peter'swhich were greatly altered in their structure over time, almost nothing remains of the small abbeys. Instead, there are still a few small churchesparticularly well-preserved is that of St. George in Gognabuilt in the pre-Romanesque or Romanesque style.
Cathedral and urban chapels
The cathedral represented the heart of not only religious but also civil life in the city: until the end of the 11th century, assemblies and solemn ceremonies were held there. The seat of power, as well as the basilica of St. Felix, was involved and severely damaged in factional clashes around the year 1000; after further damage from the 1117 earthquake, it was again repaired and renovated. To make it safer, the interior was divided into five naves, doubling the rows of pillars that had been erected in the 8th century.
There is a lack of documents from the first millennium attesting to the number, denomination and time when the oldest minor churches in the city were built; the earliest that records them is a bull of Pope Urban III from 1186, in which all the donations made to them the previous year by Bishop Pistore were confirmed to the canons of the cathedral. Their list is repeated in the Register of Rationes Decimarum in the Vatican Archives referring to the years 1297-1303. These are the seven urban chapels: St. Paul's, Saints Philip and James, St. Marcellus, St. Eleutherius, St. Stephen, St. Mark, and Saints Faustinus and Jovita.
These are secondary churches dependent on the cathedral, and their designation as chapels, typical of the Carolingian era, suggests that they existed as early as the 8th-9th centuries or were even earlier, as might be suggested by their dedications, all to martyred saints from the first three centuries. After the reform of Bishop Pistore in 1185, the owners of the chapels were the canons of the cathedral chapter, who benefited from the income produced by the crops outside the city walls.
In early medieval times the number of minor churches existing in the city was almost certainly greater than seven, but these were probably the most important churches; the number was also symbolic, as it corresponded to that of the ancient stationary churches of the Easter cycle.
After 1200 they became parish seatsthough without the baptismal font, which remained the only one in the cathedraland remained so until the Napoleonic suppression, from which only St. Stephen's, which had been completely rebuilt a century earlier, was spared. Transferred to the municipal property, they were later demolishedwith the exception of the church of San Faustino, now destined for Cinema Odeonand there is no further trace of them.
Benedictine monasteries
Of considerable importance from the Lombard period and throughout the early Middle Ages were the churches attached to Benedictine monasteriesplaces of worship frequented by people, often even more so than diocesan churchesbuilt outside the city walls.
Male monasteries
The most prominent Benedictine center was the Abbey of Saints Felix and Fortunatus (also named, according to Benedictine custom, after Saints Vitus and Modestus), which possessed vast churches and buildings, estates and curtes throughout the Vicenza area, recognized to it by the Privilegium of Bishop Rudolf in 983 and confirmed by Bishop Jerome in 1001. The monks, who probably settled in Vicenza around 750, quickly spread throughout the territory, taking on the task of reclaiming marshy land.
Two very ancient chapels dependent on the Benedictines of San Felice were that of Monte Berico, whose name is unknown and that of San Pietro in Vivarolo, part of the monastery inhabited by Benedictine nuns until 1400. From a diploma of Conrad II the Salic from 1026 it is known that around 926 King Hugh of Provence and his son Lothair also donated to the bishop of Vicenza the two abbeys of San Salvatore and San Vito.
The monastery of San Silvestro in Borgo Berga, which depended on the Benedictine abbey of Nonantola and had other dependencies in the Vicenza area, was also Benedictine.
Women's monasteries
Particularly important for the religious life that took place there, for the privileges granted by the bishops and for the possessions was the , built in the first half of the 9th century on the site of a very old chapel (and where the parish church of the same name exists today). Very close to the city, which it accessed via the bridge over the Bacchiglione River (now Ponte degli Angeli, at that time San Pietro bridge), it was the hub of the first suburb (or perhaps the second after Borgo Berga) that had begun to develop outside the walls.
Dependent on the monastery of St. Peter were the two ancient churches of Sant'Andrea and San Vitale and yet another, also dedicated to St. Peter, which stood at the top of the Scalette.
Late Middle Ages
The second half of the 12th century saw a general decadence of religious lifeboth in the parishes and in the Benedictine monasterieswith the consequence, from the point of view of religious architecture, of a general decay of even diocesan churches and monasteries. This decadence continued throughout the mid-13th century; no attempt at church reform had any effect, at a time when the city's bishops were engaged more in defending the ecclesiastical patrimony than anything else and Vicenza was subjugated by the signoria of Ezzelino III da Romano, who manifested Cathar sympathies. A decadence barely mitigated by the rise, here and there, of modest religious communities of lay people.
Renewal came after the fall of the tyrant, under the episcopate of Bartholomew of Breganze, who wanted to erect a new symbolic center of the city's faith, the church of Santa Corona. But Bishop Bartholomew's innovative thrust was short-livednot least because the city soon fell under external lordshipsand an ever-increasing gap was created between the local hierarchy, expressed by these lordships and effectively absent from the city, and the people.
The commune and the city aristocracy then took on the task of interpreting and sustaining the piety and religious devotion of the population, including by fostering and financing the construction of the three large churches and related convents of the mendicant orders that had settled in the city during the thirteenth century. This interest was not without symbolic significance: at the end of the fourteenth century the municipality had the church of St. Vincent built in the main square, declared patron saint of the city, dependent on its authority and not on the diocese.
Structural and artistic features
The churches of the thirteenth century were built in the Lombard Gothic stylea compromise between Romanesque and Gothic, without excessive leaps in height, with the preservation of the gabled façade and wall massesaccording to the Cistercian layout: Latin cross plan, with three naves ending in rectangular apses.
Only later, beginning in the 14th century, was the strict style softened and the naves began to be enriched with chapels and side altars; at the end of the 15th century the apses became semicircular, according to the Renaissance trend. But by then churches had become the place where the prestige and aesthetics of the ruling families were celebrated.
Communities and churches of secular groups
Towards the end of the 12th century, fraternities of laymen sprang up in the territory of Vicenza who practiced communal life, supported themselves with their work and often ran xenodochia or small hospices. To accomplish this, they obtained in concessionfrom the monastery of San Felice or the canons of the cathedralchapels and buildings that they restored.
From ancient documents it is known of settlements at the hospice of Lisiera and at the church of San Nicolò di Nunto (today Olmo di Creazzo); others settled at the church of San Desiderio (today Sant'Agostino) and still others at the formerly Benedictine church of San Biagio Vecchio.
In Vicenza, a community of Humiliati settled in Borgo Berga just outside the early medieval walls at the end of the 12th century, founding the convent of Ognissanti in 1215 and the church of Santa Caterina in 1292.
Within a few years of their establishment, however, all of these lay communities, either because they were considered dangerous to orthodoxy or criticized for their lifestyle, were dissolved or regularized, and the buildings were taken back by the Church, which granted them to religious orders of more certain orthodoxy, such as the Canons Regular or the Observant Franciscans.
Convents and churches of the mendicant orders within the walls
In the second half of the 13th century, as soon as the tyranny of Ezzelino III da Romano ended, the Mendicant Orders spread rapidly in Vicenza. Unlike the Benedictine monks, their purpose was to evangelize the cities, so each built its own large church in one of the sectors of the city, within the walled enclosure near one of the gates opened in the walls.
Between 1260 and 1270 Bishop Bartholomew of Breganze, supported by donations from the municipality and private citizens, had the church of Santa Corona built in the northeast sector not far from the Porta San Pietro gate and entrusted it to the Dominicans.
In 1266 the canons of the cathedral donated to the Hermits of St. Augustine the chapel of San Lorenzo in Berga, which they had received from Bishop Pistore in 1185. The Augustinians incorporated it into the constructionnear the Porta di Mezzo or Berga Gateof the church dedicated to St. Michael, thus extending their de facto jurisdiction over the southeastern sector of the city.
The presence of the Franciscans in Vicenza most likely dates back to the time when their founder was still living, perhaps 1216; his passage through the city, however, is not documented. It appears that in 1222 they officiated at the church of San Salvatore, the location of which is unclear, whether in the Contrà Carpagnon or in the Contrà later renamed San Francesco Vecchio, in any case near the episcope.
In 1232 they built the church of San Francesco Vecchio, which in 1289 they exchanged with the canons of the cathedral for that of San Lorenzo (one of the ancient seven chapels). From 1280 to 1300 they built the large church of St. Lawrence near the Porta Nova in the northwest sector of the city. This church, too, was built with considerable contributions provided by private individuals and the municipality, in part derived from the confiscation of heretics' property: in this period, in fact, the Franciscans were entrusted with the office of the Inquisition.
The southwest sector of the city remained the responsibility of the cathedral, which was also renovated in the second half of the 13th century.
The last of the mendicant orders to make its appearance in Vicenza was the Carmelites, introduced by Bishop Giovanni de Surdis around 1370. They were entrusted with the new church of San Giacomo Maggiore (Carmini), which was built at the expense of the same bishop and opened for worship in 1373 in the new Borgo di Porta Nova, which the Scaligeri incorporated into the city with a new walled enclosure and which quickly became populated with poor people, thus requiring the creation of a new parish entrusted, precisely, to these religious.
Convents and churches outside the walls
Also during the late Middle Ages, other convents and churchesoften belonging to the female branch of the Mendicant Orderswere built in the immediate vicinity of the city. Nuns, held to seclusion, did not have the same goals of evangelization as men's convents and so their monasteries were built in greater isolation, outside the walls.
In Borgo San Pietro, the house of the Dominican nuns with the adjoining church of St. Dominic were built around 1264.
New male or mixed convents were also added to them.
In 1244 Bishop Manfredo dei Pii ordered the Franciscan nuns, who lived at the church of Sancta Maria Mater Domini in Longare, to move to the city to build a monastery on the site where the small church of Santa Maria ad Cellam, mentioned as early as the mid-12th century, already existed.
In 1220 the Canons Regular of St. Augustine of the Congregation of St. Mark in Mantuawho had been officiating since 1217 at the church attached to the convent of St. Bartholomew, where they had their headquarters in obtained from the canons of the cathedral the right to build an oratory, and the following year from the municipality the church and convent of St. Thomas in Pra de Valle in Borgo Berga, which for a couple of centuries housed both friars and nuns.
On the initiative of a certain Giacomo, son of Ser Cado, who wanted to adopt the rule of St. Augustine, between 1323 and 1357 the church of the same nameperhaps the most important artistic monument of Vicenza's 14th centurywas built on the site previously occupied by the small church of San Desiderio.
The construction of an oratory in the village of San Vito, in the area now occupied by the present church of Santa Lucia, also dates back to the 14th century. The inhabitants of the hamlet, which was developing in this century, bought a house to be used as an oratory and handed it over to the Camaldolese who resided in the nearby abbey of San Vito; by the end of the century an actual church had been erected, of which, however, neither the size nor the value is known, having been completely rebuilt in the next two centuries.
Hospices
During the thirteenth century, as a result of a heightened sensitivity to the poor and the suffering and the new mobility, numerous hospices flourished on the outskirts of the cityat first mainly outside the walls, later also inside. They did not, like modern hospitals, have specific health care purposes, despite their affinity with the present name. The hospice was a domus hospitalis, also called domus Dei, whose function was to house the pauperes Christi, that is, orphans, the outcast, widows, the old, the sick without any means of assistance and, above all, pilgrims. Although they were not religious buildings in the strict sense, almost all of them were built and attached to churches, chapels or convents and were run by religious or, in some cases, lay people who intended to practice the Christian virtue of mercy.
A 1299 will mentions the hospices of San Salvatore in Carpagnon and those of Santa Croce and San Biagio, San Lazzaro, Misericordia in Borgo San Felice, and Santi Apostoli and Santa Caterina in Borgo Berga. By the date of 1316, when this will was executed, the hospices of Santa Croce, San Salvatore and Santi Apostoli are no longer namedand thus perhaps no longer existed. Instead, the Domus Dey de porta Sanctii Petri, i.e., today's St. Julian's, is mentioned, which would in time become one of the most important hospices and which still exists as a rest home for sick elderly people.
From rare mentions in other documents one learns that at that time there were also other hospices outside the city: that of Lisiera and another at the now vanished church of St. Francis "picciolo". In the 13th and 14th centuries, the need to give shelter to those suffering from contagious diseases, such as leprosy and plague, increased: thus the old hospices for pilgrims at San Nicola di Olmo and San Giorgio in Gognathe latter only in case of epidemicswere destined to meet these needs, while the leprosarium of San Lazzaro was built ex novo.
During the 14th century, when the city was developing and new suburbs were about to be incorporated into the Scaliger walls, new hospices were also created inside, such as those of San Marcello around 1320-30, Sant'Antonio Abbate in 1350, and Santi Ambrogio e Bellino in Borgo di Porta Nova in 1384.
From the 15th century to the second half of the 16th century
Throughout the Middle Ages, civil and religious authority were considered two expressions of a single society; however, they were two distinct authorities, very often fighting with each other for the management of powermirroring the struggles between papacy and empireand for the possession of large estates. This had not prevented moments of cooperation, such as when the Commune had supported the building of the churches of the mendicant orders.
In the modern age, however, during the four centuries of the city's submission to the Serenissima, collaboration was the rule. With the exception of the first half of the 16th century, when the Vicenza Episcopal See remained vacant and was ruled by apostolic administrators appointed by the Holy See, practically all the bishops of Vicenza were not only appointed by the Senate of the Venetian Republic, but also identified from among members of the families of the Venetian patriciate.
Thus was reproduced, even on the mainland, the climate of the Patriarchate of Venice: a protected and supported Church, but also functional to ducal power. Vicenza's noble families were no different from the Venetian ones in collaborating with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, to which they also gave numerous scions: male sons became ecclesiastics endowed with benefices and females entered the convent bringing with them a good dowry.
This permanent intertwining of civil and religious society found its most visible expression in religious architecture. Churches were filled with altars and chapels of patrician familiesintended to house the funerary urns and monuments of their most distinguished membersdesired by them and financed through testamentary bequests. Along with architectural structures, works of art with religious subjects multiplied; the demand for statues and ornaments with the use of stone and precious marble, canvases for altarpieces and frescoes attracted artisans and artists from other cities of the Republic or other Italian states and gave rise to local workshops. The best known of these was the stone workers' workshop of Pedemuro San Biagio, in which Andrea Palladio was trained.
Votive churches and family chapels
In this climate, the municipality itself became the interpreter and representative of popular religiosity, functional to the stability of the system. In 1428 it supported, even more than Bishop Pietro Emiliani, the city's efforts to build the first church of Monte Berico in the late Gothic style, as fulfillment requested by the Madonna who appeared to Vincenza Pasini. It was not the only church erected during this century as a vow to ward off the plague: the churches of San Rocco and San Sebastiano were also built for the same reason.
In the last two decades of the 15th century the architect Lorenzo da Bologna carried out considerable activity, called to the city by the most important noble families, such as the and the Valmarana, the Barbaran, the Da Porto, and the Thiene, who wanted to build chapels intended for the burial of their most illustrious members. He directed, in particular, the renovation of the apses of the cathedral and the church of Santa Corona. He also oversaw the renovation of the cloister in the monastery of San Bartolomeo.
Benedictine monasteries in the early modern age
At the beginning of the 15th century the Benedictine monasteries were in a state of extreme decay. That of San Felice was practically desertedin 1430 not a single monk lived thereand the monasteries dependent on it, namely Santa Maria Maddalena, San Biagio Vecchio and San Pietro in Vivarolo were as well. While the main abbey in 1463 was united with the Congregation of St. Justine of Padua, which revitalized it, those dependent on it in the course of the century were transferred to other religious congregations. The history of these centuries is thus, for these monasteries, one of continuous attempts at reactivation and reconstruction.
San Biagio Vecchio, abandoned by the Benedictines who had concentrated in the monastery of Santa Chiara in Borgo Berga, was granted in 1421 to the Observants, who inhabited it for about a century and then moved to San Biagio Nuovo. The abandonment of the old monasteryquite decadent at that timewas decided by the Serenissima, to implement a plan to fortify the city, in an area considered of strategic interest after the devastating war of the League of Cambrai.
San Pietro in Vivarolo passed to the Hieronymites of Fiesole, who permanently suppressed the Benedictine rule there and for almost forty years worked to rebuild the monastery and church, which was reconsecrated in 1471 and at that point was named after St. Jerome; they, however, abandoned it in 1494, when they entered the city to build the church and monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. St. Peter's remained almost abandonedfor a short time three religious of the Servants of Mary lived thereafter which, heavily damaged during the war of the League of Cambrai, the state of abandonment was total: that is how St. Ignatius of Loyola found it when he stayed there with some companions in 1537. In 1567 Pope Pius V granted it to the Capuchins, who had to rebuild the church and much of the monastery.
The monastery of Santa Maria Etiopissa, dependent on the Abbey of Pomposa, was also in a state of neglect and decay at the end of the 14th century, but in the last years of the century there was some recovery, with the restoration of the church and cloister.
Also in a state of absolute decay was the monastery of San Silvestro, dependent on the abbey of Nonantola, to the point that in 1464 it was given in commendam first to an external abbot, then to the bishop of Verona, and finally to a Venetian patrician.
A case in point is given by the ancient hospice of San Giuliano. Remaining outside the city walls built by the Scaligeris in 1365, it ceased to function around the middle of the 15th century. The church, however, continued to be officiated and indeed in the same period had furnishings and restorations. It became the property of the city municipality after the withdrawal of the Benedictines, and was united with the church of St. Vincent and assigned the cure of souls of the surrounding territory. It became a traditional meeting place between the townspeople and the bishopsalmost all Venetians in the 15th centuryon the day they entered the Vicenza diocese.
New women's monasteries
The new lifestyles of the modern age under the rule of the Venetian Republic also changed the relationship of proximity between the monasteries and the city. Inhabited largely by daughters of noble families, women's monasteries occupied spaces within the walls.
The entry of the Observant Franciscans into Vicenza had also sparked enthusiasm among women, and the establishment of new monasteries was favored by the municipal authorities. Thus a community of Poor Clares in 1436 settled in that part of the monastery of St. Thomas that, a few years earlier, had been vacated by the canons of St. Mark who had moved to St. Bartholomew. Soon afterwards the Poor Clares, strongly supported by private donations, began the construction of their monastery, though they continued to use the church of St. Thomas together with the Augustinian nuns with whom, moreover, they were often at odds. In 1451 John of Capistrano came to Vicenza and, in a sermon delivered at San Lorenzo, urged the people of Vicenza to build a new church to be dedicated to St. Bernardino of Siena, who had been canonized in Rome the previous year and also celebrated in Vicenza where he had preached. Twelve days later a solemn procession of city authorities accompanied Bishop Francesco Malipiero to lay the foundation stone of the church, which was completed in 1476; by 1483 all the altars were built, and in 1494 the one dedicated to St. Clare was consecrated.
It was such a success that within a few years the monastery of St. Bernardino became inadequate, and so, around 1500, a new church and monastery dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi in were built on the site of an older chapel in Borgo Pusterla, into which a part of the Poor Clares converged. The initiative for the construction was taken by five Vicenza nobles, who had purchased the land in 1497. The expense of construction did not prove to be a problem and the monastery was soon built, so that in 1503 six nuns, all from noble families of the city, entered it; this first nucleus soon grew and at some times the number of nuns reached up to 70, in addition to the number of choristers and lay sisters.
Around 1540 two other monasteriesthat of Santa Maria Nova and Corpus Dominiwere created a short distance apart in Borgo Porta Nova by nuns of the Augustinian rule, who had come out of the monastery of St. Anthony of Schio. Especially the first of the two was inhabited predominantly by women from aristocratic families, and the distinctly aristocratic character helped distinguish this religious community from the others also by the sumptuousness of the buildings and furnishings. As for the buildings, both churches and convent premises were constructed in a relatively short time, well supported by funding from the families to which they belonged. The first monastery was thus able to afford, for example, the monumental church of Santa Maria Nova, designed by Andrea Palladio.
In 1523 Domicilla Thiene and Febronia Trissino, nuns of the Benedictine community of San Pietro in Vicenzaperhaps inspired by St. Cajetanin search of a more withdrawn place asked to be allowed to settle, together with other companions, in the monastery of San Silvestro. The latter thus came back to life, animated by the faith and zeal of the nuns, so high thatit is recorded in the chroniclesthe bishop had to intervene to temper the excessively strict rules that Domicilla, the abbess, had imposed. In 1551 there were as many as 25 nuns in the monastery, the most prosperous in the city, and until the mid-18th century they always exceeded 30. The church, which had six altars, was remodeled in 1568 and the following years; in the following century the apses were demolished for the erection of the nuns' choir and the interior was enriched with a coffered ceiling decorated with seven canvases, including five by Carpioni.
New churches and men's convents
As for the men's religious orders, the era of monasteries was over and, as early as the 13th century, the era of convents, which were well established in the city, had begun.
Around 1430 the Jesuati arrived in Vicenza, who in built both the church, which was consecrated in 1491, and the convent in a few decades. The Jesuati lived very poorly, providing a stable witness of Christian life that lasted until the Council of Trent.
The Observants bought the land in Pra' dell'Asinello near Porta Pusterla and, aided by many donations from private benefactors, provided for the construction of the monastery and the church of San Biagio Nuovo between 1530 and 1545; in the second half of the century the church was enriched with altars and chapels.
From the second half of the 16th to the entire 18th century
Structural and artistic features
Beginning in the second half of the sixteenth century, religious architecture in Vicenza changed decisively. Andrea Palladio's artistic approach, which saw the city as a grand stage setting, dovetailed well with the theological motivations of the ecclesiastical reform sought by the Council of Trent.
The church building became the symbol of God's power, taking on a monumental character, unlike the bare and symbolless Protestant churches of northern Europe. The construction of new religious buildings and the rebuilding of previously existing ones took place using the classical schemes proposed by Palladio and was entrusted to architects who were inspired by him. Churches and convents were almost indistinguishable from stately palaces: in both columns and tympana, large portals and windows, painted ceilings, statues, inlays and colored marble. Only the subjects depicted in statues and paintings inspired by religious tradition or classical mythology changed; but there was no lack, even in churches, of warrior symbols and coats of arms of the families that had financed their construction.
Particular emphasis was placed on light, intended to reflect heaven.
The high altar was placed at half height above a flight of steps in the central chapel; the celebrantin complete contrast to Protestant theology, where the pastor is only a member of the congregationfacing the altar, was away from the people, although the choir stalls of the canons or friarswhich had previously been placed in the middle of the nave, were moved to the side or behind the high altar.
There was a multiplication in the number of chapels and side altars, on which the priests, who supported themselves with these benefices, could daily officiate, also to satisfy the numerous testamentary bequests for the celebration of masses for the suffrage of the dead.
Frequent were the depictions of symbols of heavenangels and cherubs, saints in ecstasy, chiaroscuro effectsand of the Church, St. Peter's keys and triregnum, cardinal and episcopal coats of arms. These were symbols not found (forbidden) in Protestant churches.
The work was supplied by workshops of stone masons (those of Pedemuro, the Albanese, and the Merlo family gained fame), architects and master masons (such as Guarini, Antonio Pizzocaro, the Borella), sculptors (the Marinali brothers), painters (such as the Maganza, Francesco Maffei, Giulio Carpioni), and the artisans (carpenters, inlayers) who produced the furnishings.
Counter-Reformation churches and convents
The construction of new churches generally corresponded with the entry of new religious orders into the city.
In 1647 the friars of the Order of Minims arrived in Vicenza, who, with the support of some of the city's noble families, obtained possession of the church of San Giuliano from the municipality, which, however, was in precarious condition and too small for their needs. With repeated pleas that lasted about a century they obtained from the City Council the concession of more and more space and the financing of construction and embellishment works. In 1666under the direction of architect Antonio Pizzocaro, who had drawn up the projectconstruction began on the convent and in 1684 on a new, larger church, which was also dedicated to St. Francis of Paola, founder of the Order and was called "one of the most conspicuous temples" in the city. Also in order to repair the damage caused by the 1695 earthquake, in 1743 the Minims asked and obtained from the municipality the right to build a new convent with its facade on the strada regia, that is, the road to Padua. The Vicentine Minims were forced to leave San Giuliano in 1784, based on a decree of the Republic of Venice that abolished religious communities that were too small. A few years laterdriven out in turn by Napoleonic decrees from the convent of San Biagio in Pedemurothe Capuchins moved into the monastery and church.
The church of San Girolamo, officiated by the Jesuati, was for centuries under the patronage of the Arnaldi family, which with substantial donations had the central chapel and some side altars built. But the Jesuati order was dissolved by Pope Clement IX in 1668 in order to recover its property, sell it to other religious and allocate the proceeds to the expenses of the war against the Turks. In their place settled the Discalced Carmelites who, in the first half of the 18th century, began the construction of the present church of San Marco in San Girolamo; to the new church, the dedication to St. Jerome was retained, and that of St. Teresa of Ávila, the Carmelite's saint of reference, was added.
In 1595 the Theatines, the order founded by the Vicenza-born St. Cajetan, entered the city and took over the management of St. Stephen's parish and around 1667-1668 built their convent. Two years later St. Gaetano was canonized and this attracted considerable contributions and donations from both the municipality and private individuals. However, when, in the last years of the century, they undertook the complete reconstruction of the church of Santo Stefano and yet were denied the change of the dedication in favor of their patron saint, they abandoned the parish and in just nine yearssupported by strong private funding (the Municipality was opposed to this, however)built the new church of San Gaetano Thiene, with its facade on the main city street.
The reconstruction of Santo Stefanoin Vicenza the only church with a distinctly Roman style, begun by the Vicenza architect Carlo Borellawho at that time enjoyed great fame for having built the church of Araceli and the sanctuary of Monte Bericowent on for more than 40 years, supported by disbursements from the Municipality and donations from private citizens, and ended in 1764 with the construction of the high altar.
The Somaschi Fathers, settled in the parish of Saints Philip and James and in charge of the education of youth and diocesan clergy, particularly in the new seminary, during the second half of the seventeenth century engaged in the rebuilding of the church and the construction of an imposing convent (current home of the Bertoliana Civic Library).
Renewal fervor
In the wake of the religious renewal of the Counter-Reformation, many other pre-existing buildings, churches and monasteries were also rebuilt or renovated. The modes of initiative and financing were the usual onesconspicuous private donations and bequests as well as public fundingfurther testifying to the unique social and power system in which very close relations between civil authority, religious authority and the city's aristocratic families were intertwined. Until the entire seventeenth century, architects, contractors and master builders, and artisan workshops of painters and sculptors were also more or less the same and from Vicenza.
Some important constructions involved municipally owned churches.
In the early seventeenth century, once the work on the city's mount of piety had been completed, the Baroque-style construction of the facade and a monumental new entrance to the church of San Vincenzo, set into the palace, was commissioned as a sign of the centrality of Vicentine worship. A century later the extension of the interior of the church, with the erection of the new presbytery, was built by the same architect who had built the prestigious facade of the palace on Contrà del Monte, Francesco Muttoni.
When the plague of 1630 ceased, the mayors of the municipality in agreement with the Servites decided to enlarge the fifteenth-century church on Monte Berico; the architect Carlo Borellarealizing a design by Andrea Palladio from 1562, but departing from it in partbuilt the new basilica in the Baroque style.
Of the church and convent of San Giuliano, also owned by the municipality and entrusted to the Minim Friars, it has been mentioned above.
Other buildings were instead renovated on private initiative.
In Borgo Berga, mainly due to the impetus given by the patronage of the Valmarana family and the jurisconsult Giovanni Maria Bertolo, the new church of the Benedictine monastery of Santa Caterina and the oratory of the Zitelle, both attributed to Antonio Pizzocaro, were built at the end of the 17th century. Almost simultaneously, the Baroque facade of the church of Santa Caterina in Porto, attributed to Muttoni, was replaced with a larger one.
The old church of Araceli, which had been renovated several times over time, was demolished in 1675 and rebuilt in Baroque forms to a design by architect Guarino Guarini and work by Carlo Borella.
The Filippini church was erected beginning in 1730, the work of two architects: the Venetian Giorgio Massari, who designed the apse and the plan, and the Vicentine Antonio Piovene, who designed the nave and the facade, the latter built on an interpretation of Ottone Calderari's design for the Scalzi church.
Even in the cathedral, whose present appearance dates from the mid-15th century, work and remodeling continued in the following centuries: the construction of the present apsebegun in 1482 by Lorenzo da Bolognawas completed in 1540, when it appeared that the Council then held in Trent was to be celebrated there, and to the second half of the century date Palladio's works, the northern portal, tambour and dome.
Oratories and chapels of the Confraternities
Bearers of a religiosity that stemmed from popular faith and, at the same time, from the interests of the city's noble families, the confraternities created religious spacesthe oratoriestrue private churches in which mass was celebrated and the members of the sodality received the sacraments, attended services, and organized themselves in devotional practices and works of charity.
At the church of Santa Corona, where both had their own chapel, both the Confraternity of Mercy, also known as the Turchini, and the Confraternity of the Rosary, which was particularly popular after the Battle of Lepanto, built their own oratories.
The respective confraternities built the Oratory of the Gonfalone in Piazza Duomo, the Oratory of the Crucifix behind the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, and the Oratory of St. Nicholas of Tolentino attached to the church of San Michele.
Contemporary age
The transition from the 18th to the 19th century represented a moment of radical change for ecclesiastical organization, as well as for places of worship and religious life in the city and the territory.
The change had begun as early as 1771, when the Republic of Venice issued decrees abolishing monasteries and convents in which there was not a minimum number of religious and forfeiting the property to the public domain. This was, for example, the fate of the monastery of St. Bartholomew, the richest in the city after that of San Felice, which was turned into a city hospital. The few remaining Camaldolese monks there were also removed from the convent of Santa Lucia, as were the Minim friars from San Giuliano in 1984.
However, a radical change occurred under the French Empire when, at two successive times, in 1806 and 1810, all male and female monasteries and convents were eliminated by law and the number of parishes was reduced. For the church community, this meant the loss of the considerable real estate accumulated over the centuries, which became state property and was almost always left in a state of neglect: convent buildings were reused as barracks or warehouses, many churches were deconsecrated and demolished, and the artistic heritage was dispersed.
The advent, a few years later, of the Catholic Habsburg Empire did not restore the previous situation: not only had the real estate and artistic heritage disappeared, but also the benefices attached to altars, chapels and churches that formed the necessary basis for their maintenance. Above all, the city's aristocratic class that in previous centuriesoccupying all the important positions in the public administration, in the ecclesiastical hierarchy and even within convents and monasterieshad created and increased this patrimony, through public and private funding, had radically changed, if not disappeared.
Religious buildings no longer had the symbolic function of the past, when they had served to celebrate not only saints but also condottieri and military victories, the splendors of the Venetian Republic and the papacy, the cultural identity of a mainland capital. The Enlightenment of the previous century, the new economy of the territory, the different political situation by now imposed new identity symbols.
For the Church, it was not only a disadvantage: deprived of most of the material goods and constraints from which not even popes and local bishops had been able to free it, it was freer to rebuild its organization around diocesan parishes and to promote the more spiritual, cultural and theological aspects of its mission.
All this until after World War II.
Structural and artistic features
Very little can be said about the characteristics of religious architecture from the early 19th to the mid-20th century because, given the situation, almost nothing was built from scratch.
Exceptions are the bishop's palace, the seminary and the major cemetery, but these are more like civil buildings, to the construction of which the canons of the time were applied. They were taken care of by Bartolomeo Malacarne and Giacomo Verda, the architects and town planners who were the authors of many normalization interventions in the city, and the Venetian Francesco Lazzari: all designed according to a strict Palladian neoclassical style, with criteria of maximum rationality and functionality.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, when work had to be done on the restoration of some important churches in Vicenza, the renovations of the fifteenth-century Gothic were in the neo-Gothic style; traces of this can be seen on the exteriors of the cathedral, Santa Corona, and the first church of the sanctuary of Monte Berico.
Napoleonic reform of ecclesiastical organization
Vicenza's complex ecclesiastical system, in its composition of diocese, parishes, monasteries and convents, religious orders and lay confraternities, heritages, privileges and benefices of the clergy, was profoundly modified in the early nineteenth century by Napoleonic legislation, which was preserved even under the Habsburg Empire.
In the city of Vicenza, the parish network was completely downsized, with the aim of eliminating superfluous centers of worship. The parishes were reduced from 15 to 10: only the parishes of the Cathedral, Santo Stefano and San Marcello (later transported from the church of San Marcello to the neighboring church of the Filippini) remained in the historic center in the strict sense, to which was added the parish of Santa Maria dei Servi, to which the previous one of San Michele was transferred. The city's other parishes were those of Santa Caterina in place of San Silvestro for all of Borgo Berga, Santa Maria in Araceli in place of the church of Santa Lucia for Borgo Santa Lucia, San Pietro, Santi Felice e Fortunato, Santa Croce in San Giacomo for Borgo Porta Nova, and San Marco in San Girolamo for . The territories of the parishes also extended to the hamlets.
Between 1807 and 1810 all men's convents were suppressed: of the 13 existing in the city in 1797, after the 1806 decree those of the Dominicans in Santa Corona, the Carmelites in San Girolamo degli Scalzi, the Capuchins in San Giuliano, the Reformed Fathers in San Giuseppe dei Riformati, the Oratorians in San Filippo Neri, and the Servants of Mary in Monte Berico remained at least partially alive. All were later suppressed by the Napoleonic law of April 25, 1810.
The same happened to the women's monasteries: of the 14 that existed in the city at the advent of the democratic government in 1797, with the execution of the viceregal decree of July 28, 1806, the monasteries of the Humiliate of Ognissanti, the Augustinian nuns of Corpus Domini and Santa Maria Maddalena in Borgo Pusterla (Convertite), the Poor Clares of Santa Chiara and Santa Maria in Araceli, the Capuchin nuns, the Dimesse di Santa Maria Nova, the Benedictine nuns of San Pietro and the Dominican nuns of San Domenico were left alive. All surviving monasteries were then suppressed by the above-mentioned Napoleonic law of 1810.
All confraternities, with the exception of that of the Blessed Sacrament, with their chapels or churches were also suppressed.
The religiousdeprived of their sources of income, because the Napoleonic legislation had forfeited to the state property the legacies of worship, that is, bequests for the celebration of religious serviceseither dispersed or went to enlarge the ranks of the parish clergy: the city had an average of one priest for every 150 inhabitants.
This downsizing led to the spoliation and reconversion of some churches, including historic ones such as that of Saints Faustino and Giovita and that of Saints Philip and James, and the demolition of others, such as almost all of the city's ancient chapels: St. Marcellus, St. Paul's, St. Eleutherius (St. Barbara), and St. Michael's.
Resumption of the settlement of religious orders
The period of French occupation having ended, under Austria some religious orders resumed living in the city, almost always to carry out pastoral and social activities.
The Sanctuary of Monte Berico and the Servants of Mary who officiated at it enjoyed considerable prestige in the city, so the resumption of religious life at the shrine was swift and led to the imperial decree of 1835, which reconstituted the convent.
But even before that, building activity had continued: the construction of the three new side steps, by Giacomo Verda, was in 1817; the 8 Si2 bells, rung in the Vicentine style, were in 1821; the replacement of the 15th-century bell tower with a more grandiose one, designed by the Vicentine architect Antonio Piovene, was begun in 1826; and in 1860 the facade of the 15th-century church, on the west side, was restored by the architect Giovanni Miglioranza, who redid it in the neo-Gothic style. Also in the twentieth century there were other additions. Next to the bell tower the modern Penitentiary was built between 1971 and 1972.
In 1830 the abandoned church of Santa Lucia was entrusted to the Reformed Friars Minor, who restored and expanded the convent. This did not last long, because the new Kingdom of Italy also enacted laws to suppress religious bodies, and the convent part was used as a shelter, leaving the friars with only the church, which in 1895 was purchased by the Priests' Charitable Congregation.
In 1837, at the behest of Emperor Francis I of Austria, who appreciated their work, the English Dames took possession of the conventual part that had formerly belonged to the Carmelites, adjoining the church of San Marco in , where they built an oratory and where they managed and still manage educational activities.
The Sisters Teachers of St. Dorothy, an order established in 1836 by Giovanni Antonio Farina, later bishop of Vicenza, had the mother church of their institute, named after the Sacred Hearts, built around 1940, the church of Perpetual Adoration in 1913, and around 1950 the chapel of St. Maria Bertilla.
The Franciscan church and convent of San Lorenzo had a more troubled history. Plundered and used first as a military hospital, then for the quartering of Napoleonic troops, they remained in a state of neglect until the municipality bought them in 1836 to carry out their restoration. Monuments and tombs from other city churches were transported to the church and it was reopened for worship in 1839 but, over time, it was closed again in 1859 and in 1866, during the wars of independence, used for war necessities. Despite continuous restoration work, in 1903 the church was declared unsafe due to structural damage and again closed for radical intervention. Reopened in 1914, after nearly ten years of work, it was closed again a year later, following the outbreak of World War I, once again to be used as a food supply warehouse. Re-opened for good to worship in 1927, it was given back to the Conventual Franciscans who still officiate there today.
In 1880 the Members of the Congregation of St. Joseph of Murialdo came to Vicenza, where they established the Leo XIII Patronage and built a church dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus within it.
Other religious buildings of the 19th and early 20th centuries
From 1810 to 1818, throughout the period of transition from the Kingdom of Italy to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, the bishop's see remained vacant, but there was still a desire to renovate the bishop's palace. The southern wing was replaced in 1812-14 with a building designed by Bartolomeo Malacarne, but this was not to the taste of the people and was soon torn down. The central building by Ottavio Bruto Revese was then replaced with a palace designed by Luganese architect Giacomo Verda.
This part of the palace was destroyed by repeated Anglo-American air raids during World War II, and was rebuilt from 1947 to 1952, with the addition of the attic, in the center of which stands the large coat of arms of Bishop Carlo Zinato.
Another complex, which at that time could be classified among the buildings of a religious and specifically Catholic character, was the Major Cemetery, commissioned by the municipality to Bartolomeo Malacarne, who arranged it in 1815-16; located along a still depopulated stretch of the Via Postumia, it was completed in 1848.
From 1842 to 1854, designed by Venetian architect Francesco Lazzari and at the behest of Bishop Giovanni Giuseppe Cappellari, the Episcopal Seminary was built opposite the church of Santa Lucia. However, the building was not immediately used for the function for which it was erected and was used several times for civilian purposes: in 1849 because of the cholera that struck the city, then until 1863 as barracks by Austrian troops, and finally throughout the duration of World War I as a military hospital. On a still uncovered area adjoining the Episcopal Seminary, the Minor Seminary was built by the diocese in 1958.
The only new public church of this period, built to provide a home for a new parish, was that of Our Lady of Peace; built beginning in 1914 where an older oratory had existed, it was dedicated in a vow made to Our Lady of Mount Berico by Bishop Rodolfi to ward off enemy invasion during World War I.
Churches after World War II
Already in the first half of the century the city had opened up, tearing down what remained of the old city walls and gates, filling in the moats, and creating new neighborhoods and new ring roads; however, this had not changed the ecclesiastical organization and the parish system.
From the 1950s onward, on the other hand, under the effect of the population boom and internal immigration, the city expanded powerfully with the creation of entire new urban villages; this development was also matched by the diocese with the establishment of new parishes, in order to place churches at the center of the new settlements, according to the new pastoral vision proposed by the Second Vatican Council. The same happened with the settlements that were consolidated even before the last war, where the parish had not yet been established (for example, the neighborhoods of San Bortolo and Ferrovieri).
The most commonly used practice was to buy land central to the new settlement, build a small temporary churchwhich would later become a youth centerand entrust it to a coadjutor priest of the mother parish. Once the village had grown, the new parish would be established and construction of the permanent church would begin.
Compared to other Italian settlements, where the function of the church was considered residual and a marginal plot of land was assigned to it, in Vicenza churches were generally given a central role and location in the new village that was developing. Often the project was entrusted to a local architect, who was involved in the urban organization, and thus buildings were avoidedas happened in other placesbased on new theological conceptions but alien to religious sentiment.
This was the case, for example, with the churches built in the settlements that arose between the first and second ring-roads: those of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and St. Paul in the neighborhoods of St. Bortolo and St. Paul respectively, of Christ the King or Araceli Nuova in the Araceli neighborhood, of St. Andrew in the neighborhood of the same name, of St. Anthony in the Ferrovieri, of the Holy Family in St. Lazarus, of St. Joseph the Worker in St. Joseph, and of St. Bertilla in the Cattane.
The same was true of the villages that sprang up beyond the second ring road: the parish churches of St. Charles at the Villaggio del Sole, St. John the Baptist at Laghetto, Our Lady of Help at Saviabona, St. Francis at St. Francis, and St. Pius X in the neighborhood of the same name.
Conciliar architecture
In the 1960s the Council introduced reforms in pastoral care and liturgy, which caused cultic architecture to be adjusted.
The structure of the building was no longer the traditional one with a gabled roof, the great house of God overlooking the houses of men, with the interior in the shape of a Latin cross built on an axis from the entrance to the altar and ending with the chancel, where a balustrade separates the officiant from the people. The apse and chancel, also an expression of a religious class separate from the laity, no longer found a place in the new church, nor chapels or side altars, which recalled the fragmentation of the Eucharist among so many benefactors and beneficiaries. The new church took on a different symbology: still tending to be taller than the surrounding houses, it took the form of a tent, a ship, a sail, a hut, all symbols of the “people on the way.”
The church was no longer seen as the place where God dwells, but as the place of gathering. Inside, the space tends to widen and become semicircular; it is the space of a community, of the people of God around the Eucharistic table where the sacrifice is celebrated, with no longer the demarcation between sacred and profane, almost an envelopment by the faithful towards the altar and the ambon; the tabernacle is moved to a side wall.
The search for the divine takes place through one's neighbor; the spaces therefore are open, with no more reserved niches or chapels, columns behind which to hide; the abundance of light makes this space always public, where the intimacy offered by medieval churches is scarce.
Space, however, is essential; there are few images or devotional objects, which in other times served a didactic function; the word of God is proclaimed, no longer from the top of a pulpit, butsometimes even by a layman or lay womanthrough a modern communication apparatus.
The use of reinforced concrete or steel structures, stylized load-bearing elements, and stained glass windows that filter daylight, supplemented or replaced by skillful artificial light effects, emphasizes modernity and accentuates discontinuity with tradition, in some cases secured by embedding an ancient element, a medieval crucifix, a Baroque altar, or a classical image, in the side wall.
See also
References
Bibliography
Texts used
For more information
Vicenza
Christian architecture
Architectural history | History of religious architecture in Vicenza | [
"Engineering"
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"Architectural history",
"Architecture"
] |
69,431,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyophyllum%20shimeji | Lyophyllum shimeji, commonly known as the hon-shimeji is an edible species of fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae that grows in pine forests, often near man-made roads. It was originally only known from Japan, Korea and China, but presently has a known distribution that includes Russia, Estonia, Scandinavia, Czechia and Spain, as well as USA and Canada. It is particularly widespread in lichen pine forests in Sweden, Finland and Norway, after being confirmed from these countries as late as 2011.
Ecology
Lyophyllum shimeji grows in pine forests.
Edibility
This species is considered edible. Several groups, such as Takara Bio and Yamasa, have patented methods to cultivate hon-shimeji, and the cultivated mushroom is available from several manufacturers in Japan.
Similar species
Lyophyllum shimeji is similar in appearance to the edible species Lyophyllum decastes and toxic species Lyophyllum loricatum, Lyophyllum connatum, Clitocybe dilatata, and those of the Entoloma genus are also similar in appearance.
Gallery
References
Lyophyllaceae
Fungi described in 1971
Fungi of Japan
Fungus species | Lyophyllum shimeji | [
"Biology"
] | 251 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
69,432,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20learning%20speech%20synthesis | Deep learning speech synthesis refers to the application of deep learning models to generate natural-sounding human speech from written text (text-to-speech) or spectrum (vocoder). Deep neural networks are trained using large amounts of recorded speech and, in the case of a text-to-speech system, the associated labels and/or input text.
Formulation
Given an input text or some sequence of linguistic units , the target speech can be derived by
where is the set of model parameters.
Typically, the input text will first be passed to an acoustic feature generator, then the acoustic features are passed to the neural vocoder. For the acoustic feature generator, the loss function is typically L1 loss (Mean Absolute Error, MAE) or L2 loss (Mean Square Error, MSE). These loss functions impose a constraint that the output acoustic feature distributions must be Gaussian or Laplacian. In practice, since the human voice band ranges from approximately 300 to 4000 Hz, the loss function will be designed to have more penalty on this range:
where is the loss from human voice band and is a scalar, typically around 0.5. The acoustic feature is typically a spectrogram or Mel scale. These features capture the time-frequency relation of the speech signal, and thus are sufficient to generate intelligent outputs. The Mel-frequency cepstrum feature used in the speech recognition task is not suitable for speech synthesis, as it reduces too much information.
History
In September 2016, DeepMind proposed WaveNet, a deep generative model of raw audio waveforms, demonstrating that deep learning-based models are capable of modeling raw waveforms and generating speech from acoustic features like spectrograms or mel-spectrograms. Although WaveNet was initially considered to be computationally expensive and slow to be used in consumer products at the time, a year after its release, DeepMind unveiled a modified version of WaveNet known as "Parallel WaveNet," a production model 1,000 faster than the original.
This was followed by Google AI's Tacotron in 2018, which demonstrated that neural networks could produce highly natural speech synthesis but required substantial training data—typically tens of hours of audio—to achieve acceptable quality. Tacotron employed an encoder-decoder architecture with attention mechanisms to convert input text into mel-spectrograms, which were then converted to waveforms using a separate neural vocoder. When trained on smaller datasets, such as 2 hours of speech, the output quality degraded while still being able to maintain intelligible speech, and with just 24 minutes of training data, Tacotron failed to produce intelligible speech.
In 2019, Microsoft Research introduced FastSpeech, which addressed speed limitations in autoregressive models like Tacotron. FastSpeech utilized a non-autoregressive architecture that enabled parallel sequence generation, significantly reducing inference time while maintaining audio quality. Its feedforward transformer network with length regulation allowed for one-shot prediction of the full mel-spectrogram sequence, avoiding the sequential dependencies that bottlenecked previous approaches. The same year saw the emergence of HiFi-GAN, a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based vocoder that improved the efficiency of waveform generation while producing high-fidelity speech. This was followed by Glow-TTS, which introduced a flow-based approach that allowed for both fast inference and voice style transfer capabilities.
In March 2020, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher under the pseudonym 15 demonstrated data-efficient deep learning speech synthesis through 15.ai, a web application capable of generating high-quality speech using only 15 seconds of training data, compared to previous systems that required tens of hours. The system implemented a unified multi-speaker model that enabled simultaneous training of multiple voices through speaker embeddings, allowing the model to learn shared patterns across different voices even when individual voices lacked examples of certain emotional contexts. The platform integrated sentiment analysis through DeepMoji for emotional expression and supported precise pronunciation control via ARPABET phonetic transcriptions. The 15-second data efficiency benchmark was later corroborated by OpenAI in 2024.
Semi-supervised learning
Currently, self-supervised learning has gained much attention through better use of unlabelled data. Research has shown that, with the aid of self-supervised loss, the need for paired data decreases.
Zero-shot speaker adaptation
Zero-shot speaker adaptation is promising because a single model can generate speech with various speaker styles and characteristic. In June 2018, Google proposed to use pre-trained speaker verification models as speaker encoders to extract speaker embeddings. The speaker encoders then become part of the neural text-to-speech models, so that it can determine the style and characteristics of the output speech. This procedure has shown the community that it is possible to use only a single model to generate speech with multiple styles.
Neural vocoder
In deep learning-based speech synthesis, neural vocoders play an important role in generating high-quality speech from acoustic features. The WaveNet model proposed in 2016 achieves excellent performance on speech quality. Wavenet factorised the joint probability of a waveform as a product of conditional probabilities as follows
where is the model parameter including many dilated convolution layers. Thus, each audio sample is conditioned on the samples at all previous timesteps. However, the auto-regressive nature of WaveNet makes the inference process dramatically slow. To solve this problem, Parallel WaveNet was proposed. Parallel WaveNet is an inverse autoregressive flow-based model which is trained by knowledge distillation with a pre-trained teacher WaveNet model. Since such inverse autoregressive flow-based models are non-auto-regressive when performing inference, the inference speed is faster than real-time. Meanwhile, Nvidia proposed a flow-based WaveGlow model, which can also generate speech faster than real-time. However, despite the high inference speed, parallel WaveNet has the limitation of needing a pre-trained WaveNet model, so that WaveGlow takes many weeks to converge with limited computing devices. This issue has been solved by Parallel WaveGAN, which learns to produce speech through multi-resolution spectral loss and GAN learning strategies.
References
Speech synthesis
Applications of artificial intelligence
Assistive technology
Auditory displays
Computational linguistics
History of human–computer interaction | Deep learning speech synthesis | [
"Technology"
] | 1,312 | [
"History of human–computer interaction",
"Natural language and computing",
"Computational linguistics",
"History of computing"
] |
69,432,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoacoustic%20flow%20cytometry | Photoacoustic flow cytometry or PAFC is a biomedical imaging modality that utilizes photoacoustic imaging to perform flow cytometry. A flow of cells passes a photoacoustic system producing individual signal response. Each signal is counted to produce a quantitative evaluation of the input sample.
Description
Traditional flow cytometry uses cells in a laminar single file stream which then passes through a light source. Using various quantification of light scattering from the cells enables the system to quantify cellular size and complexity which can ultimately be returned in a quantification of cell composition within a sample. Photoacoustic flow cytometry operates on similar principles, but utilizes a photoacoustic signal to differentiate cellular patterns. Furthermore, flow cytometry provides great ex-vivo analysis, but due to its pure optical source its penetration depth is limited making in-vivo analysis limited. Alternatively, photoacoustics may provide an advantage over flow cytometry as it receives an acoustic signal rather than an optical one and can penetrate to greater depths as discussed further in operating principles and mathematics.
The photoacoustic (PA) affect was discovered by Alexander Bell in 1880, occurs when a photon source is absorbed by an optically receptive substance producing an ultrasonic wave. The strength of the ultrasonic wave produced is a function of intensity of photon absorbed, and the innate properties of the substance illuminated. Each substance of interest absorbs photons at a specific wavelength, as a result only certain substances will innately produce a PA signal at a given wavelength. For example, hemoglobin and melanin are two common biological substances that produce strong PA signals in response to laser pulses around the 680 nm wavelength range. The absorption spectrum for the PA lies within the visible electromagnetic spectrum, making PA imaging non-radiative in nature. The specific absorption spectrum can both be a limitation and an exploitation of PA imaging (see more in applications).
Systems commonly use an Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) or LED laser system that is pulsed to penetrate the biological tissue of interest. With each pulse that comes in contact with tissue, a PA signal in the form of an ultrasound wave is produced. This ultrasound wave propagates through the tissue until it reaches an ultrasound transducer to produce an a-line. The maximum amplitude of each a-line is extracted and its value is plotted on a time vs amplitude graph producing a cytometry graphic .
Operating principles and mathematics
Heat production
Photoacoustic flow cytometry operates on the principle of the photoacoustic effect, whereby a laser in the visible spectrum produces a temperature rise and thus a thermal expansion. The thermal expansion equation with relation to laser intensity for a pulsating laser is described below.
Where is the absorption coefficient of the focused equation, is the intensity of the laser, ⍵ is the frequency of the laser pulse, t is time. is described as the exponential expression of a sinusoidal function determined by Euler's formula. It is important to note that the penetration depth of the laser is limited by the diffusive regime, which is dependent on the attenuation through the tissue prior to biological target to be irradiated.
Photoacoustic wave relationship
Below then establishes the heat-pressure relationship for a photoacoustic signal.
Where ∇ is the partial differential equation set with spatial relationship, is the speed of sound in the substance of interest, t is time, is pressure as a function of both time and space, β is the thermal expansion coefficient, is the specific heat capacity, and is the partial differential of the heat equation described above.
The left side of the equation describes the pressure wave equation which is derived for modeling of an ultrasonic pressure wave equation. The right side of the equation determines the relationship of heat production to thermal expansion resulting in a pressure wave.
Pressure wave solution
While reality produces a three dimensional wave that propagates through the tissue, for the purposes of PAFC, the information needed only pertains to a one dimensional analysis. Below demonstrates the one dimensional solution due to a pulsed laser.
Where is the absorption coefficient, is the thermal expansion coefficient, is the specific heat, F is the fluence of the laser, is the speed of sound in a given material and is the total energy derived from the laser pulse.
It is important to note that for long durations of laser exposure, the wave equation becomes largely a function of laser intensity. For the purposes of analyzing PA signal, the laser pulse must be short in time to produce a signal that its value varies on the properties of the irradiated substance to differentiate the targets of interest. The differences in the pressure wave produced is the basis for signal separation in PAFC.
Signal detection
The pressure wave created is in the form of an ultrasound wave. The wave propagates through the material and is detected by an ultrasound transducer. The pressure is sensed via piezoelectric crystals which converts the pressure into a voltage change, i.e. , the amplitude of the signal is proportional to the value of the pressure at any given time. This voltage is plotted as a function of time and results in the formation of an a-line previously described.
The temporal data is important for other types of photoacoustic imaging, but for the purposes of PAFC, the maximum amplitude within an a-line is extracted as the data point. For each laser pulse this maximum amplitude value is plotted vs time producing a flow cytometry signal tracing. Each line represents a laser pulse and its amplitude reflects the target irradiated. By selecting an amplitude range that is representative of a particular cell type, the signals can be counted and thus quantify cell types within a given sample. Figure 1 shows an animation of cells flowing and its representative PAFC signal tracing.
Applications
Bacteria
Over two million bacterial infections occur annually in the United States. With antibiotic resistance increasing treatment of these infections is becoming increasingly difficult making correct antibiotic selection evermore important. Optimal antibiotic selection hangs on the ability to determine the offending bacteria. Traditionally, bacterial speciation is determined by culturing and PCR technologies. These technologies take at least 48 hours and sometimes more. Due to the prolonged timeframe for speciation, providers must select broad-spectrum antibiotics. PAFC can be used to detect bacteria in the blood for more timely antibiotic selection.
The first step in detection with PAFC is marking the bacteria so they have a PA signal to detect. Typically, this is composed of a dye of and a method to attach the dye to the bacteria of interest. Although antibodies have been used in the past, bacteriophages have proven to be cheaper and more stable to produce. Multiple studies have shown the specificity of bacteriophage selection for a bacteria of interest, particularly MRSA, E. Coli, and Salmonella. Dyes vary, but most commonly utilized are gold nanoparticles, Indocyanine green (ICG), and red dye 81. The dyes produce an enhanced signal to enable more sensitive detection. The detection limits found in one study showed approximately 1 bacterial cell per 0.6 μm3. Specific dyes have been tested on animals for toxicity and have not resulted in any clear damage. Although human studies for the detection of bacteria in the blood have yet to be attempted, PAFC may play a role in future applications of bacterial detection.
Malaria
Malaria causes the deaths of 0.4 million people yearly worldwide. With current medications, early detection is key to preventing these deaths. Current methods include microscopic detection on blood film, serology, or PCR. Lab technicians may lack the experience or the technologies may be too expensive for certain facilities, inevitably missing the diagnosis. Furthermore current methods generally cannot detect malaria at parasites < 50 per microliter and needs 3–4 days post infection before detection can occur. Thus, there is a need for a more automated and sensitive detection method to improve patient outcomes.
PAFC has proven detection limits at much lower than current methods. One study demonstrated a sensitivity of one parasite in 0.16 mL of circulating blood and thus can be detected on day 1–2 post inoculation. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo detection removing the possibility of missed diagnosis from damaged cells from blood extraction and in-vitro analysis. PAFC detects malaria via the surrogate marker hemozoin, a breakdown product produced by malaria in the merozoite stage. Hemozoin is a great photoacoustic target and responds strongly at wavelengths 671 nm and 820 nm range. Although background signals are produced by hemoglobin within RBCs, infected RBCs (iRBCs) with hemozoin produce a strong signal above hemoglobin at these wavelengths. In vitro methods utilize 50 micrometer capillary tubes with flow of 1 cm/s (in vitro) for detection. Conversely, Menyaev et al. demonstrated the detection of malaria in vivo. Detection was performed on superficial and deep vessels of mice. The superficial vessels provide a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but are less comparable to that of human vessels. Mice jugular veins and carotid arteries are similar in size to small human vessels which demonstrated higher artifacts due to blood pulsation and respiratory variation, but could be accounted for.
Although PAFC provides a more sensitive detection limit, this method does come with some limitations. As mentioned previously the detection of hemozoin only occurs when the parasites are in the merozoite stage. This limits the detection time frame of the parasites vs detection in the trophozoite stage, but still provides earlier detection than current methods. Second, the vessel sizes tested thus far have only been in mice. Artifacts from deeper vessel analysis in humans may decrease the sensitivity of PAFC making the detection limit less useful than currently suggested. Although challenges still exist, PAFC may play a role in improving diagnosis of Malaria in humans.
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells or CTCs are tumor cells that have broken off from their primary tumor and travel in the blood. These CTCs then seed distant sites resulting in metastases. Metastases cause 90% of cancer-related deaths and as such, detection of CTCs is critical to the prevention of mets. Studies have shown earlier detection of CTCs improves treatment and thus longer survival times. (15) Current detection methods include RT-PCR, flow cytometry, optical sensing, cell size filtration among others. These methods are limited due to the sampling size from extracted blood (~5–10 mL) which results in a CTC detection limit of ~ 10 CTC/mL. These methods take hours to days to get results which can result in delayed initiation of treatment.
PAFC may play a role in the future detection of CTCs. In order to prevent the limitation of small volume sampling through the extraction of blood from the patient, PAFC utilizes an in vivo method to monitor a larger volume of blood (i.e. the entire volume). The study demonstrated monitoring a mouse aorta, they were able to visualize the entire mouse blood volume within 1 minute of detection.
CTCs such as melanomas contain an intrinsic chromophore and do not require labeling for detection above the background of hemoglobin. Other tumor cells (such as cancerous squamous cells) can be tagged with nanoparticles to produce a larger PA signal over RBCs for their detection. These methods resulted in an improved detection limit of CTCs. De la Zerda et al. detected CTCs after only 4 days with inoculation of the cancer cells. Their detection limit was determined to be 1 CTC/mL, a 10 fold improvement in sensitivity. Furthermore, the nano-particle labeling was found to be non-toxic and only took 10 minutes to optimally tag the CTCs.
This CTC detection can be used for metastatic screening, but also has therapeutic implications. During tumor resection or manipulation it has been determined that these manipulations release CTCs. PAFC can be used as a way to monitor for the release of these CTCs which then may require treatment in a systematic manner. Due to the non-linear thermoelastic effect from the laser on CTCs/Nanoparticles a higher laser fluence can cause the CTC to rupture without damaging the local RBCs. With reduction of CTCs, this could improve treatment with systemic methods or completely remove the need altogether.
Although there is a large potential for application, there are still areas for improvement. First, PAFC is depth limited and has only been tested in superficial skin of humans which may pose a difficulty for more centrally located tumors such as lung or bowel. Second, although initial mouse models have shown efficacy with nanoparticle labeling, specific cancer type labeling and dye side-effects need to be more deeply studied to assure safety of this imaging modality.
References
Biomedical engineering | Photoacoustic flow cytometry | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,660 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Medical technology",
"Biomedical engineering"
] |
69,434,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel%20Watch | The Pixel Watch is a Wear OS smartwatch designed, developed, and marketed by Google as part of the Google Pixel product line. First previewed in May 2022 during the Google I/O keynote, it features a round dome-shaped display as well as deep integration with Fitbit, which Google acquired in 2021. Two Pixel-branded smartwatches had been in development at Google by July 2016, but were canceled ahead of their release due to hardware chief Rick Osterloh's concerns that they did not fit well with other Pixel devices. Development on a new Pixel-branded watch began shortly after Google's acquisition of Fitbit.
The Pixel Watch was officially announced on October 6, 2022, at the annual Made by Google event, and was released in the United States on October 13. It was succeeded by the Pixel Watch 2 in 2023.
History
Background
In July 2016, Google was reportedly developing two smartwatches, codenamed "Swordfish" and "Angelfish", which were to be powered by the Android Wear operating system and expected to be released under the Nexus brand name. According to Business Insider, these watches were canceled ahead of the 2016 Made by Google launch event due to concerns from Google hardware chief Rick Osterloh that they did not sync well with the company's new Pixel devices; the smartwatches were eventually "salvaged" by LG and released as the LG Watch Style and LG Watch Sport in February 2017. Android Wear was rebranded as Wear OS in March 2018. In August, Wear OS director of engineering Miles Barr dispelled rumors that the company planned to release a Pixel-branded smartwatch that year.
In January 2019, smartwatch manufacturer Fossil Group agreed to sell some of its intellectual property on smartwatch technology to Google for $40 million, as well as transfer a portion of its research and development team over. In November, Google announced that it would acquire smartwatch and fitness tracker maker Fitbit for $2.1 billion, which Osterloh stated would pave the way for Google-developed wearables. The acquisition was completed in January 2021 following a prolonged investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice, with Fitbit absorbed into Google's hardware division. Fitbit co-founder James Park was subsequently appointed head of Google's wearables division. During the 2021 Google I/O keynote in May, Google announced Wear OS 3, a version of Wear OS co-developed with Samsung and Fitbit which incorporates elements of the former's Tizen operating system.
Development and release
In October, Osterloh revealed that Google and Fitbit were in the process of developing a Wear OS-powered smartwatch. Two months later, Business Insider reported that a Pixel-branded smartwatch codenamed "Rohan" was being targeted for a 2022 release, featuring a round bezel-less design, integration with Fitbit, proprietary watch bands, and health-tracking capabilities. Evidence unearthed that month indicated that the watch would be powered by either Samsung's Exynos system-on-chip (SoC) or Google's own Tensor chip, the latter of which had recently debuted on the company's Pixel 6 smartphone line. In April 2022, the "Fitbit" category was renamed "Watches" on the online Google Store, in anticipation of the Pixel Watch's impending launch. The same month, Google filed a trademark for the "Pixel Watch" name with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, while three models of the smartwatch were approved by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. A prototype of the Pixel Watch was found at a restaurant in the U.S., an incident which drew parallels to Gizmodo leak of Apple's iPhone 4 in 2010.
Osterloh unveiled a preview of the Pixel Watch on May 11, during the 2022 Google I/O keynote. In an interview with CNET, Park stated that there were no plans to shut down Fitbit, adding that the Google Fit app would co-exist with Fitbit on the Pixel Watch. Google CEO Sundar Pichai was seen wearing a Pixel Watch in September during an interview at the Code 2022 conference. Google officially announced the Pixel Watch on October 6, alongside the Pixel 7 and Pixel 7 Pro smartphones, at the annual Made by Google event. It became available for pre-orders on the same day, before being released in nine countries on October 13. When asked why Google waited so long before launching the device, Osterloh cited their acquisition of Fitbit and its expansive health platform as the primary catalyst which convinced Google to greenlight the Pixel Watch, adding that the company was committed to first-party wearables.
Specifications
Design
The Pixel Watch sports a round watch face with a domed design, physical crown, and watch frame made of recycled stainless steel attached to custom-designed bands. 18 families of watch faces are available, each of which are highly customizable. It was available in four case–band color pairs:
Hardware
The Pixel Watch is available in two models, one with and one without support for cellular connectivity. Its case has a diameter of and a Gorilla Glass 5 display. Powered by Samsung's Exynos 9110 SoC alongside the ARM Cortex-M33 co-processor, it contains a 294 mAh battery and 2 GB of RAM, as well as multiple sensors and wireless technologies. The watch features a USB-C charging mechanism manufactured by Compal Electronics. Due to the base's curved design, it can only be wirelessly charged with Google's proprietary magnetic charger, though some users were able to charge the device using other Qi chargers or via reverse wireless charging on their phones.
At launch, the Pixel Watch was only compatible with proprietary bands designed by Google, though the company stated that it planned to partner with third parties to develop additional bands in the future. By default, each Pixel Watch comes with a proprietary Active Band, with several other proprietary band options available at an added cost. Counterpoint Research calculated that the LTE version of the Pixel Watch cost an estimated to manufacture.
Software
The Pixel Watch shipped with Wear OS 3.5, and features deep integration with Fitbit. It is compatible with Android smartphones running Android 8.0 or above, and is accompanied by a Pixel Watch mobile app available for download on the Play Store. iPhones are not supported. Google added fall detection capabilities in February 2023. It was updated to Wear OS 4.0 in October 2023.
Marketing
Actor Simu Liu, who previously served as brand ambassador for the Pixel 6 series in Canada, participated in an advertising campaign developed by Cossette for the Pixel Watch in May 2023.
Reception
Critical response
Following the announcement of the Pixel Watch and Pixel Tablet at the 2022 Google I/O, Jon Porter of The Verge opined that Google was taking a subtle approach at Apple's "walled garden" ecosystem strategy. This was echoed by International Data Corporation research director Ramon Llamas, who believed that Google was aiming to become a "head-on competitor to Apple". Kate Kozuch of Tom's Guide praised the watch's sleek visual design. Victoria Song of The Verge quelled fears over the watch's reported 24-hour battery life, declaring it was "decent" when compared to similar smartwatches.
The Pixel Watch was positively received upon its launch. Lisa Eadicicco of CNET and Cherlynn Low of Engadget lauded its design and health features, with Eadicco likening it to "a hybrid of Fitbit and the Apple Watch", but both criticized the battery life. Song called the Pixel Watch "good-but-not-yet-great". Wired Julian Chokkattu echoed these sentiments, but argued that its "accuracy, elegance, and comfort" compensated its shortcomings. CNN Underscored reviewer Max Buondonno praised the Pixel Watch's sleek design and the performance of Wear OS 3.5, but felt that the battery life was subpar and the screen was not large enough. Nicole Nguyen of The Wall Street Journal did not find the smartwatch particularly astounding and noted several software bugs, but ultimately deemed it a worthy companion to the Pixel phone.
Commercial reception
Analyst firm Canalys calculated that Google shipped an estimated 880,000 Pixel Watches during the fourth quarter of 2022, constituting 22 percent of Google's total wearable sales, which include Fitbit products. The Pixel Watch's launch allowed Google to obtain 8 percent of the wearable market share, jumping 16 percent from fourth place to second place, behind Apple. The Pixel Watch Android app had amassed more than 500,000 downloads by February 2023.
Future
The Pixel Watch was succeeded by the Pixel Watch 2 in October 2023.
See also
Apple Watch
Samsung Galaxy Watch series
References
External links
(archived)
Computer-related introductions in 2022
Google hardware
Google Pixel
Smartwatches
Wear OS devices | Pixel Watch | [
"Technology"
] | 1,814 | [
"Wear OS devices",
"Smartwatches"
] |
69,436,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20367%20b | Gliese 367 b, formally named Tahay, is a sub-Earth exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 367 (GJ 367), from Earth in the constellation of Vela. The exoplanet takes just 7.7 hours to orbit its star, one of the shortest orbits of any planet.
, Gliese 367 b is the smallest known exoplanet within 10 parsecs of the Solar System, and the second-least massive after Proxima Centauri d.
Nomenclature
In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project. The approved names, proposed by a team from Chile, were announced in June 2023. Gliese 367 b is named Tahay and its host star is named Añañuca, after names for the endemic Chilean wildflowers Calydorea xiphioides and Phycella cyrtanthoides. Calydorea xiphioides only blooms for between 7 and 8 hours each year, alluding to the planet's short orbital period of 7.7 hours.
Properties
Due to its close orbit, the exoplanet gets bombarded with radiation over 500 times more than Earth receives from the Sun. Dayside temperatures on GJ 367b are around .
Gliese 367 b is presumably tidally locked, and any atmosphere, if ever existed, would have boiled away due to the planet's extreme temperatures. Observations from JWST provide evidence that the planet indeed lacks an atmosphere, and that its albedo is low. The absence of day-night heat recirculation suggests significant volatile loss, shaping its current atmospheric and surface properties. GJ 367b's exceptional density raises intriguing hypotheses about its origin, from mantle evaporation to Mercury-like collisions. This discovery prompts broader inquiries into the habitability of small rocky planets orbiting M dwarfs and offers valuable insights into planetary formation and atmospheric dynamics across the cosmos.
The core of GJ 367b is likely composed of iron and nickel, making it similar to Mercury's core. The core of GJ 367b is extremely dense, making up about 91% of the planet's mass; the entire planet has a total density of , about twice that of Earth. The planet may have been stripped of the outer silicate layers, like Mercury and other iron planets, due to collisions or evaporation by the extreme stellar radiation.
References
Exoplanets in the Gliese Catalog
Vela (constellation)
Exoplanets discovered in 2021
Transiting exoplanets
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets discovered by TESS
Exoplanets with proper names
Sub-Earth exoplanets | Gliese 367 b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 580 | [
"Vela (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
69,438,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi-Sat-2 | Phi-Sat-2 (also known as ɸ-Sat-2) is an Earth observation CubeSat mission from the European Space Agency (ESA) capable of running AI apps directly on board. What makes Phi-Sat-2 particularly noteworthy is its utilization of the NanoSat MO Framework, a modular and open-source platform designed for small satellite missions.
The NanoSat MO Framework enhances the satellite's flexibility and adaptability, allowing for efficient integration of AI technologies into its operational workflow through Apps that can be installed on board. The AI Apps will be able to do different activities such as transforming a satellite image to a street map, detecting clouds, detect and classify maritime vessels, and to perform image compression using AI.
Mission Consortium
The ɸ-Sat-2 mission consortium is composed of the following companies:
Open Cosmos
CGI
Ubotica
Simera CH Innovative
CEiiA
GEO-K
KP Labs
Spacecraft Payload
The mission includes the following payload devices:
On-board Computer from Open Cosmos
Multi-spectral Optical Camera from Simera CH Innovative (expected 4.75 m ground resolution)
AI processor: Intel Movidius Myriad 2 from Ubotica
The AI technology used in the mission is based on the Intel Movidius Myriad 2 vision processing unit, which is designed to provide high-performance, low-power processing for computer vision applications. The Myriad 2 is integrated into the spacecraft and is used to process and analyze the images captured by the hyperspectral camera in near real-time.
The AI processor was already adopted on the previous Phi-Sat-1 mission.
See also
Phi-Sat-1
OPS-SAT
Phi Lab
References
Spacecraft launched in 2024
CubeSats
European Space Agency satellites
Technology demonstrations | Phi-Sat-2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 347 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
69,438,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Alignment%20Problem | The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values is a 2020 non-fiction book by the American writer Brian Christian. It is based on numerous interviews with experts trying to build artificial intelligence systems, particularly machine learning systems, that are aligned with human values.
Summary
The book is divided into three sections: Prophecy, Agency, and Normativity. Each section covers researchers and engineers working on different challenges in the alignment of artificial intelligence with human values.
Prophecy
In the first section, Christian interweaves discussions of the history of artificial intelligence research, particularly the machine learning approach of artificial neural networks such as the Perceptron and AlexNet, with examples of how AI systems can have unintended behavior. He tells the story of Julia Angwin, a journalist whose ProPublica investigation of the COMPAS algorithm, a tool for predicting recidivism among criminal defendants, led to widespread criticism of its accuracy and bias towards certain demographics. One of AI's main alignment challenges is its black box nature (inputs and outputs are identifiable but the transformation process in between is undetermined). The lack of transparency makes it difficult to know where the system is going right and where it is going wrong.
Agency
In the second section, Christian similarly interweaves the history of the psychological study of reward, such as behaviorism and dopamine, with the computer science of reinforcement learning, in which AI systems need to develop policy ("what to do") in the face of a value function ("what rewards or punishment to expect"). He calls the DeepMind AlphaGo and AlphaZero systems "perhaps the single most impressive achievement in automated curriculum design." He also highlights the importance of curiosity, in which reinforcement learners are intrinsically motivated to explore their environment, rather than exclusively seeking the external reward.
Normativity
The third section covers training AI through the imitation of human or machine behavior, as well as philosophical debates such as between possibilism and actualism that imply different ideal behavior for AI systems. Of particular importance is inverse reinforcement learning, a broad approach for machines to learn the objective function of a human or another agent. Christian discusses the normative challenges associated with effective altruism and existential risk, including the work of philosophers Toby Ord and William MacAskill who are trying to devise human and machine strategies for navigating the alignment problem as effectively as possible.
Reception
The book received positive reviews from critics. The Wall Street Journal's David A. Shaywitz emphasized the frequent problems when applying algorithms to real-world problems, describing the book as "a nuanced and captivating exploration of this white-hot topic." Publishers Weekly praised the book for its writing and extensive research.
Kirkus Reviews gave the book a positive review, calling it "technically rich but accessible", and "an intriguing exploration of AI." Writing for Nature, Virginia Dignum gave the book a positive review, favorably comparing it to Kate Crawford's Atlas of AI.
In 2021, journalist Ezra Klein had Christian on his podcast, The Ezra Klein Show, writing in The New York Times, "The Alignment Problem is the best book on the key technical and moral questions of A.I. that I’ve read." Later that year, the book was listed in a Fast Company feature, "5 books that inspired Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella this year".
In 2022, the book won the Eric and Wendy Schmidt Award for Excellence in Science Communication, given by The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in partnership with Schmidt Futures.
In 2024, The New York Times named The Alignment Problem one of the "5 Best Books About Artificial Intelligence," saying: "If you're going to read one book on artificial intelligence, this is the one."
See also
Effective altruism
Global catastrophic risk
Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
References
2020 non-fiction books
Books about effective altruism
Books about existential risk
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
English non-fiction books
English-language non-fiction books
Futurology books
W. W. Norton & Company books
Non-fiction books about Artificial intelligence | The Alignment Problem | [
"Technology"
] | 852 | [
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence"
] |
69,440,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202018 | The following is a list of weather events that occurred in 2018.
Summary by weather type
Winter storms and cold waves
A cold wave from late December 2017 persists into early January 2018. Between both years, 39 people die. Several records due to the cold are broken as a result, and the January 2018 North American blizzard is fueled. The blizzard results in 22 deaths. There is also $1.1 billion in damages. The storm was dubbed a historic bomb cyclone. Following a tranquil February, winter weather resumes in March. The March 1–3, 2018 nor'easter was the most destructive of those. Over 1.9 million people lose power,`with 9 dead and $2.25 billion in damage. another nor'easter a few days later causes 2 deaths and $525 million in damage. A final nor'easter rode up the East Coast two weeks later. It caused a tornado outbreak. This included an EF3 tornado that destroyed Jacksonville State University in Alabama. It also caused near-record spring snowfall along the Northeastern United States. Then, in April, a cold wave caused Iowa and Wisconsin to have their coldest April on record. In mid-November, a winter storm across the United States caused 11 deaths, one of the worst traffic jams in New York City, and 555 car crashes in New Jersey. A few weeks later, another blizzard kills 4 more people. After that, another winter storm caused 3 more deaths in North Carolina.
Floods
In late February 2018, the Ohio River had its highest crest since 1997. Six people die in the flooding.
Droughts, heat waves, and wildfires
Tornadoes
2018 was relatively quiet in terms of tornadoes, and for the first time in history, no EF4 or EF5 tornadoes touched down in the United States. However, the state of Connecticut saw a record number of tornadoes. The first major tornado outbreak of 2018 came on February 24. This tornado outbreak caused two deaths and 20 injuries from 30 tornadoes. This became the first tornado related death in the United States in 284 days, ending a record long streak. A few days later, a tornado outbreak strikes the United States from March 20 to 22nd. An EF3 tornado struck Jacksonville State University, causing $42 million and forcing 9,000 people to go without power. A month later, another tornado outbreak affects the United States in mid-April. An EF1 tornado in April in Louisiana caused one death. An EF2 tornado in North Carolina also caused a fatality, but an indirect one. A month later, another tornado outbreak produces an EF0 tornado in Newburgh, New York that results in a death. The storm itself causes 5 more deaths as a result of straight-line winds. Before that, on May 14, the storm also produced tornadoes across Kansas.
On June 12, an F4 tornado touches down in Brazil, killing two. On July 10 another fatal EF2 touched down, this time in Minot, North Dakota. One newborn baby is killed and 28 others are injured. Nine days later, destructive tornadoes tore across Iowa, causing $320 million in damage, and 37 injuries. It also fuels the Table Rock Lake duck boat accident, which kills 17 and injures 7 in Missouri. On August 3, an EF4 touched down in Manitoba, becoming North America's only violent tornado of the year, and killing one person. The remnants of Hurricane Florence spawned a fatal tornado in Virginia. The tornado outbreak as a whole spawned 37 other tornadoes. Just a few days later, the 2018 United States–Canada tornado outbreak causes damage in the Midwestern United States and especially in Ontario and Quebec. Before crossing into Canada, Minnesota had its third most prolific tornado day on record. 300,000 customers in the Ottawa area lost power. The tornadoes cause $295 million in damage and injure 31.
In late October and early November, another tornado outbreak occurs, spawning 61 tornadoes. There is one indirect death due to an EF1 in Mississippi, and two direct deaths due to an EF1 tornado in Maryland. Just a few days later, another fatal tornado touches down in Tennessee. A tornado outbreak then started at the end of the month and continued into December, which spawned 49 tornadoes, including an EF3 in Illinois that injured 22. Another tornado death occurs due to an EF1 in Missouri. Two weeks later, the 2018 Port Orchard tornado touches down in Port Orchard, Washington. The tornado caused $1.81 million in damage. Finally, on December 31, a child dies in a tornado in Indonesia.
Tropical cyclones
As the year began, a tropical depression was moving across the Philippines, and Cyclone Ava was developing northeast of Madagascar. Ava caused at least 51 deaths and US$195 million in damage, and was followed by 13 additional tropical cyclones in the south-west Indian Ocean. In the Australian region, there were 27 tropical cyclones, including Cyclone Marcus, a powerful cyclone that caused US$75 million in damage in Western Australia. In the South Pacific Ocean, there were 15 tropical cyclones during the year, including Cyclone Gita, the most intense tropical cyclone to impact Tonga since reliable records began.
In the northern hemisphere, the western Pacific Ocean was active, with 44 tropical cyclones. The strongest typhoons were Kong-rey and Yutu, which both had 10 minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a minimum pressure of . In October, Yutu struck Tinian in the Northern Marianas Islands at peak intensity, making it the strongest storm on record to hit the island chain. When Typhoon Jebi struck Japan in September, insured damage totaled around US$15 billion, making it the country's costliest ever typhoon. In July, Tropical Storm Son-Tinh killed more than 200 people when it moved through the Philippines, China, and Vietnam, mostly related to a dam collapse in Laos. In December, Tropical Depression Usman moved through the Philippines, killing 156 people and leaving ₱5.41 billion (US$103 million) in damage. In the north Indian Ocean, there were 14 tropical cyclones, several of which affected land. In May, Cyclone Sagar killed 79 people when it struck Somaliland in the Horn of Africa. Cyclone Mekunu caused US$1.5 billion in damage and 31 deaths when it struck Oman. Cyclone Titli killed 85 people when it struck southeastern India in October.
The north-east Pacific Ocean was active, with three Category 5 hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson scale – Lane, Walaka, and Willa. Lane in August was the wettest on record in Hawaii, with peak rainfall accumulations of 58 inches (1,473 mm) causing US$250 million in damage. In October, Walaka affected the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and Willa struck southwestern Mexico, causing nine deaths and US$825 million in damage. The Atlantic Ocean featured 16 tropical cyclones, including Hurricane Michael in October, one of only four Category 5 hurricanes to hit the United States at that intensity. Michael struck the Florida panhandle and caused US$25.5 billion in damage as well as 74 deaths. In September, Hurricane Florence caused widespread flooding after setting state precipitation records in North and South Carolina, resulting in US$24 billion in damage and 52 fatalities.
In addition to the officially tracked storms, there was a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone named Cyclone Zorbas, which struck Greece.
Timeline
This is a timeline of weather events during 2018. Please note that entries might cross between months, however, all entries are listed by the month it started, except for the December 2017–January 2018 North American cold wave, which was ongoing when 2018 began.
January
December 23, 2017 – January 19, 2018 – A cold wave caused damaging low temperatures across eastern North America. The cold wave also caused Tallahassee, Florida to receive trace amounts of frozen precipitation for the first time in more than 30 years.
December 29, 2017 – January 4, 2018 – Tropical Storm Bolaven forms east of Palau. The storm struck the southern portion of the Philippines, where it killed 4 people in total and left ₱554.7 million (US$ million) of damage, before dissipating off the South Central Coast of Vietnam.
January 2–6 – A cyclonic blizzard across North America killed 22 people, caused at least 300,000 power outages, and caused $1.1 billion (2018 USD) in damage across Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda, the Southeastern United States, the Northeastern United States, New England, and Atlantic Canada. The storm received various unofficial names, such as Winter Storm Grayson, Blizzard of 2018 and Storm Brody. The storm was also dubbed a "historic bomb cyclone".
January 8- A severe cold wave hit Bangladesh and Bangladesh register lowest ever recorded temperature in independent Bangladesh history in tetulia upzila in panchagarh district in Rangpur division a temperature about 2.60°C on 8:38 am in local time.
January 9 – A series of mudflows in Southern California killed 23 people, injured 163 others, and caused $207 million (2018 USD) in damage.
January 11–24 – Cyclone Berguitta kills two people with one missing and caused over US$107 million in damage across Mauritius and Réunion.
January 14–16 – Tropical Depression 04 kills 11 people and caused $5.1 million (2018 USD) in damage across Madagascar and Mozambique.
January 28–30 - Cyclone Fehi caused extensive damage as an extratropical cyclone in Western New Zealand. Insurance loss were amounted at NZ$38.5 million (US$28.5 million).
February
February 3–22 – Cyclone Gita kills 3 people (One presumed) and caused at least $252.8 million (2018 USD) in damage across Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, American Samoa, Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga, New Caledonia, Queensland, and New Zealand. Cyclone Gita was the most intense tropical cyclone to impact Tonga since reliable records began.
February 8–16 – Tropical Storm Sanba, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Basyang, kills 15 people and caused $3.23 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Caroline Islands and the Philippines.
February 11–21 – Cyclone Kelvin caused $25 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia.
February 24 – A tornado outbreak causes 2 deaths and 20 injuries from 30 tornadoes.
March
March 1–5 – A nor'easter bomb cyclone and winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Riley by The Weather Channel, killed nine people, caused over 1.9 million power outages, and caused $2.25 billion (2018 United States Dollar) in damage across the Northeastern United States and Canada.
March 2–9 – A nor'easter and blizzard, unofficially named Winter Storm Quinn by The Weather Channel, killed two people, caused over 1 million power outages, and caused $525 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Northeastern United States and Canada.
March 2–10 – Cyclone Dumazile kills two people and caused damage across Madagascar and Réunion.
March 3–13 – Cyclone Hola kills three people and caused damage across Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.
March 14–22 – Tropical Storm Eliakim kills 21 people and caused $3.21 million (2018 USD) in damage across Madagascar, Réunion, Mayotte, Tromelin Island, Mauritius, and Kenya.
March 14–27 – Cyclone Marcus caused $75 million (2018 USD) in damage across Western Australia and Australia's Northern Territory. Cyclone Marcus was also considered the worst cyclone to hit Darwin since 1974.
March 18–24 – A nor'easter winter storm and tornado outbreak, dubbed by the media as the Four'easter and unofficially named Winter Storm Toby and Nor'easter 4 by The Weather Channel killed four people, caused over 100,000 power outages, and caused $900 million (2018 USD) in damage across the United States. The storm spawned 20 tornadoes, with one being an EF3 that impacted Jacksonville State University. The tornadoes injured 7 people.
March 29 – April 2 – Cyclone Josie kills six people and caused $10 million (2018 USD) in damage across Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga.
April
April 13–15 – A tornado outbreak combined with a blizzard (Winter Storm Xanto) kills four people (1 tornadic (+1 indirect and 3 winter storm), injured 29 others, and caused $925 million (2018 USD) in damage across the United States and Eastern Canada with a total of 73 confirmed tornadoes.
April 22–26 – Cyclone Fakir kills two people and caused over 17.7 million (2018 USD) in damage across Mauritius and Réunion.
May
May 14–15 – A tornado outbreak in the Great Plains and Northeastern United States kills six people (1 tornadic and 5 straight-line winds) from 24 tornadoes.
May 16–20 – Cyclone Sagar kills 79 people and caused $30 million (2018 USD) in damage across Yemen, Somalia, Somaliland, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. Cyclone Sagar was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Somalia and Somaliland in recorded history until 2020.
May 21–27 – Cyclone Mekunu kills 31 people and caused $1.5 billion (2018 USD) in damage across Yemen, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. Cyclone Mekunu was the strongest storm to strike Oman's Dhofar Governorate since 1959.
May 25–June 1 – Tropical Storm Alberto kills 18 people and caused $125 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, the Eastern United States, and Canada.
May 27 – A flood in Maryland killed one person, which prompted Governor Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency.
June
June 2–11 – Tropical Storm Ewiniar kills 14 people and caused $749 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Philippines, Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands.
June 3–13 – Tropical Storm Maliksi kills two people and caused damage across the Philippines and Japan.
June 9–16 – Hurricane Bud kills two people and caused $167,000 (2018 USD) in damage across the Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States, and Wyoming.
June 12 – A violent F4 tornado in Brazil killed two people and caused damage across Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
June 14–19 – Tropical Storm Carlotta kills three people and caused $7.6 million (2018 USD) in damage across Central and Southern Mexico.
June 28 – An EF0 anticyclonic tornado touches down in Montana.
June 28 – July 5 – Typhoon Prapiroon kills four people and caused $10.1 million (2018 USD) in damage across Japan and the Korean Peninsula.
July
July 3–12 – Typhoon Maria, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gardo, kills two people and caused $628 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Mariana Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and China.
July 4–17 – Hurricane Beryl caused over $1 million (2018 USD) in damage and caused 47,000 power outages across the Caribbean, the United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, and Atlantic Canada.
July 6–17 – Hurricane Chris kills one person and caused damage across the East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada, and Iceland.
July 10 – An EF2 tornado in North Dakota kills one person and injured 28 others.
July 15–24 – Tropical Storm Son-Tinh, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Henry, kills 173 people with over 1,100 missing and caused $323 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar.
July 17–26 – Tropical Storm Ampil, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Inday, kills one person and caused $241 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Ryukyu Islands and East and Northeast China.
July 20–23 – Tropical Depression Josie kills 16 people and caused $87.4 million (2018 USD) in damage across the Philippines and Taiwan.
July 19–20 - A tornado outbreak, mainly in Iowa, causes 37 injuries and $320 million from 31 tornadoes. It also caused the Table Rock Lake duck boat accident to sink, which killed 17 people and injured 7 others.
July 23 – August 4 – Typhoon Jongdari caused $1.46 billion (2018 USD) in damage across Japan and East China after becoming the fourth tropical cyclone since 1951 to approach Honshu on a westward trajectory.
July 31 – August 16 – Hurricane Hector caused damage across Hawaii and Johnston Atoll.
August
August 2–10 – Typhoon Shanshan caused $866,000 (2018 USD) in damage across the Mariana Islands and Japan.
August 3 – A violent EF4 tornado in Manitoba, Canada kills one person and injured two others. The tornado was the first (and only) violent tornado in North America during 2018, destroying parts of Alonsa, Manitoba Canada. It also causes $2 million in damage.
August 4–7 – Tropical Storm Ileana killed eight people and caused damage across Western Mexico.
August 6–16 – Tropical Storm Yagi killed seven people and caused $365 million (2018 USD) in damage across China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Korea.
August 31–September 18 – Hurricane Florence killed 54 people (24 direct and 30 indirect) and caused $24.23 billion (2018 USD) in damage across West Africa, Cape Verde, Bermuda, the East Coast of the United States (especially the Carolinas), and Atlantic Canada.
September
September 3–8 – Tropical Storm Gordon killed four people (3 direct and 1 indirect) and caused over $200 million (2018 USD) in damage across Hispaniola, Cuba, The Bahamas, South Florida, the Florida Keys, the Gulf Coast of the United States, Arkansas, Missouri, the United States East Coast, and Southern Ontario.
September 17 – An EF2 tornado in Virginia associated with Hurricane Florence kills one person, injured 16 people, and caused significant damage in the Midlothian, Virginia area.
September 20–21 – A tornado outbreak in the United States and Canada kills one person (non-tornadic) and injured 31 others from 37 tornadoes across Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, eastern Ontario, and southern Quebec. The storm caused over 300,000 power outages in Ontario, Canada.
October
October 7–16 – Hurricane Michael kills 74 people (31 direct and 43 indirect) and caused $25.5 billion (2018 USD) in damage across Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Southeastern United States (especially the Florida Panhandle and Georgia), the Eastern United States, Eastern Canada, and the Iberian Peninsula.
October 31 - November 2 - A tornado outbreak causes two direct deaths and another indirect one from 61 tornadoes.
November
November 6 – An EF2 tornado in Tennessee kills one person and injured two others.
November 8–25 - The Camp Fire, across northern California, killed 85 people with one missing, injured 17 others, and caused $16.65 billion (2018 USD) in damage, becoming the costliest wildfire on record.
November 23 - A monthly low temperature record is set in two cities in New York. Syracuse saw a low of and Binghamton saw a record low of . Several other cities saw daily record lows set. Bridgeport, Connecticut also set a record for coldest November day with a low of .
November 30 – A high-end F1 tornado in Brazil kills two people.
November 30 – December 2 – A tornado outbreak across the United States kills one person and injured 32 others from 49 tornadoes. This outbreak was the largest December tornado event on record in Illinois history.
December
December 18 – A rare EF2 tornado hits Port Orchard, Washington and caused $1.81 million (2018 USD) in damage and became the strongest tornado in Washington since 1986.
December 31 – A tornado in Indonesia killed one person.
See also
Weather of 2020
References
Weather by year
2018 meteorology
2018-related lists | Weather of 2018 | [
"Physics"
] | 4,095 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather by year"
] |
69,440,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury%20of%20St%20Mark%27s%20Basilica | The Treasury of St Mark's Basilica contains the church treasure or collection of sacred objects and reliquaries kept in St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy. The treasure constitutes the single best collection of Byzantine metalwork and enamels that survives, many of the items having been looted during the Fourth Crusade of 1204. The treasury also contains some significant artworks made for the basilica itself, but no longer used there.
Under the Venetian Republic when St Mark's was the chapel of the doge, it was entrusted to the procurators of Saint Mark who were responsible for the administration and finances of the basilica. Distinguished foreign visitors were allowed to tour the collection, which was also publicly displayed five times a year. Today a large selection of those objects which have survived can be seen by visitors, though much has been lost, in particular during the French occupation of Venice under Napoleon .
History
Reliquaries and precious objects used for the liturgical functions in St Mark's Basilica were initially kept in various locations within the church. The creation of the treasury seems to date to the early thirteenth century when many objects were plundered by the Venetians from the churches, monasteries, and palaces of Constantinople during the sack of the city (1204) in the Fourth Crusade and sent to Venice as spoils of war by Doge Enrico Dandolo who led the Venetian forces. These objects were largely destroyed in a fire in 1231: only a fragment of the True Cross, an ampulla containing the Precious Blood of Christ, and a relic of Saint John the Baptist survived. However, an inventory of 1283 shows that the treasury had been recreated by that time. The new collection included works of art brought back to Venice by the Venetians in 1261 when they were expelled from Constantinople as well as gifts from foreign rulers and objects produced locally. Over time, the collection also included precious objects that had originally been deposited as security for loans from the government and then kept as a result of default, as well as items deposited for safety by private individuals and then unclaimed.
The current collection represents only a fraction of the former content of the treasury. After the fall of the Venetian Republic to Napoleon in 1797, the French ordered that all objects in precious metal that were not ordinarily used for religious services were to be deposited in the mint where many were melted down to obtain 535 kilograms of gold and silver. Gold thread was removed from embroidered vestments, and precious gems were pried out of their settings.
In 1798, during the first period of Austrian rule of Venice (1798–1805), the surviving objects were returned to the treasury, and in 1801 five important manuscripts belonging to the basilica were transferred to the Marciana Library. Among these was the Grimani Breviary, the illuminated Flemish breviary that once belonged to Domenico Cardinal Grimani. Periodically, during the second period of French domination (1805–1814) and in the second period of Austrian rule (1814–1866), objects from the treasury had to be sold in order to raise funds to finance necessary repair work on the basilica.
Collection
The Byzantine works of art in metalwork, enamel and hardstone carving constitute the most important part of the treasury. The group of Byzantine hardstone vessels in various semi-precious stones is particularly outstanding. Of note is the sixth-century throne-reliquary, the so-called 'Cathedra of Saint Mark', in rather crudely carved alabaster. It would only fit a bishop with a slight figure, and has a large compartment for relics below the seat. It may have functioned as a "throne-lectern" or resting place for a gospel book, making actual the hetoimasia ("empty throne") images with open books that are found in art of the period.
There are also numerous Islamic works of art held in the collection, including a rare relief-cut turquoise glass bowl. This bowl was made in Iran or Iraq between the 9th and 10th centuries C.E., and is currently mounted in a silver-gilt setting encrusted with jewels and Byzantine enamels. The opaque turquoise glass bowl is adorned with five lobes, each with an image of a running hare enclosed within a panel carved in low relief. The inscription on the bottom of the bowl reads ‘Khurasan’, the region in northeastern Iran where turquoise was mined.
Another exemplary piece of Islamic art held in the collection is a Fatimid rock crystal ewer, one of a small group of similar objects. The ewer is one of the few Fatimid court objects to survive from the period. It is carved and drilled from a single piece of rock-crystal. The pear-shaped body is decorated with a large vegetal motif at the centre, flanked by seated leopards. The leopards are a sign of royalty in the lands of the Near East. There is an inscription encircling the shoulder that reads, "The blessing of God on the Imam al-Aziz bi'llah," bestowing blessings to the Fatimid caliph who ruled from 975 to 996 C.E. The ewer has an elevated rim and a narrow neck, and the handle is topped by a small cowering ibex. The rock crystal ewer was likely looted from the caliph's treasuries in 1067 C.E. and eventually reached Europe, where it a gold mount was added.
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website
St Mark's Basilica
Museums in Venice
Byzantine art
Hardstone carving
Vitreous enamel
Jewellery museums
Church treasuries
True Cross | Treasury of St Mark's Basilica | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,139 | [
"Coatings",
"Vitreous enamel"
] |
69,441,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20Army%20Troops | Field Army Troops is a formation of the British Army under direct control of Headquarters, Field Army. Its purpose is to "centrally command high-demand, low-volume capabilities."
2019 reorganisation
In 2019, under the Field Army Reorganisation Plan (FARP), the role of Deputy Commander, Field Army was expanded with the moving of several commands and formations (by 2021) coming under direct control of CFA. Those units included the following:
Land Operations Command, at Trenchard Lines, Upavon
Land Warfare Centre, HQ at Waterloo Lines, Warminster Garrison
16th Air Assault Brigade, HQ at Merville Barracks, Colchester Garrison
Collective Training Group (also Training Branch, Field Army), at Warminster Garrison
Field Training Unit
Future Soldier reorganisation
On 25 November 2021, the Future Soldier programme was announced, which is due to be completed by 2030 and will reorganise the British Army from bottom to top. The role of "Field Army Troops" has been described as follows: "Field Army Troops – will centrally command high-demand, low-volume capabilities."
Under the new programme, the name 'Field Army Troops' was re-established.
16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team formerly came under Field Army Troops until 2023, when it was re-subordinated to the command of 1st (UK) Division, under Future Soldier.
Current structure
Headquarters, Field Army Troops
Source:
Surveillance Group
Understand Group
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group
Cyber and Electro-Magnetic Activities Effects Group
Land Warfare Centre
Army Special Operations Brigade
77 Brigade
2nd Medical Group
11th Brigade
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
Military units and formations of the British Army
Future Soldier
Military units and formations established in 2022 | Field Army Troops | [
"Engineering"
] | 334 | [
"Military projects",
"Future Soldier"
] |
69,441,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20gas%20MRI | Hyperpolarized 129Xe gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the anatomy and physiology of body regions that are difficult to image with standard proton MRI. In particular, the lung, which lacks substantial density of protons, is particularly useful to be visualized with 129Xe gas MRI. This technique has promise as an early-detection technology for chronic lung diseases and imaging technique for processes and structures reliant on dissolved gases. 129Xe is a stable, naturally occurring isotope of xenon with 26.44% isotope abundance. It is one of two Xe isotopes, along with 131Xe, that has non-zero spin, which allows for magnetic resonance. 129Xe is used for MRI because its large electron cloud permits hyperpolarization and a wide range of chemical shifts. The hyperpolarization creates a large signal intensity, and the wide range of chemical shifts allows for identifying when the 129Xe associates with molecules like hemoglobin. 129Xe is preferred over 131Xe for MRI because 129Xe has spin 1/2 (compared to 3/2 for 131Xe), a longer T1, and 3.4 times larger gyromagnetic ratio (11.78 MHz/T).
Uses
Medical uses
Xenon Xe 129 hyperpolarized, sold under the brand name Xenoview, is a hyperpolarized contrast agent indicated for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluation of lung ventilation, and approved for people aged twelve years of age and older. It was approved for medical use in the US in December 2022.
The most common side effects include mouth and throat pain, headache, and dizziness.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
The FDA approved Xenoview based on evidence from two clinical trials in 83 participants with various lung disorders who were being evaluated for possible lung resection or lung transplantation. The trials were conducted at five sites in the United States and assessed both efficacy and safety of Xenoview. Xenoview was evaluated in two clinical trials of 83 adults with pulmonary disorders who each underwent sequential lung ventilation imaging with Xenoview with MRI and an approved comparator, Xe 133 scintigraphy. In study 1, participants were imaged to help plan possible lung resection. To determine the benefit of Xenoview, estimates of the percentage of lung ventilation predicted to remain after surgery made with Xenoview with MRI and comparator imaging were evaluated for equivalence. In study 2, participants were imaged to help plan possible lung transplantation. To determine the benefit of Xenoview, estimates of the percentage of lung ventilation contributed by the right lung made with Xenoview with MRI and comparator imaging were evaluated for equivalence.
History
Hyperpolarized 129Xe is achieved through spin-exchange optical pumping, a technique developed by Grover et al. in 1978 and improved by Happer et al. in 1984. Quantification of 129Xe polarization was first described in 1982 by Bhaskar et al. The use of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas in MRI ex-vivo was first described by Albert et al. in 1994 using excised rat lungs. The first in-vivo human studies with 129Xe MRI were published by Mugler et al. in 1997.
129Xe MRI has largely begun to replace 3He gas MRI, a very similar technology that uses hyperpolarized 3He molecules instead of 129Xe. Grossman et al. began human clinical trials for 3He MRI in 1996. 3He was originally touted as the better gas for hyperpolarized gas MRI because it is more polarizable and has no effects on the body. However, 3He is mostly produced by the beta decay of tritium (3H), which is a product of nuclear warhead production. Additionally, 3He is widely used by the U.S. military to detect smuggled plutonium. These combination of increasing scarcity and increasing demand have combined to make 3He highly expensive, up to more than $1000 per liter.
Safety
129Xe is an inert, non-radioactive, non-toxic, and non-teratogenic molecule that has shown no significant adverse health effects when inhaled for MR imaging. One potential area of concern is 129Xe's anesthetic properties when a large volume is inhaled. Xenon shows blood and tissue solubility that allows it to diffuse through the lung membrane and affect the nervous system. The minimum alveolar concentration for 50% of motor response to be prevented (MAC) is 0.71, which is not reached during imaging. Further studies have shown that it provides good circulatory stability when dissolved in blood and does not affect body temperature.
Hyperpolarization
When applying an external magnetic field to gas, half of the nuclear spins of the gas atoms point towards the direction of the magnetic field whereas the other half point in the opposite direction. It is slightly more energetically favorable to be aligned with the magnetic field, meaning that one of the spin states is in slight excess of the other. This excess means that the two spin-states do not completely cancel each other out, creating a magnetic signal which can be observed with MRI. However, for traditional 1H MRI, only about 4 ppm of the spin states do not cancel, so the signal is not particularly strong. This means that only regions with high densities of protons, like muscle tissue can be seen. Hyperpolarization is a means of flipping more of the atoms to have the same spin state so that less of the spin states cancel each other. In the case of 129Xe, this leads to a 104-105 improvement in signal strength.
Hyperpolarization of 129Xe is usually performed using spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) using circularly polarized light to add angular momentum of the atoms. However, the polarized light cannot directly transfer angular momentum to the gas nuclei, thus, an alkali metal atom is used as an intermediary. Rubidium is often used to accomplish this, where the polarized light is tuned to provide exactly the necessary energy to excite rubidium's valence electron. This process is called optical pumping. In the next step, spin exchange, gas nuclei are introduced to the system and collide with the rubidium. They receive angular momentum in the collisions with rubidium valence electrons, which, by conservation of angular momentum, is in the same direction as the rubidium. Therefore, 129Xe becomes hyperpolarized because there is a large excess of one spin state compared to the other. After this, the 129Xe is extracted, the rubidium is polarized again, and the cycle continues.
Required modifications to conventional MRI
Traditional MR scanners need to be modified to detect 129Xe, as 129Xe has a lower gyromagnetic ratio of 11.77 MHz/T compared to that of protons, 42.5 MHz/T. Thus, the Larmor frequency of 129Xe is much lower, which is difficult to detect with conventional narrow-band RF amplifiers set to proton's Larmor frequency. Therefore, a broad-band RF amplifier, for both excitation and receiving, is required. Additionally, the pulse sequence must also accommodate the difference in thermally-polarized protons and polarized 129Xe. In proton MRI, a typical pulse sequence would involve a 90° flip then a subsequent T1 longitudinal relaxation to the external magnetic field. T1 relaxation in hyperpolarized gas involves the decay of magnetization and not the return to an external magnetic field, as in thermally-polarized protons. Therefore, after a 90° flip, a hyperpolarized gas nuclei's longitudinal relaxation is negligible, making the longitudinal magnetization remain zero after the flip. As a result, traditional 90° and 180° RF pulses are not desirable. A low-angle RF pulse is therefore used to only remove a portion of the total available magnetization of the hyperpolarized 129Xe gas. This produces comparable longitudinal magnetization between protons and 129Xe gas. Furthermore, as an image needs to be acquired within a breath-hold, a fast pulse-sequences, or fast-gradient echos, are used to adequately sample the k-space.
Applications
Ventilation MRI
After a patient inhales the hyperpolarized gas, the gas passes through the airways within the lungs. In a healthy lung, the gas is able to travel throughout the lungs. However, in a disease that obstructs airways, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and cystic fibrosis, the hyperpolarized gas is unable to reach certain regions within the lung. Thus, a spin-density weighted image will produce high signals from normal areas and low signals from diseased regions. 3He was originally used for this type of image, but recently there has been a shift towards to 129Xe due to its availability and cheaper price. Hyperpolarized 3He has historically produced superior images because it is easier to hyperpolarize, but current technology has improved gas polarization of 129Xe to the point where the image quality is similar. Furthermore, 129Xe is more sensitive to obstructions as it is a larger atom than 3He. In addition, an increased inhaled volume of 129Xe results in a comparable SNR to that of 3He, up to 1 vs 0.1-0.3 liters.
Diffusion MRI
Diffusion MRI involves calculating the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the hyperpolarized gas. Diffusion-sensitizing gradients are applied to induce diffusion based attenuation to calculate the ADC. These gradients have an associated b-value, which represents the strength and duration of the gradients. At least 2 different b-value gradients are used to calculate the ADC. The ADC provides information regarding how the structure of the lung restricts the hyperpolarized gas diffusion. The value of the ADC increases in regions of increased space. For example, in healthy lungs, the ADC using 129Xe might be around 0.04 cm2/s whereas the ADC for 129Xe in an open space may be around 0.14 cm2/s. In emphysema, where alveolar structures enlarge, the gas is able to diffuse more freely, resulting in a higher ADC compared to normal regions providing information of disease areas. Ultimately, this is a novel imaging modality enabled by 129Xe MRI, and its use is being investigated for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Long-COVID-19, and other diseases.
Partial pressure of oxygen
The longitudinal relaxation (T1) of the hyperpolarized gas is inversely proportional to the concentration of the oxygen in the lung. The interaction between paramagnetic oxygen significantly decreases the relaxation time, which offers insights into the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) within regions of the lung. Additionally, the ventilation to perfusion ratio can be calculated from these images. Most research has employed 3He, but improved technology has allowed for comparable results when using 129Xe. However, due to the uptake of 129Xe, its relaxation is much quicker than 3He resulting in higher apparent pO2 if left unaccounted.
Research
129Xe gas MRI is being researched as a diagnostic test for respiratory diseases, such as COPD, asthma, and emphysema. Spirometry pulmonary function tests are used to determine the condition of lung function. However, this is a fairly basic, global assessment of lung function that does not provide specific information about the lung structure and physiology. For structural information, X-Ray CT is most commonly used, but it exposes the patient to high doses of ionizing radiation and it provides no functional information Conventional 1H MRI is not effective in the lung airspace because of the minimal proton density. 129Xe gas MRI provides detailed, specific information about lung structure and function that are not safely or efficiently obtainable by existing technologies.
Visualizing non-lung tissues
129Xe gas is most commonly used to visualize the lung because it is a gas. However, small bubbles of xenon gas are capable of dissolving into the bloodstream at the alveoli. As these bubbles travel around the body, they can be used to gain insight into other regions of the body. 129Xe gas is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier, allowing novel study of brain perfusion.r
Improving amount of hyperpolarization
Using hyperpolarized gas to image the lungs is not particularly novel, as the use of 3He was established in the early 2000s. 3He was originally chosen because it was easily hyperpolarized to a very large degree, and therefore generated a very strong signal. Recently, improvements in hyperpolarization techniques have been able to generate more hyperpolarized 129Xe, enabling it to generate comparable images to 3He.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI contrast agents | Xenon gas MRI | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,714 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
69,442,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20equations%20of%20state | Cubic equations of state are a specific class of thermodynamic models for modeling the pressure of a gas as a function of temperature and density and which can be rewritten as a cubic function of the molar volume.
Equations of state are generally applied in the fields of physical chemistry and chemical engineering, particularly in the modeling of vapor–liquid equilibrium and chemical engineering process design.
Van der Waals equation of state
The van der Waals equation of state may be written as
where is the absolute temperature, is the pressure, is the molar volume and is the universal gas constant. Note that , where is the volume, and , where is the number of moles, is the number of particles, and is the Avogadro constant. These definitions apply to all equations of state below as well.
Proposed in 1873, the van der Waals equation of state was one of the first to perform markedly better than the ideal gas law. In this equation, usually is called the attraction parameter and the repulsion parameter (or the effective molecular volume). While the equation is definitely superior to the ideal gas law and does predict the formation of a liquid phase, the agreement with experimental data for vapor-liquid equilibria is limited. The van der Waals equation is commonly referenced in textbooks and papers for historical and other reasons, but since its development other equations of only slightly greater complexity have been since developed, many of which are far more accurate.
The van der Waals equation may be considered as an ideal gas law which has been "improved" by the inclusion of two non-ideal contributions to the equation. Consider the van der Waals equation in the form
as compared to the ideal gas equation
The form of the van der Waals equation can be motivated as follows:
Molecules are thought of as particles which occupy a finite volume. Thus the physical volume is not accessible to all molecules at any given moment, raising the pressure slightly compared to what would be expected for point particles. Thus (), an "effective" molar volume, is used instead of in the first term.
While ideal gas molecules do not interact, real molecules will exhibit attractive van der Waals forces if they are sufficiently close together. The attractive forces, which are proportional to the density , tend to retard the collisions that molecules have with the container walls and lower the pressure. The number of collisions that are so affected is also proportional to the density. Thus, the pressure is lowered by an amount proportional to , or inversely proportional to the squared molar volume.
The substance-specific constants and can be calculated from the critical properties and (noting that is the molar volume at the critical point and is the critical pressure) as:
Expressions for written as functions of may also be obtained and are often used to parameterize the equation because the critical temperature and pressure are readily accessible to experiment. They are
With the reduced state variables, i.e. , and , the reduced form of the van der Waals equation can be formulated:
The benefit of this form is that for given and , the reduced volume of the liquid and gas can be calculated directly using Cardano's method for the reduced cubic form:
For and , the system is in a state of vapor–liquid equilibrium. In that situation, the reduced cubic equation of state yields 3 solutions. The largest and the lowest solution are the gas and liquid reduced volume. In this situation, the Maxwell construction is sometimes used to model the pressure as a function of molar volume.
The compressibility factor is often used to characterize non-ideal behavior. For the van der Waals equation in reduced form, this becomes
At the critical point, .
Redlich–Kwong equation of state
Introduced in 1949, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state was considered to be a notable improvement to the van der Waals equation. It is still of interest primarily due to its relatively simple form.
While superior to the van der Waals equation in some respects, it performs poorly with respect to the liquid phase and thus cannot be used for accurately calculating vapor–liquid equilibria. However, it can be used in conjunction with separate liquid-phase correlations for this purpose. The equation is given below, as are relationships between its parameters and the critical constants:
Another, equivalent form of the Redlich–Kwong equation is the expression of the model's compressibility factor:
The Redlich–Kwong equation is adequate for calculation of gas phase properties when the reduced pressure (defined in the previous section) is less than about one-half of the ratio of the temperature to the reduced temperature,
The Redlich–Kwong equation is consistent with the theorem of corresponding states. When the equation expressed in reduced form, an identical equation is obtained for all gases:
where is:
In addition, the compressibility factor at the critical point is the same for every substance:
This is an improvement over the van der Waals equation prediction of the critical compressibility factor, which is . Typical experimental values are (carbon dioxide), (water), and (nitrogen).
Soave modification of Redlich–Kwong
A modified form of the Redlich–Kwong equation was proposed by Soave. It takes the form
where ω is the acentric factor for the species.
The formulation for above is actually due to Graboski and Daubert. The original formulation from Soave is:
for hydrogen:
By substituting the variables in the reduced form and the compressibility factor at critical point
we obtain
thus leading to
Thus, the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation in reduced form only depends on ω and of the substance, contrary to both the VdW and RK equation which are consistent with the theorem of corresponding states and the reduced form is one for all substances:
We can also write it in the polynomial form, with:
In terms of the compressibility factor, we have:
.
This equation may have up to three roots. The maximal root of the cubic equation generally corresponds to a vapor state, while the minimal root is for a liquid state. This should be kept in mind when using cubic equations in calculations, e.g., of vapor-liquid equilibrium.
In 1972 G. Soave replaced the term of the Redlich–Kwong equation with a function α(T,ω) involving the temperature and the acentric factor (the resulting equation is also known as the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state; SRK EOS). The α function was devised to fit the vapor pressure data of hydrocarbons and the equation does fairly well for these materials.
Note especially that this replacement changes the definition of a slightly, as the is now to the second power.
Volume translation of Peneloux et al. (1982)
The SRK EOS may be written as
where
where and other parts of the SRK EOS is defined in the SRK EOS section.
A downside of the SRK EOS, and other cubic EOS, is that the liquid molar volume is significantly less accurate than the gas molar volume. Peneloux et alios (1982) proposed a simple correction for this by introducing a volume translation
where is an additional fluid component parameter that translates the molar volume slightly. On the liquid branch of the EOS, a small change in molar volume corresponds to a large change in pressure. On the gas branch of the EOS, a small change in molar volume corresponds to a much smaller change in pressure than for the liquid branch. Thus, the perturbation of the molar gas volume is small. Unfortunately, there are two versions that occur in science and industry.
In the first version only is translated, and the EOS becomes
In the second version both and are translated, or the translation of is followed by a renaming of the composite parameter . This gives
The c-parameter of a fluid mixture is calculated by
The c-parameter of the individual fluid components in a petroleum gas and oil can be estimated by the correlation
where the Rackett compressibility factor can be estimated by
A nice feature with the volume translation method of Peneloux et al. (1982) is that it does not affect the vapor–liquid equilibrium calculations. This method of volume translation can also be applied to other cubic EOSs if the c-parameter correlation is adjusted to match the selected EOS.
Peng–Robinson equation of state
The Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) was developed in 1976 at The University of Alberta by Ding-Yu Peng and Donald Robinson in order to satisfy the following goals:
The parameters should be expressible in terms of the critical properties and the acentric factor.
The model should provide reasonable accuracy near the critical point, particularly for calculations of the compressibility factor and liquid density.
The mixing rules should not employ more than a single binary interaction parameter, which should be independent of temperature, pressure, and composition.
The equation should be applicable to all calculations of all fluid properties in natural gas processes.
The equation is given as follows:
In polynomial form:
For the most part the Peng–Robinson equation exhibits performance similar to the Soave equation, although it is generally superior in predicting the liquid densities of many materials, especially nonpolar ones. Detailed performance of the original Peng-Robinson equation has been reported for density, thermal properties, and phase equilibria. Briefly, the original form exhibits deviations in vapor pressure and phase equilibria that are roughly three times as large as the updated implementations. The departure functions of the Peng–Robinson equation are given on a separate article.
The analytic values of its characteristic constants are:
Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equations of state
PRSV1
A modification to the attraction term in the Peng–Robinson equation of state published by Stryjek and Vera in 1986 (PRSV) significantly improved the model's accuracy by introducing an adjustable pure component parameter and by modifying the polynomial fit of the acentric factor.
The modification is:
where is an adjustable pure component parameter. Stryjek and Vera published pure component parameters for many compounds of industrial interest in their original journal article. At reduced temperatures above 0.7, they recommend to set and simply use . For alcohols and water the value of may be used up to the critical temperature and set to zero at higher temperatures.
PRSV2
A subsequent modification published in 1986 (PRSV2) further improved the model's accuracy by introducing two additional pure component parameters to the previous attraction term modification.
The modification is:
where , , and are adjustable pure component parameters.
PRSV2 is particularly advantageous for VLE calculations. While PRSV1 does offer an advantage over the Peng–Robinson model for describing thermodynamic behavior, it is still not accurate enough, in general, for phase equilibrium calculations. The highly non-linear behavior of phase-equilibrium calculation methods tends to amplify what would otherwise be acceptably small errors. It is therefore recommended that PRSV2 be used for equilibrium calculations when applying these models to a design. However, once the equilibrium state has been determined, the phase specific thermodynamic values at equilibrium may be determined by one of several simpler models with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
One thing to note is that in the PRSV equation, the parameter fit is done in a particular temperature range which is usually below the critical temperature. Above the critical temperature, the PRSV alpha function tends to diverge and become arbitrarily large instead of tending towards 0. Because of this, alternate equations for alpha should be employed above the critical point. This is especially important for systems containing hydrogen which is often found at temperatures far above its critical point. Several alternate formulations have been proposed. Some well known ones are by Twu et al. and by Mathias and Copeman. An extensive treatment of over 1700 compounds using the Twu method has been reported by Jaubert and coworkers. Detailed performance of the updated Peng-Robinson equation by Jaubert and coworkers has been reported for density, thermal properties, and phase equilibria. Briefly, the updated form exhibits deviations in vapor pressure and phase equilibria that are roughly a third as large as the original implementation.
Peng–Robinson–Babalola-Susu equation of state (PRBS)
Babalola and Susu modified the Peng–Robinson Equation of state as:
The attractive force parameter ‘a’ was considered to be a constant with respect to pressure in the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The modification, in which parameter ‘a’ was treated as a variable with respect to pressure for multicomponent multi-phase high density reservoir systems was to improve accuracy in the prediction of properties of complex reservoir fluids for PVT modeling. The variation was represented with a linear equation where a1 and a2 were the slope and the intercept respectively of the straight line obtained when values of parameter ‘a’ are plotted against pressure.
This modification increases the accuracy of the Peng–Robinson equation of state for heavier fluids particularly at high pressure ranges (>30MPa) and eliminates the need for tuning the original Peng–Robinson equation of state. Tunning was captured inherently during the modification of the Peng-Robinson Equation.
The Peng-Robinson-Babalola-Susu (PRBS) Equation of State (EoS) was developed in 2005 and for about two decades now has been applied to numerous reservoir field data at varied temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions and shown to rank among the few promising EoS for accurate prediction of reservoir fluid properties especially for more challenging ultra-deep reservoirs at High-Temperature High-Pressure (HTHP) conditions. These works have been published in reputable journals.
While the widely used Peng-Robinson (PR) EoS of 1976 can predict fluid properties of conventional reservoirs with good accuracy up to pressures of about 27 MPa (4,000 psi) but fail with pressure increase, the new Peng-Robinson-Babalola-Susu (PRBS) EoS can accurately model PVT behavior of ultra-deep reservoir complex fluid systems at very high pressures of up to 120 MPa (17,500 psi).
Elliott–Suresh–Donohue equation of state
The Elliott–Suresh–Donohue (ESD) equation of state was proposed in 1990. The equation corrects the inaccurate van der Waals repulsive term that is also applied in the Peng–Robinson EOS. The attractive term includes a contribution that relates to the second virial coefficient of square-well spheres, and also shares some features of the Twu temperature dependence. The EOS accounts for the effect of the shape of any molecule and can be directly extended to polymers with molecular parameters characterized in terms of solubility parameter and liquid volume instead of using critical properties (as shown here). The EOS itself was developed through comparisons with computer simulations and should capture the essential physics of size, shape, and hydrogen bonding as inferred from straight chain molecules (like n-alkanes).
where:
and is a "shape factor", with for spherical molecules.
For non-spherical molecules, the following relation between the shape factor and the acentric factor is suggested:
.
The reduced number density is defined as , where
is the characteristic size parameter [cm3/mol], and
is the molar density [mol/cm3].
The characteristic size parameter is related to through
where
The shape parameter appearing in the attraction term and the term are given by
(and is hence also equal to 1 for spherical molecules).
where is the depth of the square-well potential and is given by
, , and are constants in the equation of state:
, , ,
The model can be extended to associating components and mixtures with non-associating components. Details are in the paper by J.R. Elliott, Jr. et al. (1990).
Noting that = 1.900, can be rewritten in the SAFT form as:
If preferred, the can be replaced by in SAFT notation and the ESD EOS can be written:
In this form, SAFT's segmental perspective is evident and all the results of Michael Wertheim are directly applicable and relatively succinct. In SAFT's segmental perspective, each molecule is conceived as comprising m spherical segments floating in space with their own spherical interactions, but then corrected for bonding into a tangent sphere chain by the (m − 1) term. When m is not an integer, it is simply considered as an "effective" number of tangent sphere segments.
Solving the equations in Wertheim's theory can be complicated, but simplifications can make their implementation less daunting. Briefly, a few extra steps are needed to compute given density and temperature. For example, when the number of hydrogen bonding donors is equal to the number of acceptors, the ESD equation becomes:
where:
is the Avogadro constant, and are stored input parameters representing the volume and energy of hydrogen bonding. Typically, and are stored. is the number of acceptors (equal to number of donors for this example). For example, = 1 for alcohols like methanol and ethanol. = 2 for water. = degree of polymerization for polyvinylphenol. So you use the density and temperature to calculate then use to calculate the other quantities. Technically, the ESD equation is no longer cubic when the association term is included, but no artifacts are introduced so there are only three roots in density. The extension to efficiently treat any number of electron acceptors (acids) and donors (bases), including mixtures of self-associating, cross-associating, and non-associating compounds, has been presented here. Detailed performance of the ESD equation has been reported for density, thermal properties, and phase equilibria. Briefly, the ESD equation exhibits deviations in vapor pressure and vapor-liquid equilibria that are roughly twice as large as the Peng-Robinson form as updated by Jaubert and coworkers, but deviations in liquid-liquid equilibria are roughly 40% smaller.
Cubic-plus-association
The cubic-plus-association (CPA) equation of state combines the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation with the association term from SAFT based on Chapman's extensions and simplifications of a theory of associating molecules due to Michael Wertheim. The development of the equation began in 1995 as a research project that was funded by Shell, and published in 1996.
In the association term is the mole fraction of molecules not bonded at site A.
Cubic-plus-chain equation of state
The cubic-plus-chain (CPC) equation of state hybridizes the classical cubic equation of state with the SAFT chain term. The addition of the chain term allows the model to be capable of capturing the physics of both short-chain and long-chain non-associating components ranging from alkanes to polymers. The CPC monomer term is not restricted to one classical cubic EOS form, instead many forms can be used within the same framework. The cubic-plus-chain (CPC) equation of state is written in terms of the reduced residual Helmholtz energy () as:
where is the residual Helmholtz energy, is the chain length, "rep" and "att" are the monomer repulsive and attractive contributions of the cubic equation of state, respectively. The "chain" term accounts for the monomer beads bonding contribution from SAFT equation of state. Using Redlich−Kwong (RK) for the monomer term, CPC can be written as:
where A is the molecular interaction energy parameter, B is the co-volume parameter, is the mole-average chain length, g(β) is the radial distribution function (RDF) evaluated at contact, and β is the reduced volume.
The CPC model combines the simplicity and speed compared to other complex models used to model polymers. Sisco et al. applied the CPC equation of state to model different well-defined and polymer mixtures. They analyzed different factors including elevated pressure, temperature, solvent types, polydispersity, etc. The CPC model proved to be capable of modeling different systems by testing the results with experimental data.
Alajmi et al. incorporate the short-range soft repulsion to the CPC framework to enhance vapor pressure and liquid density predictions. They provided a database for more than 50 components from different chemical families, including n-alkanes, alkenes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, benzene derivatives, gases, etc. This CPC version uses a temperature-dependent co-volume parameter based on perturbation theory to describe short-range soft repulsion between molecules.
References
Equations of state | Cubic equations of state | [
"Physics"
] | 4,268 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Equations of state",
"Equations of physics"
] |
69,442,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya%20Sachkov | Ilya Sachkov () is a Russian cybersecurity expert and founder and CEO of Group-IB, a cybersecurity company specialising in the detection and prevention of cyberattacks. He received an award from Russian President Vladimir Putin for his work in 2019. In September 2021, he was detained by the Russian government's Federal Security Service on treason charges.
According to Bloomberg News, he is alleged to have provided the U.S. government with information about the Russian government's "Fancy Bear" operation that sought to influence the 2016 United States presidential election.
Career
Sachkov started Group-IB at age 17 while studying at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, and according to the Financial Times, "attempted to build a global business while remaining on the good side of the Russian government."
In June, 2017, Sachkov was appointed a Commissioner in the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, an international multistakeholder commission to develop diplomatic norms against national cyber-attacks. He served until the commission's successful conclusion in November, 2019.
Views on Russian government handling of cybercrime
In a panel with Russian prime minister Mikhail Mishustin in attendance, Sachkov criticised the Russian government's response to ransomware attacks emanating from Russia, pointing to Maksim Yakubets as an example. Sachkov's criticism of the Russian government's apparent tolerance of some online criminals continued until late until his arrest by the FSB in September 2021.
Detention and conviction on treason charges
In a statement released by his lawyer to Forbes Russia in November 2021, Sachkov rejected the treason charges saying he is "neither a traitor nor a spy" and appealed to Putin to move him to house arrest while he awaits trial, after his detention was extended by three months. Russian businessman Boris Titov called for answers in a Facebook post, saying "It is necessary for investigators to explain themselves", otherwise it would deal a "critical blow" to the sector. Russian state news agency TASS said the case materials are "classified" and "no further details are available." In June 2023, the case was transferred to the Moscow City Court for consideration on the merits.
Group-IB co-founder Dmitry Volkov who took over as chief executive said the company did not know what Sachkov had been charged with and was convinced of his innocence. Volkov said that since all case materials are classified, it "provides fertile ground for rumours and speculations", saying that without access to those materials "making any assumptions or promoting any versions would be wrong."
According to Russian news outlet RBC, a lawyer for Sergei Mikhailov, a former FSB cyber official convicted of treason, Sachkov gave false testimony which led to the conviction.
According to Bloomberg News, Sachkov was alleged to have provided information to western intelligence agencies about Vladislav Klyushin, a founder of another cybersecurity company, who was arrested in Switzerland in March 2021.
On July 25, 2023, the Moscow court sentenced Sachkov to "14 years in prison." The sentence was a reduction from the state prosecutor's original request for an 18-year sentence and was delivered during an in camera session.
See also
Fancy Bear
Ransomware
References
Living people
People in information technology
Chief executives of computer security organizations
Computer security specialists
Commissioners of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace
Prisoners and detainees of Russia
Year of birth missing (living people)
People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections | Ilya Sachkov | [
"Technology"
] | 722 | [
"People in information technology",
"Information technology"
] |
69,442,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himeic%20acid%20A | Himeic acid A is a substance with chemical formula C22H29NO8.
References
Dicarboxylic acids
4-Pyrones
Amides | Himeic acid A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 34 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
69,442,485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrtioreticulin | The hyrtioreticulins are a series of indole alkaloids, named hyrtioreticulin A through hyrtioreticulin F, that were isolated from Hyrtios reticulatus, an ocean sponge.
Chemical structures
References
Imidazoles
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Indole alkaloids
Carboxylic acids | Hyrtioreticulin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 80 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Indole alkaloids"
] |
69,442,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittermeier%27s%20Tapaj%C3%B3s%20saki | Mittermeier's Tapajós saki (Pithecia mittermeieri) is a disputed species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to west-central Brazil.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapajós saki (P. irrorata), but a 2014 study described these populations as a distinct species, P. mittermeieri, based on their distinctive pelage. However, a 2019 study, also analyzing pelage color variation across the range of the P. irrorata species complex, delineated only two distinctive groups corresponding to P. irrorata and Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (P. vanzolini), with the distinctive pelage used to distinguish P. mittermeieri falling within the range of variation of P. irrorata. In addition, the study found that due to an unclear type locality, the holotype of P. irrorata may have been collected within the range of P. mittermeieri, which would render mittermeieri instantly synonymous with P. irrorata. Based on this study, the American Society of Mammalogists (tentatively, pending further phylogenetic studies) synonymized mittermeieri with irrorata, but the IUCN Red List and ITIS retain mittermeieri as a distinct species.
This species is named after famed American primatologist Russell Mittermeier.
Distribution
This species is endemic to Brazil, where it is found south of the Amazon River between the Madeira and Tapajós rivers. Their range has significantly shrunk from its former extent due to human impacts, and presently, most populations are found south of the Aripuanã River in Mato Grosso state. In 2015, populations of this species were discovered in the northern Pantanal.
Description
This is one of the most variable of saki species in terms of coloration. Males of this species have a largely black coat with long white bands of grizzling and forearms covered in dense, short, white hairs. They have a bright orange ruff. Females have a similar coloration but are less grizzled.
Status
In the southern portion of its range (Rondônia), it is threatened by hunting and habitat loss, and in the more northern portions of its range it is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation. It is thus classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
References
Mittermeier's Tapajós saki
Primates of Brazil
Endemic mammals of Brazil
Mittermeier's Tapajós saki
Controversial mammal taxa | Mittermeier's Tapajós saki | [
"Biology"
] | 536 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial mammal taxa",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
73,884,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinamide%20A | Gallinamide A is potent and selective inhibitor of the human cysteine protease Cathepsin L1 that was first used as a moderate antimalarial agent. Gallinamide A is produced by marine cyanobacteria from Schizothrix species and Symploca sp. which have also shown to have possible anticancer agent, infectious diseases like leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and possible uses in Alzheimer's disease, among others.
History
Gallinamide A was first isolated from a Panamanian collection of marine cyanobacteria in 2009 (Schizothrix species) for activity against the malaria causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Later, was subsequently and independently isolated by Taori and co-workers from a Floridian Cyanobacteria collection in Key Largo from Symploca sp. and given the name symplostatin 4. Gallinamide A, among other cyanobacteria metabolites such as viridamide A & B, dragonamide E, and almiramide E; are lipodepsipeptides that proved to show anti-infective activities. Gallinamide A was originally isolated with a modest antimalarial activity, which was then proven to be a potent inhibitor of cysteine protease cathepsin L with a IC50 5.0 ug/mL, nonetheless, human cathepsin L is involved in many diseases, gallinamide A was tested in HeLa cervical cancer cells with a IC50 12 mM and in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells with an IC50 of mM.
Mechanism of action
Gallinamide A is a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of human Cathepsin L1, with a high selectivity towards cysteine cathepsin protease family.
Total synthesis
The first stereoselective synthesis was reported by Conroy and co-workers.
Clinical study
Gallinamide A is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin L with an IC50 value of 17.6 pM. Also, was tested for its antimalarial activity against the W2 chloroquine-resistant strain of the malaria parasite. This compound showed moderate in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 8.4 μM), cytotoxicity to mammalian Vero cells (TC50 = 10.4 μM) and activity against Leishmania donovani of (IC50 = 9.3 μM), but was inactive up to the highest tested concentrations against Trypanasoma cruzi (16.9 μM). No in vivo or human testing has been perform since it is only for research development.
References
Pyrrolidones
Carboxamides
Esters
Methoxy compounds
Tetrapeptides
Protease inhibitors
Antimalarial agents
Depsipeptides | Gallinamide A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 615 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Esters",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,885,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durlobactam | Durlobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor used in combination with sulbactam to treat susceptible strains of bacteria in the genus Acinetobacter It is an analog of avibactam.
The combination therapy sulbactam/durlobactam was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023.
References
Further reading
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Ureas
Amides
Sulfate esters
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Nitrogen heterocycles | Durlobactam | [
"Chemistry"
] | 105 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides",
"Ureas"
] |
73,885,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Turkish%20provinces%20by%20life%20expectancy | Turkey is administratively divided into 81 provinces. According to estimation of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), life expectancy at birth in Turkey in period 2018-2020 was 78.3 years (75.6 years for male and 81.1 years for female).
Healthy life expectancy for period 2019-2021 was 58.1 years (59.6 years for male and 56.5 years for female).
According to alternative data from the WHO, for 2019 life expectancy in Turkey was 78.6 years (76.4 years for male and 80.7 years for female). And healthy life expectancy was 68.4 years (67.8 years for male and 69.0 years for female).
According to estimation of the World Bank Group, in 2019 life expectancy in Turkey was 77.8 years (74.7 for male, 81.0 for female). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to 2020 this indicator decreased till 75.9 years (72,8 for male, 79,1 for female).
In 2015-17, the difference in life expectancy between the most prosperous and disadvantaged provinces was 4.55 years. In 2018-20, this difference was 4.69 years.
TurkStat (2018-2020)
By default the table is sorted by 2018-2020.
Source: TurkStat
Eurostat (2018, 2019)
By default the table is sorted by 2019.
Data source: Eurostat
Global Data Lab (2019–2022)
Data source: Global Data Lab
Charts
See also
List of countries by life expectancy
List of Asian countries by life expectancy
List of European countries by life expectancy
Provinces of Turkey by population
Demographics of Turkey
References
Health in Turkey
Demographics of Turkey
Turkey, life expectancy
Turkey
Turkey health-related lists | List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy | [
"Biology"
] | 365 | [
"Senescence",
"Life expectancy"
] |
73,886,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DO%20Draconis/YY%20Draconis | YY Draconis and DO Draconis are separate identifiers for what is likely the same cataclysmic variable system in the northern constellation of Draco, abbreviated YY Dra and DO Dra, respectively. The DO Dra binary star system is classified as a U Geminorum variable that ranges in luminosity from an apparent visual magnitude of 10.0 down to 15.1. It is located at a distance of approximately light-years.
Identification
The variable YY Draconis was identified by W. Tsesevich in 1934 and determined to be an Algol type binary that ranged in brightness from apparent magnitude 12.9 to under 14.5 with a period of 4.21123 days. However, subsequent scans of photographic plates at the same coordinates have failed to identify any such variation. Hence, a positional reporting error is suspected, and no further observations of this variable were reported (as of 1983).
In 1982, the X-ray emission source PG 1148+719 (3A 1148+719) was associated with a star displaying the spectrum of a U Geminorum variable by R. F. Green and associates. In their paper, they identified this star as YY Dra, based on a positional search of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. The following year, W. Wenzel found the association with YY Dra appeared erroneous but discovered a nearby eruptive variable that brightened to magnitude 10.6 then dimmed to below magnitude 14.5. He estimated a lengthy cycle time of 5 to 20 years, comparable to BZ Ursae Majoris. This cataclysmic variable was cataloged as DO Draconis.
An outburst of DO Dra was observed while in progress in 1985, which brought the system to about a magnitude brighter than minimum. In 1987, a debate arose as to whether this is the same variable as YY Dra, as the coordinates are separated by only . Discussion of this identity conflict has continued as recently as 2022, and, historically, both identifiers have been used to discuss the same cataclysmic variable. A full resolution of this conflict may prove impossible since many of the original photographic plates were destroyed during World War II. The continued use of DO Dra for this variable has been encouraged since it is an unambiguous identifier.
Properties
In 1991, M. Mateo and associates found an orbital period of with a semimajor axis of for this binary system. DO Dra consists of a compact white dwarf primary being orbited by a red dwarf stellar companion. The red dwarf has filled its Roche lobe and is losing mass, which is being accreted by the white dwarf. Because of the close orbit, the red dwarf is rotating rapidly and is expected to be magnetically active. However, the majority of the ionized calcium emission lines originate from irradiation of the red dwarf by soft X-rays coming from the primary.
This system was identified as a DQ Herculis variable by J. Patterson and associates in 1994 – also known as an intermediate polar. This indicates the white dwarf has a sufficiently strong magnetic field to channel the flow of gas from an orbiting accretion disk onto its magnetic poles. The shock from this accretion is producing the X-ray flux. A 1997 study based on observations with the Hubble Space Telescope found a rotation period of for the white dwarf. This spin rate is producing coherent pulsations that are detectable in both the visual and X-ray spectrum. The magnetic poles reach effective temperatures of 220,000 K in the accretion region, compared to 21,500 K for the remainder of the white dwarf surface.
References
Further reading
Red dwarfs
Intermediate polars
Draco (constellation)
Dra, DO
Dwarf novae | DO Draconis/YY Draconis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 781 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
73,886,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20979 | NGC 979 is a lenticular galaxy located within the constellation of Eridanus. This galaxy has a possible outer ring which is dim but smooth. This structure might be a polar ring. The featurelessness of this galaxy means that it is completely devoid of HII regions and consequently, star formation.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
References
Lenticular galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
0979 | NGC 979 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 86 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
73,886,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying%20Jun%20Zhang | Angela Ying Jun Zhang () is a Chinese electrical engineer specializing in wireless networks, smart grids, and edge computing. She is a professor in the Department of Information Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Education and career
Zhang has a bachelor's degree from Fudan University, and a PhD from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, completed in 2004. She took her present position in Information Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2005.
In 2018, she became founding chair of the Smart Grid Communications Technical Committee of the IEEE Communications Society. She was editor-in-chief of the IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society from 2022 to 2023.
Recognition
In 2006, Zhang won the Hong Kong Young Scientist Award of the Hong Kong Institution of Science, in the Engineering Science category. Zhang was elected as a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology in 2016, and as an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to resource allocation and optimization in wireless communications". She is also a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Communications Society.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese women engineers
Women electrical engineers
Fudan University alumni
Alumni of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Academic staff of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the IEEE | Ying Jun Zhang | [
"Engineering"
] | 276 | [
"Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology"
] |
73,886,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaucin | Abaucin (RS-102895, MLJS-21001) is a compound which has been reported to show useful activity as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. There is evidence that it is effective against Acinetobacter baumannii, which is one of the three superbugs identified by the World Health Organization as a "critical threat" to humanity. Notably, abaucin was developed with assistance from artificial intelligence by a team led by the MIT Jameel Clinic's faculty lead for life sciences, James J. Collins, and McMaster's Jonathan Stokes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting lipoprotein transport. The compound had previously been reported as an antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR2, but its antibiotic activity was not discovered during earlier research.
A New York Times opinion piece by Peter Coy for Thanksgiving listed abaucin among scientific discoveries to be thankful for in 2023.
See also
Halicin
SCHEMBL19952957
References
Antibiotics
Piperidines
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Spiro compounds
Phenethylamines
Benzoxazines | Abaucin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 233 | [
"Biotechnology products",
"Organic compounds",
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
73,887,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycena%20clarkeana | Mycena clarkeana is a species of bonnet fungus in the genus Mycena. Originally endemic to Australia, it can now be found in New Zealand also.
Taxonomy
The species was first described by C. A Grgurinovic in 1997 in a book titled The large fungi of Southern Australia.
Description
Mycena clarkeana is a saprotrophic fungi and is most commonly found growing on dead logs. The pileus is ovate in shape and ranges from 5 millimeters to 3 centimeters in diameter depending on the maturity of the organism. The pileus is dark to light pink with purple hues and is hygrophanous. The stipe is long and thin and often translucent. It is typically 1-4 centimeters long and 2-5 millimeters in diameter and attaches to the pileus centrally. The gills found under the pileus are small, slimy and tightly packed together. Mycena clarkeana has a white spore print.
Habitat
Mycena clarkeana occurs in the forests of Australia as well as the North and South Island of New Zealand. It is saprotrophic and therefore is most commonly found on dead organic matter such as dead trees.
Etymology
Mycena has two derivations. The first is from Greek mythology and the Greek city of Mycenae. This name was chosen due to the mushrooms having delicate slender exteriors, much like the architecture of the ancient city. The second derivation is from the Greek word “Mykes” which means mushroom or fungus.
References
clarkeana
Fungi described in 1997
Fungus species | Mycena clarkeana | [
"Biology"
] | 317 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,890,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiding%20power | The hiding power is an ability of a paint to hide the surface that the paint was applied to. Numerically, it is defined as an area of surface coated by a volume of paint (spreading rate) at which the "complete hiding" of the underlying surface occurs.
Causes
Whenever light is shone onto a paint-coated surface, it is partially reflected and absorbed by the coating. Once the light reaches the underlying surface (substrate), it is again reflected and absorbed by the substrate, the process happens once more as the reflected light travels back through the paint layer. Depending on the paint properties, the information about the substrate might be visible (or not) in the light that emerges back from the coating. Hiding power is the property of the paint material that inhibits this visibility, manifesting in the opacity of a layer of paint. The term hiding is generic and applied to designate either hiding power or opacity.
If the coating of paint is highly absorptive, the color of the coating will be dark and the hiding will be provided by the absorption. If the coating is highly reflective, the color of the surface will be light in color, but still will hide the substrate well, with the hiding being the result of light scattering. If the paint layer exhibits low absorption and scattering, light will travel through the layer and reveal the substrate (low opacity or poor hiding).
Measurements
The hiding power is measured by applying the coating to the black-and-white (occasionally gray-and-white) panels and using either the photometric or visual observation. Since the eye cannot make the quantitative assessments, yet is very sensitive to the presence of contrast, the measurements are made by varying the paint film thickness, determined by the amount of area that is coated by a certain amount of paint (so called spreading rate, typically measured in square meters per liter).
For the photometry the black and white substrates are calibrated to have, respectively, 1% and 80% reflectivity. The result, a contrast ratio, is expressed as a ratio of the intensity of light reflected from the darker area to the one from the lighter area (technically, the CIE Y or "luminance" is measured). The same substrates are used for the visual measurements.
The hiding power is numerically defined as a spreading rate at which the contrast between the different areas of substrate becomes impossible to see or measure (complete hiding). In practice, an approximated end-point is used instead, for the photometric contrast ratio it is 98%.
Kubelka–Munk method
The Kubelka–Munk theory was developed in the 1930s and is still widely used in the 21st century. This simplified version of the radiative transfer theory reduces the paint properties to just two coefficients, one for scattering and one for absorption. Once these coefficients are known, the hiding power can be calculated. The longevity of the method is due to the ease of calculating these constants using the optical reflectometry (measurement of just one application of paint with incomplete hide on a black-and-white drawdown chart for each light wavelength is required). The model uses many assumptions, including the diffuse illumination, no reflections on the film/air and film/substrate interfaces, reasonable thickness of the paint layer.
Direct measurements
Historically, the measurements were made directly using devices such as the Pfund cryptometer (introduced in 1930, earlier "all-black" model is from 1919) that places wet paint into a wedge-like arrangement of plates over the black-and-white background; the wedge is moved over the boundary until the boundary line becomes invisible.
The direct measurements are still in demand where the real-world constraints of an uneven paint application are present, for example, the painting of buildings inevitably involves unevenness of the paint thickness due to the texture of a brush or a roller. The resulting perceived opacity is sometimes called an applied hiding power. ASTM D5150 standard calls for a use of a special panel with stripes of different shades of gray, each stripe has its own "rating". The paint is applied across the stripes, the largest rating of the completely hidden stripes is the hiding power for the paint. Paint producers use variations of this method.
Standards
ISO 6504-1:2019 "Paints and varnishes — Determination of hiding power — Part 1" applies the Kubelka–Munk method to white and light-colored paints.
ISO 6504-3:2019 "Paints and varnishes — Determination of hiding power — Part 3: Determination of hiding power of paints for masonry, concrete and interior use"
ASTM D2805-11(2018) "Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry" (2018)
DIN EN ISO 18314-2:2018-12 "Analytical Colorimetry - Part 2: Saunderson Correction, Solutions of the Kubelka–Munk Equation, Tinting Strength, Hiding Power" (2018)
ASTM D5150-92(2017) Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Architectural Paints Applied by Roller.
Role of pigments
Almost all the hiding power of the paint is due to the pigment (binders are typically clear). In general, the hiding power of a pigment is closely related to scattering of light by its particles while suspended in the binder. The scattering on the interface between two substances is higher when there is a larger difference between their refractive indices. The refractive index of a binder is low, about 1.5, so the hiding power of a pigment usually increases with higher values of its refractive index.
White
White pigments absorb the light poorly. However, if dispersed in a binder some of them, with low refractive indices (about 1.5), while appearing white in the air (with a refractive index of 1.0), exhibit almost no scattering in the paint and thus no hiding power - these are so called "extenders". The white pigments with higher refractive indices deliver opacity and thus are classified as hiding pigments.
References
Sources
Paints
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics) | Hiding power | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,250 | [
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Paints",
"Coatings",
"Scattering"
] |
73,890,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accela | Accela is an American private government technology company. It was established in 1999 as a result of a merger with Sierra Computer Systems and Open Data Systems. Accela's platform is used by state and local government agencies in the United States and in other countries.
History
Accela was founded in 1999 as a result of a merger with Sierra Computer Systems and Open Data Systems.
Between 2014 and 2015, Accela acquired ten companies including PublicStuff, GeoTMS, IQM2, Envista, Kinsail, Government Outreach, Decade Software, Civic Insight, Springbrook Software, and SoftRight. In 2017, Accela was acquired by Berkshire Partners.
In September 2018, Accela partnered with Microsoft Azure to power its cloud-based services. On December 10, 2018, Gary Kovacs was named Chief Executive Officer of Accela.
On September 6, 2023, Francisco Partners announced a new investment in Accela. Berkshire Partners remains as a significant investor.
On January 16, 2024, Accela welcomed new CEO Noam Reininger.
Usage
Government agencies that use Accela's platform include those of San Joaquin County, California; Pima County, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas; San Diego, California; Baltimore County, Maryland; New York City's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; the city and county of Denver, Colorado; El Paso, Texas; Brownsville, Texas; Indianapolis, Indiana; Salt Lake City, Utah; Culver City, California; Cabarrus County, North Carolina; several cities and counties across Florida; and Abu Dhabi.
The Accela Civic Platform digitizes governmental processes. Accela's Civic Applications aid governments in delivering various services, such as permitting, licensing, and code enforcement. Accela also has permitting applications for solar energy and natural disasters.
References
External links
Accela
Companies based in San Ramon, California
Software | Accela | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 380 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer science",
"Software",
"nan"
] |
73,893,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia%20cough%20syrup%20scandal | Gambia cough syrup scandal refers to the deaths of 70 children in The Gambia from the consumption of four cough syrups manufactured in India. In October 2022, the World Health Organization issued a medical product alert asking regulators to remove Maiden Pharmaceuticals' products from the market. The four products were Promethazine Oral Solution, Kofexmalin Baby Cough Syrup, Makoff Baby Cough Syrup and Magrip N Cold Syrup.
Indian authorities started conducting an inquiry into an April 2023 allegation that a pharmaceutical regulator in Haryana state, who holds a senior position in the state health department, accepted a bribe and switched samples of contaminated cough syrup before the state government laboratory tested them. The cough syrup in question was produced by Maiden Pharmaceuticals, and it has been implicated in child deaths in Gambia. The bribery allegation indicates that Maiden Pharmaceuticals had foreknowledge that their cough syrup was tainted. Tests conducted by two independent laboratories on behalf of the WHO confirmed the presence of lethal toxins—ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in the syrup. Indian authorities, however, did not find any toxins, but did identify labeling issues with Maiden Pharmaceuticals' cough syrup. Naresh Kumar Goyal, the founder of Maiden Pharmaceuticals, has previously denied any wrongdoing in the production of the syrup.
Gambian families have decided to sue Indian manufacturer after the cough syrup deaths which is a result of toxic contamination.
References
Health disasters in the Gambia
2022 health disasters
2022 in the Gambia
Adulteration
Mass poisoning
Medical scandals
October 2022 events in the Gambia
The Gambia–India relations | Gambia cough syrup scandal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 322 | [
"Adulteration",
"Drug safety"
] |
73,893,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarbonization%20of%20shipping | The decarbonization of shipping is an ongoing goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping to net-zero by or around 2050, which is the goal of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO has an initial strategy. This includes the practice of lowering or limiting the combustion of fossil fuels for power and propulsion to limit emission of carbon dioxide (). Additional measures include the development of alternative fuels such as green ammonia, hydrogen, and biofuels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
In July 2023, the IMO set a series of non-binding targets for cutting emissions, marking a significant step forward from the earlier 2018 plan. These targets, however, still fall short of complete alignment with the 2015 Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The IMO is also developing new regulations aiming to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of ship fuel and is planning to implement the world’s first global, mandatory charge on GHG emissions by 2027. This charge is intended to incentivize the reduction of emissions across the global fleet.
Background
International trade of goods is primarily sea-based, followed by pipeline, air, and then rail/truck. Most sea vessels that transport goods use diesel or fuel oil, generating carbon dioxide. The maritime shipping industry transported almost 11 billion metric tonnes of cargo in 2022, which accounts for nearly 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions. These emissions and potential oil spills can pose chronic risks to coastal regions, marine life, and ultimately ocean health in terms of pH and ecological diversity. A decrease in pH would make the oceans more acidic, lower free carbonates (which are a component of shellfish and corals exoskeletons/scaffolds), and decrease conversion to carbonates. These are some of the environmental effects of shipping.
Issue
Since marine shipping moves nearly 80% of goods by tonnage and the trend of shipping is expected to double and may triple by 2050, decarbonization strategies are critical in tackling global warming and marine health. Many major shipping entities have pledged to cut carbon emissions with the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. An industry forum called the "Getting to Zero Coalition" has set a goal of carbon neutrality by 2030, which cannot be met by a single approach.
In 2021 the Center for Strategic and International Studies stated that governments and shipping industry leaders, such as Maersk, Mediterranean Shipping Company, and France’s CMA CGM "have shown interest in decarbonization projects." In 2021 the European Union (EU) signaled "strong policy support for maritime decarbonization through their ‘Fit For 55’ (FF55) proposal, a package of 14 legislative proposals."
Groups that represent more than 90% of the global shipping industry have called for a globally applicable carbon tax on the shipping industry's emissions, in order to provide financial incentives for implementation of new technologies, and provide necessary funding for research and development.
A 2021 article states that extensive research and development is needed, as well as retrofitting and operational changes. The rapidly changing industry response to decarbonization can be monitored in a weekly newsletter, several conferences, and a two day overview online course. "Delay beyond 2023 would mean the future transition for international shipping is too rapid to be feasible," says Alice Larkin. "It has to be all hands on deck for international shipping now.”
Proposed solutions
Various approaches have been proposed or implemented, such as the use of low carbon feedstocks (methanol, ammonia) or hydrogen and electrification with energy storage, construction of ships with lighter materials with high tensile strength, and digital operations for enhanced transport efficiency and container ship packing. Some ships are partially automated with a skeleton crew to reduce the potential for human error, using telemetry based on ship onboard sensors, cloud computing, and machine learning or neural network-based decision-making.
In larger shipping operations, a digital twin is created to simulate the trajectory based on real data from the actual ship, allowing operational managers to predict future scenarios and make decisions. These tools must be transparent yet safe to avoid hijacking and interference with other ships or transport, while also being low-cost for most operators to deploy and maintain.
Electric ships are useful for short trips. Sparky, an "all-electric 70 tonne bollard pull harbor tugboat", is "the first e-tug of its type in the world." Sparky was christened in Auckland in August 2022. The world's first hybrid tugboat, the Foss tug Carolyn Dorothy, began operation in 2009 in the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach. The tour boat Kvitbjørn, ("polar bear"), operates in Svalbard, just a few hundred miles from the North Pole, piloting a newly developed Volvo Penta hybrid-electric propulsion system. In June 2022, the Danish electric ferry Ellen made a record 90 km voyage on a single charge.
Net zero fuels could be used, for example in ammonia or hydrogen-powered ships. Green hydrogen and ammonia produced from zero-carbon electricity (solar or wind power), are "the most promising options ... to decarbonize shipping" in 2022, according to the World Bank. Biofuels can be net-zero fuels if "the production of fuel removes a quantity of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that is equivalent to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion." On July 21, 2022, Carnival's AIDAprima "became the first larger scale cruise ship to be bunkered with a blend of marine biofuel ... made from 100% sustainable raw materials such as waste cooking oil, and marine gas oil (MGO)." As of April 2022, "ammonia, methanol and methane are viable deep sea shipping fuels, while compressed and liquid hydrogen are not", according to a World Economic Forum article. The world's first hydrogen-powered tugboat was launched in May 2022, at the Astilleros Armon shipyard in Navia, Spain, and is scheduled to enter service in the Port of Antwerp-Bruges in December 2022. Dual fuels engines, fuel storage options, and retrofit readiness are important to ensure adaptability. Stena was the first shipowner in the world to retrofit a large vessel for methanol, converting its ro-pax Stena Germanica in 2015. Stena is partnering with methanol producer Proman and with MAN Energy Solutions to retrofit engines for dual-fuel operation on diesel and methanol.
Wind power is a traditional choice for shipping. Wallenius Marine is developing the Oceanbird, a cargo ship powered by wind that can carry 7,000 cars." K Line is installing Seawing wind propulsion systems on five of its bulk carriers. The kite parafoils, which fly about 300 meters above the sea level, are estimated to reduce emissions by about 20%.
Nuclear marine propulsion has been suggested to be the only long-proven and scalable propulsion technology that produces practically zero greenhouse gas emissions. Small modular reactors for shipping are being investigated in South Korea.
The European Investment Bank invests in port infrastructure to improve sustainability and reduce global transport chain emissions, including efforts that mitigate pollution from moored ships, such as shoreside electricity and ship garbage receiving facilities. Between 2018 and 2022, the Bank funded €1.3 billion on ports.
References
External links
Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping
Zero Carbon in Shipping with OCC
International water transport
Greenhouse gas emissions
Fossil fuel phase-out
Climate change mitigation | Decarbonization of shipping | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,579 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Greenhouse gas emissions"
] |
73,894,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20166114 | HD 166114, also known as HR 6786 or rarely 2 G. Coronae Australis, is a solitary, yellowish-white hued star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.85, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 264 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, and it is currently approaching the Solar System with a poorly constrained heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 166114's brightness is diminished by an extinction of 0.31 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.28.
HD 166114 has a stellar classification of either F2 V or F0 Vn—both indicating that it is a F-type main-sequence star. The second class also displays a presence of nebulous or broad absorption lines due to rapid rotation. Abt and Morell (1995) give a class of A8 IV, instead indicating that it is a slightly evolved A-type subgiant. Gaia DR3 models it to be a rather evolved main sequence star.
The object has 1.68 times the mass of the Sun and a slightly enlarged radius of . It radiates 25.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 166114 is slightly metal deficient with an iron abundance 81% that of the Sun ([Fe/H] = −0.09) and it is estimated to be 1.2 billion years old.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 2
CD-41 12491
166114
089099
6786 | HD 166114 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 362 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,894,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidone | 3-Quinuclidinone is a bicyclic organic compounds with chemical formula . Its basicity is indicated by the pKa of the conjugate acid, which is 7.2. In contrast quinuclidine is about 100x more basic.
Synthesis and reactions
Its hydrochloride salt can be synthesized by a Dieckman condensation: It is a precursor to quinuclidine.
Organic reduction of 3-quinuclidone gives the compound quinuclidine, structurally related to DABCO, which has one additional bridgehead nitrogen atom.
References
Quinuclidines
Ketones | 3-Quinuclidone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 132 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,895,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoND | BoND (Bureau of Noam & Daniel) is a New York City–based architecture and interior design firm founded in 2019 by architects and writers Noam Dvir and Daniel Rauchwerger.
Background
Dvir graduated from Tel Aviv University with a bachelor's degree in architecture and from Harvard Graduate School with a Master of Architecture in urban design. They were both correspondents for the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz. Rauchwerger wrote as an arts correspondent and Dvir covered architecture.
Rauchwerger graduated from Bezalel Academy in Jerusalem with a bachelor's degree in architecture and a master's in design studies from Harvard Graduate School of Design.
Work
Dvir and Rauchwerger formed BoND in 2019 after studying together at graduate school. Their project focus on commercial projects as well as experiential and workplace environments. Projects include spaces in New York City such as Company and David Lewis Gallery and high-end collaborative homes in East Hampton and Fire Island Pines; exhibitions in Cambridge, Massachusetts; and structures in Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel.
References
Architecture firms
Architecture writers | BoND | [
"Engineering"
] | 221 | [
"Architecture writers",
"Architecture"
] |
73,895,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204839 | NGC 4839 is a type-cD galaxy located within the rich Coma cluster of galaxies. The galaxy is part of the NGC 4839 galaxy group of which it is the brightest galaxy.
The NGC 4839 group appears to be merging with the Coma cluster. However it is unclear if the group is on its initial infall or if it has passed through the cluster once already. A 2023 paper argued that the distribution of globular clusters within the galaxy supported the galaxy being on its second infall.
NGC 4839 was discovered on April 11, 1785, by William Herschel, but also observed by John Herschel on April 19, 1827, and by Heinrich d'Arrest on May 18, 1862. It is classified as a radio galaxy presenting radio waves.
References
Radio galaxies
Elliptical galaxies
Coma Berenices
Coma Cluster
Discoveries by William Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785
4839
08070
-05-31-025
44298
2MASS objects | NGC 4839 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 195 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Galaxy stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
73,897,657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-assisted%20virtualization%20software | AI-assisted virtualization software is a type of technology that combines the principles of virtualization with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This software is designed to improve efficiency and management of virtual environments and resources. This technology has been used in cloud computing and for various industries.
History
Virtualization originated in Mainframe computers in the 1960s in order to divide system resources between different applications. The term has since broadened.
The use of AI in virtualization significantly increased in the early 2020s.
Uses
AI-assisted virtualization software uses AI-related technology such as machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks to attempt to make more accurate predictions and decisions regarding the management of virtual environments. Features include intelligent automation, predictive analytics, and dynamic resource allocation.
Intelligent Automation: Automating tasks such as resource provisioning and routine maintenance. The AI learns from ongoing operations and can predict and perform necessary tasks autonomously.
Predictive Analytics: Utilizing AI to analyze data patterns and trends, predicting future issues or resource requirements. It aids in proactive management and mitigation of potential problems.
Dynamic Resource Allocation: Through the analysis of real-time and historical data, the AI system dynamically assigns resources based on demand and need, optimizing overall system performance and reducing wastage.
AI-assisted virtualization software has been used in cloud computing to optimize the use of resources and reduce costs. In healthcare, these technologies have been used to create virtual patient profiles. They are also used in data centers to improve performance and energy efficiency. It has also been used in network function virtualization (NFV) to improve virtual network infrastructure.
Implementing this type of software requires a high degree of technological sophistication and can incur significant costs. There are also concerns about the risks associated with AI, such as algorithmic bias and security vulnerabilities. Additionally, there are issues related to governance, the ethics of artificial intelligence, and regulations of AI technologies.
See also
Virtualization
Artificial intelligence
References
AI software
Virtualization software
Virtualization | AI-assisted virtualization software | [
"Engineering"
] | 411 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Virtualization"
] |
73,898,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities%20information%20processor | A securities information processor (SIP) is a part of the infrastructure of public market data providers in the United States that process, consolidate, and disseminate quotes and trade data from different US securities exchanges and market centers. An important purpose of the SIPs for US securities is to publish the prevailing National Best Bid Offer (NBBO).
There are three exclusive SIPs in operation as of 2023. The UTP Plan oversees the SIP for securities listed on Nasdaq and over-the-counter securities, also called unlisted trading privileges securities. The Consolidated Tape Association (CTA) Plan oversees the SIP for securities listed on all other exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE Arca, NYSE American, NYSE Chicago, and Cboe stock exchanges. The Options Price Reporting Authority (OPRA) oversees the SIP for all exchange-traded securities options in the US.
History
Securities Acts Amendments of 1975
The SIPs were introduced in 1975 through the passage of amendments to Section 11A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Subsequently, the CTA Plan and UTP Plan were established in the late 1970s, and each obtained an exclusive contract to consolidate and distribute market data for a set of securities.
Regulation NMS
The amendments of 1975 later led to the enactment of Regulation NMS in 2005, which established comprehensive requirements for collecting, consolidating, and disseminating the data by the SIPs. Among other changes, Regulation NMS introduced the definition of a National Best Bid Offer (NBBO), and the responsibility of the SIPs to disseminate the NBBO.
2020 modern market data infrastructure rules
In 2020, the SEC adopted a sweeping set of changes to its market data infrastructure rules. The new rules required the SIPs to include more detailed trading information and adopted a new model for competing consolidators that removed the exclusive purpose of the SIPs as consolidators of public market data.
The rule changes were subsequently challenged by Nasdaq, the New York Stock Exchange, and other exchange groups in the courts before finally being upheld by the D.C. Circuit Court. In September 2023, following the DC circuit's ruling, the SEC issued an order directing the exchange groups to submit a new NMS plan, referred to as the CT Plan.
Operation
Each participant that reports trades and quotes to a SIP is called a plan participant. Current participants of the CTA Plan and UTP Plan include all U.S. securities exchanges such as Nasdaq, NYSE, NYSE Arca, MIAX Pearl, Members Exchange, and others.
Tape A, B, and C
The market data for U.S. securities is distributed on three networks: Tape A, B, and C. Trades and quotes of securities listed on Nasdaq and over-the-counter securities are distributed on Tape C, whereas trades and quotes of all other listed securities are distributed on Tape A and B.
The CTA SIP handles Tape A and B securities and provides two feeds: the Consolidated Quotation System (CQS) for quotes and, the NBBO, and the Consolidated Tape System (CTS) for trades. The UTP SIP handles Tape C securities and provides two feeds, the UQDF for quotes and the NBBO and the UTDF for trades.
Financial operations
SIPs redistribute their profits to participants, rewarding them for providing competitive quotes and executing trades at the best price. This process incentivizes exchanges to vie for the most advantageous quotes, stimulating a more efficient and dynamic market. According to a joint 2018 report by the SIPs' operating committees, the SIPs generated nearly $400 million in average annual revenue from 2007 through 2017.
Criticism
According to a 2020 statement by the then-Commissioner of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Allison Lee, the SIPs have not kept pace in terms of competition, speed, and content.
Lack of competition
The CTA and OPRA are affiliated with NYSE, whereas the UTP Plan is affiliated with Nasdaq. The Securities Industry Automation Corporation (SIAC), which is a subsidiary of NYSE, operates and maintains the CTA's and OPRA's infrastructure. The participant exchanges and market centers that send trade and quote data to the UTP Plan's SIP operate under a service agreement with Nasdaq.
Since the SIPs are run by for-profit exchange groups that also offer their own proprietary market data products that compete with the SIPs, brokers and trading firms have complained that the SIP providers are conflicted and have little incentive for improvement.
Market participants have also argued that the exclusivity of the CTA and UTP's contracts, the exchanges' unique right to sell proprietary market data, and the regulatory requirements for best execution that compel broker-dealers and market participants to purchase either the SIP data or competing proprietary market data, have caused SIP data to become overpriced.
Speed
Another common criticism of the SIPs is that the competing proprietary exchange feeds are significantly faster. In a highly publicized debate on CNBC between then President of BATS Global Markets William O'Brien and IEX's Brad Katsuyama, Katsuyama pointed out that the SIPs were slower than the proprietary market data products sold by the exchange groups. BATS later issued statements confirming this claim.
Content
The SIPs only publish quotes protected under Regulation NMS, meaning only round lots of 100 shares or more are included. From around 2015, odd lots of fewer than 100 shares began to account for a growing proportion of all exchange trades because of retail interest, reaching a record of nearly 50% of all trading volume by 2019. As such, the SIPs are missing a significant portion of liquidity in their published data feeds.
Unlike the proprietary direct feeds, the SIPs do not publish the trade sign (or trade aggressor side) that identifies if a trade was buyer-initiated or seller-initiated. Instead, the trade sign has to be inferred, which could have an accuracy as low as 55% to 72%.
See also
Consolidated Tape Association
UTP Plan
Securities Industry Automation Corporation
(SIAC)
Regulation NMS
Financial data vendor
Market data
References
Financial markets | Securities information processor | [
"Technology"
] | 1,267 | [
"Market data",
"Data"
] |
73,898,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-I-beam | Nano-I-beams are nanostructures characterized by their -shaped cross-section, resembling the letter in macroscopic scale. They are typically made from hybrid organic/inorganic materials and have unique properties that make them suitable for various applications in structural nano-mechanics.
Compared to traditional carbon nanotubes, nano-I-beams exhibit higher structural stiffness, reduced induced stress, and longer service life. They have the potential to outperform carbon nanotubes in various applications, offering enhanced mechanical properties and improved functionality. The Wide Flange Nano-I-beam variation has been found to provide even higher structural stiffness and longer service life compared to the Equal Flange & Web Nano-I-beam.
Origin of the name
Nano-I-beams are named after the I-beams used in construction and structural engineering. The I-beam, also known as the H-beam or universal beam, is a widely used structural element due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and structural stability. The shape of the I-beam, with its central vertical web and horizontal flanges, provides excellent load-bearing capabilities and resistance to bending and torsion.
Inspired by the structural properties of I-beams, the nano-I-beam was developed as a nanoscale counterpart, utilizing the same I-shaped cross-section. The nano-I-beam inherits the geometric characteristics of the macroscopic I-beam, but at a much smaller scale, making it suitable for applications in the realm of nanotechnology
Kinetics and growth of nano-I-beam
The Ritz method, based on the shell theory, is frequently utilised for dynamic analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The Ritz method, connected to Hamilton's principle, is employed to determine the equilibrium state and minimize the energy functional of a conservative structural system undergoing kinematically admissible growth or deformation. Hamilton's principle considers the interplay of different energy elements, including the kinetic energy (T), strain energy (U), and potential energy (WP). By applying the Ritz method based on Hamilton's principle, the strain energy U of Single & Multi-Walled Nano-I-beams (SWNT) is formulated as:
When considering the kinetic energy, observations are often made in a moving frame of reference. To account for this, the time derivative of the observed variables in the fixed frame of reference (ρ, θ, z) is utilized. As a result, the formulation of the kinetic energy, denoted as T, takes into account these considerations.
Application and suitability
Both CNTs and I-beams have distinct properties and advantages, and their suitability depends on the specific application and requirements. CNTs offer exceptional mechanical properties, including high tensile strength and stiffness. They have a high strength-to-weight ratio, making them lightweight yet strong. CNTs also exhibit excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, making them suitable for applications in electronics and energy storage. However, challenges in large-scale production, potential toxicity concerns, and difficulties in achieving uniform dispersion within materials are some drawbacks associated with CNTs.
Among the variations of the Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nano-I-beam, research highlights the good performance of the Wide Flange Nano-I-Beam. It demonstrates decent structural stiffness, reduced induced stress, and an extended service life when compared to the Equal Flange & Web Nano-I-Beam. This distinction makes the Wide Flange variation particularly desirable for various applications, including nano-heat engines and sensors as an attractive option for cost-effective and high-performance material.
Ultimately, the choice between CNTs and Nano-I-beams depends on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors such as scale, performance needs, and cost-effectiveness. Each material has its own strengths and limitations, and the selection should be based on a careful evaluation of the desired properties and constraints of the project at hand.
References
Nanomaterials | Nano-I-beam | [
"Materials_science"
] | 811 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanomaterials"
] |
72,445,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20118285 | HD 118285, also known as HR 5115, is a variable star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon. DY Chamaeleontis (DY Cha) is its variable star designation. It has an average apparent magnitude of 6.32, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility. The object is located relatively far at a distance of 864 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 118285's brightness is diminished by 0.58 magnitudes due to interstellar dust.
HD 118285's variability was first observed in a 1998 Hipparcos survey focusing on the discovery of slowly pulsating B-type stars (SPB). It was later confirmed to be an SPB star and given the variable designation DY Chamaeleontis. It fluctuates between magnitudes 6.34 and 6.38 in the visual passband with a period of 23 hours.
This is a slightly evolved B-type star with a stellar classification of B8 IV. Contrary to the classification, stellar evolution models from Zorec and Royer (2012) model it as a dwarf star that has completed 89.1% of its main sequence life. It has 3.6 times the mass of the Sun and 5.5 times its girth. It radiates 293 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a bluish-white hue. It is estimated to be 309 million years old and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
B-type subgiants
Slowly pulsating B-type stars
Chamaeleon
Chamaeleontis, DY
Chamaeleontis, 49
CD-75 00632
118285
066607
5115 | HD 118285 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 396 | [
"Chamaeleon",
"Constellations"
] |
72,445,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.C.%20Handa | O.C. Handa (born Om Chanda Handa, 2 October 1936; also spelled as Omacanda Hāṇḍā) is a historian of the western Himalayas, noted for his work on the history, architecture, archaeology, and folk arts of this region. He is the author of numerous books on these subjects.
Early life
Handa was born in the Mandi princely state (in the present-day Himachal Pradesh state, India) on 2 October 1936. He was born to the fourth wife of Goverdhan Das, a patwari in the Mandi state. All of Das's wives died soon after birth, as did all the babies born to them. So upon the advice of an astrologer, under Mandi's 'bhatka' tradition, soon after his birth, Handa was sent away far from home, and dedicated to Sona Sinhasan, the clan deity of Nyul village in Mandi. The priest of this deity gave Om Chand over to the dalit musician of the deity, who raised the child for the first few years of his life. Afterward the musician returned the child to the temple, from where an uncle of the child picked him up. After a while, the uncle gave Om Chand back to his father, Goverdhan Das.
Education and career
Handa was schooled at Mandi's Vijay High School till tenth standard. He proved to be very skilled at drawing and painting while at primary school - skills that he would later use extensively in his publications. Following school, he took a diploma in draftsmanship from the Industrial Training Institute, Mandi. On the basis of this diploma he got a job at the Public Works Department (PWD). Later, he did an MA in History from Mysore University (1981), a PhD in Buddhist Archaeology from Meerut University (1987), and was awarded a D.Litt. form Agra University (1993). Handa retired from the PWD in 1994 as an assistant engineer. He also served as a Census official and at the Department of Language, Art, and Culture in Himachal Pradesh (DLAC). At DLAC, he served in the fields of museology and archeology, and for a while served as the curator of Himachal Pradesh's State Museum in Shimla. Handa travelled extensively all across Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh, which informed his numerous writings on the history, archaeology, and folk traditions of these regions.
Recognition
Handa has been a Fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, the Himachal Academy of Art, Culture, and Language, and the Indian Council of Historical Research. He has been a member of various expert committees of the Lalit Kala Academy (New Delhi) and the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. He has also been a fellow of the USA-based Infinity Foundation.
In 2002, Handa was awarded the Sahitya Yogdan Samman (Literary Contribution Award) by the Shabad Manch.
In 2009, Handa was awarded the Abhutpurva Sahitya aur Samajik Yogdan Samman (Unprecedented Literary and Societal Contribution Award) by the Himachal Rajya Patrakar Maha Sangh.
In 2012, Handa was made the Indian curator of the International Roerich Memorial Trust's museum in Naggar, Himachal Pradesh.
In 2017, Handa received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Himalaya Sahitya, Sanskriti Evam Paryavaran Manch, Shimla.
In 2018, Handa received the 'Prerna Srot' (Source of Inspiration) Award from the Himachal Pradesh Government.
In 2019, Handa received the 'Naval smriti aajivan shiromani samman' Award.
In 2020, Handa received the Himachal Pradesh Government's 'Himachal Academy Sahitya Shikhar Samman' Award for the year 2018, for his contributions to Himachali traditions, cultures, and languages.
The Himachali writer Nem Chand Thakur brought together several scholars to write a Festschrift in honour of O.C. Handa, which was published (in Hindi) in 2020. The Festschrift was titled Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift). The title translates into English as 'A Pioneer of Himalayan History and Culture: O.C. Handa (Festschrift)'. Contributors to this volume include, among others, Tobdan and Peter van Ham.
Bibliography
Books
In addition to hundreds of articles in various national and international journals, as of 2020, O.C. Handa had authored the following books, most of which also contain his own pen-drawings as illustrations:
Handa, O.C. (1969). Pahadi Chitrakala (in Hindi). National Publishing House, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1975). Pahadi Folk Art. D.B. Taraporewala & Sons Pvt. Ltd.
Handa, O.C. (1981). Pahadi Lok Geet (in Hindi). National Publishing House, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1984). Numismatic Sources on the Early History of the Western Himalaya. B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1988). Paschimi Himalaya ki Lok Kalayein (in Hindi). Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1992). Shiv in Art: A Study of Shaiv Iconography and Miniatures. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1994). Buddhist Art and Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1994). Tabo Monastery and Buddhism in the Trans-Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1997). Glimpses of the Western Himalaya: pen-drawings and descriptions of majestic mountains, verdant valleys, and marvelous moments. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (1998). Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. and Madhu Jain (2000). Wood Handicraft: A Study of its Origins and Development in Saharanpur. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2001). Temple Architecture of the Western Himalaya: Wooden Temples. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2001). Buddhist Western Himalaya: Part 1 - a Politico-Religious History. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2002). History of Uttaranchal. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. and Madhu Jain (2003). Art and Architecture of Uttaranchal. Bhavna Books and Prints, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2003). Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2004). Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2005). Gaddi Land in Chamba: its History, Art, and Culture. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2005). Panorama of Himalayan Art. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2006). Western Himalayan Folk Art. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2006). Woodcarving in the Himalayan Region. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2008). Panorama of Himalayan Architecture (Vol. 1: Temples). Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2008). Panorama of Himalayan Architecture (Vol. 2: Buddhist Monasteries, Castles & Forts, and Traditional Houses). Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2009). Himalayan Traditional Architecture. Rupa and Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2009). Kinnaur: Unfolding Exotic Himalayan Land. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2010). Catalogue of Museum of Kangra Art. Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala.
Handa, O.C. (2010). Ancient Manuscripts of Himachal Pradesh. Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala.
Handa, O.C. (2012). Himalayan Rock Art. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2014). Lahul and Spiti: the Land of Paradoxes. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2015). Kullu: Its Early History, Archaeology, and Architecture. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2017). The Colours of Earth: a study of Indian folk painting. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2018). Panorama of Indian Indigenous Architecture. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
Handa, O.C. (2019). Rinchen Zangpo and His Legacy to Buddhism. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
References
Scholars from Himachal Pradesh
People from Mandi district
Historians of India
20th-century Indian historians
21st-century Indian historians
Architecture writers
Indian architecture writers
Himalayan studies | O.C. Handa | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,026 | [
"Architecture writers",
"Architecture"
] |
72,447,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Fl%C3%A1via%20Nogueira | Ana Flávia Nogueira (born 1973) is a Brazilian chemist who is a Full Professor at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) since 2004. Her research considers nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion. She was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Science in 2022.
Early life and education
Ana Flávia Nogueira was born in Bragança Paulista in Brazil. She earned an undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of São Paulo, then completed graduate research at the Unicamp, where she started investigating polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Her doctoral research was the first in Brazil to make use of dye-sensitized solar cells. She spent part of her PhD at Imperial College London, where she worked with Prof. James Durrant on ultrafast laser spectroscopy. After earning her doctorate of inorganic chemistry in 2001, she returned to the Durrant laboratory in London. After leaving London, she worked with Prof. Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi, then returned to Brazil in 2003, working in the group of Prof. Henrique E. Toma. In 2017 she was visiting professor at Stanford University, working in collaboration with Prof. Michael F. Toney in the use of synchrotron radiation applied to halide perovskite solar cells.
Research and career
Ana Flávia Nogueira established her own research group at Unicamp, where she investigates nanostructure materials for solar energy conversion based on oxides, chalcogenides and carbon structures. In the last years, her particular focus stands on perovskite solar cells and perovskite quantum dots for emssion applications. Her group is also investigating cheap and abundant photocatalysis for green hydrogen production. Alongside novel materials science, she patterned with the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory to develop in situ experiments with the use of synchrotron radiation to study the formation, crystallization and degradation of halide perovskite structures.
Ana Flávia Nogueira was announced director of CINE, the Center for Innovation in New Energies, in 2020. In 2022, she was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Science and Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Ana Flávia is associate editor of the Journal of Materials Chemistry C and Materials Advances, both from Royal Society of Chemistry.
Awards and honours
2020 Award for Brazilian Women in Chemistry and Related Sciences
2022 Elected to the Brazilian Academy of Science
Selected publications
In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes, Rodrigo Szostak et al.; Chemical Reviews 2023, 123, 6, 3160–3236. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382
Structural Origins of Light-Induced Phase Segregation in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials Rachel E. Beal et al. Matter v. 2, i. 1, p. 207-219, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.11.001
Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Employing a Polymer Electrolyte, A. F. Nogueira et al. Advanced Materials, Volume13, Issue11, June, 2001, Pages 826-830. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200106)13:11<826::AID-ADMA826>3.0.CO;2-L
References
1974 births
Living people
Brazilian women chemists
Electrochemists
Nanotechnologists
Women materials scientists and engineers
Polymer scientists and engineers
University of São Paulo alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
State University of Campinas alumni
Academic staff of the State University of Campinas
21st-century Brazilian scientists
21st-century Brazilian women scientists
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences | Ana Flávia Nogueira | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 826 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Electrochemistry",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Nanotechnology",
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Nanotechnologists",
"Women in science and technology",
"Electrochemists"
] |
72,447,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butonitazene | Butonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug. It has relatively low potency compared to many related compounds, and has generally been encountered as a component of mixtures with other substances rather than in its pure form. However, it is still several times the potency of morphine and has been implicated in several cases of drug overdose. Butonitazene is a Schedule I drug in the US, along with several related compounds.
See also
Etonitazene
Isotonitazene
Metonitazene
Protonitazene
Secbutonitazene
References
Analgesics
Designer drugs
Benzimidazole opioids
Nitroarenes
Ethers
Tertiary amines | Butonitazene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 159 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
72,447,471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20McGinnis | Robert L. McGinnis is an American scientist, technology entrepreneur, and inventor who has founded a number of technology companies including Prometheus Fuels, Mattershift and Oasys Water.
As a scientist, McGinnis is known for his contributions in the domain of desalination and forward osmosis; in particular he is credited as a co-inventor of the / draw solution for the forward osmosis (FO) desalination process.
McGinnis is CEO at Prometheus Fuels, an environmental technology startup company he founded in 2019.
Background
Robert McGinnis attended Cabrillo College and then Yale University, where he received his B.A. degree in Theater in 2002. He then earned an M.S. in Environmental Engineering in 2007. Continuing his studies at Yale University, McGinnis finished his Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering in 2009; his academic advisor was Menachem Elimelech. His joint work and thesis “ Ammonia – Carbon Dioxide Forward Osmosis Desalination and Pressure Retarded Osmosis" was published in the journal "Desalination" in April 2005.
McGinnis is a veteran of the U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) team, where he also served during Operation Desert Storm defusing mines in the Persian Gulf's harbors and battlefields.
Academic career
In 2002, McGinnis was assigned as CTO and research engineer at Osmotic Technologies Inc., (OTI), a Yale University Incubator for commercialization of forward osmosis desalination and water treatment, which later became a pilot project under the auspices of EUWP program (Expeditionary Unit Water Purification Consortium). In 2006, McGinnis received an NSF-GRFP Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation for his Ph.D. studies under the supervision of Menachem Elimelech, who founded Yale's Environmental Engineering Program.
McGinnis' scientific research interests at Yale included the development of osmotically driven membrane processes, novel membrane design, and nanoscale membrane sensing with the main focus being on engineered forward osmosis methods and its practical applications in desalination and water treatment processes.
His work has been published in chemistry and environment technology-related journals. McGinnis is also co-inventor on more than 20 granted patents in the fields of membranes, energy, desalination, and nanotechnology assigned by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In 2018, McGinnis received an AIChE Innovator Award for Innovation in Chemical Engineering Education granted by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
Business career
Oasys Water
The research of forward osmosis methods in Elimelech's lab at Yale led to the formation of Oasys Water in 2008, a company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the main purpose of making the technology of functional desalination systems called engineered osmosis (EO) commercially applicable. The company sprang out as Yale's technology startup project. McGinnis directed the company as CTO until 2012. Eventually, Oasys Water built five large water treatment plants in China and was later merged with Beijing-based Woteer Water Technology company.
Mattershift
In 2013, McGinnis launched Mattershift, a technology company developing carbon nanotube membranes for molecular factories. The company further sought to convert CO₂ from the air into fuels, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and construction materials without the use of fossil fuels. The San Francisco Bay Area-based company was initially located at the University of Connecticut (UCONN) as part of its Technology Incubation Program.
The company's technology in scaling up carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes was published and peer-reviewed in Science Advances in March 2018. The open-access study was also reviewed by The Chemical Engineer.
Prometheus Fuels
McGinnis founded his next technology startup company, Santa Cruz, California-based, Prometheus Fuels, an energy startup developing tools to filter atmospheric CO2 using water, electricity, and nanotube membranes to produce commercially viable fuels. He started the company in 2019 and has been CEO since then. The project was one of two selected for investment in March 2019 by Y Combinator after the incubator's request for proposals to address carbon removal.
Selected publications
Robert L. McGinnis; Kevin Reimund; Jian Ren; Lingling Xia and others, Large-scale polymeric carbon nanotube membranes with sub–1.27-nm pores, in Science Advances, Vol 4, Issue 3, 2018
Robert L. McGinnis; Nathan T. Hancock; Marek S. Nowosielski-Slepowron; Gary D. McGurgan2, Pilot demonstration of the / forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines, in Desalination Journal, Volume 312, 1 March 2013, Pages 67–74
Robert L. McGinnis; Tzahi Y. Catha; Menachem Elimelech; Jeffrey R. McCutcheon and others, Standard Methodology for Evaluating Membrane Performance in Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes, in Desalination Journal, Volume 312, 1 March 2013, Pages 31–38
Robert L. McGinnis and Menachem Elimelech, Global Challenges in Energy and Water Supply: The Promise of Engineered Osmosis in Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 23, 8625–8629, 1 December 2008
Robert L. McGinnis; Jeffrey R. McCutcheon; Menachem Elimelech, A novel ammonia–carbon dioxide osmotic heat engine for power generation, in Journal of Membrane Science, Volume 305, Issues 1–2, 15 November 2007, Pages 13–19
Robert L. McGinnis; Menachem Elimelech, Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination, in Desalination Journal, Volume 207, Issues 1–3, 10 March 2007, Pages 370-382
Robert L. McGinnis; Jeffrey R. McCutcheon; Menachem Elimelech, Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance, in Journal of Membrane Science, Volume 278, Issues 1–2, 5 July 2006, Pages 114-123
Robert L. McGinnis; Jeffrey L. McCutcheon and Menachem Elimelech, The Ammonia-Carbon Dioxide Forward Osmosis Desalination Process, in Water Conditioning and Purification, Jan 1, 2006
Robert L. McGinnis; Jeffrey R. McCutcheon; Menachem Elimelech, A novel ammonia—carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process, in Desalination Journal, Volume 174, Issue 1, 1 April 2005, Pages 1–11
See also
Forward osmosis
Desalination
References
External links
Rob McGinnis on Google Scholar
Google Patents - Inventor Robert L. McGinnis
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American scientists
American environmental scientists
Yale University alumni
American inventors
American technology company founders
American technology businesspeople | Robert L. McGinnis | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,471 | [
"American environmental scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
72,447,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2094717 | HD 94717, also known as HR 4268, is a solitary orange hued star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.34, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility. The object is located relatively far at a distance of 1,750 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 94717's brightness is diminished by 0.62 magnitudes due to interstellar dust.
HD 94717 has a stellar classification of K2 II/III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant with the blended luminosity class of a giant star and a bright giant. It is estimated to be 63 million years old, enough time for it to cool and expand to 78 times the Sun's radius. It has 6.3 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 1,847 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 94717 has a solar metallicity and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
K-type bright giants
Chamaeleon
Chamaeleontis, 28
CD-78 00438
094717
053151
4268 | HD 94717 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 282 | [
"Chamaeleon",
"Constellations"
] |
72,447,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Murray%20%28lichenologist%29 | James Murray (1923–1961) was an organic chemist at the University of Otago. He was the first twentieth-century lichenologist in New Zealand.
Career
James Murray worked at the University of Otago in Dunedin as a senior lecturer in chemistry.
Murray began research with lichens in the 1950s, applying his knowledge and skills in plant secondary compounds as well as morphology. This was the first systematic work on the lichens of New Zealand since the 1890s. He revised the New Zealand lichens within the Coniocarpineae, Peltigeraceae, Teloschistaceae among others, as well as lichens from the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions.
He spent 1959 on sabbatical working with the chemist Derek Barton at Imperial College, University of London. During this visit Murray also met with Peter James, a lichen specialist at the Natural History Museum, London. There were extensive nineteenth-century specimens of New Zealand lichens at both this museum and at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Murray was able to work with these specimens and with James. They began to define the genus Sticta more precisely, distinguishing it from Pseudocyphellaria and also other groups such as Menegazzia, Nephroma, the Pannariaceae and the Parmeliaceae that contained more species in the Southern Hemisphere. Murray also visited several other lichenologists in France and Sweden including Henri Des Abbayes, Michael Mitchell, Greta Du Rietz, Adolf Hugo Magnusson, Gunnar Degelius, Rolf Santesson and Einar Timdall. He returned to New Zealand in February 1961.
After his death, his lichen specimens (over 10,000), notes and papers were donated to University of Otago and Peter James was seconded in 1962 to curate the collection. Murray's work on the natural products of lichens contributed to developments in this area and also became important to definition of genera in the Lobariaceae. He developed keys to New Zealand lichen genera, some published posthumously.
Personal life
Murray was married to Audrey. He died in a car accident on 24 June 1961.
Publications
Murray was the author or co-author of scientific publications about organic chemistry and lichens. Some of his most significant were:
James Murray (1959) Studies of New Zealand Lichens. I—The Coniocarpineae Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (2) 177 - 195
James Murray (1960) Studies of New Zealand Lichens. II—The Teloschistaceae Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (2) 197 - 210
James Murray (1960) Studies on New Zealand Lichens Part III.–The Family Peltigeraceae Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3) 381 - 399
James Murray (1962) Keys to New Zealand lichens. Part 1. Tuatara 10 (3) 120 - 128 (published posthumously)
James Murray (1963) Keys to New Zealand lichens. Part 2. Tuatara 11 (1) 46 - 56 (published posthumously)
James Murray (1963) Keys to New Zealand lichens. Part 2. Tuatara 11 (2) 98 - 109 (published posthumously)
See also
:Category:Taxa named by James Murray (lichenologist)
References
1923 births
1961 deaths
New Zealand mycologists
Lichenologists
Organic chemists
Road incident deaths in New Zealand | James Murray (lichenologist) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 698 | [
"Organic chemists",
"New Zealand organic chemists"
] |
72,448,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth%20KF%20engine | The Cosworth-Opel KF engine is a production-based, high-revving, prototype, four-stroke, 2.5-liter, naturally aspirated, V-6 racing engine, originally designed, developed and produced by Opel, in collaboration with Cosworth, for the DTM and later ITC, between 1993 and 1996. The engines were tuned by Cosworth, and were based on the Isuzu 6VD1 (1996) 75° production engine, as used in the Opel Monterey, Opel Frontera Limited, Trooper, Rodeo, and Amigo.
Applications
Opel Calibra DTM V6 4x4
References
Opel
V6 engines
Opel engines
Cosworth
Gasoline engines by model
Engines by model
Piston engines
Internal combustion engine | Cosworth KF engine | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 158 | [
"Internal combustion engine",
"Engines",
"Engines by model",
"Piston engines",
"Combustion engineering"
] |
72,448,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%20690%20engine | The Alfa Romeo 690 engine is a custom-built, production-based, high-revving, prototype, four-stroke, 2.5-liter, naturally aspirated, V6 racing engine, designed, developed and produced by Alfa Romeo, purpose-built for the 1996 ITC season. It was loosely based on the PRV engine, used in the Lancia Thema 6v.
Applications
1996 Alfa Romeo 155 V6 TI
References
Alfa Romeo
V6 engines
Alfa Romeo engines
Gasoline engines by model
Engines by model
Piston engines
Internal combustion engine | Alfa Romeo 690 engine | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 109 | [
"Internal combustion engine",
"Engines",
"Engines by model",
"Piston engines",
"Combustion engineering"
] |
72,450,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Dauphas | Nicolas Dauphas (born December 10, 1975) is a planetary scientist and isotope geochemist. He is a professor of geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the Department of the Geophysical Sciences and Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. Within cosmochemistry, his research focus is on isotope geochemistry. He studies the origin and evolution of planets and other objects in the solar system by analyzing the natural distributions of elements and their isotopes using mass spectrometers.
Career
Born in Nantes in Brittany, France, Dauphas received a B.Sc. degree from in 1998. The same year, he obtained an M.Sc. from , at the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (; INPL). In 2002, also from INPL, he was awarded a Ph.D. in geochemistry and cosmochemistry, working with Bernard Marty and Laurie Reisberg. He then completed his postdoctoral research at the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago and the Field Museum of Natural History from 2002 to 2004, before joining the faculty at the University of Chicago in 2004.
Recognition and awards
In 2005, Dauphas was awarded Nier Prize of the Meteoritical Society which recognizes outstanding research in meteoritics and closely allied fields by young scientists. In 2007, he was awarded the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship, given to the most promising early-career scientists and engineers, across the US. He won the 2008 Houtermans Award, given by the European Association of Geochemistry for outstanding contributions to geochemistry. He was awarded the James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) for "significant contributions to the geophysical sciences", and was selected as an AGU Fellow in 2011. In 2014, he became a Fellow of the Meteoritical Society. He was one of the finalists in 2017 for the Blavatnik National Awards. In 2016, Dauphas received a named professorship from the University of Chicago as the Louis Block professor, Physical Sciences Division. In 2019, Dauphas was elected Geochemical Fellow of the Geochemical Society and the European Association of Geochemistry in recognition of his career contribution to the field of geochemistry.
On April 30, 2024, it was announced that Nicolas Dauphas had been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Research activities
By analyzing the isotopic compositions of stable and radiogenic nuclides in meteorites, Dauphas investigates the timing and processes that lead to the formation of Solar System bodies and the establishment of habitable conditions on Earth and Mars. He used iron isotopes to study how the iron biogeochemical cycle of the Earth changed through time. He established that Mars was formed rapidly, within the first 2~4 million years of the birth of the Solar System, which explains the much smaller size of Mars compared to Earth and Venus. He first identified the mineralogical carrier of the 54Cr isotopic anomalies in meteorites as Cr-rich nano-sized spinels from supernovae. He constrained the nature of Earth's accreting materials through time, using a novel approach that relies on the different affinities of elements with Earth's core, and showed that the materials formed Earth are from an isotopically homogeneous reservoir.
Dauphas was part of the preliminary examination team for JAXA's Hayabusa2 mission, which returned a fragment of Ryugu carbonaceous asteroid to Earth for scientific research. He was selected as a member of the Mars Sample Return Campaign Science Group in 2022.
Personal life
Nicolas Dauphas married a fellow planetary scientist, Reika Yokochi. The couple had two children. In February 2024, Dauphas posted to his Twitter (X) account that Yokochi had died from EGFR-positive lung cancer.
Dauphas states that he is of "French-American citizenship".
References
External links
Nicolas Dauphas publications indexed by Google Scholar
Nicolas Dauphas - AGU Fall Meeting 2018 - The Daly Lecture
University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences
1975 births
Living people
University of Lorraine alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Planetary scientists
Geochemists | Nicolas Dauphas | [
"Chemistry"
] | 854 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
72,450,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript%20version%20history | ECMAScript is a JavaScript standard developed by Ecma International. Since 2015, major versions have been published every June.
ECMAScript 2024, the 15th and current version, was released in June 2024.
Versions
In June 2004, Ecma International published ECMA-357 standard, defining an extension to ECMAScript, known as ECMAScript for XML (E4X). Ecma also defined a "Compact Profile" for ECMAScript – known as ES-CP, or ECMA 327 – that was designed for resource-constrained devices, which was withdrawn in 2015.
4th Edition (abandoned)
The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262 (ECMAScript 4 or ES4) would have been the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition was published in 1999. The specification (along with a reference implementation) was originally targeted for completion by October 2008. The first draft was dated February 1999. An overview of the language was released by the working group on 23 October 2007.
By August 2008, the ECMAScript 4th edition proposal had been scaled back into a project code named ECMAScript Harmony. Features under discussion for Harmony at the time included:
classes,
a module system,
optional type annotations and static typing, probably using a structural type system,
generators and iterators,
destructuring assignment, and
algebraic data types.
The intent of these features was partly to better support programming in the large, and to allow sacrificing some of the script's ability to be dynamic to improve performance. For example, Tamarin – the virtual machine for ActionScript, developed and open-sourced by Adobe – has just-in-time compilation (JIT) support for certain classes of scripts.
In addition to introducing new features, some ES3 bugs were proposed to be fixed in edition 4. These fixes and others, and support for JSON encoding/decoding, have been folded into the ECMAScript, 5th Edition specification.
Work started on Edition 4 after the ES-CP (Compact Profile) specification was completed, and continued for approximately 18 months where slow progress was made balancing the theory of Netscape's JavaScript 2 specification with the implementation experience of Microsoft's JScript .NET. After some time, the focus shifted to the ECMAScript for XML (E4X) standard. The update has not been without controversy. In late 2007, a debate between Eich, later the Mozilla Foundation's CTO, and Chris Wilson, Microsoft's platform architect for Internet Explorer, became public on a number of blogs. Wilson cautioned that because the proposed changes to ECMAScript made it backwards incompatible in some respects to earlier versions of the language, the update amounted to "breaking the Web", and that stakeholders who opposed the changes were being "hidden from view". Eich responded by stating that Wilson seemed to be "repeating falsehoods in blogs" and denied that there was attempt to suppress dissent and challenged critics to give specific examples of incompatibility. He pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C# and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.
5th Edition – ECMAScript 2009
Yahoo, Microsoft, Google, and other 4th edition dissenters formed their own subcommittee to design a less ambitious update of ECMAScript 3, tentatively named ECMAScript 3.1. This edition would focus on security and library updates, with a large emphasis on compatibility. After the aforementioned public sparring, the ECMAScript 3.1 and ECMAScript 4 teams agreed on a compromise: the two editions would be worked on, in parallel, with coordination between the teams to ensure that ECMAScript 3.1 remains a strict subset of ECMAScript 4 in both semantics and syntax.
However, the differing philosophies in each team resulted in repeated breakages of the subset rule, and it remained doubtful that the ECMAScript 4 dissenters would ever support or implement ECMAScript 4 in the future. After over a year since the disagreement over the future of ECMAScript within the Ecma Technical Committee 39, the two teams reached a new compromise in July 2008: Brendan Eich announced that Ecma TC39 would focus work on the ECMAScript 3.1 (later renamed to ECMAScript, 5th Edition) project with full collaboration of all parties, and vendors would target at least two interoperable implementations by early 2009. In April 2009, Ecma TC39 published the "final" draft of the 5th edition and announced that testing of interoperable implementations was expected to be completed by mid-July. On December 3, 2009, ECMA-262 5th edition was published.
Additions include JSON, String.trim() to easily remove whitespaces surrounding a string (" example " to "example"), String.charAt() to return a single character from a given position in a string, and Array.isArray(). A comma after the final pair of values in an object (var example = { "property1":"value1", "property2":"value2", }) also no longer causes a syntax error.
6th Edition – ECMAScript 2015
The 6th edition, ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later renamed to ECMAScript 2015, was finalized in June 2015. This update adds significant new syntax for writing complex applications, including class declarations (class Foo { ... } ), ES6 modules like import * as moduleName from "..."; export const Foo, but defines them semantically in the same terms as ECMAScript 5 strict mode. Other new features include iterators and for...of loops, Python-style generators, arrow function expression (() => {...} ), let keyword for local declarations, const keyword for constant local declarations, binary data, typed arrays, new collections (maps, sets and WeakMap), promises, number and math enhancements, reflection, proxies (metaprogramming for virtual objects and wrappers) and template literals using backticks (`) for multi-line strings without escape characters. The complete list is extensive. As the first "ECMAScript Harmony" specification, it is also known as "ES6 Harmony".
7th Edition – ECMAScript 2016
The 7th edition, or ECMAScript 2016, was finalized in June 2016. Its features include exponentiation operator ** for numbers, await, async keywords for asynchronous programming (as a preparation for ES2017), and the function. The exponentiation operator is equivalent to , but provides a simpler syntax similar to languages like Python, F#, Perl, and Ruby. async / await was hailed as an easier way to use promises and develop asynchronous code.
8th Edition – ECMAScript 2017
The 8th edition, or ECMAScript 2017, was finalized in June 2017. Its features include the , and functions for easy manipulation of Objects, async / await constructions that use generators and promises, and additional features for concurrency and atomics. It also includes String.prototype.padStart().
9th Edition – ECMAScript 2018
The 9th edition, or ECMAScript 2018, was finalized in June 2018. New features include the spread operator and rest parameters (...) for object literals, asynchronous iteration, Promise.prototype.finally and additions to RegExp.
The spread operator allows for the easy copying of object properties, as shown below.let object = {a: 1, b: 2}
let objectClone = Object.assign({}, object) // before ES2018
let objectClone = {...object} // ES2018 syntax
let otherObject = {c: 3, ...object}
console.log(otherObject) // -> {c: 3, a: 1, b: 2}
10th Edition – ECMAScript 2019
The 10th edition, or ECMAScript 2019, was published in June 2019. Added features include, but are not limited to, Array.prototype.flat, Array.prototype.flatMap, changes to Array.sort, and Object.fromEntries.
is now guaranteed to be stable, meaning that elements with equal sorting keys will not change relative order before and after the sort operation. Array.prototype.flat(depth=1) flattens an array to a specified depth, meaning that all subarray elements (up to the specified depth) are concatenated recursively.
Another notable change is that so-called catch binding became optional.
11th Edition – ECMAScript 2020
The 11th edition, or ECMAScript 2020, was published in June 2020. In addition to new functions, this version introduces a BigInt primitive type for arbitrary-sized integers, the nullish coalescing operator, and the globalThis object.
BigInts are created either with the constructor or with the syntax , where "n" is placed after the number literal. BigInts allow the representation and manipulation of integers beyond , while Numbers are represented by a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 value. The built-in functions in are not compatible with BigInts; for example, exponentiation of BigInts must be done with the operator instead of .
The nullish coalescing operator, , returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side is or . This contrasts with the operator, which would return for all "falsy" values, such as the ones below.undefined ?? "string" // -> "string"
null ?? "string" // -> "string"
false ?? "string" // -> false
NaN ?? "string" // -> NaN
Optional chaining makes it possible to access the nested properties of an object without having an AND check at each level. An example is . If any of the properties are not present, will be .
12th Edition – ECMAScript 2021
The 12th edition, ECMAScript 2021, was published in June 2021. This version introduces the method for strings; , a promise combinator that short-circuits when an input value is fulfilled; , a new error type to represent multiple errors at once; logical assignment operators (, , ||=); , for referring to a target object without preserving it from garbage collection, and , to manage registration and unregistration of cleanup operations performed when target objects are garbage collected; separators for numeric literals (); and was made more precise, reducing the number of cases that result in an implementation-defined sort order.
13th Edition – ECMAScript 2022
The 13th edition, ECMAScript 2022, was published in June 2022. This version introduces top-level , allowing the keyword to be used at the top level of modules; new class elements: public and private instance fields, public and private static fields, private instance methods and accessors, and private static methods and accessors; static blocks inside classes, to perform per-class evaluation initialization; the syntax, to test for presence of private fields on objects; regular expression match indices via the flag, which provides start and end indices for matched substrings; the property on objects, which can be used to record a causation chain in errors; the method for Strings, Arrays, and TypedArrays, which allows relative indexing; and , a convenient alternative to .
14th Edition – ECMAScript 2023
The 14th edition, ECMAScript 2023, was published in June 2023. This version introduces the toSorted, toReversed, with, findLast, and findLastIndex methods on Array.prototype and TypedArray.prototype, as well as the toSpliced method on Array.prototype; added support for #! shebang comments at the beginning of files to better facilitate executable ECMAScript files; and allowed the use of most Symbols as keys in weak collections.
15th Edition – ECMAScript 2024
The 15th edition, ECMAScript 2024, was published in June 2024. This version introduces the Object.groupBy and Map.groupBy static methods, Promise.withResolvers, various set operations on Set.prototype, and the /v unicode flag for regular expressions.
The Object.groupBy and Map.groupBy methods groups an iterable using the return value of a provided callback function.// sample data
const arr = [
{ year: "2024", id: 0 },
{ year: "2023", id: 1 },
{ year: "2024", id: 2 },
];
const obj = Object.groupBy(arr, (el) => el.year);
console.log(obj);
// { "2024": [{ year: "2024", id: 0 }, { year: "2024", id: 2 }], "2023": [{ year: "2023", id: 1 }] }Promise.withResolvers provides a simple way to get a promise's resolve and reject functions directly without having to assign them in the constructor.// ES 2023
let resolve;
let reject;
let promise = new Promise((res, rej) => {
resolve = res;
reject = rej;
});
// ES 2024
const { resolve, reject, promise } = Promise.withResolvers();The /v flag in regular expressions is simply an improved version of the /u flag, but as it makes backwards-incompatible changes it had to be introduced as a new flag.
ES.Next
ES.Next is a dynamic name that refers to whatever the next version is at the time of writing. ES.Next features include finished proposals (aka "stage 4 proposals") as listed at finished proposals that are not part of a ratified specification. The language committee follows a "living spec" model, so these changes are part of the standard, and ratification is a formality.
References
External links
JavaScript 1.0
As implemented in Netscape Navigator 2.0 before submitting the first version for standardization as Ecmascript:
ISO standards
ISO/IEC 22275:2018
ECMA standards
ECMA-262 ECMAScript Language Specification
1st Edition, June 1997: PDF
2nd Edition, August 1998: PDF
3rd Edition, December 1999: PDF
Edition 3 Final, March 2000: PDF
4th Edition (overview): PDF
4th Edition (final draft): HTML, PDF
5th Edition, December 2009: PDF
5.1 Edition, June 2011: HTML, PDF
6th Edition, June 2015 (ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
7th Edition, June 2016 (ECMAScript 2016 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
8th edition, June 2017 (ECMAScript 2017 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
9th edition, June 2018 (ECMAScript 2018 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
10th edition, June 2019 (ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
11th edition, June 2020 (ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
12th edition, June 2021 (ECMAScript 2021 Language Specification): HTML, PDF
13th edition, June 2022 (ECMAScript 2022 Language specification):HTML, PDF
14th edition, June 2023 (ECMAScript 2023 Language specification):HTML, PDF
15th edition, June 2024 (ECMAScript 2024 Language specification):HTML, PDF
ECMA-290 ECMAScript Components Specification (June 1999)
ECMA-327 ECMAScript 3rd Edition Compact Profile (June 2001)
ECMA-357 ECMAScript for XML (E4X) Specification (June 2004)
Ecma standards
JavaScript | ECMAScript version history | [
"Technology"
] | 3,289 | [
"Computer standards",
"Ecma standards"
] |
72,451,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%20Lalo%C3%AB | Franck Laloë (born May 28, 1940) is a French quantum physicist, author, and open archive initiator. He is emeritus research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Education and career
Laloë was born in Rabat, Morocco and studied physics at the École Polytechnique in Paris from 1960 to 1962. His studied at University of Paris VI (later Pierre and Marie Curie University) for a two-part doctorate. His PhD from 1963 to 1968 (Doctorat de troisième cycle) involved research on spin-polarized helium-3 systems. He obtained Doctorat d'État in 1970. He worked for the CNRS and became director from 1978. Later Laloë worked at the Kastler–Brossel Laboratory in Paris, where he was the director from 2004 to 2014.
Laloë is the initiator of the open archive for scientific works, HAL, created in 2001 at the Centre pour la communication scientifique directe (CCSD) of the CNRS. He deals with digital archiving on optical media (CD and DVD) and is president of a corresponding research group (GIS-DON).
Laloë's research deals with optical pumping, acoustics (including chaos), superfluid helium-3, foundations of quantum mechanics and ultracold quantum gases (Bose-Einstein condensates), as well as optical information storage technology. Laloë is co-author of Quantum Mechanics (), a popular series of quantum mechanics textbook with and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.
Honors and awards
Laloë received the Prix de l'État from the French Academy of Sciences in 1988, the Prix Aimé Cotton in 1970 from the Société Française de Physique, and in 2000 the Prix des trois physiciens from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris and the Eugène Bloch Foundation.
Bibliography
Books
Chapters
Articles
References
Living people
1940 births
21st-century French physicists
20th-century French physicists
École Polytechnique alumni
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
People from Rabat
Quantum physicists
French theoretical physicists
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni | Franck Laloë | [
"Physics"
] | 453 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
72,452,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jielong%203 | Jielong 3 (, meaning "agile dragon", also known as Smart Dragon 3, SD-3), is a solid fueled orbital launch vehicle developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology's subsidiary China Rocket to launch up to 1500 kg to a 500 km altitude Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). The rocket is 31 meters tall, 2.65 meters in diameter and weighs 145 metric tons. It is a solid fuel, 4 stage orbital rocket. The fairing diameter is 3.35 m. It uses the same rocket motors as the Zhongke-1 (ZK-1, Lijian-1) rocket.
The maiden flight of Jielong 3 on 9 December 2022, 06:35 UTC was successful. It delivered fourteen small satellites into polar orbit. The satellites were Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-44-50 and Pingtai-01A01, HEAD 2H, Jinzijing Qilu-1 05 and 06, Tianqi 07, Huoju 1 (Torch 1) and CAS 5A. The launch took place from a floating platform off Yantai, Shandong.
The carrying capacity of the Jielong 3 launcher initially stood at 1,560 kilograms to 500 kilometres SSO orbits, but this has since increased to 1,600 kilograms by the rocket's fifth launch on 13 January, 2025. Also in January 2025, Gao Lijun from the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) stated that further improvments will be made to the rocket in order to enable it eventually to carry up to two metric tons to 500 km SSO orbits.
List of launches
References
Vehicles introduced in 2022
2022 in China
2022 in technology | Jielong 3 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 353 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
72,452,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous%20statistics | Indigenous statistics is a quantitative research method specific to Indigenous people. It can be better understood as an Indigenous quantitative methodology. Indigenous quantitative methodologies include practices, processes, and research that are done through an Indigenous lens.
The purpose of indigenous statistics is to diminish the disparities and inequalities faced by Indigenous people globally. Statistics are a reliable source of data, which can be used in the present and future. This is a relatively new concept in the research world. Statistics are the collection of quantitative data that is used to interpret and present data. Indigenous refers to an ethnic group of people who are the earliest inhabitants or native to that land. Connecting these two terms, researchers aim to provide fair and reliable data on Indigenous communities. By focusing on three central themes, which are situated in entering research through a solely Indigenous lens. The cultural framework of data, quantitative methodologies in data, and the situated activity amongst academic research.
Background
Statistics
Statistics are a collection of quantitative data. Statistics are how data is interpreted and presented. Statistics interpret our reality and influence the understanding of societies. The purpose of Indigenous statistics is to have Indigenous people collect their own data in a fashion they find best suitable for their community. This is done by Indigenous researchers, or through the perspective of Indigenous communities. Statistics, in turn, provide information used to determine theoretical and practical development and produce the notion of open data. Indigenous statistics aims to make statistics a source of reliable information regarding Indigenous societies.
Indigenous people
Indigenous Peoples is a term used to define people with ancestral origins in the land they inhabit. Indigenous peoples are the earliest known inhabitants of the land they inhabit.
Concerns with open data
Open data is making statistics available to the public. The data should be easily accessible, and this is often done through a web portal. Scholars have criticized the way open data is collected today. For instance, some have said that open data is not politically or economically benign. Others have made critiques regarding elements of open data that are not as honest as they first appear, thereby affecting certain people differently. The key concern is whether or not these initiatives bring forth value, impact, transparency, participation and foster economic development. Many of the critiques of open data are not to abandon the movement but to find more sustainable ways that are equitable and transparent for all. For example, open data has not always been the fairest to Indigenous populations. Open data may lead to data being used to perform misleading and prejudicial work or put non-Indigenous services managing Indigenous relations that misrepresent them due to cultural assumptions. Indigenous people are also not accounted for in state datasets. They are restrained from informing their impacts and are not able to rely on this data for solutions. Indigenous statistics, push to remove these barriers and minimize the risk of misrepresentation and misinformation being published on indigenous people.
Theoretical framework
Indigenous statistics is a relatively new concept, recently gaining attraction in the research world. It aims to decolonize the data and provide fair statistics to Indigenous communities. Indigenous statistics critique the production of open data and conclusions being drawn from open data statistics. Indigenous Statistics is the first book to be published on quantitative Indigenous methodologies. It was written by authors Maggie Walter and Chris Andersen. It was published on September 15, 2013, by Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Indigenous Statistics offer a new lens in researching statistics, by critiquing the ways in which quantitative data have framed Indigenous people, and offers new forms of quantitative data to better represent the Indigenous populations. The authors focus on three main topics. They first investigate the cultural framework of Indigenous statistics, how methodologies, not methods produce Indigenous statistics and how academic research is a situated activity.
Cultural framework
The cultural framework within Indigenous statistics is one that focuses on the collection, analysis, and interpretation of statistics about Indigenous people. Indigenous scholars claim that the representation of Indigenous people in statistics actually is a representation that reflects the dominant nation-state rather than the subjects being analyzed. The objective here is to focus on the ways in which statistics produced by the nation-state may push and drive certain narratives about Indigenous people that may not be a true representation. Indigenous statistics call for their own empowerment and control to produce and collect data according to their societies' own needs. Approaching research through an Indigenous lens, is not one of the strict or clear-cut guidelines. Taking an Indigenous research approach will look different based on the need of the research. An initiative that took an Indigenous approach when conducting the cultural framework of their research is, The Te Atawhai o Te Ao Institute, which is based in Whanganui, New Zealand. This institute is dedicated to Indigenous based research that will generate and rediscover knowledge focused on health and the environment for the benefit of Indigenous people.
Indigenous quantitative methodology
Indigenous quantitative methodologies are methodologies in which the practices and processes are taken from an Indigenous standpoint. This means that all aspects of the research and methodologies are influenced by an Indigenous lens.
Standpoints influenced by an Indigenous lens; Indigenous Social Position, Indigenous Epistemology, Indigenous Ontology, Indigenous Axiology.
The methodologies of collection, interpretation, and analysis produce statistics rather than the research method itself. The focus is on the motives and reasoning behind certain research, more than what type of research is being conducted to find the information. Methodology is a central understanding of Indigenous statistics as it helps provide context for many steps of the research. Methodologies help determine why and how research questions are asked instead of other questions. How, when, and where the data was collected and how the data was interpreted and used. Methodologies are important because they provide the user with insights from how the data was collected and governance over it, to the personal identity of the researcher and understanding of their objectives.
One way the census' can further improve on methodologies on Indigenous statistics is through Statistics Canada's "ethnic mobility" category. Canada recognizes Indigenous people into three categories, First Nations, Metis, and Inuit. These categories today are meant to be inclusive diverse representations of all Indigenous people, yet is the categories the Canadian government attempt to govern the diversity of Indigenous people, rather than reflecting the actual diversity amongst these communities. For example, the term First Nation captures the image of dozens of different tribal societies sharing some similarities, but the Canadian Government recognizes them as one people entirely.
Academic research
Indigenous statistics' sole purpose is to provide equitable and transparent data on Indigenous people that is fair and honest to them. The focus on Academic research being a situated activity, is to draw attention to how research may mislead or misrepresent the statistics being presented. Academic research either helps push the truth out or as in the past, be used to push specific narratives. Throughout history, there have been institutions that recorded and published qualitative data. Academic research is situated within the dominant society of their nation-state, and the development of Indigenous statistics into the research world, looks to remove these systemic barriers and begin finding more equitable and fairways of conducting and publishing research on Indigenous groups.
References
Statistics
Statistical concepts | Indigenous statistics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,426 | [
"Statistical concepts"
] |
72,452,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20hole%20interactions | In chemistry, sigma hole interactions (or σ-hole interactions) are a family of intermolecular forces that can occur between several classes of molecules and arise from an energetically stabilizing interaction between a positively-charged site, termed a sigma hole, and a negatively-charged site, typically a lone pair, on different atoms that are not covalently bonded to each other. These interactions are usually rationalized primarily via dispersion, electrostatics, and electron delocalization (similar to Lewis-acid/base coordination) and are characterized by a strong directional preference that allows control over supramolecular chemistry.
Molecular basis of interaction
The basis of a sigma hole interaction is an energetically stabilizing interaction between a positively charged site (sigma hole) and a negatively charged site (lone pair) on different atoms. The positive site is produced by a covalent sigma bond between the atom hosting the sigma hole and a neighboring atom. The presence of the bond results in the distortion of the electron density around the host atom, with the density increasing equatorially (with respect to the bond) about the atom but decreasing along the extension of the bond. Through this mechanism, a region of positive electrostatic potential, termed a sigma hole, can be localized onto the surface of an atom bearing a sigma bond. This sigma hole could then engage in electrostatic interactions with a lone pair associated with a negative electrostatic potential.
In addition to the electrostatic interaction described above, dispersive forces are also thought to play a role in the overall interaction. Studies have found electrostatic and dispersive contributions to be roughly comparable in magnitude, and for the dominant contributor to vary from system to system.
Alternatively, sigma hole pair interactions can be conceptualized in terms of the mixing of molecular orbitals. The occupied sigma bonding orbital associated with the bond would give rise to a corresponding unoccupied sigma antibonding orbital lying on the opposite face of the atom. Mixing between the antibonding orbital and the occupied orbital associated with a lone pair would be expected to result in energetic stabilization.
Several atoms, including those which are relatively electronegative (such as Chlorine, Oxygen, and even Fluorine) can act as positive sites in sigma hole pair interactions. Counterintuitively, this can occur even when the atom acting as the positive site has an overall negative partial charge. The solution to this apparent contradiction lies in the anisotropy in the electron cloud introduced by the presence of the sigma bond. If the electronic charge is not evenly distributed around the nucleus, it remains possible for a positive partial charge to develop opposite the sigma bond in the region of electron depletion. This partial positive charge coexists with a partial negative charge of larger magnitude associated with the more electron-rich regions of the atomic surface, which results in an overall negative partial charge.
Characteristics
Directionality
Sigma hole interactions exhibit a strong preference for linearity. Theoretical studies have shown that the interaction is most stabilizing when the negative site is colinear with the bond that gives rise to the sigma hole. As the angle between this bond and the sigma hole interaction is decreased, the strength of the interaction is generally found to decrease rapidly. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the sigma hole arises from electronic anisotropy. There are cases in which the angle of interaction does differ somewhat from 180° - in these cases, the influence of additional intermolecular interactions are implicated in determining the overall geometry.
Strength
Consistent with Coulomb's law, There is a very strong relationship between the energetic stabilization associated with a sigma hole interaction and the product of the electrostatic potentials associated with the sigma hole and lone pair sites. Therefore, factors that increase the electrostatic potential of the sigma hole and decrease the electrostatic potential of the lone pair result in stronger interactions. The main structural factors contributing to the electrostatic potential of the sigma hole are the electronegativity of the host atom, the polarizability of the host atom, and the electron donating or withdrawing character of the group bonded to the host atom, with less electronegative and more polarizable host atoms bound to more electron withdrawing groups associated with the highest electrostatic potential.
The table below shows the computed strength (in kcal/mol) of three selected sigma hole interactions at a variety of angles. At any angle, it can be observed that the interaction is stronger when the Bromine atom hosting the sigma hole is bound to a strongly electron withdrawing cyano group than when this atom is bound to a trifluoromethyl group, which is only moderately electron withdrawing. On the other hand, the interaction is stronger when an ammonia molecule provides the lone pair, as the electrostatic potential associated with this site is more negative than the corresponding site on hydrogen cyanide. In all cases, the interaction is becomes stronger at more linear angles.
Stability
While the formation of a sigma hole pair interaction is associated with energetic stabilization, this process is often thermodynamically disfavored as the energetic stabilization is often offset by a decrease in the entropy of the system. It has been shown that an enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship exists between the energetic and entropic changes associated with interactions, with more stabilizing interactions tending to result in larger entropy decreases. However, the decrease in entropy associated with the formation of a sigma hole interaction has been shown to approach a limiting value as the energetic favorability of the process is increased, and as such very energetically stabilizing interactions tend to be thermodynamically favored. There are additional factors that contribute to thermodynamic stability in the liquid and solid phases, which cannot be as easily modeled as gas phase interactions. As such, the favorability of a given sigma hole interaction in the liquid or solid phase may not necessarily match that of the gas phase equivalent.
Geometry and vibrational spectra
Atoms interacting via a sigma hole interactions are often closer than the sum of their van der waals radii. In addition, sigma hole interactions are also often associated with changes in the lengths and vibrational stretching frequencies of the covalent bond that gives rise to the sigma hole. Depending on the system engaging in the interaction, either a "blue shift", in which the bond contracts and the vibrational stretching frequency increases, or a "red shift", in which the bond lengthens and the vibrational stretching frequency decreases, is possible. The extent of these effects are related to the strength of the interaction, with stronger interactions tending to produce shorter interatomic distances between the interacting atoms and stronger red shifts.
Scope
The sigma hole formalism has been applied to a wide range of interactions involving electrostatic and dispersive attraction between positively and negatively charged sites. These interactions are typically classified according to the identity of the atom that hosts the positively charged site. Interaction types that are broadly accepted as subclasses of the sigma hole interaction include tetrel bonding (in which a sigma hole resides on an atom of group IV), pnictogen bonding (group V), chalcogen bonding (group VI), and halogen bonding (group VII).
It remains a matter of some debate whether hydrogen bonding is best classified as a sigma hole interaction, in which the sigma hole lies on the Hydrogen atom, or as a distinct class of interactions. While hydrogen bonds and sigma hole interactions of groups IV-VII both exhibit directional preferences towards linearity, the ability of hydrogen bonds to deviate from an ideal 180° angle is much greater. On the other hand, it has been argued that the underlying mechanism dictating both interactions is identical, and the observed difference in orientational preference can be attributed to a difference in the shape of the sigma holes.
Applications
Sigma hole interactions have applications in a variety of fields. The ability to induce stabilizing and strongly directional intermolecular interactions which can be easily tuned via minor structural substitutions makes leveraging these interactions particularly value in fields in which control over supramolecular organization is desired. As such, sigma hole interactions have been used in the field of crystal engineering to design molecular building blocks for self-assembly, to improve the properties of liquid crystals, and to design magnetic materials.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Chemical bonding
Supramolecular chemistry
Molecular biology | Sigma hole interactions | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 1,687 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Nanotechnology",
"Chemical bonding",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
72,453,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium%20dibromide | Thulium dibromide is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of TmBr2. It is a dark green solid that is easy to dissolve, with the SrI2 structure and it needs to be stored in an inert atmosphere.
Preparation
Thulium dibromide can be prepared by reacting thulium with thulium tribromide at 800~900 °C in a vacuum. At high temperatures, the alkali metals can also obtain bromide, but only lithium and sodium reactions obtain thulium dibromide, and the response to the participation of potassium, rubidium, and caesium.
References
Lanthanide halides
Thulium compounds
Bromides | Thulium dibromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 141 | [
"Bromides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
72,453,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup%20%28biology%29 | A supergroup, in evolutionary biology, is a large group of organisms that share one common ancestor and have important defining characteristics. It is an informal, mostly arbitrary rank in biological taxonomy that is often greater than phylum or kingdom, although some supergroups are also treated as phyla.
Eukaryotic supergroups
Since the decade of the 2000s, the eukaryotic tree of life (abbreviated as eToL) has been divided into 5–8 major groupings called 'supergroups'. These groupings were established after the idea that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as ranks, as an alternative to the use of paraphyletic kingdom Protista. In the early days of the eToL six traditional supergroups were considered: Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, "Excavata", Archaeplastida, "Chromalveolata" and Rhizaria. Since then, the eToL has been rearranged profoundly, and most of these groups were found as paraphyletic or lacked defining morphological characteristics that unite their members, which makes the 'supergroup' label more arbitrary.
Currently, the addition of many lineages of newly discovered protists (such as Telonemia, Picozoa, Hemimastigophora, Rigifilida...) and the use of phylogenomic analyses have brought a new, more accurate supergroup model. These are the current supergroups of eukaryotes:
TSAR, constituted by Telonemia and the SAR clade (Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Rhizaria). It is estimated to occupy up to half of all eukaryotic diversity, since it includes multiple major groups such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, seaweeds, ciliates, foraminiferans, radiolarians, and the apicomplexan and oomycete parasites. It essentially contains the majority of "Chromalveolata".
Haptista (also treated as a phylum), previously in "Chromalveolata", comprising the haptophyte algae and centrohelids.
Cryptista (also treated as a phylum), previously in "Chromalveolata", comprising the cryptomonads, katablepharids and the enigmatic Palpitomonas.
Archaeplastida (also treated as a kingdom), constituted by the lineages that acquired chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis: Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta and Rhodelphis.
Amorphea, composed by the Amoebozoa and the Opisthokonta (animals, fungi and related protists). They're related to the breviates and the apusomonads, and together form the clade Obazoa.
CRuMs, composed by the free-living protozoan groups Collodictyonidae, Rigifilida and Mantamonas.
Discoba, constituted by Discicristata (Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea), Jakobida and Tsukubamonas. It is the biggest remaining clade of the "Excavates".
Metamonada, previously part of the "Excavates", entirely containing anaerobic protists.
Hemimastigophora, previously an orphan clade but recently brought into Diaphoretickes.
Provora, the most recent supergroup, containing the previously orphan Ancoracysta.
Many orphan groups of free-living protozoa remain left behind, unable to be added to a supergroup, such as: Picozoa (possibly belongs to Archaeplastida with limited certainty), Malawimonadida (thought to be related to Metamonada), Ancyromonadida, Breviatea, Apusomonadida, etc.
A possible modern topology of the eToL would be the following (supergroups labeled in bold):
Prokaryotic supergroups
The term 'supergroup' is used in phylogenetic studies of bacteria, in a smaller sense than within eukaryotes. As of 2021, it is very commonly used for naming clades within the genus Wolbachia.
References
Eukaryote taxa | Supergroup (biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 924 | [
"Eukaryotes",
"Eukaryote taxa"
] |
72,454,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JADES-GS-z13-0 | JADES-GS-z13-0 is a high-redshift Lyman-break galaxy discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) during NIRCam imaging for the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) on 29 September 2022. Spectroscopic observations by JWST's NIRSpec instrument in October 2022 confirmed the galaxy's redshift of z = 13.2 to a high accuracy, establishing it as the oldest and most distant spectroscopically-confirmed galaxy at the time, with a light-travel distance (lookback time) of 13.4 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe, its present proper distance is approximately 33 billion light-years. In 2024, two older and more distant galaxies, JADES-GS-z14-0 and JADES-GS-z14-1, were found.
JADES-GS-z13-0 is located in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey – South (GOODS-S) field in the constellation Fornax, which includes the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
See also
GN-z11 – Previous record holder from 2016 to 2022. (z = 10.603)
List of the most distant astronomical objects
References
Astronomical objects discovered in 2022
Galaxies
Fornax
Discoveries by the James Webb Space Telescope
Galaxies discovered in 2022 | JADES-GS-z13-0 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 289 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
72,456,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1cP-AL-LAD | 1cP-AL-LAD is an analog of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) which has psychedelic effects and is thought to act as a prodrug for AL-LAD. It has been sold as a designer drug, first identified in France in June 2021.
See also
1cP-LSD
1D-LSD
1P-AL-LAD
1T-AL-LAD
References
Lysergamides
Cyclopropyl compounds
Carboxamides | 1cP-AL-LAD | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
72,458,647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushkin%27s%20goose | Sushkin's goose (Anser neglectus) was a putative species of goose now thought to be extinct. The status as a species has been contested and a 2022 DNA study based on five specimens found no evidence of genetic isolation. It has sometimes been considered a subspecies of the bean goose but some have proposed, based on descriptions in life and specimens, that it was distinctive enough to be treated as a full species. It has been suggested that the Tunguska event of 1908 may have wiped out most of the breeding population in the Taiga region resulting in its dwindling to extinction. Some geese with "neglectus" type characters have been recorded suggesting that the last few populations hybridized with other geese such as the tundra and taiga bean goose in the breeding region.
Description
The species was first described by Professor Petr Sushkin in 1897 based on eight specimens obtained from wintering grounds in Bashkiria. Large numbers were known to winter near Tashkent and Hortobágy in eastern Hungary. Nearly 150,000 were known to winter in Hungary between 1908 and 1911. It had a distinctive double-note “Gé-gé” call, and differed in the size of its bill and its colouration. The feet were pink and the mid portion of the bill was fleshy or rosy, unlike orange in bean geese. The sizes were closer to Anser fabalis rossicus. It was considered as a valid species until it was downgraded by Johansen in 1945. As much of the literature on the species has not been in English, it has largely been ignored. The last known living birds were in the Budapest zoo in 1934. Individuals of Anser serrirostris and Anser fabalis with similar bill colours have been reported which might suggest that the species formerly interbred at the edges of its breeding range.
A large molecular genetics study of bean geese populations used a few examples of what were termed as "neglectus" suggested that they were within the range of variations of a single species. However, it was pointed out, based on the measurements of the bills, that the sequenced specimens claimed as neglectus were in-fact not suitable exemplars, possibly not even representing the true neglectus. Another study in 2022 based on mitochondrial DNA found that neglectus specimens did not have any unique sequence signature and they could be grouped with rossicus or fabalis and might merely reflect developmental and carotenoid pigmentation variations. One specimen showed genetic markers associated with A. middendorfi but was morphologically similar to fabalis.
The breeding zone of the form was never discovered but it has been suggested that it may have been in the Podkamennaya Tunguska river and its basin which was ornithologically under-explored.
References
Birds described in 1897
Extinct birds of Asia
Geese
Anser (bird)
Controversial bird taxa
Tunguska event | Sushkin's goose | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 597 | [
"Controversial taxa",
"Controversial bird taxa",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Tunguska event",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
72,458,942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20suballiacea | Amanita suballiacea is a species of Amanita found in US coast of the Gulf of Mexico occurring with Quercus and Pinus.
References
External links
suballiacea
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Amanita suballiacea | [
"Biology"
] | 46 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,458,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20veldiei | Amanita veldiei is a species of Amanita found in South Africa
References
External links
veldiei
Fungus species | Amanita veldiei | [
"Biology"
] | 29 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,458,991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20canescens | Amanita canescens is a species of Amanita found from Connecticut to Alabama, United States.
References
External links
canescens
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Amanita canescens | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,459,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus%20tenuithrix | Cantharellus tenuithrix is a species of Cantharellus found in hardwood forests from Texas to Tennessee and Florida
References
External links
tenuithrix
Fungi described in 2011
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Cantharellus tenuithrix | [
"Biology"
] | 45 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,459,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus%20quercophilus | Cantharellus quercophilus is a species of Cantharellus found in the western Gulf Coast region of the United States from Texas to Florida. The mushrooms are found growing in savanna habitats with Post Oak (Quercus stellata) and other Quercus.
References
External links
quercophilus
Fungi described in 2010
Fungi of North America
Fungus species
Mycorrhizal associates of oaks | Cantharellus quercophilus | [
"Biology"
] | 81 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,459,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley%20Winslow | Lindley Winslow is an experimental nuclear and particle physicist, and associate professor at MIT.
Biography
Winslow grew up in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.
Winslow completed her BA in physics in 2001 and her PhD in 2008 at University of California at Berkeley, before doing a postdoc at MIT. She was an assistant professor at University of California, Los Angeles before moving back to MIT in 2015, where she works on the search for dark matter.
In 2016, Winslow was consulted on the equations in the Ghostbusters reboot film.
In 2018, Winslow established a grant programme especially for women physicists.
Awards and honours
2021 – Fellow of the American Physical Society for "leadership in the search for axion-like particles that may be dark matter candidates, and for the establishment of the groundbreaking ABRACADABRA detector for this search, and also for valuable detector development for the field of neutrinoless double beta decay."
2016 – UCLA Hellman Fellow
2011 – Michelson Postdoctoral Prize Lectureship
2010 – L'Oreal USA Fellowship For Women in Science
Selected publications
References
External links
Winslow Lab | Yay Winslow Group!
Living people
Women nuclear physicists
Particle physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
American women physicists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American women scientists
American nuclear physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society | Lindley Winslow | [
"Physics"
] | 279 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
72,459,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PoC%20radio | A PoC radio (short for push to talk over cellular radio), also known as PTToC radio, is an instant communication device that is based on the cellular network. It is a radio device that incorporates push-to-talk technology into a cellular radio handset. It allows users to communicate with one or more receivers instantly, in a half-duplex mode.
Although a PoC radio is a walkie-talkie-like device, there are substantial differences between them. Compared to the latter, the former has a wider range of channels, covers a wider area, and does not require a license to transmit. In addition, a PoC radio supports advanced functions, such as, video calls, multimedia messages, GPS location tracking, and emergency notifications.
PoC radios are widely used in the industries of private security, logistics, hospitality, and rescue. The representative manufacturers of such equipments include Hytera and ToooAir.
History
The concept of PoC was introduced by U.S. telecommunications company Nextel in 1987. The first commercial use of PoC radios was also started by the company in 2002.
In June 2005, the Open Mobile Alliance rolled out an approved standard called "PoC 1.0". In April 2020, Hytera presented a PoC radio named PNC550, equipped with a 5-inch touchscreen that supports full operation using gloves.
References
American inventions
Radio communications
Mobile telecommunications user equipment | PoC radio | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 295 | [
"Mobile telecommunications",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio communications",
"Mobile telecommunications user equipment"
] |
72,460,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition-rate%20matrix | In probability theory, a transition-rate matrix (also known as a Q-matrix, intensity matrix, or infinitesimal generator matrix) is an array of numbers describing the instantaneous rate at which a continuous-time Markov chain transitions between states.
In a transition-rate matrix (sometimes written ), element (for ) denotes the rate departing from and arriving in state . The rates , and the diagonal elements are defined such that
,
and therefore the rows of the matrix sum to zero.
Up to a global sign, a large class of examples of such matrices is provided by the Laplacian of a directed, weighted graph. The vertices of the graph correspond to the Markov chain's states.
Properties
The transition-rate matrix has following properties:
There is at least one eigenvector with a vanishing eigenvalue, exactly one if the graph of is strongly connected.
All other eigenvalues fulfill .
All eigenvectors with a non-zero eigenvalue fulfill .
The Transition-rate matrix satisfies the relation where P(t) is the continuous stochastic matrix.
Example
An M/M/1 queue, a model which counts the number of jobs in a queueing system with arrivals at rate λ and services at rate μ, has transition-rate matrix
See also
Stochastic matrix
References
Markov processes
Matrices | Transition-rate matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 277 | [
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
72,460,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endococcus%20thelommatis | Endococcus thelommatis is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Lichenotheliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists Jana Kocourková and Kerry Knudsen. The fungus grows on the lichen Thelomma santessonii, a common saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that is endemic to the coast and islands of Southern California and Mexico's Baja California. Endococcus thelommatis is the first lichenicolous fungus to have been reported from this lichen.
References
Dothideomycetes
Lichenicolous fungi
Fungi described in 2011
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Endococcus thelommatis | [
"Biology"
] | 151 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,460,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%20illusion | Turkey illusion is a cognitive bias describing the surprise resulting from a break in a trend, if one does not know the causes or the framework conditions for this trend. The concept was first introduced by Bertrand Russell to illustrate a problem with inductive reasoning.
Relevant disciplines for uncovering such biases include psychology and behavioral economics.
The story
In a variation from Russell's original, a turkey designated for Thanksgiving is fed and cared for every day until it is slaughtered. With each feeding, its certainty or confidence that nothing will happen to it increases, based on past experience. From the turkey's point of view, the certainty that it will be fed and cared for again the next day is greatest on the night before it dies, of all days. Nevertheless, it is slaughtered that day, by the very person who cared for it.
The story appears in Bertrand Russell's 1912 The Problems of Philosophy as relating to a chicken:
Interpretation
The slaughter comes as a complete surprise to the turkey, who - in anthropomorphic formulation - "only extrapolates a trend" and "does not recognize the impending trend break". To recognize this trend break, the turkey would have had to find out the causes of the trend. By doing so, it would have known about the motivational state of the human who feeds it every day. In order to "think outside the box" and leave known or familiar thought patterns, creativity and the ability to change perspectives are necessary. This was not possible for the turkey due to insufficient information.
References
Cognitive biases
Illusions
Behavioral economics | Turkey illusion | [
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioral economics",
"Behaviorism"
] |
72,463,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20flavipes | Amanita flavipes is a species of Amanita found in oak and conifer forest of China, India, Japan, Pakistan, and South Korea.
References
External links
flavipes
Fungi of Asia
Fungi described in 1933
Fungus species | Amanita flavipes | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,463,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20polypyramis | Amanita polypyramis is a species of Amanita found in the Eastern United States. It is a large, bone white mushroom with a chlorine-like odor. Its species name, polypyramis, refers to the pyramid-like warts on the surface of the pileus (cap).
Though listed in some sources as ranging from New Jersey, to Costa Rica in Central America, the species has been found as far north as New England, concentrated largely in Cape Cod.
References
External links
polypyramis
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Amanita polypyramis | [
"Biology"
] | 117 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,463,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20calyptratoides | Amanita calyptratoides, or Peck's candlestick amanita, is a species of Amanita found in southern California
References
External links
calyptratoides
Fungi of California
Fungi described in 1909
Fungus species | Amanita calyptratoides | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
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