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76,930,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20Blanket | The Gravity Blanket is a weighted blanket product originally developed by—and subsequently spun off from—the technology media company Futurism. The blanket was crowdfunded via a viral Kickstarter campaign that exceeded its fundraising goal by nearly US$4.7 million. The blanket was considered by Time magazine to be among the top 50 inventions of 2018, with the magazine noting that while Gravity did not create the idea of a weighted blanket, it "perfected the art of marketing them to the masses."
Corporate history
Futurism's products arm developed the idea of their Gravity Blanket a month after the 2016 United States presidential election and the general rise in anxiety disorders observed in the general population. In 2019 following Futurism's sale to Singularity University, Gravity was spun out into its own company, Gravity Brand Holdings LLC, led by Mike Grillo and Alex Klokus, Futurism's founder. The company was subsequently acquired in 2021 by Win Brands Group, with Grillo citing a limited ability to grow without a retail store footprint. According to The Wall Street Journal, at the time of the sale, the company itself was profitable and generated $22 million in revenue in 2020, with 20 percent increases year-over-year. The Gravity Blanket accounted for "roughly" 70 percent of its revenue, with other sleep products also being successful.
Kickstarter campaign and viral growth
The Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the Gravity Blanket was launched in April 2017 with a listed goal of US$21,500. During the campaign's first day, it raised US$150,000US$128,500 more than its stated goal. After the company purchased advertising, more than US$2 million was raised within two weeks. When the campaign closed, it had raised more than US$4.7 million.
Early in the blanket's campaign, the news website STAT uncovered that the campaign made, according to the New Yorker, "big claims on shaky research", claiming that the blankets could treat psychological ailments. When this came to the attention of Kickstarter, Gravity removed the word "treat" before ultimately deleting the section entirely.
By May 2018, the company had grossed approximately US$15 million in sales and shipped 65,000 units after a feature on Good Morning America. Gravity partnered with Pizza Hut to create a limited-edition circular, pizza-themed weighted blanket in 2020. It was sold at a price of US$150, a 25 percent discount from their regular product line. It was dubbed as "Pizza Hut's most expensive pizza" by The Today Show.
Public reception
The Gravity Blanket received generally favorable reviews from both critics and consumers, with USA Today noting that it received a 4.5 out of 5-star rating with more than 1,500 reviews and WIRED that Gravity "is one of the best-known names" in the weighted blankets' category. When featured on the Today show, the blanket was found appealing "like an adult swaddle."
In her 2018 review for the New Yorker, staff writer Jia Tolentino was impressed with the Gravity Blanket, noting that while she normally had fitful sleeps, the gravity blanket "felt wonderful" and noted how "that night I slept so deeply that I woke up unnerved." Tolentino added the blanket to her nightly routine and found that it "enacts a fantasy of immobilization that is especially seductive in a world of ever-expanding obligations".
In a review for The Guardian, Rhik Samadder called the blanket "deeply comforting" and, despite the blanket being "hot", he was "highly impressed". Entrepreneur magazine considered the product to be among "10 genius marketing campaigns that went viral" in 2018 while Time magazine credited it as one of the top 50 inventions of 2018 that, while not a new product field developed by Gravity, the company "perfected the art of marketing them to the masses."
Writing for USA Today, Lindsey Vickers shared observations similar to those of Tolentino and Samadder. Vickers reported experiencing "even more restful sleep than usual," although she acknowledged the potential for overheating. She stopped short of claiming it alleviated her stress and anxiety but noted an improvement in her ability to fall asleep quickly and appreciated the blanket's comforting pressure. Vickers commended the blanket's construction, remarking on its thoughtful design evident in its use. Echoing Samadder, she also mentioned the blanket's tendency to overheat the bed, expressing reluctance to use it during even slightly warm nights due to concerns of waking up uncomfortable and less than rejuvenated.
Vickers observed that some reviewers considered the blanket's weight options limited, with the potential to be too heavy for individuals of lighter weight, and noted "feeling too heavy" as a frequent criticism. Vickers highlighted that the blanket garnered over 1,500 consumer reviews, with a portion crediting it for helping to manage or alleviate their anxiety symptoms. Vickers ultimately determined that despite the high price, the blanket is unlikely to disappoint those who tolerate the warmth and seek a high-quality weighted blanket.
References
Blankets
Crowdfunding projects
Products introduced in 2017
Kickstarter-funded products
Products introduced in the 2010s
Internet-based works | Gravity Blanket | [
"Technology"
] | 1,070 | [
"Multimedia",
"Internet-based works"
] |
76,934,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Xperia%201%20VI | Xperia 1 VI is a smartphone product of the Sony Xperia 1 range. The phone was released on May 15, 2024, powered by the Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 chipset and Qualcomm Snapdragon X75 modem. The phone's display has a 19.5:9 aspect ratio, which is uncommon, and it has an upgraded camera.
The phone will not be released in the United States.
Hardware
There is a dedicated shutter button.
It is equipped with the following camera lenses:
48MP 24mm effective primary lens with AI Auto Focus.
12 MP 16mm ultrawide lens.
12 MP Telephoto optical zoom lens with a focal length of 85mm to 170mm, allowing for long-distance shooting up to x7.1 zoom.
The Xperia 1 VI comes in Black, Platinum Silver, Khaki Green, and Scarlet Red. Its display uses a 6.50" 120Hz LTPO OLED panel with BRAVIA screen, which supports the HDR BT.2020 standard. Unlike its predecessor, the Xperia 1 V, it has an FHD+ resolution instead of 4K.
It has a two-day battery life with a 5000mAh lithium battery.
The phone has a IP65, IP68 standard dust and water body protection.
It has 12GB of RAM paired with 256GB or 512GB of storage.
Software
There is Xperia UI and Android 14 with gaming mode customizations. A unified camera app replacing previous two separate apps has been added. The phone has a specialized music recording app.
The Android 15 update was released on the 20th of November 2024, which also introduced the dedicated Video Pro mode in the camera app, along with the 1st of November 2024 security patch level.
References
External links
Sony smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2024
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Flagship smartphones | Sony Xperia 1 VI | [
"Technology"
] | 380 | [
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
78,262,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Trotz | Maya Trotz is a Guyanese environmental engineer and academic at the University of South Florida.
Early life
Maya Trotz was born to Ulric and Marilyne Trotz on 25 February 1973 in Kitty, Georgetown in Guyana. Her father Ulric was a chemist and involved in the establishment of the Institute of Applied Science and Technology in Guyana.
Her mother died in 2021 from Covid-19, after which she urged officials to take further precautions to improve the response to Covid-19 in the Caribbean.
Education
Trotz's primary education was at St Margaret's Primary and she then went on the Queen's College. Whilst Trotz had an interest in the arts she decided to pursue the sciences.
Trotz majored in Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a minor in Theatre. It was during this time that she discovered Environmental Engineering leading to her post-graduate study of the subject at Stanford University.
Career
On completion of her doctoral research, Trotz joined the University of South Florida as an assistant professor in 2004. She is now a
Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of South Florida. Trotz has undertaken research with organisations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Inter-American Development Bank and Guyana Water Incorporated. Trotz's research centres around environmental engineering and education as a tool for sustainable development and widening participation. She has participated in research focused on the Americas and the Caribbean in particular.
In 2013 Trotz was one of the founders for the Caribbean Science Foundation, originally starting in Barbados, the foundation is now active in twelve Caribbean countries. She was also on the governing council of the foundation. During this time she was also part of the Sagicor Visionaries Challenge, named in recognition of the financial contribution to the foundation from Sagicor. Trotz is also a board member for Fragments of Hope Corp, a non-governmental organisation which is dedicated to scalable solutions for coral reef restoration in Belize.
In 2018, Trotz became the president of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP), becoming the first African American woman to do so.
Awards
In 2014 Trotz received the AEESP Award for Outstanding Contribution to Environmental Engineering and Science Education. In 2021 Trotz received the Steven K. Dentel AEESP Award for Global Outreach due to her "extensive" and "sustained portfolio of accomplishments".
References
Guyanese women academics
Environmental engineers
21st-century women engineers
Living people
1973 births
People from Georgetown, Guyana
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of South Florida faculty
Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors
Guyanese emigrants to the United States | Maya Trotz | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 548 | [
"Environmental engineers",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
78,262,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203843 | NGC 3843 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Virgo, first cataloged by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. Classified as type S0-a, it shows characteristics intermediate between elliptical and spiral galaxies, without prominent spiral arms. The galaxy has a visual magnitude of approximately 13.5, making it relatively faint and challenging to observe without larger telescopes. With an angular size of about 0.9 by 0.4 arcminutes, NGC 3843 is around 270 million light-years from Earth, determined by its redshift of 0.0197.
Characteristics
NGC 3843 is a lenticular galaxy of type S0-a, indicating that it has properties intermediate between elliptical and spiral galaxies. These characteristics are common in lenticular galaxies, which often feature a prominent central bulge and a faint, disk-like structure without distinct spiral arms. NGC 3843's apparent size is approximately 0.9 by 0.4 arcminutes, with a visual magnitude of 13.5, making it a dim object that requires moderate to large telescopes for observation.
The galaxy's redshift is measured at 0.019707, corresponding to a radial velocity of around 5,854 km/s, placing NGC 3843 roughly 270 million light-years (or 83.2 megaparsecs) from Earth. Its surface brightness of 12.4 mag/arcmin2 reflects its dim appearance against the background sky. As a member of the Virgo Cluster, NGC 3843 is situated among other galaxies in a dense region of space, which offers valuable insights into the evolution of lenticular galaxies within large galaxy clusters.
History
NGC 3843 was first cataloged by the German-British astronomer William Herschel, a key figure in the 18th century known for his systematic deep-sky surveys. Herschel’s extensive observations contributed to what would later become the New General Catalogue (NGC), a comprehensive listing of nebulae and galaxies compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888.
The discovery of NGC 3843 took place during an era when astronomers were beginning to recognize the vastness of the universe beyond the Milky Way. Herschel’s work laid the groundwork for later astronomers who studied galaxies like NGC 3843 to understand their properties and distribution. With advancements in telescopic technology, 20th- and 21st-century surveys, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), have provided detailed images and data, revealing its structure as a lenticular galaxy within the Virgo Cluster.
References
Lenticular galaxies
3843
Virgo (constellation) | NGC 3843 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 525 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,262,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203848 | NGC 3848 is a faint lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Virgo, notable for its small size and distant position in the sky. First observed by William Herschel in 1785, this galaxy has an apparent magnitude of approximately 13.1, making it challenging to observe without advanced telescopic equipment. It has angular dimensions of roughly 1.4 by 0.8 arcminutes and is situated about 288 million light-years (88.3 Mpc) from Earth.
NGC 3848 is part of the Hickson Compact Group 58 (HCG 58), a small cluster of galaxies that appear to interact gravitationally, causing certain irregularities and star formation within the group. In catalogs, NGC 3848 is sometimes referenced by additional identifiers, such as PGC 36319 and UGC 6661, among others, and is studied in the context of galactic structure and dynamics in compact groups.
Characteristics
NGC 3848 is classified as an S0 lenticular galaxy, representing a transitional type between elliptical and spiral galaxies. Lenticular galaxies like NGC 3848 typically feature a bright central bulge with a surrounding disk, but they lack the prominent spiral arms seen in true spiral galaxies. This galaxy spans approximately 1.4 by 0.8 arcminutes in the night sky, with a visual magnitude of 13.1, making it relatively faint and requiring medium-to-large telescopes for observation.
With a redshift of 0.020904, NGC 3848 is located about 288 million light-years (88.3 Mpc) from Earth, moving away at a radial velocity of around 6,270 km/s. Its surface brightness is measured at 13.1 mag/arcmin², indicating a faint appearance against the night sky. NGC 3848 is part of the Hickson Compact Group 58 (HCG 58), a cluster of nearby galaxies that interact gravitationally. This environment likely affects its structure and evolution, as such interactions are known to induce star formation and other changes in galaxies.
References
3848
Virgo (constellation)
Lenticular galaxies | NGC 3848 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 422 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,263,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Eischen | Ellen Elizabeth Eischen (born 1979) is an American mathematician specializing in number theory, and especially in the analytic, geometric, and algebraic properties of automorphic forms and -functions. She is a professor of mathematics at the University of Oregon and a von Neumann Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Beyond mathematics research, Eischen has also popularized mathematical visualization and creativity through an exhibit at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art that became "the museum’s most visited virtual exhibit of all time".
Education and career
Eischen graduated from Princeton University in 2003. She completed a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in 2009, with the dissertation -adic Differential Operators on Automorphic Forms and Applications supervised by Christopher Skinner.
She became a Ralph Boas Assistant Professor at Northwestern University from 2009 to 2012, and an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 2012 to 2015, before moving to the University of Oregon in 2015. She was promoted to associate professor in 2017 and full professor in 2023. She is a von Neumann Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study for 2024–2025.
Recognition
Eischen was named as a 2024 Fellow of the Association for Women in Mathematics, "for her outstanding leadership in support of women in mathematics; for her sustained efforts to create new research opportunities for women at conferences, including at APAW, AWM, WIN, and MSRI/SLMath; and for her innovative approach to creating diverse communities in math with an AWM reading room and math art exhibits". She was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, in the 2025 class of fellows.
References
External links
Home page
Creativity Counts: Possibilities Shaped by Constraints of Arithmetic, Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, 2021
1979 births
Living people
American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Number theorists
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
University of Oregon faculty
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society | Ellen Eischen | [
"Mathematics"
] | 409 | [
"Number theorists",
"Number theory"
] |
78,263,771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense%20Resources%20Act | The Defense Resources Act (DRA) was draft emergency legislation of the United States Government. A 1983 submission to Congress confirmed the existence of the plan. The present and prior status of the DRA proposal is not immediately certain.
Background
Reagan Administration officials presented a draft plan of legislative text that could be submitted to Congress for approval during a national emergency, such as nuclear war. The decision to make such a request would be the prerogative of the president. Congress would be free to accept, modify or reject the proposals. If enacted into law, the DRA would amend the Defense Production Act (DPA).
These DRA and DPA enactments collectively would form the basis of a substantial part of Reagan's nuclear war and emergency plans. After enactment, the president would be free to sign orders and directives employing the approved legislation as a legal and statutory basis for presidential emergency powers. Such plans for legislation would coexist with a portfolio of other emergency action papers, including Presidential Emergency Action Documents and Other than a Plan D situation documents.
The table of contents of the proposed legislation calls for several Titles that would form the basis of key emergency authorities. Title X authorized the president to direct federal officials to employ limited international censorship of communications entering and leaving the USA. Other draft Titles authorized seizure of industrial plants and economic stabilization via price controls.
DPA proposals to Congress by Reagan staff employed significant constitutional safeguards. They do not contain a request for Congress to suspend per se any part of the Constitution. Sections of the law specifically address Fifth Amendment safeguards. Title X limits censorship to information entering or leaving the USA. It did not call for press censorship of domestic news. It should be remembered these plans contemplated nuclear war, in which many freedoms might be in grave wartime jeopardy as the nation fought for its existence.
Whether enacted as part of a war emergency or other non-military event, Congress at all times retained the constitutional authority to amend, revoke or modify these authorities, by veto override, should the contingency arise. The proposals did not limit oversight by the Congress or federal judiciary and Supreme Court of the United States, nor did they give the president unlimited or perpetual unilateral or unconstitutional power. However, scholars will need to examine this material in light of current jurisprudence.
The question of resolving conflicts between Congress and the White House over authority in these matters would presumably be up to federal courts. The president has inherent constitutional powers that may overlap some proposed plans and that do not derive from Congress. Similarly, presidential powers with respect to the Emergency Alert System would not exist without statute laws of Congress that authorize EAS.
Congress could cancel EAS if desired, leaving no FCC rules to carry out EAS presidential messages. Further, the president does not require approval from Congress as to his Commander in Chief powers, but Congress can limit presidential powers by revocation of funding. DPA amendments approved via DRA would simply grant or revoke authorization for the president to act, which he might or might not do. Further, the president is constrained by impeachment, should Congress decide the president abused his authorities. Lastly, all such plans require funding, the source and quantity of which in nuclear war is questionable. Parts of the DPA proposal address the Fifth Amendment mandate to compensate owners for seizure of private property.
References
Reagan Era
Nuclear warfare | Defense Resources Act | [
"Chemistry"
] | 674 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear warfare"
] |
78,263,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20media%20age%20verification%20laws%20in%20the%20United%20States | In 2022 California passed The California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act or AB 2273 which requires websites that are likely to be used by minors to estimate visitors ages to give them some amount of privacy control and on March 23, 2023, Utah Governor Spencer Cox signed SB 152 and HB 311 collective known as the Utah Social Media Regulation Act which requires age verification and if they are under 18 they have to get parental consent before making an account on any social media platform. Since then multiple bills have been introduced or passed in multiple states however very few gone into effect mainly due to court challenges including both laws in California and Utah.
Criticism
Many, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union and NetChoice, have criticized social media age verification laws because of the risk that they pose to privacy and having a burden on free speech as well as being ineffective.
Social Media Age Verification Law
Arkansas
On April 11, 2023, The Governor of Arkansas Sarah Huckabee Sanders signed SB 396 also known as The Social Media Safety Act. The law requires certain social media that make over 100 million dollars per year to verify the age of new users by a third party and if that user is under 18 years of age, they must have parental consent before being an account holder. It excludes platforms that social media company that allows a user to generate short video clips as well as interactive and virtual games. The law was set to go in effect in September 2023 and is enforced by the attorney general of Arkansas.
On June 29, 2023 The Trade Association NetChoice sued the Attorney General of Arkansas Tim Griffin and was case was in The Western District Court of Arkansas to block him from being able to enforce the law. Later on July 7, 2023, NetChoice would file its motion for a preliminary injunction to block enforcement of the law. The American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Fontier Foundation would file a brief in the lawsuit in support of NetChoice. On July 27, 2023, Tim Griffin and Tony Allen would file briefs in opposition to the preliminary injunction. A hearing for the preliminary injunction would be held on August 15, 2023, the judge for the hearing was Timothy L. Brooks. The Preliminary Injunction was later granted by Judge Timothy L. Brooks on August 31, 2023 with his reasoning being that the law was too vague and that Netchoice's members will suffer irreparable harm if the act goes into effect and that age restrictions were ineffective.
California
California Age-Appropriate Design Code (AB 2273)
On September 15, 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed AB 2273 also known as The California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act or CAADCA. The most controversial parts of the law were that it requires online services that are likely to be used by children which is defined as anyone under 18 years of age to estimate the age of child users with a "reasonable level of certainty". It also requires theses online services to fill out Data Protection Impact Assessments or DPIAs to the attorney general of California with one of the DPIA requirements being wither or not an online product, service, or feature could harm children, including by exposing children to harmful, or potentially harmful, content on the online product, service, or feature. the law doesn't define what content is harmful or potentially harmful to minors. Before the law took effect the Electronic Fontier Foundation sent a veto request to Gavin Newsom against him to veto the bill before it became law.
On December 14, 2022 NetChoice would file a lawsuit against Rob Bonta who is the attorney general of California to The District Court for the Northern District of California. After this on September 18, 2023, Federal Judge Beth Labson Freeman granted a preliminary injunction against the law blocking it from taking effect. The law was appealed to the 9th Circuit on October 23, 2023. The 9th Circuit would later on August 16, 2024, affirm the injunction against the DPIA section of the law and would send the rest of the law back down to the district court because the argument in the 9th circuit was mainly focused on the DPIA and not sections of the law such as its "dark patterns" section.
Protecting Our Kids from Social Media Addiction Act (SB 976)
On September 20, 2024, Gavin Newsom signed SB 976 or Protecting Our Kids from Social Media Addiction Act. The law requires online platforms to not give anyone under 18 years of age an "addictive" feed unless they have verified parental consent. It also requires online platforms to not send notifications to someone under 18 between 12:00 am and 6:00 am any day without parental consent or between 8:00 am – 3:00 pm without parental consent between the months of September and May, however the law doesn't define what a "notification" is. The law's rule making and enforcement is by the Attorney General of California the law goes into effect on January 1, 2025, however from January 1, 2025 - December 31, 2026, platforms don't need to do age verification.
On November 12, 2024 the trade association NetChoice sued the California Attorney General Rob Bonta to block SB 976 from taking effect. The case is in the Northern District Court of California and the Judge for the case is Edward John Davila.
On December 17, 2024, a hearing was held in the Northern District Court of California for Netchoice's motion for a preliminary injunction.
On December 31, 2024, Judge Edward John Davila blocked the section of SB 976 which required platforms covered by the law to restrict notifications at certain times of the day as well as section 27002(b)(1) of law which requires covered platforms to restrict access to a minors account between 12 am - 6 am by default, he also blocked Section 27005 of law which requires platforms to report annually the number of minors on their service as well as the number of times a covered platform has received parental consent to access an addictive feed.
He however didn't block the age assures or blocking minors from having "addictive" feeds without parental consent. His reasoning for this was that age assurance that runs in the background doesn't restricts adults access to speech and that since regulating feeds didn't violate the first amendment because it was content neutral and didn't remove any content from a covered platform.
One day later on January 1, 2025, NetChoice filed a motion to block the full law during the appeals process to the Ninth Circuit. NetChoice claimed that the court erred in its reading of the Supreme Court case Moody v. NetChoice my mainly focusing on the concurring opinions in the case and not the main opinion of the court.
The same day as NetChoice filed a motion to block the full law during the appeals process, Judge Edward John Davila made an order stating that California's response to NetChoice was due 11:59 pm PT the same day.
California would respond the same day to NetChoice's motion to block the full law during the appeals process claiming that the court shouldn't block the full law claiming that NetChoice had misread Moody v. NetChoice and that NetChoice's members wouldn't likely face any harm from the act because some of their members such as X (formerly Twitter) already offer their members different types of feeds that weren't personalized.
The next day on January 2, 2025, Judge Edward John Davila would grant NetChoice's motion to block the full law during the appeals process by delaying the effective date of the law from January 1, 2025, to February 1, 2025.
On January 2, 2025, NetChoice appealed the case to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Florida
On January 5, 2024, Tylor Sirois would introduce HB 1 which would ban anyone under 16 from using any social media platform and would require platforms to verify the age of users to make sure they weren't under 16. Right after the bill passed the Florida State House The American Civil Liberties Union would make a blog post being in opposition to the bill claiming the bill violates the rights of minor and adults. The bill would later be vetoed by the governor of Florida Ron DeSantis on March 1, 2024, claiming that the State Legislature was going to enact a "superior" bill to HB 1. The "superior" Bill was HB 3 which decreased the minimum age from 16 to 14 and allowed minors aged 14 and 15 to make social media accounts with parental consent, it later was signed on March 25, 2024, and took effect on January 1, 2025. A surge of 1,150% in VPN demand in Florida was detected in the first few hours after the new law came into effect. VPN services provide the ability to circumvent the law.
On October 28, 2024, The Trade Associations NetChoice and Computer and Communications Industry Association would file a lawsuit against the law. The Judge for the case is Mark E. Walker.
Oral Argument for the case challenging HB 3 will take place on either February 27 or 28, 2025.
Georgia
On April 23, 2024, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp signed SB 351 into law which became Act 463 after signing it. Act 463 requires platforms to verify the age of users of social media platforms and if that user is under 16 years of age that must have parental consent before making an account, it also requires schools to ban all social media platforms including YouTube. Before the law was signed The Trade Association NetChoice would send a veto request to The Governor of Georgia claiming the law was unconstitutional and was bad policy. After the bill was signed the American Civil Liberties Union and NetChoice criticized the bill.
Louisiana
Secure Online Child Interaction and Age Limitation Act (SB 162)
On June 28, 2023, John Bel Edwards signed SB 162 also known as the Secure Online Child Interaction and Age Limitation Act. It requires social media platforms to verify the age of users and if that user is under 16 to get parental consent before they can be an account holder and prohibits account holders under 16 from messaging adults on the service unless they are already connected, and prohibits the display of advertising based on user data and the collection of unneccessary personal information. A parent or guardian of a user under 16 is permitted to monitor the child's account.
The law excludes online email, video games, streaming services, news, sports, and entertainment as long as the content isn't user generated. The law is enforced and guided by the Department of Justice of Louisiana and it took effect on July 1, 2024.
HB 61
on June 28, 2023, John Bel Edwards signed HB 61 the same day he signed SB 162 the law requires parental consent for anyone under 18 before making an account on an "interactive computer service" and it took effect on August 1, 2024.
NetChoice would make a testimony being in opposition against both laws and would send a veto request for HB 61, however they have yet to sue the state of Louisiana over them.
Mississippi
On April 30, 2024, Tate Reeves who is the Governor of Mississippi signed HB 1126 also known as The Walker Montgomery Protecting Children Online Act.
Section 4 of the law requires "digital service providers" to make a commercially reasonable effort to verify the age of anyone who wants to make an account in the state of Mississippi and if that user is under 18, they must have consent from a parent or guardian.
Section 5 of the law requires digital service providers to limit collection of the known minor's personal data, collect a minor's geolocation data, or display targeted advertising not suitable for minors.
Section 6 of the law requires digital service providers to "prevent and mitigate" the posting of harmful content about issues such as eating disorders and substance abuse as well as any illegal activity.
On June 7, 2024, The Trade Association NetChoice sued the Attorney General of Mississippi Lynn Flitch to the Southern District Court of Mississippi to block her from being able to enforce the law before it took effect on July 1 of the same year. On June 18, 2024 The Electronic Fontier Foundation filed a brief in the case in favor of NetChoice for a Preliminary Injunction. The state of Mississippi would file its brief in opposition to NetChoice's motion for a Preliminary Injunction on June 18, 2024, the same day when the Electronic Fontier Foundation filed its brief in support of NetChoice. On June 21, 2024, NetChoice filed its reply brief to Mississippi's opposition brief. Later on July 1, 2024, Federal Judge Halil Suleyman Ozerden granted NetChoice's motion for a Preliminary Injunction against the law blocking it from going into effect.
The case was appealed to the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals on July 5, 2024, and is wanting a decision from the court.
New York
On June 20, 2024, The Governor of New York Kathy Hochul signed S7694A or the SAFE For Kids Act into law. The law requires operators to use age determination technology on users and not to give "addictive" feeds to anyone under 18 years of age unless they have parental consent. It also requires operators to not send notifications to a minors account between 12:00 AM – 6:00 AM Eastern Standard Time unless they have verified parental consent. The law takes effect 180 days after the Attorney General of New York promulgates rules and regulations on how to follow the law, the penalty for violating the law is a fine up to 5,000 dollars per violation.
The law has been criticized by the Electronic Fontier Foundation and NetChoice because the law requires age verification, however neither the Electronic Fontier Foundation nor NetChoice has yet sued New York over the law yet.
Ohio
On July 4, 2023, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine signed HB 33 which was the bill for the fiscal years of 2024-2025 in Ohio a part of that bill was the Social Media Parental Notification Act which requires online gaming and social media platforms that are likely to be used by minors under 16 and requires users under 16 years of age to have verified parental consent before they can making a contract on a social media or online gaming platform and was going to take effect on January 15, 2024, the law is enforced by the Attorney General of Ohio. Mike DeWine and Jon Husted both advocated for the law to be added in the fiscal years 2024-2025 bill.
On January 5, 2024, NetChoice sued Dave Yost, who is the Attorney General of Ohio to the Southern District Court of Ohio claiming the law was unconstitutionally vague and was in violation of the First Amendment and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Four days later after NetChoice make its complaint on January 9, 2024, Chief Judge Algenon L. Marbley granted a Temporary Restraining Order, temporally blocking the law from going into effect. On January 19, 2024 Lieutenant Governor Jon Husted filed a brief in opposition to a Preliminary Injunction against the law claiming that the law protects the welfare of minors, protected minors from mental health issues as well as the privacy of minors and protecting them from predators and that Ohio had a compelling government interest in the law. NetChoice on January 26, 2024, filed another brief in support of a Preliminary Injunction. The Attorney General of Ohio made a brief replying to NetChoice's brief in support of a Preliminary Injunction.
On February 7, 2024, a hearing was held for NetChoice's motion for a Preliminary Injunction against the law. 5 days later after the hearing on February 12, 2024, Chief Judge Algenon L. Marbley granted NetChoice's motion for a Preliminary Injunction.
Tennessee
On May 2, 2024, Tennesse Governor Bill Lee signed HB 1891 also known as the Protecting Kids From Social Media Act. The law requires social media companies to verify by a third party the age of all users within 14 days of them attempting to access an existing account and if the person attempting to access that account is under 18 years of age, then they must get parental consent. Parenta are allowed to view privacy settings on the account, set daily time restrictions, and implement breaks during which the minor cannot access the account of account holders under 18. The law takes effect January 1, 2025, and is enforced by the Attorney General of Tennesse.
On October 3, 2024, The Trade Association NetChoice sued Tennesse Attorney General Johnathan Skrmetti to The Middle District Court of Tennessee. The case is still wanting a decision in the District Court and Chief Judge William L. Campbell Jr is assigned to the case.
Texas
On June 13, 2023, Texas Governor signed HB 18 also known as The SCOPE Act. The law requires minors under 18 to have verified consent from a parent or guardian. Section 509.101 of bill requires that this verification should be done by using a commercially reasonable method.
In Section 509.052 of the law minors aren't allowed to make purchases or engage in other financial and digital service providers aren't allowed to collect the known minor's precise geolocation or display targeted advertising to the known minor.
Section 509.053 of the law requires digital service providers are required to prevent the known minor's exposure to harmful material and other content that promotes, glorifies, or facilitates the following suicide, self-harm, or eating disorders; substance abuse; stalking, bullying, or harassment; or grooming, trafficking, child pornography, or other sexual exploitation or abuse.
The bill was criticized by the Chamber of Progress because the bill required platforms to filter out "grooming" content which could be used to censor LGBTQ content and claim that the bill with have an isolating effect on LGBTQ Minors.
On July 30, 2024, the Computer and Communications Industry Association and NetChoice would sue Ken Paxton who is the Attorney General of Texas in the Western District Court of Texas.
Later on, August 16, 2024, the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression helped four plaintiffs sue Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton as well.
On August 30, 2024, Federal Judge Robert Pitman would grant Computer and Communications Industry Association and NetChoice a Preliminary Injunction against the laws "harmful to minors" section of it.
Utah
On March 23, 2023, Utah's Governor Spencer Cox signed SB 152 and HB 311 collective known as the Utah Social Media Regulation Act. SB 152 requires social media platforms with at least 5 million accounts worldwide to verify the age of all account holders and if they are under 18, they must have consent from a parent or guardian and the parent or guardian of a minor is allowed to view all their post and messages sent to them. SB 152 also prohibits direct messaging between other users if that user hasn't been linked to the account already. The act also prohibits the display of targeted advertising to minors, it also requires that between 10:30 AM – 6:30 PM Mountain Standard Time a minor cannot access social media.
HB 311 creates a private right of action for parents to sue social media companies from causing "addiction" and harm to minors with a rebuttable that if the minor was under 16 that the social media platform actually caused the harm.
On December 18, 2023, The Trade Association NetChoice sued Utah Attorney General Sean Reyes and Katherine Hass arguing the law was preempted by federal law, unconstitutionally vague and was in violation of the First Amendment and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, two days later on December 20, 2023 NetChoice filed made a request for a Preliminary Injunction against the law. Shortly after the case started Sean Reyes announced to the court on January 19, 2024, that the laws effective date was delayed from March 2024 to October 2024 and that they would appeal and replace the law, the hearing would have happened on February 12, 2024, if the law wasn't delayed.
The bills that amended the Utah Social Media Regulation Act were SB 194 and HB 464 and were signed on March 13, 2024. the amendments removed the 10:30 pm – 6:30 pm curfew and changed it so that parental consent would only happen if a minor changed their privacy settings, it also replaced the age verification to age assurance that was at least 95% accurate.
NetChoice would make an updated complaint and motion for a Preliminary Injunction against the amendments on May 3, 2024. The state of Utah would make its brief in opposition to the Preliminary Injunction on May 31, 2024. On July 22, 2024, Chief Judge Robert J Shelby would grant in part the states motion to dismiss saying that the law didn't violate Section 230 and there for wasn't preempted by federal law. However later on September 10, 2024, NetChoice's motion for a Preliminary Injunction would be granted anyway by Robert J Shelby. The case was appealed to the 10th circuit court of appeals on October 11, 2024, a week after the case was appealed to the 10th circuit the case was put on stay in the district court.
Vetoed Legislation
Vermont
On January 9, 2024, H. 712 also known as the age-appropriate design code was introduced to the Vermont General Assembly.
The bill requires services who are likely to be accessed by children which the bill defined as anyone under 18 to act in the best interest of children which means that services that are covered by the bill that they do not process the data of children in a way that doesn't case them physical, psychological or financial harm, and cannot discriminate based on race, color, religion, national origin, disability, sex, or sexual orientation.
The bill also requires covered entities to conduct data protection impact assessments to their designs and services that are likely to be accessed by children to determine whether or not their designs, services or algorithms would lead to children being exposed to harmful contacts or conduct or contacts or conduct that decimates based on the child's race, color, religion, national origin, disability, sex, or sexual orientation, They are also required to provide any privacy information, terms of service, policies, and community standards concisely and use language that children can understand.
The bill prohibits covered entities from collecting a childs precise geolocation information, using dark patterns, or profile a child by default unless necessary and must estimate the age of their users.
The Attorney General of Vermont enforces the bill and can bring penalties that are up to 2,500 dollars per child effected and up to 7,500 dollars per child effected if the violate was intentional.
Eight days after H. 712 was introduced a modified companion bill to the age-appropriate design code called S. 289 was introduced in the Vermont Senate.
On March 19, 2024, S. 289 passed the Vermont Senate by a vote of 27-0.
On June 7, 2024, H. 121 was sent to the governor Phil Scott. H. 121 was a privacy bill in Vermont that included the age-appropriate design code in it. Later on, June 13, 2024, governor Phil Scott vetoed H. 121, his reasoning for vetoing the bill was because it had a private right of action and that the Kids Code section of the bill was similar to another bill in California that was enjoined in court for likely violating the First Amendment. Four days later on June 17, 2024, his vetoed would be sustained.
Proposed Legislation
Alaska
On January 16, 2024, the Alaska Legislature introduced HB 271 also known as the Alaska Social Media Regulation Act. The bill requires social media platforms verify the age of users and if that user is under 18 years of age, they must have consent from a parent before they can make an account, and this parental consent can be revoked at any time as seen Section 45.50.650 of the bill.
Section 45.50.670 of the bill prohibits an online platform from displaying, sending, or targeting an advertisement to a minor user or using data collected from a minor user for advertising purposes.
Section 45.50.680 of the bill prohibits an online platform from using an algorithm, artificial intelligence, machine learning, or other technology to select, recommend, rank, or personalize content for a minor user based on the minor user's profile, preferences, behavior, location, or other data.
Section 45.50.690 of the bill prohibits an online platform from may not employ a feature, design, or mechanism that encourages or rewards a minor user's excessive or compulsive use of the platform or that exploits the psychological vulnerabilities of a minor.
Section 45.50.700 of the bill sets up curfew for minors where they cannot use the platform between 10:30 pm – 6:30 am Alaska Standard Time.
The bill would be enforced by a private right of action and by the Attorney General of Alaska.
The bill had its first reading on January 16, 2024, and was referred to the Labor & Commerce and Judiciary Committee, however, didn't progress any further in the Legislator and died in committee.
The Think Tank R Street Insitute opposed HB 271 with them claiming it "would almost certainly be found unconstitutional on several different counts" as well as them claiming that it would be a government intrusion and that the bill was overly broad in its definitions.
Arizona
On February 8, 2024, Seth Blattman introduced HB2858 to the Arizona State Legislature also known as the Protecting Children on Social Media Act. The bill requires social media platforms to do the following.
Establish default settings for the online service product or feature that provide the maximum degree of privacy protections to each user of the online service, product or feature.
Allow minors to opt out of the collection and use of the minor's personal information.
Prohibit a platform from using a minor's personal information for the use of targeted advertising.
Develop content filters for users to limit cyberbullying on the provider's social media platform, the bill doesn't define what "cyberbullying" is.
For each business day a platform is in the state of Arizona that are also required to do the following.
to use protections that prohibit any user on the platform who is at least 18 years of age from sending a message on the platform to a minor who is under 18 years of age.
prohibit a minor who is under 16 years of age from using the social media platform without first receiving approval from the minor's parent or guardian.
Later the bill was amended to exclude the parental consent for minors under 16, prohibiting anyone over 18 from messaging anyone under 18 as well as requiring platforms to filter cyberbullying.
The bill had made it to its second reading the Arizona State House, however, did progress much further than that and didn't make out of the House.
Idaho
Senate Bill 1417 also known as the Parental Rights in Social Media Act was introduced to the Idaho State Legislature on March 8, 2024.
Section 48-2101 of the bill defines a social media company as a platform that has at least five million account holders worldwide and a social media platform is defined as an online forum that a social media company makes available for an account holder to create a profile upload posts, view the posts of other account holders, and interact with other account holders or users, however excludes email, streaming services, online gaming, cloud storage services, academic or scholarly research as well as news, sports, or entertainment as long as it's not user generated.
Section 48-2103 of the bill requires social media companies to not allow anyone under 18 years of age to have an account unless they have expressed consent from a parent or guardian.
The bill would be enforced by a private right of action by any person or the Attorney General of Idaho, penalties for violating the bill are up to $5,000 per violation or $2,500 for each incident of harm or actual damages for addiction, financial, physical, and emotional harm incurred by the Idaho minor account holder.
The bill was referred to State Affairs on March 11, 2024, and died in committee after that. If the bill had been enacted it would have taken effect on January 1, 2025.
Illinois
Parental Consent for Social Media Act (SB 3440)
On February 8, 2024, Willie Preston introduced SB 3440 also known as the Parental Consent for Social Media Act. the bill requires social media companies who make more than 100 million dollars per year to perform reasonable age verification by a third party either by a government-issued identification or any commercially reasonable age verification method, and if the person trying to make an account is under 18 years of age, they must have consent from a parent or guardian.
it excludes email, direct messaging, streaming services, online shopping or e-commerce, cloud storage, visualization platforms, libraries, or hubs, providing or obtaining technical support for a social media company's platform, products, or services, academic or scholarly research or providing news, sports, entertainment, or other content that is preselected by the provider and not user generated. the bill permits comments on a digital news website, as long as the news content is posted only by the provider of the digital news website.
The bill also has a curfew of to not allow minors on social media platforms between 10 pm to 6 am Central Standard Time. The same day the bill was introduced it had its first reading and was referred to assignments.
Minor User of Social Media Protection Act (SB 3510)
On February 9, 2024, Laura Fine introduced SB 3510 also known as the Minor User of Social Media Protection Act. The bill requires social media platforms if they make more than 100 million dollars per year to verify the age of users and if that user is under 13 years old, they must have parental consent before making an account and prohibit the online platform from using the information of a minor under 13 for the use of targeted advertising as well as prohibit minors under 13 from having access to the platform between 10 pm - 6 am Central Standard Time. The bill appears to be very similar to SB 3440 except for the age it covers SB 3440 covers minors under 18 were as SB 3510 covers minors under 13. The same day the bill was introduced it had its first reading and was referred to assignments, the bill later on February 22, 2024, would gain its second cosponsor Rachel Ventura, however the bill hasn't progressed any further than that.
Indiana
HB 1314
On January 10, 2024, Johanna King introduced HB 1314 to the Indiana State House. The bill requires social media services to use a reasonable age verification method to verify the age of users if they want to make an account and of accounts existing before July 1, 2024, and if the user is under 18 years of age, they must suspend the account within 14 days or get consent from a parent or guardian.
Social media services aren't allowed to recommendations for content to minor accounts, social media services may not disseminate advertising to minors, have a curfew for minors from 10:30 pm - 6:30 am Eastern Standard Time where they aren't allowed to use the platform, minors aren't allowed to change or configure an account.
a parent or guardian of a minors account is allowed to view all account activity, modify the account configuration, set a limit on the number of hours per day during which the minor may access the account.
The bill would be enforced by a private right of action and by the Attorney General of Indiana.
The bill had its first reading on January 10, 2024, and was referred to Committee on Judiciary, the bill died in committee after that.
SB 11
On January 8, 2025, Indiana State Senator Mike Bohacek introduced SB 11. The bill requires social media operator to have to identify all users and if they are under 16 they must have parental consent before making an account and once parental consent has been given, they must notify the parent of the user under 16 that the consent can be revoked at any time, and the data that is being collected from the parental consent must be secured and encrypted.
The bill if it becomes law would be enforced by the Attorney General of Indiana and violating it would result in a fine of up to 250,000 dollars and the defendant would need to pay the cost of the Attorney General's investigation, however would have a 90 day curation period were the defendant could cure the violation before action is taken by the Attorney General. An older version of the bill had it so it could be enforced by a private right of action by citizens, however, was removed from the bill when it was amended and advanced out of committee.
The bill if it becomes law would take effect on July 1, 2025, and applies to services that are accessible in Indiana.
On January 15, 2025, the bill had been passed out of Indiana's Judiciary Committee by a vote of 10-1. The only no vote was from Rodney Pol and was concerned about how the bill would be implemented if passed.
On January 23, 2025, the bill passed the Indiana Senate by a vote of 42-7.
Iowa
On February 14, 2024, House File 2523 was introduced to the Iowa House of Representatives. The bill requires what it calls "social media platforms" which the bill defines as any platform that allows the following, creating personal profiles or accounts that include the person’s name, age, location, and other personal information, connect with other social media platform users as friends, followers, or any other means of connecting that allows other users to access shared content, facilitate public access to content, including text, images, videos, internet site links, or any other information, send private messages to other social media platform users, create groups for the purpose of communicating about shared interests.
The bill excludes interactive gaming, virtual gaming, or an online service that allows the creation and uploading of content for the purpose of interactive gaming, educational entertainment, or associated entertainment, and the communication related to such content.
The bill requires social media platforms to not allow anyone under 18 from having an account unless they have parental authorization to do so.
Social media platforms are also required to allow the parent or guardian of a minor to view all posts created by the minor on the social media platform, view all messages sent by, and responses received by the minor on the social media platform, Control the privacy and account settings of the minor’s account on the social media platform, monitor and limit the amount of time the minor may spend using the social media platform.
The bill would be enforced by the Attorney General of Iowa and by a private right of action.
The had passed the Iowa House of Representatives by a vote of 88-6. The six no votes were Monica Kurth, Brian K. Lohse, Shannon Lundgren, Megan L. Srinivas, Phil Thompson, and Ross Wilburn. The next day on March 7, 2024, the bill had its first reading in the Iowa Senate and was referred to Technology, later on March 11, 2024, the bill went to the subcommittee, however died in the legislature after this.
Kentucky
On February 1, 2024, House Bill 450 was introduced in the Kentucky Legislature.
The bill requires social media platforms to verify the age of new and existing accounts by a digitized identification card, including a digital copy of a driver's license, government issued identification, financial documents or other documents that are reliable proxies for age, or any other reliable age authentication method, this verification is done by a trusted third-party vendor and if the user that has been verified is under 18 they are not permitted to have an account unless they have consent from a parent or guardian.
Parents and guardians are allowed to view all posts the minor makes on the social media platform, view all messages sent to or by the minor on the social media platform, control privacy and account settings of the minor's account as well as monitor and limit the amount of time the minor account holder spends on the platform.
The bill excludes email, search engines, cloud storage, product review sites, broadband internet services, or an online service that consists primarily of information or content that is not user-generated from its definition of a social media platform.
The bill would be enforced by the Attorney General of Kentucky and by a right of action by citizens.
Michigan
On September 11, 2024, Mark Tisdel, Donni Steele, Tom Kuhn introduced HB 5920 to the Michigan Legislature.
The bill requires social media companies who have at least 5 million accounts to verify the age of all users with 14 days of them attempting to access the account after the effective date and if that user is under 18 years of age, they must have confirmed consent from a parent or guardian.
The social media company must ensure that a minor account is not shown in the search results of the social media platform unless the minors account is linked to other accounts through friending.
The social media company must prohibit the use of targeted or suggested groups, services, products, posts, and accounts, or users in a minor account and not collect or use any personal information from a minors account.
The social media company shall supply a parent or guardian what has confirmed consent for a minors account with a password or other means for the parent or guardian to access the minor account, and the parent or guardian is allowed view all the posts and messages made by or sent to the minors account.
The social media company isn't allowed to have minors on its platform between 10:30 pm - 6:30 am Eastern Standard Time or Central Standard Time.
The Attorney General of Michigan shall promulgate rules for social media companies to verify the age of users, forms or methods that must be used to identify residents of this state, and that the forms and methods must not be limited to a valid identification card issued by a governmental entity.
The Attorney General of Michigan is also charged with enforcing the bill and can seek damages of up to 2,500 dollars per violation and the offender is entitled to pay attorney generals attorney fees, court costs, and investigative fees if the attorney general is successful in a civil action. Comsumer can also bring civil action seeking actual damages or an amount equal to $2,500 for each violation of the bill if passed into law.
If signed into law the bill would go into effect 180 days after being signed by the Governor.
Minnesota
On February 24, 2022, HF 3724 was introduced to the Minnesota House of Representatives.
When the bill was originally was introduced, it required social media platforms which it defined originally as any electronic medium, including a browser-based or application-based interactive computer service, telephone network, or data network, that allows users to create, share, and view user-created content.
If the social media platform had at least 1 million users, they weren't allowed to use algorithmic recommendation systems to any minor that the platforms knew or had reason to know that the individual was a minor under 18. It excluded user generated content that was created by a federal, state, or local government or by a public or private school, college, or university from what was prohibited to be recommended to minors.
Later on March 28, 2022 the bill was amended to allow social media platforms to allow algorithmic recommendation systems to minor under 18 if the algorithmic recommendation systems was used to block access to inappropriate or harmful content to minors, or parental controls used by the social media platform that are designed to control access of the account of a minor to filter content for age-appropriate materials.
The bill had made it through its first and second reading in the Minnesota House of Representatives.
HF 3724 is an Amendment of Section 325F.6945 of Minnesota Statutes which the enforcement of Section 325F.6945 is done under section 45.027 of Minnesota Statutes, which enforcement under section 45.027 is done by the Minnesota Department of Commerce, however the matter can be referred to by a Minnesota Department of Commerce to the Attorney General of Minnesota or the county attorney of the appropriate county.
Internet law professor Eric Goldman warned that the bill would likely lead to mandatory age verification and that the bill was likely unconstitutional.
Missouri
On January 2, 2024, Josh Hurlbert Introduced HB 2157 to the Missouri House of Representative.
The bill requires social media platforms which it defines as any service that allows users to create a profile, upload posts, view the posts of other account holders, and Interact with other account holders or users.
It excludes electronic mail, direct messaging services, streaming service, news, sports, entertainment, or other content that is preselected by the provider and not user-generated, online shopping or e-commerce, Interactive gaming or virtual gaming, photo editing services, a professional creative network made for artistic content, single-purpose community groups for public safety, Cloud storage, Shared document collaboration services, Providing access to or interacting with data visualization platforms, libraries, or hubs, providing or obtaining technical support for a platform, product, or service, academic, scholarly, or genealogical research from its definition of social media platform.
It requires social media platforms to verify the age of all existing users and not allow anyone under 18 to be an account holder on a social media platform unless they have consent from a parent or guardian, a minor may not be an account if ineligible to hold or open an account under any other provision of state or federal law.
The Attorney General of Missouri shall make rules for social media platforms to establish processes or means by which a social media company shall meet the age verification requirements of the law, establish requirements for retaining, protecting, and securely disposing of any information obtained by the age verification process, require that the information from the age verification process is only retained for the purpose of compliance and shall not be used for any other purposes.
A social media platform isn't allowed to give minor account holders direct messaging any user that is not linked to the minor's account through the express consent of the account holder.
A social media platform is prohibited from giving a minor account holder the following, have the minor account holder appear in search results for any user that is not linked to the account, display any advertising to the account holder, collect or use any personal information from the minor account holder, promote targeted or suggested groups, services, products, posts, accounts, or users to the account holder.
The parent or guardian of a minor is allowed to view all posts the minor account holder makes under the account, and all communications sent to or by the minor account holder.
A parent or guardian of a minor account holder is also allowed to change or eliminate the time-of-day restrictions including the 10:30 pm - 6:30 am curfew, set a limit on the number of hours per day the minor can use the account, and the social media platform must not allow the minor to bypass the restrictions on their account.
A minor account holder isn't allowed to use the social media platform between 10:30 pm - 6:30 am Central Standard Time.
The bill is enforced by the Attorney General of Missouri and by a private right of action and violating the bill is met by a penalty of 2,500$ per violation.
If signed into law it would take effect on July 1, 2025.
Nebraska
On January 13, 2025, Nebraska Governor Jim Pillen and their Attorney General Mike Hilgers announced that the states legislature was going to introduce bills among them was the Parental Rights in Social Media Act.
Four days later on January 17, 2025, the Parental Rights in Social Media Act was introduced as LB 383 by Tanya Storer by the request of the governor and was cosponsored by Beau Ballard, Carolyn Bosn, Stan Clouse, Rob Dover, Brian Hardin, Rick Holdcroft, Teresa Ibach, Kathleen Kauth, Loren Lippincott and Glen Meyer.
The bill requires a social media company to conduct age verification by a digitized identification card or any commercially reasonable age verification method to confirm someone's age and if that person is a minor under 18 years of age that must have parental consent which is done by either verifying the parents age or having the parent sign an oath, affirmation, or form signed and sending it back to the social media company or a third part vendor. The social media company then will not have to do age verification again unless parental consent is revoked.
Parents of the minor are also allowed to view all posts the minor makes, view all responses and messages sent to the minor, control the minor's privacy and account settings and monitor and limit the amount of time the minor spends on the platform.
The bill if enacted would be enforced by a private right of action and if the person filling the private right of action wins. The third part vendor or social media company must pay that person the actual damages caused by violating the act, reasonable attorney's fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.
The Attorney General of Nebraska can also enforce the law and bring fines to a social media company that are up to 2,500 dollars per violation of the Act.
If the bill gets passed into law it will go into effect on January 1, 2026.
Nevada
On November 20, 2024, SB 63 was introduced to the Nevada Legislature.
The bill requires social media platforms which are defined as any service become a registered user, and establish an account, create a profile or otherwise create, share and view user-generated content; and serves as a medium for users to Interact, users, profiles or other means; or Interact with or otherwise view the content generated by other users of the platform.
It then requires services that fall into its definition of "social media platform" to verify the age of users and if the user is at least 13 years of age but is under 18 years of age they must have verified parental consent and verify documentary evidence to verify a parental or guardianship relationship for the minor who is at least 13 to have an account, and the parent can revoke the consent at any time. If the user is under 13 years of age, they cannot make an account regardless of whether or not they have parental consent.
The Nevada Department of Health and Human Services shall establish recommendation of methods to social media platforms to obtain the affirmative consent of a verified parent or legal guardian, determine whether the age verification system by the social media platform is at least 95 percent effective at guessing the age of a user.
A social media platform cannot use the personal information of a minor user in an algorithmic recommendation system.
A social media platform shall disable the following features from a minors account infinite scrolling, content that loads down a user's page without the need for the user to open a separate page and which has no apparent end, pages that have no visible or apparent end as the user continues to scroll, the display of interactive metrics, icons or emoticons which indicate that a user has clicked a button to indicate their reaction to a user’s content, number of times that other users have shared, liked or reposted the user’s content, autoplay, functions that allow other users or advertisers to livestream on the platform.
A social media platform cannot send notifications to a minor between 12 am to 6 am or between 8 am to 3 am Monday through Friday through the months of September to May Pacific Standard Time unless the minor has parental consent to have notifications during those hours of the day.
The bill is enforced by the Attorney General of Nevada and if signed into law goes into effect October 1, 2025.
The bill is a prefile for the 83rd Nevada Legislature which will begin on February 3, 2025.
New Mexico
On February 2, 2023, Senate Bill 319 was introduced to the New Mexico Senate. The bill requires controllers of online services which are likely to be accessed by anyone under 18 to estimate the age of their users with a "reasonable level of certainty" and to conduct data protection impact assessments on their services to make sure that their services lead to minors being exposed to harmful content or contacts. It also requires controllers of online services to not collect the personal data, profile, or collect, share, or retain any personal information, geolocation or use dark patterns that may harm minors.
If the bill became law violating SB 319 would result in a penalty of not more than 2,500 dollars per affected child for each negligent violation; and fines of not more than 7,500 dollars per affected child for each intentional violation and enforcement is done by the Attorney General of New Mexico.
North Carolina
On April 17, 2023, the North Carolina House of Representatives introduced HB 644 also known as the Social Media Algorithmic Control in IT Act.
The bill requires social media platforms that have over one million users to verify the age of its users and if that user is under 18 years of age and these platforms must control their algorithmic recommendation systems so that no user data from a North Carolina platform user who is a minor is used to inform content recommendations to the minor and nothing in the requirement shouldn't allow content recommendations from being shown as a direct result of explicit actions, such as showing posts from accounts a user follows in a chronological feed, however platforms aren't allowed to user any data, including follows to generate algorithmic recommendations.
It also prohibits social media platforms from uses targeted advertising or promotions to minors under 18, however platforms are still allowed to use advertising or promotions to minors only if advertisements or promotions that are shown to the user based upon explicit actions, such as being based on the results of a search initiated by the user on the platform.
Other requirements of the law are that platform's privacy policy must be accessible on the platform's website with the disclosure of how user data will be used by the platform stated in a succinct and easy to understand statement that is less than 250 words.
User data may be used in algorithmic recommendations only when the user has been notified and consents to the use of the data in such manner.
Requests for data access that will be used to inform algorithmic recommendations shall require full disclosure of the use of the data, including third-party use and this notice shall be separate and distinct from platform's terms of service notification, and that the platform must be fully functional for a user without the user having to give consent for their user data to be used to inform algorithmic recommendations.
The bill would have also set of the North Carolina Data Privacy Task Force with the North Carolina Department of Justice.
The bill died in the legislature, however if it was signed into law platforms starting October 1, 2024, would have to provide the Consumer Protection Division of the North Carolina Department of Justice to with a digital copy of the platform's privacy policy and certification that the platform has complied with the law and would have fully taken effect on January 1, 2025 and would be enforced by the Attorney General of North Carolina.
Oklahoma
On February 5, 2024, Chad Caldwell introduced HB 3914 to the Oklahoma Legislature and had its first reading the same day.
The bill requires social media companies which it defines as any services that makes at least 100 million dollars and that allows anyone to create a public profile, establish an account, or register as a user for the primary purpose of interacting socially with others, upload or create posts or content, which may include, but is not limited to, user-generated short video clips of dancing, voiceovers, or other acts of entertainment and which isn't educational or informative, view posts, activity, or content of other account holders, and interact with other users.
It excludes subscription services that offer content and aren't mainly used for social interaction, companies that offer gaming, virtual gaming, or an online service that allows the creation and uploading of content for the purpose of interactive gaming, entertainment, or associated entertainment, and the communication related to that content, online services were the main focus is the exclusive function is email or direct messaging, cloud storage services, enterprise cybersecurity services, educational devices, or enterprise collaboration tools for K - 12 schools and derives less than 25% of the company's revenue from social media.
A social media company isn't allowed to give its services to anyone under 16 years of age and minors between 16 and 17 years of age must have parental consent and verify age through a third party which is required to verify age by a digitized identification card, including a digital copy of a driver license, government-issued identification or any commercially reasonable age verification method.
Social media companies aren't allowed to Process the personal information of any minor if the social media platform has actual knowledge of or willfully disregards that the processing may result in substantial harm or is a privacy risk to minors.
Social media companies aren't allowed to Profile a minor unless profiling is necessary to provide the online service and that profiling does not pose substantial harm or is a privacy risk to minors.
Social media companies aren't allowed to Collect, sell, share, or retain any personal information that is not necessary to provide to the service, use the personal information of a minor for any reason other than the reason for which the personal information was collected unless they can show a compelling reason that the use of the personal information does not pose substantial harm or is a privacy risk to minors.
Social media companies aren't allowed to collect, sell, or share any precise geolocation data of minors unless the collection of the precise geolocation data is strictly necessary for the online platform to provide the service.
Social media companies aren't allowed to collect any precise geolocation data of a minor without providing an obvious sign to the minor for the duration of the collection that the precise geolocation data is being collected.
Social media companies aren't allowed to use dark patterns to lead or encourage minors to provide personal information beyond what personal information would otherwise be reasonably expected to be provided for that online service to forgo privacy protections or take any action that the online platform has actual knowledge of or willfully disregards that may result in substantial harm or is a privacy risk to minors.
Social media companies aren't allowed to use any personal information collected to estimate the age or age range for any other purpose or retain that personal information longer than necessary to estimate age.
Enforcement of this bill is done by the Attorney General of Oklahoma and social media companies with be given 45 days to comply the act before action by the Attorney General of Oklahoma is taken and if they don't comply within 45 days they will face fines of up to 2,500 dollars per violation and be order to pay for court costs, and reasonable attorney fees as ordered by the court; or damages resulting from a minor accessing a social media platform without the consent of his or her parent or custodian.
The bill later passed the Oklahoma House of Representatives on March 14, 2024, by a vote of 69 - 16.
The bill made it to its second reading in the senate, however died in the senate before being able to be passed.
The bill would have taken effect July 1, 2024, if it had been signed into law.
References
Internet censorship
Internet law in the United States
Child welfare in the United States
2023 in law
Child online safety laws | Social media age verification laws in the United States | [
"Technology"
] | 11,278 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
78,264,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discrimination | Drug discrimination (DD) is a technique in behavioral neuroscience used to evaluate the discriminative stimulus properties of psychoactive drugs. The discriminative stimulus properties of drugs are believed to reflect their subjective effects. When partial or full stimulus generalization of a test drug to a training drug occurs, the test drug can be assumed to have effects that are subjectively similar to those of the training drug. Drug discrimination tests are usually performed in animals, but have also been conducted in humans. Drug discrimination assays have been employed to assess whether drugs have hallucinogen- or entactogen-like effects, among many other types of drug effects.
See also
Head-twitch response
References
Further reading
Behavioral neuroscience | Drug discrimination | [
"Biology"
] | 145 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Behavioral neuroscience"
] |
78,265,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2054879 | HD 54879 is a bluish-hued star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, close to the border with Monoceros. It is too faint to be seen by the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 7.65, but can be readily observed using a pair of binoculars. The star is located some distant according to Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements, and is moving away from the Solar System at a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Stellar properties
This is an O-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of O9.7V, indicating that it is near the border between the spectral types O and B. It radiates 28,200 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , over five times hotter than the Sun. Its mass and radius are not well-constrained due to uncertainties in the star's distance, but simulations show that it likely formed with a mass of 16 ± 1 about 5 million years ago.
Magnetic field
The star was found to have a strong magnetic field in 2014 with an average strength of 2,954 G and a dipole strength of 3,939 G, thousands of times stronger than Earth's magnetic field (0.25–0.65 G). Its strength slowly varies with a period of 7.41 years. This is related to the extremely slow rotation of HD 54879 with a period of 7.02 years, the second longest recorded in an O-type star after HD 108.
Since the magnetic fields trap stellar winds to an Alfvén radius of ≳12 times the stellar radius, HD 54879 experiences very little mass loss, estimated at 6.3 /yr, compared to the ~1 /yr if the star did not possess a magnetic field. The entrapped gas forms a disk around the star in the equatorial plane of the magnetic field, which is probably the source of the Hα emissions seen in the star's spectra.
Element distribution
In 2021, a spectroscopic study proposed the possibility that the stellar atmosphere was inhomogeneous in elemental makeup, with helium lines forming at much higher altitudes than the emission lines of oxygen and silicon. This, however, was refuted in 2024, and a more uniform chemical composition is now favored.
2019 controversy
In 2019, a research team announced that a sudden spike occurred in the strength of the magnetic field, the spectral type of the star shifted from O9.7V to B2V, and that the star displays radial velocity variations indicative of a long-period binary. These findings were later retracted, the apparent changes attributed to an inadequate signal-to-noise ratio related to instabilities in the data reduction pipelines. However, a follow-up study by another team was unable to confirm such instabilities and instead accredited the faulty results to human error.
See also
NGC 1624-2
Tau Scorpii
References
O-type main-sequence stars
Canis Major
054879
034612
BD-11 01822
J07100815-1148097 | HD 54879 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 640 | [
"Canis Major",
"Constellations"
] |
78,265,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giredestrant | Giredestrant is an investigational oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) being developed for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. It is a potent, nonsteroidal compound that antagonizes estrogen effects by competitively binding to both wild-type and mutant estrogen receptors with nanomolar potency. Giredestrant works by inducing an inactive conformation of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain and promoting proteasome-mediated degradation of the receptor protein.
Research
In clinical trials, giredestrant has been evaluated in patients with ER+ breast cancer, including those with ESR1 mutations, both as a single agent and in combination with other therapies. Its orally bioavailable.
References
Further reading
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Antineoplastic drugs
Anilines
Azetidines
Beta-Carbolines
Fluoroalkanes
Fluorobenzene derivatives | Giredestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 200 | [] |
78,266,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR%2012%20%28star%29 | SR 12 (also known as V2247 Oph) is a weak-line T-Tauri binary that has a planetary-mass companion with a detected accretion disk.
The binary
SR 12 was discovered by Otto Struve and Mogens Rudkjøbing in 1949 as an emission-line star with a spectral type of M. The first letters of their names were used to name the star, together with the star number in their catalog. It was also observed as an x-ray source with the Einstein Observatory, having the designation ROX 21. The binary was discovered with the help of lunar occultations and speckle interferometry in 1987.
The binary is located in the ρ Ophiuchi star-forming region and is a weak-line T-Tauri binary, meaning it still accretes gaseous material from a circumstellar disk. There are differences in spectral type classifications of the individual stars. A K4/M2.5 binary was suggested, as well as a M3+M8 binary. The binary is separated by about 0.21 arcseconds, which corresponds to a separation of 24 AU. Speckle interferometry from SOAR does however find a lower separation of 0.1118 ±1.1 arcseconds.
The star is a variable with a rotation period that changes between 3.4 and 3.6 days. This is due to stellar spots at different latitudes corresponding to different rotation periods, which indicates photospheric shearing. The magnetic surface of the primary was mapped in 2010. The magnetic field showed changes within 1 week. Excess emissions concentrated at mid-latitude are seen as a footprint of an accretion funnel. The binary does not have any detection of circumbinary dust from Spitzer and ALMA observations.
Planetary system
SR 12c was first detected in 2002 using the Infrared Survey Facility (IRSF), which was constructed and operated by Nagoya University and NAOJ and is located at the South African Astronomical Observatory. Follow-up observations were carried out with the Subaru Telescope in 2005 and 2008. Archival Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) data were used to confirm the astrometry. The companion is also mentioned in a paper from 2002 that detects it in Hubble/NICMOS.
SR 12c has a separation of about 980 AU from the binary. The near-infrared spectrum suggested a spectral type of M9.0 ± 0.5 of the planetary-mass companion (PMC) and a mass of . An additional higher-resolution near-infrared spectrum was taken in 2014, which showed signs of very low surface gravity, which is an indicator of youth. VLT spectroscopy resulted in a spectral type of L0 ± 1. A later work found that SR 12c is less massive with 11 ±3 and SED-fitting yielded a spectral type of L0 ±1. Several observations indicated that SR 12c is surrounded by a disk.
Observations with the VLT X-SHOOTER showed hydrogen emission lines, especially Hydrogen-alpha. This indicated that SR 12c accretes material at a rate of 10−11.08±0.40 /year. The object also showed infrared excess from Spitzer IRAC photometry. Observations with ALMA did detect the disk, but was not able to resolve the disk, indicating a dust disk radius less than 5 AU and the radius might be about 0.3 AU if the continuum is optically thick. The disk has a dust mass twice as high as the disk around PDS 70c, but is less massive than OTS 44. Assuming the disk has only 1 mm grains, the dust mass of the disk is 0.012 (0.95 ). For a disk only made of 1 μm grains, it would have a dust mass of 0.054 (4.4 ). The disk also contains gas, as is indicated by the accretion of hydrogen, with the gas mass being on the order of 0.03 (about 9.5 ). ALMA did not detect any carbon monoxide in the disk.
Gallery
References
T Tauri stars
Red dwarfs
Ophiuchus
Astronomical objects discovered in 1949
Binary stars | SR 12 (star) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 858 | [
"Ophiuchus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,266,508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcenestrant | Amcenestrant is a novel oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) that is being evaluated for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer.
Phase III trial for breast cancer in Japan had started, but this trial has been discontinued.
References
Further reading
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Benzoic acids
Chlorobenzene derivatives
Bicyclic compounds
Fluoroalkanes
Phenols
Pyrrolidines
Phenol ethers | Amcenestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,266,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20monofluoride | Gallium monofluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula GaF. The compound has only been observed in the gas-phase.
It can be generated by the oxidation of gallium with either aluminum fluoride or calcium fluoride.
Research
In 2011, a group of Brazilian and German researchers used the molecular absorption of fluorogallium created in a graphite furnace to determine that 5.2 picograms of fluorine is the smallest detectable portion of the element.
Its ionization energy is 10.64 eV.
References
Gallium compounds
Fluorides
Inorganic compounds | Gallium monofluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Fluorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
78,267,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotransversal | In Euclidean geometry, the orthotransversal of a point is the line defined as follows.
For a triangle and a point , three orthotraces, intersections of lines and perpendiculars of through respectively are collinear. The line which includes these three points is called the orthotransversal of .
Existence of it can proved by various methods such as a pole and polar, the dual of , and the Newton line theorem.
The tripole of the orthotransversal is called the orthocorrespondent of , And the transformation → , the orthocorrespondent of is called the orthocorrespondence.
Example
The orthotransversal of the Feuerbach point is the OI line.
The orthotransversal of the Jerabek center is the Euler line.
Orthocorrespondents of Fermat points are themselves.
The orthocorrespondent of the Kiepert center X(115) is the focus of the Kiepert parabola X(110).
Properties
There are exactly two points which share the orthoccorespondent. This pair is called the antiorthocorrespondents.
The orthotransversal of a point on the circumcircle of the reference triangle passes through the circumcenter of . Furthermore, the Steiner line, the orthotransversal, and the trilinear polar are concurrent.
The orthotransversals of a point P on the Euler line is perpendicular to the line through the isogonal conjugate and the anticomplement of P.
The orthotransversal of the nine-point center is perpendicular to the Euler line of the tangential triangle.
For the quadrangle , 4 orthotransversals for each component triangles and each remaining vertexes are concurrent.
Barycentric coordinates of the orthocorrespondent of are
where are Conway notation.
Orthopivotal cubic
The Locus of points that , and are collinear is a cubic curve. This is called the orthopivotal cubic of , . Every orthopivotal cubic passes through two Fermat points.
Example
is the line at infinity and the Kiepert hyperbola.
is the Neuberg cubic.
The orthopivotal cubic of the vertex is the isogonal image of the Apollonius circle (the Apollonian strophoid).
See also
Orthocenter
Orthopole
Orthologic triangles
Transversal
Notes
References
Cosmin Pohoata, Vladimir Zajic (2008). "Generalization of the Apollonius Circles". .
Manfred Evers (2019), "On The Geometry of a Triangle in the Elliptic and in the Extended Hyperbolic Plane".
External links
Triangle geometry
Straight lines defined for a triangle | Orthotransversal | [
"Mathematics"
] | 611 | [
"Line (geometry)",
"Straight lines defined for a triangle"
] |
78,267,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS%3A%20The%20San%20Onofre%20Syndrome | SOS - The San Onofre Syndrome: Nuclear Power’s Legacy is a documentary film that investigates the management of radioactive waste at the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in California. The film highlights the station´s proximity to the ocean, at only 108 feet from the rising sea, and addresses concerns about the oversight of radioactive materials at nuclear facilities in the United States and beyond. It was directed by James Heddle, Mary Beth Brangan, and Morgan Peterson.
The film has been featured at several cinema festivals and has earned many accolades. It received the Grand Jury Award for Documentary Feature at the 2023 Awareness Film Festival in Los Angeles, California, as well as the Best Educational Documentary Award at the 2024 International Uranium Film Festival in Rio de Janeiro.
Synopsis
SOS: The San Onofre Syndrome delves into the efforts of Southern California residents to address safety concerns about the condition of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, which final shutdown was in 2013. The film also examines the realization of a new threat: the presence of nuclear waste stored close to the sea, focusing on its long-term radioactivity. SOS is a documentary that raises awareness of the global challenges in nuclear waste management and discusses different approaches to handling these issues. Filmed over 12 years, it includes interviews with residents, activists, engineers, and nuclear energy experts to document public concerns and community responses to the facility.
The film documents Prime Minister Naoto Kan's visit on June 4th, 2013 to San Diego to participate in a panel entitled “Fukushima: Ongoing Lessons for California”. The panel also featured Nuclear Regulatory Commission chairman Gregory Jaczko, former NRC Commissioner Peter A. Bradford, and nuclear engineer Arnie Gundersen, where they discussed topics related to nuclear energy and safety. The producer Mary Beth Brangan stated in an interview that the Fukushima accident catalyzed her and her life partner James Heddle into the making of this film.
Awards
The documentary has been recognized at several international film festivals and has received awards for its impact and social awareness. Notable awards include:
2023 - Grand Jury Award For Documentary Feature at the Awareness Film Festival in Los Angeles, California.
2024 - Best Educational Documentary Award at the International Uranium Film Festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2024 - Outstanding Excellence Award for Best Documentary at the Documentaries Without Borders Film Festival.
2024 - Outstanding Excellence Award (Environmental) at the Nature Without Borders International Film Festival.
2024 - Best Actuality Subject In a Documentary at the Global Nonviolent Film Festival.
Featured cast
The following individuals were featured in the film:
External links
References
Documentary films about nuclear technology
2023 films
American documentary films
Films shot in California
American educational films
English-language documentary films
Nuclear power plants in California
Former nuclear power stations in the United States
Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
Environmental issues in California
Buildings and structures in San Diego County, California
History of San Diego County, California
2013 disestablishments in California
Former power stations in California
Nuclear energy
Nuclear power
Nuclear energy in the United States
Nuclear power in the United States
Anti–nuclear power activists
Nuclear engineers
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear power stations in North America
Nuclear energy policy
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1968 | SOS: The San Onofre Syndrome | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 650 | [
"Nuclear power",
"Physical quantities",
"Power (physics)",
"Nuclear energy",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
78,267,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde | Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde is the organoiron compound with the formula . The molecule consists of ferrocene substituted by an formyl group on one of the cyclopentadienyl rings. It is an orange, air-stable solid that is soluble in organic solvents.
Synthesis
Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde is prepared by Vilsmeier-Haack reaction (formylation) using dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride. Diformylation does not occur readily.
According to X-ray crystallography ferrocenecarboxaldehyde adopts the expected sandwich structure exhibited by other ferrocenes. The formyl group is coplanar with its attached ring.
In its IR spectrum, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde is characterized by a low frequency νCO band at 1670 cm−1 vs 1704 cm−1 for benzaldehyde.
Reactions
Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde behaves like other aldehydes in terms of its reactivity, the main difference is that it is electroactive. Its basicity is indicated by the solubility of the compound in hydrochloric acid.
Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde, owing to the versatility of the formyl group, is a precursor to many ferrocene-modified compounds. With a Wittig reagent, it converts to vinylferrocene and related derivatives. With primary amines, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde condenses to give imines. The azomethine derivative undergoes 1,3-cycloaddition to C60.
It can be reduced to the corresponding alcohol with hydride reducing agents. Asymmetric alkylation gives the chiral α-hydroxyethylferrocene. Dioxane derivatives, obtainable from 1,3-diols and the aldehyde, sustain ortho lithiation.
Related compounds
ferrocenecarboxylic acid
ferrocenemethanol
acetylferrocene
References
Ferrocenes
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Aldehydes | Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde | [
"Chemistry"
] | 437 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Cyclopentadienyl complexes"
] |
78,270,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Tenner | Bridget Eileen Tenner is a professor of mathematics at DePaul University in Chicago. Her research focuses on permutation patterns, and has also included work in algebraic combinatorics, discrete geometry, Coxeter groups, and electoral geography.
Education and career
Tenner majored in mathematics at Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude in 2002. She completed a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2006. Her doctoral dissertation, The Combinatorics of Reduced Decompositions, was supervised by Richard P. Stanley; as a doctoral student she also visited Microsoft Research, and the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Sweden.
She continued at MIT as a postdoctoral researcher until 2007, when she became an assistant professor at DePaul University. She was promoted to associate professor in 2011 and full professor in 2017.
Recognition
Tenner was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, in the 2025 class of fellows.
References
External links
Home page
Database of permutation pattern avoidance
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Combinatorialists
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
DePaul University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society | Bridget Tenner | [
"Mathematics"
] | 244 | [
"Combinatorialists",
"Combinatorics"
] |
78,270,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XW10508 | XW10508 is an orally active prodrug of esketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder and chronic pain. It is taken by mouth.
The drug is a novel esketamine analogue and conjugate that acts as a prodrug of esketamine. Esketamine, and by extension XW10508, is an NMDA receptor antagonist and indirect AMPA receptor activator. XW10508 is being developed as once-daily orally administered extended-release and immediate-release formulations with misuse resistance.
As of August 2024, XW10508 is in phase 2 clinical trials for major depressive disorder and is in phase 1 clinical trials for chronic pain. However, no recent development has been reported for these indications. The drug is being developed by XWPharma, which was previously known as XW Laboratories. It is being developed in Australia. The chemical structure of XW10508 does not yet seem to have been disclosed.
References
External links
Pipeline - XWPharma
Arylcyclohexylamines
Dissociative drugs
Drugs with undisclosed chemical structures
Enantiopure drugs
Experimental antidepressants
Experimental drugs
Experimental hallucinogens
NMDA receptor antagonists
Prodrugs | XW10508 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 279 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,270,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascona%20B-DNA%20Consortium | The Ascona B-DNA Consortium (ABC) is a collaborative international research initiative founded in 2001 to investigate the sequence-dependent mechanical properties of DNA using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The consortium has contributed significantly to the understanding of DNA structure and dynamics over the past two decades, from the atomic level to larger chromatin structures. The ABC's work includes the development of simulation standards, force fields, and data libraries for DNA, enabling the systematic study of sequence effects across different nucleotide configurations.
History
The ABC was founded in 2001 during an informal meeting led by a group of scientist that was attending to the "Atomistic to Continuum Models for Long Molecules" conference in Ascona, Switzerland. The consortium started by joining efforts from nine laboratories with expertise in DNA molecular dynamics and sequence-dependent DNA effects. The initial aim was to conduct state-of-the-art MD simulations to establish standards for DNA modeling and to analyze the effects of sequence on DNA's structure and flexibility.
Phase I and II
In its initial phase, known as Phase I (2004–2005), the ABC conducted 15-nanosecond simulations of 10 different 15-mer DNA sequences using the parm94 force field. This study, which analyzed sequence effects at the dinucleotide level, marked the first systematic approach to DNA simulation in the field.
Following improvements in force fields, the consortium launched Phase II between 2007 and 2009, re-running the initial simulations using the parmbsc0 force field (developed at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center) and extending simulation times to 50 nanoseconds for a set of 39 DNA sequences. This phase allowed the first comprehensive study of all 136 unique tetranucleotide combinations.
µABC, miniABC, and hexABC
To address limitations in simulation times, the µABC project (2010–2014) pushed simulations into the microsecond range with 39 B-DNA 18-mer sequences containing at least 3 copies of all the unique tetranucleotides, facilitating studies of convergence. Results from this study were key in leading to the creation of the parmbsc1 force field, a state-of-the-art set of parameters for the simulation of DNA alone or in complex with other biomolecules. Using this refined force field a project known as miniABC, involved simulations of a minimal library of 13 B-DNA sequences under diverse salt conditions, which enabled further analysis of tetranucleotides and allowed the extension and refinment of Calladine–Dickerson rules including subtle conformational polymorphisms of DNA structure.
Currently, the hexABC project seeks to advance DNA conformational studies by simulating 950 20-mer sequences over the sub-millisecond timescale. This project aims to investigate the effects of next-to-nearest neighbor interactions, covering all 2080 unique hexanucleotide combinations with the latest force fields parmbsc1 and OL15. HexABC is the joint effort of 14 research institutions: EPFL Lausanne, Kaunas University of Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, IRB Barcelona, Jülich Supercomputing Center, Louisiana Tech University, University of Cambridge, University of Florida, University of Leeds, University of Nottingham, University of the Republic of Uruguay, University of Utah, University of York and ENS Paris-Saclay.
2023 meeting
In April 2023, the ABC celebrated its 22nd anniversary by hosting a conference back in Ascona, Switzerland. This event brought together consortium members and collaborators to discuss recent theoretical and experimental developments in DNA structure and dynamics, including sequence effects on DNA interactions within chromatin.
The conference, funded by the Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire and the Congressi Stefano Francini, featured three keynote presentations, 39 oral communications, and two poster sessions.
A special issue of the Biophysical Reviews journal edited by Prof Wilma Olson and published by Springer Nature was devoted to some of the studies presented at the conference.
Current members
The current members of the ABC consortium, as of 2024, are active contributors to the consortium's ongoing projects:
EPFL Lausanne - John Maddocks, Rahul Sharma
Kaunas University of Technology - Daiva Petkevičiūtė-Gerlach
Gdańsk University of Technology - Jacek Czub
IRB Barcelona - Modesto Orozco, Juan Pablo Arcón, Federica Battistini, Adam Hospital, Genís Bayarri, Subhamoy Deb, Milosz Wieczo
Jülich Supercomputing Center - Paolo Carloni, Katya Ahmad
Louisiana Tech University - Thomas Bishop, Ran Sun
University of Cambridge - Rosana Collepardo, Jorge R. Espinosa
University of Florida - Alberto Pérez
University of Leeds - Sarah A. Harris
University of Nottingham - Charles A. Laughton
University of the Republic of Uruguay - Pablo D. Dans, Gabriela da Rosa
University of Utah - Thomas Cheatham III, Rodrigo Galindo-Murillo
University of York - Agnes Noy
ENS Paris-Saclay - Marco Pasi
References
Molecular dynamics | Ascona B-DNA Consortium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,046 | [
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Molecular physics",
"Computational physics"
] |
78,273,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%200537-441 | PKS 0537-441 is a blazar located in the constellation of Pictor. It has a redshift of 0.896 and was discovered in 1973 by an American astronomer named Olin J. Eggen, who noted it as a luminous quasar. This is a BL Lacertae object in literature because of its featureless optical spectra as well as both a possible gravitational microlensing and a gravitationally lensed candidate. Its radio source is found compact and is characterized by a spectral peak in the gigahertz range, making it a gigahertz-peaked spectrum source (GPS).
Description
PKS 0537-441 is found violently variable on the electromagnetic spectrum at all frequencies, and is a source of gamma ray emission. Between December 2004 and March 2005, it underwent intense activity showing more than 4 magnitudes in a V filter in 50 days and 2.5 in 10 days. PKS 0537-441 is also known to display two flaring episodes, one in July 2009 and one in March 2010, with its gamma ray luminosity in the 0.1-100 GeV energy range reaching a peak value (2.6 x 1048 erg s−1) on 3-d timescales at the end of the month. During its variability, PKS 0537-441 shows signs of both flux and color index variability on timescales.
PKS 0537-441 contains a radio structure. The source is found to be core dominated on arcsecond scales with a secondary bright component separated by 7".2 at a 305° positional angle (PA). However, according to 2.3 GHz observations conducted by the Southern Hemisphere VLBI Experimental program (SHEVE), the radio structure has a 4.2 Jansky core with a measured diameter of 1.1 mas. There is a jetlike component, confirmed to be an asymmetric core-jet structure according to a 5 GHz Very-long-baseline interferometry imaging. This component is located north of the compact core.
PKS 0537-441 shows gamma ray and optical oscillations. During its high state between August 2008 and 2011, the periodogram of its gamma ray light curve displays a peak reaching T0 ~ 280 days with significance of 99.7%. A broad magnesium ionized emission line was also discovered at redshift (z) 0.885, implied to be a mini low ionization broad absorption-line quasar. This speculates PKS 0537-441 might be a binary quasar.
References
External links
PKS 0537-441 on SIMBAD
PKS 0537-441 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Pictor
2824444
Astronomical objects discovered in 1973
Quasars
BL Lacertae objects
Active galaxies | PKS 0537-441 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 581 | [
"Pictor",
"Constellations"
] |
78,274,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexirestrant | Bexirestrant is a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) which is being evaluated for the treatment of breast cancer. This orally bioavailable compound has demonstrated potent activity against both wild-type and mutant forms of the estrogen receptor (ER), addressing a critical need in overcoming resistance to current endocrine therapies.
It is structurally characterized by an E-alkene linked to an azetidine core.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Azetidines
Benzopyrans
Fluoroalkanes
Fluorobenzene derivatives
Phenols
Vinylbenzenes | Bexirestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 133 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,274,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleicine | Caleicine is a unique sesquiterpene compound found exclusively in Calea ternifolia, a Mexican flowering plant known for its potential psychoactive properties. This compound has garnered interest in the field of ethnopharmacology and natural product chemistry due to its putative role as a prodrug of eugenol, a potent GABA positive modulator.
Caleicine is the p-Coumaric ester of junenol and has no lactone moiety making it distinctly unique from the other sesquiterpene lactones in Calea ternifolia.
Chemistry
Caleicine is a sesquiterpene that has a phenylpropanoid moiety bonded to junenol
In an investigation, lab mice were administered with an aqueous solution of Calea Ternifolia in doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg and made to undergo a forced swim test. Under dosages of 400 and 800 mg, the mice showed depressive like effects.
Theorised Mechanism of action
The mechanisms of Calea Ternifolia induced somnolence are not well understood, however, Caleicine could play a role due to its potential metabolism.
Caleicine contains p-Coumaric acid. In the body, p-Coumaric acid is biosynthesised into many lignols and phenylpropanoids including eugenol.
Eugenol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor which is common amongst oneirogens. In addition, eugenol inhibits both MAO-A and MAO-B, inhibiting the metabolism of serotonin, melatonin and dopamine.
Eugenol is one of many potential metabolites of Caleicine and the mechanisms of both Caleicine and Calea Ternifolia are largely misunderstood.
Caleicine is a unique sesquiterpene compound found only in Calea ternifolia and is one of many GABAergic compounds found in the plant and acts as a prodrug to the known bioactive and potent Eugenol. Caleicine is a strong candidate to be responsible the effects of Calea ternifolia as the GABA modulation Eugenol exhibits are the same that of Calea ternifolia.
Calea ternifolias negative side effects, nausea, vomiting and delirium based hallucinations, are the same that of Eugenol and other GABAergic compounds.
GABA positive allosteric site modulation is found in many sedative substances such as methaqualone, propofol, ethanol, and zolpidem. The properties of GABA positive modulating substances typically are anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, oneirogenic, sedative, hypnotic, euphoriant, and muscle relaxant effects.
See also
GABA receptor
Germacranolides
Myristicin
References
Sesquiterpenes
Esters
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Decalins
Isopropyl compounds | Caleicine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 622 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Esters",
"Functional groups"
] |
78,274,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazestrant | Palazestrant is an investigational new drug which is being evaluated for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, with a dual mechanism of action as both a complete estrogen receptor antagonist (CERAN) and a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). This orally bioavailable small molecule has demonstrated potent activity against both wild-type and mutant forms of the estrogen receptor.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Azetidines
Beta-Carbolines
Fluoroalkanes
Isobutyl compounds
Phenol ethers
Propyl compounds | Palazestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 131 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,274,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintodestrant | Rintodestrant is an orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) developed by G1 Therapeutics for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Structurally inspired by the 6-OH-benzothiophene scaffold used in arzoxifene and raloxifene, rintodestrant selectively binds to the estrogen receptor and inhibits ER signaling, demonstrating efficacy in endocrine-resistant tumors.
A phase I clinical trial evaluated rintodestrant as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Diaryl ethers
Benzothiophenes
Enoic acids
Fluorobenzene derivatives
Ketones
Phenols | Rintodestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 185 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
78,274,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taragarestrant | Taragarestrant is an orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) developed by Inventis Bio for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Structurally similar to AZD9496, taragarestrant has demonstrated potent efficacy across multiple breast cancer cell lines expressing ER and related xenograft models. In preclinical studies, taragarestrant exhibited anti-tumor activity, warranting further clinical investigation.
A phase I study (NCT03471663) evaluated taragarestrant in females with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer, both as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. A phase III clinical trial has been initiated in China in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Selective estrogen receptor degraders
Beta-Carbolines
Enoic acids
Chlorobenzene derivatives
Fluoroalkanes
Isobutyl compounds | Taragarestrant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 221 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,274,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEU%20%E2%80%94%20International%20Journal%20of%20Electronics%20and%20Communications | AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers research on electrical and electronic engineering. It was established in 1971 as the Archiv für Elektronik und Übertragungstechnik and obtained its current title in 2001. The editor-in-chief is Shahram Minaei (Doğuş University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Current Contents/Electronics & Telecommunications Collection
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
EBSCO databases
Ei Compendex
Inspec
ProQuest databases
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 3.0.
References
External links
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1971
Electronics journals
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals | AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications | [
"Engineering"
] | 173 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical and electronic engineering journals"
] |
78,275,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotlands%20%28land%20development%29 | Plotlands were areas of cheap British farmland, including along the coast and rivers, which, between the 1890s and 1939, were divided and sold for holiday homes or as smallholdings. Described as "a makeshift world of shacks and shanties, scattered unevenly in plots of varying size and shape, with unmade roads and little in the way of services" plotland developments gave the economically disadvantaged the opportunity to "take their own place in the sun". Inhabitants were known as "plotlanders".
History
The peak of plotland development was between the wars. Immediately after WWI there was a "dire shortage" of housing, so people used obsolete army huts, converted buses, caravans, railway carriages, coal barges, and kit-built wooden chalets
to create "temporary shanties", taking advantage of the "depressed prices of agricultural land and the absence of planning controls."
In 1927 playwright H.F. Maltby (1880–1963) wrote a play What Might Happen: A Piece of Extravagance in 3 Acts satirising life in the plotlands where Maltby "imagined a future in which former aristocrats live in abject poverty in leaking railway carriages or former army huts."
Until at least 1939, most plotlands developed without services: no mains electricity, street lighting, water, sewage or tarmacked roads. During WWII, plotlands became popular as a place to shelter away from vulnerable cities, such as London, Liverpool, Bristol and Hull.
Locations
Plotland locations included:
Callow Green, Canvey Island, Hardwick Wood, Humberston Fitties, Isle of Sheppey, Jaywick Sands, Central Park, Peacehaven, Pitsea, Point Clear, Ram Hill, Rochester Park and Garden Suburb, Rye Bay, Selsey Peninsula, Saltdean, Shotgate, Vange Hill and Woodingdean.
People from the West Midlands would travel to the Severn Valley and North Wales, those from Glasgow would go to the Ayrshire coast, and those from West Riding cities would travel to the Yorkshire coast and the Humber estuary.
Preservation and future
The Haven Plotlands Museum in Basildon is a plotland house now owned by the Essex Wildlife Trust.
The Humberston Fitties plotlands in Lincolnshire were declared a conservation area in 2017.
The York Plotlands Association is "campaigning to update the model of plotland development which was (more or less) outlawed by the 1947 Planning Act" for people planning to build their own home on their own plot.
Gallery
See also
References
Urban planning
Types of towns
Neighbourhoods by type
Real estate terminology | Plotlands (land development) | [
"Engineering"
] | 532 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
78,276,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropalin | Dipropalin is a preëmergent dinitroaniline herbicide. It is currenctly not commercially used in western countries, but may be available in China and used in India. It has low acute toxicity. It is used on turf. Tests in the 1960s in the USA evaluated its performance as a trifluralin analog, where it scored the highest pre-emergent effectiveness amongst methyl-group analogs, though losing to several trifluoromethyls, such as trifluralin itself. Dipropalin's methyl group does see increased post-emergent activity, but no trifluralin analog was effective in this regard.
References
Links
Preemergent herbicides
Nitrotoluene derivatives
Anilines
Herbicides | Dipropalin | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Herbicides",
"Biocides"
] |
65,354,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%20Roach | Jared C. Roach is an American biologist who invented the pairwise end sequencing strategy while a graduate student at the University of Washington.
Education and early career
Roach attended Cornell University, where he received his Bachelor of Science in biology in 1990. He then attended the University of Washington, where he received his PhD in immunology in 1998, and his MD in 1999. He trained in internal medicine at the University of Utah through 2001.
Career
Starting as a graduate student in the 1990s, Roach worked on the Human Genome Project from its early days through its conclusion in 2003. He invented pairwise end-sequencing while a graduate student in Leroy Hood's laboratory.
Roach was a senior fellow at the department of molecular biotechnology at the University of Washington from 1999 to 2000. In 2001, he became a research scientist at the Institute for Systems Biology.
In 2009, Roach was first author on a project which sequenced the whole genomes of a family of four, including two children affected by Miller syndrome and primary ciliary dyskinesia. This effort identified the cause of Miller syndrome, a simple recessive Mendelian disorder. It also produced the first complete whole-chromosomal parental haplotypes in humans. Parental haplotyping is the process of assigning all the variants in the genome to paternal and maternal chromosomes. The team applied these techniques to identify genetic mutations related to several genetic diseases, including genes for Adams–Oliver syndrome, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, certain subtypes of epilepsy, palmoplantar keratoderma, and Fanconi anemia.
From 2007 to 2009, he was scientific director of the High-Throughput Analysis Core (HAC) laboratory at Seattle Children's Hospital. Since 2009, he has been a senior research scientist at the Institute for Systems Biology. Roach's group currently applies systems biology to complex genetic diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease.
In 2020, Roach was involved in a project to map out the molecular phylogenetics of Washington state's initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.
Selected publications
Roach has authored more than 70 publications with over 9000 citations.
References
External links
List of publications authored by Jared Roach while at the Institute for Systems Biology
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American biologists
Cornell University alumni
Human Genome Project scientists
Systems biologists
University of Washington alumni | Jared Roach | [
"Engineering"
] | 486 | [
"Human Genome Project scientists"
] |
65,355,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure%20Rare%20Disease | Cure Rare Disease is a non-profit biotechnology company based in Boston, Massachusetts that is working to create novel therapeutics using gene therapy, gene editing (CRISPR technology) and antisense oligonucleotides to treat people impacted by rare and ultra-rare genetic neuromuscular conditions.
History
Richard Horgan founded Terry's Foundation for Muscular Dystrophy in 2017, which became Cure Rare Disease in 2018, in order to develop a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy for his brother who has been battling the disease since childhood. Leveraging his network from Harvard Business School, Horgan formed a collaboration consisting of leading researchers and clinicians around the country to develop this cure for his brother, and eventually founded Cure Rare Disease.
Horgan connected first with a scientist at Boston Children's Hospital, Dr. Timothy Yu, who had just successfully created a custom drug for a girl with the neurodegenerative condition, Batten disease using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology. Horgan's brother's mutation is not amenable to ASO technology, so Horgan adopted the process and instead used CRISPR as the technology to attempt to cure his brother.
This collaboration has expanded over the past three years and has led to the addition of notable researchers and institutions collaborating with Cure Rare Disease on their mission to treat rare disease.
Research
There are currently three drugs approved by the FDA for Duchenne muscular dystrophy to treat the patients with mutations on the dystrophin gene encompassing exon 51, 53, and 45. However, people with DMD have mutations impacting different exons of the gene, so these do not work to treat all patients.
Cure Rare Disease is developing novel therapeutics using gene replacement, gene editing (CRISPR gene-editing) and antisense oligonucleotide technologies. To systemically deliver a subset of therapeutics, including CRISPR, the therapeutic is inserted into the adeno-associated virus (AAV). The drug developed for Horgan’s brother used a CRISPR transcriptional activator which functions to upregulate an alternative isoform of dystrophin. Because the CRISPR activation technology does not induce a double stranded cut, rather it acts to upregulate the target of interest, there is less risk of introducing an off-target genetic mutation. Through the collaboration with Cure Rare Disease, researchers at Charles River Laboratories, headquartered in Wilmington, Massachusetts, have develop animal models with the same genetic mutation as the person to be treated with the drug so that therapeutic efficacy and safety can be shown.
After extensive efficacy and safety testing, Cure Rare Disease secured approval of the Investigational New Drug (IND) application from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to dose Terry with the first-in-human CRISPR transcriptional activator in July 2022.
Finding success in developing a novel framework to treat the first patient, Cure Rare Disease expanded the development of additional therapeutics. Currently, there are 18 mutations and conditions in the Cure Rare Disease pipeline, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, various subtypes of Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), and ADSSL1 distal myopathy. As of 2022, none of these conditions have a viable treatment available for the population impacted. To better plan for future therapeutic endeavors, Cure Rare Disease established a patient registry where patients and patient families can input their mutation information.
Partners
Charles River Lab
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Yale School of Medicine
Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) Toronto, Canada
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
Andelyn Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio
The cross-functional collaboration includes researchers and clinicians from across the Northern Hemisphere and is focused on developing therapeutics for rare and ultra-rare diseases for which there are no effective treatments.
References
External links
Cure Rare Disease's Website
Cure Rare Disease on the TODAY Show
Non-profit corporations
Biotechnology
Rare disease organizations | Cure Rare Disease | [
"Biology"
] | 847 | [
"nan",
"Biotechnology"
] |
65,355,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy%20Drozd | Yuriy Drozd (; born October 15, 1944) is a Ukrainian mathematician working primarily in algebra. He is a Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and head of the Department of Algebra and Topology at the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Biography
Drozd graduated from Kyiv University in 1966, pursuing a postgraduate degree at the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1969. His PhD dissertation On Some Questions of the Theory of Integral Representations (1970) was supervised by Igor Shafarevich.
From 1969 to 2006 Drozd worked at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Kyiv University (at first as lecturer, then as associate professor and full professor). From 1980 to 1998 he headed the Department of Algebra and Mathematical Logic. Since 2006 he has been the head of the Department of Algebra and Topology (until 2014 - the Department of Algebra) of the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. His doctoral students include Volodymyr Mazorchuk.
Since 2022, Drozd has taught at Harvard University.
References
External links
Personal site.
Oberwolfach Photo Collection.
Yuriy Drozd, Introduction to Algebraic Geometry (course lecture notes, University of Kaiserslautern).
Yuriy Drozd, Vector Bundles over Projective Curves.
Yuriy Drozd, General Properties of Surface Singularities.
Scientists from Kyiv
Ukrainian mathematicians
1944 births
Living people
NASU Institute of Mathematics
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Algebraists
Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology | Yuriy Drozd | [
"Mathematics"
] | 323 | [
"Algebra",
"Algebraists"
] |
65,357,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20tert-butoxide | Lithium tert-butoxide is the metalorganic compound with the formula LiOC(CH3)3. A white solid, it is used as a strong base in organic synthesis. The compound is often depicted as a salt, and it often behaves as such, but it is not ionized in solution. Both octameric and hexameric forms have been characterized by X-ray crystallography
Preparation
Lithium tert-butoxide is commercially available as a solution and as a solid, but it is often generated in situ for laboratory use because samples are so sensitive and older samples are often of poor quality. It can be obtained by treating tert-butanol with butyl lithium.
Reactions
As a strong base, lithium tert-butoxide is easily protonated.
Lithium tert-butoxide is used to prepare other tert-butoxide compounds such as copper(I) t-butoxide and hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III):
2 MoCl3(thf)3 + 6 LiOBu-t → Mo2(OBu-t)6 + 6 LiCl + 6 thf
Related compounds
Sodium tert-butoxide
Potassium tert-butoxide
References
Alkoxides
Lithium compounds
Non-nucleophilic bases
Organolithium compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry
Tert-butyl compounds | Lithium tert-butoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 290 | [
"Non-nucleophilic bases",
"Organolithium compounds",
"Alkoxides",
"Functional groups",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
65,357,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20privacy%20technologies | Hard privacy technologies are methods of protecting data. Hard privacy technologies and soft privacy technologies both fall under the category of privacy-enhancing technologies. Hard privacy technologies allow online users to protect their privacy through different services and applications without the trust of the third-parties. The data protection goal is data minimization and reduction of the trust in third-parties and the freedom (and techniques) to conceal information or to communicate.
Applications of hard privacy technologies include onion routing, VPNs and the secret ballot used for democratic elections.
Systems for anonymous communications
Mix networks
Mix networks use both cryptography and permutations to provide anonymity in communications. The combination makes monitoring end-to-end communications more challenging for eavesdroppers, since it breaks the link between the sender and recipients.
Dining Cryptographers Net (DC-net)
DC-net is a protocol for communication that enables secure, uninterrupted communication. Its round-based protocol enables participants to publish one bit message per round unobservably.
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN is based on a digital telecommunications network, i.e. a digital 64 kbit/s channel network. ISDN is primarily used for the swapping of networks; therefore it offers effective service for communication.
Attacks against anonymous communications
In order to cope with attacks on anonymity systems, the traffic analysis would trace information such as who is talking with whom, extract profiles and so on. The traffic analysis is used against vanilla or hardened systems.
Examples of hard privacy technologies
Onion routing
Onion routing is an internet-based encrypted technique to prevent eavesdropping, traffic analysis attacks and so on. Messages in an onion network are embedded in the encryption layers. The destination in each layer will be encrypted. For each router, the message is decrypted by its private key and unveiled like an 'onion' and then the message transmitted to the next router.
Tor is a free-to-use anonymity service that depends on the concept of onion routing. Among all the PETs, tor has one of the highest user bases.
VPNs
A virtual private network (VPN) is one of the most important ways to protect personal information. A VPN connects a private network to a public network, which helps users share information through public networks by extending them to their computer devices. Thus, VPNs users may benefit from more security.
Future of hard privacy technology
The future of hard privacy technology include limited disclosure technology and data protection on US disclosure legislation.
Limited disclosure technology offers a mechanism to preserve individuals' privacy by encouraging them to provide information only a little that is just sufficient to complete an interactionor purchase with service providers. This technology is to restrict the data sharing between consumers and other third parties.
Data protection on US disclosure legislation. Although the United States does not have a general federal legislation on data privacy policy, a range of federal data protection laws are sector-related or focus specific data forms. For example, the Children online privacy protection Act (COPPA) (15 U.S. Code Section 6501) which forbids the collection of any information from a child under the age of 13 years old by internet or by digitally linked devices. The Video Privacy Protection Act (18 U.S. code § 2710 et seq.) restricts the release of video rental or sale records, including online streaming. At last, the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 (47 US Code § 551) protects the subscribers' information privacy.
the LINDDUN methodology
LINDDUN is short for its seven categories of privacy threats including linkability, recognition, non-repudiation, sensitivity, leakage of details, unconscionability and non-compliance. It is used as a privacy threat modeling methodology that supports analysts in systematically eliciting and mitigating privacy threats in software architectures. Its main strength is its combination of methodological guidance and privacy knowledge support.
See also
References
Data protection
Data security | Hard privacy technologies | [
"Engineering"
] | 816 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data security"
] |
65,358,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20cider | Fire cider is a pungent concoction that is made of apple cider vinegar, onions, garlic and horseradish, sometimes with citrus, ginger, and hot peppers. It is steeped for weeks and used once it becomes tangy and hot. This home remedy drink is utilized to strengthen the immune system and ward off cold-weather illness.
Controversy
In 2012 a Massachusetts company called Shire City Herbals trademarked the name Fire Cider and started selling it. However, Dana St. Pierre also claim to have trademarked it. A number of herbalists say that they have been using the term Fire Cider since 1980s. An October 2019 ruling established that ‘Fire Cider’ is a generic term and cannot be trademarked in the United States.
References
Cider
Fermented drinks | Fire cider | [
"Biology"
] | 162 | [
"Fermented drinks",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
65,359,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq%20ProSignia | The Compaq ProSignia is a discontinued computer brand by Compaq for small businesses. It was the mid-range successor to the Compaq SystemPro brand. It was discontinued in 2000.
Desktops
5/60
200
330: Mid-Tower - Intel Pentium III 500 MHz - 128 MB / up to 384 MB
600
Servers
VS: Mid-Tower, EISA bus, i486 CPU (SX/33, DX/33, DX2/66), integrated Ethernet and SCSI
300: Mid-Tower, EISA/PCI bus, Pentium (75, 90 or 120 MHz), integrated Ethernet and PCI SCSI
500: Full-Tower, EISA/PCI bus, Pentium (120 or 150Mhz), ECC memory, integrated PCI Ethernet and SCSI
Laptops
ProSignia 150
Presario-based. 1999. 50 mm × 313 mm × 257 mm; 12.1-inch (800×600) or 14.1-inch (1024×768) screen (3.3 or 3.6 kg).
ATI Technologies RAGE LT PRO. 32/64 MB soldered to motherboard, up to 160/192 MB (1 slot). AMD K6-2 (350-475).
ProSignia 155
ProSignia 162
ProSignia 165
ProSignia 170
1999. Low-end version of Armada M700.
314 mm × 249 mm × 28 mm; Pointing stick or touchpad. 2.1+ kg. Pentium II or III (366 or 450-700, instead 650-1000). 13.3- or 14-inch screen. ATI Mobility P (8 MB). Magnesium top cover. MultiBay. 32 MB (PII version, up to 288 MB) or 64 MB (PIII version, up to 320 MB) RAM.
ProSignia 190
ProSignia 197
References
ProSignia
ProSignia
Computer-related introductions in 1992 | Compaq ProSignia | [
"Technology"
] | 428 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Computing stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
65,360,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMG-9810 | AMG-9810 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the TRPV1 receptor. It has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects and is used in scientific research, but has not been developed for medical use. It has high antagonist potency and good bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, and so has been used to study the role of TRPV1 in areas other than pain perception, such as its roles in the brain.
See also
AMG-517
SB-705498
References
Benzodioxans
Transient receptor potential channel modulators | AMG-9810 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 130 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
65,362,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathrin%20Jansen | Kathrin U. Jansen (born 1958) is the former Head of Vaccine Research and Development at Pfizer. She previously led the development of the HPV vaccine (Gardasil) and newer versions of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), and is working with BioNTech to create a COVID-19 vaccine using mRNA (Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) that was approved for Emergency Use Authorization in the United States on December 11, 2020.
Early life and education
Jansen was born in Erfurt, East Germany. She was frequently unwell as a child, and suffered several throat infections. The medical treatment she received from her father (antibiotics, codeine) inspired her to pursue a career in drug development. Her family fled to West Germany before the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961. To transport Jansen across the border, her aunt pretended that she was her child, giving her some sleeping pills so that she didn't wake up and tell the border patrol the truth. Her family settled in Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia. She eventually studied biology at the University of Marburg, with the hope to work in the pharmaceutical industry. Whilst she was an undergraduate, Rudolf K. Thauer arrived at the university, and established a department of microbiology. Jansen completed her doctoral degree at the University of Marburg, where she studied chemical pathways in bacteria. After earning her degree, Jansen moved to Cornell University as an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation postdoctoral fellow investigating the function of the acetylcholine receptor with George Paul Hess. In particular, Jansen focussed on the yeast expression of multi-subunit neuronal receptors.
Research and career
Jansen was fascinated by the development of novel pharmaceuticals, and wanted to return to Europe, so moved to Geneva to join the Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology. At the Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology Jansen encouraged the immunologists to create a novel receptor for immunoglobulin E. She completed an internship in the laboratory of David Bishop at the University of Oxford, where she studied the expression of insect cells using baculoviridae.
In 1992 Jansen moved back to the United States, where she joined the vaccine division at Merck & Co. She became interested in making vaccines, and started work on the human papillomavirus infection. Soon after Jian Zhou and Ian Frazer started work on the HPV vaccine, proposing that the proteins of the human papillomavirus infection virus-like particles could be self assembled into something that could be used as a vaccine. Jansen proposed the vaccine should be made in yeast, a substrate which Merck & Co. had previously used for the Hepatitis B vaccine. Various innovations were required to ensure that the yeast did not degrade the virus like particles, and prevent their aggregation. Jansen managed to convince Edward Scolnick that the experimental vaccine was worth pursuing, and started to make the assays. Jansen worked with Laura Koutsky at the University of Washington to conduct natural history studies that informed the phase 2 clinical trials. In 2002 the vaccination was proven 100% effective, and Jansen left the Merck & Co. knowing that the vaccination would be a success.
She joined VaxGen in 2004, where she was appointed chief scientific officer. In 2006 Jansen left VaxGen to join Wyeth Pharmaceuticals in 2006, where she was responsible for vaccine discovery. Here she developed the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar-13). In 2010 Jansen was appointed adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
Jansen is concerned about the rise of vaccine hesitancy. During a conference at Pfizer in 2019, she said “I don't know what motivates an individual to ignore scientific facts. As scientists, it is our obligation to rectify misinformation and to provide the facts on what we know and what we don't know,”.
During the COVID-19 pandemic Jansen oversaw the development of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. She looked at four potential candidates, before joining with BioNTech to improve the likelihood of identifying the vaccine with the highest potential. To test efficacy, Jansen and Pfizer are working under guidance from the Food and Drug Administration and conducting a 30,000 patient study. In July 2020 Jansen announced positive results in their clinical trials, resulting in an increase in the share price of Pfizer.
Select publications
References
1958 births
Living people
University of Marburg alumni
Vaccinologists
Microbiologists
COVID-19 researchers
Pfizer people
Wyeth
University of Pennsylvania faculty
GSK plc people
Merck & Co. people
German immunologists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | Kathrin Jansen | [
"Biology"
] | 997 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
65,365,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening%20%28environmental%29 | Within the environmental sciences, screening broadly refers to a set of analytical techniques used to monitor levels of potentially hazardous organic compounds in the environment, particularly in tandem with mass spectrometry techniques. Such screening techniques are typically classified as either targeted, where compounds of interest are chosen before the analysis begins, or non-targeted, where compounds of interest are chosen at a later stage of the analysis. These two techniques can be organized into at least three approaches: target screening, using reference standards that are analogous to the target compound; suspect screening, which uses a library of cataloged data such as exact mass, isotope patterns, and chromatographic retention times in lieu of reference standards; and non-target screening, using no pre-existing knowledge for comparison before analysis. As such, target screening is most useful when monitoring the presence of specific organic compounds—particularly for regulatory purposes—which requires higher selectivity and sensitivity. When the number of detected compounds and associated metabolites needs to be maximized for discovering new or emerging environmental trends or biomarkers for disease, a more non-targeted approach has traditionally been used. However, the rapid improvement of mass spectrometers into more high-resolution forms, with increased sensitivity, has made suspect and non-target screening more attractive, either as stand-alone approaches or in conjunction with more targeted methods.
Approaches to environmental screening
Mass spectrometry methods are generally used for analysis of environmental contaminant monitoring, particularly in aquatic environments (though they can be applied in non-aquatic environments, such as with screening pesticides on plant matter), paired with chromatography for separation. For target screening, this means using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods "that use single reaction monitoring (SIM) or selected reaction monitoring (SRM) modes." However, for suspect and non-target screening, these methods are inadequate due to recording only a limited number of compounds and insufficient useful information can be determined about unknown compounds, particularly given the dearth of LC-MS comparison libraries. For those non-targeted screening approaches, high-resolution mass spectrometry and high mass accuracy chromatography techniques are required. Combinations of quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and orbitrap mass spectrometry analyzers have emerged, along with high-performance liquid chromatography (and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography), to more rapidly and effectively tackle suspect and non-target screening.
Target screening
Target screening or analysis is useful when looking for a short list of predetermined organic compounds in a sample, while ignoring other compounds that may be present. Reference standards that align with the predetermined compounds are available and used to compare attributes such as chromatographic retention time, fragmentation pattern, and isotopic pattern. The workflow for target screening requires the optimization of sample extraction, sample clean-up, and instrumentation methods to those predetermined compounds in order to achieve "a specific and accurate measurement." Most analytical results will be quantitative in nature, given the narrow focus of screening. As such, targeted approaches have traditionally been used in regulatory monitoring schemes. The downside, however, is that many hazardous organic compounds are not covered by environmental monitoring regulation and thus not specifically targeted, and the approach is not generally adept for rapid response approaches to providing early warning of contamination events.
Suspect screening
Suspect screening is useful when looking for one or more suspected compounds with known structures in a sample, but reference standards are unavailable or don't exist. In this case, user-built databases containing information such as mass accuracy, retention time, isotopic patterns, and other structure information for the suspected compounds are consulted, filtered, and compared against the results of high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses using SRM or full scans. The structure of the suspected compounds are then elucidated based on that information, ideally confirmed with authentic reference standards. Compared to targeted screening, the initial work performed in suspect screening is largely qualitative, with more quantitative work to potentially follow in a more targeted approach. Aside from being able to analyze for more compounds, an additional benefit of this approach is that retrospective analysis, even years later, is enabled without reanalyzing the sample. A downside to the suspect approach is the complexity involved, including not only with data analysis (e.g., using in silico fragmentation software) but also carefully developing suspect screening lists and choosing databases.
Non-target screening
Non-target screening is useful when needing to investigate the presences of all the organic compounds within a sample. In this case, since no information is known about the compounds contained in the sample, no reference standard can be used for comparison, at least initially, overall making non-target screening one of the most challenging approaches. Rather, a full automated scan with mass filtering, peak detection, and other characteristics is used to make initial compound detection. Then elemental composition of detected compounds is deduced using accurate mass of the ions. Database searches can be performed to get a lock on what the most plausible structures are given the elemental composition. Like suspect screening, the initial work performed in non-target screening is largely qualitative, with more quantitative work to potentially follow. Similar to suspect screening, the downside to a fully non-targeted approach is the data-intensive nature of the processes, requiring multivariate statistical models, and the wide variety of data processing workflows used by researchers further complicates evaluation of method performance of those data analysis processes.
References
Analytical chemistry
Environmental monitoring
Environmental science | Screening (environmental) | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,165 | [
"nan"
] |
65,367,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20Advisory%20Group%20of%20Experts | The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) is the principal advisory group to World Health Organization (WHO) for vaccines and immunization. Established in 1999 through the merging of two previous committees, notably the Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (which served the Program for Vaccine Development) and the Global Advisory Group (which served the EPI program) by Director-General of the WHO Gro Harlem Brundtland. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and biotechnology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases. SAGE provide global recommendations on immunization policy and such recommendations will be further translated by advisory committee at the country level.
Membership
The SAGE has 15 members, who are recruited and selected as acknowledged experts from around the world in the fields of epidemiology, public health, vaccinology, paediatrics, internal medicine, infectious diseases, immunology, drug regulation, programme management, immunization delivery, health-care administration, health economics, and vaccine safety. Members are appointed by Director-General of the WHO to serve an initial term of 3 years, and can only be renewed once.
Working groups
SAGE meets at least twice annually in April and November, with working groups established for detailed review of specific topics prior to discussion by the full group. Priorities of work and meeting agendas are developed by the Group in consultation with WHO.
UNICEF, the Secretariat of the GAVI Alliance, and WHO Regional Offices participate as observers in SAGE meetings and deliberations. WHO also invites other observers to SAGE meetings, including representatives from WHO regional technical advisory groups, non-governmental organizations, international professional organizations, technical agencies, donor organizations and associations of manufacturers of vaccines and immunization technologies. Additional experts may be invited, as appropriate, to further contribute to specific agenda items.
, working groups were established for the following vaccines:
COVID-19
Dengue
Ebola
HPV
Malaria Policy Advisory Group Working Group on Malaria Vaccines
Meningococcal vaccines and vaccination
Pneumococcal vaccines
Polio vaccine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunization Products
Smallpox and Monkeypox vaccines
See also
National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, country-level advisory committee
References
Public health
Health policy
International medical and health organizations
Organizations established in 1999
United Nations Development Group
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Organizations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic
Vaccines
Vaccination
Virology
Immunology
Biotechnology organizations
Biology organizations
Immunology organizations
Infectious disease organizations
Epidemiology organizations
Pediatric organizations
Pharmacy organizations | Strategic Advisory Group of Experts | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 548 | [
"Immunology",
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
65,367,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drofenine | Drofenine is an antimuscarinic antispasmodic drug used for relaxing smooth muscle, thereby treating conditions, such as: dysmenorrhea, and pain in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary passages, and urogenital tract. Drofenine is assumed to work by increasing the levels of the protein TRPV3.
References
Carboxylate esters
Muscarinic antagonists
Diethylamino compounds
Cyclohexyl compounds | Drofenine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 104 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
65,367,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doces%20de%20ovos | Doce de ovos is a sweet egg cream from Portuguese cuisine made with egg yolks and simple syrup. It is used as a filling for layered sponge cakes, and can be used as a sweet topping for ice creams and other desserts like Natas do Céu. The cream must be prepared at low temperature or in a bain marie to prevent the egg yolks coagulating.
It is a common component of products offered in Portuguese doçaria confectionery stores.
See also
Fios de ovos
Ovos moles
References
Portuguese confectionery
Egg dishes
Food ingredients | Doces de ovos | [
"Technology"
] | 122 | [
"Food ingredients",
"Components"
] |
65,368,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20structure%20measurement%20by%20LiDAR | Geological structure measurement by LiDAR technology is a remote sensing method applied in structural geology. It enables monitoring and characterisation of rock bodies. This method's typical use is to acquire high resolution structural and deformational data for identifying geological hazards risk, such as assessing rockfall risks or studying pre-earthquake deformation signs.
Geological structures are the results of tectonic deformations, which control landform distribution patterns. These structures include folds, fault planes, size, persistence, spatial variations, and numbers of the rock discontinuities in a particular region. These discontinuity features significantly impact slope stability, causing slope failures or separating a rock mass into intact rock blocks (rockfall). Some displaced blocks along faults are signs of earthquakes.
Conventionally, geotechnical engineers carried out rock discontinuity studies manually. In post geological hazards studies, such as rockfall, the rockfall source areas are dangerous and are difficult to access, severely hindering the ability to carry out detailed structural measurements and volumetric calculations necessary for hazard assessment. By using LiDAR, geological structures can be evaluated remotely, enabling a 3-D investigation of slopes with virtual outcrops.
LiDAR technology (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technique that obtains precise 3-D information and distance. The laser receptor calculates the distance by the travelling time between emitting and receiving laser pulses. LiDAR produces topographic maps, and it is useful for assessing the natural environment.
Importance of measuring geological structures by LiDAR
Geological structures are responsible for providing distinct physical properties to rock masses. Discontinuous properties and plate tectonic forces may alter rock masses and their geometries. These structures contain joints, fractures, bedding planes, shear zones, mechanical breaks, or any other features ranging from microscopic (<1 cm, foliation development by metamorphism) to macroscopic scale (>100m, mid-oceanic ridges).
Geological structures are typically elongated, their orientations are often described as "strike". If a rock body is extensively tilted, taking its slope resistivity into account, it may have a high potential to cause rockfalls. The use of LiDAR in the structural analysis allows measuring landform features from a single outcrop scale to a terrestrial scale. Some geological structures measurement and their importance are listed below:
Rock plane orientation measurement and rockfall risk assessment
Rock plane orientations are the natural inclinations that occurred on a rock plane. Some examples of rock planes are bedding planes, fault planes. The planes' orientations are measured by dip and dip direction with a clinometer and compass, where dip represents the maximum inclination of a plane to the horizontal, dip direction is the direction of the intersection line between horizontal and the inclined plane. A stereonet can visualise the distribution of dip and dip directions to analyse the kinematics of a slope.
Kinematics represents the motion of a rock body without external forces that cause them to move. Kinematics analysis concentrates on the possibility of translational failures due to planes sliding although other types of failure modes, such as wedge and toppling failures, can also be recognized.
Faults behaviours measurement and earthquakes predictions
Faults behaviours can be used to measure the rate of sediment transportation and predict earthquakes. An earthquake can contribute to the formation of faults scraps. One side of a block will be relatively upthrown, causing vertical displacements. Therefore, given the parameters of fault scraps, structural geologists are able to trance the age of it and deduce the time involved to form such features.
Earthquakes are initiated by slow slips. Slips are the displaced blocks along two sides of a fault. However, these slips are undetectable by seismometers (maximum 5mm/day). When the slipping blocks reach a critical rupture velocity, the faults would gradually evolve into a final quake size by linear acceleration along fault planes. The critical displacement of faults is proportional to the initial rupture velocities.
After collecting LiDAR data from pre-earthquake and post-earthquake landforms, by constructing 3-D digital terrain models, the displacement and deformations can be derived. Thus, scientists can predict the final earthquake scale in the future by determining faults and slips' characteristics and areas' size, and short-term earthquake predictions are possible.
Surface processes and geological mapping
When carrying out geological mapping, interpretations through aerial photographs and satellite imagery are often used, but forest vegetation remained the major challenge for mapping. For example, characterising physical landform features at ridges and valleys are somehow complicated, many of these features are forest-covered. The topographic maps are then constructed by obtaining data manually.
LiDAR provides the full-waveform system, it enables the laser pulse to penetrate through canopies and vegetations. This system allows obtaining bare-ground geological data points. Webster et al. have discovered new craters in Northern Canada by harnessing LiDAR data and digital terrain models. A digital terrain model has to be constructed to measure structural parameters (tilt angles, river incision depths). With the precise bedrock and surficial lithology mapping by LiDAR, structural geologists can reconstruct surficial processes involved.
Traditional structural measurement
Traditional structural orientations can only be assessed on reachable exposed rock mass manually. Conventionally, engineering geologists investigated rock discontinuities studies with only a limited number at a time. The discontinuities may not represent the whole outcrop. Thus, the traditional rock plane orientation measurement may contain bias.
Geotechnical studies also investigate other geomechanical parameters, such as persistence, block size and rock joint spacing.
LiDAR technology
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a rapid surveying process that emits and receives laser pluses to acquire 3-D information. By illuminating lights with different wavelengths to the object of interest, LiDAR can be used to create precise topographic maps, with applications in: geology, geomorphology, surveying and other applications. Topographic maps are possible because of the Inertial Measuring Unit and Global Positioning System. Furthermore, it is a technology that can carry out studies on a steep slope and rock-cliffs.
Accurately measured data is necessary for the LiDAR data to be geo-referenced such as locating the data in a local or global coordinates system. Therefore, the produced LiDAR can be overlaid onto the aerial photographs collected previously to observe the topography changes over time.
Principle of LiDAR
LiDAR system emits pulsed and continuous-wave lasers to acquire 3-D information. The laser scanner is the main component of LiDAR. Lasers with a wavelength of 550-600 nm are used on a ground-based system (handheld laser scanning and terrestrial laser scanning), whereas airborne systems use lasers with 1000-1600 nm wavelength.
Laser calculates the reachable range by the following formula:
R represents Range in meters
c represents speed of light in m/s
t is the travelling time of a laser pulser in seconds
LiDAR receives information by discrete and full-waveform return. Full-waveform (multi-return) is often used for forest analysis by Airborne LiDAR, while discrete return (single return) is used by a ground-based laser scanning method. A laser is reflected whenever it reaches any surfaces. The full-waveform return is able to penetrate down into canopies and return vegetation information at different heights. Discrete return can only return the superficial materials. Thus, airborne LiDAR is often used for forestry studies.
Data representation and data format
LiDAR data is mainly stored in a point cloud format(.las). The captured point cloud data store X, Y Z geometric data. Each data point is obtained from a single laser scan and represents a local geo-referenced spatial datum. It can represent realistic and three-dimensional rock faces in a remote and inaccessible natural terrain.
The LiDAR data have the following parameters:
Each data point contains Co-ordinates (X, Y, Z co-ordinates in a local reference system)
Each point has its associated color information(R, G, B format)
The reflected intensity of the surface
Possible automatic superposition of photographs onto point clouds (captured during scanning process)
Any other hyperspectral data
These data help rock body features analysis, they include recorded geometrical or radiometric information of natural, excavated, or blasted rock slopes.
Previously, the LiDAR data are in the form of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange format(ASCII), which has several problems :
1) Low reading and interpreting speed of ASCII files
2) Useful data loss during data processing
3) ASCII is unstandardised
After 2003, the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) has standardized the LiDAR data in sequential binary laser(.las file) containing LiDAR or other point cloud data records.
Geo-referencing
Geo-referencing means the co-ordinates on an aerial photograph/digital terrain model can be referenced on a global/regional geographic system. Thus, the users are able to determine and locate every point of collected data on the Earth's surface. The typical global positioning system uses the World Geodetic System of 1984(WGS84) datum, and stores the geo-referenced data in GeoTIFF/GeoPDF format. In addition, the users may require orthometric elevation (elevation above sea-level or geoid model) in different scenarios. For example, analysing sea-level change by hydrological data.
Geo-referencing can be done by adding control points at the base of the slope. By shifting the point cloud data onto the known correct co-ordinates with at least 3 points, the point cloud data can be repositioned into an accurate co-ordinate system. This information is useful for calculating distances, volume and areas.
Types of LiDAR
LiDAR data can be collected on ground-based, airborne and mobile platforms. For example, Airborne LiDAR Scanning (ALS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Handheld Laser Scanning (HLS). The tables below will compare the mentioned data collection platforms:
1) The data collection methods
2) Geo-referencing technique (how to acquire the exact coordinate of a point)
3) Advantages and disadvantages
Digital terrain modelling
A digital terrain model (DTM) is a mathematical model that represents Earth's visible terrain surfaces. A DTM transforms discernible LiDAR data points into a continuous 3-D surface, the model connects discrete points with distinct height values to form planes. Thus, structural geologists are able to derive structural orientations from these 3-D planes. This modelling technique is also used to create digital planetary surfaces and there are more other applications.
Principle of Digital Terrain Model
The DTMs are classified by the basic geometric units, such as triangles, squares. 3 major mathematic functions are used, as listed below :
Point-based
Triangular-based
Grid-based
Moreover, triangle-based and grid-based are the most used.
Point-based
Point-based surface modelling reconstructs a surface by forming a series of small contiguous discontinuous surfaces. Each of the surfaces is planar and formed by connecting the individual data point. This function can form a surface with regular and irregular patterns by considering the regional boundaries of influence of each point, where a Voronoi diagram defines the regional boundaries. However, regular patterns are most widely used for simpler computations, such as hexagons, squared patterns.
The mathematical expression of the formation for each horizontal planar-surface is:
where Z is the height of the planar surface, and H is the ith point's height.
Triangular-based
A triangular-based function can form a more tilted or irregular digital surface model. This approach is treated as the primary way to construct a complex DTM. Triangles have great flexibility, any polygons (e.g. a square, rectangle) can be decomposed into other smaller triangles. A linked triangular network can incorporate break lines for plane fitting, it facilitates the formation of a curved facet/surface. The minimum requirement for forming a triangle requires 3 data points, where the nearest 3 points are grouped to form a triangle by Delaunay triangulation without overlapping.
As the data points are unevenly distributed, the triangular-based method effectively constructs DTM because this method can create surface variations. Even some data points of the point cloud are removed or added, a local triangle can be reformed without complete DTM reconstruction.
A few parameters control the surface formation process:
1) Density of Mesh
2) Maximum angle of neighbouring triangles
3) Minimum Patch size
Grid-based
The grid-based model has less relevance for constructing broken terrain or sharp terrain discontinuities with steep slopes. 4 data points are the minimum requirement for forming a grid-based model. The resulting surface is named a bi-linear surface that quadrilaterals of any shapes are linked to create a DTM, such as parallelograms, squares, rectangles or other irregular polygons. This method has the advantage of data handling that the data is in the form of squared grids, evenly distributing data points. In this case, some software has provided a "Random-to-Grid" operation to ensure that the data has the grid form.
Approach for digital terrain modelling
As the data collected are in the form of a point cloud, there is a need to transform these 3-D co-ordinates of laser points into a digital terrain model with 2 major procedures:
1) Point cloud classification and ground filtering
2) Reconstruction of the ground surface from discrete laser point cloud data by interpolation.
Data processing and classification (Airborne LiDAR scanning only)
Data classification and noise cleaning are the processes of obtaining a non-biased slope surface. When ALS collects the with multiple returns, this principle can classify the objects into different categories. Classification algorithms can be performed by TerraScan & TerraModel, computer software for classifying point cloud data automatically developed by TerraSolid. However, some manual adjustments and validations are needed to ensure the data points are classified correctly.
Algorithms can identify pre-dominate landform features, these algorithms assume the surfaces with significant variations are non-ground features. For creating a surface model of rock slope, only classified ground data is needed. The classifications of the ground and non-ground surfaces are in the following categories:
Data filtering
Data filtering enables the extraction of bare-Earth's surface by removing unnecessary data or data noise. For rock orientation studies, outcrop mapping and topographical studies, they only acquire information about the rock slope bodies. Thus, data filtering is implemented to separate the point clouds as ground and non-ground features. Bugs, vegetations or other artificial infrastructures belong to non-ground features.
In order to filter 3-D laser points, few methods from open source software can be applied to filter ground points out of the whole area of interests :
Ground verification survey
The purpose of the ground verification survey is to test the accuracy of LiDAR. LiDAR data is acquired by sending laser pulses at different angles or receiving the returning signal, these signals may include some error induced by atmosphere absorption of wavelength. Therefore, a ground-truth survey is needed to ensure the collected data's co-ordinates match the local coordinate system. For example, horizontal accuracy will be tested by comparing the collected data through different data collection techniques. Also, data can be corrected by setting multiple control points with known coordinates.
Structural orientation analysis
The DTMs are capable of identifying the structural parameters of geological features(tilt angle of a fold limb). For example, dip and dip directions of rock planes can be derived from DTM. The general methodology has the following steps:
1) Obtain LiDAR data of a targeted slope
2) Noise cleaning and filtering of point data
3) Transform point data into DTM through mathematical functions
4) By using programs, such as Coltop 3D, the structural geometry of the joint/slope planes can be calculated automatically.
5) The rock planes are determined by color-coding or statistical method for evaluating whether the points are grouped to form a single or different planes.
6) Output the structural orientations data into suitable computer software files, and plotting the distribution of dip and dip directions of different planes on a stereonet.
Data partition
Data partitioning helps redistribute the unevenly distributed point data by dividing data into cubes. Returned point cloud data has different point density, due to the variation of data collection devices and parameters. The point cloud's density determines the cube size, no fewer than 4 points form each cube. The points that are considered as non-conformers will be removed from the point cloud. Afterwards, the normal vector of each cube will be calculated.
Octree Partitioning in open source softwares, including CloudCompare and Geomagic, can achieve data partitioning. Considering the rock masses in different terrains, they have variations in the roughness. Thus, it is necessary for users to set the cube size manually to obtain the best cube. The average number of points in each cube ranges from 15 to 30 points, by setting the range of the point spacing between 4mm and 7mm.
Cluster analysis by normal vectors
The purpose of rock discontinuities clustering is to group sub-planes of a slope into the same discontinuity set they belong to. The discontinuities demonstrate waviness, roughness or an undulating surface. The points within the same joint set show similar orientation habits. The algorithm determines whether the points are located within the main orientation of bedding planes or sub-parallel planes with each other. The clustering technique can classify different joint sets based on assigned normal vectors on each face within approximately the same orientation.
Challenges for LiDAR Technology
Although LiDAR has high efficiency in collecting data in a large area within a short time, some issues remain challenging for the overall data processing and generating the expected result.
Data filtering and surface generation parameters
Vegetation may not be entirely removed during data filtering. It may affect the smoothness and the clustering of rock surfaces. In most cases, 3-D models are generated through the triangulation method, spikes are often formed. The spikes may affect the clustering of rock surfaces. They affect the smoothness of the 3-D surface, inducing errors in calculating the rock plane orientations. Spikes are formed when the data points have similar X and Y coordinates but very different Z coordinates, the needle-like shape triangles are produced as a result of non-smooth surfaces.
The filtering parameters for surface clustering often depend on users' past experiences. For example, the octree parameter can be adjusted with different point densities. The result of DTM formation has to be determined by users. Hence, a repeated testing procedure is needed for generating a satisfactory surface.
Point density
Point cloud density, known as the spacing between each data point in an obtained LiDAR datasets. This parameter affects the accuracy in measuring rock slopes. It is one of the characteristics that need to be considered during data processing. For example, data filtering, classification, feature extraction and object recognition. Point cloud density depends on various factors:
Sight overlapping of TLS
Reflective properties of the object of interest
Scanning frequency of ALS
Cost
Although LiDAR has been an effective data acquisition method on a rock slope, its high cost caused the technique to be not practical. When the area of interest is of a very small scale, it limits the usability of TLS & ALS, given carrying out an ALS survey requires aircraft, an experienced pilot, a designed flying path and height that got the approval of the local aviation department.
By employing UAV, the problem mentioned above can be resolved. It can collect data in inaccessible areas that enable data collection at a low cost at a small scale, since the device is portable and lightweight.
Other LiDAR applications
With the high accuracy and high-efficiency data acquisition method of laser scanning, it can potentially apply to different areas other than structural measurements:
Emergency inspections and landslide mapping
Project management (with the need of 3-D models / topographic data)
Site progress, the volume of excavation or filling
Volumetric calculations
Topographic mapping
Building and highway construction
Natural disasters assessments
Unreachable area data collection
Precision farming
As-built construction records
Unauthorised works (e.g. capturing of field situation)
Monitoring surface deformation with continuous and repeated LiDAR scanning
Archaeology and site reconstructions
Seismology
Forestry
Atmospheric physics
Extraterrestrial explorations
References
External links
For more detailed description of the concepts, some links are provided below:
Geo-referencing
Rock discontinuity
Stereonet
Lidar
Geotechnical engineering | Geological structure measurement by LiDAR | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,226 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Geotechnical engineering"
] |
65,368,508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine%20Confidence%20Project | The Vaccine Confidence Project (VCP) founded in 2010 by Heidi Larson, was developed in response to hesitancy and misinformation on vaccination programmes such as those that caused a boycott of polio eradication efforts in Northern Nigeria in 2003–04. It is an early warning system to identify and evaluate public confidence in vaccines, with the purpose of tackling the problem early, when it is likely to be manageable.
Housed in the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine's Vaccine Centre, the VCP uses a diagnostic tool that finds what sparks vaccine rumours, examines and evaluates what spreads those rumours and calculates the potential impact. It is a member of the Vaccine Safety Net, a project led by the World Health Organization.
Origins
The vaccine confidence project was founded in 2010 by Heidi Larson, and developed in response to rumours and misinformation about vaccines such as those that caused a boycott of polio eradication efforts in Northern Nigeria in 2003–04. It is housed in the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine's Vaccine Centre. Among industry funders, the project is supported by vaccine manufacturers GlaxoSmithKline, Merck & Co., and Johnson & Johnson, as well as by the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries & Associations, and the industry-funded Innovative Medicines Initiative.
Purpose
The purpose of the project is to monitor public confidence in immunisation programmes by building an information surveillance system for early detection of public concerns around vaccines.
The VCP is an early-warning system which identifies and evaluates public confidence in vaccines, with monitoring capabilities in some 63 languages. It aims at tackling problems early, when they are likely to be manageable, because as Larson explains: "early detection of and timely response to vaccine rumours can prevent loss of public confidence in immunization". It then aims to inform policy-makers of its findings.
The toolkit
The VCP uses a diagnostic tool that finds what sparks vaccine rumours, examines and evaluates what spreads those rumours and calculates the potential impact.
Rumour diagnostic tool
Source: Larson presentation, 13 December 2016.
Research
The VCP is a member of the Vaccine Safety Net, a project led by the World Health Organization. Its researchers and team members include anthropologists, digital analysts, epidemiologists and psychologists. In 2011, research by the VCP found that refusal to vaccinate against polio increased in the Taliban dominant areas of Balochistan and FATA following rumours about the polio eradication programmes, triggered by the story of the CIA's fake immunisation campaign in the search for Bin Laden. In spring of 2020, the VCP carried out a survey of people's attitudes to a COVID-19 vaccine. The following September, in The Lancet, the VCP published the largest known study on vaccine confidence modelling. The study looked at data on the importance, efficacy and safety of vaccines in 290 national surveys of 284,381 adults in 149 countries, and found wide variation around the world.
References
Health advocacy groups
Vaccination-related organizations
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | Vaccine Confidence Project | [
"Biology"
] | 631 | [
"Vaccination-related organizations",
"Vaccination"
] |
66,606,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Invasive%20Species%20Database | The Global Invasive Species Database is a database of invasive species around the world run by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It publishes the list 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species.
References
External links
Ecological databases
Online taxonomy databases | Global Invasive Species Database | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 59 | [
"Ecological databases",
"Environmental science databases"
] |
66,607,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurenoic%20acid | Kaurenoic acid (ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid or kauren-19-oic acid) is a diterpene with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. However its low solubility and blood lytic activity on erythrocytes might make it a poor pharmaceutical candidate. Kaurenoic acid also has uterine relaxant activity via calcium blockade and opening ATP-sensitive potassium channels.
Kaurenoic acid is found in several plants such as Copaifera. It is a potential biomarker for the presence of sunflower in foods.
Medical use
Kaurenoic acid has been studied for its medicinal properties and seems to have anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antitumor, antinociceptive, antimelanoma, antitilipoperoxidation, antioxidant and antimicrobial
properties.
Kaurenoic acid decreases leukocyte migration. It seems to inhibit histamine and serotonin pathways, in addition to antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis.
References
Diterpenes
Tetracyclic compounds
Carboxylic acids | Kaurenoic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 255 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
66,607,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jember%20Teferra | Jember Teferra (1943-2021) was an Ethiopian development worker, director of the Integrated Holistic Approach Urban Development Project in Addis Ababa and a great-niece of Emperor Haile Selassie.
Life
Jember Teferra was born on 21 May 1943 in Madagascar, the daughter of Generemaria Tereffa and Shiferraw Tereff. Her great-uncle was Haile Selassie, the last emperor of Ethiopia. She attended primary school in Ethiopia, but received her secondary education at Clarendon School for Girls in the United Kingdom. She then studied nursing at Tunbridge Wells School of Nursing, becoming a registered nurse in 1965. She later studied for a master's degree in primary health care from the University of Manchester.
Returning to Ethiopia, Jember worked at St. Paul's Hospital, Ethiopia before working for the Red Cross. Her husband, Dr Haelegiorgis, was Mayor of Addis Ababa from 1969 to 1973. When the Derg seized power in 1974, both she and her husband were imprisoned. The pair would spend a total of 13 years in prison. While imprisoned, Jember opened a clinic and school in the prison.
In 1990 Jember started the Integrated Holistic Approach – Urban Development Project (IHA-UDP), a community development project tackling slum areas in Addis Ababa. Project staff, all Ethiopians, worked together with community representatives who set project priorities.
Jember Teferra lived in London from 2017. She died unexpectedly in hospital there on 14 January 2021.
References
1943 births
2021 deaths
People educated at Clarendon School for Girls
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Urban planning
Ethiopian nurses | Jember Teferra | [
"Engineering"
] | 344 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
66,608,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene%20Rosenberg | Marlene Rosenberg is an American plasma physicist known for her work on cosmic and interplanetary dusty plasma.
Education and career
Rosenberg earned a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard University in 1976, under the supervision of Gabor J. Kalman; her dissertation was Waves and instabilities in plasmas in pulsar atmospheres.
After working on nuclear fusion in industry at General Atomics and Jaycor, in San Diego, California, she became a research scientist in electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), in the early 1990s, affiliated with the UCSD Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.
Research contributions and recognition
In 2000, Rosenberg was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Plasma Physics, "for pioneering contributions to the theory of dusty plasmas, especially related to strong coupling effects and the role of instabilities".
A 2003 paper by Rosenberg in the New Journal of Physics, "Plasma interaction with microbes" with Mounir Laroussi and D. A. Mendis, concerned "the germ-killing potential of cold plasmas"; in 2007 it was named one of the most significant articles from the journal over the previous decade.
She has also been one of the researchers on the Plasmakristall-4 (PK-4) plasma experiment, carried out beginning in 2017 on the International Space Station.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American physicists
American women physicists
Plasma physicists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American women | Marlene Rosenberg | [
"Physics"
] | 335 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
66,611,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openn%20Negotiation | Openn is a platform that facilitates real time communication and negotiation in a property transaction. Openn combines flexibility of a private treaty with the transparency of auction price discovery. Openn Offers supports a traditional private treaty process with improved transparency. Openn Tender allows buyers to submit tender offers digitally before a set deadline for the agent and seller to review. It was launched in Australia in 2016, and has seen significant growth largely due to COVID-19 restrictions on traditional home inspections and on-site auctions.
Operations
The Openn platform has been built with the intention to offer multiple sales methods for property transactions. Openn Negotiation is the primary product offering and sales process – it combines the flexibility of a private treaty with the transparency of auction price discovery.
Functionally, the Openn platform provides agents with a tool to facilitate real time communication and negotiation between all stakeholders in a property transaction. The platform provides additional benefits to agents such as digital contracting, data retention and integration to agency customer relationship management (CRM) systems to promote efficient work processes and improved outcomes for their customers.
Openn's online bidding platform is transparent for buyers, sellers and agents.
Since 2017, Openn has sold $12 billion worth of property in Australia.
Voluntary Administration
On 6 May 2024 Openn advised the ASX that Richard Tucker and John Bumbak of KordaMentha had been appointed administrators to the company to "maximise the chances of continuing in existence". At the time Openn said that if this isn't achievable then the voluntary administration would result in "a better return for the creditors and members of the company than would result from an immediate winding up of the company".
On 10 July 2024 the administrators announced that they had sold off the North American and Canadian operations of the business to Final Offer, a North American online offer and negotiation platform for residential real estate.
Partnerships and integrations
August 2021 – CoreLogic onthehouse.com.au
April 2022 – The Canadian Real Estate Association REALTOR.ca
Awards
March 2021 – United States National Association of Realtors REACH Program
Patents
Australian Patent – 2017280108
US Patent – US 11,250,498 B2
See also
Online auction
References
External links
Openn
Real estate
Australian companies established in 2016
Financial services companies established in 2016
Companies based in Western Australia
Software companies of Australia
Development software companies
Australian brands
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Financial software companies
Announced information technology acquisitions | Openn Negotiation | [
"Technology"
] | 492 | [
"Announced information technology acquisitions",
"Information technology"
] |
66,611,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudographis%20pinicola | Pseudographis pinicola is a species of fungus belonging to the family Triblidiaceae.
It is native to Eurasia.
References
Leotiomycetes
Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Fungi described in 1868
Fungus species | Pseudographis pinicola | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,612,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20Classification%20of%20Protein%20Domains | The Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains (ECOD) is a biological database that classifies protein domains available from the Protein Data Bank. The ECOD tries to determine the evolutionary relationships between proteins.
Similar to Pfam, CATH, and SCOP, ECOD compiles domains instead of whole proteins. However, ECOD focuses on evolutionary relationships more heavily: instead of grouping proteins by folds, which may simply represent convergent evolution, ECOD groups proteins by demonstratable homology only.
References
Protein structure
Protein classification
Protein databases
Protein superfamilies | Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 114 | [
"Protein structure",
"Protein superfamilies",
"Structural biology",
"Protein classification"
] |
66,612,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnoporellus%20fulgens | Pycnoporellus fulgens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Pycnoporellus fulgens | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,613,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20elimination | In chemistry, alpha elimination refers to particular types of elimination reactions. The definition of alpha elimination differs for organometallic and organic chemistry.
Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry, alpha-elimination refers to reactions of this type:
R2CHX → R2C: + HX
The reaction is employed to generate carbenes and nitrenes. The formation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform is an example.
Alpha eliminations contrasts with beta eliminations, which are commonly used to generate alkenes:
R2CHCXR'2 → R2C=CR'2 + HX
Both alpha- and beta-eliminations typically require strong base.
Organometallic chemistry
In organometallic chemistry, alpha elimination refers to reactions of this type (other spectator ligands omitted):
X-M-CH2R → M=CHR + HX
Well studied case are found in organotantalum chemistry leading to an alkylidene derivatives. Specifically, tetraalkyl-monochloro-tantalum complex undergoes α-hydrogen elimination, followed by alkylation of the remaining chloride to give a derivative with a Ta=C bond.
Alpha elimination contrasts with β-hydride elimination, whereby an alkyl group bonded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal-bonded hydride and an alkene.
Both α- and β-eliminations proceed via agostic intermediates.
See also
Elimination reaction, mainly focused on organic substrates.
References
Organometallic chemistry
Transition metals | Alpha elimination | [
"Chemistry"
] | 321 | [
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
66,615,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL%20TEDBF | The HAL Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) is a canard delta wing, twin-engine, carrier-based, multirole combat aircraft currently under development for the Indian Navy. The TEDBF is being designed and developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), and will be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The TEDBF is intended to perform a multitude of missions, including air supremacy, air interdiction, anti-access/area denial (A2/AD), anti-ship warfare (ASW) and electronic warfare (EW) missions. The TEDBF is expected to replace the Mikoyan MiG-29K onboard the and the .
The programme was officially announced in 2020, in response to the Indian Navy's dissatisfaction in operating a single-engine carrier-based fighter based on the HAL Tejas, and its eventual withdrawal from the naval LCA programme in 2016. A model of the aircraft was displayed at Aero India 2021. The first flight is expected to be in 2026, with production planned for 2031.
The design's twin engines are expected to allow shorter take-offs from the Indian Navy’s Short Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery (STOBAR) aircraft carriers. As a dedicated deck-based fighter, it will feature foldable wings for more compact storage. The TEDBF will predominantly be equipped with indigenous weapons systems.
Development
Naval LCA programme
The naval LCA programme to develop a carrier-based fighter for the Indian Navy was launched in 2003. The ADA was entrusted with the task of designing and developing a new naval fighter based on the existing Tejas template. The programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases - in the first phase, two prototypes were to be built, based on the Tejas Mk. 1 design. In the second phase, two more prototypes were to be built based on the Tejas Mk. 2 design. The programme was jointly funded by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy, with the latter funding 40% and 60% of the developmental cost of naval LCA Mk. 1 and Mk. 2, respectively. In 2009, the Cabinet Committee on Security approved the development of Mk. 2 variant of the naval LCA. The first naval prototype, a two-seater NP-1, was rolled out in 2010, and first flew on 27 April 2012. By 2015, another naval LCA prototype, a single seater NP-2, had joined the programme, and carried out first ski jump assisted take off from a shore-based test facility (SBTF) in Goa. In December 2016, the Indian Navy opted out of the programme completely, with the cited reason being that the naval variant was 'overweight', and issued a fresh RFI for the immediate procurement of 57 Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters (MRCBF). The stalled programme was revived once again in 2018, under the oversight of the then Minister of Defence, Nirmala Sitharaman. The flight tests were resumed with NP-1 and NP-2 for attaining technological maturity of the carrier based fighter. By early 2020, the naval LCA had successfully carried out night-time arrested landing at the Goa SBTF, and carrier landing and take off on the aircraft carrier .
TEDBF programme
In April 2020, the ADA announced work on a new naval fighter based on the Indian Navy's MRCBF 2016 requirement to replace the existing fleet of Mikoyan MiG-29K carrier-based fighters. The new naval fighter unveiled at the Aero India airshow 2021 turned out to be of a twin engine, medium weight class fighter, now called Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF). The experience gained in the Naval LCA (N-LCA) programme is expected to help in the development of the TEDBF.
The Government of India approved the TEDBF project in mid-2020. The aircraft will have canards to increase the lifting surface area, and will employ two General Electric F414 engines. The first flight is expected in 2026. According to Project Director TV Vinod Kumar, the estimated cost of four prototypes will be ₹14,000 crore. ADA is looking for joint development with Indian private sector. Indian Navy is planning the induction from 2032 when Mikoyan MiG-29K will start retiring. Upon the entry into service of the proposed , TEDBF will be modified for Catapult Assisted Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery (CATOBAR) operations. As an interim measure, Navy will procure Rafale M or Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet until TEDBF is ready. Due to the TEDBF project, the Indian Navy reduced their orders for foreign fighters from 570
A proposed air force variant of the TEDBF design, called the Omni-Role Combat Aircraft (ORCA) weighing around 23 tonnes is also under study. The Indian Air Force is expected to need more than 7500 aircraft between 2030 and 2050. ORCA, if funded, would be developed in parallel to the HAL AMCA. ADA will submit Preliminary Design Review on Q2 2023. The prototype will take 1,000 flights during test phase. TEDBF is undergoing wind-tunnel testing. DRDO is conducting high speed modelling to test the supersonic characteristics using internal funds.
As of December 2024, the programme has received clearances from all relevant ministries and is being studied by National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS). The Navy had initially proposed for 145 TEDBFs based on the requirements of a three carrier force. However, defence planners have asked the Navy to keep the requirements based on a two carrier force as of now. Hence, the numbers have been temporarily reduced to 87 units. Meanwhile, the Navy and ADA are working to complete the first flight by 2028. They are working on three prototypes and the development funds are being sought from that earmarked for Tejas Navy programme. The Navy has proposed 14 upgrades to the existing design including automatic landing and take-off features that Tejas Navy lacks. Of these 4 upgrades has been tested on Tejas N. By the time initial quantity of purchase and design is being finalised, Navy-ADA have teamed up to prove the required technologies which will eventually reduce the development cycle time for the TEDBF.
Specifications
See also
References
Indian military aircraft procurement programs
Proposed aircraft of India
Twinjets
Carrier-based aircraft
Fourth-generation jet fighters
Proposed military aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Canard aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
TEDBF | HAL TEDBF | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,329 | [
"Proposed military aircraft",
"Military projects"
] |
66,615,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavaria%20maricola | Clavaria maricola is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was first formally described as a new species by American mycologist Calvin Henry Kauffman in 1928. The type was collected by Kauffman from the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest in Takilma, Oregon. The fruit body is orange-yellow, reaching heights of with a thickness of 2–6 mm. He noted that the fungus grew on the needle beds of Pinus ponderosa, where it was mostly attached to male pine cones, but rarely to the needles. The species name derives from the roots mas ("male"), and colo ("I inhabit").
References
Clavariaceae
Fungi described in 1928
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Calvin Henry Kauffman
Fungus species | Clavaria maricola | [
"Biology"
] | 170 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,616,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavaria%20globospora | Clavaria globospora is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was first formally described as a new species by American mycologist Calvin Henry Kauffman in 1928. The type was collected by Kauffman at Lake Quinault in Washington. The fruit body is cream-buff, reaching heights of with a thickness of 1.5–2 mm. He noted that the fungus grew on very rotten conifer wood in swampy forest. The species name globospora derives from its spherical ("globose") spores, which measure 5–6 μm.
References
Clavariaceae
Fungi described in 1928
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Calvin Henry Kauffman
Fungus species | Clavaria globospora | [
"Biology"
] | 157 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,616,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inonotus%20leporinus | Inonotus leporinus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Hymenochaetaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
Synonym:
Pelloporus leporinus
References
leporinus
Fungus species | Inonotus leporinus | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,616,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Masefield | Sir Peter Masefield (19 March 1914 – 14 February 2006) was a leading figure in Britain's post war aviation industry, as Chief Executive of British European Airways in the 1950s, and chairman of the British Airports Authority in the 1960s.
Life
Peter Gordon Masefield was born in 1914 in Trentham, Staffordshire. Initially educated at Westminster School and Chillon College in Montreux, Switzerland, Masefield studied engineering at Jesus College, Cambridge. Following a childhood fascination with aircraft, Masefield gained his pilot's licence while in Cambridge which he maintained for the rest of his career.
Masefield initially worked as a junior draughtsman at Fairey Aviation from 1935 to 1937, before moving into journalism on the staff of The Aeroplane 1937–1943. He became aviation correspondent for The Sunday Times, and at the start of the Second World War was sent to France to cover the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force.
Turned down by the Royal Air Force as a pilot due to poor vision, Masefield flew with the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) as an occasional co-pilot and air gunner while maintaining his journalism career. A daylight raid on Le Bourget in 1943 led to the nose of his Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress being blown off, with a consequential crash landing in East Anglia, luckily without injury.
Following a 1943 article by Masefield criticising the Ministry of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook removed him from active service, appointing him as his personal advisor and Secretary of the Brabazon Committee, which planned for post-war British civil aviation. Masefield also accompanied Beaverbrook to Washington DC for talks that led to the creation of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Masefield also played a major part in the 1946 negotiations of the Bermuda Agreement – which governed air services and routes between the United States and the UK.
British European Airways
In 1949 Lord Douglas (Marshal of the Royal Air Force), then-chairman of British European Airways (BEA) made Masefield chief executive, despite Masefield being just 35. Controlling a large number of staff on a small budget, tight cost control measures were combined with innovative methods to boost revenue and passenger loads – such as off-peak fares on late evening flights and high frequency services on popular routes. This commercially aggressive approach including resulted in monthly earnings of £1 million, and BEA was profitable by 1955. Other successes included ordering the Vickers Viscount turboprop airliner – which became the leading short-haul aircraft in Europe by the mid-1950s – and resisting the potential merger of British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) with BEA.
Aircraft production
After seven years Masefield went to work for Bristol Aircraft, with the aim of Britain continuing as a major player in civil aviation. However, the introduction of the turboprop Bristol Britannia was late, and it could not compete with the Boeing 707 jetliner and the start of the Jet Age. In 1960 Masefield formed Beagle Aircraft Limited with the financial support of the Pressed Steel Company, which incorporated Auster Aircraft Company and F.G Miles Limited by 1962.
British Airports Authority
In 1965 Masefield was made chairman of the British Airports Authority (BAA), which took over management of the major airports in the UK. Owing to the Jet Age, passenger numbers increased by 62% to 20 million a year, with profits of £38m. However, Masefield disagreed with the government regarding plans for a proposed airport at Maplin Sands, and some politicians called for him to be dismissed. A second five-year term running BAA was not forthcoming, and he retired from the chairmanship at the end of 1976, to be succeeded in the new year by Nigel Foulkes.
Following this, Masefield had a variety of roles, including deputy chairman at British Caledonian and president of the Royal Aeronautical Society.
London Transport
Masefield joined the board of London Transport in 1973. In 1980, Sir Horace Cutler, leader of the Greater London Council asked Masefield to become chairman of London Transport, a job he did for two years. During the period, investment on the London Underground was not substantial, which has been subsequently criticised. Masefield retired from the role in 1982, aged 67.
In the following years Masefield remained active as a chairperson, director and committee member for a wide variety of trusts, committees and museums – including Brooklands Museum (being the first chairman of its trustees), the British Association of Aviation Consultants and the Croydon Airport society. He was president of the British Aviation Preservation Council (now Aviation Heritage UK) and also became an author, writing a history of the R101 airship, as well as an autobiography.
Masefield was knighted in 1972. He died on 14 February 2006, aged 91.
References
British European Airways
Heathrow Airport Holdings
People associated with transport in London
British public transport executives
1914 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Bristol Aeroplane Company
Royal Aeronautical Society
People from Trentham, Staffordshire | Peter Masefield | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,019 | [
"Aerospace engineering organizations",
"Royal Aeronautical Society"
] |
66,616,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloiodon%20strigosus | Gloiodon strigosus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Bondarzewiaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and America.
References
Russulales
Fungus species | Gloiodon strigosus | [
"Biology"
] | 40 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,616,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISC%20architecture | In computing, VISC architecture (after Virtual Instruction Set Computing) is a processor instruction set architecture and microarchitecture developed by Soft Machines, which uses the Virtual Software Layer (translation layer) to dispatch a single thread of instructions to the Global Front End which splits instructions into virtual hardware threadlets which are then dispatched to separate virtual cores. These virtual cores can then send them to the available resources on any of the physical cores. Multiple virtual cores can push threadlets into the reorder buffer of a single physical core, which can split partial instructions and data from multiple threadlets through the execution ports at the same time. Each virtual core keeps track of the position of the relative output. This form of multithreading (simultaneous multithreading) can increase single threaded performance by allowing a single thread to use all resources of the CPU.
The allocation of resources is dynamic on a near-single cycle latency level (1–4 cycles depending on the change in allocation depending on individual application needs. Therefore, if two virtual cores are competing for resources, there are appropriate algorithms in place to determine what resources are to be allocated where.
Unlike the traditional processor designs, VISC doesn't use physical cores, instead the resources of the chip are made available as 'virtual cores' and 'virtual hardware threads' according to workload needs.
References
Digital electronics
Electronic design
Electronic design automation | VISC architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Electronic design",
"Electronic engineering",
"Design",
"Digital electronics"
] |
66,616,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortinarius%20clandestinus | Cortinarius clandestinus is a species of fungus in the Cortinariaceae family. It was first described in 1932 by Calvin Henry Kauffman from a specimen collected amongst moss under Douglas firs and hemlock at Lake Cushman, Washington. Kauffman states that it is found in the states of New York, Colorado and Washington.
The cap is golden brown and dry, with dark brown fibrillose scales. The flesh is yellowish (darker when fresh) and fairly fragile. It has an odour resembling radish. The gills are close and yellowish. The stem is equal or somewhat clavate, with yellowish veil fibrils and perhaps a ring demarcation.
The European species Cortinarius melanotus is similar, with a brownish veil on the stem. C. cotoneus is tougher, with lighter fibrils. C. venetus var. montanus is greenish, with a yellow veil when young and a tomentose cap.
References
External links
Cortinarius clandestinus occurrence data from GBIF
INaturalist: Cortinarius clandestinus - images and occurrences
clandestinus
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Calvin Henry Kauffman
Fungi described in 1932
Fungus species | Cortinarius clandestinus | [
"Biology"
] | 265 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,616,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterodon%20ferruginosus | Asterodon ferruginosus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Hymenochaetaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Hymenochaetaceae
Fungi described in 1894
Fungus species
Taxa named by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard | Asterodon ferruginosus | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,617,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20Product%20Specification%20and%20Verification | Geometrical Product Specification and Verification (GPS&V) is a set of ISO standards developed by ISO Technical Committee 213. The aim of those standards is to develop a common language to specify macro geometry (size, form, orientation, location) and micro-geometry (surface texture) of products or parts of products so that the language can be used consistently worldwide.
Background
GPS&V standards cover:
dimensional specifications
macrogeometrical specifications (form, orientation, location and run-out)
surface texture specifications
measuring equipment and calibration requirements
uncertainty management for measurement and specification acceptance
Other ISO technical committees are strongly related to ISO TC 213.
ISO Technical Committee 10 is in charge of the standardization and coordination of technical product documentation (TPD).
The GPS&V standards describe the rules to define geometrical specifications which are further included in the TPD. The TPD is defined as the:
"means of conveying all or part of a design definition or specification of a product".
The TPD can be either a conventional documentation made of two dimensional Engineering drawings or a documentation based on Computer-aided design (CAD) models with 3RD annotations. The ISO rules to write the documentation are mainly described in ISO 128 and ISO 129 series while the rules for 3RD annotations are described in ISO 16792.
ISO Technical Committee 184 develops standards that are closely related to GPS&V standards. In particular ISO TC 184/SC4 develops ISO 10303 standard known as STEP standard.
GPS&V shall not to be confused with the use of ASME Y.14.5 which is often referred to as Geometric Dimension and Tolerance (GD&T).
History and concepts
History
ISO TC 213 was born in 1996 by merging three previous committees:
ISO Technical Committee 10 Sub-committee 5 (ISO/TC 10/SC5) Geometrical Tolerancing
ISO Technical Committee 57 (ISO/TC 57) Surface Texture
ISO Technical Committee 3 (ISO/TC 3) Limits and fits
Operation
GPS&V standards are built on several basic operations defined in ISO 17450-1:2011:
skin model
partition
extraction
filtration
association
collection
construction
reconstruction
reduction
Those operations are supposed to completely describe the process of tolerancing from the point of view of the design and from the point of view of the measurement. They are presented in ISO 17450 standard series. Some of them are further described in other standards e.g ISO 16610 series for filtration. Those concepts are based on academic works. The key idea is to start from the real part with its imperfect geometry (skin model) and then to apply a sequence of well defined operations to completely describe the tolerancing process.
The operations are used in the GPS&V standards to define the meaning of dimensional, geometrical or surface texture specifications.
Skin model
The skin model is a representation of the surface of the real part. The model in CAD systems describes the nominal geometry of the parts of a product. The nominal geometry is perfect. However, the geometrical tolerancing has to take into account the geometrical deviations that arise inevitably from the manufacturing process in order to limit them to what is considered as acceptable by the designer for the part and the complete product to be functional. This is why a representation of the real part with geometrical deviations (skin model) is introduced as the starting point in the tolerancing process.
Partition
The skin model is a representation of a whole real part. However, the designer very often, if not always, needs to identify some specific geometrical features of the part to apply well-suited specifications. The process of identifying geometrical features from the skin model or the nominal model is called a partition. The standardization of this operation is a work in progress in ISO TC 213 (ISO 18183 series).
Several methods can be used to obtain a partition from a skin model as described in
Extraction
The skin model and the partitioned geometrical features are usually considered as continuous, however it is often necessary when measuring the part to consider only points extracted from a line or a surface. The process of e.g. selecting the number of points, their distribution over the real geometrical feature and the way to obtain them is part of the extraction operation.
This operation is described in ISO 14406:2011
Filtration
Filtration is an operation that is useful to select features of interest from other features in the data. This operation is heavily used for surface texture specifications however, it is a general operation that can be applied to define other specifications. This operation is well known in signal processing where it can be used for example to isolate some specific wave length in a raw signal.
The filtration is standardized in ISO 16610 series where a lot of different filters are described.
Association
Association is useful when we need to fit an ideal (perfect) geometrical feature to a real geometrical feature e.g. to find a perfect cylinder that approximates a cloud of points that have been extracted from a real (imperfect) cylindrical geometrical feature. This can be viewed as a mathematical optimization process. A criterion for optimization has to be defined. This criterion can be the minimisation of a quantity such as the squares of the distances from the points to the ideal surface for example. Constraints can also be added such as a condition for the ideal geometrical feature to lie outside the material of the part or to have a specific orientation or location from an other geometrical feature.
Different criteria and constraints are used as defaults throughout the GPS&V standards for different purposes such as geometrical specification on geometrical features or datum establishment for example. However, standardization of association as a whole is a work in progress in ISO TC 213.
Collection
Collection is a grouping operation. The designer can define a group of geometrical features that are contributing to the same function. It could be used to group two or more holes because they constitute one datum used for the assembly of a part. It could also be used to group nominally planar geometrical features that are constrained to lie inside the same flatness tolerance zone. This operation is described throughout several GPS&V standards. It is heavily used in ISO 5458:2018 for grouping planar geometrical feature and cylindrical geometrical features (holes or pins).
The collection operation can be viewed as applying constraints of orientation and or constraints of location among the geometrical features of the considered group.
Construction
Construction is described as an operation used to build ideal geometrical features with perfect geometry from other geometrical features. An example, given in ISO 17450-1:2011 is the construction of a straight line resulting from the intersection of two perfect planes.
No specific standard addresses this operation, however it is used and defined throughout a lot of standards in GPS&V system.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction is an operation allowing the build of a continuous geometrical feature from a discrete geometrical feature. It is useful for example when there is a need to obtain a point between two extracted points as can be the case when identifying a dimension between two opposite points in a particular section in the process of obtaining a linear size of a cylinder. The reconstruction operation is not yet standardized in the GPS&V system however the operation has been described in academic papers
Reduction
Reduction is an operation allowing to compute a new geometrical feature from an existing one. The new geometrical feature is a derived geometrical feature.
Dimensional specification
Dimensional tolerances are dealt with in ISO 14405:
ISO 14405-1:2016 Linear sizes
ISO 14405-2:2018 Dimensions other than linear or angular sizes
ISO 14405-3:2016 Angular sizes
The linear size is indicated above a line ended with arrows and numerical values for the nominal size and the tolerance.The linear size of a geometrical feature of size is defined by default, as the distances between opposite points taken from the surface of the real part. The process to build both the sections and the directions needed to identify the opposite points is defined in ISO 14405-1 standard. This process includes the definition of an associated perfect geometrical feature of the same type as the nominal geometrical feature. By default a least-squares criterion is used. This process is defined only for geometrical features where opposite points exist.
ISO 14405-2 illustrates cases where dimensional specification are often misused because opposite points don't exist. In these cases, the use of linear dimensions is considered as ambiguous (see example). The recommendation is to replace dimensional specifications with geometrical specifications to properly specify the location of a geometrical feature with respect to an other geometrical feature, the datum feature (see examples).
Angular sizes are useful for cones, wedges or opposite straight lines. They are defined in ISO 14405-3. The definition implies to associate perfect geometrical features e.g. planes for a wedge and to measure the angle between lines of those perfect geometrical features in different sections. The angular sizes are indicated with an arrow and numerical values for the nominal size and the tolerance. It is to be noted that angular size specification is different from angularity specification. Angularity specification controls the shape of the toleranced feature but it is not the case for angular size specification.
Size of a cylinder
We consider here the specification of a size of a cylinder to illustrate the definition of a size according to ISO 14405-1. The nominal model is assumed to be a perfect cylinder with a dimensional specification of the diameter without any modifiers changing the default definition of size.
According to ISO 14405-1:2016 annex D, the process to establish a dimension between two opposite points starting from the real surface of the manufactured part which is nominally a cylinder is as follows:
partition of the real surface to identify the portion of the whole surface of the part that is submitted to the specification
extract points from the partitioned surface
reconstruct the surface from extracted points if the number of extracted points is not infinite
filter the reconstructed surface
associate a perfect cylinder to the filtered surface using a least-squares criterion
identify the straight line which is the axis of the associated cylinder
built a plane perpendicular to the associated cylinder axis to identify a cross section
consider the section line which is the intersection of the plane perpendicular to the associated cylinder axis, with the filtered surface
associate a perfect circle to the section line using a least-squares criterion
consider a straight line in the cross section passing through the centre of the associated circle
two opposite points are defined as the intersection between the straight line and the section line
See example hereafter for an illustration.
Dimension with envelope requirement Ⓔ
The envelope requirement is specified by adding the symbol Ⓔ after the tolerance value of a dimensional specification.
The symbol Ⓔ modifies the definition of the dimensional specification in the following way (ISO 14405-1 3.8):
the dimensional specification is applied between two opposite points for the least material side of the dimensional specification,
the maximum inscribed dimension specification (for internal geometrical feature like a cylindrical hole) or the minimum circumscribed dimension specification (for external geometrical feature like a cylindrical pin) is applied.
The maximum inscribed dimension for a nominally cylindrical hole is defined as the maximum diameter of a perfect cylinder associated to the real surface with a constraint applied to the associated cylinder to stay outside the material of the part.
The minimum circumscribed dimension for a nominally cylindrical pin is defined as the minimum diameter of a perfect cylinder associated to the real surface with a constraint applied to the associated cylinder to stay outside the material of the part. See example hereafter for an illustration.
Use of the envelope requirement
The use of the envelope symbol Ⓔ is closely related to the very common function of fitting parts together. A dimensional specification without envelope on the two parts to be fitted is not sufficient to ensure the fitting because the shape deviation of the parts is not limited by the dimensional specifications. The fitting of a cylindrical pin inside a cylindrical hole, for example requires to limit the sizes of both geometrical features but also to limit the deviation of straightness of both geometrical features as it is the combination of the size specification and the geometrical specification (straightness) that will allow the fitting of the two parts.
The use of the envelope requirement on a cylindrical hole allows to accept only the combinations of size and shape that guarantee a minimum passage for a perfect cylinder.
The use of the envelope requirement on a cylindrical pin allows to accept only the combinations of size and shape that guarantee that the material of the pin is inside a maximum perfect cylinder.
Then the cylindrical pin and the cylindrical hole will fit even in the worst conditions without over constraining the parts with specific form specifications.
It is to be noted that the use of dimensional size with envelope does not constrain the orientation nor the location of the parts. The use of geometrical specification together with the maximum material requirement (symbol Ⓜ) allows to ensure fitting of parts when additional constraints on orientation or location are required. ISO 2692:2021 describes the use of the maximum material modifier.
Form, orientation, location and run-out specifications
GPS&V standards dealing with geometrical specifications are listed below:
ISO 1101:2017 Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
ISO 5459:2011 Datums and datum systems
ISO 5458:2018 Pattern and combined geometrical specification
ISO 1660:2017 Profile tolerancing
The word geometry, used in this paragraph is to be understood as macrogeometry as opposed to surface texture specifications which are dealt with in other standards.
The main source for geometrical specifications in GPS&V standards is ISO 1101. ISO 5459 can be considered as a companion standard with ISO 1101 as it defines datum which are heavily used in ISO 1101.
ISO 5458 and ISO 1660 are only focussing on subsets of ISO 1101. However, those standards are very useful for the user of GPS&V systems as they cover very common aspects of geometrical tolerancing namely groups of cylinders or planes and profile specifications (lines and surfaces).
A geometrical specification allows to define the three following objects:
toleranced features
datums, if they are specified
tolerance zones
The steps to read a geometrical specification can be summarised as in follows:
identify the toleranced feature as a portion of the skin model or a feature that can be built from the skin model like an imperfect line representing an axis for example,
build the specified datum by first associating perfect geometrical features to a (real) datum feature and then building a situation feature from those associated datums to obtain the specified datum,
build the tolerance zone as a perfect volume or surface that can be constrained in orientation or location from the datum
check whether the toleranced feature lies entirely inside the tolerance zone.
Toleranced feature
Toleranced features are defined in ISO 1101.
The toleranced feature is a real geometrical feature with imperfect geometry identified either directly from the skin model (integral feature) or by a process starting from the skin model (derived feature).
The integral feature is a portion of the skin model directly identified by a partition with extraction and possibly filtration.
The derived feature is built from the skin model from a specific process that is defined by default in GPS&V standards. For example, when the axis of a cylinder is indicated by the geometrical specification (see example) then the toleranced feature is a line made of the centres of associated circles in each section. The sections are defined to be perpendicular to the axis of a cylinder associated to the integral feature. The least-squares criterion is used by default.
Whether the toleranced feature is an integral feature or a derived feature depends upon the precise writing of the corresponding specification: if the arrow of the leader line of the specification is in the prolongation of a dimension line otherwise it is an integral feature. A Ⓐ modifier can also be used in the specification to designate a derived feature.
The nominal toleranced feature is a geometrical feature with perfect geometry defined in the TPD corresponding to the toleranced feature.
Datum
Datums are defined in ISO 5459 as a simulation of a contact partner at a single part specification, where the contact partner is missing. The contacts „planar touch“ and „fit of lineare size“ are covered by defaults. With this simulation a specification mistake appears against the nature function, which appears in assembly constrains.
In essence, the datum is used to link the toleranced feature (imperfect real geometry) to the toleranced zone (perfect geometry). As such the datum object is a three folded object:
the datum feature is a geometrical feature of imperfect geometry obtained from the skin model (real part) by a partition. The nominal datum is identified on the nominal model by a triangle connected to a frame containing the name of the datum (capital letter),
the associated datum feature is obtained by associating a geometrical feature with perfect geometry to the datum feature (real). The default process and criterion to be applied for the association is defined in ISO 5459. The criterion can be different for different geometrical features.
the specified datum is a situation feature built from the associated datums.
The link between the orientation, location or run-out specification and the datums is specified in the geometrical specification frame as follows:
the primary datum is in the third cell of a geometrical specification, if any;
the secondary datum is in the fourth cell of the geometrical specification, if any;
the tertiary datum is in the fifth cell of the geometrical specification, if any.
Some geometrical specification may not have any datum section at all (e.g. form specification).
The content of each cell can be either:
a single datum identified by a capital letter such as 'A' (or several capital letters without separators like 'AA' or 'AAA') or
a common datum identified by a sequence of capital letters with a dash separator such as A-B (or a sequence of several capital letters separated by dashes like 'AA-BBB').
The process to build a datum system is first described and the process for building a common datum follows.
Datum system
A datum is identified by at most three cells in the geometrical specification frame corresponding to primary, secondary and tertiary datums.
For the primary, secondary and tertiary datum, a perfect geometry feature of the same kind as the nominal feature is associated to the real feature as described hereafter:
The primary datum is built by associating a feature of perfect geometry with the default association. In ISO 5459:2011 for a plane, the default association is to minimize the maximum distance between the associated feature (a perfect plane) and the real feature with a constraint for the associated feature to stay outside the material of the part.
The secondary datum is built in the same way as the primary datum with an additional constraint for the associated feature to be oriented from the primary datum as described on the nominal model.
The tertiary datum is built in the same way as the secondary datum with an additional constraint for the associated feature to be oriented from the secondary datum as described on the nominal model.
The result is a set of associated features. Finally, this set of associated features is used to build a situation feature which is the specified datum.
Common datum
The datum features are identified on the skin model from the datum component in the dash separated list of nominal datum appearing in a particular cell of an orientation or location specification. The common datum can be used as primary, secondary or tertiary datum. In either cases, the process to build a common datum is the same however additional orientation constraints shall be added when the common datum is used as secondary or tertiary datum as is done for datum systems and explained hereafter.
The criterion for association of common datum is applied on all the associated features together with the following constraints:
external material constraints
orientation and location constraints between the associated features of the common datum
addition orientation constraint with respect to preceding datum in the hierarchy.
The result is a set of associated feature. Finally, this set of associated features is used to build a situation feature which is the specified datum.
Situation feature
The final step in the datum establishment process is to combine the associated features to obtain a final object defined as situation feature which is identified to the specified datum (ISO 5459:2011 Table B.1). It is a member of the following set:
a point
a straight line
a plane
a straight line containing a point
a plane containing a straight line
a plane containing a straight line and a point
How to build the situation features and therefore the specified datum, is currently mainly defined through examples in ISO 5459:2011. More specific rules are under development.
The specified datum concept is closely related to classes of surfaces invariant through displacements. It has been shown that surfaces can be classified according to the displacements that let them invariant. The number of classes is seven. If a displacement let a surface invariant then this displacement cannot be locked by the corresponding specified datum. So the displacement that are not invariant are used to lock specific degrees of freedom of the tolerance zone.
For example a set of associated datums made of three mutually perpendicular planes corresponds to the following situation feature: a plane containing a straight line containing a point. The plane is the first associated plane obtained, the line is the intersection between the second associated plane and the first one and the point is the intersection between the line and the third associated plane. The specified datum is therefore belonging to the complex invariance class () and all the degrees of freedom of a tolerance zone can be locked with this specified datum.
The invariance class graphic symbols are not defined in ISO standards but only used in literature as a useful reminder.
An Helicoidal class () can also be defined however it is generally replaced with a cylindrical class in real world applications.
Tolerance zone
Tolerance zones are defined in ISO 1101.
The tolerance zone is a surface or a volume with perfect geometry. It is a surface when it is intended to contain a tolerance feature which is a line. It is a volume when it is intended to contain a tolerance feature which is a surface It can often be described as a rigid body with the following attributes:
the shape, is in most cases the volume between two opposite parallel planes (resp. the area between two parallel lines) or a cylinder if the symbol ⌀ is preceding the numerical value in the second section of the geometrical specification frame or a sphere if the symbol S⌀ is used,
the size, given by a numerical value in the second section of the geometrical specification frame
orientation constraints with respect to the specified datum from the geometrical specification frame if the geometrical specification is an orientation or a location specification,
location constraints with respect to the specified datum from the geometrical specification frame if the geometrical specification is a location specification,
orientation and location constraints between tolerance zones if the modifier CZ ('Combined Zone') is indicated in the second cell of the geometrical specification.
Theoretical Exact Dimension (TED)
TED are identified on a nominal model by dimensions with a framed nominal value without any tolerance. Those dimensions are not specification by themselves but are needed when applying constraints to build datum or to determine the orientation or location of the tolerance zone. TED can also be used for other purposes e.g. to define the nominal shape or dimensions of a profile.
When applying constraints generally two types of TED are to be taken into account:
explicit TED which are written on an engineering drawing or that may be obtained by querying a CAD model.
implicit TED which are the distance of 0 mm for two coincident lines, 0° (modulo 180°) for parallel lines or 90° (modulo 180°) for perpendicular lines
Geometrical specification families
The geometrical specifications are divided into three categories:
form
orientation
location
Run-out specification is another family that involves both form and location.
Examples
Presentation
This paragraph contains examples of dimensional and geometrical specification to illustrate the definition and use of dimensional and positional specifications.
The dimensions and tolerance values (displayed in blue in the figures) shall be numerical values on actual drawings. d, l1, l2 are used for length values. Δd is used for a dimensional tolerance value and t, t1, t2 for positional tolerance values. For each example we present:
the drawing showing the geometry of the nominal model and a specification
figures illustrating the meaning of the specification on a particular real part with deviations
The deviations are enlarged compared to actual parts in order to show as clearly as possible the steps necessary to build the GPS&V operators. The first angle projection is used in technical drawing.
Dimensional specifications
Diameter of a cylindrical part
The drawing above shows a cylindrical part with the specification of the diameter. The nominal value d and the tolerance value Δd shall be replaced with numerical values on an actual drawing.
The real part above (1) in orange is shown with its deviation. The green lines (2) represent an associated cylinder. The red axis line (3) represents the axis of the associated cylinder. The blue lines (4) represent two particular sections. All sections (an infinite number) shall be considered theoretically. At the verification stage only some sections will be measured introducing uncertainty in the result.
A section of the real part is represented above with the real line in orange (4). The blue line (3) is an associated circle. The blue cross (2) is the centre of the associated circle. The green cross (1) represents the axis of the associated cylinder shown in green in the real part figure. The two dots (6) represent two opposite points on the real surface. The dimension (5) is one of the local dimension measured.
Diameter of a cylindrical part with envelope Ⓔ
The drawing shows a cylindrical part with the specification of the diameter with a modifier Ⓔ for the envelope requirement. The nominal value d and the tolerance value Δd shall be replaced with numerical values on an actual drawing.
The real part (1) in orange is shown with its deviation. The green lines (2) represent an associated cylinder. The red axis line (3) represents the axis of the associated cylinder. The blue lines (4) represent two particular sections. All sections shall be considered. The orange dimensions (6) represent dimensions in particular sections. The purple line (5) represents the envelope cylinder (perfect cylinder). The dimension in purple (7) is the dimension of the envelope, specifically d+Δd/2.
The verification is twofold:
the local dimensions shall be greater than d-Δd,
the surface of the real part shall fit into the envelope.
Ambiguous dimension
The drawing above shows a part with a dimensional specification. The red cross over this specification means that this type of specification is discouraged in ISO 14405-2 because it is not possible to find opposite points over the complete surface extent. The nominal value d and the tolerance value Δd shall be replaced with numerical values on an actual drawing.
The real part above in orange is shown with its deviation. The upper dimension (orange) has two opposite points and therefore, could be defined however the lower one is missing an opposite point so that the dimensional specification is considered ambiguous and should be replaced with a geometrical specification.
This example is often surprising for new practitioners of GPS&V. However, it is a direct consequence of the definition of a linear dimension in ISO 14405-1.
The function targeted here is probably to locate the two planes, therefore a location specification on one surface with respect to the other surface or the location of the two surfaces with respect to one another is considered the right way to achieve the function. See examples.
Positional specifications
Location of a plane with respect to another plane (case 1)
The drawing above shows a part with a location specification with respect to the datum named A which is indicated on the left planar surface.
The real part below in orange is shown with its deviation. The process to build or identify the toleranced feature, the specified datum and the tolerance zone is described in the table below.
This specification could be useful when one surface (datum plane in this case) has a higher priority in the assembly process. For example a second part could be required to fit inside the slot being guided by the plane where the datum has been indicated.
The part is not conformant to the specification for this particular real part, as the toleranced feature (orange line segment) is not included in the tolerance zone (green).
Location of a plane with respect to another plane (case 2)
The drawing above shows a part with a location specification with respect to the datum named A which is indicated on the right planar surface.
The real part below in orange is shown with its deviation. The process to build or identify the tolerance feature, the specified datum and the tolerance zone is described in the table here after.
This case 2 is similar to case 1 above however the toleranced feature and the datum are switched so that the result is totally different as explained above.
This specification could be useful when one surface (datum plane) has a higher priority over the other surface in the assembly process. For example a second part could be required to fit inside the slot being guided by the plane where the datum has been indicated.
The part is not conformant to the specification for this particular real part, as the toleranced feature (orange line segment) is not included in the tolerance zone (green)
Location of planes with respect to one another (case 3)
The drawing above shows a part with a location specification with a CZ symbol. No datums are indicated on purpose.
The real part above in orange is shown with its deviation. The building or identification of the toleranced feature and the tolerance zone is described in the table hereafter
This specification could be useful when the two surfaces (plane in this case) have the same priority in the assembly process. For example a second part could be required to fit inside the slot being guided by the two planes.
The part is conformant to the specification for this particular real part, as the toleranced feature (two orange line segments) is included in the tolerance zone (green).
Location of a hole with respect to the edges of a plate
The drawing above shows a part with a location specification for a hole with respect to a system of datums.
The real part below in orange is shown with its deviation. The process to identify and build the toleranced feature, the specified datum and the tolerance zone is indicated below
This specification could be useful when the holes is actually located from the edges of the plates in an assembly process and where the A surface has a higher priority over B. If the assembly process is modified then the datum specification shall be adapted in accordance. The order of the datum is important in a datum system as the resulting specified datum can be very different.
The part is conformant to the specification for this particular real part, as the toleranced feature (purple line on the left, purple dot on the right) is included in the tolerance zone (green).
Surface texture
ISO 1302:2002 Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation
Measuring equipment and calibration requirements
ISO 14978:2018 General concepts and requirements for GPS measuring equipment
ISO 10360 Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM)
Uncertainty management for measurement and specification acceptance
ISO 14253-1:2017 Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment - Part 1: Decision rules for verifying conformity or nonconformity with specifications
ISO 18391:2016 Population specification
Notes
References
External links
GPS Booklet
TC 213 web site
ISO standards
Metrology
Geometric measurement | Geometrical Product Specification and Verification | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 6,454 | [
"Geometric measurement",
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"Physical quantities",
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66,617,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScripTalk | ScripTalk is an audible medication label technology designed to give access to individuals who are blind, visually impaired, or print impaired. It consists of a device and a microchip attached to the bottom of a prescription drug bottle. The label information is encoded on a Radio-frequency identification (RFID) electronic label (microchip) using the ScriptAbility software by a pharmacist and placed on the prescription package. ScripTalk prescription labels were introduced in the early 2000s. As of 2020, the technology was applied through the United States and Canada.
Background
In 1996, Philip Raistrick and David Raistrick founded En-Vision America, which is now based in Palmetto, FL. In 2000, the father and son invented and patented the Audible Prescription Reading Device and Labeling System for individuals who are visually impaired or print impaired. Shortly thereafter, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) began to test the technology for blinded veterans. ScripTalk was approved for use by the VA in 2004 and began being integrated in VA hospitals across the US.
In 2012, Walmart introduced the ScripTalk service through a pilot program. and by 2019, the company was rolling out the ScripTalk service throughout all Walmart and Sam's Club locations and via mail orders. Among other pharmacy and retail chains that have integrated ScripTalk are CVS, Costco, Albertsons, Kaiser Permanente, Veteran's Administration, Winn Dixie and more. In February 2020, the ScripTalk technology was rolling out in Canada through Empire Company Limited, parent company to Sobeys, at its 420 pharmacy locations throughout the country, including Sobeys, Safeway, IGA, Foodland, Farm Boy, FreshCo, Thrifty Foods and Lawtons Drug.
A number of the states in the US, including Oregon and Nevada introduced laws obliging pharmaceutical companies to supply blind and visually impaired patients with the prescription reading devices such as ScripTalk. The RFID ScripTalk label technology was granted a number of patents by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Technology
The technology is designed for visually impaired people with the purpose to reduce risks for at-home medication errors, such as confusing medications, swallowing the wrong pill, ingesting expired medications, or missing a refill. ScripTalk consists of three main components: an Audible Prescription Reading Device (APRD) or ScripTalk Station Reader, radio-frequency identification (RFID) microchip label and supporting software.
RFID microchip is encoded with the prescription data by the pharmacist and affixed to the bottom of the prescription bottle or package.
APRD reads from the microchip prescription label information, including drug name, dosage, instructions, warnings, pharmacy information, doctor name, prescription number, and fill/refill dates.
ScripTalk software runs HTML web pages with the prescription information on the PC.
In 2019, the company also released ScripTalk Mobile app that runs on iOS and Android devices with installed Near Field Communication (NFC) technology to read ScripTalk Talking Labels without APRD.
See also
Health technology
Prescription drug
Prescription analytics
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
References
United States
Healthcare in the United States | ScripTalk | [
"Biology"
] | 659 | [
"Medical technology"
] |
66,618,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerton%20Lake%20State%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife%20Area | Powerton Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area is a area of semi-protected habitat on the Illinois River southwest of to the city of Pekin, Illinois within Tazewell County in the U.S. state of Illinois. The parcel is a cooling reservoir owned by NRG Energy, an electric power generating firm, and is operated by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). The lake is used for fishing, with an emphasis on blue catfish. In addition, IDNR states that approximately 60% of the cooling pond is used for duck and goose hunting during legal hunting seasons. The remaining 40% of the pond is maintained as a waterfowl refuge on a year-round basis.
Description
Powerton Lake is adjacent to the Illinois River. The low-lying Illinois River's wetland bed is only partly suitable (at best) for agriculture, and large strips of the riverbank have been used for other purposes. The lake is heavily engineered to protect the power plant and other stretches of lake shoreline. Three causeway strips extend from the mainland out into the lake. The causeways divide the lake into four separate segments, preventing conditions of wind and storm from building up lake waves and eroding the shoreline. The Wildlife Area is managed as a disjunct site of the Spring Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area, a separate hunting preserve located near Manito, Illinois.
History
The lake was constructed and filled in 1971 by Commonwealth Edison Company as a cooling pond. The Powerton cooling pond is an engineering element of Powerton Station, a 1,538-megawatt coal-fired plant sited adjacent to the southeast shore of the lake. Powerton Station was constructed in the 1930s, but expanded in 1971. The power station uses large quantities of water as part of its turbine operations, and due to water quality laws, needed a way to cool the heat exchanger instead of using the Illinois River. The lake was built in an extended rectangle shape with a maximum depths of 18 feet and an average depth of approximately 8 feet. It has of water. Water flows from the plant to the east through a series of baffles and turns over approximately every 48 hours. It is a "perched" reservoir, surrounded by levees and built high to catch the wind to cool the water.
In 1983, the IDNR signed an agreement to lease the site for fishing and waterfowl hunting. The site opened to the public in September 1984, with a dedication ceremony on September 18, 1984.
Fauna
Fish
Due to the warm water created by the power plant, fish grow quickly but reproduction is negatively affected. Extreme summer temperatures have also negatively affected fish, killing so many fish in the summer of 2012 that the dead fish clogged an intake screen that it lowered the water level and the Powerton plant had to be shut down temporarily. In winter, water temperatures can range from to .
In 2001, blue catfish from Arkansas were stocked into Powerton Lake. By 2011, some fish had grown to . The alligator gar stocked in 2011 have grown up to and . It is one of the top sites in Illinois for smallmouth fishing.
Other fish species include: striped bass hybrids, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, white bass, gizzard shad, threadfin shad, bigmouth buffalo, bluegill, redear sunfish, carp, smallmouth buffalo, freshwater drum, brook silversides silver carp, green sunfish, pirate perch, shortnose gar, walleyes, crappies, and bighead carp.
Birds
Peoria Audubon Society has spotted over 179 species of birds at Powerton Lake. The most common species include: diving ducks, mallards, bald eagles, mergansers, buffleheads, and goldeneyes.
Facilities
Powerton Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area has a parking area, a boat ramp, fencing, and toilets. There are no food, fuel, or services on site. There is no horsepower restriction.
References
External links
U.S. Geological Survey Map at the U.S. Geological Survey Map Website. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
Illinois River
Protected areas of Tazewell County, Illinois
State parks of Illinois
Cooling ponds
NRG Energy | Powerton Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 854 | [
"Cooling ponds",
"Water pollution"
] |
72,500,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDIM%20technology | Epitope Detection in Monocytes (EDIM) is a technology that uses the innate immune system's mechanisms to detect biomarkers or antigens in immune cells. It is a non-invasive form of liquid biopsy, i.e. biopsy from blood, which analyzes activated macrophages (CD14+/CD16+) for disease-specific epitopes, such as tumor cell components.
Macrophages are part of the human immune system. They are involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of organisms which are deemed harmful.
In case of cancerous tumors, macrophages ingest tumor cells and dissolve them with the help of enzymes, storing tumor proteins intracellularly, even when little tumor mass is present. With the help of EDIM technologie, activated macrophages containing intracellular tumor epitopes can be detected using CD14 and CD16 specific antibodies.
Areas of Application
Currently, EDIM technology is used for the blood test PanTum Detect. Here, the method is applied to examine which individuals would benefit from further cancer detection examinations with imaging procedures (MRI, PET/CT) to clarify a possible tumor disease. The two biomarkers used for PanTum Detect are TKTL1 and DNaseX.
The PanTum Detect blood test exploits the EDIM technology utilizing the fact that activated monocytes/macrophages phagocytose tumor cells and contain tumor proteins intracellularly.
References
Blood tests
Biomarkers
Biotechnology
Endocrine function tests
Cancer screening | EDIM technology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 311 | [
"Blood tests",
"Biomarkers",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Chemical pathology",
"Endocrine function tests"
] |
72,500,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20PowerOFF | Operation PowerOFF is an ongoing joint operation by the FBI, EUROPOL, the Dutch National Police Corps, German Federal Criminal Police Office , Poland Cybercrime Police and the UK National Crime Agency to close "booter/stresser" services offering DDoS attack services for hire. Beginning in 2018, the operation shut down 48 websites offering DDoS services, and six people were arrested in the United States. Multiple companies, including Cloudflare, PayPal, and DigitalOcean provided information to the FBI to assist in the seizure.
History
In 2018, the FBI closed down 15 DDoS websites with the Dutch National Police Corps. On December 14, 2022, resuming this collaboration, the FBI and Department of Justice announced that they had closed multiple websites offering DDoS-for-hire services. The FBI claimed that these websites offered services designed to slow down websites relating to gaming. The FBI also noted that these services had heavy use, claiming that "Quantum", one of the seized services, was used to launch 50,000 attacks. After the shutdown, multiple law enforcement agencies collaborating with the FBI declared they would place advertisements on search engines, such as Google, that would educate the public on the legality of DDoS services.
Aftermath
Six US citizens were indicted by FBI offices in California and Alaska. Three of the people arrested were from Florida, one from Texas, one from Hawaii, and one from New York. The FBI asks that users with information related to the attacks contact their offices for tips and information related to the seized sites.
Ongoing activity
, Operation PowerOFF activities were still ongoing, with further websites being seized and prosecutions continuing.
References
PowerOFF
PowerOFF
2022 in computing
Denial-of-service attacks
Cybercrime | Operation PowerOFF | [
"Technology"
] | 351 | [
"Denial-of-service attacks",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
72,500,747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine%20beauty%20ideal | The masculine beauty ideal is a set of cultural beauty standards for men which change based on the historical era and the geographic region. These standards are ingrained in men from a young age to increase their perceived physical attractiveness.
Masculine beauty ideals are mainly rooted in heteronormative beliefs about hypermasculinity, but they heavily influence men of all sexual orientations and gender identities. The masculine beauty ideal traits include but are not limited to: male body shape, height, skin tones, body weight, muscle mass, and genital size. Men oftentimes feel social pressure to conform to these standards in order to feel desirable, and thus elect to alter their bodies through processes such as extreme dieting, genital enlargement, radical fitness regimens, skin whitening, tanning, and other bodily surgical modifications.
Colonialism
Because masculine beauty standards are subjective, they change significantly based on location. A professor of anthropology at the University of Edinburgh, Alexander Edmonds, states that in Western Europe and other colonial societies (Australia, and North and South America), the legacies of slavery and colonialism have resulted in images of beautiful men being "very white."
Androgyny
Standards of beauty vary based on culture and location. While Western beauty standards emphasize muscled physiques, this is not the case everywhere. In South Korea and other parts of East Asia, the rise of androgynous K-pop bands have led to slim boyish bodies, vibrant hair, and make-up being more sought-after ideals of masculine beauty.
Youthfulness
Beauty standards have evolved over time, changing based on various factors. Youth was seen as beautiful in places such as ancient Egypt, with art as an example of this. Egyptian art pieces showed youthful figures in an idealized form. Greek and Roman sculptures continued this theme of idealism but chose to represent beauty through qualities such as muscles and intellect.
Weight
Over time, wealthy and powerful figures moved away from the idealistic nature and grew to see wealth through access to scarcities as more ideal. One of these scarcities was the amount of food accessible at the time. When food shortages were a problem, excessive adipose tissue was a symbol of wealth. Paintings that represented the beauty of the early modern period were of prominent and powerful figures, many showing their wealth through their excess adipose tissue. Due to this, they were not painted in an idealistic way, focusing especially on the clothes and other material possessions to accentuate this wealth.
See also
Beefcake
Bodybuilding
Himbo
Physical fitness
Skeletal muscle
Feminine beauty ideal
Sexual dimorphism
Tall, dark and handsome
References
External links
Male beauty
Interpersonal attraction
Human sexuality
Seduction
Social constructionism | Masculine beauty ideal | [
"Biology"
] | 545 | [
"Human sexuality",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Sexuality"
] |
72,500,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20ferrite | Hexagonal ferrites or hexaferrites are a family of ferrites with hexagonal crystal structure. The most common member is BaFe12O19, also called barium ferrite, BaM, etc. BaM is a strong room-temperature ferrimagnetic material with high anisotropy along the c axis. All the hexaferrite members are constructed by stacking a few building blocks in a certain order.
Basic building blocks
S block
The S block is very common in hexaferrites, which has a chemical formula of MeS6O82+. MeS are smaller metal cations, for example, Fe and other transition metals or noble metals. The S block is essentially a slab cut along the plane of an AB2O4 spinel. Each S block has one A layer and one B layer. The A layer features MeS-centered tetrahedron and MeS-centered octahedron, while the B layer is made up of edge-sharing MeS-centered octahedron. Both A and B layers have the same chemical formula of MeS3O42+.
R block
The R block has a chemical formula of MeLMeS6O112-. MeL are larger metal cations, for example, alkaline earth metals (Ba, Sr,) rare earth metals, Pb, etc. The point group symmetry of the R block is . The large metal cations are located in the middle layer of the three hexagonally packed layers. This block is also composed of face-sharing MeS-centered octahedra and MeS-centered trigonal bipyramids.
T block
The T block has a chemical formula of MeL2MeS8O142-. The point group symmetry of the T block is . One T block consists of 4 oxygen layers with the two MeL atoms substituting two oxygen atoms in the middle two layers. In one T block, there are both MeS-centered octahedra and MeS-centered tetrahedra.
Family nembers
M-type ferrite
M-type ferrite is made up of alternating S and R blocks in the sequence of SRS*R*. (* denotes rotating that layer around the c axis by 180°.) The chemical formula of M-type ferrite is MeLMeS12O19. Common examples are BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19. It exhibits space group symmetry. For BaFe12O19, a = 5.89 Å and c = 23.18 Å. M-ferrite is a very robust ferrimagnetic material, thus widely used as fridge magnets, card strips, magnets in speakers, magnetic material in linear tape-open.
W-type ferrite
W-type ferrite, like the M-type, consists of S and R blocks, but the stacking order and the number of blocks are different. The stacking sequence in a W-ferrite is SSRS*S*R* and its chemical formula is MeLMeS18O27. It exhibits space group symmetry. One example of W-type ferrite is BaFe18O27, with a = 5.88 Å and c = 32.85 Å.
R-type ferrite
R-type ferrite has a chemical formula of MeLMeS6O11 with a space group of . Unlike other hexaferrites, R-type ferrite doesn't have an S block. Instead, it only has single B layers extracted from the S block. The stacking sequence is BRB*R*.
Y-type ferrite
Y-type ferrite has a chemical formula of MeL2MeS14O22 with a space group of . One example is Ba2Co2Fe12O22 with a = 5.86 Å and c = 43.5 Å. Y-type ferrite is built up with S and T blocks with an order of 3(ST) in one unit cell. There is no horizontal mirror plane in a Y-type ferrite.
Z-type ferrite
Z-type ferrite has a chemical formula of MeL3MeS26O41 with a space group of . It has a complicated stacking of SRSTS*R*S*T* in one unit cell. Some Z-type members may have sophisticated magnetic properties along different directions. One example is Ba3Co2Fe24O41 with a = 5.88 Å and c = 52.3 Å.
X-type ferrite
X-type ferrite has a chemical formula of MeL2MeS30O46 with a space group of . The stacking order is 3(SRS*S*R*) in one unit cell. One example is Sr2Co2Fe28O46 with c = 83.74 Å.
References
Ferromagnetic materials
Ceramic materials | Hexagonal ferrite | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,017 | [
"Ferromagnetic materials",
"Materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
72,501,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Eftedal | Ingrid Eftedal (born 3 July 1965) is a Norwegian molecular biologist and barophysiologist who is employed at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). At NTNU, she has been a senior researcher and head of the barophysiology research group. She has also been a dean and associate professor at the Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences at Nord University. Eftedal holds a PhD in molecular genetics.
Career and research
She graduated as a civil engineer in biophysics and medical technology from the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH; now NTNU) in 1989 and received her doctoral degree (dr.ing.) molecular genetics from NTH in 1993. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the École supérieure de biotechnologie Strasbourg and has worked as a molecular biologist at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, as head of the Department of Medical Genetics at St. Olav's University Hospital, and as dean of research at the Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences at Nord University.
She is employed at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU, where she has been a senior researcher and group leader. She has also held a position as an associate professor at Nord University. She was a member of the national Forensic Medical Commission from 2007 to 2012, appointed by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. She was also a member of the Preimplantation Diagnostics Committee from 2008 to 2010.
Eftedal's research studies how the human body adapts to extreme environments using evolutionarily developed mechanisms, and how diving sickness affects immune cells and inflammatory processes. The goal of the research is to contribute research-based knowledge that can prevent health damage to divers and others who are in physically challenging environments. A large part of the research is related to offshore diving. This form of diving has been crucial to Norway's oil and gas industry and is also important for the development of several renewable energy sources, such as wind and wave power.
In 2022, Ingrid Eftedal was one of the finalists for "Name of the Year in Academia" award of the newspaper Khrono.
References
1965 births
Living people
Norwegian molecular biologists
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
20th-century Norwegian women scientists
Women molecular biologists
Molecular geneticists | Ingrid Eftedal | [
"Biology"
] | 479 | [
"Molecular geneticists",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
72,501,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duearity | Duearity was a Swedish medical technology company based in Malmö. The company specialised in hardware and software for tinnitus treatment. From May 2021 to September 2024, Duearity was publicly traded on the Nasdaq First North stock exchange.
Origins
Peter Arndt, one of Duearity's founders, was undergoing tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and noticed the treatment to be effective, but incompatible with daily life. Tinnitus retraining therapy is based on cognitive behavioral therapy and requires white noise to be played uninterrupted for 6-8 hours per day for 6-24 months. Wearing headphones for prolonged and uninterrupted period of time was interfering with work during daytime and with sleep during nighttime.
The founders set out to find a solution that did not require headphones and did not occupy the ear canals. In 2020, a proof of concept was successfully completed and the company applied for a patent.
IPO
On 11 May 2021, the company's shares debuted on Nasdaq First North under ticker symbol DEAR. The company was previously called Cochlearity, but the name was changed pre-IPO in order to avoid mixup with another medtech company.
75,3% of the IPO shares were subscribed before the IPO offer was made public. Duearity’s IPO was oversubscribed by 9 times.
Products and market
Duearity is focusing its products on white noise and tinnitus retraining therapy, which has been shown to be effective in a variety of research studies.
Since 2020, Duearity has been developing the world's smallest and most flexible tinnitus aid that emits white noise through bone conduction technology. It is a patented medtech CE class IIa product with FDA 510(k) clearance in the U.S. It is a non-invasive device that attaches behind the ears and keeps the ear canals free.
Duearity is also developing a software for analysing tinnitus and managing its symptoms. The company observes strong interest from researchers, audiologists and otorhinolaryngologists.
References
External links
Further reading
Clinical research on Tinnitus retraining therapy
Latest annual report (2021)
IPO prospectus (2021)
Patent application SE 2030236 A1
See also
Zwicker tone
Tinnitus
Hearing aid
Tinnitus masker
List of people with tinnitus
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm
Medical device manufacturers
Medical and health organizations based in Sweden
Medical technology companies of Sweden
Medical equipment
Hearing aid manufacturers
Companies based in Malmö
Organizations based in Malmö
Organizations based in Sweden
Swedish brands | Duearity | [
"Biology"
] | 543 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
72,501,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NebulaGraph | NebulaGraph is a free software distributed graph database built for super large-scale graphs with milliseconds of latency. NebulaGraph adopts the Apache 2.0 license and also comes with a wide range of data visualization tools.
History
NebulaGraph was developed in 2018 by Vesoft Inc. In May 2019, NebulaGraph made free software on GitHub and its alpha version was released same year.
In June 2020, NebulaGraph raised $8M in a series pre-A funding round led by Redpoint China Ventures and Matrix Partners China.
In June 2019, NebulaGraph 1.0 GA version was released while version 2.0 GA was released in March 2021. The latest version 3.0.2 of Nebula was released in March 2022.
In September 2023, NebulaGraph and LlamaIndex introduced Graph RAG for retrieval-augmented generation.
See also
Graph database
References
External links
Free database management systems
Document-oriented databases
Distributed computing architecture
Key-value databases
Structured storage
Graph databases | NebulaGraph | [
"Mathematics"
] | 203 | [
"Graph databases",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
72,502,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Fallujah | USS Fallujah (LHA-9) will be an of the United States Navy and the first ship to bear this name to commemorate the first and second battles at Fallujah during the Iraq War in 2004. On 13 December 2022, Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro announced the name in a press release.
Design
The design of Fallujah is based on , which is an improved version of the . While Makin Island has a well deck, the earlier two Flight 0 America-class ships and were designed and built without a well deck to make space for aircraft and aviation fuel.
Fallujah will be the second Flight I America-class ship, and as such will include a well deck. The design of the Flight I America-class ships, including that of Fallujah, adopts a compromise, incorporating a slightly smaller aircraft hangar as well as smaller medical and other spaces to fit a small well deck for surface connector operations. The island structure will also be modified to free up more room on the flight deck to accommodate maintenance of V-22s, compensating for some of the lost aircraft hangar space.
History
Construction and career
Fallujah is currently being built at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi by Huntington Ingalls Industries and began fabrication on 19 December 2022.
Naming
The ship's namesake comes from the first and second battle of Fallujah, which were notable for polarizing public opinion within Iraq.
When announcing the name, Navy Secretary Carlo Del Toro said: "The name selection follows the tradition of naming amphibious ships after the U.S. Marine Corps battles, early U.S. sailing ships or legacy names of earlier carriers from World War II. It is an honor for me for our nation to memorialize the Marines, the soldiers and coalition forces that fought valiantly and those who sacrificed their lives during both battles of Fallujah".
The commandant of the US Marine Corps, Gen. David Berger, cited the battles of Fallujah as an American triumph. "Under extraordinary odds, the Marines prevailed against a determined enemy who enjoyed all the advantages of defending in an urban area. The Battle of Fallujah is, and will remain, imprinted in the minds of all Marines and serves as a reminder to our Nation, and its foes, why our Marines call themselves the world’s finest."
Journalist Peter Maass criticized the choice of naming, saying, "The announcement noted that more than 100 U.S. and allied soldiers died in Fallujah but said nothing about the far larger toll of Iraqi civilians killed, the flattening of swathes of the city through extensive bombings, the apparent war crimes by U.S. forces, the environmental impact and the health impacts on civilians that continue to this day — and the inconvenient fact that U.S. forces were unable to keep their hold on Fallujah for very long."
Some notable Iraqis have also protested the naming choice; "The pain of defeat in Fallujah is haunting the U.S. military," wrote Ahmed Mansour, an Al Jazeera journalist who reported from Fallujah during the fiercest fighting. "They want to turn the war crimes they committed there into a victory, while opponents committed no such war crimes … I was an eyewitness to the defeat of the Americans in the Battle of Fallujah." Iraqi human rights activist Muntader al-Zaidi said, "It is insulting to consider the killing of innocent people as a victory [...] Do you want to boast about forces that kill and hunt innocent people? I hope this ship will always remind you of the shame of the invasion and the humiliation of the occupation."
The Council on American-Islamic Relations issued a statement, "There must be a better name for this ship — one that does not evoke horrific scenes from any illegal, violent and unjust war."
References
External links
Huntington Ingalls Shipbuilding: America-class of Amphibious Assault Ships
America-class amphibious assault ships
Proposed ships of the United States Navy
Proposed aircraft carriers
United States Navy ship names | USS Fallujah | [
"Engineering"
] | 840 | [
"Military projects",
"Proposed aircraft carriers"
] |
72,502,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%20SportsCar | Vermont SportsCar (VSC) is a race car manufacturer that designs, engineers, and builds rally, rallycross and other specialty vehicles for teams and private clients. Since 2006 Vermont SportsCar has been the technical partner to Subaru of America and manages the automaker's racing division Subaru Motorsports USA.
Founded by Lance Smith in 1988, VSC operates in Milton, Vermont, with more than 70 full-time employees. VSC manages motorsports programs primarily within the American Rally Association Championship, Nitro Rallycross series, and the Mount Washington Hill Climb. Additionally VSC designs, builds and campaigns the Gymkhana Subaru vehicles driven by Travis Pastrana.
VSC manufactures and sells aftermarket performance parts for Subaru vehicles under the name VSC Performance. VSC also offers prototyping and engineering services for private race teams and builds custom race and road cars.
In early 2022 VSC launched a multi-car effort in the 2022–23 Nitro Rallycross Championship’s all-electric Group E class.
History
VSC was founded in 1988 by Lance Smith. A native of Williston, Vermont, Smith started as a mechanic preparing race cars for car builder and racer Tivvy Shenton and then in the 1980s for rally driver John Buffum. In 1988, he modified a Volkswagen Golf for a private team in the SCCA ProRally series and spent the next several years competing as a co-driver for several seasons in other cars he built, including a Toyota Celica, Mitsubishi Eclipse, and Mitsubishi Galant VR4. In 1992, Smith won the co-driver's championship in the North American Rally Cup and the Subaru "Pride and Professionalism" award for the best-prepped car. Smith reduced the amount of his co-driving in 1997 to focus on building a Mitsubishi Evolution V for Buffum and growing his business. In 2001 VSC supported Prodrive and Subaru of America with the launch of Subaru Rally Team USA competing in the SCCA ProRally Championship in the USA. In 2003, VSC helped manage the Mitsubishi factory rally effort in the USA and competed in the SCCA ProRally Championship utilizing Mitsubishi EVO VIII rally cars.
Motorsport achievements
Subaru Motorsports USA
Rally America / American Rally Association
In 2006, VSC partnered again with Subaru of America to relaunch Subaru Rally Team USA and serve as the technical partner for Subaru of America's motorsports efforts. That program, rebranded in 2019 as Subaru Motorsports USA, continues today and is currently the world's largest Subaru motorsports program. In its debut 2006 season, VSC won the Rally America National Championship with driver Travis Pastrana. Additionally in 2006 VSC fielded Subaru WRX STI rally cars in the first rally car competition held by the ESPN X Games, where Pastrana beat former WRC Champion Colin McRae for the gold medal. Pastrana won the Rally America National Championship for the next three years driving alongside Subaru teammate Ken Block, who himself won 10 rallies, two X Games medals and three podiums for Subaru in Rally America. BMX rider and racer Dave Mirra replaced Block for the 2010 season. In 2011, David Higgins replaced Pastrana and went on to clinch six consecutive championships through 2016. Pastrana returned to the team in 2014 and won the 2017 Rally America and 2021 American Rally Association championships while Higgins secured another two championships in 2018 and 2019.
Global Rallycross / Americas Rallycross Championship
VSC managed the Subaru Puma Rallycross Team for the 2012-2014 seasons. Drivers included David Higgins, Dave Mirra, Sverre Isachsen, Bucky Lasek, Patrik Sandell, and Chris Atkinson. After the Global Rallycross series dissolved in the U.S., Subaru entered the Americas Rallycross Championship in 2018 where Subaru driver Patrik Sandell earned third place in the driver's championship. Scott Speed joined the Subaru team in 2019 and led the ARX Driver's Championship until a back injury sustained at the Nitro Rallycross event in Utah forced him to miss the remainder of the ARX season. The team went on to win the ARX Team's Championship in 2019, despite Speed's absence from the final two rounds (due to his injury) earning 4 wins from 6 ARX rounds.
Nitro Rallycross
After a 2020 hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, VSC and Subaru Motorsports USA entered a new rallycross series spearheaded by Subaru driver Travis Pastrana and Nitro Circus. The inaugural 2021 Nitro Rallycross Championship was won by Pastrana after a close fought season with teammate Scott Speed, who finished in second in the standings after the duo was tied on points after the final round, with Pastrana winning the series based on tie-break rules; Subaru Motorsports USA won the NRX Team Championship as well.
Mount Washington Hill Climb
VSC built several record-winning cars for the Mount Washington Hill Climb, a 7.6-mile sprint to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire. VSC entered Travis Pastrana at the wheel of the Airslayer STI, the car utilized in the Gymkhana 2020 video with Pastrana, at the 2021 Mt. Washington Hillclimb. He set a new record of 5:28.67 and broke his 5:44.72 record from 2017. David Higgins had set the record twice with a VSC-prepped Subaru: in 2014 at 6:09.09 and in 2011 at 6:11.54.
Championship wins
Rally America / American Rally Association
X Games Rally / Nitro Rallycross
Film Appearances
In 2015, VSC provided their VT15R Subaru WRX STI rally car body kit to Universal Studios for the film The Fate of the Furious, the eighth release in the Fast & Furious series. The movie featured the body kit on the Subaru WRX STI driven by the character Little Nobody, played by Scott Eastwood, and was featured in an ice racing scene. The movie car was later released as a Hot Wheels scale model.
In 2020, VSC built the Airslayer STI (internally referenced as the VT20G) for Hoonigan’s eleventh installment of the Gymkhana video series, “Gymkhana 2020,” featuring Travis Pastrana behind the wheel. Pastrana subsequently drove the Airslayer STI at the 2021 Mount Washington Hill Climb where he beat his previous record and won the event overall.
Current rally cars
VSC specializes in designing and building Subaru race cars. At its Vermont shop, VSC performs nearly all facets of the build process from design to fabrication and carbon composites to wiring, engine development and paint.
Subaru WRX ARA24 Rally Car
The Subaru WRX ARA24 runs in the American Rally Association Open 4WD Class. While based on the stock model, the Subaru WRX ARA24 has a 2.0-liter four-cylinder boxer engine with a custom crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, block, heads, and turbocharger to produce 320 horsepower and 380 pound-feet of torque when fitted with a 33mm series-mandated intake restrictor. The latest rules make the car less powerful than the outgoing VT22r. A custom six-speed sequential gearbox and two limited-slip differentials handle the engine's output. Driver Brandon Semenuk and co-driver Keaton Williams won the 2023 Ojibwe Forests Rally in the VT23r, which is identical to the Subaru WRX ARA24.
VT21x
The VT21x is designed for Nitro Rallycross competition. The rear doors are sealed to accommodate a rear-mounted radiator setup due to the high likelihood of front-end damage in Rallycross racing. The 2.0-liter four-cylinder boxer engine is fitted with a larger 45mm turbo restrictor to produce more than 600 horsepower and 680 pound-feet of torque. The race weight in 2021 was a minimum of 2915 pounds.
Custom road cars
Omaze Gymkhana STI
Built in tandem with the VT20g, the Omaze Gymkhana STI was a one-off road car that VSC and Hoonigan, the owner of the Gymkhana brand, donated as a prize to Omaze as part of a charity contest. The car features a custom exhaust and modified sway bars, chassis bracing, coilover springs, and a carbon fiber VSC Performance motorsport wing. It also has a unique interior featuring a rally-style hydraulic hand brake and a custom wrap inspired by the VT20g livery design.
TRAX STI & Sleigh
VSC built this 2009 STI for Ken Block and billed it as the "world's fastest cat-track operation automobile for back-country snowboarding access." VSC also built a fiberglass sleigh that can be towed by the TRAX STI.
References
Automotive engineering
Motorsport in Vermont
American racecar constructors | Vermont SportsCar | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,818 | [
"Automotive engineering",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
72,503,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga%20%28ice%29 | Shuga is a spongy, porridgy body of ice suspended in water. It may be formed from grease ice or from anchor ice rising to the surface and typically comprises lumps of ice, a few centimeters across.
Shuga is the third stage in the development of sea ice, formed as a result of snow falling on frazil ice to become grease ice which is then further worked by subsequent wind and wave action. As cooling continues, the next stage is reached when sheets of rind or nilas ice emerge. Shuga may also occur in freshwater situations.
References
Bibliography
Armstrong, Terence, Brian Roberts and Charles Swithinbank (1973). Illustrated Glossary of Snow of Ice. Cambridge: Scott Polar Research Institute.
Hince, Bernadette (2000).
External links
Earth phenomena
Sea ice
Snow or ice weather phenomena
Bodies of ice
Water ice
Rivers | Shuga (ice) | [
"Physics"
] | 178 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Sea ice"
] |
72,504,438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20Trianguli | R Trianguli (abbreviated as R Tri) is a short-period oxygen-rich Mira variable in Triangulum with a period of 266.9 days, discovered by T. H. E. C. Espin in 1890. It is losing about , close to average for a short-period Mira variable. While most short-period Mira variables reside in the Galactic halo, R Trianguli is a member of the thick disk, and its proper motion is fairly high for its distance. Its angular diameter in the K band was measured in 2002 to be, on average, , with a shape suggesting that there is an optically thin disk structure surrounding the star.
References
Mira variables
M-type giants
Trianguli, R
Triangulum
Astronomical objects discovered in 1890
0758
016210
J02370234+3415513
Emission-line stars
012193 | R Trianguli | [
"Astronomy"
] | 181 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
72,504,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colanic%20acid | Colanic acid is an exopolysaccharide synthesized by bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is excreted by the cell to form a protective bacterial capsule, and it assists in the formation of biofilms.
Structure
Colanic acid is composed of polyanionic heteropolysaccharides with hexasaccharide repeating units, consisting of glucose, fucose, galactose, and glucuronic acid. It also consists of O-acetyl groups and pyruvate side chains attached to these sugar molecules. It forms a protective capsule around cells, primarily Enterobacteriaceae. Colanic acid's high molecular weight and branching structure contribute to its high viscosity, while the carboxylic acid groups in its structure are the primary contributors to its acidity. It is considered mildly toxic when injected intraperitoneally in mice, and its effect on mammals can be compared to the effects of low doses of endotoxin, which can cause diarrhea and malaise.
E. coli colonies that produce colanic acid are said to be colicinogenic, and appear larger, smoother, and more opaque than those that do not. The colanic acid itself is observed as amorphous, white, and fibrous and is water-soluble as well as soluble in dilute salt solutions.
Function
The main function of colanic acid is to form a protective slimy capsule around the cell surface under stressful conditions to increase its chances of survival. The stressful environment can come in the forms of desiccation, oxidative stress, and a low pH. Expression of colanic acid in E. coli has been shown to be required for the creation of normal E. coli biofilm architecture.
Colanic acid synthesis is up-regulated in biofilms, where acetylation plays a crucial role in modulating its structural conformation and physical and chemical properties. In E. coli, colanic acid plays an essential role in biofilm formation. However, it does not enhance bacterial adhesion, but instead blocks the establishment of specific binding between bacteria and the underlying substrate.
Environmental factors
Temperature and pH
Colanic acid begins to be synthesized and accumulate at 19 °C. Nutrients modulate the production of colanic acid with maximal production occurring when glucose and proline are used as carbon and nitrogen sources. E. coli, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is commonly used to study the conditions and effects of colanic acid production. A study showed that E. coli K92 is able to produce colanic acid at temperatures ranging from 19 °C to 42 °C, but it predominates at around 20 °C.
Colanic acid is typically produced at a low pH to protect bacteria from the acidic environment. A study was conducted to determine the minimal pH that E.coli could withstand. It was concluded that the production of colanic acid can range from a pH of 2 to a pH of 8; with the initial response to acidity occurring at a pH of 5.5.
Colanic acid production in E. coli is dependent on both lipopolysaccharide structure and glucose availability, because important nucleotide-sugar precursors are needed and provided by both.
Activation and regulation
Activation
At least two positive protein regulators, RcsA and RcsB, are involved in the transcription of the operon for capsule (cps) gene expression in E. coli. The activation of colanic acid is due to an initial response to an environmental stimulus such as osmotic shock. This stimulus is relayed to the MdoH gene which is tied to the biosynthesis of MDOs. Unstable MDO levels due to changes within the environment, triggers the RcsC sensor to directly or indirectly relay the signal to the RcsB gene, which is a main activator of cps expression. The RcsA gene activates its own expression.
Regulation
The cps colanic acid operon can control the biosynthesis of colanic acid. It is composed of one large transcriptional unit that contains a ugd gene right outside the cps operon. It has been shown that the transcriptional antiterminator rfaH promotes said cps transcription. It does so by mediating the cps operon and promoting ugd expression.
A study was conducted to test whether RfaH was able to enhance cps colanic acid transcription for colanic acid production. E. coli K92 wild-type and rfaH mutant strains were grown and analyzed. It was observed that the deletion of rfaH had dramatically decreased colanic acid production in both.
References
Escherichia coli
Polysaccharides | Colanic acid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 964 | [
"Model organisms",
"Carbohydrates",
"Escherichia coli",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
72,505,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-limiting%20step%20%28biochemistry%29 | In biochemistry, a rate-limiting step is a reaction step that controls the rate of a series of biochemical reactions. The statement is, however, a misunderstanding of how a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps operate. Rather than a single step controlling the rate, it has been discovered that multiple steps control the rate. Moreover, each controlling step controls the rate to varying degrees.
Blackman (1905) stated as an axiom: "when a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors, the rate of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor." This implies that it should be possible, by studying the behavior of a complicated system such as a metabolic pathway, to characterize a single factor or reaction (namely the slowest), which plays the role of a master or rate-limiting step. In other words, the study of flux control can be simplified to the study of a single enzyme since, by definition, there can only be one 'rate-limiting' step. Since its conception, the 'rate-limiting' step has played a significant role in suggesting how metabolic pathways are controlled. Unfortunately, the notion of a 'rate-limiting' step is erroneous, at least under steady-state conditions. Modern biochemistry textbooks have begun to play down the concept. For example, the seventh edition of Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry explicitly states: "It has now become clear that, in most pathways, the control of flux is distributed among several enzymes, and the extent to which each contributes to the control varies with metabolic circumstances". However, the concept is still incorrectly used in research articles.
Historical perspective
From the 1920s to the 1950s, there were a number of authors who discussed the concept of rate-limiting steps, also known as master reactions. Several authors have stated that the concept of the 'rate-limiting' step is incorrect. Burton (1936) was one of the first to point out that: "In the steady state of reaction chains, the principle of the master reaction has no application". Hearon (1952) made a more general mathematical analysis and developed strict rules for the prediction of mastery in a linear sequence of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Webb (1963) was highly critical of the concept of the rate-limiting step and of its blind application to solving problems of regulation in metabolism. Waley (1964) made a simple but illuminating analysis of simple linear chains. He showed that provided the intermediate concentrations were low compared to the values of the enzymes, the following expression was valid:
where equals the pathway flux, and and are functions of the rate constants and intermediate metabolite concentrations. The terms are proportional to the limiting rate values of the enzymes. The first point to note from the above equation is that the pathway flux is a function of all the enzymes; there is no need for there to be a 'rate-limiting' step. If, however, all the terms from to , are small relative to then the first enzyme will contribute the most to determining the flux and therefore, could be termed the 'rate-limiting' step.
Modern perspective
The modern perspective is that rate-limitingness should be quantitative and that it is distributed through a pathway to varying degrees. This idea was first considered by Higgins in the late 1950s as part of his PhD thesis where he introduced the quantitative measure he called the ‘reflection coefficient.’ This described the relative change of one variable to another for small perturbations. In his Ph.D. thesis, Higgins describes many properties of the reflection coefficients, and in later work, three groups, Savageau, Heinrich and Rapoport and Jim Burns in his thesis (1971) and subsequent publications independently and simultaneously developed this work into what is now called metabolic control analysis or, in the specific form developed by Savageau, biochemical systems theory. These developments extended Higgins’ original ideas significantly, and the formalism is now the primary theoretical approach to describing deterministic, continuous models of biochemical networks.
The variations in terminology between the different papers on metabolic control analysis were later harmonized by general agreement.
See also
Branched pathways
Metabolic control analysis
Biochemical systems theory
Committed step
References
Biochemical reactions
Enzyme kinetics | Rate-limiting step (biochemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 855 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Enzyme kinetics",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
72,507,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholanic%20acid | Cholanic acid is a carboxylic acid derivative of the cholane class of steroids. It is a component of bile.
References
Carboxylic acids
Cholanes | Cholanic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 39 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
72,507,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206956 | NGC 6956 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Delphinus. It is located at a distance of about 214 million light-years from Earth. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel discovered this galaxy on 9 October 1784.
Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 6956: SN 2006it (type IIP, mag. 17.6), SN 2013fa (type Ia, mag. 16.2), and SN PSNJ20435314+1230304 (type Ia, mag. 15.8, discovered 11 July 2015).
References
External links
NGC 6956 on SIMBAD
Barred spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Cepheus (constellation)
6956
11619
65269
+02-53-001
J20435368+1230429 | NGC 6956 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 166 | [
"Constellations",
"Cepheus (constellation)"
] |
72,509,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2022764 | HD 22764, also known as HR 1112, is an orange hued star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.78, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. The object is located relatively far at a distance of approximately 1,770 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 22764's brightness is diminished by 0.66 magnitudes due to interstellar dust.
The object has two stellar classifications; one states that it is an ageing red giant (K3.5 IIIb) while the other instead lists it as a slightly cooler lower luminosity red supergiant (K4 Ib). The first spectrum hints a close companion to the object of spectral type G. If considered as a supergiant, it has 6.8 times the mass of the Sun; if considered as an older giant star, it has a mass of . As a result of its evolved state, HD 22764 has expanded to 167 times the Sun's radius and now radiates 3,342 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . Age estimates range from 47 up to 820 million years. It has an iron abundance 65% that of the Sun, making it metal deficient. The object spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity lower than .
HD 22764 is the primary of a binary star consisting of it and HD 22763, a B8 giant star located 54.8" away along a position angle of 38°. There are also 4 line-of-sight companions located near the system.
References
K-type giants
K-type supergiants
Camelopardalis
Binary stars
+59 00699
17342
1112
22764 | HD 22764 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 391 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
72,509,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax%20deposition | Wax deposition or paraffin deposition refers to the accumulation of paraffin wax on the surface of a substance, typically a liquid or gas. This can occur in a variety of contexts, including the production and transport of oil and natural gas, the refining of petroleum products, and the storage and transport of chemicals. For the transportation of crude oil in a pipeline, wax can deposit on to the inner surface of the pipeline, reducing the area for fluid to flow and increasing the pressure requirement for fluid to flow. To prevent wax deposition, various techniques can be used, including heating the fluid to dissolve wax back into the oil phase, adding chemicals to prevent wax formation, and using specialized equipment or a pig to remove the wax deposit from the pipe wall surface.
The term "wax deposition" should not be confused with the term "wax precipitation". The precipitation of wax refers to the phase change of the dissolved wax in liquid phase into solid wax particles. This phenomenon is governed by the thermodynamic equilibrium of wax in oil. The wax precipitation is the necessary condition, but it is not the sufficient condition for wax deposition to occur. For wax deposition to occur, the solid surface temperature for wax to be deposited on must be lower than the temperature of waxy oil solution.
References
Precipitation
Deposition (geology) | Wax deposition | [
"Chemistry"
] | 262 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum stubs"
] |
72,510,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20museum%20Aachen | The Computer museum Aachen (officially called ) existed from 1987 to 2009. It was created in cooperation with the Rogowski Institute for Electrical Engineering of the RWTH Aachen University. It was housed in the RWTH's "Campus Melaten" until the demolition of the building at Sommerfeldstrasse No. 32, Aachen.
Overview
The museum was created in cooperation with the Rogowski Institute for Electrical Engineering at the RWTH Aachen and collected obsolete computer hardware from them as pieces for the museum. The main advocate and supporter was (1926–2010).
The extensive collection, which was created in 1965 with the support of the state North Rhine-Westphalia, the German Research Foundation and the Friends of Aachen University, was one of the earliest of its kind in Germany.
The computer museum saw itself as an active museum in which visitors could work on numerous computing devices and PCs themselves and gain experience with the electronic data processing technology of the past. The computer museum was established in 1987 at the RWTH extension site in Melaten and closed at the end of 2009. From 1987 to 1993 the museum was directed by the historian .
Exhibits
The showpiece of the exhibition was a 1958 Zuse Z22 computer system collected from the RWTH.
Some of the exhibits:
Burroughs 1700
DEC PDP-11/45
DEC PDP-12
EAI 8800 Scientific Computing System
EAI PACE 231R
EAI TR-48
IBM 421
IBM System/3 Model 10 (5410)
IBM System/360-20
LGP-30
Telefunken RA 463/2
Zuse Z22
Closure
The building that housed the computer museum had to be demolished in 2010 as part of the repurposing of the . For this reason, the museum had to close at the end of 2009, and all the exhibits had to be moved to new locations.
As early as 2006, the museum's backhaul holdings were dissolved and initially deposited in Castrop-Rauxel. From there, financed by SAP, a large part of the collection went to the Computer History Museum (CHM) at Mountain View, California (the so called SAP collection). This included Mulby computers from Aachen production (). The remaining devices were taken to a warehouse on the premises of Dortmund train station (Tillmann collection). There, the parts were badly damaged due to poor storage and were threatened of being scrapped in 2012. Private collectors managed to save and restore many artefacts. Some exhibits can now be found in the .
Another part from the Aachen inventory was stored by a forwarding agency in Cologne. The costs for this were covered by the CHM until 2007/2008. After that, individual artefacts were saved by collectors, the rest were scrapped.
After the closure at the end of 2009, the remaining exhibits were temporarily stored at RWTH premises and distributed to other museums in 2012, in particular to the in Hoyerswerda and to the museum in Bautzen. The latter also received the Z22. Some of the earlier exhibits were shredded.
References
Further reading
Entry at Universitätssammlungen in Deutschland
Short description and photos,
Report on CMA-Hardware salvages 2012 at robotrontechnik.de
[https://blog.hnf.de/computer-im-museum-vi-es-war-einmal/ Computer im Museum (VI) – es war einmal] (2022) in HNF-Blog
Computer museums
RWTH Aachen University
1965 establishments in West Germany
2009 disestablishments in Germany
Defunct museums in Germany | Computer museum Aachen | [
"Technology"
] | 731 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing"
] |
72,510,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalization%20management%20system | A personalization management system (PMS) is an integrated software solution that enables users in an organization to manage and deliver personalized messages, campaigns, and interactive experiences to consumers across different communications channels and devices.
The term PMS was first used in a 2003 study on personalization, but it was later popularized by the startup Croct, which was the first company to use the term PMS to distinguish the emerging category of platforms and technologies focused on delivering personalized customer experiences. Previously, these services were typically included under the umbrella of CMS or CRM solutions, which did not adequately encapsulate the nuances of this new category.
History
The concept of personalization in marketing has been around for decades. But it all began with simple strategies, such as calling consumers by name in direct mail marketing.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the concept of personalization began to evolve with the use of cookies, which allowed websites to track a user's browsing history and behavior. This information could then be used to serve personalized content, such as recommended products or tailored advertisements.
As the internet and digital marketing continued to grow, the need for efficient and effective content management systems (CMS) became apparent.
One of the main challenges with traditional CMS systems was that they were designed for the web, which often meant that content had to be created multiple times to be delivered across multiple devices. That was both a time-consuming and inefficient process.
To address this issue, the concept of headless CMS was introduced. A headless CMS is a content management system that separates the backend (where content is stored and served) from the frontend (where content is displayed to the user). This allows content to be created once and delivered to any device or platform without creating multiple versions of the same content.
As personalization in marketing evolved, it became important not just to create personalized content but also to analyze and track its effectiveness. Headless CMSs were well-suited to handle this task, as they allow for more flexibility when integrating marketing technology, such as analytics and testing tools. Together, these capabilities led to the emergence of a specialized category known as a Personalization Management System (PMS).
As technology advanced, so has the ability to personalize marketing efforts. Modern PMS platforms now offer a range of sophisticated features and capabilities. Companies such as Microsoft, Netflix, and Spotify are some of the most successful examples of companies using modern personalized marketing strategies nowadays to offer tailored experiences to their customers.
Benefits
Personalization allows businesses to create more targeted, relevant, and timely interactions with their customers and prospects. This can have many benefits, such as:
Improved customer engagement and loyalty
Increased conversion rates
Improved customer experience
Increased customer lifetime value
Improved Return on investment (ROI).
Features
Personalization management systems typically offer a range of features to manage and deliver personalized messages, campaigns, and experiences.
These features typically include:
Real-time personalization to automate customer interactions
Segmentation for creating and managing customer segments based on customer attributes and behavior
A/B testing for choosing the best-performing content variations
Recommendations of relevant products and content to customers
Analytics and reporting to give marketers a deep view of their website or application's performance
Customer data management for collecting and segmenting customer data to create user profiles and understand customer behaviors
Deployment
Personalization management systems are available as both on-premises and cloud-based solutions. On-premises solutions offer more control and customization. Yet, cloud-based (SaaS) solutions are more common due to their lower costs and ease of management.
Vendors
Some of the key vendors in the personalization management space are Adobe Target, Croct, Twilio, Responsys, and Monetate.
See also
List of content management systems
Content management
Content Management Interface
Content management system
Document management system
Dynamic web page
Enterprise content management
Headless content management system
HTML
Information management
Knowledge management
LAMP (software bundle)
Personalization
Revision control
Web application framework
Web content management system
References
Information systems
Website management
Records management
Records management technology
Human–computer interaction
User interface techniques
Personas
Information retrieval techniques | Personalization management system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 839 | [
"Information systems",
"Information technology",
"Human–machine interaction",
"Human–computer interaction"
] |
72,512,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeldesivir | Obeldesivir (GS-5245, ATV006) is an isobutyric ester prodrug of GS-441524 made by Gilead Sciences that is currently in Phase III trials for the outpatient treatment of COVID-19 in high risk patients. The purpose of the isobutyric ester modification on obeldesivir is to improve the oral bioavailability of the parent nucleoside, GS-441524. Obeldesivir is hydrolyzed to its parent nucleoside, GS-441524, which is in turn converted to remdesivir-triphosphate (GS-443902) by a nucleoside kinase, adenylate kinase and nucleotide diphosphate kinase.
GS-443902 is a bioactive ATP analogue with broad-spectrum antiviral activity and is the same compound formed by remdesivir, though by a different enzymatic pathway. Unlike remdesivir, which is metabolized by enzymes that are highly expressed in the liver, GS-441524 released by obeldesivir is metabolized by enzymes that are evenly expressed throughout the body. Due to their different metabolic pathways, obeldesivir can be administered orally, whereas remdesivir must be administered intravenously for COVID-19 treatment.
The pharmacokinetic properties of obeldesivir and improved was first published by Chinese researchers in May 2022. The Chinese group pursued investigation of obeldesivir independently from Gilead Sciences. Compared to IV administered GS-441524 in rats at 5 mg/kg, orally administered obeldesivir at 25 mg/kg (referred to as "ATV006") yielded approximately 22% bioavailability. Treatment with obdeldesivir reduced viral load and prevents lung pathology in KI-hACE2 and Ad5-hACE2 mouse models of SARS-CoV-2. A patent filed by Gilead Sciences with a priority date of August 27, 2020, found the bioavailability of GS-441524 after oral administration of obdeldesivir (compound 15) in mice, rats, ferrets, dogs, and cynomolgus macaques to be 41%, 63.9%, 154%, 94%, and 38%, respectively. Across all species evaluated, obeldesivir showed improved oral bioavailability compared to oral administration of the parent nucleoside, GS-441524.
References
Anti–RNA virus drugs
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Nitrogen heterocycles
Triazines
Nitriles
Tetrahydrofurans | Obeldesivir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 567 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
72,512,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wilkinson%20%28chemical%20engineer%29 | David P. Wilkinson is a professor of chemical and electrochemical engineering at the University of British Columbia and a specialist in the field of electrochemical sciences and technologies.
In 2020, he was named a member of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honors, because of his contributions to electrochemical engineering and sciences, particularly the development of fuel cell technology.
Awards
Wilkinson has received the R.A. McLachlan Memorial award, the R.S. Jane Memorial Award, the UBC Faculty of Applied Science Dean’s Medal of Distinction and the University of British Columbia Killam Research Award. He is also a fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Canadian Academy of Engineering, the Chemical Institute of Canada and the Royal Society of Canada.
Career
Wilkinson joined the University of British Columbia Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering in 2004 as a Canada Research Chair in Clean Energy and Fuel Cells after working in various industry and government positions. Prior to his current work at UBC, he was Vice President of Research at Moli Energy, where he was part of the team that developed the world’s first commercial rechargeable lithium AA battery, and worked at Ballard Power Systems, where he assisted in fuel cell and hydrogen technology. Wilkinson was also a principal research officer and group leader at the National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation, where he established a research and development group and laboratory in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technology.
References
External links
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Living people
University of British Columbia alumni
Canadian chemical engineers
Chemical engineering academics
Year of birth missing (living people) | David Wilkinson (chemical engineer) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 322 | [
"Chemical engineering academics",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
63,817,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidine%20alkaloids | Piperidine alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from piperidine.
Alkaloids with a piperidine building block are widespread and are usually further subdivided according to their occurrence and biogenetic origin. The most important representative of piperidine alkaloids is piperine, which is responsible for the pungent taste of pepper.
The piperidine alkaloids also include the sedum alkaloids (e.g. sedamine), pelletierine, the lobelia alkaloids (e.g. lobeline), the conium alkaloids (such as coniine) and the pinus alkaloids.
Literature | Piperidine alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 152 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Piperidine alkaloids"
] |
63,817,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporphine%20alkaloids | Aporphine alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids. After the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids they are the second largest group of isoquinoline alkaloids.
At least 85 aporphine alkaloids have been isolated from plants of 15 families. The best known representative is apomorphine. The aporphine alkaloids are of interest mainly because of their similarity to morphine.
Occurrence
The aporphine alkaloids are most commonly found in plants. For example, isoboldine can be found in the plants in the genera Beilschmiedia, Nandina (Nandina domestica), Glaucium (horn poppy), and other plants. As the name suggests, glaucine was first found in the horn poppy and usually the name of the alkaloids is derived from the plants in which they were first found.
Corydin as a further representative of the aporphine alkaloids is found in Corydalis (larkspurs) Dicentra (heart flowers), and also in the horn poppy.
Examples
The aporphine alkaloids differ in their substituents and their position on the base structure. Furthermore, their stereochemistry is partly different; most often they are (R)-configured, but glaucine, bulbocapnine, and isothebaine, for example, are (S)-configured.
Biosynthesis
The method by which the central aporphine ring structure is constructed in nature is exemplified by the biosynthesis of bulbocarpin. First, reticuline 1 is oxidized, resulting in a mesomery-stabilized diradical with the boundary structures 2a and 2b. Cyclization results in a fourth six-membered ring, corytuberin 3, which then dehydrates to bulbocapnin 4.
Chemistry
The aporphine alkaloids are of particular interest because of their proximity to morphine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. For example, as the name suggests, morphine can be used to produce apomorphine. This can be done by adding an acid under the influence of heat.
The proaporphin alkaloids and the aporphin alkaloids share a framework isomerism.
The aporphine alkaloids usually have a stereocenter.
The (R)-configured glaucine can be synthesized from (S)-glaucine.
Uses
Apomorphine lowers blood pressure and is also a powerful emetic. It has been used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease because of its stimulating effect on dopamine receptors.
Cassytha filiformis, a plant used in African traditional medicine, contains many aporphine alkaloids and that the three main alkaloids actinodaphnin, cassythin, and dicentrin have an in vitro effect on cancer cells.
References
Alkaloids by chemical classification | Aporphine alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 618 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification"
] |
63,818,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygiella | Stygiella /ˌstɪ.d͡ʒiˈɛ.lə/ is a genus of free-living marine flagellates belonging to the family Stygiellidae in the Jakobids (excavata).
The genus currently includes four species, all of which are secondary obligate anaerobes. The species are all unicellular and crescent-shaped. All members possess hydrogenosomes, a type of acristate mitochondrion-derived organelle (MRO) that produces hydrogen gas as a metabolic product. Stygiella is a deep-branching lineage within excavates, and hydrogenosome genes sometimes show eubacterium-like mechanisms that have been useful for studying of the evolutionary history of eukaryotic mitochondria.
Etymology
Stygiella is a newly coined diminutive based on the name of the Greek goddess of the river Styx, which in Greek mythology formed the boundary between the Earth and the Underworld.
History
The species Stygiella incarcerata was first described by Bernard et al. in 2000, sampled from Quirbray Bay, Australia and Nivå Bay, Denmark; but the species may have been previously seen by Fentel et al. in 1995 at Danish fjord. The species was originally classified in the genus Jakoba, with the name Jakoba incarcerata. Later 18S rRNA analysis by Lara et al. showed strong phylogenetic relationship between J. incarcerata and Andalucia godoyi, a newly described biflagellated Jakobid from soil; the researchers therefore moved the species under the novel genus Andalucia in 2006.
In 2015, Pánek et al. analyzed anaerobic Jakobid lineages by SSU DNA and six protein coding genes. The results indicate strong clade for all anaerobic Jakobids, forming the novel family Stygiellidae with two novel genera: Velundella and Stygiella; A. incarcerata was thus classified in Stygiella, along with three newly discovered species.
Habitat
All Stygiella species have been found in anoxic, sulfide- and ammonium rich sediment in the ocean bed or in brackish water. Stygiella species tolerate salinity between 19 and 56 ppt. All four species have been successfully cultured in laboratory conditions at room temperature.
Morphology
All Stygiella species have a similar morphology: they are laterally crescent-shaped or ovoidal, aloricate cells with pointed ends (S. incarcerata), and a diamond-shaped ventral groove covers most of the ventral side to the posterior end. There are two distinct types of body shapes present in every species: grooved cells with broadly open grooves, and swimming cells with shortened, narrower grooves. The bodies of swimming cells usually narrow from middle to the end, whereas the grooved cells are more ovoid. Reported cell lengths usually range from 6.0 to 9.0 μm
The cells are biflagellated, with flagella originating close to the anterior end of the groove and extending towards the anterior and the posterior ends of the cell. The anterior flagella are usually shorter than the body length while the posterior flagella are usually more than twice longer than the cell; the posterior flagella of S. incarcerata are generally shorter, usually about 1.5 times the cell length.
The anterior flagellum of S. incarcerata has single root made of two slightly separated microtubules, which originates close to the anterior basal body in the ventral, posterior end. The posterior flagellum has two main microtubular roots: the left one is associated with three different non-microtubular fibres as well as a composite fibre, and the right one of one type. In addition, a singlet “root” circles the posterior basal body and supports the shape of the groove.
A dorsal vane attaches on the posterior flagellum, which is supported by a paraxonemal lamella that originates near the axoneme. The axoneme is composed of the typical eukaryotic 9 x 2 motif. The lamella raises against the axoneme and connects to at least two axonemal doublets after approximately 100 nm apart from the axoneme. Its width gradually broadens to about 700 nm.
Stygiella species mostly have a pear-shaped or sometimes a rounded nucleus close to the anterior end of the cell, with a nucleolus of 0.5 μm diameter. A single Golgi dictyosome, with generally 3 to 8 cisternae is located immediately posterior of the basal bodies. The cytoskeleton resembles that of other excavates. The concentration of ribosomes is very low in the cytosol.
All species in Stygiella possess acristate hydrogenosomes that can only perform anaerobic ATP-synthesis and lost most of its proteins for the electron transport chains. These hydrogenosomes, generally 300 to 500 nm across and 0.75 to 1 μm in length, lie close to the nucleus and often associate with major flagellar microtubular roots.
Behaviour
The cells may attach to the substrate by their flagella (mostly the anterior flagellum) or by the lateral or the dorsal cell body through a posterior cytoplasmic projection. The major morphotypes in S. incarcerata and S. agilis are swimming cells that move in a spiralling motion with only occasion adherence to substrate. Grooved morphotypes of these species attach to the substrate first by the anterior flagellum, which drags the body towards the substrate and releases when the posterior cytoplasmic projection adheres. S. adhaerens and S. cryptica are majorly grooved cells that nearly always attach to the substrate by the anterior, or seldom the posterior flagellum; few swimming cells have been observed in these species.
Metabolism
The hydrogenosomes of Stygiella seem to lack an organellar genome and the majority of the Complex I subunits for an electron transfer chain but contain proteins for eubacterium-like pyruvate decarboxylation, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and [FeFe]-hydrogenase, which also exist in other anaerobic excavates of different lineages. This convergent evolution may be the result of similar lateral gene transfer.
Compared to some parasitic anaerobic excavates, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, the hydrogenosomes of S. incarcerata retain more import proteins and more functional amino acid mechanism. In addition, it has an oxidative stress response similar to that of other anaerobic protists. Iron-sulfur cluster assemblies are present in the hydrogenosomes, which is consistent with all other mitochondrion-derived organelles.
List of species
Four species of Stygiella are recognized:
Stygiella incarcerata (Bernard, Simpson and Patterson 2000) Pánek, Tábosky and Čepička 2015.
Stygiella adhaerens Pánek, Táborský & Čepička 2015
Stygiella cryptica Pánek, Táborský & Čepička 2015
Stygiella agilis Pánek, Táborský & Čepička 2015
References
Flagellates
Anaerobes
Taxa described in 2015 | Stygiella | [
"Biology"
] | 1,529 | [
"Bacteria",
"Anaerobes"
] |
63,820,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroxeny | Heteroxeny, or heteroxenous development, characterizes a parasite whose development involves several host species. Heteroxeny has been used as the basis for splitting genera.
When there are two or three hosts, the development cycle is named diheteroxenous or triheteroxenous, respectively. More ambiguously, these terms are sometimes synonymized as dixenous or trixenous.
The etymology of the terms heteroxeny / heteroxenous derives from the two ancient Greek words (), meaning "other, another, different", and (), meaning "foreign".
In mycology, the term heteroecious has also been used for parasitic fungi with multiple hosts, and the terms can be used synonymously.
References
Parasitism | Heteroxeny | [
"Biology"
] | 170 | [
"Parasitism",
"Symbiosis"
] |
63,820,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Art%20Deco%20architecture%20in%20the%20United%20States | This is a list of notable examples of the Art Deco architectural style in the United States.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Washington, D.C.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See also
List of Art Deco architecture
List of New Deal sculpture
References
"Art Deco & Streamline Moderne Buildings." Roadside Architecture.com. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
"Art Deco Society of Boston, Art Deco Architecture, Art Deco Information". Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"Court House Lover". Flickr. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture". Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
"Historic Buildings of Connecticut". Historic Buildings of Connecticut. (September 25, 2012) Retrieved 2019-01-03.
"New Deal Map". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
"SAH Archipedia". Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
External links
Architecture lists
Art Deco architecture in the United States
Lists of buildings and structures in the United States | List of Art Deco architecture in the United States | [
"Engineering"
] | 282 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
63,820,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpionism%20in%20Central%20America | Scorpionism is defined as the accidental envenomation of humans by toxic scorpions. If the injection of venom in a human results in death, this is defined as scorpionism. This is seen all over the world but is predominantly seen in the tropical and subtropical areas. These areas include Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil in the Western hemisphere. In the Eastern hemisphere, scorpionism possess a public health threat in the regions of South Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.
Species involved
Scorpions are nocturnal animals that typically live in deserts, mountains, caves, and under rocks. It is when they are disturbed that they attack. Scorpions that possess the ability to inject poisonous venom with their sting belong to the family Buthidae. The Middle East and North Africa are home to the deadliest scorpions, belonging to the genus Buthus, Leiurus, Androctonus, and Hottentotta. In the region of South Africa, the deadliest scorpion belongs to the Tityus genus. In India and Mexico, the deadliest scorpions involved in scorpionism are Mesobuthus and Centruroides, respectively.
In Central America, most scorpion stings are mildly toxic to humans, however, Panama has reported an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 people in 2007. Between 1998 and 2006, 28 people have died as result of scorpion stings. In Panama, the taxa of scorpions responsible for these deaths belong to the genus Tityus. This scorpion species is also found in parts of northern South America. Historically, the presence of these scorpions in Panama could be due to the closure of the Panamanian isthmus, thus allowing for the migration of the scorpions from Panama into the northern part of South America. Tityus pachyurus belongs to the family of Tityus scorpions found in Panama. T. pachyurus is among the most medically important species. Envenomation by this kind of scorpion is characterized by intense local pain, that usually does not result in tissue injury. Scorpions possess poison glands located at the distal extremity of their abdomen. There are currently 1400 known species of scorpions and each possess venom glands. However, of these 1400 scorpions, only 25 are known to be dangerous and can result in death upon injection of their venom. Other countries in Central America are habitat to the scorpion genus Centruroides. Species in this genus are only mildly toxic to humans even though they have ion channel-active toxins in their venom.
Habitat
Scorpions are nocturnal arachnids that have shown a seasonal pattern that is also related to climate. Specifically in Central America, scorpion attacks are mostly seen during the hot months of the year, noting that in Argentina this occurs in the months of October to April. Additionally, a rainy climate may also change the frequency of scorpion incidents. Lower levels of rainfall, specifically precipitation below 30 mm/month, can be associated with less scorpion stings, whereas rainfall greater than 30 mm/month shows no relationship to incident rate. This could be due to the disruption of the scorpion habitat due to the rain.
Envenomation
Across North America, the Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) has proven to be the most venomous scorpion. However, a sting from this arachnid will rarely result in death. Rather side effects of their sting include pain, numbness, tingling, convulsions, difficult breathing, and may sometimes lead to paralysis. These side effects may last up to 72 hours after injection of the venom. It is also observed that penile erection may occur after being stung. The pain of a sting from the Arizona Bark Scorpion has been compared to being struck by a bolt of lightning or electrical current. These symptoms may become visible 4 to 7 minutes after injection of venom.
Envenomation of a human by a scorpion may affect the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems depending on the species of scorpion. Some of the more severe side effects include respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, impaired hemostasis, pancreatitis, and multiple organ failure. Additionally, treatment of the sting depends on the severity of the incident ranking from mild, moderate, or severe. This treatment is composed of 3 different aspects of the sting: symptomatic measures, vital functions support, and injection antivenom. Not all envenomation resulting systemic complications; only a small proportion stings have this effect on the victim.
Mechanism
The composition of scorpion venom consists of different compounds of varying concentrations. The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxic, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine, serotonin, etc. Of these different toxins, the most important and most potent one is the neurotoxin concentration. This compound has neuromuscular and neuroautonomic effects, as well as damages the surrounding local tissue. Neurotoxins work to change voltage- dependent sodium channels, resulting in prolonged neuronal and neuromuscular activity. This prolonged activity of sodium channels results in an erection. There may be nerve damage due to the stabilization of voltage-dependent sodium channels in the open conformation. This position leads to the prolonged and continuous firing of neurons in the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems. Continuous firing of neurons causes over excitation and prevent the transmission of normal nerve impulses down the axon.
The venom composition of this scorpion contains neurotoxins which is almost completely responsible for this symptom. The poison from this scorpion contain 4 components: chlorotoxin, charybdotoxin, scyllatoxin, and agitoxins. Upon injection with the venom, sacral parasympathetic nerve are stimulated causing a change in the neuronal transmission in vascular and nonvascular smooth muscles. The compound known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is the main transmitter. This polypeptide is realized from nerves found long the erectile tissue of the corpus calosum. VIP is the strongest relaxant of penile smooth muscle structure, resulting in an erection upon envenomation. This is the proposed mechanics for all scorpion of the family Buthidae, whose venom composition contains these compounds.
Use as medication
The byproducts of some arthropods may be used as an aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiacs are a group of medicines that may stimulate arousal or sexual desire through the use of drugs. These medicines usually help perform the sexual act and its effects may last a few hours. Some of these arthropods whose byproduct may be used as medicines can be found in North America.
References
Physiology
Toxicology
Animal attacks by geographic location
Fauna of Central America | Scorpionism in Central America | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,418 | [
"Toxicology",
"Physiology"
] |
63,822,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swish%20function | The swish function is a family of mathematical function defined as follows:
where can be constant (usually set to 1) or trainable.
The swish family was designed to smoothly interpolate between a linear function and the ReLU function.
When considering positive values, Swish is a particular case of doubly parameterized sigmoid shrinkage function defined in . Variants of the swish function include Mish.
Special values
For β = 0, the function is linear: f(x) = x/2.
For β = 1, the function is the Sigmoid Linear Unit (SiLU).
With β → ∞, the function converges to ReLU.
Thus, the swish family smoothly interpolates between a linear function and the ReLU function.
Since , all instances of swish have the same shape as the default , zoomed by . One usually sets . When is trainable, this constraint can be enforced by , where is trainable.
Derivatives
Because , it suffices to calculate its derivatives for the default case.so is odd.so is even.
History
SiLU was first proposed alongside the GELU in 2016, then again proposed in 2017 as the Sigmoid-weighted Linear Unit (SiL) in reinforcement learning. The SiLU/SiL was then again proposed as the SWISH over a year after its initial discovery, originally proposed without the learnable parameter β, so that β implicitly equaled 1. The swish paper was then updated to propose the activation with the learnable parameter β.
In 2017, after performing analysis on ImageNet data, researchers from Google indicated that using this function as an activation function in artificial neural networks improves the performance, compared to ReLU and sigmoid functions. It is believed that one reason for the improvement is that the swish function helps alleviate the vanishing gradient problem during backpropagation.
References
Functions and mappings
Artificial neural networks | Swish function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 393 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
63,823,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilja%20Mu%C4%8Dibabi%C4%87 | Smilja Mučibabić (14 October 1912 – 12 August 2006) was a Bosnian biologist. She was among the most distinguished biologists in the former Yugoslavia in the 20th century. She was born in Mostar and died in Sarajevo.
She was:
first Bosnia-Herzegovinian PhD in biological science (Cambridge, 1953),
founder and first head of the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (1953),
co-founder of the Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo (1954),
the first dean of the Faculty of Science in Sarajevo (1960),
founder, first and long-time head of the Department of Biology of the Faculty of Science in Sarajevo (1960), and
co-founder and first president of several professional and scientific associations and their journals (in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia.
Biography
Smilja Mučibabić was born in Mostar on 14 September 1912, where she received elementary and high school education. From 1930 until 1934 she studied biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. Mostar was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Before the World War II she was a professor in Veliko Gradište, and then in Sremski Karlovci. As a member of a group of pro-communist activists, she was arrested and taken to the German camp Jankomir near Zagreb, and later to the prison on the Savska cesta where she was detained until the end of the war 1945.
In the first after the war days, Smilja Mučibabić returned to Krapina and worked ina high school until the end of the school 1945/1946 . She was transferred to the Teacher School in Mostar. The following year, as an experienced professional, she was appointed director of this gymnasium. Her successful management of the Gymnasium and her care for the improvement of teaching were noted, and she received numerous awards and prizes.
In autumn 1949 she became a professor at the Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo. She worked there until the founding of the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (1954). Then she was sent to the Zoological Institute of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Belgrade. For two years she worked for the opening and launching of the newly established chair for biology in Sarajevo.
She got a British Council scholarship to the University of Cambridge. For two years, she worked on a PhD doctoral dissertation in protozoological ecology. Smilja Mučibabić was exceptionally allowed to defending a doctoral thesis after two years.
References
Yugoslav zoologists
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo
Ecologists
Women ecologists
People from Mostar
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina women
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1912 births
2006 deaths | Smilja Mučibabić | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 553 | [
"Ecologists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
63,824,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202950 | NGC 2950 is a lenticular galaxy in the northern constellation of Ursa Major, about 50 million light years from the Milky Way and receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 1,329 km/s. It was discovered in 1790 by the Anglo-German astronomer William Herschel. NGC 2950 is a field galaxy, it is not part of a galaxy cluster or galaxy group, and thus is gravitationally isolated. Nine certain and four possible dwarf galaxies have been identified around NGC 2950.
The morphological classification of this galaxy is RSB0(r), indicating a barred lenticular galaxy (SB0) with outer (R) and inner (r) ring structures. It hosts two nested stellar bars; the rotation frequency of the secondary bar is higher than that of the primary one. Double bars of this type are relatively common, having been found in ~30% of barred lenticulars. The inner bar appears to be counter-rotating relative to the outer bar, with the two passing cleanly through each other. The stellar mass of the galaxy is while the halo mass is .
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Field galaxies
Ursa Major
2950
27765
5176 | NGC 2950 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 242 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
63,826,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyhydride | An oxyhydride is a mixed anion compound containing both oxide O2− and hydride ions H−. These compounds may be unexpected as the hydrogen and oxygen could be expected to react to form water. But if the metals making up the cations are electropositive enough, and the conditions are reducing enough, solid materials can be made that combine hydrogen and oxygen in the negative ion role.
Production
The first oxyhydride to be discovered was lanthanum oxyhydride, a 1982 discovery. It was made by heating lanthanum oxide in an atmosphere of hydrogen at 900 °C. However, heating transition metal oxides with hydrogen usually results in water and the reduced metal.
Topochemical synthesis retains the basic structure of the parent compound, and only does the minimum rearrangements of atoms to convert to the final product. Topotactic transitions retain the original crystal symmetry. Reactions at lower temperatures do not distort the existing structure. Oxyhydrides in a topochemical synthesis can be produced by heating oxides with sodium hydride NaH or calcium hydride CaH2 at temperatures from 200–600 °C. TiH2 or LiH can also be used as an agent to introduce hydride. If calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide is formed, it might be able to be washed away. However for some starting oxides, this kind of hydride reduction might just yield an oxygen-deficient oxide.
Reactions under hot high-pressure hydrogen can result from heating hydrides with oxides. A suitable seal for the lid on the container is required, and one such substance is sodium chloride.
Oxyhydrides all contain an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or rare-earth element, which are needed in order to put electronic charge on hydrogen.
Properties
The hydrogen bonding in oxyhydrides can be covalent, metallic, and ionic bonding, depending on the metals present in the compound.
Oxyhydrides lose their hydrogen less than the pure metal hydrides.
The hydrogen in oxyhydrides is much more exchangeable. For example oxynitrides can be made at much lower temperatures by heating the oxyhydride in ammonia or nitrogen gas (say around 400 °C rather than 900 °C required for an oxide) Acidic attack can replace the hydrogen, for example moderate heating in hydrogen fluoride yields compounds containing oxide, fluoride, and hydride ions (oxyfluorohydride.) The hydrogen is more thermolabile, and can be lost by heating yielding a reduced valence metal compound.
Changing the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen can modify electrical or magnetic properties. Then band gap can be altered. The hydride atom can be mobile in a compound undergoing electron coupled hydride transfer. The hydride ion is highly polarisable, so it presence raised the dielectric constant and refractive index.
Some oxyhydrides have photocatalytic capability. For example BaTiO2.5H0.5 can function as a catalyst for ammonia production from hydrogen and nitrogen.
The hydride ion is quite variable in size, ranging from 130 to 153 pm.
The hydride ion actually does not only have a −1 charge, but will have a charge dependent on its environment, so it is often written as Hδ−. In oxyhydrides, the hydride ion is much more compressible than the other atoms in compounds. Hydride is the only anion with no π orbital, so if it is incorporated into a compound, it acts as a π-blocker, reducing dimensionality of the solid.
Oxyhydride structures with heavy metals cannot be properly studied with X-ray diffraction, as hydrogen hardly has any effect on X-rays. Neutron diffraction can be used to observe hydrogen, but not if there are heavy neutron absorbers like Eu, Sm, Gd, Dy in the material.
List
Three or more anions
See also
Hydrous oxide (oxide-hydroxide)
Aldehyde
References
Hydrides
Oxides
Mixed anion compounds | Oxyhydride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 864 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Oxides",
"Salts",
"Ions"
] |
63,827,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity%20passport | An immunity passport, immunity certificate, health pass or release certificate (among other names used by various local authorities) is a document, whether in paper or digital format, attesting that its bearer has a degree of immunity to a contagious disease. Public certification is an action that governments can take to mitigate an epidemic.
When it takes into account natural immunity or very recent negative test results, an immunity passport cannot be reduced to a vaccination record or vaccination certificate that proves someone has received certain vaccines verified by the medical records of the clinic where the vaccines were given., such as the Carte Jaune ("yellow card") issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), which works as an official vaccination record.
The concept of immunity passports received much attention during the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential way to contain the pandemic and permit faster economic recovery. Reliable serological testing for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus is done to certify people as relatively immune to COVID-19 and issue immunity documentation.
History
Quarantine has been used since ancient times as a method of limiting the spread of infectious disease. Consequently, there has also been a need for documents attesting that a person has completed quarantine or is otherwise known not to be infectious. One of the oldest known immunity passports, issued in 1578 in Venice, was found by Jacek Partyka, and since the 1600s, various Italian states issued fedi di sanità to exempt their bearers from quarantine.
The International Certificate of Vaccination (Carte Jaune) is a certificate of vaccination and prophylaxis, not immunity. The document has remained largely unchanged since it was adopted by the International Sanitary Convention of 1944. The certificate is most commonly associated with Yellow Fever, but it is also used to track vaccination against other illnesses.
Modern definition
An immunity certificate is a legal document issued by a testing authority following a serology test demonstrating that the bearer has antibodies making them relatively immune to a disease.
These antibodies can either be produced naturally by recovering from the disease, or triggered through vaccination or another medical procedure.
Reliable immunity certificates can be used to exempt holders from quarantine and social distancing restrictions, permitting them to travel and work in most areas, including high-risk occupations such as medical care.
In the COVID-19 context, it has been argued that such certificates are of practical use to society only if all of the following conditions can be satisfied:
Recovered or vaccinated patients have protective immunity that prevents them from being reinfected
The protective immunity is long-lasting
The pathogen mutates sufficiently slowly for immunity to work against most strains
Immunity tests have low false-positive rates
However, some long-standing vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization, such as Meningococcal vaccine, are less than 100% effective and their protection is not everlasting.
COVID-19
In 2021, as COVID-19 vaccines became more publicly accessible, some governments began to authorize health credentials either as a document or in a digital form. These "vaccine passports" are used to control public access to indoor venues (like bars, restaurants, spas, and casinos) and very large gatherings (like concerts, festivals, and sporting events) and not just to facilitate travel. Depending upon the requirements of the issuing authority, an applicant would need to provide either proof of vaccination(s), a negative COVID-19 test, proof of a recovery from the virus, or some combination of these. Their usage and implementation has been controversial and has raised various scientific, medical, ethical, legal, discrimination, privacy, civil rights, and human rights concerns.
See also
Electronic health record
Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources
Patient record access
Vaccination requirements for international travel
COVID-19 Vaccine Passport
References
Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Passports
Immunology
Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic | Immunity passport | [
"Biology"
] | 819 | [
"Immunology"
] |
63,827,235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGR%201935%2B2154 | SGR 1935+2154 (or SGR J1935+2154) is a soft gamma repeater (SGR) that is an ancient stellar remnant, in the constellation Vulpecula, originally discovered in 2014 by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Currently, the SGR-phenomena and the related anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXP) are explained as arising from magnetars. On 28 April 2020, this remnant about away in our Milky Way galaxy was observed to be associated with a very powerful radio pulse known as a fast radio burst or FRB (designated FRB 200428), and a related X-ray flare. The detection is notable as the first FRB detected inside the Milky Way, and the first to be linked to a known source. Later in 2020, SGR 1935+2154 was found to be associated with repeating fast radio bursts.
History
The Swift Burst Alert Telescope first alerted the astronomical community to an increase in activity from the remnant with the detection of a flare on 27 April 2020. The next day, the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) first reported the detection of two bright radio bursts from 400 MHz to 800 MHz in the direction of the remnant, establishing the link between radio emission and the remnant. They estimated that the bursts had an energy similar to the brightest giant pulses from the Crab pulsar, which had never been seen from a magnetar. An independent detection of the bursts at 1.4 GHz by the STARE2 team established that the burst, now named FRB 200428, is similar to the fast radio bursts (FRBs) at extragalactic distances with their report that the fluence of the burst must be >1.5 MJy ms, more than a thousand times that reported by CHIME. At the distance of the closest known fast radio burst, FRB 200428 would have been detected with a fluence of >7 mJy ms. The INTEGRAL, Konus-Wind, Insight-HXMT, and AGILE telescopes then reported the detection of an X-ray burst from SGR 1935+2154 that occurred at the same time as the CHIME and STARE2 bursts, marking the first time an FRB had been associated with an X-ray source.
There was no associated optical counterpart observed in coincidence with the FRB, which greatly constrained the FRB emission model for the first time. To further secure the association of FRB 200428 with the remnant, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) reported the detection of a much weaker radio burst, which was localized to within a maximal margin of error of a few arcminutes of the position of the remnant with a dispersion measure consistent with those reported by STARE2 and CHIME.
The NuSTAR, Swift, and NICER satellites observed several short X-ray bursts from the remnant on 29 April 2020 and 30 April 2020, confirming the magnetar was still in an active phase. The Very Large Array (VLA) followed the remnant 1–2 days after FRB 200428 and did not find any pulsed radio emission or an afterglow. The Deep Space Network (DSN) observed the remnant 1.5 to 3.5 days after the FRB and did not find evidence of periodic emission. LOFAR searched for other pulses from the remnant 1.5 days after FRB 200428 at 145 MHz and did not find any. Arecibo did not detect any bursts during a period of activity from the remnant in October 2019. Spektr-RG observed the remnant four days prior to FRB 200428 and found no evidence of flaring activity. Follow-up studies and observations have been reported. On 4 June 2020, astronomers reported "periodic radio pulsations" from the remnant with the Medicina Northern Cross (MNC) radio observatory on 30 May 2020. Another study was reported on 6 June 2020 of observations made earlier with the European VLBI Network on 13 May 2020. There have been other reported observations as well.
Planetary system
The repeated X-ray bursts are easily explained by collisions of fragments caused by the partial tidal disruption of a planet orbiting the star. These fragments escape from the planet's surface and fall on SGR 1935+2154, creating the X-ray bursts. This planet should be composed of iron, having a mass of and radius of . It has an orbital period of about 238 days, a semi-major axis of 0.85 astronomical units and a very high orbital eccentricity of 0.992. The X-ray bursts occur when this planet is at periastron, its closest distance to the neutron star.
See also
SGR 1806−20, another neutron star with an inferred planet by the X-ray bursts
References
External links
SGR 1935+2154 - SIMBAD Astronomical Database
Astronomical objects discovered in 2020
Magnetars
Soft gamma repeaters
Vulpecula
Hypothetical planetary systems | SGR 1935+2154 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,006 | [
"Magnetars",
"Magnetism in astronomy",
"Vulpecula",
"Constellations"
] |
68,115,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207583 | NGC 7583 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 2, 1864 by the astronomer Albert Marth.
See also
List of largest galaxies
List of nearest galaxies
References
External links
Pisces (constellation)
7583
Lenticular galaxies | NGC 7583 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 59 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
68,115,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20opportunism | State opportunism (), also known as national pragmatism, is a viewpoint put forward by Yang Xiaokai. It refers to an "institutionalized" market-oriented economic system where the ruling class does selfish things in the name of public good and is rampant corruption, and where there is no constitutional order. It means, on the one hand, rent-setting and corruption, and, more advancedly, the monopoly of economic resources by elite groups.
Yang pointed out that opportunism means cheating, and it is very prevalent in China. The cheating of individual households is only a small matter, the real problem is the cheating of the government. The policy is different between the first day and the 15th day, which is state opportunism. In addition to the collusion of government officials and entrepreneurs, political monopoly, among others, one of the most obvious features of the state opportunism is the unfair income distribution. He further noted that under the political monopoly of the ruling party, the economic transition would be hijacked by the state opportunism.
Compared with the individual opportunism or small group opportunism, state opportunism is more concealed. Because it often acts under the banner of serving the national interest and the interests of the people, its purpose seems to be for the general public.
Solution
Yang Xiaokai argues that in order to curb the state opportunism, late-development countries should first reform their constitutional systems and establish Anglo-American-style constitutional systems.
References
Opportunism
Political terminology | State opportunism | [
"Biology"
] | 322 | [
"Opportunism",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
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