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68,132,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20infiltration%20of%20Twitter | In 2014 and 2015, a team of Saudi agents allegedly stole proprietary and sensitive personal data from the American social media platform Twitter, in order to unmask anonymous dissidents of Saudi Arabia. Email addresses, phone numbers, internet IP addresses, dates of birth and a history of all the users' activity of Saudi dissidents, opponents and others, were among the stolen materials.
The United States Department of Justice charged two former Twitter workers and a Saudi intermediary with "acting as illegal agents of Saudi Arabia". Personal data of at least 6,000 Twitter accounts was acquired, according to the complaint.
Human rights groups ANHRI and Prisoners of Conscience have observed that some anonymous Saudi political activists on Twitter were identified and detained after the infiltration, and suspect that it is related. A Saudi scholar in exile in the United States sued Twitter, alleging that dozens of anonymous political activists he was in contact with have died, were tortured, or remain behind bars as a result of being found to have a connection to him.
Background
With roughly 10 million Twitter users, Saudi Arabia is the service's top Arab market. Not requiring use of real names further made Twitter a leading platform for political dissent in the country.
Saud al-Qahtani, one of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman's top confidants at the time, posted a warning against masked Twitter accounts using his own verified Twitter account in August 2017. Asserting that governments can know the true names of those using Twitter anonymously, he brought up "technical methods" for tracing a person's IP addresses, as well as a "secret I'm not going to reveal." Twitter permanently banned al-Qahtani's account in September 2019, claiming "violations of our platform manipulation policies."
Incident
Perpetrators
Ali Alzabarah, a Saudi national, and Ahmad Abouammo, a U.S. citizen, were the two former Twitter employees that funneled the data, the complaint asserts.
Another Saudi national, Ahmed Almutairi, also known as Ahmed Aljbreen, worked as a middleman between Alzabarah, Abouammo, and representatives of the Saudi Royal Family. Almutairi is known for co-founding SMAAT, a Riyadh social-marketing firm that is controlled by the royal family and had a history of running political and commercial influence operations.
Bader al-Asaker, a Saudi official who heads the private office of Prince Mohammed and is a board member of Misk Foundation, a philanthropic organization affiliated with MBS, was also involved in the conspiracy, according to the complaint.
Timeline
Ali Alzabarah joined Twitter as a site reliability engineer in August 2013. Being involved in keeping the site up, he was given broad access.
In November 2013, Abouammo, who joined the firm as a member of Twitter's global media team to head the Middle East partnerships, met Alzabarah there.
In 2014, Abouammo was asked to authenticate an account belonging to a Saudi news personality by a public relations agency representing the Saudi Embassy. This request for a blue checkmark was followed by a request from a US-Saudi business group in Virginia to visit Twitter's headquarters. Bader al-Asaker was to be part of the visit, which was nominally for entrepreneurs.
On June 13, 2014, al-Asaker traveled to San Francisco to meet Abouammo.
Months later, Abouammo met al-Asaker in 2014 in London, where he was given a $20,000 watch. A week after returning to Twitter's headquarters, Abouammo accessed the system he used to verify users and obtained information about at least two Saudi dissidents, later passing the data to al-Asaker. That system, according to insiders who have used it, retains information such as email addresses, phone numbers and the latest log-in time – personal information usable to track a user in real life.
In February 2015, Abouammo got his operators in touch with Alzabarah. Alzabarah's ambitions were straightforward: he wanted to work in a high-ranking job for a "charitable organization run by al-Asaker."
In May 2015, and within the first week of arriving in San Francisco from Washington, D.C. where he met with al-Asaker, Alzabarah "began to access without authorization private data of Twitter users en masse." Over 6,000 users were compromised in six months, according to the FBI. 33 of those users, the Saudi government has already requested Twitter to provide their personal information through emergency disclosure demands.
Later in 2015, Abouammo departed Twitter for a position at Amazon in Seattle. Over the next two years, well over $300,000 in bank transfers were made from al-Asaker to Abouammo's various bank accounts.
On December 2, 2015, Alzabarah reportedly acknowledged to his superiors that he examined user data out of curiosity. His work-owned laptop was taken, and he was removed from the office. He returned to Saudi Arabia the next day after communicating that night with al-Asaker and then Dr. Faisal Al Sudairi, the Saudi consul general in Los Angeles. Alzabarah has not been seen since, according to authorities.
After arrival in Saudi Arabia, Alzabarah became the CEO of the Misk Initiatives Center, a branch of Mohammed bin Salman's Misk Foundation, which he created in 2011 and whose secretary-general was al-Asaker.
On October 20, 2018, FBI agents in Seattle questioned Abouammo about his efforts on behalf of Saudi officials. In an attempt to hinder the inquiry, Abouammo purportedly lied to the investigators and supplied them with a forged invoice.
On November 5, 2019, as part of the complaint, federal warrants for both Ali Alzabarah and Almutairi were issued. Both were accused of operating as undeclared agents of a foreign government. On the same day, Abouammo was apprehended in Seattle, WA, and had his first federal court appearance in Seattle on November 6, 2019.
On February 24, 2021, a federal judge rejected a request to dismiss charges against Abouammo.
In August 2022, Abouammo was found guilty of acting as a foreign agent without notice to the Attorney General, conspiracy, wire fraud, international money laundering, and falsification of records in a federal investigation. On December 14, 2022 he was sentenced to three and a half years in prison.
Reaction
Twitter response
On the condition of anonymity, a business representative of Twitter told The Washington Post in 2019 that access to the instrument panel is now restricted to a small group of "trained and vetted" workers, citing worries about staff safety.
Criticism
According to former employees, Twitter did not have plans to handle situations in which a personnel with access to sensitive data built strong ties with foreign powers. A former colleague of Abouammo's said that US, UK, and Israeli security agencies all pressured members of Twitter's media team for private information.
The departure of Ali Alzabarah didn't cause a stir in Twitter. "One day the general counsel came to me and said there was this crazy thing that happened. They're out of the company," a former Twitter executive remarked. "You can never talk about it," "inside, it was a total nonthing. No one in the rank and file who had ever heard of it. It was a nonissue."
Omar Abdulaziz, a dissident who was connected to writer Jamal Khashoggi, feels that criticizing the Saudi Arabian regime on social media is now risky. "We were using Twitter ten years ago to expose our opinion on what was really going on there, and we felt safe," he added. "For us, it was a safe platform. That's no longer the case."
Aftermath
Known victims
Although Twitter has not revealed the identity of those who may have been unmasked as a result of the claimed attack, human rights groups, such as ANHRI, linked three Saudis detained since 2015 with using Twitter handles @sama7ti, @coluche_ar, and @mahwe13, all critical of the Saudi government. Another human rights organization, Prisoners of Conscience, reported an additional case of a Saudi male who posted critical comments on Twitter under the handle @albna5y and was imprisoned in September 2017.
Turki bin Abdulaziz al-Jasser (@coluche_ar)
Al-Jasser, a Saudi man suspected of running an anonymous Twitter account, was apprehended in early 2018. He was linked to @coluche_ar, one of the accounts obtained by the Twitter breach, according to ANHRI.
Though al-Jasser was reported to have died in jail after being tortured, Saudi officials notified a United Nations team monitoring enforced disappearances in February that he was being kept at Al Ha'ir Prison near Riyadh, according to MENA Rights Group.
Abdulrahman al-Sadhan (@sama7ti)
Following a March 2018 arrest and charges that he used a popular parody account to criticize the Saudi government, Abdulrahman al-Sadhan, a 37-year-old Red Crescent relief worker, was convicted by Saudi Arabia's specialized criminal court and sentenced to 20 years in prison followed by an additional 20-year travel restriction.
Lawsuits
Omar Abdulaziz's account was one of those breached. On February 17, 2016. A message from Twitter's security staff notified him that his and a limited number of other users' personal information had been compromised due to a "bug." "The email address and phone number linked to your account was viewed by another account," said the message. He later filed a lawsuit against the company for allegedly failing to disclose the event. The accusations are false, according to Twitter.
In June 2020, Ali al-Ahmed, a Saudi scholar living in exile in the United States, sued Twitter over the 2016 breach, alleging that the company's negligence resulted in the loss and torture of dissidents within Saudi Arabia. al-Ahmed claimed to have been in continuous contact with a number of anonymous Twitter accounts maintained by Saudi state employees and pro-democracy advocates in the period leading up to the breach. Exposing their phone numbers and email addresses, dozens of those who were in direct touch with Ali have died, were tortured or remain behind bars as a result of being found to have a connection to him, he claims.
References
Further reading
Criticisms of software and websites
Twitter controversies
Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Controversies in Saudi Arabia | Saudi infiltration of Twitter | [
"Technology"
] | 2,203 | [
"Criticisms of software and websites"
] |
68,132,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumeviridae | Blumeviridae is a family of RNA viruses, which infect prokaryotes.
Taxonomy
Blumeviridae contains 31 genera:
Alehndavirus
Bonghivirus
Cehntrovirus
Dahmuivirus
Dehgumevirus
Dehkhevirus
Espurtavirus
Gifriavirus
Hehrovirus
Ivolevirus
Kahnayevirus
Kahraivirus
Kemiovirus
Kerishovirus
Konmavirus
Lirnavirus
Lonzbavirus
Marskhivirus
Nehohpavirus
Nehpavirus
Obhoarovirus
Pacehavirus
Pahdacivirus
Rhohmbavirus
Semodevirus
Shihmovirus
Shihwivirus
Tibirnivirus
Tinebovirus
Wahdswovirus
Yenihzavirus
References
Virus families
Riboviria | Blumeviridae | [
"Biology"
] | 161 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses",
"Riboviria"
] |
68,132,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinviridae | Duinviridae is a family of RNA viruses, which infect prokaryotes.
Taxonomy
Duinviridae contains 6 genera:
Apeevirus
Beshanovirus
Kahshuvirus
Kohmavirus
Samuneavirus
Tehuhdavirus
References
Virus families
Riboviria | Duinviridae | [
"Biology"
] | 60 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses",
"Riboviria"
] |
68,132,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timlovirales | Timlovirales is an order of viruses, which infect prokaryotes. Most of these bacteriophages were discovered by metagenomics.
Taxonomy
Timlovirales contains the following two families:
Blumeviridae
Steitzviridae
References
Virus orders
Riboviria | Timlovirales | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses",
"Riboviria"
] |
68,133,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transequatorial%20loop | In solar physics, a transequatorial loop is a structure present in the solar corona that connects two different regions of opposite magnetic polarity in opposite hemispheres of the Sun. These connected regions are not limited to active regions, but are most commonly found during the times of maximum solar activity, the solar maximum.
Transequatorial loops play an integral role in the Babcock Model of solar dynamics and are therefore important to the future study of the solar dynamo.
Babcock Model
The idea of transequatorial loops was first developed by Horace W. Babcock in his 1961 model for the 11 year sunspot cycle. It explains that during each cycle, starting around the time of solar minimum, the Sun's internal, poloidal (parallel with the solar meridian) magnetic field is wrapped around the Sun via solar differential rotation. Over time, this process turns the field from primarily poloidal, to primarily toroidal (parallel with the solar equator) until the toroidal field reaches its maximum strength at the solar maximum. In order for it to return to its initial, poloidal state, Babcock theorized that the magnetic field from different hemispheres, which continuously emerges from the inside of the Sun into the solar atmosphere, would reconnect with each other forming transequatorial loops.
After evidence for the existence of transequatorial loops was first observed in Skylab X-ray data, they were found to be more common during solar maximum then during solar minimum in accordance with the Babcock Model.
Characteristics
Transequatorial loops connect regions of opposite magnetic polarity on opposite solar hemispheres. Typically, they connect active regions with inactive regions, but can also connect active regions together and inactive regions together. Some regions may possess multiple transequatorial loops. In addition to this, about one third of all active regions possess at least one transequatorial loop and about one third of those possessing one have it associated with the preceding, or westernmost, polarity of the active region.
Transequatorial loops have also been associated with flare activity and coronal mass ejections.
See also
Solar corona
Coronal seismology
Coronal loop
Solar prominence
References
Further reading
Stellar phenomena
Solar phenomena | Transequatorial loop | [
"Physics"
] | 460 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
68,135,719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20and%20Built%20Environment%20Act%202023 | The Natural and Built Environment Act 2023 (NBA), now repealed, was one of the three laws intended to replace New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). The NBA aimed to promote the protection and enhancement of the natural and built environment, while providing for housing and preparing for the effects of climate change.
An exposure draft of the bill was released in June 2021 to allow for public submissions. The bill passed its third reading on 15 August 2023, and received royal assent on 23 August 2023. On 23 December 2023, the NBA and the Spatial Planning Act (SPA) were both repealed by the National-led coalition government.
Exposure draft
The Natural and Built Environment Bill exposure draft features many contrasts to its RMA predecessor. This includes the ability to set environmental limits, the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the provisions to increase housing supply, and the ability for planners to access activities based on outcomes. A notable difference is the bill's stronger attention to Māori involvement in decision making and Māori environmental issues. Greater emphasis is put on upholding the nation's founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi.
Under the bill, over 100 plans and policy statements will be replaced by just 14 plans. These plans will be prepared by new Regional Council Planning Committees and their planning secretariats. The planning committee will be composed of one person to represent the Minister of Conservation, appointed representatives of , and elected people from each district within the region. The committee will have an array of responsibilities, including the ability to vote on plan changes, set environmental limits for the region, and consider recommendations from hearings. The planning secretariat would draft the plans and provide expert advice.
Provisions
In mid November 2022, the Natural and Built Environment Act was introduced into parliament. In its initial version, the bill establishes a National Planning Framework (NPF) setting out rules for land use and regional resource allocation. The NPF also replaces the Government's policy statements on water, air quality and other issues with an umbrella framework. Under NPF's framework, all 15 regions will be required to develop a Natural and Built Environment Plan (NBE) that will replace the 100 district and regional plans, harmonising consenting and planning rules. An independent national Māori entity will also be established to provide input into the NPF and ensure compliance with the Treaty of Waitangi's provisions.
Key provisions have included:
Every person has a responsibility to protect and sustain the health and well-being of the natural environment for the benefit of all New Zealanders.
Every person has a duty to avoid, minimise, remedy, offset, or provide redress for adverse effects including "unreasonable noise."
Prescribes restrictions relating to land, coastal marine area, river and lake beds, water, and discharges.
Establishes a national planning framework (NPF) to provide directions on integrated environmental management, resolve conflicts on environmental matters, and to set environmental limits and strategic directions. This framework will take the form of regulations, which will be considered secondary legislation.
Sets Te Ture Whaimana as the primary direction-setting document for the Waikato and Waipā rivers and activities within their catchments affecting the rivers.
Resource allocation are guided by the principles of sustainability, efficiency, and equity.
Prescribes the criteria for setting environmental limits, human health limits, exemptions, targets, and management units.
Outlines the process for submitting and appealing case to the Environment Court.
Outlines the resource consent process.
History
Background
A 2020 review of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) found various problems with the existing resource management system, and concluded that it could not cope with modern environmental pressures. In January 2021, the government announced that the RMA will be replaced by three acts, with the Natural and Built Environment Bill being the primary of the three.
An exposure draft of the NBA was released in late June 2021.
Introduction
On 14 November 2022, the Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand introduced the Natural and Built Environment Bill into parliament alongside the companion Spatial Planning Act 2023 (SPA) as part of its efforts to replace the Resource Management Act. In response, the opposition National and ACT parties criticised the two replacement bills on the grounds that it created more centralisation, bureaucracy, and did little to reform the problems associated with the RMA process. The Green Party expressed concerns about the perceived lack of environment protection in the proposed legislation.
A third bill, the Climate Adaptation Bill (CAA), was expected to be introduced in 2023 with the goal of passing it into law in 2024. The CAA would have established the systems and mechanisms for protecting communities against the effects of climate change such as managed retreat in response to rising levels. The Climate Adaptation Bill also would have dealt with funding the costs of managing climate change.
First reading
The Natural and Built Environment Bill passed its first reading in the New Zealand House of Representatives on 22 November 2022 by a margin of 74 to 45 votes. The governing Labour and allied Green parties supported the bill while the opposition National, ACT, and Māori parties voted against the bill. The bill's sponsor David Parker and other Labour Members of Parliament including Associate Environment Minister Phil Twyford, Rachel Brooking, and Green MP Eugenie Sage advocated revamping the resource management system due to the unwieldy nature of the Resource Management Act. National MPs Scott Simpson, Chris Bishop, Sam Uffindell, and ACT MP Simon Court argued that the NBA would do little to improve the resource management system and address the centralisation of power and decision-making regarding resource management. Māori Party co-leader Debbie Ngarewa-Packer argued that the bill was insufficient in advancing co-governance and expressed concern that a proposed national Māori entity would undermine the power of Māori iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-groups). The bill was subsequently referred to the Environment Select Committee.
Select committee
On 27 June 2023, the Environment select committee presented its final report on the Natural Built and Environment Bill. The committee made several recommendations including:
Inserting clauses to emphasise the protection of the health of the natural environment and intergenerational well being.
Inserting a new Clause 3A to outline the key aims of the legislation.
Clarifying clauses around geoheritage sites, greenhouse gas emissions, coastal marine areas, fishing, land supply, customary rights, cultural heritage, and public access.
Defining other natural environment aspects: air, soil, and estuaries.
Allowing the National Planning Framework (NPF) to set management units for freshwater and air and provide direction on them.
Amending Clause 58 to ease restrictions on non-commercial housing on Māori land.
Adding directions on protecting urban trees and the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables to the NPF.
A majority of Environment committee members voted to pass the amendments.
The National, ACT and Green parties released minority submissions on the bill. While supporting a revamp of the Resource Management Act, the National Party argued that the NBA failed to address the problems with the RMA framework, and criticised the NBA as complex, bureaucratic, detrimental to local democracy and property rights. Similarly, the ACT party criticised the legislation as complex, confusing, and claimed it would discourage development. Meanwhile, the Green Party opined that the NBA was insufficient in protecting the environment and reducing environmental degradation.
Second reading
The NBA passed its second reading on 18 July 2023 by a margin of 72 to 47 votes. While it was supported by the Labour, Green parties, and former Green Member of Parliament Elizabeth Kerekere, it was opposed by the National, ACT, Māori parties, and former Labour MP Meka Whaitiri. The House of Representatives also voted to accept the Environment select committee's recommendations. Labour MPs Parker, Brooking, Twyford, Angie Warren-Clark, Neru Leavasa, and Stuart Nash, and Green MP Sage gave speeches defending the bill while National MPs Chris Bishop, Scott Simpson, Barbara Kuriger, Tama Potaka, and ACT MP Simon Court criticised the bill in their speeches.
Third reading
The NBA passed its third reading on 15 August 2023 by margin of 72 to 47 votes. The Labour, Green parties, and Kerekere supported the bill while the National, ACT, Māori parties, and Whaitiri opposed it. Labour MPs Parker, Brooking, Twyford, Warren-Clark, Angela Roberts, Arena Williams, and Lydia Sosene and Green MP Sage defended the bill while National MPs Bishop, Kuriger, and Simpson opposed the bill.
Repeal
On 23 December, the National-led coalition government repealed the Natural and Built Environment Act and Spatial Planning Act. RMA Reform Minister Chris Bishop announced that New Zealand would revert to the Resource Management Act 1991 while the Government developed replacement legislation.
References
External links
2021 in New Zealand law
2021 in the environment
2022 in New Zealand law
2023 in New Zealand law
2022 in the environment
Environmental law in New Zealand
Environmental mitigation
Natural resource management
Repealed New Zealand legislation
Urban planning in New Zealand
Open environmental policy proposals | Natural and Built Environment Act 2023 | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,826 | [
"Environmental mitigation",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
68,136,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter%20Museum | Enter is a museum for computer and consumer electronics in the Swiss town of Solothurn. Now a non-profit foundation ("Stiftung ENTER"), it originated as the project of Swiss entrepreneur Felix Kunz. It is the largest private technology collection open to the public in Switzerland. Its current location in Solothurn opened in 2011.
History
The museum originated in the private collection of the Swiss entrepreneur Felix Kunz who has been collecting computers and electronics since the mid 1970s. In 2010, Kunz established a foundation for the museum jointly with Peter Regenass, a collector of calculators. In 2011, the Enter museum moved into a building right at the train station in Solothurn with a surface area of 1800 square metres. In 2022, the museum will be closed and transferred to the nearby village of Derendingen and re-open there on a larger scale in 2023, using a surface area of over 5000 square meters.
Collection
The museum displays about 10,000 exhibits from the history of radio, television and computers from the early years to the present.
Many of the exhibits were developed and produced in the Solothurn region, e.g. by Autophon or Anton Gunzinger. The collection has a focus on history of technology made in Switzerland with products of Studer-Revox Paillard, Bolex, Crypto AG, Gretag. It also shows the main stages of computer history with examples of IBM mainframes, Cray supercomputers, Commodore home computers, personal computers from Apple and IBM. It claims to feature "the largest physical collection of working Apple devices in Europe".
Part of the museum is a collection of 300 mechanical calculators of the Swiss collector Peter Regenass. Furthermore, it holds a large collection on the history of radio and television including a vast number of radio and TV sets, recording devices for audio and video and projectors including the Eidophor projectors used 1958 - 1999.Over time the Enter Museum has integrated other collections such as the Audiorama Montreux, which closed its doors in 2010 or the computer collection of the Swiss collector Robert Weiss or Peter Beck. Its collection has been named as outstanding by the media. There is hardly a computer of the past 50 years that is not on display there, according to a 2013 Neue Zürcher Zeitung article.
Selected exhibits
Switzerland's first radio station that started regular emission in Lausanne as early as 26 February 1923.
Early home computers such as Mark-8 minicomputer, Commodore PET 2001 or Apple 1
Mechanical calculators such as The Millionaire calculator and Curta.
Cryptographic devices of Crypto AG, Gretag and others including the Swiss Nema and the Russian Fialka
The Smaky-computer of Swiss engineer Jean-Daniel Nicoud and the Lilith Computer by Niklaus Wirth
The video projector Eidophor used 1958 – 1999.
The outdoor projector Spitlight used at the 1956 Olympic winter games in Cortina di Ampezzo.
Museum shop for spare parts
The museum endeavors to keep as many of its artifacts working and has a number of veteran engineers and specialists that support the museum as volunteers. The museum keeps a stock of 1.5 million electronic and mechanical spare parts including 40'000 radio valves that can also be purchased at their nominal price from the museum shop.
References
External links
Enter Museum Solothurn
Vintage Electronic Shop
Solothurn Tourism Organization: Museum Enter
Computer museums
Museums in Switzerland
Technology museums in Switzerland | Enter Museum | [
"Technology"
] | 710 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing"
] |
68,136,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%20ping | Tang ping () is a Chinese slang neologism that describes a personal rejection of societal pressures to overwork and over-achieve, such as in the 996 working hour system, which is often regarded as a rat race with ever diminishing returns. Tang ping means choosing to "lie down flat and get over the beatings" via a low-desire, more indifferent attitude towards life.
Novelist Liao Zenghu described "lying flat" as a passive-aggressive resistance movement, and The New York Times called it part of a nascent Chinese counterculture. It has also been compared to the Great Resignation, a surge of resignations that began in the West at roughly the same time. The National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center, an institution affiliated with the Education Ministry of China, listed the word as one of the 10 most popular memes for 2021 in the Chinese Internet. Chinese search engine Sogou also listed the word at the top of its list of most trending memes for 2021.
Those who choose to "lie flat" may lower their professional commitment and economic ambitions, simplify their goals, while still being fiscally productive for their own essential needs, and prioritize psychological health over economic materialism.
The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022, was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement. Another newer related phrase is bai lan (), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.
Origin
The term first appeared around February 2020 (the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic) on the Chinese Internet. The movement began in April 2021 with a post by Luo Huazhong (username "Kind-Hearted Traveler") on the internet forum Baidu Tieba, in which he discussed his reasons for living a low-key, minimalist lifestyle. In 2016, 26-year-old Luo quit his factory job because it made him feel empty. He then cycled from Sichuan to Tibet, and now back in his home town Jiande in eastern Zhejiang Province, spends his time reading philosophy, and gets by doing a few odd jobs and taking US$60 a month from his savings. He only eats two meals a day.
Luo's post, entitled with "Lying Flat is Justice", illustrates:
Luo's post and story quickly gained a following on social media, being discussed and soon becoming a buzzword on Sina Weibo and Douban. The idea was praised by many and inspired numerous memes, and has been described as a sort of spiritual movement. Business magazine ABC Money claimed it resonated with a growing silent majority of youth disillusioned by the officially endorsed "Chinese Dream" that encourages a life of hard work and sacrifice with no actual life satisfaction to show for it, spawning the catchphrase "a chive lying flat is difficult to reap" (, ).
Background
In April 2021, an incident where a truck driver committed suicide due to fines and vehicle impoundment sparked widespread discussions on the internet about the hardships of life at the grassroots level. This stands in stark contrast to the official emphasis on "poverty alleviation success" and the narrative of achieving a "moderately prosperous society," highlighting the lack of significant improvement, and even decline, in labor conditions amidst the rapid pace of social development. The exacerbation of domestic social issues in mainland China due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 also played a role. Some commentators argue that similar incidents are commonplace and that the working class has not truly benefited from rapid economic growth.
In May 2021, due to the changing trend in population structure, the government of the People's Republic of China announced the introduction of a three-child policy. However, some analysts believe that many young people today face challenges such as long working hours, stagnant wages, difficulties in homeownership, mental and physical exhaustion, and heavy burdens of elderly care, leading to a widespread decline in willingness to marry and have children.
From April to May 2021, a video circulated on the video-sharing website Bilibili featuring a speech by well-known media personality Bai Yansong. When asked about the phenomenon of contemporary young people feeling patriotic and optimistic about the country's future while also feeling powerless in the face of life and employment pressures, Bai Yansong responded with a rhetorical question: "Do we now expect housing prices to be low, jobs to be easy to find everywhere, no pressure at all, and as long as you pursue the girl you like, she will agree?" This statement sparked a barrage of criticism and ridicule from numerous netizens.
Response
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) moved quickly to reject the idea. The CAC internet regulator ordered online platforms to "strictly restrict" posts on tang ping and had censors remove Luo's original Tieba post while a discussion group of nearly 10,000 followers on Chinese social media site Douban is no longer accessible. Selling tang ping-branded merchandise online is forbidden.
In May 2021, Chinese state media Xinhua published an editorial asserting that "lying flat" is shameful. In May, a video clip of CCTV news commentator Bai Yansong criticizing the low-key mindset circulated on the popular video-sharing website Bilibili, and had attracted thousands of mockeries and slurs on the danmu commentaries in response. The same month, a commentary of Hubei Radio and Television Economic Channel said, "you can accept your fate, but you mustn't lie flat." An October article by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, published in the Communist Party journal Qiushi, called for "avoiding 'involution' [] and 'lying flat.
However, there were official voices offering more empathic opinions on the tang ping phenomenon. Beijing's party-affiliated Guangming Daily newspaper added that tang ping should not be discounted without reflection—if China wants to cultivate diligence in the young generation, it should first try to improve their quality of life. Huang Ping, a literature professor who researches youth culture at East China Normal University, told Sixth Tone that official media outlets may be concerned about the tang ping lifestyle because of its potential to threaten productivity, but "humans aren't merely tools for making things... when you can't catch up with society's development—say, skyrocketing home prices—tang ping is actually the most rational choice."
Comments
Negative comments
In May 2021, Sina Weibo's "Communist Youth League Central Committee" posted a Weibo message stating that "contemporary young people have never chosen to lie flat." The Nanfang Daily published a commentary article titled "Lying flat is shameful, where does the sense of justice come from?" by Wang Qingfeng, which criticized the "lying flat philosophy," condemning it as harmful and "toxic chicken soup" . This article was reposted by Xinhua News Agency. The Guangming Daily's "Guangming Commentary" column criticized the "lying flat" phenomenon in an article titled "Rejecting 'involution,' are young people starting to believe in 'lying flat-ology'?". A commentary from the TV Economic Channel of Hubei Radio and Television stated: "Accepting fate is okay, lying flat is not". The Global Times' "Global Times Sharp Commentary" column sarcastically said: "Young people who claim to lie flat are always woken up at dawn by the alarm clocks they set themselves".
Li Fengliang, an associate professor at Tsinghua University, believes that "lying flat is an extremely irresponsible attitude that not only disappoints one's parents but also millions of taxpayers. ... People can still achieve upward social mobility through competition."
On December 27, 2021, the Guangming Daily published a commentary on its front page titled "Lying Flat is Not Advisable," rejecting the behavior of lying flat.
Positive comments
Financial scholar He Jiangbing believes that lying flat is a kind of “helpless activism”. Although it will have a negative impact on the economy, reducing consumption helps reduce waste and carbon footprint, which is conducive to achieving carbon emission reduction targets. People who “lie flat” are usually very gentle, not rebellious, and mostly do not retaliate against society, which helps maintain stability. He believes that it is unreasonable to accuse young people of lying flat as being decadent, and that a system of rigid hierarchy and lack of fair competition is the real decadence. “Lying flat” can be extended to describe a state of inaction with low desire, low social participation, and not catering to secular expectations or mainstream views, in order to resist or withdraw from formulaic social norms (but not anti-social).
On August 3, 2021, former U.S. Central Intelligence Agency employee and NSA contractor Edward Snowden posted on Twitter, sharing the song "Lying Flat is King", and encouraged young people to "never forget that you are not alone: the exploitation of the emerging generation is a global struggle."
Huang Ping, a professor in the Department of Chinese at East China Normal University, believes that "lying flat" is a way for young people to put down their burdens. When people cannot keep up with the distorted development of society (such as soaring housing prices), "lying flat" is not a bad choice as the most rational option, and the official media's attention to this trend is due to concerns that the lying flat philosophy may pose a potential threat to productivity. There is also a view that although "lying flat" is only an emotional social response, it also poses new issues for the healthy development of society, such as how to improve the working environment and career development ecology of young people.
Columnist Chang Ping commented that "lying flat-ism" is "an awakening of rights consciousness and identity consciousness." Sinologist Mieke Matthyssen further describes tangping as a "courageous resistance" that expresses a desire for a mentally healthy lifestyle and balanced personal development. It is a form of "self-preservation" against the harmful inputs of excessive materialism and submissive citizenship.
Analysis of the phenomenon
Guangming Net believes that lying flat is a common phenomenon that happens in a wide range of countries and regions in its post in May 2021. The economy possesses a certain security function and diversified economic opportunity when an economy reaches the climax of a state, so the marginal utility of working overtime decreases, hence resulting in a passive young generation.
According to BBC, the serial popularity of “Geyou Lying Down” to “Lazy eggs” to “mourning culture” signals the increasing pressure on the younger generation, who grew up under the single-child policy, to work longer hours, abide the social credit system, and show their patriotism.
On June 9, 2021, the British newspaper The Independent identified Lying Flat as an online protest by young people in China, an extension of similar movements around the world that call for rest and recovery rather than busyness. Business Insider and The Washington Post reported on the issue and interviewed several young people who practice reclinism.
According to New York Times, it indicates that lying flat happens in the US too. It’s a movement that individuals are embracing lying flat as a way to resist the expectations of relentless productivity and career success. It highlights economic inequality, limited job opportunities, and a sense of disillusionment with the traditional path of working long hours as factors contributing to the rise of lying flat. Lying flat represents a rejection of the idea that one's worth is solely determined by their job or economic status. Instead, it reflects a desire for a simpler, more fulfilling life that prioritizes personal well-being over material success.
In NTV NEWS24 Morimoto Hayashi believes that the popularity of the "lying flat" movement contrasts sharply with the philosophy of striving advocated repeatedly by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, such as "the new era is the era of struggle." This news has garnered thousands of responses on Japanese websites, resonating with many Japanese netizens.
Some believe that the official concern and criticism of the trend is due to its ideological connotation of non-cooperation, which is considered to pose a potential threat to stability.
Similar concepts
Quiet Quitting
The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022 primarily due to the evolving landscape of work culture influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic reshaped the way people worked, with remote and hybrid models becoming more common, individuals began to reassess their priorities and work-life balance. It was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement. Another newer related phrase is bai lan (Chinese: 摆烂; pinyin: bǎi làn; lit. 'let it rot'), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.
It has been considered as a rejection of the hustle-culture mentality that has long been associated with career success and corporate ladder-climbing. It showcases the stance that employers can no longer extract and exploit more employee labor than they are paying for.
Sampo generation
Sampo generation is also referred to as "Three giving-up generation" is a neologism in South Korea referring to a generation that gives up courtship, marriage, and having kids due to the excess stress they face in life including high cost of living, high working hours, low income, and high unemployment rate.
The term evolved into Opo generation (Five giving-up generation), Chilpo generation (Seven giving-up generation), Gupo generation (Nine giving-up generation), and N-po generation, which people giving up on more things including employment, home ownership, interpersonal relationships, hope, health, physical appearance, and eventually life.
Freeter
Freeter is a term specifically describing a state in Japan and Japanese culture, which is a person aged 15 to 34 who is unemployed, underemployed, or otherwise lacks full-time paid employment. The term excludes housewives and students.
Freeter have become a culture in Japan where they accommodate low-waged and marginalized workers to live and enjoy basic activities of life. The culture is presented in Koenji in Tokyo, where there are second-hand shops and recycled objects, and troquets with low and affordable prices in the region, showing an alternative way of living.
NEET
NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) is a term describes a state where a person is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training. The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Serbia, Canada, and the United States.
See also
hikikomori
References
Further reading
2021 in China
Counterculture
Criticism of work
Employment in China
Social issues in China
2021 neologisms
Chinese youth culture
Human positions
Economic history of the People's Republic of China | Tang ping | [
"Biology"
] | 3,179 | [
"Behavior",
"Human positions",
"Human behavior"
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68,136,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaseya | Kaseya Limited ( ) is a company headquartered in Miami that develops software for network monitoring, system monitoring, and other information technology applications. It is majority-owned by Insight Partners and owns the naming rights to the Kaseya Center. The name of the company comes from a word meaning "protect and defend" in the Sioux language. The company was estimated to be valued at $12 billion in April 2023.
History
Kaseya was founded in 2000 in California by Mark Sutherland and Paul Wong, who previously worked together on a project for the National Security Agency.
In 2003, Gerald Blackie joined the company as its CEO.
In June 2013, Insight Partners acquired control of the company and Yogesh Gupta became CEO.
In July 2015, Fred Voccola was named CEO of the company.
In 2018, the company moved its headquarters from Boston to Brickell, Miami.
In April 2023, the company acquired the naming rights to the Kaseya Center in a 17-year, $117.4 million agreement.
In 2024, the company laid off 150 employees, about 8% of its Miami workforce. The company stated that it was part of its normal performance-based reviews and that the jobs would not disappear.
Security Issues
In 2015, Kaseya fixed a directory traversal vulnerability in their remote access tool. The same bug was present in the company's support website for a further six years.
In 2018, the company's remote tool was infiltrated and hackers were able to commandeer affected computers to mine cryptocurrency.
In July 2021, the Kaseya VSA ransomware attack, perpetrated by REvil, led to downtime for 60 customers and over 1,500 downstream businesses.
Business practices
Kaseya faced backlash in 2022, when customers found that terms and conditions were being updated to introduce automatically renewing three-year terms, getting only a 30 days notice of the change.
Acquisitions
References
External links
2001 establishments in California
American companies established in 2001
Network management
Software companies based in Florida
Software companies established in 2001
Software companies of the United States
System administration | Kaseya | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 428 | [
"Information systems",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management",
"System administration"
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68,138,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Roiter | Andrei Vladimirovich Roiter (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Ройтер; Ukrainian: Андрій Володимирович Ройтер, November 30, 1937, Dnipro – July 26, 2006, Riga, Latvia) was a Ukrainian mathematician, specializing in algebra.
A. V. Roiter's father was the Ukrainian physical chemist V. A. Roiter, a leading expert on catalysis. In 1955 Andrei V. Roiter matriculated at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, where he met a fellow mathematics major Lyudmyla Nazarova. In 1958 he and Nazarova transferred to Saint Petersburg State University (then named Leningrad State University). They married and began a lifelong collaboration on representation theory. He received in 1960 his Diploma (M.S.) and in 1963 his Candidate of Sciences degree (PhD). His PhD thesis was supervised by Dmitry Konstantinovich Faddeev, who also supervised Ludmila Nazarova's PhD. A. V. Roiter was hired in 1961 as a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, where he worked until his death in 2006 and since 1991 was Head of the Department of Algebra. He received his Doctor of Sciences degree (habilitation) in 1969. In 1978 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Helsinki.
In his first published paper, Roiter in 1960 proved an important result that eventually led several other mathematicians to establish that a finite group has finitely many non-isomorphic indecomposable integral representations if and only if, for each prime p, its Sylow p-subgroup is cyclic of order at most p2.
In a 1966 paper he proved an important theorem in the theory of the integral representation of rings. In a famous 1968 paper he proved the first Brauer-Thrall conjecture.
Roiter proved the first Brauer-Thrall conjecture for finite-dimensional algebras; his paper never mentioned Artin algebras, but his techniques work for Artin algebras as well. There is an important line of research inspired by the paper and started by Maurice Auslander and Sverre Olaf Smalø in a 1980 paper. Auslander and Smalø's paper and its follow-ups by several researchers introduced, among other things, covariantly and contravariantly finite subcategories of the category of finitely generated modules over an Artin algebra, which led to the theory of almost split sequences in subcategories.
According to Auslander and Smalø:
Roiter did important research on p-adic representations, especially his 1967 paper with Yuriy Drozd and Vladimir V. Kirichenko on hereditary and Bass orders and the Drozd-Roiter criterion for a commutative order to have finitely many non-isomorphic indecomposable representations. An important tool in this research was his theory of divisibility of modules.
In 1972 Nazarova and Roiter introduced representations of partially ordered sets, an important class of matrix problems with many applications in mathematics, such as the representation theory of finite dimensional algebras. (In 2005 they with M. N. Smirnova proved a theorem about antimonotone quadratic forms and partially ordered sets.) Also in the 1970s Roiter in three papers, two of which were joint work with Mark Kleiner, introduced representations of bocses, a very large class of matrix problems.
The monograph by Roiter and P. Gabriel (with a contribution by Bernhard Keller), published by Springer in 1992 in English translation, is important for its influence on the theory of representations of finite-dimensional algebras and the theory of matrix problems. There is a 1997 reprint of the English translation.
In the years shortly before his death, Roiter did research on representations in Hilbert spaces. In two papers, he with his wife and Stanislav A. Kruglyak introduced the notion of locally scalar representations of quivers (i.e. directed multigraphs) in Hilbert spaces. In their 2006 paper they constructed for such representations Coxeter functors analogous to Bernstein-Gelfand-Ponomarev functors and applied the new functors to the study of locally scalar representations. In particular, they proved that a graph has only finitely many indecomposable locally scalar representations (up to unitary isomorphism) if and only if it is a Dynkin graph. Their result is analogous to that of Gabriel for the “usual” representations of quivers.
In 1961 Roiter started in Kyiv a seminar on the theory of representations. The seminar became the foundation of the highly esteemed Kyiv school of the representation theory. He was the supervisor for 13 Candidate of Sciences degrees (PhDs). In 2007 A. V. Roiter was posthumously awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology for his research on representation theory.
References
20th-century Ukrainian mathematicians
21st-century Ukrainian mathematicians
Algebraists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
NASU Institute of Mathematics
1937 births
2006 deaths
People from Dnipro | Andrei Roiter | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,064 | [
"Algebra",
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68,139,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Glass%2C%20St%20Helens | The World of Glass is a local museum and visitor centre in St Helens, Merseyside, England. The museum is dedicated to the local history of the town and borough primarily through the lens of the glass industry but also looking at other local industries.
The World of Glass was founded in 2000 and is an amalgamation of the former Pilkington Glass and St Helens Borough Council collections. The purpose-built premises was constructed adjacent to the Pilkingtons glassworks and the stretch of the St Helens Canal known as the "Hotties".
The World of Glass was named as England's Best Small Visitor Attraction (2006).
History
In the early 1990s, Pilkingtons undertook the £1 million restoration of the Grade II*-listed Pilkington's Jubilee Cone building, a brick cone structure built in 1887 to house the first ever continuous glass making furnace. Following the restoration, Pilkingtons floated the idea of utilising now redundant adjacent factory space (known locally as "The Hotties") as a museum for its historic glass collection. With subsequent interest from the Borough Council looking for somewhere to host their collection of local historical artefacts, the centre was funded through a National Heritage Lottery Fund contribution of £8,385,000 and European support in the form of Objective One and RECHAR II grants totalling £2,240,000 in addition to other grants.
The £14 million visitor centre was opened in March 2000 in a ceremony attended by the first chairman of the World of Glass and former chairman of Pilkington Glass Sir Antony Pilkington, the Mayor of St Helens Councillor Patricia Jackson as well as St Helens R.F.C. players and other dignitaries and special guests including local school children.
Museum and visitor centre
The museum and visitor centre comprises:
The Pilkington collection - once part of the Pilkington Glass Museum, previously located at the company's headquarters on Prescot Road.
The History of St Helens collection - from the St Helens museum, previously located on College Street.
Currently the museum holds a total of over 7,000 artefacts.
The museum has two main galleries - the Glass Roots Gallery and the Earth into Light Gallery. The first is concerned with the history of glass, its role in everyday life, and contains artefacts that date back as far as Ancient Egypt. The second tells the story of the growth of the town of St Helens as it moved from relative insignificance to become a world leader in glassmaking.
There are live glassblowing demonstrations daily and visitors can try the art of glassblowing on one of their courses.The Victorian furnace and underground tunnels of the world's first regenerative glass making furnace, built in 1887 by William Windle Pilkington, can also be explored at the visitor centre.
There is an artisan gift shop and a café which looks out over the stretch of the St Helens Sankey Canal known as the Hotties.
The Manchester Airport chandelier
Since 2008 the World of Glass has been home to one of four chandeliers, restored by David Malik & Son, which originally hung in the main hall of Manchester Airport. With 1,300 clear, smoked grey and amethyst lead glass droplets, individually blown by master craftsman Bruno Zanetti and weighing two tons, each chandelier was commissioned at a cost of £3,000 in the 1960s but would now cost more than £250,000.
The Clare Island Lighthouse optic
Off the west coast of Ireland, Clare Island Lighthouse was decommissioned in 1965 after almost 160 years' service. The lighthouse optic, made in 1913 by Chance Brothers of Birmingham, found a new home at the Pilkington Glass Museum and then the World of Glass.
The Clare Island Lighthouse itself was transformed into an upmarket guesthouse.
St Helens library
A brand-new lending library for St Helens, provided by St Helens Council, opened at the World of Glass in September 2020. Occupying space on both the ground floor and mezzanine level, the lending library is for both children and adults, complete with more than 18,000 books.
Gallery
References
External links
Museums in Merseyside
Tourist attractions in Merseyside
Glass museums and galleries | World of Glass, St Helens | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 839 | [
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68,140,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal%20androgen-stimulating%20hormone | Adrenal androgen stimulating hormone (AASH), also known as cortical androgen stimulating hormone (CASH), is a hypothetical hormone which has been proposed to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4). It is hypothesized to be involved in adrenarche and adrenopause. The existence of this hormone is controversial and disputed and it has not been identified to date. A number of other mechanisms and/or hormones may instead play the functional role of the so-called AASH.
See also
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
References
Biochemistry
Hormones
Adrenal gland | Adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 177 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry",
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68,144,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203602 | NGC 3602 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered on March 4, 1865 by the astronomer Albert Marth.
See also
List of largest galaxies
List of nearest galaxies
References
External links
Leo (constellation)
3602
Barred spiral galaxies
034351 | NGC 3602 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 55 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
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68,147,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%20of%20assisted%20reproductive%20technology%20by%20LGBTQ%20people | Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning people (LGBTQ community) people wishing to have children may use assisted reproductive technology. In recent decades, developmental biologists have been researching and developing techniques to facilitate same-sex reproduction.
The obvious approaches, subject to a growing amount of activity, are female sperm and male eggs. In 2004, by altering the function of a few genes involved with imprinting, other Japanese scientists combined two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice and in 2018 Chinese scientists created 29 female mice from two female mice mothers but were unable to produce viable offspring from two father mice. One of the possibilities is transforming skin stem cells into sperm and eggs.
Lack of access to assisted reproductive technologies is a form of healthcare inequality experienced by LGBT people.
Freezing eggs
LGBT women and trans men may choose to donate their eggs in order to reproduce by in-vitro fertilization. Trans men in particular may freeze their eggs before transitioning and choose to have a female surrogate carry their child while when the time comes, using their eggs and someone else's sperm. This allows them to avoid the potentially dysphoria-triggering experience of pregnancy, or cessation of HRT for collecting eggs at an older age.
Egg banking
Cryopreservation of oocytes (eggs) requires hormonal stimulation and oocyte retrieval, as for IVF treatment, after which the oocytes are vitrified. Vitrification of oocytes has been found to be more successful than slow freezing oocytes. The success of oocyte banking declines significantly with increasing reproductive age. Ovarian stimulation will increase transgender men's serum estradiol levels, and in response transvaginal ultrasound monitoring may be necessary, strategies to minimize estradiol elevations include the concomitant use of aromatase inhibitors during stimulation. There is no data on the success of ovarian stimulation in transgender men who previously had puberty halted with GnRH agonist, followed directly by testosterone administration. There is also no data comparing the number of oocytes retrieved or the live-birth rate after fertility preservation stratified by time off testosterone.
Ovarian tissue banking
A surgical procedure is required to collect tissue samples, if undergoing a hysterectomy and/or ovariectomy, one can choose to cryopreserve some tissue at the same time to avoid an additional surgical procedure. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has been successful, but so far, there have been no pregnancies recorded after thawing and in-vitro maturation (IVM) of this tissue, successful pregnancies have only been recorded after auto-transplantation. This method has a very low success rate of blastocyst development as in one study of 83 transgender males, 2 out of the 208 mature oocytes were recovered from thawed ovarian tissue created "good-quality" blastocysts.
Freezing sperm
For the purposes of either in-vitro fertilization or artificial insemination, LGBT individuals may choose to preserve their eggs or sperm.
Trans women may have lower sperm quality before HRT, which may pose an issue for creating viable sperm samples to freeze.
Estrogens suppress testosterone levels and at high doses can markedly disrupt sex drive and function and fertility on their own. Moreover, disruption of gonadal function and fertility by estrogens may be permanent after extended exposure.
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens like bicalutamide may be an option for transgender women who wish to preserve sex drive, sexual function, and/or fertility, relative to antiandrogens that suppress testosterone levels and can greatly disrupt these functions such as cyproterone acetate and GnRH modulators.
Semen can be collected via masturbation, but there are alternatives for those who find masturbation or ejaculation distressing or may have erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction secondary to hypoandrogenism. Options for those with dysfunction include: penile vibratory stimulation and electroejaculation. For those who do not want to ejaculate or have oligospermia or azoospermia can pursue testicular sperm aspiration or microsurgical sperm extraction although they are more invasive. There are currently no studies evaluating the acceptability or success rates of the different options for sperm collection specifically in transgender women. Furthermore, for transgender women on estradiol and/or antiandrogens, it is unclear the length of time needed to be off hormonal treatment medication before normal spermatogenesis resumes (if it occurs at all), during which time testosterone production will resume and may cause unwanted masculinizing effects.
Storing and selecting sperm
Prospective LGBT parents may have pick sperm from a sperm bank to grow their baby. The sperm can come from one partner, either having been frozen before their transition, or being recent in the case of a partner having functioning male organs. Other times, it can come from private sperm donors.
LGBT individuals must carefully consider where they get their donor sperm from. Individual state's laws vary, but many U.S. states have adopted a form of the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA). Most, but not all states transfer parental rights from anonymous sperm donors to the intended parents as long as the recipient is a married woman, and a physician is involved. Noncompliance with these laws can result in the failure to terminate sperm donor parental rights. There have been court cases where known sperm donors that privately donated directly were requested to pay child support. For example, of these laws, see California assisted reproductive laws. In Australia, there has been legal precedent that sperm donor involvement with the ensuing child's life does grant them parental rights (Masson v Parsons).
Alternative to direct private donation it is possible to purchase sperm from a sperm bank for personal use in fertility treatment. Sperm banks can vary widely, not only in terms of price, but of practice (i.e. who is allowed to donate sperm, how many times, etc.) and can offer a variety of services. Major U.S. sperm banks include Fairfax Cryobank, California Cyrobank, Cryos International, Seattle Sperm bank, and Xytex, and many others.
Artificial insemination
In order to accommodate for different gender identities and sexual orientations, a LGBT pregnancy from donated sperm can be done through artificial insemination. It is putting the donated sperm inside the body of the carrying womb (surrogate pregnancy or other).
Timing of these procedures are critical for successful fertilization, as the fertile window is the five days before ovulation, plus the day of and after ovulation. To increase the chance of success, the menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as basal body temperature tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus, and the softness of the nose of the cervix. To improve the success rate of artificial insemination, drugs to create a stimulated cycle may be used called ovarian stimulation (OS).
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
Before ovulation there is a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) which can be used to time an IUI procedure. Data suggest that IUI should be performed 1 day after the detection of the LH surge. Most clinics in the U.S. perform IUI in the morning after a positive ovulation predictor kit test (which detects LH in urine). An alternative to LH monitoring is ultrasound monitoring of ovarian follicle size followed by a trigger shot with exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which mimics the body's LH surge and triggers final follicular maturation and rupture (36–48 hours later). The trigger shot is typically administered when the dominant follicle reaches 18–20 mm. The recommended timing of IUI after hCG administration is 24–40 hours. IUI cycles stimulated with classical doses of FSH have a high rate of have a multiple pregnancy with rates ranging from 10 to 40%. A meta-analysis showed no difference between pregnancy outcomes between at-home LH monitoring and timed IUI.
IUI can be done without the use of medication. IUI is not recommended in cases where the gestating individuals have cervical atresia, cervicitis, endometritis or bilateral tubal obstruction or when the sperm donor has amenorrhea or severe oligospermia. Prior to IUI, the sperm is "washed" which is necessary to remove seminal plasma to avoid prostaglandin-induced uterine contractions. Insemination with unprocessed semen is also associated with pelvic infection.
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves the opening of the vagina using a speculum, then injecting washed sperm directly into the uterus with a catheter. Insemination in this way means that the sperm do not have to swim through the cervix which is coated with a mucus layer. This layer of mucus can slow down the passage of sperm and can result in many sperm perishing before they can enter the uterus. Donor sperm is sometimes tested for mucus penetration capabilities if it is to be used for ICI inseminations, for if the sperm's chances of passing through the cervix is low, IUI would provide a more efficient delivery of the sperm than ICI . IUI fertilization takes place naturally in the external part of the fallopian tubes in the same way that occurs following intercourse.
The benefit of double IUI has not been found in patients with undocumented infertility using donor sperm, such as lesbian and single women. Typically pregnancy success rates per IUI cycle is approximately 12.4%. According to a study from 2021, lesbian women undergoing IUI had a clinical pregnancy rate of 13.2% per cycle and 42.2% success rate given the average number of cycles at 3.6. IUI has been reported to be more effective than ICI but this has been contested with some citing no strong evidence to confirm a significant difference between the birth rates of the two procedures. It is speculated that IUI is more effective since IUI brings the sperm closer to the oocyte than ICI which might compensate for decreased sperm motility after freezing and thawing. IUI includes risk of endometritis, cramping, bleeding, and anaphylaxis (rarely). A systematic review and meta-analysis was not able to demonstrate that bed rest after intrauterine insemination effectively increases in pregnancy rate.
Intracervical insemination (ICI)
Very similar to IUI, Intracervical insemination (ICI) is the method of artificial insemination which most closely mimics the natural ejaculation of semen by the penis into the vagina during sexual intercourse. ICI is the simplest method of artificial insemination and may also be performed privately in the home instead of at a private practice. ICI is the process of introducing semen into the vagina at the entrance to the cervix, usually by means of a needleless syringe. Sperm used in ICI inseminations does not have to be 'washed' to remove seminal fluid so raw semen from a private donor may be used. Semen supplied by a sperm bank prepared for ICI or IUI use is also suitable for ICI. A retrospective cohort study showed that total motility and total motile count (TMC) after thawing were associated with ongoing pregnancy rate; with best ICI results at total motility of ≥20% and a total motile count (TMC) of ≥8 × 106 after thawing.
During ICI, air is expelled from a needleless syringe which is then filled with semen. A specially-designed syringe, wider and with a more rounded end, may be used for this purpose. Any further enclosed air is removed by gently pressing the plunger forward. The recipient lies on their back and the syringe is inserted into the vagina so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. A vaginal speculum may be used for this purpose and a catheter may be attached to the tip of the syringe to ensure delivery of the semen as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. The plunger is then slowly pushed forward and the semen in the syringe is gently emptied deep into the vagina. It is important that the syringe is emptied slowly for safety and for the best results, bearing in mind that the purpose of the procedure is the replicate as closely as possible a natural deposit of the semen in the vagina. The syringe (and catheter if used) may be left in place for several minutes before removal. Following insemination, fertile sperm will swim through the cervix into the uterus and from there to the fallopian tubes in a natural way as if the sperm had been deposited in the vagina through intercourse. A conception cap instead of a syringe can be used as well.
In-vitro fertilization
Some LGBT may opt for using in-vitro fertilization instead of artificial insemination to reproduce. A zygote is created in a lab with a donated egg and a donated sperm, both of which can come from different sources like sperm banks, egg banks or one partner. Then, the zygote is implanted in the uterus. The carrying uterus can be a surrogate (gay men or other infertile couples) or one partner (female or trans man).
Standard IVF
Standard IVF is the process by which the egg is removed from the ovaries and fertilized outside of the body, and then the pre-embryo is implanted into a uterus. There are many steps to ensure that this process works including ovary stimulation, egg collection, fertilization, and embryo transfer. To stimulate the ovaries to produce more eggs than usual, the person must take specific hormones prescribed by a doctor. Then, the eggs are collected using an ultrasound-guided aspiration needle. Once the eggs are outside the body, they are mixed with sperm in a culture dish in the hopes of fertilization. The sperm used can come from any sperm donor (either from a sperm bank, or a known donor like a partner). If a pre-embryo forms, it remains in the incubator for two to five days while it continues to grow and divide. At this stage, the pre-embryo is often genetically tested to ensure that it will develop into a healthy baby. If the embryo is deemed healthy, the next step is implantation. The embryos are transferred to the uterus which involves an ultrasound being used to guide a catheter through the cervix and into the uterine cavity.
Reciprocal IVF
Partner-assisted reproduction, or co-IVF is a method of family building that is used by couples who both possess female reproductive organs. The method uses in vitro fertilization (IVF), a method that means eggs are removed from the ovaries, fertilized in a laboratory, and then one or more of the resulting embryos are placed in the uterus to hopefully create a pregnancy. Reciprocal IVF differs from standard IVF in that two women are involved: the eggs are taken from one partner, and the other partner carries the pregnancy. In this way, the process is mechanically identical to IVF with egg donation. Using this process ensures that each partner is a biological mother of the child according to advocates, but in the strictest sense only one mother is the biological mother from a genetic standpoint and the other is a surrogate mother. However the practice has a symbolic weight greater than LGBT adoption, and may create a stronger bond between mother and child than adoption.
In a 2019 study, quality of infant–parent relationships was examined among egg donor families in comparison to in vitro fertilization families. Infants were between the ages of 6–18 months. Through use of the Parent Development Interview (PDI) and observational assessment, the study found few differences between family types on the representational level, yet significant differences between family types on the observational level. Egg donation mothers were less sensitive and structuring than IVF mothers, and egg donation infants were less emotionally responsive, and involving than IVF infants.
The eggs are then fertilized with donor sperm to create embryos, one of which can then be transferred to the second person's uterus. In this way, one partner contributes the genetic material and the second partner contributes the maternal environment, allowing both partners to have a profound impact on the development of the fetus and child. The laws around parenthood when both partners do not contribute genetic material are complicated and vary by state, so it is imperative to do research before beginning the process.
Pregnancy
The LGBT parent(s) may choose a surrogate or their partner for pregnancy, depending on their fertility and personal values. There are many possible ways for an LGBT individual or couple to become pregnant, such as:
Artificial insemination.
Embryo from in-vitro fertilization implant.
Natural sexual activity (in the case of fertile couples with matching sexual orientation, or otherwise with a surrogate).
Uterine transplant (yet to be achieved practically for trans women, but has been achieved for cisgender women).
Surrogacy
Some gay or transsexual couples decide to have a surrogate pregnancy. A surrogate is a woman carrying an egg fertilized by sperm of one of the men. Some women become surrogates for money, others for humanitarian reasons or both. This allows one of the men to be the biological father while the other will be an adopted father.
Gay men who have become fathers using surrogacy have reported similar experiences to those as other couples who have used surrogacy, including their relationships both their child and their surrogate have.
Barrie and Tony Drewitt-Barlow from the United Kingdom became the first gay men in the country to father twins born through surrogacy in 1999.
Surrogacy is a process in which a woman carries and delivers a child for a couple or an individual. This can be an arrangement supported by a legal agreement where the surrogate may or may not be compensated. Surrogacy is the most common form of accessing parenthood because it is less complicated due to the biological connection made between parent and child. LGBTQ+ individuals may seek surrogacy when they are in need for someone else to serve as the gestational carrier of their biological child. Recently, traveling for couples outside of the US to seek surrogacy is rising. Usually these commercial services cater only white, wealthy parents-to-be. In some countries it is illegal to pay surrogates, but the debate is that unpaid surrogacy can take place.
Choosing who will be the biological parent can vary from couple to couple because couples get to decide where gametes can come from. Gametes can be purchased through commercial resources, arranged through an agreement from a genetic connection to both parents, or through a friend donation.
There is a long history of transnational surrogacy used by gay parents who seek surrogacy in India. They use gametes fertilized by one or both parents to inseminate local women who are employed through an agency. There is global criticism due to transparency around pay and the outcomes for the parties involved. Because of this surrogacy services in India are being recalled by gay parents because there is restricted access to pregnancy updates. Unable to communicate can create emotional distancing for gay parents and the pregnancy can be stressful for gay parents. Going through surrogate services can be a stressful journey because gay parents are caught up in between charts and graphs, instead of being able to have an emotional connection with the baby through the surrogate and the experiences they go through.
Transnational surrogacy can raise legal issues when the child is born. There is conflict about national legal rules on parentage and this complicates citizenship, which can often result in the child not having legal parents or citizenship in any country.
The World Profession Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) recommends that all transgender patients make decisions regarding their fertility before starting hormone therapy in their Standards of Care (2012) guidebook for medical professionals.
Transgender men
Pregnancy is possible for transgender men who retain a functioning vagina, ovaries, and a uterus. Testosterone does not inhibit one's ability to become pregnant and give birth, as it is not a sufficient method of contraception. While trans men can become pregnant while taking testosterone, it is advised to stop before attempting to become pregnant, as taking testosterone during pregnancy can lead to issues with fetal development. Many trans men who have become pregnant were able to do so within six months of stopping testosterone. Another study conducted in 2019 found that transgender male patients seeking oocyte retrieval for either oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, or IVF were able to undergo treatment 4 months after stopping testosterone treatment, on average. There have been no studies of transgender men attempting pregnancy after testosterone or on the health of offspring conceived from testosterone-exposed oocytes, so exact fertility rates are unknown. However, a 2020 study found that intended pregnancy rates among respondents of a self-administered survey who had ever used testosterone were comparable to those to those who had not - 38% and 45% respectively.
Masculinizing hormonal therapy in trans men will often lead to amenorrhea, but this amenorrhea is usually reversible and androgen therapy does not deplete primordial follicles nor affects the developmental capacity of the follicles. However, histologically hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma has been found. It has been debated if this is physiologically comparable to polycystic ovary syndrome. Ovariectomies lead to irreversible fertility termination (if the eggs are not stored), but doesn't preclude gestational pregnancy with ART. Hysterectomies will eliminate the option to gestate.
Trans men and transmasculine people who become pregnant are frequently referred to as "seahorse dads."
Transgender women
Transgender women with a fertile partner may choose to have children through natural sexual activity. Some transgender women have reported a lower sexual desire on hormonal treatment. It has been found that transgender patients undergoing feminizing hormonal therapy do have abnormal semen parameters. Sustained hormonal treatment eventually leads to hypo-spermatogenesis and ultimately azoospermia which will become irreversible at an unknown point in time. A 2015 study did demonstrate normal spermatogenesis in long term estrogen therapy patients. Surgical removal of testicles also leads to irreversible sterility. It is recommended for those pursuing these options and interested in preserving fertility to cryogenically store their sperm before starting their treatment.
Barriers to fertility care
Economic
Fertility treatment and preservation is expensive. The average IVF cycle can cost $12,000 to $17,000 (not including medication), with medication it can up to $25,000-$30,000 and price often comes down to one's insurance which might come with stipulations. The cost of IUI ranges from $500–4,000 per cycle. Cryopreservation of genetic material is also costly see table below and can vary greatly from place to place, state to state.
Another barrier is knowledge. These procedures are not well known and discussion of fertility preservation are uncommon. In a study of 133 transgender women 61% stated that no health care provider discussed sperm banking prior to their hormone therapy or surgery. In another study, 70 transgender males cited barriers such as the perceived cost of treatment (36%), need for discontinuation or delay of hormonal therapy (19%), and worsening gender dysphoria with treatment and pregnancy (11%).
Physical
Only 3% of transgender people take efforts to preserve their fertility in transition 51% of trans women express regrets for not preserving their fertility, and 97% of transgender adults believe it should be discussed before transition.
Testosterone therapy affects fertility, but many trans men who have become pregnant were able to do so within six months of stopping testosterone. Another study conducted in 2019 found that transgender male patients seeking oocyte retrieval for either oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, or IVF were able to undergo treatment 4 months after stopping testosterone treatment, on average. All patients experienced menses and normal AMH, FSH, and E2 levels and antral follicle counts after coming off testosterone which allowed for successful oocyte retrieval. Although the long-term effects of androgen treatment on fertility is still widely unknown, oocyte retrieval does not appear to be affected. Future pregnancies can be achieved by oophyte banking, but the process may increase gender dysphoria or may not be accessible due to lack of insurance coverage. Testosterone therapy is not a sufficient method of contraception, and trans men may experience unintended pregnancy, especially if they miss doses.
Some studies report a higher incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among transgender men prior to taking testosterone, the disease causes infertility and can make it harder for trans men to freeze eggs, though not all have not found the same association of trans men and PCOS. People with PCOS in general are also reportedly more likely to see themselves as "sexually undifferentiated" or "androgynous" and "less likely to identify with a female gender scheme."
Future technology
There is theoretical work being done on creating a zygote from two men which would enable both men to be biological fathers, but it is yet to be practically implemented.
There is theoretical potential for same sex reproduction using stem cells to derive gametes to produce biologically related children, but this has been contentious and has been considered to be "impossible". However, scientists have successfully created eggs from male mice to produce offspring with 2 biologically male genetic donors and have been optimistic that human application could come within the next 10 years.
For prepubertal transgender girls, testicular tissue cryopreservation (TTC) is currently the only fertility preservation option. An experimental surgical procedure to remove and cryopreserve testicular tissue for a later date when the spermatogonial stem cells can be matured into sperm. To date no spermatogenic recovery has been reported and TTC technologies enabling this are currently only being studied in animal models
There is theoretical work being done on creating a zygote from two women which would enable both women to be biological mothers, but it is yet to be practically implemented. Creating a sperm from an egg and using it to fertilize another egg may offer a solution to this issue, as could a process analogous to somatic cell nuclear transfer involving two eggs being fused together.
In 2004 and 2018 scientists were able to create mice with two mothers via egg fusion. Modification of genomic imprinting was necessary to create healthy bimaternal mice, while live bipaternal mice were created but were unhealthy likely due to genomic imprinting.
If created, a "female sperm" cell could fertilize an egg cell, a procedure that, among other potential applications, might enable female same-sex couples to produce a child who would be the biological offspring of their two mothers. It is also claimed that production of female sperm may stimulate a woman to be both the mother and father (similar to asexual reproduction) of an offspring produced by her own sperm. Many queries, both ethical and moral, arise over these arguments.
Uterine transplantation
Some trans women want to carry their own children through transgender pregnancy, which has its own set of issues to be overcome, because transgender women do not naturally have the anatomy needed for embryonic and fetal development. As of 2008, there were no successful cases of uterus transplantation concerning a transgender woman.
Another possibility for transgender women would come from a successful uterus transplant that can carry a pregnancy to term in a transgender women. There have been successful births with uterus transplantation in cis-women, but currently none in trans women as currently there have been no successful uterus transplants in transgender women. Theoretical problems arise in the sexual dimorphism of the human pelvis, drug regime risk (post-transplant immunosuppression and hormone therapy to sustain implantation and pregnancy), and risk of neovaginal anastomosis. The same studies that identified these risks also came to the conclusion that despite the considerations uterine transplant shouldn't be confined to cis-women, with one journal article unable to find any increase in theoretical procedural risk compared to cis-women. There is no expectation that trans women would give birth through the neo-vaginal canal.
As of 2019, in cisgender women, more than 42 uterine transplant procedures had been performed, with 12 live births resulting from the transplanted uteruses as of publication. The International Society of Uterine Transplantation (ISUTx) was established internationally in 2016, with 70 clinical doctors and scientists, and currently has 140 intercontinental delegates. Its goal is to, "through scientific innovations, advance medical care in the field of uterus transplantation."
In 2012, McGill University published the "Montreal Criteria for the Ethical Feasibility of Uterine Transplantation", a proposed set of criteria for carrying out uterine transplants, in Transplant International. Under these criteria, only a cisgender woman could ethically be considered a transplant recipient. The exclusion of trans women from candidacy may lack justification.
In addition, if trans women wish to conceive with a cisgender male partner, they face the same issues that cisgender gay couples have in creating a zygote.
See also
Male pregnancy
LGBT parenting
Transgender pregnancy
Female sperm
Male egg
References
External links
Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments
Assisted reproductive technology
Fertility medicine
LGBTQ parenting
Human reproduction
LGBTQ and health care | Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBTQ people | [
"Biology"
] | 6,263 | [
"Assisted reproductive technology",
"Medical technology"
] |
68,149,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity%20measurement | Parity measurement (also referred to as Operator measurement) is a procedure in quantum information science used for error detection in quantum qubits. A parity measurement checks the equality of two qubits to return a true or false answer, which can be used to determine whether a correction needs to occur. Additional measurements can be made for a system greater than two qubits. Because parity measurement does not measure the state of singular bits but rather gets information about the whole state, it is considered an example of a joint measurement. Joint measurements do not have the consequence of destroying the original state of a qubit as normal quantum measurements do. Mathematically speaking, parity measurements are used to project a state into an eigenstate of an operator and to acquire its eigenvalue.
Parity measurement is an essential concept of quantum error correction. From the parity measurement, an appropriate unitary operation can be applied to correct the error without knowing the beginning state of the qubit.
Parity and parity checking
A qubit is a two-level system, and when we measure one qubit, we can have either 1 or 0 as a result. One corresponds to odd parity, and zero corresponds to even parity. This is what a parity check is. This idea can be generalized beyond single qubits. This can be generalized beyond a single qubit and it is useful in QEC. The idea of parity checks in QEC is to have just parity information of multiple data qubits over one (auxiliary) qubit without revealing any other information. Any unitary can be used for the parity check. If we want to have the parity information of a valid quantum observable U, we need to apply the controlled-U gates between the ancilla qubit and the data qubits sequentially. For example, for making parity check measurement in the X basis, we need to apply CNOT gates between the ancilla qubit and the data qubits sequentially since the controlled gate in this case is a CNOT (CX) gate.
The unique state of the ancillary qubit is then used to determine either even or odd parity of the qubits. When the qubits of the input states are equal, an even parity will be measured, indicating that no error has occurred. When the qubits are unequal, an odd parity will be measured, indicating a single bit-flip error.
With more than two qubits, additional parity measurements can be performed to determine if the qubits are the same value, and if not, to find which is the outlier. For example, in a system of three qubits, one can first perform a parity measurement on the first and second qubit, and then on the first and third qubit. Specifically, one is measuring to determine if an error has occurred on the first two qubits, and then to determine if an error has occurred on the first and third qubits.
In a circuit, an ancillary qubit is prepared in the state. During measurement, a CNOT gate is performed on the ancillary bit dependent on the first qubit being checked, followed by a second CNOT gate performed on the ancillary bit dependent on the second qubit being checked. If these qubits are the same, the double CNOT gates will revert the ancillary qubit to its initial state, which indicates even parity. If these qubits are not the same, the double CNOT gates will alter the ancillary qubit to the opposite state, which indicates odd parity. Looking at the ancillary qubits, a corresponding correction can be performed.
Alternatively, the parity measurement can be thought of as a projection of a qubit state into an eigenstate of an operator and to acquire its eigenvalue. For the measurement, checking the ancillary qubit in the basis will return the eigenvalue of the measurement. If the eigenvalue here is measured to be +1, this indicates even parity of the bits without error. If the eigenvalue is measured to be -1, this indicates odd parity of the bits with a bit-flip error.
Example
Alice, a sender, wants to transmit a qubit to Bob, a receiver. The state of any qubit that Alice would wish to send can be written as where and are coefficients. Alice encodes this into three qubits, so that the initial state she transmits is . Following noise in the channel, the three qubits state can be seen in the following table with the corresponding probability:
A parity measurement can be performed on the altered state, with two ancillary qubits storing the measurement. First, the first and second qubits' parity is checked. If they are equal, a is stored in the first ancillary qubit. If they are not equal, a is stored in the first ancillary qubit. The same action is performed comparing the first and third qubits, with the check being stored in the second ancillary qubit. Important to note is that we do not actually need to know the input qubit state, and can perform the CNOT operations indicating the parity without this knowledge. The ancillary qubits are what indicates what bit has been altered, and the correction operation can be performed as needed.
An easy way to visualize this is in the circuit above. First, the input state is encoded into 3 bits, and parity checks are performed with subsequent error correction performed based on the results of the ancilla qubits at the bottom. Finally, decoding is performing to put get back to the same basis of the input state.
Parity check matrix
A parity check matrix for a quantum circuit can also be constructed using these principles. For some message x encoded as Gx, where G corresponds to the generator matrix, Hx = 0 where H is the parity matrix containing 0's and 1's for a situation where there is no error. However, if an error occurs at one component, then the pattern in the errors can be used to find which bit is incorrect.
Types of parity measurements
Two types of parity measurement are indirect and direct. Indirect parity measurements coincide with the typical way we think of parity measurement as described above, by measuring an ancilla qubit to determine the parity of the input bits. Direct parity measurements differ from the previous type in that a common mode with the parities coupled to the qubits is measured, without the need for an ancilla qubit. While indirect parity measurements can put a strain on experimental capacity, direct measurements may interfere with the fidelity of the initial states.
Example
For example, given a Hermitian and Unitary operator (whose eigenvalues are ) and a state , the circuit on the top right performs a Parity measurement on . After the first Hadamard gate, the state of the circuit is
After applying the controlled-U gate, the state of the circuit evolves to
After applying the second Hadamard gate, the state of the circuit turns into
If the state of the top qubit after measurement is , then ; which is the eigenstate of . If the state of the top qubit is , then ; which is the eigenstate of .
Experiments and applications
In experiments, parity measurements are not only a mechanism for quantum error correction, but they can also help combat non-ideal conditions. Given the existent possibility for bit flip errors, there is an additional likelihood for errors as a result of leakage. This phenomenon is due to unused high-energy qubits becoming excited. It has been demonstrated in superconducting transmon qubits that parity measurements can be applied repetitively during quantum error correction to remove leakage errors. Repetitive parity measurements can be used to stabilize an entangled state and prevent leakage errors (which normally is not possible with typical quantum error correction), but the first group to accomplish this did so in 2020. By performing interleaving XX and ZZ checks, which can ultimately tell whether an X (bit), Y (iXZ), or Z (phase) flip error occurs. The outcomes of these parity measurements of ancilla qubits are used with Hidden Markov Models to complete leakage detection and correction.
References
Quantum information theory
Quantum measurement
Quantum computing | Parity measurement | [
"Physics"
] | 1,753 | [
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
68,150,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts%20departing%20aircraft | In aviation safety, parts departing aircraft or parts detached from aeroplanes (PDA), also known as objects falling off airplanes (OFA), things falling off aircraft (TFOA), and other analogous variations, can range from small fasteners like screws and rivets up to major sub-assemblies like hatch covers and doors. PDA are a safety concern because they may be critical parts needed to continue safe flight, may damage other critical parts of the aircraft as they depart, may cause foreign object damage to other aircraft, or may cause serious injuries or damage to people and property on the ground. These occurrences are a longstanding worldwide problem in aviation.
In a 2018 study, the European Aviation Safety Agency concluded that the likelihood of fatally injuring people on the ground due to a PDA event is low enough that it does not constitute an unsafe condition according to their standards; they also noted the absence of any people fatally injured from PDA. But in Japan, preventing objects falling off airplanes is required by all air carriers after a series of serious incidents at Haneda Airport which is close to Tokyo.
Regardless of whether PDA are considered acceptable risk by aviation regulators, things that fall from the sky are generally not well tolerated outside the aviation community. The United States Navy found complaints about TFOA increased as residential development has encroached around naval air stations. Leaking aviation lavatory liquids have been known to build up on the exterior of the aircraft in sub-freezing temperatures at altitude, only to fall to earth as blue ice after the airplane descends to land. London Heathrow Airport has had a recurring problem of wheel-well stowaway bodies dropping in residential areas around the airport when airplanes extend their landing gear as they prepare to land.
See also
Index of aviation articles
External links
"Cases of objects, including human stowaways, falling from planes"
References
Aircraft maintenance
Aviation risks
Aviation safety | Parts departing aircraft | [
"Engineering"
] | 385 | [
"Aircraft maintenance",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
68,152,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos%20Drosatos | Konstantinos Drosatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Δροσάτος), born in Athens, Greece, is a Greek-American molecular biologist, who is the Ohio Eminent Scholar and Professor of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. His parents were Georgios Drosatos and Sofia Drosatou; his family originates in Partheni, Euboea, Greece.
Education and career
Drosatos received his B.Sc. from the department of biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece in 2000. In 2000, he continued with graduate studies at the Molecular Biology-Biomedicine graduate program of the department of biology and the medical school of the University of Crete. He received his M.Sc. in 2002 and his Ph.D. in molecular biology-biomedicine in 2007. During his graduate studies (2002–2007) he was a visiting research scholar in the laboratory of Vassilis I. Zannis at Boston University Medical School. Following his graduation with a PhD in molecular biology-biomedicine in 2007, he joined the laboratory of Ira J. Goldberg at Columbia University, where he pursued post-doctoral training until 2012, when he was promoted to associate research scientist in the department of medicine at Columbia University. In 2014 he joined the faculty of the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University as an assistant professor in pharmacology and in 2020, he was promoted to associate professor with tenure in cardiovascular sciences (primary affiliation). In 2022, he was recruited at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, which he joined as the Ohio Eminent Scholar and Professor of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology
Research interests
The research in his laboratory focuses on cardiovascular and systemic metabolism and particularly on signaling mechanisms that link cardiac stress in diabetes, sepsis and ischemia with altered myocardial fatty acid metabolism. His published work focuses on the transcriptional regulation of proteins that underlie lipoprotein metabolism, cardiac and systemic fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. His work has identified the role of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in the regulation of cardiac fatty acid metabolism in diabetes and ischemic heart failure, as well as how cardiac lipotoxicity leads to cardiac dysfunction, and the importance of cardiac fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial integrity for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis.
Distinctions and awards
2014 Outstanding Early Career Award recipient, American Heart Association, BCVS Council
2016 Honorary Citizen, Eastern Mani Municipality, Greece
2016 Visiting Professorship, UCLA Center for Systems Biomedicine
2017 Early Research Investigator Award, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
2017 Elected Fellow (FAHA), American Heart Association
2019 Elected Full Member, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society
2022 Visiting Professorship, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
2022 Top-Reviewer 2022 for JACC: Basic to Translational Science
2023 Honorary Membership at the Biology Society of Cyprus
2023 Adjunct Professorship, European University of Cyprus
2023 Keynote Speaker, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
2023 Keynote Speaker, Vascular and Heart Research Symposium, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech at Roanoke
2024 Elected Fellow of the Graduate College of the University of Cincinnati
Leadership positions
2006–2010 – founding president of the board of directors, Hellenic Bioscientific Association of the USA
2012–2014 – president of the executive board, World Hellenic Biomedical Association
2019–2023 – vice-president of the executive council, ARISTEiA-Institute for the Advancement of Research & Education in Arts, Sciences & Technology
2020-2021 - Chair-elect of the Mid-career Committee, International Society for Heart Research-North American Section
2023-2026 - General Secretary of the Executive Board, KOMVOS-NODE
2024-2028 - President of the executive council, ARISTEiA-Institute for the Advancement of Research & Education in Arts, Sciences & Technology
References
External links
Publications list
Greek scientists
Greek biologists
21st-century American biologists
American biologists
Metabolism
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
University of Crete alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scientists from Athens | Konstantinos Drosatos | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 861 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
68,153,748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20L.%20Cooke | Kenneth L. Cooke (August 13, 1925August 25, 2007) was an American mathematical biologist known for his contributions to the study of epidemics. He was the W. M. Keck Professor of Mathematics at Pomona College in Claremont, California.
Early life and education
Cooke was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1925. He enrolled at Pomona College, graduating in 1947 after serving in the Navy as a radar and radio technician during World War II. He subsequently earned a doctorate in mathematics from Stanford University.
Career
Cooke taught at Washington State University for seven years. He then joined the Pomona faculty in 1957 and remained at the college for the rest of his career. He was promoted to a named professorship in 1985.
His work on epidemics involved modeling parameters under which a disease will spread or die out. He studied HIV/AIDS and other contagious diseases. His work also involved delay differential equations.
References
20th-century American mathematicians
1925 births
2007 deaths
Pomona College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Washington State University faculty
Pomona College faculty
Mathematical and theoretical biology | Kenneth L. Cooke | [
"Mathematics"
] | 217 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology"
] |
68,154,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETG%20Designers%20and%20Consultants | ETG Designers and Consultants S.C. () formerly known as ETG Designers and Consultants PLC, is an architectural design and consulting firm founded in 1996 by Eshetu T. Gelan. Its headquarter is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was founded in 1996.
Foundation and internal organisation
ETG was founded in 1996 as a privately owned architectural firm in Ethiopia with an initial capital of 10,000 Ethiopian Birr (ETB). ETG transitioned from a privately owned firm into an employee-owned share company in the late 2010s.
Services
Building design
ETG designed and supervised the headquarters for Wegagen Bank. The project integrated Green Building Concepts and Technologies and was finalized within six years with a budget of almost 1 billion Ethiopian Birr (ETB).
Following the completion of Wegagen Bank, the company designed several buildings for financial institutions, including a 36-story mixed-use tower for the Amhara Credit and Savings Institute.
Contract administration and supervision
ETG was responsible for the design and contract administration of Adama stadium, an 80,000-seat stadium with a budget of 1.7 billion ETB ($82 million). In addition, ETG was the contract administrator and supervisor for the expansion of St. Paul's maternity and children hospital and St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College Construction Project. The projects had an approximate budget of 178 million ETB. Another ETG Project is Allana Meat Processing Plant, built on 75 hectares of land in Adami Tulu area in Ziway town approximately from Addis Ababa. The company also undertook a project by the Federal Housing Corporation which included 8 buildings in various sites totaling 435 apartment houses. The project's stated budget was 1.8 billion ETB.
References
Architecture in Ethiopia
Companies based in Addis Ababa
Consulting firms established in 1996
Employee-owned companies
Architecture firms
Engineering consulting firms | ETG Designers and Consultants | [
"Engineering"
] | 384 | [
"Engineering consulting firms",
"Engineering companies"
] |
75,324,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%20drag | In fluid dynamics, Epstein drag is a theoretical result, for the drag force exerted on spheres in high Knudsen number flow (i.e., rarefied gas flow). This may apply, for example, to sub-micron droplets in air, or to larger spherical objects moving in gases more rarefied than air at standard temperature and pressure. Note that while they may be small by some criteria, the spheres must nevertheless be much more massive than the species (molecules, atoms) in the gas that are colliding with the sphere, in order for Epstein drag to apply. The reason for this is to ensure that the change in the sphere's momentum due to individual collisions with gas species is not large enough to substantially alter the sphere's motion, such as occurs in Brownian motion.
The result was obtained by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1924. His result was used for. high-precision measurements of the charge on the electron in the oil drop experiment performed by Robert A. Millikan, as cited by Millikan in his 1930 review paper on the subject. For the early work on that experiment, the drag was assumed to follow Stokes' law. However, for droplets substantially below the submicron scale, the drag approaches Epstein drag instead of Stokes drag, since the mean free path of air species (atoms and molecules) is roughly of order of a tenth of a micron.
Statement of the law
The magnitude of the force on a sphere moving through a rarefied gas, in which the diameter of the sphere is of order or less than the collisional mean free path in the gas, is
where is the radius of the spherical particle, is the number density of gas species,
is their mass, is the arithmetic
mean speed of gas species, and is the relative speed of the sphere with respect to the rest frame
of the gas. The factor encompasses the microphysics of the
gas-sphere interaction and the resultant distribution of velocities of the reflected particles,
which is not a trivial problem. It is not uncommon to assume (see below) presumably
in part because empirically is found to be close to 1 numerically, and in part because
in many applications, the uncertainty due to is dwarfed by other uncertainties in the problem.
For this reason, one sometimes encounters Epstein drag written with the factor left absent. The force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the sphere. Forces acting normal to the direction of motion
are known as "lift", not "drag", and in any case are not present in the stated problem
when the sphere is not rotating.
For mixtures of gases (e.g. air), the
total force is simply the sum of the forces due to each component of the gas, noting with care that
each component (species) will have a different , a different and a different
. Note that where is the gas density,
noting again, with care, that in the case of multiple species, there are multiple different
such densities contributing to the overall force.
The net force is due both to momentum transfer to the sphere due to species impinging on it, and
momentum transfer due to species leaving, due either to reflection, evaporation, or some combination of the two.
Additionally, the force due to reflection depends upon whether the reflection is purely specular or, by
contrast, partly or fully diffuse, and the force also depends upon whether the reflection is purely elastic, or
inelastic, or some other assumption regarding the velocity distribution of reflecting particles, since
the particles are, after all, in thermal contact - albeit briefly - with the surface. All of these
effects are combined in Epstein's work in an overall prefactor "". Theoretically,
for purely elastic specular reflection, but may be less than or greater than unity
in other circumstances.
For reference, note that kinetic theory gives
For the specific cases considered by Epstein, ranges from
a minimum value of 1 up to a maximum value of 1.444. For example, Epstein predicts
for diffuse elastic collisions. One may sometimes encounter
where is the accommodation coefficient, which appears in the Maxwell model for the interaction of gas species with surfaces,
characterizing the fraction of reflection events that are diffuse (as opposed to specular). (There are other accommodation coefficients that
describe thermal energy transfer as well, but are beyond the scope of this article.)
In-line with theory, an empirical measurement, for example,
for melamine-formaldehyde spheres in argon gas, gives as measured
by one method, and by another method, as reported by the same authors in the
same paper. According to Epstein himself, Millikan found
for oil drops, whereas Knudsen found for glass spheres.
In his paper, Epstein also considered modifications to allow for nontrivial . That is,
he treated the leading terms in what happens if the flow is not fully in the rarefied regime. Also, he considered
the effects due to rotation of the sphere. Normally, by "Epstein drag," one does not include such
effects.
As noted by Epstein himself, previous work on this problem had been performed by
Langevin by
Cunningham, and by
Lenard. These previous results were in error,
however, as shown by Epstein; as such, Epstein's work is viewed as definitive, and the result goes by his name.
Applications
As mentioned above, the original practical application of Epstein drag was to refined estimates of the charge on the electron in the Millikan oil-drop experiment. Several substantive practical applications have ensued.
One application among many in astrophysics is the problem
of gas-dust coupling in protostellar disks. See also section 4.1.1, "Epstein drag," page 110-111 of.
Another application is the drag on stellar dust in red giant atmospheres, which counteracts the acceleration due to radiation pressure
Another application is to dusty plasmas.
References
Drag (physics)
Theoretical physics | Epstein drag | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,204 | [
"Drag (physics)",
"Theoretical physics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
75,324,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling%20Industries | Sterling Industries is medical device contract manufacturer with manufacturing facilities and distribution channels in the U.S., Canada and Europe. The company, established in 1984, specializes in the manufacturing and assembly of medical devices and sub-components. Sterling Industries assists medical device OEMs and scale-up companies by providing scaled production, design for manufacturing, supplier consolidation, and other essential value chain services.
History
In 2007, David Van Slingerland began leading as CEO, shaping the company's strategic direction and guiding Sterling Industries through significant growth.
In 2020, the Federal Government of Canada collaborated with Sterling Industries to facilitate the production of over 15 million personal protection equipment (PPE) in response to COVID-19 pandemic. The company also signed a contract with the Government of Ontario for 11 million medical face shields and an agreement with the Province of Alberta for an additional 1 million units of PPE.
In 2022, Sterling Industries, in partnership with VentureLab, started hosting a $2.5 million MedTech lab focused on the unique hardware and semiconductor needs of healthcare companies.
Awards And Recognition
In November 2022, the CEO of Sterling Industries, David Van Slingerland, was selected to receive The Order of Vaughan award, the highest honor the City of Vaughan may present.
Community Involvement
In August 2020, the company donated 3,000 face shields to Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto and committed to another donation of 3,000 face shields to Mackenzie Health in Vaughan, Ontario.
In April 2021, Sterling Industries partnered with the City of Vaughan to sponsor the Activate!Vaughan Health Innovation Challenge saw the participation of 78 startups and over 100 entrepreneurs competing for grant funding.
References
External links
Official website
Medical device manufacturers
Medical technology companies
Companies of North America
Companies established in 1984
Medical technology companies of the United States
Medical technology companies of Canada
1984 establishments in Ontario | Sterling Industries | [
"Biology"
] | 373 | [
"Medical technology companies",
"Life sciences industry"
] |
75,324,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZLY18 | ZLY18 is an experimental drug that acts as an agonist of the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and all three types of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (alpha, delta, and gamma). It is in development for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
References
PPAR agonists
Stilbenoids
Carboxylic acids
4-Methoxyphenyl compounds
Fluoroarenes
Phenol ethers
Free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists | ZLY18 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 105 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
75,325,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurolidine/heparin | Taurolidine/heparin, sold under the brand name Defencath, is a fixed-dose combination catheter lock solution used for central venous catheter instillation. It contains taurolidine, a thiadiazinane antimicrobial; and heparin, an anti-coagulant. Its use is limited to people with kidney failure receiving chronic hemodialysis through a central venous catheter.
The most frequently reported adverse reactions include hemodialysis catheter malfunction, hemorrhage/bleeding, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, musculoskeletal chest pain, and thrombocytopenia.
Taurolidine/heparin was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2023. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Medical uses
Taurolidine/heparin is indicated to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections in adults with kidney failure who are receiving chronic hemodialysis through a central venous catheter. It is indicated in this limited and specific patient population.
History
Taurolidine/heparin was studied in a single, randomized, active-controlled phase III clinical trial. In this trial, taurolidine/heparin delayed the time it took to acquire a catheter related bloodstream infection. Taurolidine/heparin demonstrated a 71% risk reduction in catheter related bloodstream infections versus the heparin comparator arm (95% confidence interval for risk reduction: 38% to 86%; p value = 0.0006).
References
Combination drugs
Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs
Antibiotics
Heparins | Taurolidine/heparin | [
"Biology"
] | 370 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
75,327,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-288 | K2-288 is a binary star system consisting of two red dwarfs. The companion star, K2-288B, is known to host a single planet, K2-288Bb.
Planetary System
In January 2019, it was announced that a team of citizen scientists had discovered a planet orbiting K2-288B.
See also
Kepler 296, similar red dwarf binary with exoplanets
References
Taurus (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars | K2-288 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 96 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,328,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilsequence | In mathematics, a nilsequence is a type of numerical sequence playing a role in ergodic theory and additive combinatorics. The concept is related to nilpotent Lie groups and almost periodicity. The name arises from the part played in the theory by compact nilmanifolds of the type where is a nilpotent Lie group and a lattice in it.
The idea of a basic nilsequence defined by an element of and continuous function on is to take , for an integer, as . General nilsequences are then uniform limits of basic nilsequences. For the statement of conjectures and theorems, technical side conditions and quantifications of complexity are introduced. Much of the combinatorial importance of nilsequences reflects their close connection with the Gowers norm. As explained by Host and Kra, nilsequences originate in evaluating functions on orbits in a "nilsystem"; and nilsystems are "characteristic for multiple correlations".
Case of the circle group
The circle group arises as the special case of the real line and its subgroup of the integers. It has nilpotency class equal to 1, being abelian, and the requirements of the general theory are to generalise to nilpotency class The semi-open unit interval is a fundamental domain, and for that reason the fractional part function is involved in the theory. Functions involving the fractional part of the variable in the circle group occur, under the name "bracket polynomials". Since the theory is in the setting of Lipschitz functions, which are a fortiori continuous, the discontinuity of the fractional part at 0 has to be managed.
That said, the sequences , where is a given irrational real number, and an integer, and studied in diophantine approximation, are simple examples for the theory. Their construction can be thought of in terms of the skew product construction in ergodic theory, adding one dimension.
Polynomial sequences
The imaginary exponential function maps the real numbers to the circle group (see Euler's formula#Topological interpretation). A numerical sequence where is a polynomial function with real coefficients, and is an integer variable, is a type of trigonometric polynomial, called a "polynomial sequence" for the purposes of the nilsequence theory. The generalisation to nilpotent groups that are not abelian relies on the Hall–Petresco identity from group theory for a workable theory of polynomials. In particular the polynomial sequence comes with a definite degree.
Möbius function and nilsequences
A family of conjectures was made by Ben Green and Terence Tao, concerning the Möbius function of prime number theory and -step nilsequences. Here the underlying Lie group is assumed simply connected and nilpotent with length at most . The nilsequences considered are of type with some fixed in , and the function continuous and taking values in . The form of the conjecture, which requires a stated metric on the nilmanifold and Lipschitz bound in the implied constant, is that the average of up to is smaller asymptotically than any fixed inverse power of As a subsequent paper published in 2012 proving the conjectures put it, The Möbius function is strongly orthogonal to nilsequences.
Subsequently Green, Tao and Tamar Ziegler also proved a family of inverse theorems for the Gowers norm, stated in terms of nilsequences. This completed a program of proving asymptotics for simultaneous prime values of linear forms.
Tao has commented in his book Higher Order Fourier Analysis on the role of nilsequences in the inverse theorem proof. The issue being to extend IG results from the finite field case to general finite cyclic groups, the "classical phases"—essentially the exponentials of polynomials natural for the circle group—had proved inadequate. There were options other than nilsequences, in particular direct use of bracket polynomials. But Tao writes that he prefers nilsequences for the underlying Lie theory structure.
Equivalent form for averaged Chowla and Sarnak conjectures
Tao has proved that a conjecture on nilsequences is an equivalent of an averaged form of a noted conjecture of Sarvadaman Chowla involving only the Möbius function, and the way it self-correlates. Peter Sarnak made a conjecture on the non-correlation of the Möbius function with more general sequences from ergodic theory, which is a consequence of Chowla's conjecture. Tao's result on averaged forms showed all three conjectures are equivalent. The 2018 paper The logarithmic Sarnak conjecture for ergodic weights by Frantzikinakis and Host used this approach to prove unconditional results on the Liouville function.
Notes
Sequences and series
Nilpotent groups
Ergodic theory
Additive combinatorics | Nilsequence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,017 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Additive combinatorics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Ergodic theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
75,329,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence%2C%20Argument%2C%20and%20Persuasion%20in%20the%20Policy%20Process | In Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process, published in 1989, Italian political scientist Giandomenico Majone contrasts a vision of policy analysis as a technical, nonpartisan, and objective enterprise, with one more dependent upon the political environment in which it is formulated. Against a 'decisionist' view of information-for-decisions, Majone sets policy analysis as distinct from the academic social sciences on the one hand, and from problem-solving methodologies such as operations research on the other (p. 7).
The tasks entrusted to an analyst - according to Majone - are to screen the evidence according to a plurality of viewpoints, elaborate arguments relative to the appropriateness of given policies, elaborate these arguments as a function of the intended audience, and finally present these argument convincingly. For this reason, beyond the necessary technical competence, the analyst should possess rhetorical and dialectical skills.
This book contributes to the efforts to provide a more realistic portrayals of the strengths and limits of analysis, like Richard_R._Nelson’s The Moon and the Ghetto and Aaron Wildavsky’s Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis.
References
Science and technology studies
Political science books | Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process | [
"Technology"
] | 248 | [
"Science and technology studies"
] |
75,329,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excision%20BioTherapeutics | Excision BioTherapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company based in San Francisco focused on developing gene therapies against HIV infection.
The company has a single, CRISPR–Cas9 based therapy, EBT-101, under investigation. Initial investigation into the therapy was conducted by the lab of Kamel Khalili, a professor at Temple University. In July 2023 the US Food and Drug Administration granted EBT-101 fast-track status. In October 2023 an early-stage study on 3 people reported that the treatment appeared to be safe with no major side effects but no data on its effectiveness was disclosed.
See also
CRISPR gene editing#HIV/AIDS
References
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Antiretroviral drugs
Gene therapy | Excision BioTherapeutics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 157 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Genetic engineering",
"Gene therapy",
"Medical technology stubs",
"Medical technology"
] |
75,329,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%27s%20nightmare | Fubini's nightmare is a seeming violation of Fubini's theorem, where a nice space, such as the square is foliated by smooth fibers, but there exists a set of positive measure whose intersection with each fiber is singular (at most a single point in Katok's example). There is no real contradiction to Fubini's theorem because despite smoothness of the fibers, the foliation is not absolutely continuous, and neither are the conditional measures on fibers.
Existence of Fubini's nightmare complicates fiber-wise proofs for center foliations of partially hyperbolic dynamical systems: these foliations are typically Hölder but not absolutely continuous.
A hands-on example of Fubuni's nightmare was suggested by Anatole Katok and published by John Milnor.
A dynamical version for center foliation was constructed by Amie Wilkinson and Michael Shub.
Katok's construction
Foliation
For a consider the coding of points of the interval by sequences of zeros and ones, similar to the binary coding, but splitting the intervals in the ratio . (As for the binary coding, we identify with )
The point, corresponding to a sequence is given explicitly by
where
is the length of the interval after first splits.
For a fixed sequence the map is analytic. This follows from the Weierstrass M-test: the series for converges uniformly on compact subsets of the intersection In particular, is an analytic curve.
Now, the square is foliated by analytic curves
Set
For a fixed and random sampled according to the Lebesgue measure, the coding digits are independent Bernoulli random variables with parameter , namely and
By the law of large numbers, for each and almost every
By Fubini's theorem, the set
has full Lebesgue measure in the square .
However, for each fixed sequence the limit of its Cesàro averages is unique, if it exists. Thus every curve either does not intersect at all (if there is no limit), or intersects it at the single point where
Therefore, for the above foliation and set , we observe a Fubini's nightmare.
Wilkinson–Shub construction
Wilkinson and Shub considered diffeomorphisms which are small perturbations of the diffeomorphism of the three dimensional torus where is the Arnold's cat map. This map and its small perturbations are partially hyperbolic. Moreover, the center fibers of the perturbed maps are smooth circles, close to those for the original map.
The Wilkinson and Shub perturbation is designed to preserve the Lebesgue measure and to make the diffeomorphism ergodic with the central Lyapunov exponent Suppose that is positive (otherwise invert the map). Then the set of points, for which the central Lyapunov exponent is positive, has full Lebesgue measure in
On the other hand, the length of the circles of the central foliation is bounded above. Therefore, on each circle, the set of points with positive central Lyapunov exponent has to have zero measure. More delicate arguments show that this set is finite, and we have the Fubini's nightmare.
References
Theorems in measure theory
Articles containing proofs | Fubini's nightmare | [
"Mathematics"
] | 681 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in measure theory"
] |
75,331,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20plumbate | Calcium plumbate is an inorganic chemical that has been used extensively as an anticorrosive pigment in paints and coatings. The formula is given as CaO3Pb, but also is shown as CaO4Pb2 in other sources. The compound has REACH restricted status due to the general toxicity of lead based compounds.
Manufacture
It is usually manufactured by the reaction of calcium oxide (CaO) and lead oxide (PbO) at high temperature in the presence of excess oxygen.
Recent research indicates that it can be prepared by sol-gel methodology.
Toxicology
Calcium plumbate and other lead paint additives have been known to cause lead poisoning for over 50 years. The effects of paint containing calcium plumbate dust have likewise been studied and analytical techniques developed to assess lead content. Studies also include finding calcium plumbate in soils and further possible bioaccumulation. The demand for lead in all forms is decreasing worldwide, though the use of calcium plumbate and other heavy metal compounds in cement and concrete is subject to recent research and the specific toxicology studied.
See also
Environmental issues with paint
Lead abatement
Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom
References
Lead compounds
Pigments
Coatings | Calcium plumbate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 238 | [
"Coatings"
] |
75,331,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%20Shabarova | Zoe Alekseevna Shabarova (; August, 15 1925 – September, 19 1999) was a Soviet organic chemist and Honored Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Her work became fundamental for the development of the theoretical principles of bioorganic chemistry, especially in the area of chemistry of nucleic acids, their properties and synthesis.
Early years
Zoe (maiden surname is Rumyantseva) was brought up in the Tver Oblast. She was the eldest of two sisters. In 1941, Third Reich troops invaded the Soviet Union, so the Rumyantsev family was evacuated to Uzbekistan; they returned home in September 1943. Her father was killed during the war while fighting in Smolensk. While living in Uzbekistan, Rumyantseva got her secondary education at a local school. In 1943 she entered the Chemistry Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Rumyantseva attended lectures on bioorganic chemistry by such influential academicians of Moscow State University as M.M. Botvinik and N.I. Gavrilov. In the late 1940s she joined the scientific group of the famous later Soviet organic chemist M.A. Prokofiev. She graduated in 1948, and continued her research work as a graduate student in Prokofiev's laboratory.
Scientific achievements
Shabarova began her research activity as a member of Prof. Prokofiev's scientific group. Her first study dealt with the structure and chemical properties of nucleopeptides found among the hydrolysis products of natural nucleic acids. This pioneering research was a foundation of modern molecular biology.
Shabarova discovered the chemical properties of the simple model compounds, such as aminopyrimidines, pyrimidylaminoacids and aminoacyl derivatives of pyrimidines. She subsequently studied the aminoacid derivatives of nucleotides (O- and N-types).
In 1951, Shabarova upheld her thesis on the topic "Synthesis and properties of pyrimidylaminoacids and pyrimidyl-(puryl-)-amides of amino acids and peptides". In 1965, she presented her doctoral dissertation on "Research in the field of phosphoamide-type nucleotidopeptides".
While studying compounds consisted of protein or peptide and nucleotide fragments, she discovered a reaction which allows researchers to determine the type of bond in natural nucleoproteins. Due to this research, the mechanism of DNA and RNA ligases' catalysis was established.
In the 1960s, Shabarova started research on the synthesis of oligonucleotides, focusing on the opportunity of solid-phase synthesis. Together with Dr. V.K. Potapov, she continued their study in this new field. In the late 1970s they successfully finished (together with D.G. Knorre), resulting in the development of one's of the world's first automatic synthesizers of oligonucleotides, which they dubbed "Victoria”.
The works, in which Zoe with her apprentices developed reactions occurring in supramolecular complexes of biopolymers, received worldwide acknowledgment. They dealt with ultrafast matrix-dependent assembling of genetic structures, obtaining small single-stranded DNA fragments, directional modificating of sugar-phosphate backbone, including opportunity to specific cleavage of phosphodiester bonds, modificating DNA-duplexes to be able to form covalent bonds with DNA-recognizing proteins without external exposure. After inventing an automatic synthesizer of oligonucleotides, chemical ligation of synthetic DNA blocks was elaborated. Shabarova’s technic was being used to synthesize modified DNA, which are resistant to the action of enzymes. These studies allowed further supplying the Russian scientific institutes with oligonucleotides with a particular sequence and appropriate modifications. Moreover, research in this area contributed to the development of "protein traps", gene expression modulators, antivirals, antitumors and other drugs based on modified nucleic acids. The unique approach to design DNA-based substrates and inhibitors allowed to scrutinize enzymes' active sites.
Furthermore, methods for activating oligonucleotides in aqueous media to construct nonradioactive probes for medicine diagnostics had been also discovered. In addition, approaches to change the rate of protein synthesis in living systems by injecting specific oligonucleotides had been elaborated, too.
Shabarova also studied the chemical foundations of the construction of recombinant RNAs, including region-specific cleavage of the RNA chain and chemical ligation of fragments on a complementary matrix. Along with it, revertase protein explored in 1970, which is able to synthesize DNA on the RNA matrix from any given position, was investigated. Due to this study, an idea of the life cycle of some viruses was conceived (marked with USSR State Prize for the cycle of works, 1979). Together with D.G. Knorre, R.I. Salganik, N.I. Grineva, she was awarded the Lenin Prize of the USSR (1990) for the cycle of works "Creating the foundations of targeted modification of genetic structures".
Organizational life
Shabarova had active social and scientific-organizational life. Starting in 1966 she was the head of the Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Chemistry of the Belozersky Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, and starting in 1970 she was a professor at the Division of Chemistry of Natural Compounds of the Chemistry Department of Moscow State University. In 1966 she became deputy chairman of the specialized Council for the defense of doctoral dissertations at Moscow State University. Shabarova was also a member of the Scientific Council of the Moscow State University Belozersky Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology (1968) and Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS (IBCh RAS) (1980), a member of the International Scientific Society "Chemistry of Nucleic Acids" (1989) and a Honored Soros Professor, member of the editorial boards of international journals.
Shabarova taught graduate students and students engaged in the Department of the Division of Chemistry of Natural Compounds. She also gave lectures on the chemistry of nucleic acids at the Chemistry Department of Moscow State University. Her book, Chemistry of nucleic acids and their Components, written in collaboration with A.A. Bogdanov in 1978, is still the only textbook that outlines the chemical properties of DNA and RNA, methods of synthesis of oligonucleotides, and the chemical foundations of genetic engineering. An expanded edition, translated into English, was published in Germany in 1994 and received admiring reviews. She also gave a course of lectures on bioorganic chemistry at foreign universities in countries such as the USA, England, France, Germany, Japan, and Italy.
In 1965-1999 she was the head of the Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Chemistry of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department.
During her career, Shabarova prepared about 70 candidates of sciences, who went on to work in leading laboratories all over the world. One of her apprentices, Benediktas Iodka, was a Head of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.
Shabarova wrote approximately 500 scientific papers, published both in Soviet and world authoritative scientific journals. She also had 7 patents.
Legacy
Shabarova was buried at the Aksininsky cemetery (Odintsovo city district of the Moscow region).
In 2000 a memorial plaque with her name was opened in the Belozersky Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology of Moscow State University.
Awards
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
USSR State Prize for the cycle of works "Reverse transcriptase (revertase)" (1979)
Jubilee badge "225 years of MSU" (1980)
Medal "Veteran of Labor" (1984)
Prize of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR for work on the creation of a solid-phase method for the synthesis of gene fragments and the development of a domestic automatic gene synthesizer "Victoria" (1980, 1982, 1986)
Lenin Prize together with D. G. Knorre, R. I. Salganik, N. I. Grineva (1990) for a series of works "Creating the foundations of targeted modification of genetic structures" (1990)
Honorary title of "Distinguished Professor of Moscow State University" (1996)
Personal life
Zoe Rumyantseva married Yuri Sergeevich Shabarov (1919-2005) in 1950. Shabarov was a famous chemist and a professor of the Chemistry Department of Moscow State University. They had a son, Alexey Yuryevich Shabarov, in 1953. He graduated from Moscow State University, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. He worked at the on Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics Department of Moscow State University, and later became an employee of Research Institute of Technical Physics and Automation.
Shabarova was keen on physical and chemical biology and bioorganic chemistry. In addition to conducting research Zoe Alekseevna loved skiing and fishing with her family.
Books
Shabarova Z.A., Bogdanov A.A. Himiya nukleinovyh kislot i ih komponentov. M.: Himiya, 1978, 582 s.
Zoe Shabarova, Alexey Bogdanov. Advanced Organic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids. — Weinheim: VCH, 1994. — 588 S. — ISBN 3527290214.
Shabarova Z.A., Bogdanov A.A., Zolotuhin A.S. Himicheskie osnovy geneticheskoj inzhenerii. M.: MGU, 1994, 224 s.
Further reading
Moskovskaya enciklopediya. Tom 1: Lica Moskvy. Kniga 5: U-Ya. — M.: OAO «Moskovskie uchebniki», 2012 Shabarovy: poltora veka moskovskoj sem'i / A.Yu.
Shabarov. Moskva: ARTKITHEN, 2018, ISBN 978-5-905993-12-1, 367 s.
References
Moscow State University
People from Tver Oblast
Moscow State University alumni
1925 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Russian chemists
20th-century Russian women scientists
Soviet chemists
Soviet women chemists
Russian biochemists
Russian women chemists
Women biochemists | Zoe Shabarova | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,181 | [
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
75,331,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schliemann%27s%20Trench | Schliemann's Trench (sometimes referred to as Schliemann's Great Trench) is the name commonly given to a gash cut into the side of Hisarlik, Turkey, between 1871 and 1890 by Heinrich Schliemann in his quest to find the ruins of Troy. By digging this trench, Schliemann destroyed a large portion of the site.
Excavation of the trench
In OctoberNovember 1871, Heinrich Schliemann "officially" began excavating the site by digging into the northern side of Hisarlik. Schliemann returned to the site in April 1872 with battering rams and windlasses, excavating a wide area between the trench he had dug in 1871 and trenches dug earlier by Frank Calvert. Around this time, Schliemann also widened his north–south trench, extending it clear through the southern end of the hill. In the middle of this north–south trench, Schliemann dug further down until he hit bedrock, uncovering in the process the remnants of two separate citadel (walls IIb and IIc), which he believed were the "Tower of Ilion".
In February 1873, Schliemann continued excavations in the north-eastern part of Hisarlik and started new excavations on the hill's southeast side. During this season, Schliemann discovered the southwestern part of Troy II's citadel walls as well as Gate FM, its associated ramp, and buildings that Schliemann believed to be the remnants of Priam's palace. Schliemann would return to the site in 1878 and 1879 (during which he focused most of his attention on clearing the middle of the hill and deepening his north–south trench), 1882 (during which, among other things, he continued to deepen the north–south trench), and 1890 (when he focused most of his attention on excavating the exposed parts of the Troy II citadel).
After Schliemann's excavations ceased, the deep north–south trench became a notable feature of the site, and it is still visible to this day. The trench is often cited as an example of Schliemann's inexperience, for in digging through Hisarlik until he hit bedrock, Schliemann destroyed much of the site, thus "mak[ing] a hugely complex site even more so".
References
Bibliography
1890 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Buildings and structures completed in 1890
Troy
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Archaeological sites in the Marmara region
Heinrich Schliemann
Earth structures | Schliemann's Trench | [
"Engineering"
] | 513 | [
"Construction",
"Earth structures"
] |
75,331,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon%20McPhearson | Timon McPhearson is an American urban ecologist, researcher, academic and author. He is Professor of Urban Ecology at The New School and the founder and director of its Urban Systems Lab. McPhearson is known for his interdisciplinary research on the interacting social-ecological-technological processes that drive urban system dynamics and impact human well-being. He is a research fellow at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies and Stockholm Resilience Centre. McPhearson received the 2023 Sustainability Science Award from the Ecological Society of America.
Academic background
McPhearson received a B.S. in Environmental Biology from Taylor University 1997, and then a PhD in ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources from Rutgers University in 2004. In 2008, he finished his Postdoctoral research in Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology (E3B) from the Earth Institute at Columbia University.
Career
From 2003 to 2005, McPhearson worked as a biodiversity scientist for the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). And from 2004 to 2009, he worked as a scientist for the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners at the AMNH, including as a scientific advisor at Science Bulletins, an original production of the National Center for Science Literacy, Education, and Technology (NCSLET), which is also a part of the Department of Education at AMNH.
In 2016, McPhearson co-founded the Future Earth Urban Knowledge Network, an international network of multidisciplinary researchers and innovators working on resolving cumbersome urban problems worldwide and served as co-chair until 2021.
From 2019 to 2021, McPhearson consulted for UN-HABITAT, CGIAR's Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, and from 2020 to 2022, McPhearson was a member at the NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency Rapid Research and Assessment Initiative on COVID-19 and a partner at NYC Mayor's Office of Data Analytics and the mayor's Office of Policy and Planning, COVID Recovery Data Partnership.
McPhearson has been an adviser at the World Resources Institute, Ross Center for Sustainable Cities since 2020, an inaugural member of the World Economic Forum (WEF)'s Global Commission on BiodiverCities since 2021, and member of The New School's Zolberg Institute's Cities and Human Mobility Research Collaborative since 2020 and Tishman Environment and Design Center at The New School since 2016.
McPhearson contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) first global assessment as a contributing author from 2018 to 2020, and a lead author for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6).
Academia
From 2008 to 2009, McPhearson was a visiting assistant professor of ecology at Columbia University's Earth Institute.
From 2008 to 2016, McPhearson was an assistant professor of Urban Ecology at The New School. He was tenured at associate professor level in 2016 and appointed as full professor in 2021.
In 2015, McPhearson founded the Urban Systems Lab at The New School and has been serving as its director, and from 2015 to 2017, he served as a chair of the Environmental Studies Program at The New School.
In 2017, McPhearson was a visiting research fellow at Humboldt University. He has also been serving as a senior research fellow at both the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies and at Stockholm University's Stockholm Resilience Center since 2017.
In 2021, McPhearson became a faculty affiliate at the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Bibliography
Books
Urban Planet: Knowledge towards Sustainable Cities, Cambridge University Press (2018)
Resilient Urban Futures, Springer-Nature (2021)
Nature-Based Solutions for Cities, Edward Elgar Publishing (2023)
Select publications
Gómez-Baggethun, Erik, Åsa Gren, David N. Barton, Johannes Langemeyer, Timon McPhearson, Patrick O’farrell, Erik Andersson, Zoé Hamstead, and Peleg Kremer. "Urban ecosystem services." Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities: A global assessment (2013): 175–251.
McPhearson, Timon, Steward TA Pickett, Nancy B. Grimm, Jari Niemelä, Marina Alberti, Thomas Elmqvist, Christiane Weber, Dagmar Haase, Jürgen Breuste, and Salman Qureshi. "Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities." BioScience 66, no. 3 (2016): 198–212.
Bennett, Elena M., Martin Solan, Reinette Biggs, Timon McPhearson, Albert V. Norström, Per Olsson, Laura Pereira et al. "Bright spots: seeds of a good Anthropocene." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14, no. 8 (2016): 441–448.
McPhearson, T., D. Iwaniec, X. Bai. “Positives visions for guiding transformations toward desirable urban futures.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
McPhearson, T., S. Parnell, D. Simon, O. Gaffney, T. Elmqvist, X. Bai, D. Roberts, A. Revi. 2016. “Scientists must have a say in the future of cities.” Nature, 538:165-166
Dodman, D., B. Hayward, M. Pelling, V. Castan Broto, W. Chow, E. Chu, R. Dawson, L. Khirfan, T. McPhearson, A. Prakash, Y. Zheng, and G. Ziervogel. (2022). IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 6: Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press.
Ilieva, R.T., T. McPhearson. 2018. “Social media data for urban sustainability.” Nature Sustainability 1:553–565
Keeler, B.L., P. Hamel, T. McPhearson, et al. 2019. “Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature.” Nature Sustainability 2: 29-38
McPhearson, T., M. Raymond, C., Gulsrud, N., Albert, C., Coles, N., Fagerholm, N., Nagatsu, M., Olafsson, A.S., Soininen, N., and Vierikko, K. (2021). Radical changes for transformations to a good Anthropocene. npj Urban Sustainability. 1(5).
McPhearson, T., E. Cook, M. Berbés-Blázquez, C. Cheng, N.B. Grimm, et al. (2022). A social-ecological-technological systems approach to urban ecosystem services. One Earth, 5, 5, 505–518.
McPhearson, T., E. Andersson, T. Elmqvist, N.Frantzeskaki. 2015. “Resilience Of and Through Urban Ecosystem Services,“ Ecosystem Services 12:152-156,
Petchey, O.L., P.T. McPhearson, T.M. Casey, P.J. Morin. 1999. “Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function.” Nature 420:69-72
Elmqvist, Thomas, Erik Andersson, Niki Frantzeskaki, Timon McPhearson, Per Olsson, Owen Gaffney, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, and Carl Folke. "Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century." Nature sustainability 2, no. 4 (2019): 267–273.
Awards
2023 Sustainability Science Award, Ecological Society of America
2022 Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity (to IPCC and IPBES)
2021 BiodivERsA Prize, “Enabling Green and Blue Infrastructure Potential in Complex Social-Ecological Regions” (ENABLE Project)
2020 New York City Climate Heroes Award, NYC Department of Transportation and Human Impacts Institute
2019 Sustainability Science Award, Ecological Society of America
2019 Innovation in Sustainability Science Award, Ecological Society of America
2018 BiodivERsA Prize, “Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” (URBES Project)
2017 Distinguished University Teaching Award, The New School
References
Notes
External links
Urban Transformations Timon McPhearson
The New School's Urban Systems Lab
Timon McPhearson World Economic Forum
Ecologists
American ecologists
American academics
The New School faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Taylor University alumni
Rutgers University alumni | Timon McPhearson | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,877 | [
"Ecologists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
75,332,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyetheramines | Polyetheramines are a group of chemicals that are aliphatic organic species based on both ether and amine groups. They are produced by reacting either ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with polyols and then aminating them. There are a number of commercially available molecules with different CAS numbers and molecular weights. They often come with a prefix of M, D or T for monofunctional, difunctional and trifunctional respectively. D-230 would mean difunctional with a molecular weight of 230. A key use is for curing epoxy resins.
Use as epoxy resin curatives
One of the primary uses of polyether amines is as an epoxy curing agent. They are commercially available as mono, di and tri-functional. Difunctional versions tend to give flexibility and thus toughness to epoxy resin systems. Studies have been done on the cured properties of epoxy systems using different functionality polyetheramines. As epoxy curatives, they may then be further formulated into CASE applications: coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers.
A key component of a Mannich base apart from formaldehyde and a phenolic species, is an amine. Polyetheramines can undergo the Mannich reaction and thus may be used to make Mannich bases.
Use as a fuel additive
Sludge and other deposits build up in internal combustion engines especially gasoline powered versions. Fuel additives and detergents are thus often employed to help remove these or at least minimize them. Polyetheramines are one such additive.
References
Amines
Polyethers | Polyetheramines | [
"Chemistry"
] | 350 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,332,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Conservation%20House | The Saskatchewan Conservation House (211 Rink Ave, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada) is an early exemplar of energy-efficient building construction that introduced best practices for addressing air leakage in houses. It was designed in response to the energy crisis of the 1970s at the request of the Government of Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan Conservation House pioneered the use of superinsulation and airtightness in passive design and included one of the earliest heat recovery systems. The house did not require a furnace, despite prairie winter temperatures as low as at night.
In 1977, when it was built at 211 Rink Avenue in the Walsh Acres neighborhood of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, the house was the world's most airtight house. The cost of the electricity to heat the house was estimated as $30–40 for a year. The house's building envelope continues to perform as designed, more than 40 years later.
For its first two years, the Saskatchewan Conservation House could be viewed by the public as a model house. In 1978 as many as 1,000 visitors a week visited it. The Saskatchewan Conservation House influenced the development of energy efficiency building codes both in Canada and internationally. It shaped the field of energy-efficient construction, including passive solar building design and the German passive house. In April 2015, Germany's Passive House Institute gave its designers a Pioneer Award for the design and construction of the house.
Project
In response to the energy crisis of the 1970s, the Government of Saskatchewan asked the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) to design and build a solar house that would be "appropriate for Saskatchewan". The house would have to be capable of staying warm despite short winter days and night-time winter temperatures of .
A committee was formed with participation from the Saskatchewan Research Council, the University of Saskatchewan, the Building Research Division of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, and others. Members included R.W. Besant, Rob Dumont, Dave Eyre, Harry Filson, Bill Gibbons, George Green, Hendrik Grolle, Dave Jennings, Garry Marvin, Deryl Thomson, and lead engineer Harold Orr.
Design
One of the first steps taken by Orr's team was to estimate the energy requirements of powering a standard 1970s house with solar power. Their calculations showed that the water-based energy storage technology of the time was inadequate to meet the needs of such a house. The team chose a different approach, that of radically reducing the house's energy demand.
The total energy consumption of a house reflects several factors relating to its building envelope: (1) heat loss through windows, walls, and ceiling, (2) heat loss through the basement, and (3) air leakage.
As one of the principal designers of the Saskatchewan Conservation House, Orr suggested a radical increase in insulation of the walls, ceiling and foundation, and the use of airtight construction techniques. Orr has compared the difference between the two approaches to designing a coffeemaker vs. designing a thermos bottle. A coffeemaker keeps things warm while it is plugged in and turned on, while a thermos stays warm once it is filled without adding more energy.
The resulting house incorporated three key elements: superinsulation, extreme airtightness, and one of the first heat-recovery ventilators.
At a time when most Canadian houses had walls with an insulation R-value of r-8, the Saskatchewan Conservation House had walls with r-40 insulation and a roof with r-60 insulation, increasing the house's insulation to approximately six times compared to the standard. Rather than having a basement, it was raised off the ground to further prevent heat loss to the ground. The raised floor system included a crawl space with r-20 insulation. Orr estimated that suspending the floor above the soil level could mitigate 80 percent of the downward heat loss.
At a time when single-panel windows were the norm and high-grade windows were r-2, the Saskatchewan Conservation House used triple-glazed windows in deep window enclosures. The designers also tried adding a system of shutters that could be used to prevent heat loss, but the shutters were not particularly successful. The house was laid out to take advantage of the Sun when possible, with living accommodations and windows facing south. Large trees were planted to the north to provide a wind buffer, while the south side was left clear to the Sun.
To prevent air leakage and achieve extreme airtightness, Orr and his colleagues installed a vapor barrier themselves. Local contractors did not have the expertise they needed for their experimental technique. They built a double wall, using the outer wall for the structure and placing the vapor barrier on the internal wall, then adding inexpensive blown mineral fibre for insulation.
Because the house was extremely air-tight, the designers built an air-to-air heat exchanger to move fresh air into the house through a series of baffles. On the other side of the baffles, stale indoor air was pushed out. The design transferred heat from the warm exhaust air being released to the cold incoming air.
The Saskatchewan Conservation House did not have a furnace. The cost of electricity to heat the house was estimated at $30–40 for a year.
An experimental solar heating system with a array of vacuum-tube solar collectors collected heat from sunlight during the day, storing it in a water tank insulated to about r-100. Pumps and heat exchangers could use the stored heat to heat the house at night or heat water. Solar gains during the winter were small, so the angle of the array was optimised.
Assessment
The Saskatchewan Conservation House was the most airtight house in the world at the time it was built. Its conservation measures, such as insulation, airtightness, and its ventilation system, were highly effective.
A blower door was used to obtain a standardized measurement of the number of times per hour that a fan could suck all of the air out of a house at a prescribed pressure of . At the time most new Canadian houses scored around 9 air changes per hour (ACH) at 50 Pa. On average, an existing Canadian home had of air gaps, resulting in ratings of around 6.85 ach@50pa. In contrast, the Saskatchewan Conservation House achieved measures of 0.8 ach@50pa. Air remained fresh due to the inclusion of an air-to-air heat exchanger that used waste heat from vented air to warm fresh air as it was moved into the house.
Challenges
The Saskatchewan Conservation House project faced challenges, including the government-mandated inclusion of a solar hot-water system that proved to be expensive and inefficient. The solar component was new and experimental. It cost around $65,000 to build, more than the total cost for the rest of the house, which cost around $60,000. The prototype solar system was also extremely costly to maintain. Even though the electricity to power the system cost a few dollars a month, maintenance during its first year cost approximately $10,000.
Orr's takeaway from the project was that:
Subsequent use
The Saskatchewan Conservation House was used for two years as a model show house. It was then sold to a private owner, who removed the solar component. Its building envelope continues to perform as designed, more than 40 years later.
Impact
The Saskatchewan Conservation House became a model for low-energy house design.
Its design approach of treating the "house as a system" became the basis of a voluntary national building standard. The standard included r-20 insulation, blower-door ratings of 1.5 ach@50pa or better, incorporation of a heat-recovery ventilator, and use of non-toxic materials. The new standard was supported by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and the Canadian Home Builders' Association (CHBA). At the time, it was the most stringent standard in the world. It was introduced decades before green building initiatives such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and Built Green.
The elements used in the project paved the way for the development of the Natural Resources Canada R-2000 standard and its integration into the Canadian national building code. They led to the establishment of new national energy conservation protocols, the Energuide Energy efficiency building codes, for use in Canadian buildings. Fourteen similar houses were constructed in Saskatoon in the mid-1980s, using principles from the Saskatchewan Conservation House.
The Saskatchewan Conservation House also became a model for the international Passive House (Passivhaus) building energy efficiency standard. The Passivhaus standard was developed by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Feist and Swedish structural engineer Bo Adamson. After studying early superinsulated homes, including the Saskatchewan Conservation House, Feist stated a mathematical formula for the design of high-performance buildings, which was published in his thesis Passive Houses in Central Europe (1993).
Feist's standard has two hard limits: airtightness of a building must meet or exceed 0.6 ach@50pa, and its total energy use for heating and cooling must not exceed 15 kilowatt hours (kwh) per square metre of floor area. A building built to this standard can reduce energy consumption by 80 to 90 percent, compared to conventional construction. It is well enough insulated that it does not require an "active" furnace or boiler, hence the term "passivhaus". Buildings are certified to the passivhaus standard.
The first passivhaus to be built, in 1991, was the Darmstadt-Kranichstein Passive House, a row of four townhouses in Darmstadt, Germany. Since then, the passive house approach has become influential in Germany and other areas of Europe. In April 2015, Germany's Passive House Institute gave the designers of the Saskatchewan Conservation House a Pioneer Award for its design and construction.
Ironically, adoption of the approach has been slower in Canada than in Europe. Canada's first passive house was assembled in Whistler, B.C., using prefabricated components from Austria, for use at the 2010 Winter Olympics. The building used about one-tenth of the energy of a comparable-size conventional building, with a heating cost of $280 a year in 2011. In Saskatchewan, the first house to apply for official certification as a passive house was the Temperance Street Passive House, in 2016. It uses many of the principles that were introduced in the Saskatchewan Conservation House in 1977.
References
Buildings and structures in Regina, Saskatchewan
Houses completed in 1977
Energy conservation
Energy efficiency
Sustainable building | Saskatchewan Conservation House | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,124 | [
"Construction",
"Sustainable building",
"Building engineering"
] |
75,333,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capivasertib | Capivasertib, sold under the brand name Truqap, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of breast cancer. It is taken by mouth.
The most common adverse reactions include diarrhea, cutaneous adverse reactions, increased random glucose, decreased lymphocytes, decreased hemoglobin, increased fasting glucose, nausea, fatigue, decreased leukocytes, increased triglycerides, decreased neutrophils, increased creatinine, vomiting, and stomatitis.
In November 2023, capivasertib was approved in the United States for people with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer when used in combination with fulvestrant. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Medical uses
Capivasertib, used in combination with fulvestrant (Faslodex), is indicated for adults with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with one or more PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-alterations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, following progression on at least one endocrine-based regimen in the metastatic setting or recurrence on or within twelve months of completing adjuvant therapy.
History
Efficacy was evaluated in CAPItello-291 (NCT04305496), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in 708 participants with locally advanced or metastatic HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, of which 289 participants had tumors with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-alterations. All participants were required to have progression on aromatase inhibitor-based treatment. Participants could have received up to two prior lines of endocrine therapy and up to one line of chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic disease.
Society and culture
Legal status
Capivasertib was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2023. The FDA granted the application for capivasertib fast track designation.
In April 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Truqap, intended for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with one or more PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alterations. The applicant for this medicinal product is AstraZeneca AB. Capivasertib was approved for medical use in the European Union in June 2024.
References
External links
Protein kinase inhibitors
Pyrrolopyrimidines
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Primary alcohols
Piperidines
Amides | Capivasertib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 586 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,333,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C17H18N6 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C17H18N6}}
The molecular formula C17H18N6 may refer to:
Deuruxolitinib
Ruxolitinib | C17H18N6 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 40 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,333,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H22N2O4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H22N2O4}}
The molecular formula C21H22N2O4 may refer to:
25N-N1-Nap
Picralinal | C21H22N2O4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 43 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,333,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H27NO3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H27NO3}}
The molecular formula C21H27NO3 may refer to:
Propafenone
25O-NBcP | C21H27NO3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 38 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,333,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation%20Prediction%20Observations%20Research%20Task%20Mission | The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task Mission (SPORT) is a partnership between several Brazilian and North American institutions whose objective is to place a small satellite into orbit dedicated to the study of the equatorial ionosphere. In Brazil, the project has institutional support from AEB, ITA and INPE. SPORT has received financial support from FAPESP via thematic project (nº 16/24970-7), valid from December 1, 2017, to November 30, 2022. In the USA side, the participating institutions are NASA, United States Air Force, Utah State University, University of Texas at Dallas, University of Alabama at Huntsville and the Aerospace Corporation. The satellite was launched on November 26, 2022, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA, and placed into orbit from the International Space Station (ISS) on December 29, 2022. Until April, the satellite carried out the commissioning stage to stabilize the satellite in its low orbit around the Earth. The satellite began carrying out science measurements from May 2023, with the detection of plasma bubbles having been publicly announced. The re-entry of the SPORT satellite into the atmosphere was scheduled for early October 2023.
References
CubeSats | Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task Mission | [
"Astronomy"
] | 243 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
75,335,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soboba%20Hot%20Springs | Soboba Hot Springs are a historic hot springs and resort in Riverside County, California, United States. The springs issued from the side of a steep ravine "with narrow, precipitous sides, and the rock exposed is largely a crushed gneiss...the thermal character of the springs is due to crushing and slipping of the rocks". The Soboba Hot Springs resort was adjacent to the reservation of the Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians. Soboba means hot water in the Luiseño language.
Located along the San Jacinto Fault a little more than a mile from the city of San Jacinto and about five miles southeast of the Gilman Hot Springs, a resort based around the springs was first attempted in 1885. The resort closed in 1969, and the remaining buildings burned in a 1979 arson-ignited wildfire. Soboba Resort Casino, a Native American gaming hotel opened in 2019, is located close to where the springs resort once stood.
History
Early history and Ritchey Hot Springs
There were apparently two sets of springs that were called Soboba: According to a 1912 history of Riverside, the local band of Luiseño people "owned not only the never-failing artesian spring that is still the property of the village, but also the sulphur springs on the north, now the health resort, Soboba Lithia Springs".
In 1887, boosters advertising real estate in San Jacinto promised that the area already had 82 artesian wells and two hot springs, likely a reference to some combination of Soboba, Relief Hot Springs, and Eden Hot Springs. In May 1888, the Los Angeles Times published an article on the commercial prospects of the San Jacinto basin and mentioned the hot springs: "Among the attractions may be mentioned three hot sulphur springs...I had the pleasure of inspecting the nearest one yesterday. The water is not at all disagreeable to the taste and its remedial qualities, especially for rheumatism, are said to be superior to those of Arrowhead. Comfortable rooms and good tubs are provided." In 1888, the hot springs were listed for sale: "THE FAMOUS HOT SPRINGS situated one mile north of the flourishing town of San Jacinto may be bought at a bargain. The history and reputation of these springs show that in curative properties and natural advantages they are unsurpassed by any in the State, and analysis by Prof. Doremus and other eastern chemists confirm popular belief. Elegant new bathhouse and cottage with large patronage; a splendid location for a hotel and sanitarium." A later feature on the springs stated, "...a company was formed about fifteen years ago to start a sanitarium...A small hotel was built, but was destroyed by fire soon afterward. Then came the collapse of the great Southern California real estate boom and the financial embarrassment of the principal stockholders in the sanitarium project". Col. John T. Ritchey, originally of Louisville, Kentucky, and later of Redlands, California, bought the surrounding the springs, and a larger adjoining ranch, in about 1899.
The Soboba springs water was being bottled for sale in 1904; ads promised "does not contain even a trace of lime. It cures kidney trouble. Costs 50¢ for five gallons". According to a U.S. government geologist in 1915, "Six springs, which range in temperature from to , furnish water for domestic use and irrigation. Although in 1908 the place had not yet been opened as a public resort, a few guests were taken care of during the summer, and several tubs were provided for bathing. In a tunnel that has been driven into the hillside for a distance of a temperature of was registered. This unusually high temperature has led to the use of the tunnel as a sweat chamber. Gypsum and efflorescent alum salts form on its walls and indicate that the tunnel water may be mineralized to a notable extent by acid constituents. There was formerly a sour spring in the ravine above the main group, but at the time the place was visited it either had been covered by a landslide or overgrown by vegetation. Water from one of the springs was formerly marketed as a table water, as Soboba Lithia Water. Its sale was discontinued when interrupted by the high-water stage of San Jacinto River in 1904, but it was placed on the local market again in 1909".
When Ritchey died in 1910, his obituary mentioned the Soboba Lithia Springs property, stating that "the rough, barren hillsides have been graded, terraced and set to oranges, grape fruit and other citrus fruits and the hot mineral springs furnish water for domestic purposes as well as for irrigation". A "syndicate" bought the springs and the surrounding from the Ritchey estate in 1911. In 1912 a beverage-industry periodical reported that Soboba water, which was "under new management", was bottled for sale at a plant in Hemet. A "series of owners" ran the resort in the years between Ritchey's death and when John and Tillie Althouse took over in 1919.
Althouse era to 1979
By 1922, the springs resort appeared in tourist brochures as Soboba Mineral Hot Springs, which were "in the foothills of the San Jacinto Mountains amidst orange groves. Bathhouse modern in all equipments. Accommodations include two-room cottages of hollow tile with private bathrooms. Rates, American plan, $4.00 and up per day; $22.50 and up per week. For diversion there is riding, swimming, croquet, hiking, hunting, motoring and dancing. Privileges of golf links and tennis court. For reservations and folder address John G. Althouse, Owner, San Jacinto, Cal." In the 1920s the resort added a miniature golf course, and what was called the "Indian village" and intended to turn the resort's proximity to the Soboba reservation into a marketing hook. Designed by Robert Stacy-Judd, the stylized cottages "combined his vast interest in Native American, Mexican, and Central American cultures with an Americanized version of different types of dwelling units. The cultural appropriation of native housing styles created a 'village' of native peoples who did not inhabit the same locations". The cottages had names like Pima, Yuma, and Siwash (a word from Chinook Jargon). According to one travel guide, "Even the hinges on the doors bear the stamp of the American Indian motif, and this is carried out in the furniture, draperies, rugs, lighting, fixtures, and all interior design. The suites in the Indian Village are comfortable and well-ventilated and have the advantage of being cool in summer and warm in winter".
As of 1931, Soboba Hot Mineral Springs were said to be "considerably more expensive" than nearby Gilman Hot Springs, albeit with no more than a fourth of the capacity.
Other celebrity visitors of the 1930s and 1940s reportedly included W. C. Fields and "young Charlton Heston". The Althouses sold out in 1946. By the 1950s the grounds had become notably lush: "The constant water supply has encouraged the growth of a luxurious foliage over the grounds. Desert plants, cactus, cottonwoods, eucalyptus, pepper trees, palms, and citrus trees flourish beautifully forming a shady oasis." The Riverside Community Book of 1954 said, "Guests are accommodated in picturesque lodges with tile roofs and interior decorations of pottery...It is possible to enjoy all of the historic past in single rooms or cottages supplied with running water, steam heat, electric lights, and a cuisine to satisfy the most particular appetite".
Golf course developers bought the resort in 1968 and closed it in 1969, with plans to continue the golf and to build housing nearby. Circa 1979, the resort was being used as a Hare Krishna retreat. The North Mountain fire of June 26, 1979, believed to have been ignited by an arsonist, destroyed seven buildings and essentially razed what remained of the resort. Damages were estimated at .
Water profile
According to U.S. government geologist Gerald A. Waring in 1919, "Soboba Hot Springs, or Ritchey Hot Springs, about east of the San Jacinto springs, are also situated near the base of the mountains. Six springs furnish water that ranges in temperature from to , and is used for domestic supply and to irrigate a small orchard and garden. The Soboba springs issue in a steep, narrow ravine whose precipitous walls consist largely of crushed gneiss. Recent landshde patches within the ravine also indicate that the rocks of the area are broken and disturbed and furnish local evidence that the high temperature of the spring waters is due to crushing and slipping of the rocks. Water from the spring highest on the hillside is shown by analysis...to be moderate in mineral content, but it is interesting because of its comparatively high content of silicaone-quarter of the total solidsand for nearly as great a proportion of normal carbonate. This high content of silica and carbonate, together with the large proportion of alkalies and very little calcium and magnesium, shows plainly that the water is derived from granitic rocks...analysis of water from another spring of the group shows it to be somewhat more concentrated. It is high in silica and bicarbonate, but carbonate is reported absent. Sodium is proportionately high, but calcium and magnesium are present in almost insignificant amounts".
In September 1979, a SDSU geological science master's student found only two springs at the location. She reported, "Heavy floods and mudslides of April, 1980, completely covered the lower spring (SOB-1). The first spring (SOB-1) is located in the ravine 75 meters northeast of the main building and has a very low flow rate. The surface water temperature was and the spring contained H2S gas. The second spring (SOB-2) is located approximately 25 meters further into the ravine, along a set of rough stairs. It had a surface water temperature of , no H2S gas and a low flow rate. It was not possible to collect a nearby creek water sample for comparison since the San Jacinto river was dry."
Additional images
See also
List of casinos in California
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
San Jacinto Wildlife Area
Balneotherapy
References
External links
USC DIGITAL LIBRARY - DICK WHITTINGTON PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION, 1924-1987 - Misc. at Hemet, Riverside County, Calif., 1939
1885 establishments in California
1979 disestablishments in California
Hot springs of California
Luiseño
Springs of Riverside County, California
Tourist attractions in Riverside County, California
Lithia water | Soboba Hot Springs | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,210 | [
"Mineral water",
"Lithia water"
] |
75,335,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota1%20Fornacis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Iota1 Fornacis}}
Iota1 Fornacis is a single sixth-magnitude star in the constellation Fornax. It has a spectrum of G8/K0III, matching a G/K-type giant. Parallax measurements imply a distance of , and it is drifting further away at a speed of 3.44 km/s.
This star is microvariable, varying by 0.0006 magnitudes at Hipparcos wavelengths.
References
Fornax
K-type giants
G-type giants | Iota1 Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 116 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
75,336,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Quade | Jay Quade (born December 13, 1955) is an American geochemist and geologist and former middle-distance runner. He is known for pioneering research applying geochemical isotopic methods for investigations of tectonics, global climate change, and the paleontology of Darwinian evolution.
Biography
Jay Quade was born and grew up in Nevada. As a teenager, he set two all-time Nevada State high school track and field records. At the University of New Mexico, he had a track scholarship, for four years. He was twice an NCAA All-American in track and once an NCAA champion in track (relay race). In 1977 he became a geologist employed by
the Mineral Exploration Division of Utah International, Inc. In 1978 he graduated with B.S. in geology from the University of New Mexico. In 1982 he graduated with an M.S. in geology from the University of Arizona. From 1982 to 1989 he worked as a geologist in Nevada — from 1982 to 1984 for Noranda Exploration, Inc., from 1984 to 1986 for the Desert Research Institute, and from 1986 to 1989 for Mifflin & Associates (a mining consulting firm founded in 1986 by the geologist Martin David Mifflin). From 1989 to 1990 Quade was a graduate student at the University of Utah, where he received his Ph.D. in 1990. In 1991 he was a postdoc at the Australian National University. At the University of Arizona, he was appointed to an assistant professorship in 1992, an associate professorship in 1998, and a full professorship in 2003.
Quade's research is remarkably varied, including low-temperature geochemistry, radiometric dating using a variety of isotopes, and theoretical reconstructions of paleoenvironments, mostly from the Cenozoic. Some of his projects have involved archaeologists and anthropologists. Quade with Thure E. Cerling and other colleagues did important research on stable isotope composition of soil carbonate in the Great Basin. In 2001, Quade with Nathan B. English, Julio L. Betancourt, and Jeffrey S. Dean published an important paper on the deforestation of Chaco Canyon. As a geological team member, Quade has done fieldwork on stratigraphy and paleohydrologic reconstruction in the western USA, gold deposits in Oregon, Alaska, and Nevada, and paleo-lake hydrology in Mongolia, Tibet, Chile, Argentina, and the western USA. From 1985 to 2015 his fieldwork on low temperature geochemistry has been done all over the world: parts of the US, Asia, Australia, and South America, as well as Greece and Ethiopia.
In 2001 Quade won the Farouk El-Baz Award of the Geological Society of America (GSA). In 2015 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of American and also a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). In 2017 he was elected a Fellow of the Geochemical Society. He received in 2016 a Lady Davis Fellowship from the Hebrew University and in 2017 a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship from the University of Tokyo. In 2018 he was awarded the Arthur L. Day Medal.
In Nevada on December 21, 1984, Jay Quade married Barbra A. Valdez. They have three children.
Selected publications
Articles
(See carbon fixation.)
Books
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Geochemists
20th-century American geologists
21st-century American geologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of New Mexico alumni
University of Arizona alumni
University of Utah alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
Scientists from Nevada
New Mexico Lobos men's track and field athletes
NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
American male middle-distance runners
20th-century American sportsmen | Jay Quade | [
"Chemistry"
] | 788 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
75,336,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotheology | Astrotheology is a discipline combining the methods and domains of space science with systematic theology. Astrotheology concerns the theological, cultural, and ethical implications of space exploration and identifies the elements of myth and religion in space science. Astrotheology is a "multi-disciplinary branch of theology that takes up the relationship between God and the creation, especially the creation of the universe over time." Ted F. Peters envisions astrotheology as "the meeting point between theologians and astrobiologists." A.C. Pieterse describes the field as a "prophetic wormhole that relates space-time to eschatological transformation", a theology of nature rather than a natural theology.
History
A.. C. Pieterse traces the "seeds" of astrotheology to the works of Greek philosophers such as Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius who "held that [the] cosmos is infinitely large, with an infinite number of patterns that could sustain intelligence." The theologian Ted Peters similarly identifies ancient debates on the plurality of worlds () as a starting point for astrotheology, tracing it from Aristotle through to Thomas Aquinas, Jean Buridan, and William of Ockham.
The word , hyphenated as , first appears in a tract by the Anglican clergyman William Derham. For Derham, the task of this discipline was to "glorify God by stressing the immensity and magnificence of God's creation." Derham advocated a chronology of space science broken into three eras, the Ptolemaic, the Copernican, and post-Copernican. In 1855, Edward Higginson published a series of four lectures, separating astrotheology into an earlier Jewish period and a modern period, the former regarding the mythology of ancient Israelites and the latter encompassing "modern philosophical views of the solar system and the fixed stars."
Relationship to other fields
For Peters, astrotheology is "at minimum, a theology of space science". It connects with astrobiology, challenging the concept of extraterrestrial intelligence and engaging in discussions about the extent of God's creation. Astrotheology explores the spiritual dimensions inspired by space sciences, and uncovers hidden religious meanings in secular experiences. Astrotheology collaborates with astroethicists to propose public policies related to scientific space exploration and ethical considerations. These policies may include guidelines for responsible space exploration, regulations for the protection of celestial bodies and ecosystems, protocols for interactions with potential extraterrestrial life, and frameworks for international cooperation in space exploration efforts.
See also
Worship of heavenly bodies
Exotheology
Religion in space
Notes
Works cited
Further reading
Theology
Space science | Astrotheology | [
"Astronomy"
] | 557 | [
"Space science",
"Outer space"
] |
75,336,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilating%20polynomial | A polynomial P is annihilating or called an annihilating polynomial in linear algebra and operator theory if the polynomial considered as a function of the linear operator or a matrix A evaluates to zero, i.e., is such that P(A) = 0.
Note that all characteristic polynomials and minimal polynomials of A are annihilating polynomials. In fact, every annihilating polynomial is the multiple of the minimal polynomial of an operator A.
See also
Cayley–Hamilton theorem
Minimal polynomial (linear algebra)
References
Matrix theory
Polynomials
Linear algebra | Annihilating polynomial | [
"Mathematics"
] | 117 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Polynomials",
"Algebra"
] |
75,336,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20experiments%20in%20physics | This is a list of notable experiments in physics. The list includes only experiments with Wikipedia articles. For hypothetical experiments, see thought experiment.
Historical experiments
Articles on several experiments
Bell tests
BICEP and Keck Array
Coincidence method
Discovery of the neutron
Large Hadron Collider experiments
List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
Precision tests of QED
Tests of special relativity
Tests of relativistic energy and momentum
Modern searches for Lorentz violation
Measurements of neutrino speed
Tests of general relativity
Experimental testing of time dilation
On-going experiments
Collider Detector at Fermilab
China Dark Matter Experiment
Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment
General antiparticle spectrometer
GlueX
The E and B Experiment
VIP2 experiment
VITO experiment
See also
List of accelerators in particle physics
History of physics
Science experiments
Physics experiments
Physics-related lists | List of experiments in physics | [
"Physics"
] | 169 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
75,336,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton%20Water%20Treatment%20Works | Hampton Water Treatment Works are water treatment works located on the River Thames in Hampton, London. Built in the second half of the 19th Century to supply London with fresh water, the Waterworks was in the past a significant local employer, and its brick pumphouses dominate the local landscape. The Waterworks are currently owned and operated by Thames Water, occupying a 66 ha site located between the Upper Sunbury Road (A308) and the River Thames. The Waterworks currently has a maximum output of 700 megalitres a day, and supplies ~30% of London's fresh water.
History
Construction of the Waterworks began in the 1850s as a joint venture of the Grand Junction Waterworks Company, the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company, and the West Middlesex Waterworks Company, following the passage of the 1852 Metropolis Water Act, which made it unlawful to take drinking water from the tidal Thames below Teddington Lock because of the amount of sewage in the tidal river. The original works were designed by Joseph Quick and J.W. Restler, and initially comprised sand filter beds to remove suspended solids from the river water, and three massive engine pump houses constructed in Gault brick, with large arched windows and decorative balustrades.
The site was expanded in the 1860s with additional filtration, water storage and steam driven pumping plant built. The last engine house on the site was completed in 1900, and with the establishment of filter beds between Belgrade Road and Rose Hill in the early 20th century (drained in the 1990s to become Hampton Green), the Waterworks came to dominate the southern and western sides of Hampton. The various water companies were amalgamated into the Metropolitan Water Board in 1902.
Once complete the Waterworks were among the largest in the world at the time, supplying over 400 megalitres a day and requiring over 100 tons of coal for the pumphouses. Coal was supplied on barges unloaded at Hampton wharf and moved by cart to the Waterworks. Difficulties with this arrangement led to the construction of the Metropolitan Water Board Light Railway in 1915. The Railway connected the wharf to the Waterworks and Kempton Park pumping station. The Railway also continued to a standard gauge railway siding at Sunbury station, which allowed for coal to be delivered via the London and South Western Shepperton branch line when the river was in flood or operators were on strike.
Operations
In addition to water abstracted locally from the Thames the Waterworks also receives water from other sources. Water is supplied via the Staines Reservoirs Aqueduct (built 1902) from the King George VI Reservoir (1947) and Staines Reservoirs (1902) which receive their water from the River Thames at Hythe End, just above Bell Weir Lock. The aqueduct passes, and transports water from, the Queen Mary Reservoir (1924) and the Water Treatment Works at Kempton Park, which used to be connected to Hampton via the Metropolitan Water Board Railway. Water was also supplied from the Knight and Bessborough Reservoirs (1907) and the Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir (1962) on the opposite (south) side of the Thames. The Hampton works is also the starting point of the Thames-Lea tunnel (1960) which transfers water to the reservoirs in the Lea Valley.
The Waterworks conducts a test of its warning siren (to be used in the event of an unauthorised or accidental release of chlorine or other hazardous material) every Tuesday at approximately 9 a.m. The siren is a former air raid siren dating from the Second World War, and is audible throughout Hampton and Molesey.
See also
Hampton, London
London water supply infrastructure
Thames Water Ring Main
References
Further reading
Hampton Waterworks, One Hampton
Utilities of the United Kingdom
Water treatment facilities
River Thames | Hampton Water Treatment Works | [
"Chemistry"
] | 749 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water treatment facilities"
] |
75,336,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens-Christian%20Svenning | Jens-Christian Svenning is a Danish ecologist, biogeographer and academic. He is a Professor at the Department of Biology at Aarhus University, Denmark where he also serves as the Director of DNRF Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), established in 2023.
Svenning is known for his research in macroecology, biogeography, biodiversity, the effects of climate change on biomes, rewilding, and human-environment interactions across historical and future contexts with a specific focus on concepts like disequilibrium dynamics and the impacts of top-down trophic processes. In 1995, he collected a specimen of a new species of pepper plant which was named after him as Piper svenningii. He is the recipient of the 2011 Global Biodiversity Information Facility Ebbe Nielsen Prize, the EliteForsk Prize from the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science in 2014, the 2016 Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters' Queen Margrethe II's Science Award, Chinese Academy of Sciences' Distinguished Fellow Award in 2017, the 2021 Villum Kann Rasmussen Annual Award in Science and Technology of DKK 5 million, the European Ecological Federation Ernst Haeckel Prize in 2022, and the 2023 Carlsberg Foundation Research Prize.
Svenning was elected as Fellow of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 2010 and the Danish Academy of Natural Sciences in 2011.
Education and early career
Svenning obtained a MSc in Biology in 1997 from Aarhus University. Subsequently, he received a PhD in Ecology from Aarhus University in 1999.
Career
Svenning began his academic career in 1999 as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Biological Sciences at Aarhus University, followed by a Postdoctoral position at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution during 2000-2002. In 2002, he became Assistant Professor at Aarhus University, later appointed Associate Professor in 2005, Professor (MSO) in 2009, and has been serving as Professor at Aarhus University since 2013.
Svenning served as the Director of Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) from 2017 to 2023. In 2023, he was appointed as the Director of DNRF Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO).
Svenning worked as Subject Editor of Ecography from 2005 to 2010 and Deputy Editor-in-Chief at the same journal since 2010, and was also Associate Editor of the Journal of Biogeography from 2007 to 2019. He has served as Chair of the Maasai Mara Science and Development Initiative Scientific Board during 2015 – 2018 and since then as Chair of the board. He has been serving as the Subject Editor for the Nordic Journal of Botany since 2007. He has also been on the 15. Juni Fonden Board since 2018, and Rewilding Europe Supervisory Board since 2020. In addition, he was appointed to the Danish Biodiversity Council to provide expert advice to the Danish government and parliament in the Ministry of Environment of Denmark from 2020 to 2024.
Research
Svenning has contributed to the field of ecology by studying macroecology, biogeography, landscape ecology, community ecology, paleoecology, conservation and rewilding, human ecology, ecoinformatics, remote sensing, and global change biology including climate change and alien species invasions. He has utilized and developed Big Data approaches based on large databases to handle and analyze advanced data in his research alongside field-based research.
Basic biodiversity science and ecology
Svenning has studied basic biodiversity science and ecology throughout his career. As part of an international collaboration, he showed that processes influencing the latitudinal gradient in species richness are complex, with trait diversity in tree assemblages showing patterns consistent with environmental filtering theory at the alpha and beta scales, but no consistent support for any single theory at the gamma scale. He also determined that microhabitat specialization, particularly related to topography, is a key factor in maintaining the diversity of palm species in Yasuní National Park.
Past climate change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems
Svenning's work in biogeography has involved using a variety of methods to understand how different factors have influenced the distribution of species and ecosystems over time. Along with his collaborators, he found that plant range sizes are codetermined by habitat area and long and short-term climate stability. He also participated in a study suggesting that past climate changes are linked to reduced spatial turnover and increased nestedness in angiosperm tree diversity worldwide, potentially foreshadowing homogenization and decreased diversity under future human-driven climate change.
Impacts of current and future climate change
Svenning has examined the impacts of current and future climate change on biodiversity, ecosystems and people in many studies. In a study, he and his team revealed that global warming is leading to significant shifts in the distribution of tropical plant species, with evidence of upward movements of vegetation zones and individual plant taxa up to 500 meters higher in elevation compared to records from 210 years ago. He also contributed to a related European study showing that the rate of increase in plant species richness on mountain summits in Europe has accelerated in recent decades, linked to climate warming. With colleagues, he also determined that past defaunation has severely reduced plant migration rates, which could limit the ability of plant species to adapt to climate change.
Through his work, Svenning emphasized that vegetation will likely experience disequilibrium with climate change, with marked changes at both leading and trailing edges. In a study with Skov, he established that European tree species fill their climatically determined potential ranges by only 38%, suggesting limited tracking of near-future climate changes. Later, together with Seliger, McGill and Gill, he determined that North American trees and shrubs are mostly not fully utilizing their potential climatic niches, with climate explaining only about half of the species' ranges, and small-ranged species showing high levels of climatic disequilibrium likely due to dispersal lags as well as undetected environmental factors or biotic interactions. Additionally, he has contributed to work showing that warming-induced tree and shrub expansion within the Arctic will be limited by dispersal, soil development, and other disequilibrium dynamics, but plantings and unintentional seed dispersal by humans could have large impacts on spread rates. Moreover, as part of a large team, he demonstrated that high-mountain plant species in the European Alps are projected to experience substantial range reductions of around 44-50% by the end of the twenty-first century, with population dynamics lagging behind climatic trends and creating an extinction debt, especially impacting species endemic to the Alps.
Megafauna history and ecology
Svenning also looked into human-megafauna interactions, megafauna extinctions in recent prehistory, and the ecological role of megafauna in shaping past and present ecosystems. In further collaborative research, he determined that cultural filtering has been the dominant driver of megafauna range contractions in China over the past 2 millennia. With Faurby, he found that human activities have significantly altered Earth's mammal diversity patterns, leading to strong deviations in current patterns compared to their natural state for large-bodied species, emphasizing the need to consider natural distributions for a better understanding of diversity drivers and conservation benchmarks.
More recently, in 2023, Svenning conducted a joint study with Lemoine and Buitenwerf and found that human impact had been the primary driver of late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions, outperforming climatic models. In another collaborative study, he challenged the perception of recent human impact on terrestrial nature, revealing through that nearly three quarters of the Earth's land was inhabited and shaped by human societies over 12,000 years ago. Linked to this work, he and colleagues established that the current rate of extinctions among mammals – across body sizes – suggested that the incipient sixth mass extinction will lead to the loss of a significant amount of phylogenetic diversity, which will take millions of years to recover even if extinction rates revert to pre-human levels.
Furthermore, with colleagues, Svenning identified the presence of abundant and diverse large herbivores in Great Britain during the Last Interglacial period alongside high structural diversity in vegetation. In an earlier review in 2002, he estimated that closed forests would have predominated in north-western Europe under existing natural conditions, but open vegetation would also be frequent in varied settings and maintained by large herbivores and fire. In 2023, in work led by Pearce, he and colleagues showed based on extensive pollen records that substantial light woodland and open vegetation characterized the temperate forest biome in Europe during the Last Interglacial, suggesting the rich megafauna as a likely key driver of this structure.
Rewilding and conservation
Svenning has studied rewilding and conservation. He has proposed that trophic rewilding via restoring top-down trophic interactions and associated trophic cascades is a promising strategy to promote self-regulating biodiverse ecosystems, and that it could be a powerful tool for mitigating the impacts of human-induced global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. With colleagues, he further provided a definition and guiding principles that clarify the concept for understanding of rewilding as a continuum of scale and human influence, emphasizing ecosystem restoration to achieve autonomous nature, and emphasizing rewilding as a central approach to ecosystem restoration to promote ecological resilience.
Globalization and alien species invasions
Svenning has explored globalization, alien species invasions and related issues such as biotic homogenization. In a study published in Nature, he and Fricke demonstrated that human-induced species introductions are leading to the homogenization of global ecological networks, diminishing beta diversity among local networks and modularity within networks, with potential consequences for ecosystem resilience and coevolutionary dynamics.
In a joint study, Svenning revealed that human activities in China have caused narrow-ranged plant species to fill their climatic potential ranges to a lesser extent than widespread species, leading to a risk of biotic homogenization also among native species.
In a collaborative study, Svenning highlighted the potential of megaherbivores in managing plant invasions and promoting native plant diversity, particularly in protected areas with high megaherbivore densities and mid-productive ecosystems, supporting the concept of trophic rewilding.
Human ecology
Svenning's research in human ecology focuses on the history of environmental transformation and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment. In a joint study, he determined that childhood exposure to green spaces is linked to a reduced risk of a broad variety of psychiatric disorders later in life, underscoring the importance of incorporating natural environments into urban planning and childhood experiences for improved mental health. As part of a team, he also found that climate change is shifting the human climate niche at an unprecedented rate, with potentially devastating consequences for the poorest regions of the world, and that it could push one-third of humanity outside the human climate niche by end-of-century under current policies, but reducing warming to 1.5°C would limit exposure to unprecedented heat to 5%.
Ecoinformatics and remote sensing
Svenning has integrated use of remote sensing and ecoinformatics into his research to better understand ecological patterns and processes. In a collaborative research, with colleagues he showed that using a multilevel approach with satellite data can significantly enhance the prediction of household wealth in rural areas, aiding the monitoring of poverty-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Together with colleagues, he has contributed to the development of several larger databases on biodiversity data such as PHYLACINE, which contained phylogenies, range maps, trait data, and threat status for all known mammal species, taking into account human impacts. Additionally, jointly with his team he also developed the TREECHANGE database, as well as the Botanical Information Ecology Network (BIEN) where ecologists, botanists and computer scientists assemble worldwide data on plant geographic distribution, diversity, and functionality.
Awards and honors
2011 – Ebbe Nielsen Prize, Global Biodiversity Information Facility
2014 – EliteForsk Prize, Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science
2016 – Queen Margrethe II’s Science Award, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
2017 – Distinguished Fellow, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2021 – Annual Award in Science and Technology, Villum Foundation
2022 – Ernst Haeckel Prize, European Ecological Federation
2023 – Carlsberg Foundation Research Prize
Selected articles
*Svenning, J. C., & Skov, F. (2004). Limited filling of the potential range in European tree species. Ecology Letters, 7(7), 565-573.
Sandel, B., Arge, L., Dalsgaard, B., Davies, R. G., Gaston, K. J., Sutherland, W. J., & Svenning, J. C. (2011). The influence of Late Quaternary climate-change velocity on species endemism. Science, 334(6056), 660-664.
Svenning, J. C., & Sandel, B. (2013). Disequilibrium vegetation dynamics under future climate change. American Journal of Botany, 100(7), 1266-1286.
Lenoir, J., & Svenning, J. C. (2015). Climate‐related range shifts–a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography, 38(1), 15-28.
Svenning, J. C., Eiserhardt, W. L., Normand, S., Ordonez, A., & Sandel, B. (2015). The influence of paleoclimate on present-day patterns in biodiversity and ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 46, 551-572.
Svenning, J. C., Pedersen, P. B., Donlan, C. J., Ejrnæs, R., Faurby, S., Galetti, M., ... & Vera, F. W. (2016). Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(4), 898-906.
Engemann, K., Pedersen, C. B., Arge, L., Tsirogiannis, C., Mortensen, P. B., & Svenning, J. C. (2019). Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 116(11), 5188-5193.
Fricke, E. C., Ordonez, A., Rogers, H. S., & Svenning, J. C. (2022). The effects of defaunation on plants’ capacity to track climate change. Science, 375(6577), 210-214.
Mungi, N. A., Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., le Roux, E., & Svenning, J. C. (2023). Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-9.
Li, W., Guo, W. Y., Pasgaard, M., Niu, Z., Wang, L., Chen, F., ... & Svenning, J. C. (2023). Human fingerprint on structural density of forests globally. Nature Sustainability, 1-12.
Lenton, T. M., Xu, C., Abrams, J. F., Ghadiali, A., Loriani, S., Sakschewski, B., ... & Scheffer, M. (2023). Quantifying the human cost of global warming. Nature Sustainability, 1-11.
References
Ecologists
Danish ecologists
Biogeographers
Academic staff of Aarhus University
Aarhus University alumni
Indiana University alumni
Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
1970 births
Living people | Jens-Christian Svenning | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,310 | [
"Ecologists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
75,337,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrickella%20operculata | Fitzpatrickella operculata is an ascomycete species of fungus from the order Coryneliales. It grows exclusively on the fruits of the Drimys genus of flowering plants on the Juan Fernández Islands. This fungus was named after Harry Morton Fitzpatrick, a mycologist involved in the study of Coryneliales. It is the only species in the genus Fitzpatrickella .
Description
Fitzpatrickella operculata is characterised by the presence of doliiform, black ascocarps with an obvious area for dehiscence to occur. The ascocarps of Fitzpatrickella operculata tend to almost cover the fruits they infect being very tightly packed, with the ascocarps having well defined operculum, that when ruptured to release the ascospores leaves a central cavity in the ascocarp. The central cavity is lined with a zone of textura prismatica (tissue composed of relatively short cylindrical cells), and an outer layer of textura angular (tissue composed of tightly packed polyhedral cells).
Fitzpatrickella operculata generally produces eight spored asci, containing brown to dark brown pitted ascospores of varying shapes, which are also unicellular spores.
References
Eurotiomycetes
Fungi described in 1985
Fungus species | Fitzpatrickella operculata | [
"Biology"
] | 268 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,337,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagop%20Panossian | Hagop Panossian (; born 8 June 1946) is an Armenian aerospace engineer, academic and philanthropist with over 30 years of experience in rocket engine control and modeling, large space structures, actuation systems, failure detection, stochastic systems, vibration damping and optimal and adaptive control. Since founding the ARPA Institute in 1992, he has served as its president and remains actively involved in its wide range of initiatives.
Early life and education
Panossian was born in Anjar, Lebanon, and received his primary and secondary education from the Armenian Evangelical Secondary School of Anjar. In 1969, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the American University of Beirut. For five years, Panossian taught mathematics and sciences at the Calousd Gulbengian Secondary School, before moving to the United States at the age of 28.
He earned a master's degree in applied mathematics from the University of South Carolina in 1974, and a doctorate in engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1981.
Career
Work in aerospace engineering
From 1981 to 1987, Panossian worked at Textron, and since 1987, he has worked at Rockwell International, Rocketdyne, Boeing, and Pratt & Whitney, specialising in rocket systems and emerging high-frequency oscillations for space shuttle engines. Notably, he programmed the control law for the X33 Aerospike engine, and proposed an innovative method for managing high-frequency oscillations in engine parts and ensuring stability at low temperatures.
In 1987, he was selected by the Fulbright Association as an exchange scientist in Armenia for four months and taught on automatic control systems at Yerevan State University and Polytechnic universities.
In 2008, he was elected a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia.
Panossian has served as an adjunct professor at California State University, Northridge in the Mechanical Engineering Department. He is also an Associate Technical Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronatics, a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a Fellow of the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering (IAE).
Non-profit organizations
Panossian has founded two non-profit philanthropic organizations in Los Angeles.
In 1983, he founded the Armenian Engineers and Scientists of America (AESA) and served as its president in 1987 and 1988.
In 1992, he founded the ARPA Institute (Analysis, Research & Planning for Armenia) and continues to serve as its president, coordinating lectures, invention competitions, awards and other programs. The Institute promotes international cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora through consulting, analysis and research across various fields including education, economics, medicine, law, history and technologies.
Panossian has been actively involved in Armenia, leading initiatives through the ARPA Institute. He has helped in the modernization of Armenia's blood services system and education of youth about health risks of smoking and substance abuse. Through his initiatives, the first class 1000 cleanroom was established in the Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, the first DNA sequencer and various other instruments were donated to the Institute of Molecular Biology, and valuable scientific devices and instruments to institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia.
Additionally, he organizes, through ARPA, an annual invention competition for young Armenian scientists and monthly lectures and/or panel discussion in Los Angeles, featuring specialists in various fields.
Personal life
Panossian is married to Ani (who has passed away in 2015) and has two sons, Armen and Baruir, and a daughter, Lorig.
Honours
Panossian has received numerous awards, including:
Rocketdyne President's Award for "Outstanding Achievements in Problem Resolving Through Applying NOPD to Graphic Division Printing Press Cylinders", Rockwell International, (July, 1992)
"Engineer of the Year" award for "distinguished contributions in developing non obstructive particle damping techniques for reducing severe structural vibrations in a wide range of product applications", Rockwell International (February, 1993)
Rocketdyne "Engineer of the Year" award "In recognition of outstanding professional contributions to Rocketdyne, the community and to engineering progress" (January, 1993)
"Distinguished Engineering Achievements" award for "Outstanding contributions to industry, education and government and the entire engineering community", Institute for the Advancement of Engineering (March, 1993)
Resolution for "remarkable achievements and contributions to the community", Los Angeles City Council Proclamation (April, 2012)
Publications
Some of his publications include:
Uncertainty Management In Modeling and Control of Large Flexible Structures (1984)
Optimal Stochastic Modeling and Control of Flexible Structures (1988)
Real-time failure control (SAFD) (1990)
X-33 attitude control using the XRS-2200 linear aerospike engine (1999)
Optimized Non-Obstructive Particle Damping (NOPD) Treatment for Composite Honeycomb Structures (2006)
Non-Obstructive Particle Damping: New Experiences and Capabilities (2008)
Modeling Techniques for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Particle Damping in Turbomachinery (2009)
References
External links
National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Hagop Panossian on YouTube
ARPA Institute
Mousa Ler Online
ResearchGate
Living people
1946 births
Ethnic Armenian philanthropists
American University of Beirut alumni
Armenian mathematicians
Armenian scientists
Aerospace engineers
Armenian academics
Lebanese people of Armenian descent
Armenian engineers | Hagop Panossian | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,075 | [
"Aerospace engineers",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
75,337,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascolus | Cascolus is an extinct genus of stem-mandibulate known from the Coalbrookdale Formation.
Description
Cascolus is a long, somewhat vermiform arthropod, roughly 9 millimetres long. It has a head segment containing a head shield, stalked eyes and five pairs of limbs, the first similar to megacheirans and the other four biramous with gnathobases, followed by a nine-segmented thorax and two possibly limbless segments near the posterior. The trunk remains similar in size through tergites 1-4, and then decreases in width onwards into the limbless segments.
Ecology
Cascolus appears to have been a nektobenthic animal, possibly a scavenger.
Etymology
Cascolus was named in honour of Sir David Attenborough. The genus name derives from "castrum" ("stronghold") and "colus" ("dwelling in"), alluding to the Middle or Old English source for the name "Attenborough". The specific name ravitis derives from "Ratae" (the Roman name for Leicester), "vita" ("life") and "commeatis" ("messenger")
Distribution
Cascolus is known from a single specimen from the Silurian Coalbrookdale Formation in England, a diverse Silurian Lagerstatte.
Classification
Cascolus was originally considered as a stem-group phyllocarid. According to phylogenic analysis in Pulsipher et al. (2022), it is considered as stem-mandibulate instead.
See also
List of things named after David Attenborough and his works
References
Extinct arthropods
Silurian arthropods of Europe
Taxa described in 2017
Species known from a single specimen | Cascolus | [
"Biology"
] | 371 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
75,337,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20Fornacis | The Bayer designation Chi Fornacis (Chi For / χ Fornacis / χ For) can refer to three different unrelated stars in the constellation Fornax:
χ1 Fornacis, (HD 21423), a young variable A-type main-sequence star
χ2 Fornacis, (HD 21574), a suspected variable K-type giant
χ3 Fornacis, (HD 21635), a binary star.
The lenticular galaxy NGC 1380 lies 2 degrees north-northeast of Chi2 Fornacis.
References
Fornacis, Chi
Fornax | Chi Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 122 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
75,337,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi2%20Fornacis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Chi2 Fornacis}}
|
Chi2 Fornacis, Latinized from χ2 Fornacis, is a solitary star located in the southern constellation Fornax, the furnace. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.70. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 476 light-years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of approximately . At its current distance, Chi2 Fornacis' brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.11 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of 0.00.
Chi2 Fornacis is an old-disk star and it has a stellar classification of K2 III. The class indicates that it is an evolved K-type giant that has ceased hydrogen fusion at its core and left the main sequence. It has 118% the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 23.58 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 194 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . Chi2 Fornacis is slightly metal enriched with a near-solar iron abundance of [Fe/H] = +0.02. It spins too slowly for its projected rotational velocity to be measured accurately, having a projected rotational velocity lower than .
The star was observed to be variable in infrared light during a 1991 IRAS survey for galaxy clusters. However, its variability in optical light is unknown. In addition, subsequent observations have not confirmed the variability in infrared and optical light. The lenticular galaxy NGC 1380 lies 2 degrees north-northeast of Chi2 Fornacis.
References
Fornax
Forancis, Chi2
Suspected variables
K-type giants
Fornacis, 91
CD-36 01306
021574
016112
1054
00142889216 | Chi2 Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 398 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
75,337,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi1%20Fornacis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Chi1 Fornacis}}
Chi1 Fornacis, Latinised from χ1 Fornacis is a solitary white-hued star located in the southern constellation Fornax. It is barely visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 6.39, which is near the limit for naked eye visibility. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 339 light-years and it is currently drifitng away with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, Chi1 Fornacis' brightness is diminshed by an interstellar extinction of 0.08 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.42.
Chi1 Fornacis has a stellar classification of A1 IV, indicating that it is a slightly evolved A-type star that is ceasing hydrogen fusion at its core. Alternatively, it has been given a class of A1 Vbn, indicating that it is instead a slightly less luminous A-type main-sequence star with broad or nebulous absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It has 2.05 times the mass of the Sun and 2.20 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 31.24 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . Chi1 Fornacis has a solar metallicity and it is estimated to be only 5.5 million years old. It spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of .
It is the brightest star and titular member in the χ1 Fornacis cluster, a star cluster around 104 parsecs from Earth.
χ1 Fornacis cluster
The χ1 Fornacis cluster, or Alessi 13, is one of the four star clusters known within 110 parsecs from Earth. Despite its closeness, the χ1 Fornacis cluster has barely been studied. Its age is 40 million years and its distance is 104 parsecs. The χ1 Fornacis cluster appears to be closely related to the Tucana–Horologium and Columba associations. A remarkable, unprecedented aspect of the cluster is the large percentage of M-type stars with warm excess infrared emission due to orbiting dust grains.
References
Fornax
Chi1, Fornacis
Fornacis, 89
CD-36 01290
021573
015987
1042
A-type main-sequence stars | Chi1 Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 492 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
75,337,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity-1 | Gravity-1 () is a solid-propellant expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed, manufactured and launched by Chinese aerospace company Orienspace. It can carry a payload of up to to LEO or to SSO, enabling the deployment of large-scale satellite constellations. The rocket has a height of 30 meters, a take-off weight of 400 tonnes, a take-off thrust of 600 tonnes, and a fairing diameter of 4.2 meters. Its maiden launch was conducted from a sea launch platform in the Yellow Sea on January 11, 2024, breaking records as both the world's most powerful solid-fuel carrier rocket and China's most powerful commercial launch vehicle to date. Large pieces of debris were seen during the launch, which carried 3 Yunyao-1 meteorological satellites built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology, as part of the planned 90-satellite Yunyao constellation.
Gravity-1 consists of seven solid rocket motors (SRB) in total. The first four side-mounted SRBs are ignited on the ground, while three core boosters are air-lit in sequence. The launch cost for Gravity-1 is no higher than US$39 million. Gravity-1 offers a quick-response-time of only five hours between manufacturing completion and launch. Orienspace has signed contracts for the launch of more than one hundred satellites.
List of launches
References
Vehicles introduced in 2024
2024 in spaceflight | Gravity-1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 297 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
75,338,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazia%20Mintz%20Habib | Nazia Mintz Habib, is an interdisciplinary academic based at the University of Cambridge, conducting action research in sustainability science and sustainable development. She is the founder and director of the university's Centre for Resilience and Sustainable Development (CRSD). Her work has benefited the leaderships of more than 57 countries.
Early life and education
Born in Bangladesh, she earned a scholarship to study at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh in the United States. At Plattsburgh, she was awarded the Chancellor's Award for Student Excellence and the Dean's Award for Outstanding Student in the School of Business and Economics. She was the 2003 commencement speaker. After graduating in 2003, she worked for IBM in New York City. She then earned a Commonwealth Scholarship which enabled study in the United Kingdom. At the University of Cambridge, she earned a Master of Philosophy and then PhD. Her thesis, "Biofuels and Food Security: Case Studies from Malaysia and Tanzania" won the Claydon Prize from St. Edmund's College for outstanding doctoral thesis in economics. It addressed the effects of biofuels on the markets for food and for energy.
Career
At Cambridge, Habib has a professor-equivalent role with appointments with both the Department of Engineering and Department of Land Economy and is affiliated with Newnham College.
Habib has worked as an expert for the World Economic Forum and various agencies of the United Nations. She was the lead author of the Dead Sea Resilience Agenda, a document resulting from a 2015 international forum on how to respond to the humanitarian impact of the Syrian civil war.
She is also a social entrepreneur and advisor to non-profit organisations.
Centre for Resilience and Sustainable Development
At the centre she founded in Cambridge, Habib and her team train decision-makers in systems thinking and develop new methodologies to add to those she has developed. Together with the Commonwealth, the CRSD undertook a two-year project, "Their Future, Our Action", bringing together experts, politicians, and young people from small island developing states (SIDS). Funding bids developed in this way have led to ten million US dollars in private investment for states in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. The project was a runner-up in the University of Cambridge Vice Chancellor's Awards for Research Impact and Engagement. The partnership continued in 2023 with the creation of the CRSD-Commonwealth Legal Experts Committee, a group of twenty legal experts to advise on legal and governance structures to implement sustainable finance for small island developing states. With the Commonwealth Secretary General Baroness Patricia Scotland, Habib has written op-eds calling for more investment to help SIDS deal with climate change.
Bibliography
Habib is the author of Biofuels, Food Security, and Developing Economies, published in 2016 by Routledge. The book examines the effect of the move towards biofuel crops on food security and other goals of development economies, and discusses other aspects of the global trade in the fuels. She is an editor of Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System, published in 2014 by Springer Netherlands and of Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development, published in 2018 by Taylor & Francis.
References
External links
Academic profile at University of Cambridge
Video about Dr Habib and the work of the CSRD
Living people
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
21st-century women scientists
21st-century social scientists
Sustainability scientists
Bengali people
State University of New York at Plattsburgh alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | Nazia Mintz Habib | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 709 | [
"Sustainability scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
75,338,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20and%20Sugar%202 | Oil and Sugar #2 is a work of art created by Algerian-French artist Kader Attia. It is a film of small, rectangular blocks of white sugar stacked in the shape of a cube on a decoratively rimmed silver plate. Petroleum oil is poured from a vessel and splashed onto the cube nonuniformly. The oil stains the white sugar cubes in streaks of black as it penetrates the porous sugar blocks and pools on the plate. Eventually, the stacks of sugar begin to collapse from saturation, with the entire cube folding in on itself. The end result is a dissolving, distorted black mass of sugar cubes soaked in oil.
The uniform sugar cube covered in black evokes imagery of the Kaaba in Mecca, the site of the Hajj pilgrimage in Islam. Other interpretations of this artwork see Attia as challenging the white cube as the “archetypal form of modernist architecture.” Slowly consuming the white cube, the application of oil has been interpreted as a confrontation of the “ongoing destruction and violence sparked by religious and political difference and competition for fossil fuel resources in the Middle East.” Motivated by the problem of colonization and the “notion of domination between one order of things and another one”, Oil and Sugar #2 plays intentionally with paradoxes— exploring “creation through disintegration, presence through absence, and fullness through emptiness.”
Production/Design
Recorded in real time, Oil and Sugar #2 is displayed as a video showing, on repeat, the destruction of a block of sugar cubes drenched in oil. The piece is said by the Boston Institute of Contemporary Art to imbue “beauty through collapse… through means both direct and resonant.” Through the medium of video, Kader Attia multiplies and eternalizes a direct and singular moment of destruction. When discussing the motivation behind his body of work, Attia has explicitly stated his interest in the “evocation of something by its contrary”. In Oil and Sugar #2, Attia evokes contrast, capturing formal destruction via 2D video, rendering “three-dimensional forms in(to) two-dimensional moving/still images.”
Exhibitions
The recording of Oil and Sugar #2 was first displayed in Attia's 2007 exhibition Momentum 9: Kader Attia at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston. The museum described the exhibition as a "poetic meditation on childhood, absence, and community"; themes of politics and violence were referenced in many other works in the exhibition, including the titular piece Momentum 9. Oil and Sugar #2 was later displayed during Attia's show On Silence. The artwork is currently housed in the Tate Modern, though not currently on display.
Subsequent publicity
"Oil and Sugar" was the title of the 3rd Eva Holtby Lecture on Contemporary Culture; the talk, given by Glenn D. Lowry, devoted significant attention to Attia's work and its connections to the broader category of "Islamic Art." Lowry saw Oil and Sugar #2 as a metaphor for dialectical issues of contemporary Islamic Art at a global scale, due to the "incongruous" materials used in the piece and Attia's multi-national origin.
Connections to global issues
Critics and scholars interpret Attia's works as a commentary on postcolonialism and social injustice (due in part to his time in the French alternative civilian service). Oil and Sugar #2 can be better understood by examining its connections to contemporary political debates. According to Glenn D. Lowry, artists in the Islamic world are often pressed to create works with "universal" connections. He states in a lecture centered around Oil and Sugar #2 that "[they] risk...becoming increasingly marginalized in a world that demands of artists an ability to speak and work across cultures, and to transcend local and regional identities."
Sugar
In Oil and Sugar #2, through using sugar as a building material, Attia evokes the history of sugar—in particular, its role in the slave trade. He states in an interview “the modern relation [of sugar] with slavery is this transformation of a human person into goods–into sugar.” It has been widely argued that Capitalism, critiqued by Attia as a Western economic and political canon dominance upon Southwest Asia and North Africa, originated with the colonial sugar industry. In the modern period, the presence of processed white sugar is linked to the presence of Western industries and therefore ongoing colonization of formerly-colonized countries. Attia’s choice of sugar was further inspired by food’s sensory triggers. In an interview with Sergio Vega, he states “I’m very interested in food politically.” He continues to weave a connection between food and emotion and the power of food to trigger emotions used “to resist a form of commodification” and declare cultural heritage. The quotidian use of sugar as a food item capable of evoking sensory responses and its use in Oil and Sugar #2 could reinforce the artist’s efforts towards decolonization.
Oil
Attia’s art investigates a space’s colonial history and its postcolonial modernity to reveal the devastation of colonization and ingrained colonial thought. As the petroleum oil is poured over a pristine sugar-cube formation in Attia's Oil and Sugar #2, the oil divulges itself as a colonial tool used by Western powers to asset economic and political dominance over oil markets in the Middle East and North Africa. The oil market's continuation of neoimperialism by the U.S. stemmed from the aftermath of colonization. After Algeria, Attia's birth and childhood home, was violently possessed by the French in 1830 and reclaimed as an independent country in 1962, it was left with a dysfunctional economy without technological means of production. The U.S. became a critical investor of infrastructure to Algeria and became its most prominent oil and gas importer in 1978. As Algeria struggled to pay off its industrialization debts to the U.S., it continued to pour investments into the oil sector, under-prioritizing agriculture and education. The U.S. successfully established a profitable dependency for itself that fulfilled its need for oil as well as its desire to maintain the position and value of the Dollar as the sole trade currency within the oil market. With the strategy of U.S. 'goodwill' in mind, Attia uses oil to critique the present status quo of "“modernity as embodied by Western capitalism and the mechanisms and ideologies of colonialism,” pointing to the neo-imperialist and exploitative nature of Western involvement.
Connection between oil and sugar
The material goods of oil and sugar are circulated commonly throughout the post-modern world; although, by design, oil and sugar are not made to occupy the same space– as evidenced by the collapse that ensues upon their introduction to one another in Attia’s piece. Viewers of Oil and Sugar #2 are faced with the challenge of looking at two seemingly antithetical materials and making a relationship between them. That oil and sugar would occupy the same space at all is paradoxical, given that one will erode the other. Both oil and sugar fuel different modes of privileged contemporary life: oil sustaining vehicles and buildings; sugar sustaining human bodies. Both materials also share commonalities in their histories rooted in Western exploitation. Attia encourages readings of his works within a system of references: “cultural, historical, formal, material, personal.” There is no monotonous meaning or motivation behind Oil and Sugar #2; that it be observed in many ways and in contexts informs its identity and motivates Attia artistically.
Connections to Islam
The shapes and colors of Oil and Sugar #2 allude to elements of Islam, in particular the Kaaba in Mecca, the holiest site in Islam. Pouring black oil on top of the cubical arrangement of the sugar creates visual similarities to the Kaaba, potentially directing the audience towards themes of pilgrimage and reverence. Glenn D. Lowry, in "Oil and Sugar: Contemporary Art and Islamic Culture," argues that the Kaaba is Attia's "point of departure." (Oil and Sugar #2 is not the only work of Attia's that is said to be inspired by the Kaaba. His work Black Cube 2, Hajj, and Water Kaaba are three examples.)
The color transition from white to black is also possibly connected to the Black Stone affixed to the Kaaba, which is said to have been "entrusted to Abraham [by God]...as a white stone. It was whiter than paper, but became black from the sins of the children of Adam."
References
Further reading
Attia, Kader. "From the policies of distance to the abolition of spaces. 2015." Kaderattia.de. Last modified 2015. Accessed November 7, 2023. http://kaderattia.de/from-the-policies-of-distance-to-the-abolition-of-spaces-2/.
Attia, Kader. "Oil and Sugar, 2007." Kaderattia.de. Last modified 2007. Accessed November 7, 2023. http://kaderattia.de/oil-and-sugar-2007/. -Photographic stills of Oil and Sugar film
Attia, Kader, and Rebecca Dimling Cochran. "The Space in Between: A Conversation Between Kader Attia and Rebecca Dimling Cochran, 2010." KaderAttia.de. Last modified 2010. http://kaderattia.de/the-space-in-between-a-conversation-with-kader-attia/.
Attia, Kader, and Nicole Schweizer. Kader Attia; [on the Occasion of the Exhibition Kader Attia. Les Blessures Sont Là - Injuries Are Here, Musée Cantonal Des Beaux-Arts De Lausanne, on View from May 22 through August 30, 2015]. Zürich: JRP Ringier, 2015.
Chan, TF. "Kader Attia Dissects Multiculturalism, Colonialism and Capitalism in Doha Show." Wallpaper. https://www.wallpaper.com/art/kader-attia-on-silence-exhibition-mathaf-doha.
Heath, Elizabeth. Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France: Global Economic Crisis and the Racialization of French Citizenship, 1870-1910. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
"Kader Attia." Barjeelartfoundtion.org. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/algeria/kader-attia/.
"Kader Attia." Guggenheim.org. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/kader-attia.
Kamen-Kaye, Maurice. "Petroleum Development in Algeria." Geographical Review 48, no. 4 (1958): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/211669.
Lowi, Miriam R. Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics: Algeria Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Majumdar, Margaret A., and Mohammed Saad. Transition and Development in Algeria: Economic, Social and Cultural Challenges. Bristol: Intellect, 2005. Digital file.
NL Cultural. “Oil and Sugar #2 - Kader Attia” YouTube, June 18, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6FeTsVeoxc.
Segalla, Spencer D. Empire and Catastrophe: Decolonization and Environmental Disaster in North Africa and Mediterranean France since 1954. Baltimore, MD: Project Muse, 2020. Digital file.
Sorsa, Piritta. Algeria-- the Real Exchange Rate, Export Diversification, and Trade Protection. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, Policy Development and Review Department, 1999. Digital file.
Woertz, Eckart. Oil for Food: The Global Food Crisis and the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Digital file.
Attia, Kader. “Black and White --- Signs of the Times.” Kader Attia, 2008, http://kaderattia.de/black-and-white-signs-of-times/. Accessed 12 November 2023.
Wikipedia Student Program
Digital artworks
Contemporary works of art
Sugar in culture
Video art
Works about petroleum
Works about food and drink | Oil and Sugar 2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,577 | [
"Petroleum",
"Works about petroleum"
] |
75,339,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Saunders%20%28film%20restorer%29 | Andy Saunders is a British film restorer and author who specialises in historical NASA imagery. He created the only clear image of Neil Armstrong on the moon and for his book, Apollo Remastered.
Early life
Saunders was born in Appley Bridge, near Wigan in England and went to Loughborough University.
He worked in logistics management and home renovations before he began restoring old film of the Apollo space missions.
Film restoration
Saunders started working on historic film in around 2010 when he applied a stacking technique to 16 mm movie footage "to produce a clear, recognisable image of Neil Armstrong on the moon". He released the image in 2019, which made the front page of The Daily Telegraph on Apollo 11's 50th anniversary.
In 2020 he developed a digital processing technique for film which helped reveal life on board Apollo 13 mission, and published a detailed photographic analysis for NASA, of the damage caused by the explosion that crippled the Service Module. In 2021 he produced more digitally enhanced images. Also in 2021, he produced clear images of the moment Alan Shepard became the first American in space in 1961. Then in 2022, he produced a further series of images for the 60th anniversary of John Glenn's orbital flight.
From 2019 to 2022, Saunders undertook a project to assess NASA's archive of 35,000 still photographs and 10 hours of 16 mm movie footage and digitally remaster the film. The remastered images are widely regarded as the "highest quality" photographs produced of humankind's first missions to the moon.
A book, Apollo Remastered, was released in September 2022 by Penguin Random House in the UK, and Hachette Book Group in the US. The book contains 400 images of the Apollo missions as well as chapters covering the development of specialist photographic equipment, the history of space photography and the techniques used to remaster the images. Apollo Remastered became the highest-grossing photography book for 20 years. Timed with the 50th anniversaries of each Apollo mission, Saunders released restored images.
In 2023 Saunders collaborated with Tom Hanks, Christopher Riley and 59 Productions as Consultant Producer on The Moonwalkers: A Journey With Tom Hanks, an immersive experience show at London's Lightroom.
Apollo Remastered exhibition
The Apollo Remastered exhibition opened in September 2022 at London's Royal Albert Hall, before moving to Glasgow, the United Arab Emirates, Jodrell Bank, and the Williamson Art Gallery and Museum in north west England. In late 2023, an outdoor exhibition was also hosted around King's Cross in London.
Awards
2023: Award for Scientific Imaging Winner, Royal Photographic Society
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Space photography and videography
People from Appley Bridge
Alumni of Loughborough University | Andy Saunders (film restorer) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 552 | [
"Outer space",
"Space photography and videography"
] |
78,294,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala%20%28elephant%29 | Kamala was a female Asian elephant that lived in Calgary Zoo from 1976 to 2014, and then in the United States National Zoological Park until her death in 2024. Kamala was known for her paintings, which were sold by the Calgary Zoo to support their programs. She received treatment for osteoarthritis throughout her stay in the United States.
Description
Five years after her arrival at Calgary Zoo, Kamala and her fellow elephants Bandara and Swarna each weighed about . By 1991, Kamala had grown to weigh .
She was described by zookeepers as having "playful" and active personality. In 1980, she knew about 25 commands. According to her keeper at Calgary Zoo, Kamala's favourite colour was purple and she appeared to be "quite aware and particularly proud of her artistic endeavours". She was described by the National Zoological Park as having "strong bonds" with her keepers, and would rumble and squeak when they approached, showing excitement.
Life
Kamala was born in the wild in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka, around 1975, and was taken care of by the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage after she was orphaned at the age of five months. In 1976, she was sent to the Calgary Zoo in Canada. They had purchased her from the orphanage alongside a bull, Bandara, and another female, Swarna. At the time of their arrival, the trio made up the largest group of Sri Lankan elephants in North America. While residing at Calgary Zoo, she gave birth to three calves, two of which survived. Calvin, a male, was born in June 1986 and weighed , while Maharani, a female, was born in 1990 and weighed . Their father was Bandara. Calvin was the first Sri Lankan elephant to be born in captivity outside Sri Lanka. During her time in Calgary, she also became known for her paintings, and was featured in episodes of 60 Minutes and PrimeTime Live. The only one of the zoo's elephants to accept paintbrushes when offered, Kamala created over 60 original paintings that were sold (or auctioned) at prices ranging from $400 to $1,500. Prints were sold in the zoo's gift shop, and the money was used to support the zoo's environmental research. Using custom brushes and a variety of colours of acrylic paint, It took Kamala fifteen minutes to make each painting. The process was filmed to allow customers to see her at work. She made about one painting per week. In 2005, after a tsunami hit Sri Lanka, the Calgary Zoo sold one of Kamala's paintings on eBay for $6,350. The money was donated to the Red Cross's tsunami relief fund.
In 1991, it was reported that the pads of Kamala's feet were thinning due to her active lifestyle and possibly as a result of the damp concrete she walked on. Zookeepers attempted to make boots for her on several occasions, but Kamala removed and occasionally consumed the boots, sometimes with the help of Maharani. Her keepers finally settled on a custom made set of knee-high leather boots. The boots cost $300 and took over 120 hours to make.
In 2004, Kamala's daughter, Maharani, gave birth to Kamala's grandchild, a female elephant posthumously named Keemaya. Kamala and Maharani rejected her shortly after birth, with Maharani displaying confusion and aggression. The baby was given blood transfusions and antibiotics to help her fight an infection, but she died soon after birth. Maharani would have no other surviving children. Zookeepers voiced the idea of breeding Kamala again, so Maharani would have a role model. They unsuccessfully bred her with Spike, Maharani's former mate.
During the 2013 Alberta floods many animals are Calgary Zoo were evacuated from their enclosures or moved to higher locations. Due the size and sturdiness of elephants, zookeepers made the decision to leave them in their pens. The pens were flooded, but the elephants, including Kamala, were unharmed.
In 2014, Kamala was moved to the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., alongside her herd mate Swarna and Maharani. When arriving there, her gait was shifted due to her front legs being knock-kneed and her back legs bowing out, making her predisposed to osteoarthritis. While at the National Zoological Park, she received treatments for osteoarthritis, including anti-inflammatories, joint supplements, and monthly injections aimed at improving her joint health by breaking cartilage and connective tissues. She voluntarily participated in training sessions and physical therapy.
Death
Kamala's condition declined in 2024, with her range of motion becoming more restricted, leading her to stay more often in the same place. She was euthanized on November 2, 2024. She was estimated to be around 50 years old at the time of her death, an age described as "advanced" by the zoo's staff. After her death, the zoo's other Asian elephants were allowed to spend time alongside her body, with Swarna and Maharani being the last to visit her. An elephant with the same first name as Kamala Harris being euthanized three days prior to the 2024 United States presidential election became an internet meme or joke about a "bad omen" for the Democratic candidate.
See also
List of individual elephants
Ruby (elephant), an elephant from Phoenix Zoo who was known for her painting
Notes
References
2024 animal deaths
Individual elephants in the United States
Animal deaths by euthanasia
National Zoological Park (United States)
1970s animal births
Individual elephants in Sri Lanka
Visual arts by animals
Individual Asian elephants
Individual animals in Canada | Kamala (elephant) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,169 | [
"Ethology",
"Visual arts by animals",
"Animals",
"Behavior"
] |
78,294,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network%20engineering | Computer network engineering is a technology discipline within engineering that deals with the design, implementation, and management of computer networks. These systems contain both physical components, such as routers, switches, cables, and some logical elements, such as protocols and network services. Computer network engineers attempt to ensure that the data is transmitted efficiently, securely, and reliably over both local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs), as well as across the Internet.
Computer networks often play a large role in modern industries ranging from telecommunications to cloud computing, enabling processes such as email and file sharing, as well as complex real-time services like video conferencing and online gaming.
Background
The evolution of network engineering is marked by significant milestones that have greatly impacted communication methods. These milestones particularly highlight the progress made in developing communication protocols that are vital to contemporary networking. This discipline originated in the 1960s with projects like ARPANET, which initiated important advancements in reliable data transmission. The advent of protocols such as TCP/IP revolutionized networking by enabling interoperability among various systems, which, in turn, fueled the rapid growth of the Internet. Key developments include the standardization of protocols and the shift towards increasingly complex layered architectures. These advancements have profoundly changed the way devices interact across global networks.
Network infrastructure design
The foundation of computer network engineering lies in the design of the network infrastructure. This involves planning both the physical layout of the network and its logical topology to ensure optimal data flow, reliability, and scalability.
Physical infrastructure
The physical infrastructure consists of the hardware used to transmit data, which is represented by the first layer of the OSI model.
Cabling
Copper cables such as ethernet over twisted pair are commonly used for short-distance connections, especially in local area networks (LANs), while fiber optic cables are favored for long-distance communication due to their high-speed transmission capabilities and lower susceptibility to interference. Fiber optics play a significant role in the backbone of large-scale networks, such as those used in data centers and internet service provider (ISP) infrastructures.
Wireless networks
In addition to wired connections, wireless networks have become a common component of physical infrastructure. These networks facilitate communication between devices without the need for physical cables, providing flexibility and mobility. Wireless technologies use a range of transmission methods, including radio frequency (RF) waves, infrared signals, and laser-based communication, allowing devices to connect to the network.
Wi-Fi based on IEEE 802.11 standards is the most widely used wireless technology in local area networks and relies on RF waves to transmit data between devices and access points. Wireless networks operate across various frequency bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, each offering unique ranges and data rates; the 2.4 GHz band provides broader coverage, while the 5 GHz band supports faster data rates with reduced interference, ideal for densely populated environments. Beyond Wi-Fi, other wireless transmission methods, such as infrared and laser-based communication, are used in specific contexts, like short-range, line-of-sight links or secure point-to-point communication.
In mobile networks, cellular technologies like 3G, 4G, and 5G enable wide-area wireless connectivity. 3G introduced faster data rates for mobile browsing, while 4G significantly improved speed and capacity, supporting advanced applications like video streaming. The latest evolution, 5G, operates across a range of frequencies, including millimeter-wave bands, and provides high data rates, low latency, and support for more device connectivity, useful for applications like the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous systems. Together, these wireless technologies allow networks to meet a variety of connectivity needs across local and wide areas.
Network devices
Routers and switches help direct data traffic and assist in maintaining network security; network engineers configure these devices to optimize traffic flow and prevent network congestion. In wireless networks, wireless access points (WAP) allow devices to connect to the network. To expand coverage, multiple access points can be placed to create a wireless infrastructure. Beyond Wi-Fi, cellular network components like base stations and repeaters support connectivity in wide-area networks, while network controllers and firewalls manage traffic and enforce security policies. Together, these devices enable a secure, flexible, and scalable network architecture suitable for both local and wide-area coverage.
Logical topology
Beyond the physical infrastructure, a network must be organized logically, which defines how data is routed between devices. Various topologies, such as star, mesh, and hierarchical designs, are employed depending on the network’s requirements. In a star topology, for example, all devices are connected to a central hub that directs traffic. This configuration is relatively easy to manage and troubleshoot but can create a single point of failure. In contrast, a mesh topology, where each device is interconnected with several others, offers high redundancy and reliability but requires a more complex design and larger hardware investment. Large networks, especially those in enterprises, often employ a hierarchical model, dividing the network into core, distribution, and access layers to enhance scalability and performance.
Network protocols and communication standards
Communication protocols dictate how data in a network is transmitted, routed, and delivered. Depending on the goals of the specific network, protocols are selected to ensure that the network functions efficiently and securely.
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite is fundamental to modern computer networks, including the Internet. It defines how data is divided into packets, addressed, routed, and reassembled. The Internet Protocol (IP) is critical for routing packets between different networks.
In addition to traditional protocols, advanced protocols such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Segment Routing (SR) enhance traffic management and routing efficiency. For intra-domain routing, protocols like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) provide dynamic routing capabilities.
On the local area network (LAN) level, protocols like Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) and Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE) facilitate the creation of virtual networks. Furthermore, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) secure communication channels, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.
For real-time applications, protocols such as Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and WebRTC provide low-latency communication, making them suitable for video conferencing and streaming services. Additionally, protocols like QUIC enhance web performance and security by establishing secure connections with reduced latency.
Network security
As networks have become essential for business operations and personal communication, the demand for robust security measures has increased. Network security is a critical component of computer network engineering, concentrating on the protection of networks against unauthorized access, data breaches, and various cyber threats. Engineers are responsible for designing and implementing security measures that ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data transmitted across networks.
Firewalls serve as barriers between trusted internal networks and external environments, such as the Internet. Network engineers configure firewalls, including next-generation firewalls (NGFW), which incorporate advanced features such as deep packet inspection and application awareness, thereby enabling more refined control over network traffic and protection against sophisticated attacks.
In addition to firewalls, engineers use encryption protocols, including Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), to secure data in transit. These protocols provide a means of safeguarding sensitive information from interception and tampering.
For secure remote access, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are deployed, using technologies to create encrypted tunnels for data transmission over public networks. These VPNs are often used for maintaining security when remote users access corporate networks but are also used ion other settings.
To enhance threat detection and response capabilities, network engineers implement Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). Additionally, they may employ Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solutions that aggregate and analyze security data across the network. Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions are also used to monitor and respond to threats at the device level, contributing to a more comprehensive security posture.
Furthermore, network segmentation techniques, such as using VLANs and subnets are commonly employed to isolate sensitive data and systems within a network. This practice limits the potential impact of breaches and enhances overall security by controlling access to critical resources.
Network performance and optimization
As modern networks grow in complexity and scale, driven by data-intensive applications such as cloud computing, high-definition video streaming, and distributed systems, optimizing network performance has become a critical responsibility of network engineers. Network performance and optimization tools aim for scalability, resilience, and efficient resource use with minimal, if any, negative performance impact.
Quality of Service (QoS)
Modern network architectures require more than basic Quality of Service (QoS) policies. Advanced techniques like service function chaining (SFC) allow engineers to create dynamic service flows, applying specific QoS policies at various points in the traffic path. Additionally, network slicing, widely used in 5G networks, enables custom resource allocation for different service types, aiding high-bandwidth or low-latency services when necessary.
Intelligent load balancing and traffic engineering
Beyond traditional load balancing, techniques such as intent-based networking (IBN) and AI-driven traffic optimization are now implemented to predict and adjust traffic distribution based on usage patterns, network failures, or infrastructure performance. In hybrid cloud infrastructures, Software-Defined WAN (SD-WAN) optimizes connectivity between on-premises and cloud environments, dynamically managing routes and bandwidth allocation. Policies like data center interconnect (DCI) ensure high-performance connections across geographically distributed data centers.
Proactive network monitoring and predictive troubleshooting
Traditional network monitoring tools are supplemented by telemetry streaming and real-time analytics solutions. Intent-based networking systems (IBNS) help automatically identify performance deviations from established service intents, while predictive maintenance techniques, powered by machine learning (ML), allow engineers to detect hardware failures or traffic congestion before they impact users. Self-healing networks, using software-defined networking (SDN), can make automatic adjustments to restore performance without always requiring manual intervention.
Network function virtualization (NFV) and edge computing
With the advent of network function virtualization (NFV), engineers can virtualize network functions, such as routing, firewalls, and load balancing. Additionally, edge computing brings processing and storage closer to end users, which is relevant to applications requiring low-latency, such as IoT and real-time analytics.
Multipath protocols and application-layer optimization
Multipath transport protocols, such as Multipath TCP (MPTCP), optimize the use of multiple paths simultaneously, improving high availability and distribution of network load. This can be useful in networks that support redundant connections or where latency must be minimized. Simultaneously, application-layer optimizations focus on fine-tuning traffic at the software level to better deliver data flow across distributed systems, reducing overhead and enhancing throughput.
Cloud computing engineering
The advent of cloud computing has introduced new paradigms for network engineering, focusing on the design and optimization of virtualized infrastructures. Network engineers can manage the integration of on-premises systems with cloud services with the intention of improving scalability, reliability, and security.
Cloud network architecture
Cloud network architecture requires the design of virtualized networks that can scale to meet varying demand. Virtual private cloud (VPC) and hybrid cloud models allow organizations to extend their internal networks into cloud environments, balancing on-premises resources with public cloud services. Cloud interconnect solutions, such as dedicated connections, can minimize latency and optimize data transfer between on-premises and cloud infrastructures.
Software-defined networking (SDN)
Software-defined networking (SDN) is central to cloud networking, enabling centralized control over network configurations. SDN, combined with NFV, allows the management of network resources through software, automating tasks such as load balancing, routing, and firewalling. Overlay networks are commonly employed to create virtual networks on shared physical infrastructure, supporting multi-tenant environments with enhanced security and isolation.
Cloud network security
Cloud security involves securing data that traverses multiple environments. Engineers implement encryption, Identity and access management (IAM), and zero trust architectures to protect cloud networks. Firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and cloud-native security solutions monitor and safeguard these environments. Micro-segmentation is used to isolate workloads and minimize the attack surface, while VPNs and IPsec tunnels secure communication between cloud and on-premises networks.
Performance optimization
Optimizing network performance in the cloud is relevant for applications requiring low latency and high throughput. Engineers deploy content delivery networks to reduce latency and configure dedicated connections, and traffic engineering policies ensure optimal routing between cloud regions.
Tools and protocols
Cloud networking relies on protocols such as VXLAN and Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to facilitate communication across virtualized environments. Automation tools enable Infrastructure As Code (IaC) practices, allowing for more scalable and consistent deployment of cloud network configurations.
Emerging trends
Network engineering is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology and new demands for connectivity. One trend is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into network management. AI-powered tools are increasingly used for network automation and optimization, predictive analytics, and intelligent fault detection. AI's role in cybersecurity is also expanding, where it is used to identify and mitigate threats by analyzing patterns in network behavior.
The development of quantum networking offers the potential for highly secure communications through quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution (QKD). Quantum networking is still in experimental stages.
Space-based internet systems are also a growing trend in network engineering. Projects involving low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, like SpaceX's Starlink, aim to extend Internet access to remote and underserved areas.
In the future, the rollout of 6G networks may improve data transfer rates, latency, and connectivity. 6G is expected to support new technologies such as real-time holographic communication, virtual environments, and AI-driven applications. These advancements will most likely require new approaches to spectrum management, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure design to meet the projected growth of spending on digital transformation.
IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a central theme discussed in this review paper. It represents a comprehensive framework addressing various challenges associated with connecting the internet and the physical world. Currently, the internet plays a vital role in daily life, significantly transforming human experiences. A key aspect of this technological advancement is the integration of multiple technologies with communication systems. One of the most crucial applications of IoT includes the identification and tracking of smart objects. Wireless Sensing Networks (WSN) enable universal sensing mechanisms, impacting many facets of contemporary living. The growth of these devices within a communicative and responsive network will ultimately form the Internet of Things. In this context, sensors and actuators seamlessly interact with the surrounding environment, facilitating information sharing across various platforms to develop a common operating picture (COP). The IoT envisions a future where the digital and physical domains are interconnected through advanced information and wireless communication technologies. This survey outlines the visions, concepts, technologies, challenges, innovative directions, and applications of the Internet of Things (IoT).
References
Networks
Computer networks
Computer engineering
Computer networks engineering
Engineering disciplines | Computer network engineering | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,198 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"nan"
] |
78,296,573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LignoSat | LignoSat is a small Japanese wooden satellite. It is credited as the world's first satellite to be made of wood.
Background
LignoSat was developed by Kyoto University and logging firm Sumitomo Forestry as a demonstration of using wood for space exploration uses.
The satellite is named after the Latin word for "wood" which is "Ligno". LignoSat is made of wood from honoki, a magnolia tree native in Japan. Wood from the tree is customarily used for sword sheaths. The choice of material was determined through a 10-month experiment aboard the International Space Station. The satellite was assembled through a traditional Japanese crafts technique without screws or glue. It still has some traditional aluminium structures and electronic components.
LignoSat 1
The LignoSat 1 is a CubeSat and measures on each side, and weighs
The satellite was launched to space on November 5, 2024 by SpaceX's Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket inside the uncrewed Cargo Dragon from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida to the International Space Station' LC-39A. It was loaded in a special container by the JAXA. It will be deployed into orbit via the Kibō module sometime within the month.
LignoSat 2
LignoSat 2 is a 2U CubeSat. , it is planned for launch in 2026.
References
Satellites of Japan
2024 in Japan
Spacecraft launched in 2024
CubeSats
Japanese woodwork
Wood sciences
Sumitomo Group
Kyoto University | LignoSat | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 299 | [
"Wood sciences",
"Materials science"
] |
78,297,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafidemstat | Vafidemstat (; developmental code name ORY-2001) is a dual inhibitor of the enzymes lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; KDM1A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) which is under development for the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, including aggression, Alzheimer's disease, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, acute respiratory disease in COVID-19 infection, and schizophrenia. It is or was also being developed for several other indications, but no recent development has been reported for these uses. The drug is taken by mouth.
As of October 2024, vafidemstat is in phase 2 clinical trials for aggression, Alzheimer's disease, borderline personality disorder, multiple sclerosis, COVID-19 acute respiratory disease, and schizophrenia. Conversely, no recent development has been reported for autism, dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and telomeric 22q13 monosomy syndrome. It is being developed by Oryzon.
Other LSD1 inhibitors that are under development for medical use include bomedemstat (IMG-7289), iadademstat (ORY-1001), phenelzine (Nardil), pulrodemstat (CC-90011), seclidemstat (SP-2577), and tranylcypromine (Parnate). Another drug, zavondemstat (QC8222, TACH101), is a pan-inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 4 (LSD4; KDM4). Vafidemstat contains the chemical structure of (1S,2R)-tranylcypromine within its own structure.
References
Amines
Enzyme inhibitors
Experimental drugs
Experimental drugs developed for schizophrenia
Experimental drugs for Alzheimer's disease
Experimental psychiatric drugs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Oxadiazoles
Cyclopropanes | Vafidemstat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 414 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
78,298,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%201976 | HD 1976 is a hierarchical triple system in the deep northern constellation of Cassiopeia, somewhere around from Earth. It has the variable-star designation V746 Cassiopeiae (abbreviated to V746 Cas). The system is faintly visible to the naked eye under dark skies, having an apparent magnitude of 5.580. It consists of an inner pair between a B-type subgiant and a less massive unknown-type star, which is distantly orbited by another B-type subgiant. It is currently moving closer towards the Solar System at a heliocentric radial velocity of −9.70 km/s.
Measurement discrepancies
Several measurements have been made on the distance to the star system, namely , , and , but all of them have large errors and differ substantially from one another. The first two agree within the wide error bars, while the third value is thought to be too low due to the noisy radial velocity orbit swaying the semi-amplitude. In a 2022 study, the total mass of the inner pair could only be constrained poorly at because of this uncertainty, and the masses of the individual stars were estimated from a mass ratio of and an adopted mass figure of 6.348 .
Stellar parameter estimates via astronomical spectroscopy also yield different results depending on whether the spectral data near the Balmer lines H-β, H-γ, and H-δ is included in calculations, which are often affected by instrumental problems and rectification systematics.
Stellar components
HD 1976 Aa
HD 1976 Aa is a B-type subgiant star with a spectral type of B5IV. It is thought to be very young, at only about 60 million years old, a little over one-eightieth the age of the Sun (4.6 Gyr). It emits 70% of the total light from the system. Two solutions exist on its mass, namely 4.71 and 6.45 . The latter, deduced excluding data near the Balmer lines, seems to agree better with the newer 2019 estimate of 6.348 .
The Aa/Ab pair is part of an SB2 spectroscopic binary with HD 1976 B, denoting that the spectral lines from both components (A, B) are visible, and is itself an SB1 spectroscopic binary, meaning that only Aa's spectral lines are visible.
HD 1976 was found to be a variable star when the Hipparcos data was analyzed. It was given its variable star designation in 1999. The star was reported to show multiperiodic pulsations with periods ranging between 0.83 and 2.50 days. As such, the star was classified as a slowly pulsating B-type star (SPB). However, a 2017 study identified the two dominant photometric periods (2.503867 and 1.0649524 days) as the rotation periods of the tertiary and primary stars (albeit the latter is tentative), which, if confirmed, would throw the SPB classification into question.
In 2014, it was announced that the star possessed a strong magnetic field, detected through spectropolarimetric observations, though the magnetic field is now thought to belong to the third star (B) instead.
HD 1976 Ab
The only component whose spectrum cannot be directly observed, HD 1976 Ab is in a nearly circular (eccentricity 0.05) 25-day orbit with Aa. Radial velocity variations caused by the star were observed as far back as 1912, and its orbital parameters were first determined in 1963.
As is the case with the other two stars, its physical properties are very uncertain. A 2017 study presented two sets of possible characteristics, each corresponding to an A-type (1.87 ) and F-type main-sequence star (1.31 ). In 2022, however, a far higher mass of was reported, which resembles that of a late B-type main-sequence star.
HD 1976 B
HD 1976 B is a B-type subgiant much like HD 1976 Aa but slightly less luminous, radiating about 30% of the total light from the system. It distantly orbits the inner Aa/Ab pair at a period of about 170 years. Its orbit was first determined in 1986, though at the time the period was underestimated at 104 years. The mass estimate differs significantly depending on the aforementioned inclusion of the Balmer lines: 2.65 if included and 6.10 if not. The star has a strong bipolar magnetic field that varies with a period of 2.504 days, which is most likely its rotational period.
See also
HD 25558
Footnotes
References
B-type subgiants
Slowly pulsating B-type stars
Triple star systems
Cassiopeia (constellation)
001976
BD+51 00062
J00241564+5201119
001921
0091
Cassiopeiae, V746 | HD 1976 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,000 | [
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,299,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS%20J08381155%2B1511155 | 2M0838+15 (also known as 2MASS J08381155+1511155) is a triple brown dwarf with all three components being T dwarfs. It was the first fully resolved triple T-type brown dwarf system that was discovered.
Description
2M0838+15 was discovered in a cross-match of 2MASS and WISE as a possible T6-T7 dwarf. An unresolved spectrum with NASA IRTF was obtained. Follow-up imaging observations with Keck NIRC2 showed that this system is a triple system. Follow-up observations with Keck/OSIRIS resulted in resolved spectrum of the A and the BC components. The spectrum for component A matches a T3 ±1 spectral type. The BC spectrum matches a combined spectral type, which is composed of T3 ± 1 (B), and T4.5 ± 1 (C). Follow-up imaging showed that the triple has a common proper motion. Components BC have a relative small separation of around 2.5 AU and should have an orbital period of around 12 or 21 years. This could mean that in the future the masses can be measured for both components by using the dynamical mass method. For an age of 3 billion years the researchers estimate masses of 63+58+52 , and for an age of 300 million years the researchers estimate masses of 21+19+17 . The researchers find that for an age of 3 billion years the system would have a gravitational binding energy of about 20 × 1041 erg. This would be high enough for the system to survive a dynamical ejection from a star-forming region. For an age of 300 million years, the gravitational binding energy is about 1.6 × 1041 erg, which would make it a rare weakly bound triple. The researchers conclude that it is less likely that 2M0838+15 is young.
See also
other triple brown dwarfs:
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925
2M1510 includes eclipsing binary pair
VHS J1256–1257
2MASS J0920+3517
References
Triple star systems
T-type brown dwarfs
Cancer (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 2011 | 2MASS J08381155+1511155 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 458 | [
"Cancer (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,300,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1954%20O1%20%28Vozarova%29 | Comet Vozarova, formally designated C/1954 O1, is a hyperbolic comet discovered by Slovak astronomer, Margita Vozárová, on July 28, 1954.
Discovery and observation
The comet was already on its outbound flight as a magnitude 9.0 object upon discovery, where some observers noticed it also may have potentially fragmented.
By August, the comet was found to have a 20-arcminute long tail pointed towards the Sun. It was last observed from the Lick Observatory as a magnitude 18.5 object on December 18, 1954.
References
Non-periodic comets
Hyperbolic comets
Destroyed comets | C/1954 O1 (Vozarova) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 124 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Comet stubs"
] |
78,302,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria%20aotearoa | Armillaria aotearoa is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. This plant pathogen species is one of four Armillaria species that have been identified in New Zealand, the others being A. novae-zelandiae, A. limonea, and A. hinnulea.
Description
Armillaria aotearoa produces fruiting bodies (basidiomata) that grow in clusters (caespitose), with centrally positioned stalks supporting the caps. The cap, or pileus, measures between 35 and 60 mm across and is pinkish-brown to brown. The surface is dry and moderately smooth, scattered with small, dark granular scales that are more concentrated toward the centre. Initially convex, the cap flattens over time but retains a distinctive broad zone at the edges that darkens when it absorbs moisture (hygrophanous) but does not become sticky. The flesh of the cap is off-white to pale pink.
The gills are attached near the top of the stalk (adnexed), moderately packed, and pale pink in colour. The stalk, or stipe, ranges from 35 to 90 mm in length, with a bulbous base and pale pinkish-brown colour that may show faint green or yellowish tones. It is dry, with tiny, scattered fibrils, and eventually hollows out as it matures. The flesh of the stipe is also off-white to pale pink. A partial veil forms a ring (annulus) around the stalk, with the underside matching the colour of the stipe and featuring concentrically arranged darker flecks.
Armillaria aotearoa has rhizomorphs—root-like structures typical of the genus—that are black and show uneven branching. Microscopic examination reveals that the tissue within the gills (gill trama) is composed of thick-walled, inflated hyphae arranged in layers, with no clamp connections observed. The basidia (spore-producing cells) are club-shaped, bearing four spores each, and measure 31–49 by 5–9.5 μm. The spores are smooth, thin- to moderately thick-walled, ellipsoid to ovoid, and range from 7.5 to 10.5 μm in length and 5 to 7.5 μm in width; they are non-amyloid, meaning they do not stain with iodine, and appear transparent (hyaline) under a microscope. The spore print is white. The cap surface, or pileipellis, is made of a firm, compact layer of hyphae arranged in two sub-layers: an upper brownish layer and a lower colourless layer that gradually blends with the flesh of the cap.
Range
The species is known from the Taupo region of the North Island and Mid-Canterbury region of the South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand.
Habitat
Armillaria aotearoa is found in southern beech (Nothofagaceae) forests, on woody debris of Fuscospora fusca (Nothofagus fusca), Lophozonia menziesii (Nothofagus menziesii) and Fuscospora cliffortioides (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides).
Ecology
Fruiting occurs between late April and mid-June. Its pathogenicity to introduced and native plants is unknown. Most Armillaria species live have a saprophytically contributing to decomposition of organic material, generally as wood-decay fungi, in forest ecosystems. They become pathogenic when environmental conditions are favourable for infection causing "white rot" root disease.
Etymology
Aotearoa from Te Reo Māori for New Zealand.
Taxonomy
Armillaria aotearoa belongs to the Armillaria hinnulea lineage and also includes A. umbrinobrunnea and A. sparrei.
References
aotearoa
Fungus species
Fungi described in 2016
Fungi of New Zealand | Armillaria aotearoa | [
"Biology"
] | 827 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,304,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20%28volume%29 | A dan or shi () in China, koku in Japan and seok in Korea, is a unit of volume mainly for grains. It originated in China and later spread to other places in East Asia.
One dan is divided into 10 dous or 100 shengs.
It is 100 litres in China, 180.39 litres in Japan and 180 litres in Korea.
China
Japan
Korea
For more details, please see Sheng (volume)
Words
擔石／担石 (dàn dàn)
以升量石 (yǐ shēng liàng dàn)
千石 (qiān dàn)
See also
Chinese units of measurement
Japanese units of measurement
Korean units of measurement
Dan (weight)
:zh:中國度量衡
Notes
References
Units of volume
Customary units of measurement | Dan (volume) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 152 | [
"Units of volume",
"Quantity",
"Customary units of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
78,305,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OQ%20172 | OQ 172 (OHIO Q 172) is a quasar located in the constellation of Boötes. It has a redshift of (z) 3.544, making it one of the most distant quasars at the time of its discovery by astronomers in 1973. This object was the record holder for almost a decade, before being surpassed by PKS 2000-330 in 1982 located at the redshift of (z) 3.78.
Description
The source of OQ 172 has a radio spectrum characterized by its spectral peak in the gigahertz domain, making it a gigahertz-peaked spectrum quasar (GPS) or a compact steep spectrum source (CSS).
OQ 172 contains a core-jet structure with the radio core itself located in the northern region of the radio emission. This core is found to show a flat spectrum up to > 30 GHz in the rest frame with a steep spectrum above 30 GHz which continues steepening until 1000 GHz, thus confirming there is no buried flat spectrum core within the emission source.
The jet of OQ 172 is found to turn almost at an 180° angle with jet emission in the west-southwest direction extending right from the core, eventually bending almost southwards. When reaching 20 mas south of the core, the jet immediately bends once again, this time at 90° and extends towards the east. A further study also shows the jet has three components, one of which is the fastest at a proper motion of 0.13 ± 0.01 mas yr−1. With a mean TB of 15.5 ± 6.4 x 1010 K, this suggests OQ 172 has a highly beamed jet.
Very long baseline interferometry radio observations revealed OQ 172 has magnetic fields on parsec scales which rotate the polarization plane of the radio emission originating from both its core and inner jet. Based on the derived rest-frame rotational measurement of RM 40,000 rad m−2, it is found OQ 172 has the highest value amongst other known RM sources. When at 10 mas from the core, the jet's absolute value of RM decreases to <100 rad m−2. Additionally, linear polarized emission has been detected in both components in all five frequencies. The core has low fractional polarization, while the jet components have a higher polarization. A rotational measurement was obtained at 4.8 and 8.3 GHz respectively, showing a high value of 2000 rad m−2 in the innermost region of OQ 172. Towards the outer jet regions, this value drops to 700 rad m−2, quickly decreasing to lower values.
References
External links
OQ 172 on SIMBAD
OQ 172 on NASA/IPAC Database
Quasars
Boötes
2828124
Active galaxies
Astronomical objects discovered in 1973 | OQ 172 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 575 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
78,306,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust-based%20philanthropy | Trust-based philanthropy is an approach in philanthropy that emphasizes shifting decision-making power to nonprofit leaders, providing them with the flexibility and resources necessary to address complex and evolving community needs. Core practices include providing unrestricted funding, offering multi-year grants, and minimizing administrative burdens, which allows grantees to allocate resources efficiently and pivot strategies when new challenges or opportunities arise.
Relationship with traditional philanthropy
The trust-based model counters traditional philanthropy, which often ties funds to specific projects and imposes rigorous reporting requirements. By contrast, trust-based philanthropy relies on building open, trustful relationships between funders and grantees.
These relationships foster a collaborative environment, enabling funders to gain a deeper understanding of grantees' needs. This approach can be seen as more strategic, as it acknowledges the expertise of nonprofit leaders and provides them with the latitude to make timely decisions in response to shifting conditions.
Use by donors
While it existed before the pandemic began, the trend of trust-based giving has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many funders reduced reporting requirements, converted restricted grants to general support, and streamlined application processes, allowing nonprofits to adapt swiftly and allocate resources where they were most urgently needed.
Examples of organizations which have explicitly embraced the trend include Yield Giving, led by MacKenzie Scott, the Altruist League, led by Miloš Maričić, as well as Sheng-Yen Lu, Durfee, Satterberg, and Stryker Johnston foundations.
Challenges
A challenge in adopting the practice is maintaining meaningful impact measurement while reducing reporting requirements for the grantees. Foundations must balance the need for accountability with a commitment to trust, often by finding alternative methods, such as open conversations or simplified reporting options, to ensure they stay informed without imposing excessive administrative burdens.
A strategy for addressing this challenge has been the deployment of artificial intelligence techniques for discovering suitable grantees and tracking their achievements. Some organizations have had success at scale with this approach, combining a network of analysts with machine learning techniques involving web scraping and Natural Language Processing.
References
Philanthropy | Trust-based philanthropy | [
"Biology"
] | 420 | [
"Philanthropy",
"Behavior",
"Altruism"
] |
78,308,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance%20of%20Connie%20Smith | Constance Christine "Connie" Smith (born July 11, 1942 – disappeared July 16, 1952) was a 10-year-old American girl who disappeared after she ran away from her Connecticut YMCA summer camp on July 16, 1952, and was last seen hitchhiking. Her disappearance remains unsolved.
Circumstances of disappearance
Connie Smith was a camper at Camp Sloane, a summer camp near Lakeville, Connecticut, a census-designated place within the town of Salisbury, Connecticut in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. She ran away after she had an apparent altercation with other campers who may have been bullying her on the morning of July 16, 1952. She was last seen attempting to hitchhike a ride at the intersection of U.S. Route 44 and Belgo Road, near Salisbury.
Family background
Her parents, wealthy Sundance, Wyoming rancher Peter Franklin Smith and his former wife, Helen Jensen Smith, divorced in 1949. They lived on neighboring Wyoming ranches. Connie lived primarily with her mother, but also spent a great deal of time with her father, who had remarried in 1950.
Peter Smith was an American of Danish descent, the son of former Wyoming Governor Nels H. Smith and his wife, Marie Christensen Smith. Helen Smith's wealthy parents, Carl Christian and Ester Jensen, immigrated to the United States from Denmark and Sweden. Helen Jensen Smith was raised in Greenwich, Connecticut, where she and Peter Franklin Smith were married in 1937. Connie and her older brother, Wyoming state politician Nels J. Smith, were baptized in the Wyoming Governor's Mansion.
Characteristics
Connie grew up on her family's Wyoming ranch and loved animals, especially horses, horseback riding and spending time in the outdoors. She invented stories about a pet white mare, Toni, that could twirl a baton and a pet rattlesnake. She enjoyed reading comic books.
She was described as an intelligent, imaginative child who usually related well to other children and adults. She had traveled extensively with her wealthy family, which enabled her to converse with adults on subjects with which her peers had no experience.
Time at Camp Sloane
Helen Smith enrolled Connie at the YMCA camp for a month in July 1952 while Helen visited her parents in Greenwich. Connie had been at the camp for nearly two weeks and was expected to remain at the camp for two more weeks when her mother and maternal grandparents visited her to celebrate her birthday on the weekend before her disappearance.
Connie appeared in good spirits during their visit. Her mother deposited five dollars into Connie's account at the camp (about 60 dollars in 2024), which she could use to purchase treats. Connie asked permission to stay at the camp longer than had been originally planned. Connie told her mother that she was excited about her plans to attend a square dance with the boys at the camp on the following Friday and to compete in a dressage event at a horse show that was to be held the following Saturday. Her mother refused permission to extend Connie's stay at the camp because she had already made travel arrangements for their return to Wyoming. Connie did not seem bothered by her mother's refusal to let her remain longer at the camp.
Connie might not always have been happy at the camp. She did not smile for a group photo that was taken with her tent mates at the camp a week before she disappeared. Earlier photos of Connie showed a happy child with a bright smile. Connie seemed homesick after she spoke with her mother, and was unhappy on the morning of July 16. She slipped and fell down the steps that led to her tent platform the previous evening and bruised her hip. A nurse at the camp dispensary gave Connie an ice pack to apply to her injured hip during the night. She felt better in the morning and said she no longer needed the ice pack. However, according to one report, one of her tent mates accidentally kicked Connie in the face and bloodied her nose that morning when the other girl climbed down from her upper bunk bed. A police report stated that Connie was injured during "horseplay" with several other girls. Her glasses might have been broken during one of these incidents.
Timeline of disappearance
Connie applied the ice pack to her bleeding nose after the incident. She told her tent mates at 7:50 a.m. on Wednesday, July 16, that she planned to return the ice pack to the camp dispensary. Instead, Connie left the ice pack in the tent she shared with seven other girls and walked half a mile (804.7 meters) down the dirt road that led to the camp entrance. Although Connie had been taught to walk downhill or follow a fence or road if she found herself in an unfamiliar location, she was extremely near-sighted and could not see well without her glasses, which had been broken at the camp.
The camp's gatekeeper, whose house was nearby, drove by Connie. He told police he saw Connie walk out of the gate at 8:15 a.m. and stop along the roadside to pick wildflowers. He thought she was one of the camp counselors and did not stop the car.
Connie was 5 feet tall (1.524 meters) and weighed 85 pounds (38.5 kilograms). She had unusually long arms and flat feet. She was wearing a red windbreaker, a brown bandana halter top, navy blue shorts with plaid cuffs, and tan leather shoes. Her clothing had attached name tags. Her shoulder-length, light brown hair was pulled back with a red ribbon. She had blue eyes. She was extremely suntanned. Her eyeteeth were erupting. She was possibly carrying a small black zippered purse that contained photographs of her friends. She had no money with her, since campers were not allowed access to cash.
Like the camp's gatekeeper, others who saw her that morning also thought Connie was older than she really was, because she was tall and well-developed. According to a police report, Connie stopped at two nearby homes to ask for directions to Lakeville. One of the witnesses said Connie looked like she had been crying, but the woman did not offer to help her.
Connie was last seen at 8:45 a.m. on July 16. She was seen hitchhiking at the intersection of U.S. Route 44 and Belgo Road, located about 1.4 miles (2253.08 meters) from the entrance to the camp. Some have speculated that Connie was trying to go to Lakeville to place a telephone call to her mother and was reluctant to do so at the camp where she would have been overheard by camp staff. She never reached Lakeville.
Her tent mates told an adult that Connie was missing from the tent when they returned from breakfast. The camp was searched but Connie was not found. The camp director did not report her missing to police until 11:30 a.m., more than three hours after her disappearance. The camp director might have delayed making an official report because he hoped to avoid negative publicity.
Search efforts
Connie's family connections attracted considerable media attention to her disappearance. Every reported sighting was investigated, but proved unfounded. In the weeks after she was reported missing, Connecticut State Police searched for the missing child along mountain trails, in woodlands, around reservoirs and lakes, and in swamps in the area. Searches were conducted on foot and on horseback, in motor vehicles and by air.
Connie's father personally joined the search party and returned to the state to search for his missing daughter. Some people who met the tall rancher in Connecticut compared Connie's father to the Marlboro Man, the handsome, rugged cowboy used in advertising campaigns for Marlboro cigarettes. The family did their best to continue bringing attention to Connie's disappearance.
Eleven thousand missing person flyers with multiple photographs and a physical description of Connie were printed and distributed throughout the United States. Connie's dental chart was printed in the Journal of the American Dental Association to aid dentists across the country in identifying her through dental records if human remains were found. Despite these extensive search efforts and an ongoing police investigation, her disappearance has never been solved.
Theories
There have been many theories about what might have happened to Connie Smith, ranging from accidental death to abduction to murder. Investigators initially considered whether one of her divorced parents might have abducted her to gain leverage in a child custody battle, but they quickly ruled out both parents as suspects. Her parents continued to hope that Connie was still alive.
Accidental death
Investigators speculated that Connie might have been struck by a car as she walked along the roadway and the driver might have concealed her body or put the dead or injured child in his car and driven away. This was considered unlikely since no blood was found along the route. There were also no other signs of a hit and run car accident detected.
Others speculated that Connie might have suffered a concussion when she fell down the steps leading to her tent platform the previous evening that caused amnesia or an even more serious brain injury. Connie was not examined by a doctor after the fall. While Connie might have gotten lost in the woods and died of an injury or drowned in a body of water, investigators searched extensively and found no body or clothing or any other items that belonged to Connie in the area.
Unknown serial killer
A Connecticut State Police investigator on the case said it was most likely that Connie, who was seen hitchhiking, was picked up by an opportunistic killer along Route 44, murdered, and buried or dumped into one of the water-filled iron quarries in the area. The investigator thought it unlikely that the killer would ever be identified.
Other female hitchhikers had disappeared under similar circumstances within the New England region during the same time period and there has been speculation that all three might have been victims of the same unidentified serial killer.
Katherine Hull, aged 22, vanished from Lebanon Springs, New York on April 2, 1936. Hull, a 5 feet 6 inch (1.6764 meters), 135 pound (61.235 kilograms) hazel-eyed brunette, had last been seen hitchhiking. Hull's remains were found by a hunting party more than seven years later, on December 8, 1943, near the New York state border on the western slope of West Mountain in Hancock, Massachusetts, halfway between the top of West Mountain and Lebanon Springs Road. The location is close to where Hull disappeared. Authorities could not determine a cause of death for Hull or whether it had been an accidental death or a homicide.
Paula Jean Welden, a 5 feet 3 inch (1.6002 meters), 125 pound (56.699 kilograms) blue-eyed blonde 18-year-old college sophomore at Bennington College in North Bennington, Vermont, vanished on December 1, 1946 while hitchhiking to the Long Trail a few miles from the campus and has never been found. Lebanon Springs, New York is located 40 miles (64.37376 meters) south of Bennington, Vermont, and 46 miles (74.029824 meters) north of Lakeville, Connecticut.
Since Connie Smith appeared to be older than she actually was, one author speculated that she might have been a victim of a serial killer with a preference for young women in their late teens or early twenties.
Frederick Pope
A 27-year-old traveling jewelry salesman named Frederick Walker Pope told police in 1953 that he, a companion named Jack Walker, and a Rhode Island woman, Wilma Sames, picked Connie up along U.S. Route 44 and offered to give her a ride to Wyoming. They drove to Oklahoma, where Sames left the party, and continued on to Arizona. Connie reportedly told Pope that her father was a "real big man." Peter Smith was 6 feet 7 inches (2.0066 meters) tall. Connie began arguing with Walker over which direction to go. Pope said he got out and walked away. Walker strangled Connie to death and Pope helped Walker bury her in a shallow grave near a construction site off U.S. 60 between Show Low, Arizona and Carrizo, Arizona. Pope claimed he beat Walker to death with a tire iron when they argued as they changed a flat tire and dumped him in a ravine. Pope then abandoned the car and hitchhiked to New Mexico.
Pope later recanted the story, which he said he invented after seeing an episode of a television program, Art Linkletter's House Party, on September 1, 1952. Peter Smith was a guest on the program and discussed his missing daughter. Pope told authorities he wanted to be taken into state custody so he could receive treatment for his alcohol addiction. Pope could not give an accurate physical description of Connie. Authorities also found no record of Walker or Sames, and there were discrepancies between Pope's work record and his claim that he picked up Connie Smith near Salisbury on July 16, 1952. Pope had registered to find work in Indianapolis, Indiana on July 15, 1952. He also had a history of mental illness.
Little Miss X
The unclothed body of a Caucasian or Hispanic teenage girl between the ages of 11 and 17 years old was found on October 31, 1958 on a hillside off a dirt road on Skinner Ridge south of Grand Canyon National Park. The remains were thought to have been there for nine to fourteen months. No cause of death could be determined, but foul play was suspected.
The unidentified victim was to tall, had wavy and reddish brown hair that had been dyed a lighter brown. Her teeth had been well-cared for and she had seven dental fillings. Clothing found nearby was too large for her. Also found nearby was a jar of Pond's Cold Cream, a powder puff containing remnants of suntan-colored powder, a blue plastic nail file with the initials "PR", and a white nylon comb.
Authorities nicknamed the girl "Little Miss X". The body was exhumed in 1962 and then reburied. Authorities no longer have an exact record of precisely where "Little Miss X" was reburied, though they suspect she was reburied somewhere in the Citizens Cemetery. Connie's family dentist noted many similarities between the teeth of "Little Miss X" and Connie Smith. In 2018, a set of remains was exhumed from the cemetery and compared against the DNA of Connie's older brother, but the recovered remains did not match the Smith DNA profile. The remains might not have been those of "Little Miss X".
William Henry Redmond
Another theory is that Connie was a victim of suspected serial killer and child molester William Henry Redmond, who is also a suspect in the August 24, 1951 disappearance in Cleveland, Ohio of 10-year-old Beverly Potts. Authorities could not establish whether Redmond was in Connecticut on July 16, 1952. Redmond denied that he killed Connie and passed a polygraph test.
See also
List of people who disappeared
References
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
American people of Swedish descent
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine
Smith, Constance Christine | Disappearance of Connie Smith | [
"Biology"
] | 3,100 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
78,309,747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Kili%C5%84ski%20Monument | Jan Kiliński Monument () is a monument in Warsaw, Poland, located on Podwale Street, next to the intersection with Piekarska Street, in the Old Town neighbourhood of the Downtown district. The 8-metre-tall monument consists of a 4-metre-tall bronze statue of Jan Kiliński, a 19th-century artisan, politician, and rebel, who was a colonel in the insurgents forces during the Kościuszko Uprising, placed on a granite pedestal. It was designed by Stanisław Jackowski, and unveiled on 19 April 1936 at the Krasiński Square. It was removed from there in 1942, during the German occupation, and reinstalled in 1946. The monument was moved to its current location in 1959.
History
The monument was dedicated to Jan Kiliński, a 19th-century artisan, politician, and rebel, who was a colonel in the insurgents forces during the Kościuszko Uprising. It was designed by Stanisław Jackowski, and cast in bronze in 1935 in the Bracia Łopieńscy metal workshops.
The sculpture was a 4-metre-tall statue of Kiliński in a longcoat, with a sable risen high above his head, and a pistol on his belt. It was placed on a tall pedestal made from Finish granite, sourced from the then-recently deconstructed St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral at Piłsudski Square. On it was placed a Polish inscription which read "Janowi Kilińskiemu, wodzowi ludu roku 1794. Rodacy r. 1934", which translates to "To Jan Kiliński, the leader of the people of the capital of the year 1794. The Countrymen of the year 1934". Underneath it, there was also embedded a metal relief by Walenty Smyczyński, titled Kiliński leading insurgents through the Castle Square (). It depicted Kiliński leading group of insurgents during the Kościuszko Uprising at the Castle Square. The monument was placed at the Krasiński Square, next to the Krasiński Palace.
The monument was unvailed on 19 April 1936, in the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the Warsaw Artisan Office, in the presence of the president of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki. The ceremony was followed by a parade across the city, featuring representatives of all the artisan trades.
The monument was removed in March 1942, while the city was under the German occupation during the Second World War. It was ordered by the authorities, in the retaliation to Polish resistance movement removing a German propagandist plaque from the Nicolaus Copernicus Monument on 11 February. Originally it was planned for it to be destroyed, however thanks to efforts of historian Stanisław Lorentz, the monument was spared by the authorities. It was instead placed in a warehouse of the Warsaw National Museum. Soon after, on the building walls the resistance movement wrote "Jam tu ludu W-wy. [Warszawy] – Kiliński Jan", which translates to "People of Warsaw, I am here – Kiliński Jan". There were also circulated panthlets, credited to Copernicus himself, whcih read "In retaliation for destruction of the Kiliński Monument, I declare the winter will be prolonged to another 6 weeks". Coincidentally, harsh winter weather indeed lasted unusually long.
It was one of a few moments in Warsaw that survived the war. The statue however suffered minor damages such as breakage of a right elbow and both arms. It was renovated in 1946 in Bracia Łopieńscy workshop. It was unvailed the same year at the Third of May Avenue in front of the Warsaw National Museum, as one of the first monuments following the end of the war. On 1 September 1946, it was relocated to its original location at the Krasiński Square. It was moved again on 15 November 1959, to Podwale Street, next to the intersection with Piekarska Street. The location was chosen, as it was near what used to be Russian embassy in the 18th century. Kiliński lead an attack on it during the Kościuszko Uprising on 17 April 1794. The statue was placed on a new granite pedestal, which was founded by the local artisans. The relief by Walenty Smyczyński was not embedded again into the structure, and remains in the collection of the Museum of Warsaw instead.
The monument went through a thorough renovation process between 1993 and 1994.
Characteristics
The monument is placed on Podwale Street, next to the intersection with Piekarska Street, in the Old Town neighbourhood of the Downtown district. It consists of a 4-metre-tall bronze statue of Jan Kiliński, a 19th-century artisan, politician, and rebel, who was a colonel in the insurgents forces during the Kościuszko Uprising. He is depicted wearing a hat, long coat tied with a large belt. There is a flintlock pistol behind the belt, near his stomach, and an empty for a sabre, attached next to his left hip. He stands with his right arm raised high above his head, holding a sabre, with his other arm lowered down, and his right foot put at the front. The statue stands on top of a 4-metre-tall granite pedestal, with a square base. It features the following two Polish-language inscriptions. At the front, it says: "Janowi Kilińskiemu, wodzowi ludu roku 1794. Rodacy r. 1934", which translates to "To Jan Kiliński, the leader of the people of the capital of the year 1794. The Countrymen of the year 1934", while on the back, "Cokół pomnika zniszczony przez hitlerowskiego okupanta w roku 1942, odbudowany przez rzemiosło warszawskie w roku 1959", which translates to "The monument's plinth was destroyed by the Nazi occupants in the year of 1942, and rebuilt by the Warsaw artisans in the year of 1959".
References
Monuments and memorials in Warsaw
1935 establishments in Poland
1936 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures completed in 1936
1946 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures completed in 1946
1959 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures completed in 1959
1935 sculptures
1936 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Warsaw
Statues of men in Poland
Bronze sculptures in Poland
Old Town, Warsaw
1942 disestablishments in Poland
Buildings and structures demolished in 1942
Removed statues
Kościuszko Uprising
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Warsaw
Buildings and structures in Poland destroyed during World War II
Relocated buildings and structures in Poland
Colossal statues
Statues of military officers
Statues of politicians | Jan Kiliński Monument | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,369 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
63,841,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep%20%28app%29 | Keep () is a Chinese mobile fitness app. The app was made available for downloading on 4 February 2015. Keep was developed by the company Beijing Calories Technology, which was founded by the college student Wang Ning.
The app allows users to view fitness videos and to buy fitness equipment. It contains a social networking service so that customers can share exercise routines with each other. Keep reached one million users downloads by 105 days after its launch and had over 200 million users in September 2019.
History
Keep is an app created by the company Beijing Calories Technology Co Ltd which was founded in 2014 by Wang Ning, a college student in his fourth year. Wang said his motivation for creating the app stemmed from his losing after he developed an exercise regimen through online research. He chose the name "Keep" because according to Xinhua News Agency, "he believes keeping, or persistence, is the core of losing weight and starting up a company".
Keep became available for downloading on 4 February 2015. More than one million users downloaded the app by the 105th day after its launch. Keep provides users with fitness videos and an e-commerce store where they can buy exercise equipment through WeChat Pay and Alipay. The app contains a social networking service that allows users to upload images of what they have eaten, what they look like, and what their exercise routines are. It lets users monitor where and for how long they have run. Its GPS feature allows users to find nearby joggers who are also using the app to whom they can direct friend requests. To make users more committed, it uses "daily bonus, self-evaluation, and [a] personalized fitness plan recommendation".
Keep received US$10 million in Series B funding from GGV Capital and US$32 million in Series C funding from Morningside Ventures and GGV Capital, with participation from Bertelsmann Asia Investments. In March 2018, Keep opened a gym in Beijing, its first. China has 11 Keep-owned gyms, called Keepland, with nine located in Beijing and two in Shanghai. The company opened the brick-and-mortar gyms with the goal of nurturing brand loyalty by having online users start in-person relationships.
In July 2018, it received $126 million in Series D funding from Goldman Sachs, Tencent, GGV Capital, and Morningside Venture Capital. As China was experiencing economic deceleration, Keep in October 2019 laid off 15% of its workforce after having increased it by fourfold in 2018. When Apple Inc. CEO Tim Cook travelled to China on 21 March 2017, he visited Keep's office in Beijing and praised the company for reaching 80 million downloads. Keep is installed by default on devices in Apple Stores in China and was on Apple's "2015 Best of App Store list".
In 2019, the company had 800 employees. By September 2019, Keep had reached 200 million users. In 2019, the app has 18 non-Chinese-language versions and has 10 million users who are not based in China. English, German, Japanese, and Spanish are several of the app's supported languages. Keep's four streams of revenue are sporting goods, advertising, its Keepland gyms, and app membership. By 2019, it had made over one billion sales in sporting goods and ranked fourth in the sporting goods category on the online retail website Tmall behind Decathlon, Lululemon Athletica, and Yijian Running Machine. A December 2018 report published by Sootoo Institute found that there were 38.8 million downloads of Keep between July and September, making it "the most downloaded fitness app in China".
Reception
All Tech Asia journalist Runmiao Diao wrote a 2016 article titled "Why I ditched China's No. 1 fitness app 'Keep' and went back to the gym". She found that the app's large number of options in what courses provided her an environment of overchoice. After her friends followed her on Keep, Diao spent time browsing through what fitness activities they chose to do, which consumed more time. She said that despite spending a substantial amount of time on looking at exercises, she remained uncertain about which exercise to do. Diao lamented, "Keep was not able to tell me either, and I was still left to CHOOSE". She found that after doing Keep's fitness activities, "I did not feel that my fitness has made any improvement", so she chose to join a gym with instructors who could guide her if she made any mistakes.
Research firm CB Insights wrote in a 2017 report that "Many fitness mobile apps offer convenience, but Keep has differentiated itself by integrating social media and e-commerce within its app. The app's social media component not only allows fitness enthusiasts to post their own content, but also allows fitness brands to create in-app social campaigns and promotions for fitness classes and other services." In analysing the company's layoffs, a 2019 Sina Corp article determined that users have installed and uninstalled the app multiple times and purchased classes and memberships but then not used the services more than several times. The article concluded that "the embarrassment of Keep is obvious: it is difficult for novice users to persevere; users with basic training have more professional needs after advancing, but the app cannot really meet those needs".
References
External links
Official website
2015 software
Chinese brands
Fitness apps
GPS sports tracking applications
Software companies based in Beijing
Mobile social software
2023_initial_public_offerings | Keep (app) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,125 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"GPS sports tracking applications"
] |
63,841,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam89A | Protein FAM89A (family with sequence similarity 89, member A) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FAM89A gene. It is also known as chromosome 1 open reading frame 153 (C1orf153). Highest FAM89A gene expression is observed in the placenta and adipose tissue. Though its function is largely unknown, FAM89A is found to be differentially expressed in response to interleukin exposure, and it is implicated in immune responses pathways and various pathologies such as atherosclerosis and glioma cell expression.
Gene
The gene FAM89A is a protein-encoding gene in humans, located on minus strand of chromosome 1, map position 1q42.2. It is also known as chromosome 1 open reading frame 153 (C1orf153). The primary mRNA transcript for the FAM89A gene is 1,503 base pairs in length. There are no other transcript variants for FAM89A. The gene is composed of two exons flanking one large intronic region. FAM89A is neighboring the genes TRIM67 (Tripartite Motif Containing 67), located downstream of FAM89A on the plus strand of chromosome 1, and ARV1 (ARV1 Homolog, Fatty Acid Homeostasis Modulator), located upstream of FAM89A on the plus strand of chromosome 1.
Protein
Biochemistry
The FAM89A protein is 184 amino acids in length, and it has a predicted molecular mass of 18.6kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 5.64. Two small repetitive sequences were found twice within the protein sequence; GARAA and ASGG. Composition of FAM89A protein is notable for its abundance of four amino acids; Leucine (14.1%), Glycine (12.0%), Alanine (11.4%) and Serine (11.4%). FAM89A shows five periodic repeats of leucine residues at every seventh amino acid position at positions 81-115, which is characteristic of its predicted leucine zipper structural motif.
Conserved Domains
FAM89A contains a conserved leucine-rich adapter protein domain (LURAP) called PF14854, located at amino acid positions 84-122. The LURAP superfamily of proteins are activators of the canonical NF-κB pathway, involved in promoting antigen presentation in dendritic cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Secondary Structure
FAM89A is predicted to be 40% alpha helix, 11% extended strand, and 49% random coils. The conserved LURAP domain is predicted to form an alpha helix.
Tertiary Structure
FAM89A tertiary structure has not yet been determined by X-ray crystallography. I-TASSER software predicts dimerization of alpha helix monomers, indicative of the leucine zipper motif.
Gene Level Regulation
Promoter
The FAM89A promoter region is 1,104 base pairs in length. It contains binding sites for various transcription factors, including TFIIB (RNA polymerase II transcription factor IIB), PLAG1 (pleomorphic adenoma gene 1), MZF1 (myeloid zinc finger 1 factors), and SP1 (GC-Box factors SP1/GC).
Expression pattern
FAM89A's highest expression is observed in the placenta and adipose tissue. RNA-sequencing data also reveals moderate FAM89A expression in the adrenal gland, lung, skin, spleen, and breast. Microarray hybridization supports high FAM89A expression in the placenta and moderate expression in the lung, spinal cord, skin, adrenal gland, and retina.
Protein Level Regulation
Subcellular Localization
The FAM89A protein is suggested to be localized in the nucleoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and/or vesicles. Reinhardt’s method for cytoplasmic/nuclear discrimination in PSORT II search results predict nuclear localization with a reliability score of 89. Prediction for localization of FAM89A is highest in the nucleus (52.2%) followed by the mitochondria (34.8%), then the cytoskeleton (8.7%), followed by the cytoplasm having the lowest score (4.3%). PredictProtein tool supports the prediction of subcellular localization in the nucleus.
Post-translational Modifications
Phosphorylation/O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
FAM89A has three predicted phosphorylation sites located at amino acid positions 30, 32, and 168 that are conserved in distant orthologs. The predicted phosphorylation site at position 32 is experimentally verified at position 28 in its paralog, FAM89B. There is a possible competitive binding site for phosphorylation and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) at position 158, supporting localization of FAM89A in the nucleoplasm.
Glycation
NetGlycate 1.0 server predicts two glycation sites at positions 57 and 95. The residues are conserved in distant FAM89A orthologs. Glycation of these lysines is linked to being an important factor in atherosclerosis due to its production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are engulfed by macrophages and taken into the arterial wall.
SUMOylation
SUMOplot predicts SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) protein sites at position 83. The residue is conserved in distant FAM89A orthologs.
Homology/Evolution
Paralogs
An important human paralog of FAM89A is FAM89B, located on human chromosome 11 at map position 11q13.1. FAM89B is also known as, Leucine Repeat Adaptor Protein 25 (LRAP25) and Mammary Tumor Virus Receptor Homolog 1 (MTVR1). Orthologs of FAM89A, but not FAM89B, are present in bivalves, crinoids, hemichordates, starfish, and horseshoe crabs. Orthologs of FAM89B, but not FAM89A, are present in brachiopods and priapulids, The paralogs likely split around 736 million years ago.
Orthologs
FAM89A is largely conserved in Eutelostomi (bony vertebrates). Its orthologs can be found in mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and various insects. Distant FAM89A orthologs are present in octopus, scallop, ants, and bees.
Evolution
The rate of accumulation of amino acid changes relative to the genes Fibrinogen and Cytochrome c indicates that FAM89A is evolving rapidly, using the molecular clock technique.
Interacting Proteins
FAM89A is experimentally determined to interact with the UBXN2B (UBX Domain Protein 2B), an adaptor protein involved in biogenesis in the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and assembly and maintenance of the ER during the cell cycle
Clinical Significance
Pathology and Disease Association
FAM89A is suggested to be involved in modulating the effects of smoking on the risk of atherosclerotic plaque burden. In a study conducted in 2014, a cohort of 264 Caribbean Hispanics with varying smoking frequencies were evaluated for carotid plaque burden and 11 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were identified that had a notable interaction with smoking effects on carotid plaque burden, including SNP rs6700792, located within the FAM89A gene.
FAM89A is also suggested to be involved in discriminating viral and bacterial infection in febrile patients. A 2016 study conducted at the Division of Infectious Disease in the Imperial College of London evaluated blood-based transcriptomic biomarkers and revealed that febrile patients with bacterial infection displayed increased expression of FAM89A.
A 2019 study concerning FAM89A was directed on genes that possess methylation sites that relate to causing gliomas. The researchers found that abnormal expression of FAM89A correlated with glioma gene expression profiling studies.
Microarray hybridization data revealed slight decrease in FAM89A expression in response to airway epithelial cell exposure to interleukin 13 and CD8+ T lymphocyte exposure to interleukin 10.
References
Genes on human chromosome 1
Proteins
Human proteins | Fam89A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,865 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
63,842,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapchan | A Tapchan () is a type of outdoor furniture unique to Central Asia especially Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, combining a large bed capable of holding 4-8 adults with a table at which meals can be eaten.. It is similar or identical to the Malay bale-bale, 'wooden raised platform'.
Variants
Although typically an outdoor fixture, they are also found indoors, for instance at roadside restaurants, since they allow the customer to both rest and eat. Private homes with a tapchan in the yard often build canopy posts with either a fixed shade or curtains.
External links
A custom-built tapchan in North America
Footnotes
Central Asia
Tajikistani design
Tables (furniture)
Beds | Tapchan | [
"Biology"
] | 138 | [
"Beds",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
63,842,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics%20of%20vaccines | Vaccine development and production is economically complex and prone to market failure. Development is unprofitable in rich and poor countries, and is done with public funding. Production is concentrated in the hands of a small number of powerful companies which acquire key legal monopolies and make very large profits.
Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases because there is little revenue potential. Even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great. Most vaccine development to date has therefore relied on "push" funding by government, universities and non-profit organizations. In almost all cases, pharmaceuticals including vaccines are developed with public funding, but profits and control of price and availability are legally accorded to private companies. Proposed solutions include requiring results from publicly-funded research to be public-domain. Past efforts along these lines have failed by regulatory capture.
In contrast to research and development, the vaccine production market, even for out-of-patent vaccines, is highly concentrated. 80% of global production is in the hand of five large companies, which hold key patents. This reduces competition and allows high, uncompetitive prices, often more than 100 times the cost of production.
Many vaccines have been highly cost-effective and beneficial for public health. Vaccine effort that is beneficial to society is vastly in excess of that which is beneficial to vaccine producers. The number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades.
Market concentration
While vaccine research and development is done by many small companies, large-scale vaccine manufacturing is done by an oligopoly of big manufacturers. A March 2020 New York Times article described the political effects of this market structure: "government and international health organizations know that any vaccine developed in a lab will ultimately be manufactured by large pharmaceutical firms. At this critical juncture with coronavirus, no health expert would publicly criticize drug companies, but privately they complain that pharma is a major speed bump in developing lifesaving vaccines."
Concentration and monopolization of the manufacture of specific drugs has also led to supply shortages, and significant healthcare costs for employing people to track down hard-to-get drugs.
This oligopoly power allows vaccine manufacturers to engage in price discrimination, and vaccine prices are often two orders of magnitude (~100x) higher than the manufacturer's stated manufacturing costs, . Sales agreements often require that the buyer keeps the price secret and agrees to other non-competitive restrictions; the exact nature and extent of this problem is hard to characterize, due to agreements being secret. Price secrecy also disadvantages vaccine purchasers in price negotiations. It also makes market analysis difficult and hinders efforts to improve affordability.
The first decade of the 2000s saw a large number of mergers and acquisitions, and , 80% of the global vaccine market was in the hands of five multinationals: GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur, Pfizer, Merck, and Novartis. Of these, Novartis does not focus on vaccine development. Patents on key manufacturing processes help maintain this oligopoly.
National vaccine-manufacturing facilities
Some countries have set up local manufacturing facilities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sometimes the government simply gives a private company money to set up a privately-owned vaccination facility locally; sometimes the facility is partly controlled or owned by the government. Facilities that produce less than 100 million doses per year face diseconomies of scale, increasing the costs of vaccines. Sequential stages in the production of a vaccine dose may also be done in different facilities and shipped across borders.
In 2017, the UK had draft plans to build a national facility, later called the UK Vaccine Manufacturing Innovation Centre (VMIC). Plans came to involve industry partners including Merck and Johnson and Johnson. The facility was delayed by negotiations between industry funders and, which did not end until the country was well into the pandemic. It was originally slated to cost the government £66m. The facility was expanded and built in a rush during the pandemic, and eventually cost the government £200 million; by December of 2021, the government was trying to sell off its share (it was still trying ot sell it nearly a year later). The decision was widely criticized. It was suggested that the government not sell, or at least retain the ability to commandeer production.
Ghana built a US$122 vaccine manufacturing facility using funding from the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group, working with a consortium of three Ghanaian pharmaceutical companies. It was planned to start shipping vaccines in 2024.
Italy planned a public-private vaccine production facility. Canada built a publicly-owned production facility, which at 24 million doses per year is not expected to be cost-competitive with larger commercial facilities.
Epidemic response
In the past, the market power of pharmaceutical companies has delayed responses to epidemics. Manufacturers have successfully negotiated favourable terms, including market guarantees and indemnification, from governments, as a condition of manufacturing vaccines. This has delayed responses to some epidemics by months, and prevented responses to other pandemics entirely. Some intellectual property issues also hinder vaccine development for epidemic preparedness, as in the case of rVSV-ZEBOV.
Market incentives
There is also no business incentive for pharmaceutical companies to test vaccines that are only of use to poor people. Vaccines developed for rich countries may also have short expiry dates, and requirements that they be refrigerated until they are injected and given in multiple shots, all of which may be very difficult in remote areas. In some cases, it has simply never been tested whether the vaccine will still be effective if the requirements are not followed (say, if it retains potency for several days unrefrigerated).
In almost all cases, pharmaceuticals including vaccines are developed with public funding, but profits and control of price and availability are legally accorded to private companies. The profits of large pharmaceutical companies are mostly used on dividends and share buybacks, which inflate executive pay, and on lobbying and advertising. Innovation is generally bought along with the small companies that developed it, rather than produced in-house; low percentage R&D spending is sometimes touted as an attraction to investors. The financialization focus of the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the US, has been cited as an obstacle to innovation.
There have been ethical issues raised with accepting donations of generally unaffordable vaccines.
Demand
While the vaccine market makes up only 2-3% of the pharmaceutical market worldwide, it is growing at 10-15% per year, much faster than other pharmaceuticals ().
Vaccine demand is increasing with new target population in emerging markets (partly due to international vaccine funders; in 2012, UNICEF bought half of the world's vaccine doses). Vaccines are becoming the financial driver of the pharmaceutical industry, and new business models may be emerging. Vaccines are newly being marketed like pharmaceuticals.
Vaccines offer new opportunities for funding from public-private partnerships (such as CEPI and GAVI), governments, and philanthropic donors and foundations (such as GAVI and CEPI's donors). Pharmaceutical companies have representation on the boards of public-private global health funding bodies including GAVI and CEPI. Private donors often find it easier to exert influence through public-private partnerships like GAVI than through the traditional public sector and multilateral government institutions like the WHO; PPPs also appeal to public donors. Philanthropic funding means that vaccines are now rolled out to large developing markets less than 10 or 20 years after they are developed, during the patent validity term of the patent owner. Newer vaccines are much more expensive than older ones. Lower-income countries are increasingly a profitable vaccine market.
Public domain
Baker (2016) observed that the vast majority of the cost of most diagnostic, preventive and treatment procedures are patent royalties: The unit costs are almost universally a tiny fraction of the price to the consumer. Moreover, in the US "the government spends more than $30 billion a year on biomedical research through the National Institutes of Health". And researchers (individuals and organizations) routinely obtain patents on products whose development was paid for by taxpayers, per the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980. Baker claims that the US population would have better health care at lower cost if the results of that research were all placed in the public domain.
Moreover, the cost of those diagnostic, preventive and treatment procedures would be lower the world over if the results of publicly-funded research were in the public domain. This would likely lead to better control of infectious diseases worldwide. That, in turn, would likely reduced the disease load in the US.
References
Vaccination
Health economics
Public health
Market failure | Economics of vaccines | [
"Biology"
] | 1,793 | [
"Vaccination"
] |
63,844,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPK-88004 | OPK-88004 (formerly known as LY-2452473 or TT-701) is a non-steroidal indole derivative which acts as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). It has been investigated by OPKO Health for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and symptoms associated with benign prostate hyperplasia.
Research
The compound advanced to a phase II trial in benign prostatic hyperplasia, but it was terminated due to difficulty in measuring prostate size, the trial's primary endpoint.
It was also tried in a study to improve quality of life in patients with prostate cancer. Although it did not cause progression of the disease and increased lean body mass, the drug did not improve sexual function.
See also
Enobosarm
JNJ-28330835
Ligandrol
References
Selective androgen receptor modulators
Nitriles | OPK-88004 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 180 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,846,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateefah%20Durosinmi | Lateefah Durosinmi (born 1957 in Lagos) is a Nigerian chemist and academic. She is a Professor at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ilé-Ifẹ̀, Nigeria.
Early life
Lateefah Moyosore-Oluwa Adunni Durosinmi was born on 7 July 1957, on Lagos Island in Nigeria. Her father Late Alhaji Tijani Akanni Kolawole Williams was a sales manager and her mother was Madam Wusamot Abeni Kareem. Durosinmi was educated at the Patience Modern Girls’ (Private) School in Olowogbowo and then boarded at the Girls’ Secondary Grammar School in Gbagada. She married Muheez Durosinmi on 9 May 1981.
Durosinmi attended the University of Ibadan and gained a BSc (Hons) in Chemistry in 1979. She then studied for a Master of Science in Analytical Chemistry, graduating in 1986. She took a PhD in Inorganic Chemistry at the Obafemi Awolowo University in Ilé-Ifẹ̀, in 1992. Her study focus was amino acids.
Career
Durosinmi began her career with the Lagos Water Corporation, then taught chemistry at Saint Anne’s School in Ibadan. In 1989, she took an appointment at the Obafemi Awolowo University in the chemistry department, where she is presently a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry. Between 2008 and 2016 she was also Acting Dean of Students. She visited Loughborough University as a postdoctoral research fellow from 1994 until 1995.
Between 2005 and 2009, she was President of the Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN). Afterwards, a number of lectures and essays were released in her honour.
Foundation
Durosinmi set up the Lateefah Moyosore Durosinmi Foundation (LMDF) in 2013, with the aim of supporting financially disadvantaged students and women setting up businesses. In 2019, she awarded scholarships to 33 students and grants to 15 women at a ceremony in Ibadan. She commented that "we must assist women to develop the society and as well as the youths to develop their talent". In 2019, Professor Ashiata Bolatito Lanre-Abbas, who was the first female Muslim Professor at the University of Ibadan, gave the sixth Lateefah Moyosore Durosinmi Foundation lecture concerning economic recession at Obafemi Awolowo University.
Selected works
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Nigerian women chemists
Academic staff of Obafemi Awolowo University
University of Ibadan alumni
Chemical Society of Nigeria | Lateefah Durosinmi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 530 | [
"Chemical Society of Nigeria"
] |
63,846,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V691%20Coronae%20Australis | X1822–371, associated with the optically visible star V691 Coronae Australis (abbreviated V691 CrA), is a neutron-star X-ray binary system at a distance of approximately 2-2.5 kiloparsecs. It is known to have a high inclination of i = 82.5°± 1.5°. This source displays relatively high brightness in the optical wavelengths when compared to the X-ray, making it a prototypical Accretion Disk Coronae (ADC) source, i.e. a source with a corona extending above and below its accretion disk. The only-partial eclipses in its light curve, even at such a high inclination, support this hypothesis. Estimates of the mass of its neutron star lies between 1.14–2.32 solar masses. The optical spectrum of X1822–371 displays strong Hα, Hβ, He I, He II and Bowen Blend features. These features have been extensively studied using the technique of Doppler tomography.
References
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, V691
Eclipsing binaries
Neutron stars | V691 Coronae Australis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 241 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
63,848,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFA%20minimization | In automata theory (a branch of theoretical computer science), NFA minimization is the task of transforming a given nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) into an equivalent NFA that has a minimum number of states, transitions, or both. While efficient algorithms exist for DFA minimization, NFA minimization is PSPACE-complete. No efficient (polynomial time) algorithms are known, and under the standard assumption P ≠ PSPACE, none exist. The most efficient known algorithm is the Kameda‒Weiner algorithm.
Non-uniqueness of minimal NFA
Unlike deterministic finite automata, minimal NFAs may not be unique. There may be multiple NFAs of the same size which accept the same regular language, but for which there is no equivalent NFA or DFA with fewer states.
References
External links
A modified C# implementation of Kameda-Weiner (1970)
PSPACE-complete problems
Finite automata | NFA minimization | [
"Mathematics"
] | 201 | [
"PSPACE-complete problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
63,848,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20of%20division%20%28combinatorics%29 | In combinatorics, the rule of division is a counting principle. It states that there are ways to do a task if it can be done using a procedure that can be carried out in ways, and for each way , exactly of the ways correspond to the way .
In a nutshell, the division rule is a common way to ignore "unimportant" differences when counting things.
Applied to Sets
In the terms of a set: "If the finite set is the union of n pairwise disjoint subsets each with elements, then ."
As a function
The rule of division formulated in terms of functions: "If is a function from to where and are finite sets, and that for every value there are exactly values such that (in which case, we say that is -to-one), then ."
Examples
Example 1
- How many different ways are there to seat four people around a circular table, where two seatings are considered the same when each person has the same left neighbor and the same right neighbor?
To solve this exercise we must first pick a random seat, and assign it to person 1, the rest of seats will be labeled in numerical order, in clockwise rotation around the table. There are 4 seats to choose from when we pick the first seat, 3 for the second, 2 for the third and just 1 option left for the last one. Thus there are 4! = 24 possible ways to seat them. However, since we only consider a different arrangement when they don't have the same neighbours left and right, only 1 out of every 4 seat choices matter.
Because there are 4 ways to choose for seat 1, by the division rule () there are different seating arrangements for 4 people around the table.
Example 2
- We have 6 coloured bricks in total, 4 of them are red and 2 are white, in how many ways can we arrange them?
If all bricks had different colours, the total of ways to arrange them would be , but since they don't have different colours, we would calculate it as following:
4 red bricks have arrangements
2 white bricks have arrangements
Total arrangements of 4 red and 2 white bricks = .
See also
Combinatorial principles
Notes
References
Further reading
Leman, Eric; Leighton, F Thompson; Meyer, Albert R; Mathematics for Computer Science, 2018. https://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.042/spring18/mcs.pdf
Combinatorics | Rule of division (combinatorics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 502 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
63,848,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB-space | In mathematics, an LB-space, also written (LB)-space, is a topological vector space that is a locally convex inductive limit of a countable inductive system of Banach spaces.
This means that is a direct limit of a direct system in the category of locally convex topological vector spaces and each is a Banach space.
If each of the bonding maps is an embedding of TVSs then the LB-space is called a strict LB-space. This means that the topology induced on by is identical to the original topology on
Some authors (e.g. Schaefer) define the term "LB-space" to mean "strict LB-space."
Definition
The topology on can be described by specifying that an absolutely convex subset is a neighborhood of if and only if is an absolutely convex neighborhood of in for every
Properties
A strict LB-space is complete, barrelled, and bornological (and thus ultrabornological).
Examples
If is a locally compact topological space that is countable at infinity (that is, it is equal to a countable union of compact subspaces) then the space of all continuous, complex-valued functions on with compact support is a strict LB-space. For any compact subset let denote the Banach space of complex-valued functions that are supported by with the uniform norm and order the family of compact subsets of by inclusion.
Final topology on the direct limit of finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces
Let
denote the , where denotes the space of all real sequences.
For every natural number let denote the usual Euclidean space endowed with the Euclidean topology and let denote the canonical inclusion defined by so that its image is
and consequently,
Endow the set with the final topology induced by the family of all canonical inclusions.
With this topology, becomes a complete Hausdorff locally convex sequential topological vector space that is a Fréchet–Urysohn space.
The topology is strictly finer than the subspace topology induced on by where is endowed with its usual product topology.
Endow the image with the final topology induced on it by the bijection that is, it is endowed with the Euclidean topology transferred to it from via
This topology on is equal to the subspace topology induced on it by
A subset is open (resp. closed) in if and only if for every the set is an open (resp. closed) subset of
The topology is coherent with family of subspaces
This makes into an LB-space.
Consequently, if and is a sequence in then in if and only if there exists some such that both and are contained in and in
Often, for every the canonical inclusion is used to identify with its image in explicitly, the elements and are identified together.
Under this identification, becomes a direct limit of the direct system where for every the map is the canonical inclusion defined by where there are trailing zeros.
Counter-examples
There exists a bornological LB-space whose strong bidual is bornological.
There exists an LB-space that is not quasi-complete.
See also
Citations
References
Topological vector spaces | LB-space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 624 | [
"Topological vector spaces",
"Vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
63,849,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina%20Huerta | Marina Huerta (born 1968) is an Argentinian theoretical physicist and a physics professor. She is known for her work on quantum entropy in quantum field theory. She has provided a new interpretation of the Bekenstein bound. As of 2020, she has 29 peer-reviewed publications with more than 2000 citations.
In 2015 she won the New Horizons in Physics - Breakthrough Prize for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity". In 2024 she was awarded the Dirac Medal (ICTP) jointly with her husband Horacio Casini, Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi.
She researches quantum field theory and quantum information at the Centro Atómico Bariloche and the Argentinian research organization: CONICET. She is a professor at the Instituto Balseiro of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo in Argentina where her lectures on special relativity have been filmed and are offered free of charge (in Spanish). The Strings School has published her lectures on entanglement entropy (in English).
Biography
Marina Huerta was born in 1968 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She studied at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and then moved to the Instituto Balseiro. She obtained her Ph.D. in physics in the year 2000 after completing a doctoral dissertation on an effective description of the Quantum Hall Effect under the supervision of Guillermo Zemba and Rafael Montemayor.In 2005 and then in 2014, she spent some time at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. On the 2014 visit, Huerta researched entanglement entropy which enlightens aspects of quantum field theory inaccessible with any other approach.
She was one of the organizers of the workshop 'Quantum Gravity in the Southern Cone' in 2019.
Contributions to physics
Huerta main contribution in theoretical physics is in geometric entropy in quantum field theory, holography, quantum gravity and quantum information theory. She uses interlacing entropy as an indicator of confinement and phase transitions. It is considered the natural order parameter for systems with topological order. Relative entropy's properties give rise to the Bekenstein dimension, energy levels in field theories and the generalized second law. She has provided a new interpretation of the Bekenstein bound using relative entropy and distinguishability of states.
Interlacing entropy is essential in holography, which relates quantum gravity theories to non-gravitational field theories with one less dimension. Interlacing is necessary to explain the connectivity of space and to describe physics beyond the event horizon.
Selected publications
On the RG running of the entanglement entropy of a circle. In: Physical Review D. Band 85, 2012, S. 125016
Towards a derivation of holographic entanglement entropy. In: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). 1105 (2011) 036
Entanglement entropy in free quantum field theory. In: Journal of Physics A. Band 42, 2009, S. 504007, Arxiv
A Finite entanglement entropy and the c-Theorem. In: Physics Letters B. Band 600, 2004, S. 142–150
References
1968 births
Scientists from Buenos Aires
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Theoretical physicists
Quantum physicists
21st-century Argentine women scientists
21st-century Argentine physicists
Living people
National University of Cuyo alumni | Marina Huerta | [
"Physics"
] | 664 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum physicists",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
63,849,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumberg%20theorem | In mathematics, the Blumberg theorem states that for any real function there is a dense subset of such that the restriction of to is continuous. It is named after its discoverer, the Russian-American mathematician Henry Blumberg.
Examples
For instance, the restriction of the Dirichlet function (the indicator function of the rational numbers ) to is continuous, although the Dirichlet function is nowhere continuous in
Blumberg spaces
More generally, a Blumberg space is a topological space for which any function admits a continuous restriction on a dense subset of The Blumberg theorem therefore asserts that (equipped with its usual topology) is a Blumberg space.
If is a metric space then is a Blumberg space if and only if it is a Baire space. The Blumberg problem is to determine whether a compact Hausdorff space must be Blumberg. A counterexample was given in 1974 by Ronnie Levy, conditional on Luzin's hypothesis, that The problem was resolved in 1975 by William A. R. Weiss, who gave an unconditional counterexample. It was constructed by taking the disjoint union of two compact Hausdorff spaces, one of which could be proven to be non-Blumberg if the Continuum Hypothesis was true, the other if it was false.
Motivation and discussion
The restriction of any continuous function to any subset of its domain (dense or otherwise) is always continuous, so the conclusion of the Blumberg theorem is only interesting for functions that are not continuous. Given a function that is not continuous, it is typically not surprising to discover that its restriction to some subset is once again not continuous, and so only those restrictions that are continuous are (potentially) interesting.
Such restrictions are not all interesting, however. For example, the restriction of any function (even one as interesting as the Dirichlet function) to any subset on which it is constant will be continuous, although this fact is as uninteresting as constant functions.
Similarly uninteresting, the restriction of function (continuous or not) to a single point or to any finite subset of (or more generally, to any discrete subspace of such as the integers ) will be continuous.
One case that is considerably more interesting is that of a non-continuous function whose restriction to some dense subset (of its domain) continuous.
An important fact about continuous -valued functions defined on dense subsets is that a continuous extension to all of if one exists, will be unique (there exist continuous functions defined on dense subsets of such as that cannot be continuously extended to all of ).
Thomae's function, for example, is not continuous (in fact, it is discontinuous at rational number) although its restriction to the dense subset of irrational numbers is continuous.
Similarly, every additive function that is not linear (that is, not of the form for some constant ) is a nowhere continuous function whose restriction to is continuous (such functions are the non-trivial solutions to Cauchy's functional equation).
This raises the question: can such a dense subset always be found? The Blumberg theorem answer this question in the affirmative.
In other words, every function − no matter how poorly behaved it may be − can be restricted to some dense subset on which it is continuous.
Said differently, the Blumberg theorem shows that there does not exist a function that is so poorly behaved (with respect to continuity) that all of its restrictions to all possible dense subsets are discontinuous.
The theorem's conclusion becomes more interesting as the function becomes more pathological or poorly behaved. Imagine, for instance, defining a function by picking each value completely at random (so its graph would be appear as infinitely many points scattered randomly about the plane ); no matter how you ended up imagining it, the Blumberg theorem guarantees that even this function has dense subset on which its restriction is continuous.
See also
Notes
Citations
References
"Variations on Blumberg's Theorem", Jack B. Brown, Real Analysis Exchange 9, #1 (1983/1984), pp. 123–137, , .
"'Big' Continuous Restrictions of Arbitrary Functions", K. C. Ciesielski, M. E. Martínez-Gómez and J. B. Seoane-Sepúlveda, The American Mathematical Monthly, 126, #6 (June–July 2019), pp. 547–552, .
"Strongly non-Blumberg spaces", Ronnie Levy, General Topology and its Applications, 4, #2 (June 1974), pp. 173–177, .
"A solution to the Blumberg problem", William A. R. Weiss, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 81, #5 (September 1975), pp. 957–958, .
"The Blumberg problem", William A. R. Weiss, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 230 (June 1977), pp. 71–85, , .
Theorems in real analysis
Theorems in topology | Blumberg theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,012 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in real analysis",
"Theorems in topology",
"Topology",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
63,850,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumugam%20Manthiram | Arumugam Manthiram (; born March 15, 1951) is an Indian-American materials scientist and engineer, best known for his identification of the polyanion class of lithium-ion battery cathodes, understanding of how chemical instability limits the capacity of layered oxide cathodes, and technological advances in lithium sulfur batteries. He is a Cockrell Family Regents Chair in engineering, Director of the Texas Materials Institute, the Director of the Materials Science and Engineering Program at the University of Texas at Austin, and a former lecturer of Madurai Kamaraj University. Manthiram delivered the 2019 Nobel Lecture in Chemistry on behalf of Chemistry Laureate John B. Goodenough.
Early life and education
Manthiram was born in Amarapuram, Tamil Nadu, a small village in southern India. He completed his B.S. and M.S. degrees in chemistry at Madurai University. He then received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.
Career
After working as a lecturer at Madurai Kamaraj University for four years, he joined John B. Goodenough's lab as a Research Associate, first at Oxford University and then at the University of Texas at Austin. Manthiram joined the faculty of the University of Texas at Austin in 1991.
Research
Manthiram identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, which are widely used in commercial applications. This is a class which includes lithium iron phosphate. He demonstrated that positive electrodes containing polyanions, e.g., sulfates, produce higher voltages than oxides due to the inductive effect of the polyanion. These polyanion cathodes are also used in sodium ion batteries.
Manthiram discovered that the capacity limitations of layered oxide cathodes is a result of chemical instability that can be understood based on the relative positions of the metal 3d band relative to the top of the oxygen 2p band. This discovery represents the theoretical underpinnings of the anion-redox energy storage mechanism and has had significant implications for the practically accessible compositional space of lithium-ion batteries, as well as their stability from a safety perspective.
He has identified the critical parameters needed for transitioning lithium sulfur batteries towards commercial use. Specifically, lithium sulfur batteries need to achieve a sulfur loading of >5 mg cm−2, a carbon content of <5%, electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio of <5 μL mg−1, electrolyte-to-capacity ratio of <5 μL (mA h)−1, and negative-to-positive capacity ratio of <5 in pouch-type cells. Key technological advances for lithium sulfur batteries developed by Manthiram include the use of microporous carbon interlayers and the use of doped graphene sponge electrodes.
References
External links
Arumugam Manthiram at Google Scholar
University of Texas at Austin faculty
American materials scientists
21st-century American engineers
IIT Madras alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Solid state chemists
1951 births
Living people
Indian emigrants to the United States
American academics of Indian descent
Indian materials scientists
21st-century Indian engineers
People from Thoothukudi district | Arumugam Manthiram | [
"Chemistry"
] | 656 | [
"Solid state chemists"
] |
63,851,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M33-013406.63 | M33-013406.63, also known as B416 or UIT301, is a O-type blue evolved supergiant star in the constellation of Triangulum. It is located within the Triangulum Galaxy, which is approximately 2,380,000–3,070,000 light years away from Earth.
It is potentially one of the most luminous stars ever discovered, estimated to be approximately between 3 and 10 million times more luminous than the Sun, although it is thought likely to be a multiple star system. Modelling of the spectrum based on some assumptions about the relative sizes of the two stars suggests a secondary around half a million times as luminous as the Sun and the primary over four million times as luminous as the Sun.
M33-013406.3 is embbed within a prominent ring shaped H II region, large regions of Ionized hydrogen clouds with lots of star formation occurring in them. It is also near the center of the H II region its in and possible associated with the nebula's origin.
Notes
References
O-type supergiants
Binary stars
Triangulum
Triangulum Galaxy
Luminous blue variables | M33-013406.63 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 236 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
70,991,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline%20Rudd | Pauline Rudd is a British biochemist and Professor at the Microbiome Institute, University College Cork. She is a founder of Wessex Biochemicals, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and was awarded the James Gregory Medal in 2010.
Early life and education
Rudd grew up in Bournemouth and attended Bournemouth School for Girls. As a child she wanted to be a physicist. Her uncle was a physicist, and Rudd joined the British Junior Astronomical Association. She was the only girl in a group of 48 boys, and said she was never allowed to look down the telescope. The male dominated environment of physics made Rudd consider a career in chemistry instead. When she was fourteen, she started to use washing machines and liquidisers to create rare sugars and sugar phosphates. She sold these chemicals through and co-founded Wessex Biochemicals. Rudd was an undergraduate chemistry student at Westfield College, then part of the University of London. After earning her degree, she joined Wessex Biochemicals which employed thirty people before being acquired by Sigma-Aldrich. She completed her PhD in 1995 which was awarded by the Open University.
Research and career
Rudd joined the glycobiology institute at the University of Oxford in 1985. At the time, it was difficult for women scientists to secure jobs as academic personnel, and Rudd joined as a glass washer. She learned how to work with glycoproteins and large sugars and eventually completed a doctorate on glycoforms at the Open University in 1995. Rudd moved to the Scripps Research institute, and held a visiting position at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. She commercialised her work on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS) with Waters Corporation.
Rudd has worked to miniaturise technologies for glycol analysis. For example, she has used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to link individual genomes to their serum glycome and individual proteins. She moved to University College Dublin in 2006, where was made head of the Dublin-Oxford glycobiology laboratory research group. She opened the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), where she developed new processes for protein glycosylation in an attempt to characterise recombinant protein drugs.
Awards and honours
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM)
Awarded Fellowship of the International Society for Science and Religion
2010 James Gregory Medal
2010 Agilent Thought Leader Award
2012 Waters Corporation Center of Innovation Program Honors
2014 University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska institute Honorary Doctorate
2016 The Analytical Scientist Power List
2017 International glycoconjugate organisation award
Selected publications
Personal life
Rudd serves as an associate of the Anglican Church at the Community of St Mary the Virgin in Wantage, Oxfordshire. She took a fifteen-year career break to raise her four children.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of London
Biochemists
Alumni of the Open University
Fellows of the Royal Society of Medicine | Pauline Rudd | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 616 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists"
] |
70,991,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard%20Observatory%20Supernova%20Search | The Backyard Observatory Supernova Search (BOSS) is conducted by astronomers from Australia and New Zealand since mid 2008 to search for new supernovae in the southern hemisphere. In 2022 the group won the Astronomical Society of Australia's Page Medal for having found around 200 confirmed supernovas.
List of discoveries
References
Amateur astronomy organizations
Variable stars
Scientific organizations established in 2008 | Backyard Observatory Supernova Search | [
"Astronomy"
] | 74 | [
"Amateur astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomy organizations"
] |
70,992,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova%20Cassiopeiae%202021 | Nova Cassiopeiae 2021, also known V1405 Cassiopeiae, was a nova in the constellation Cassiopeia. It reached a peak brightness of magnitude 5.449 on May 9, 2021, making it visible to the naked eye. It was discovered by Japanese amateur astronomer Yuji Nakamura of Kameyama, Japan, at 10:10 UT on March 18, 2021. The nova was first seen by Nakamura in four 15 second CCD exposures with a 135mm F/4 lens, when it was at magnitude 9.3. Nothing was seen brighter than magnitude 13.0 with the same equipment in exposures taken at 10:12 UT on March 14, 2021. For the first seven months after discovery, the nova's brightness stayed at a rough plateau, fading and rebrightening at least eight times; it is considered a very slow nova. After the seven month long series of peaks, Nova Cassiopeiae began a linear decline in brightness. This nova has been detected throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma rays.
All novae are binary stars, consisting of a white dwarf orbiting a "donor star" from which the white dwarf accretes material. Spectra taken of Nova Cassiopeiae around maximum brightness showed that the nova was an FE II type novae. The ejecta from FE II novae is believed to come from a large circumbinary envelope of gas (which was lost from the donor star), rather than the white dwarf. TESS observations revealed an orbital period of hours for the binary system.
References
Novae
Cassiopeia (constellation)
2021 in science
Cassiopeiae, V1405
20210318 | Nova Cassiopeiae 2021 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 349 | [
"Novae",
"Cassiopeia (constellation)",
"Astronomical events",
"Constellations"
] |
70,992,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolvaptan%20phosphate | Tolvaptan phosphate is a drug used for the treatment of cardiac edema. It is a prodrug of tolvaptan, formulated as the salt tolvaptan sodium phosphate, for intravenous administration. Tolvaptan phosphate is converted into the active drug tolvaptan in the human body following administration.
It was developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. and was approved for use in Japan in 2022.
References
Prodrugs
Organophosphates
Diuretics
Chloroarenes
Benzanilides
Vasopressin receptor antagonists
Benzazepanes | Tolvaptan phosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 124 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
70,994,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobblata | Wobblata is a paraphyletic grouping of all placidozoans except Opalinata. It unites the classes Placididea, Nanomonadea and Opalomonadea.
Description
Members of this group are ancestrally aerobic phagotrophic biciliates. They have tubular mitochondrial cristae and a hairy anterior cilium. They have a split right microtubular root, i.e. one of the two (left and right) microtubular roots that support the feeding groove is split in two. They lack a cytopharynx, and some of them have lost their anterior cilium.
Phylogeny
The cladogram shows the relationships between Wobblata and the rest of Opalozoans.
References
Placidozoa
Paraphyletic groups | Wobblata | [
"Biology"
] | 174 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Paraphyletic groups"
] |
70,994,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard%20Bricogne | Gérard Marie Robert Bricogne (born October, 1949 in Aix-en-Provence, France) is a French biophysicist and crystallographer.
Education and career
Bricogne studied mathematics and chemistry at University of Nancy and graduated in 1972. He received his doctorate from University of Cambridge under David Mervyn Blow in 1975 and was then a Research Fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge until 1981, working in the group of Aaron Klug. During the period, he also visited Stephen C. Harrison's laboratory at Harvard University. From 1981 to 1983 he was an assistant professor at Columbia University and from 1983 he was research director of the CNRS at the LURE in Orsay and in the biology department of the CNRS.
Bricogne researches mathematical methods in crystallography and was involved in a revolution in using new methods to determine the structures of very large macromolecules in biology from X-ray diffraction data. In 1978 he was the first to determine the structure of a virus (the tobacco mosaic virus and the tomato bushy stunt virus) at the atomic level (with Aaron Klug and others).
He is Research Director of CNRS and Director and Founder (1996) of Global Phasing Ltd, a nonprofit company based in Cambridge, UK.
From 1993 to 1998 he was a visiting scientist at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge and in 1992 a visiting scientist at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 1992/93 he was a visiting professor at Uppsala University. In 1999 he became a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences in the mathematics section. In 1988 he became a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), serving on its Scientific Council from 1985 to 1990.
Honors and awards
In 2005, he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University and in 2008, he received the Gregori Aminoff Prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1994 he received the Dorothy Hodgkin Prize, in 1985 the Prix Grammaticakis-Neumann of the Académie des Sciences and in 1999 the Patterson Award of the American Crystallographic Association.
Bibliography
Maximum entropy and the foundations of direct methods, Acta Crystallographica, A 40, 1984, S. 410–445
Fourier transforms in crystallography: theory, algorithms and applications, in: International tables for crystallography, Vol. B, 1993. S. 23–106
The Bayesian statistical viewpoint on structure determination: basic concepts and examples, Meth. Enzymol., Vol. 276, 1997, S. 361–423
References
1949 births
Living people
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Crystallographers
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of Uppsala University
Columbia University faculty
French biophysicists
Nancy-Université alumni
People from Aix-en-Provence
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research | Gérard Bricogne | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 586 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
70,994,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu%20Chongwen | Yu Chongwen (; 15 February 1924 – 12 June 2022) was a Chinese scientist who was a professor at the China University of Geosciences, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Yu was born in Shanghai, on 15 February 1924, while his ancestral home is in Ningbo, Zhejiang. He secondary studied at Shanghai Nanyang High School. In 1944, he entered National Southwestern Associated University and graduated from the Department of Geology, Peking University in 1950. He stayed at the university and worked as an assistant after graduation. In 1952, he joined the faculty of China University of Geosciences, where he founded the Department of Geochemistry later and was promoted to professor in 1980.
On 12 June 2022, he died from an illness in Beijing, at the age of 98.
Honours and awards
1988 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for ore controlling conditions, material composition and distribution of tungsten, lead, zinc and other non-ferrous rare metal deposits in Nanling area
1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Publication
References
1924 births
2022 deaths
Chinese geochemists
Scientists from Shanghai
National Southwestern Associated University alumni
National University of Peking alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
Academic staff of China University of Geosciences
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
20th-century Chinese chemists | Yu Chongwen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 275 | [
"Geochemists",
"Chinese geochemists"
] |
70,995,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-rich%20species | In chemistry and particularly biochemistry, an energy-rich species (usually energy-rich molecule) or high-energy species (usually high-energy molecule) is a chemical species which reacts, potentially with other species found in the environment, to release chemical energy.
In particular, the term is often used for:
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and similar molecules called high-energy phosphates, which release inorganic phosphate into the environment in an exothermic reaction with water:
ATP + → ADP + Pi ΔG°' = −30.5 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)
fuels such as hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other organic molecules which react with oxygen in the environment to ultimately form carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes nitrogen, sulfates, and phosphates
molecular hydrogen
monatomic oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and other metastable or unstable species which spontaneously react without further reactants
in particular, the vast majority of free radicals
explosives such as nitroglycerin and other substances which react exothermically without requiring a second reactant
metals or metal ions which can be oxidized to release energy
This is contrasted to species that are either part of the environment (this sometimes includes diatomic triplet oxygen) or do not react with the environment (such as many metal oxides or calcium carbonate); those species are not considered energy-rich or high-energy species.
Alternative definitions
The term is often used without a definition. Some authors define the term "high-energy" to be equivalent to "chemically unstable", while others reserve the term for high-energy phosphates, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia which defines the term "high-energy compounds" to refer exclusively to those.
The IUPAC glossary of terms used in ecotoxicology defines a primary producer as an "organism capable of using the energy derived from light or a chemical substance in order to manufacture energy-rich organic compounds". However, IUPAC does not formally define the meaning of "energy-rich".
References
Chemistry
Biochemistry | Energy-rich species | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 442 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
70,996,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20deicing%20of%20aircraft | In aviation, ground deicing of aircraft is the process of removing surface frost, ice or frozen contaminants on aircraft surfaces before an aircraft takes off. This prevents even a small amount of surface frost or ice on aircraft surfaces from severely impacting flight performance. Frozen contaminants on surfaces can also break off in flight, damaging engines or control surfaces.
Major airports in climates conducive to ground icing will have some kind of ground deicing systems in place. Ultimately it is the pilot-in-command's responsibility to ensure that all necessary deicing processes are carried out before departure.
Planes are often equipped with ice protection systems or icephobic surface coatings to control in-flight atmospheric icing; however, those are not considered substitutes for adequate ground based deicing.
Purpose
Aircraft flight characteristics are extremely sensitive to the slightest amount of surface irregularity, in particular that caused by frost, ice, or snow. These may interrupt smooth airflow over surfaces; add weight to the airframe; interfere with control surfaces; or come loose in flight and cause impact damage to the airframe or engines. A layer as thin as 0.4 mm (1/64 inch) can have a significant effect on lift, drag, and control.
Ground icing can occur even when the ambient temperature is above freezing, via a process known as "cold soaking." In this situation, ice is formed because the fuel in the wing tanks is below freezing, causing condensation on the wings which subsequently freezes.
Many aircraft accidents have been attributed by post-accident investigations to aircraft operators' failure to remove surface frost, ice, and/or snow prior to takeoff. Such accidents include:
1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash
Air Florida Flight 90
Air Ontario Flight 1363
Arrow Air Flight 1285R
Continental Airlines Flight 1713
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751
West Wind Aviation Flight 282
Process
Before every flight the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is responsible for inspecting the airframe for frost, ice, and snow. This can be done visually or by means of specially designed Ground Ice Detection Systems.
If frost, ice, or snow contamination is observed or suspected, the aircraft must undergo a deicing procedure before takeoff, using one or more of the methods listed below.
A complicating factor is that ambient atmospheric conditions may be such that contamination starts to build up again immediately after deicing is complete. For example, it might be snowing. The deicing process must take this into account to ensure that the aircraft remains free of contamination until it takes off. Typically this involves adding a viscous "anti-icing" fluid which will remain on the wings and immediately melt falling snow.
The time between deicing/anti-icing treatments and take-off is called the "holdover time". Various aviation authorities (e.g., the United States' Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
Transport Canada) publish detailed tables giving the hold over time for various combinations of deicing fluids and atmospheric conditions.
Holdover times can be short, sometimes just a few minutes, so deicing of commercial passenger aircraft is usually done after the passengers are aboard and the aircraft is otherwise ready for departure. That way the aircraft can depart immediately after deicing is complete.
If an aircraft exceeds its holdover time, it must be deiced again. If an anti-icing fluid was used, that fluid will now be considered "failed" and must be removed before re-application. Anti-icing fluids must not be applied over a previous failed layer.
Because aircraft icing is such an important safety issue, most aviation authorities and commercial aircraft operators require detailed management plans and record keeping to ensure that the process is done in a safe, organized, timely, and repeatable fashion.
Methods
Fluid-based
In most cases ground-based deicing is accomplished by spraying the aircraft with an aircraft deicing fluid just prior to departure. For commercial aircraft this fluid is usually applied to contaminated surfaces using a specially designed machine. For smaller aircraft a handheld spray applicator may suffice.
Deicing fluids are typically based on propylene glycol or ethylene glycol, which freeze at a lower temperature than water. There are several different types of fluid, falling into two basic categories:
Deicing fluids remove existing frozen contaminants. These are generally non-viscous, and may be heated.
Anti-icing fluids provide short term protection against recontamination. These are generally thickened fluids that remain on control surfaces until the aircraft is accelerating down the runway. They are generally applied cold.
In some cases both types of fluid are applied to aircraft, a process known as two-step deicing.
Glycol-based deicing fluids are toxic, and environmental concerns in the use of such fluids include increased salinity of groundwater, when de-icing fluids are discharged into soil, and toxicity to humans and other mammals. Thus, research into non-toxic alternative deicing fluids is ongoing.
Hot water
It may be possible to deice an aircraft using hot () water if the ambient weather conditions are appropriate. Depending on circumstances this may be followed by an application of type I deicing fluid to prevent re-freezing.
Forced air
Forced air can be used to blow off accumulated snow provided precautions are taken to avoid damaging aircraft components.
If the outside air temperature is higher than freezing then unheated forced air can
also be used for removing frost and ice, perhaps in conjunction with a
subsequent application of deicing fluid.
Heated forced air is not generally used because it may result in the melted contamination refreezing on aircraft surfaces and/or damage to aircraft components.
The use of forced air for deicing is a maturing technology. Hybrid systems
using heated air along with deicing fluids are currently being developed in an attempt to reduce the amount of fluids required.
Infrared heating
Direct infrared heating has also been developed as an aircraft deicing technique. This heat transfer mechanism is substantially faster than conventional heat transfer modes used by deicing fluids (convection and conduction) due to the cooling effect of the air on the deicing fluid spray.
One infrared deicing system requires that the heating process take place inside a specially-constructed hangar. This system has had limited interest among airport operators, due to the space and related logistical requirements for the hangar. In the United States, this type of infrared deicing system has been used, on a limited basis, at two large hub airports and one small commercial airport.
Another infrared system uses mobile, truck-mounted heating units that do not require the use of hangars. The manufacturer claims that the system can be used for both fixed wing aircraft and helicopters, although it has not cited any instances of its use on commercial aircraft.
Mechanical
Mechanical deicing using tools such as brooms, scrapers, ropes, and mops can be used to minimize the amount of fluid or heat-based deicing required. However care must be taken to avoid damaging surfaces, antennas, pitot tubes, etc. Even a thin layer of frost can severely impact flight performance so mechanical methods do not usually suffice on their own. In extremely cold conditions however spray deicing may be impractical leaving mechanical deicing as the only possibility.
Hangar
Frozen contaminants on aircraft surfaces will eventually melt if the aircraft is placed in a warm hangar, but depending on the circumstances, frost or ice could form on surfaces once the aircraft is removed from the hangar and necessitate other types of deicing. In particular the difference in temperature of the fuel in wing tanks and the ambient air can cause frost to form.
Ice shedding
Typically fan-jet engines cannot be deiced with glycol based fluids, as doing so could cause damage to the engine itself or to its associated bleed air systems. Instead most aircraft manufacturers define an engine "ice shedding" procedure to be performed before takeoff, which involves spinning up the engine to a certain RPM for a specified period of time.
Equipment
Commercial airports located in climates conducive to ground icing often have very elaborate deicing processes and equipment.
Typically deicing fluids are applied using a specialized vehicle similar to a "cherry picker" aerial work platform. These vehicles include tanks for fluids, a means to heat those fluids, and a system to deliver those heated fluids at high-pressure.
SAE International publishes standards and requirements for deicing vehicles, including: SAE ARP1971 (Aircraft Deicing Vehicle – Self-Propelled)
and SAE ARP4806 (Deicing/Anti-Icing Self-Propelled Vehicle Functional Requirements).
Aircraft may be deiced in a hangar, at the arrival/departure gate, or on an airport apron dedicated to deicing. The advantage to the latter is that it facilitates collection of deicing fluid runoff for recycling.
Deicing can use a large quantity of fluids. Airports must have the appropriate storage and transportation facilities for these fluids.
Environmental impacts and mitigation
Water pollution impacts
Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol exert high levels of biochemical oxygen demand during degradation in surface waters. This process can adversely affect aquatic life by consuming oxygen needed by aquatic organisms for survival. Large quantities of dissolved oxygen in the water column are consumed when microbial populations decompose propylene glycol.
Sufficient dissolved oxygen levels in surface waters are critical for the survival of fish, macroinvertebrates, and other aquatic organisms. If oxygen concentrations drop below a minimum level, organisms emigrate, if able and possible, to areas with higher oxygen levels, or eventually die. This effect can drastically reduce the amount of usable aquatic habitat. Reductions in dissolved oxygen levels can reduce or eliminate bottom feeder populations, create conditions that favor a change in a community's species profile, or alter critical food-web interactions.
Mitigation
Aircraft deicing can use a considerable amount of deicing fluids, generally hundreds of gallons per aircraft. Some airports recycle used deicing fluid, separating water and solid contaminants, enabling reuse of the fluid in other applications. Other airports have an on-site wastewater treatment facility, or send collected fluid to a municipal sewage treatment plant or a commercial wastewater treatment facility.
See also
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by ice
References
External links
Aircraft operations
Aviation safety
Weather hazards to aircraft
Transport safety
Ice in transportation | Ground deicing of aircraft | [
"Physics"
] | 2,099 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Ice in transportation",
"Transport safety"
] |
70,996,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20sine-square%20law%20of%20air%20resistance | Isaac Newton's sine-squared law of air resistance is a formula that implies the force on a flat plate immersed in a moving fluid is proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack. Although Newton did not analyze the force on a flat plate himself, the techniques he used for spheres, cylinders, and conical bodies were later applied to a flat plate to arrive at this formula. In 1687, Newton devoted the second volume of his Principia Mathematica to fluid mechanics.
The analysis assumes that the fluid particles are moving at a uniform speed prior to impacting the plate and then follow the surface of the plate after contact. Particles passing above and below the plate are assumed to be unaffected and any particle-to-particle interaction is ignored. This leads to the following formula:
where F is the force on the plate (oriented perpendicular to the plate), is the density of the fluid, v is the velocity of the fluid, S is the surface area of the plate, and is the angle of attack.
More sophisticated analysis and experimental evidence have shown that this formula is inaccurate; although Newton's analysis correctly predicted that the force was proportional to the density, the surface area of the plate, and the square of the velocity, the proportionality to the square of the sine of the angle of attack is incorrect. The force is directly proportional to the sine of the angle of attack, or for small values of itself.
The assumed variation with the square of the sine predicted that the lift component would be much smaller than it actually is. This was frequently cited by detractors of heavier-than-air flight to "prove" it was impossible or impractical.
Ironically, the sine squared formula has had a rebirth in modern aerodynamics; the assumptions of rectilinear flow and non-interactions between particles are applicable at hypersonic speeds and the sine-squared formula leads to reasonable predictions.
In 1744, 17-years after Newton's death, the French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert attempted to use the mathematical methods of the day to describe and quantify the forces acting on a body moving relative to a fluid. It proved impossible and d'Alembert was forced to conclude that he could not devise a mathematical method to describe the force on a body, even though practical experience showed such a force always exists. This has become known as D'Alembert's paradox.
See also
Graph of Sine Squared
References
Aerodynamics
Classical mechanics
Force | Newton's sine-square law of air resistance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 513 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Mechanics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
70,997,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfriendly%20partition | In the mathematics of infinite graphs, an unfriendly partition or majority coloring is a partition of the vertices of the graph into disjoint subsets, so that every vertex has at least as many neighbors in other sets as it has in its own set. It is a generalization of the concept of a maximum cut for finite graphs, which is automatically an unfriendly partition. (If not, a vertex with more neighbors in its own set could be moved to the other set, increasing the number of cut edges.) The unfriendly partition conjecture is an unsolved problem asking whether every countable graph has an unfriendly partition into two subsets.
Robert H. Cowan and William R. Emerson, in unpublished work, conjectured that every infinite graph has an unfriendly partition into two subsets. However, Saharon Shelah and Eric Charles Milner disproved the conjecture, showing that uncountable graphs might not have two-subset unfriendly partitions. Nevertheless, they showed that an unfriendly partition into three subsets always exists.
Among countable graphs, the existence of a two-subset unfriendly partition is known for the following special cases:
Graphs that have finitely many vertices of infinite degree
Graphs in which all vertices have infinite degree, by an argument using the back-and-forth method
Graphs with no end
Graphs without a subdivision of an infinite clique
The case for arbitrary countable graphs remains open.
References
Graph theory objects
Infinite graphs
Unsolved problems in graph theory | Unfriendly partition | [
"Mathematics"
] | 321 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Graph theory objects",
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinite graphs",
"Graph theory",
"Infinity",
"Unsolved problems in graph theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
70,997,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netto%27s%20theorem | In mathematical analysis, Netto's theorem states that continuous bijections of smooth manifolds preserve dimension. That is, there does not exist a continuous bijection between two smooth manifolds of different dimension. It is named after Eugen Netto.
The case for maps from a higher-dimensional manifold to a one-dimensional manifold was proven by Jacob Lüroth in 1878, using the intermediate value theorem to show that no manifold containing a topological circle can be mapped continuously and bijectively to the real line. Both Netto in 1878, and Georg Cantor in 1879, gave faulty proofs of the general theorem. The faults were later recognized and corrected.
An important special case of this theorem concerns the non-existence of continuous bijections from one-dimensional spaces, such as the real line or unit interval, to two-dimensional spaces, such as the Euclidean plane or unit square. The conditions of the theorem can be relaxed in different ways to obtain interesting classes of functions from one-dimensional spaces to two-dimensional spaces:
Space-filling curves are surjective continuous functions from one-dimensional spaces to two-dimensional spaces. They cover every point of the plane, or of a unit square, by the image of a line or unit interval. Examples include the Peano curve and Hilbert curve. Neither of these examples has any self-crossings, but by Netto's theorem there are many points of the square that are covered multiple times by these curves.
Osgood curves are continuous bijections from one-dimensional spaces to subsets of the plane that have nonzero area. They form Jordan curves in the plane. However, by Netto's theorem, they cannot cover the entire plane, unit square, or any other two-dimensional region.
If one relaxes the requirement of continuity, then all smooth manifolds of bounded dimension have equal cardinality, the cardinality of the continuum. Therefore, there exist discontinuous bijections between any two of them, as Georg Cantor showed in 1878. Cantor's result came as a surprise to many mathematicians and kicked off the line of research leading to space-filling curves, Osgood curves, and Netto's theorem. A near-bijection from the unit square to the unit interval can be obtained by interleaving the digits of the decimal representations of the Cartesian coordinates of points in the square. The ambiguities of decimal, exemplified by the two decimal representations of 1 = 0.999..., cause this to be an injection rather than a bijection, but this issue can be repaired by using the Schröder–Bernstein theorem.
References
Dimension theory
Theorems in topology | Netto's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 546 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Topology",
"Theorems in topology"
] |
70,998,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204999 | NGC 4999 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo, first discovered February 24, 1786 by astronomer William Herschel. The galaxy is noted as a particularly bright ultraviolet light source – it is believed that its notable bar structure suppresses star formation, indicating this ultraviolet light may possibly be due to a quasi-stellar object.
See also
New General Catalogue
References
4999
Barred spiral galaxies
Virgo (constellation) | NGC 4999 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 87 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,000,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar%20H%C3%A4gg | Gunnar Hägg (December 14, 1903 in Stockholm – May 28, 1986 in Uppsala) was a Swedish chemist and crystallographer.
Education and career
Hägg studied chemistry at Stockholm University from 1922, was a Ramsay Fellow at the University of London in 1926, studying under Frederick G. Donnan. He obtained his PhD in Stockholm in 1929 under Arne Westgren for the work X-ray studies on the binary systems of iron with nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. After that he became a lecturer at the Stockholm University and in 1930 at the University of Jena, Germany. In 1937 he became professor of inorganic and general chemistry at Uppsala University. He retired in 1969.
Hägg's research dealt with nitrides, borides, carbides and hydrides of transition metals and determined their crystal structure with X-ray diffraction. He also developed X-ray cameras and calculating machines for this purpose. His investigations into phases and phase transformations in steel had practical applications. In Sweden he is known for his university chemistry textbooks.
Honors and awards
He was a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala (1940), the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1942), the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund (1943) and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, from which he received the Great Gold Medal in 1969. In 1960 he also became a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. A room in Uppsala University's Ångstrom Laboratory is named after him. In 1968 he received the Oscar Carlson Medal and in 1997 the Gunnar Starck Medal from the Swedish Chemical Society. From 1965 to 1976 he was a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry (and chairman in 1976).
Bibliography
References
1986 deaths
1903 births
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund
Academic staff of Uppsala University
20th-century Swedish chemists
Crystallographers
Stockholm University alumni
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Academic staff of the University of Jena
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Inorganic chemists
Swedish chemists | Gunnar Hägg | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 427 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
71,001,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoxidation | in chemistry, sulfoxidation refers to two distinct reactions.
In one meaning, sulfoxidation refers to the reaction of alkanes with a mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen. This reaction is employed industrially to produce alkyl sulfonic acids, which are used as surfactants. The reaction requires UV-radiation.
RH + SO2 + 1/2 O2 -> RSO3H
The reaction favors secondary positions in accord with its free-radical mechanism. Mixtures are produced. Semiconductor-sensitized variants have been reported.
Sulfoxidation can also refer to the oxidation of a thioether to a sulfoxide.
R2S + O -> R2SO
A typical source of "O" is hydrogen peroxide.
References
Sulfoxides | Sulfoxidation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 166 | [
"Functional groups",
"nan",
"Sulfonic acids"
] |
71,002,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2092209 | HD 92209 (HR 4170) is a probable spectroscopic binary in the southern circumpolar constellation Chamaeleon. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.29, placing it near the max naked eye visibility. Parallax measurements place the system at a distance of 600 light years and is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of almost .
The visible component has a stellar classification of K2 III, indicating that it is a red giant. As a consequence, it has expanded to 14.39 times the radius of the Sun. Nevertheless, it has 122% the mass of the Sun and shines with a luminosity of , yielding an effective temperature of from its enlarged photosphere, which in turn gives an orange hue. HD 92209 has a metallicity 115% that of the Sun and spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity lower than .
References
Chamaeleon
K-type giants
Spectroscopic binaries
Chamaeleontis, 22
PD-75 678
092209
051835
4170 | HD 92209 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 219 | [
"Chamaeleon",
"Constellations"
] |
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