id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
69,607,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20Federation%20of%20Chemical%20Workers%27%20Unions | The Japanese Federation of Chemical Workers' Unions (, Kagaku Soren) is a trade union representing workers in the chemical industry in Japan.
The union was founded in 1978, with the merger of the Japanese Federation of Chemical Industry Workers' Unions with part of the Japanese Federation of Synthetic Chemistry Workers' Unions. Like its predecessors, it was affiliated with the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan until the late 1980s, and then with its successor, the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (RENGO). By 1996, it had 67,629 members.
In 2002, the union became affiliated with the Japan Federation of Energy and Chemistry Workers' Unions (JEC), while maintaining its separate organization. It moved to the right wing of the trade union movement, co-operating closely with management and, in 2016 it withdrew from both the JEC and from RENGO, objecting to their support for the Democratic Party of Japan. By 2021, it had only 4,791 members in five affiliated company unions.
References
External links
Chemical industry trade unions
Trade unions established in 1978
Trade unions in Japan | Japanese Federation of Chemical Workers' Unions | [
"Chemistry"
] | 220 | [
"Chemical industry trade unions"
] |
69,607,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic%20interfering%20particle | A therapeutic interfering particle is an antiviral preparation that reduces the replication rate and pathogenesis of a particular viral infectious disease. A therapeutic interfering particle is typically a biological agent (i.e., nucleic acid) engineered from portions of the viral genome being targeted. Similar to Defective Interfering Particles (DIPs), the agent competes with the pathogen within an infected cell for critical viral replication resources, reducing the viral replication rate and resulting in reduced pathogenesis. But, in contrast to DIPs, TIPs are engineered to have an in vivo basic reproductive ratio (R0) that is greater than 1 (R0>1). The term "TIP" was first introduced in 2011 based on models of its mechanism-of-action from 2003. Given their unique R0>1 mechanism of action, TIPs exhibit high barriers to the evolution of antiviral resistance and are predicted to be resistance proof. Intervention with therapeutic interfering particles can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection), or a single-administration therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as HIV or COVID-19). Synthetic DIPs that rely on stimulating innate antiviral immune responses (i.e., interferon) were proposed for influenza in 2008 and shown to protect mice to differing extents but are technically distinct from TIPs due to their alternate molecular mechanism of action which has not been predicted to have a similarly high barrier to resistance. Subsequent work tested the pre-clinical efficacy of TIPs against HIV, a synthetic DIP for SARS-CoV-2 (in vitro), and a TIP for SARS-CoV-2 (in vivo).
Mechanism of action
Therapeutic Interfering Particles, often referred to as TIPs, are typically synthetic, engineered versions of naturally occurring defective interfering particles (DIPs), in which critical portions of the virus genome are deleted rendering the TIP unable to replicate on its own. Often a TIP has the vast majority of the virus genome deleted. However, TIPs are engineered to retain specific elements of the genome that allow them to efficiently compete with the wild-type virus for critical replication resources inside an infected cell. TIPs thereby deprive wild-type virus of replication material through competitive inhibition, and therapeutically reduce viral load. Competitive inhibition enables TIPs to conditionally replicate and efficiently mobilize between cells, essentially "piggybacking" on wild-type virus, to act as single-administration antivirals with a high genetic barrier to the evolution of resistance. TIPs have been engineered for HIV and SARS-CoV-2, and do not induce innate immune responses such as interferon
Three mechanistic criteria define a TIP:
Conditional replication: Due to a lack of genes required for replication, TIPs cannot self-replicate. However, when wild-type virus is present in the same cell (i.e., there is a superinfection of the cell), it provides the missing intracellular replication resources, allowing TIPs to conditionally replicate. In molecular genetics terms, the wild-type virus is said to provide complementation in trans.
Interference via competitive inhibition: TIPs reduce wild-type virus replication specifically by competing for intracellular viral replication resources (e.g., packaging proteins like the capsid). This mechanism of action reduces wild-type virus burst size and provides TIPs with a high genetic barrier to the evolution of viral resistance.
Mobilization with R0>1: when a TIP is conditionally activated by the wild-type "helper" virus in a super-infected cell, it will generate virus-like particles (VLPs). These TIP VLPs mobilize from the cell, are phenotypically identical to the virus being targeted, and can transduce new target cells. The central requirement for a therapeutic interfering particle is that it mobilizes with a basic reproductive ratio (R0) that is greater than 1 (R0>1). That is, for every TIP-producing cell, more than one new TIP-transduced cell must be generated. This third characteristic differentiates TIPs from naturally occurring DIPs.
As a result of these mechanistic criteria, TIPs have been referred to as "piggyback" or alternatively as "virus hijackers".
TIPs do not stimulate or function through the induction of innate cellular immune responses (such as interferon). In fact, stimulation of innate cellular antiviral mechanisms has been shown to contravene criterion (#3) (i.e., R0>1), as innate immune mechanisms inhibit efficient mobilization of TIPs. As such, several VLP-based therapy proposals for influenza and other viruses that do not satisfy these criteria are DIPs, but not TIPs.
History
TIPs are built off the phenomenon of defective interfering particles (DIPs) discovered by Preben Von Magnus in the early 1950s, during his work on influenza viruses. DIPs are spontaneously arising virus mutants, first described by von Magnus as "incomplete" viruses, in which a critical portion of the viral genome has been lost. Direct evidence for DIPs was only found in the 1960s by Hackett, who observed the presence of "stumpy" particles of vesicular stomatitis virus in electron micrographs, and the DIP terminology was formalized in 1970 by Huang and Baltimore. DIPs have been reported for many classes of DNA and RNA viruses in clinical and laboratory settings.
Whereas DIPs had been proposed as potential therapeutics that would act via stimulation of the immune system – a concept tested in influenza with mixed results – the TIP R0>1 mechanism of action was first proposed in 2003 with the term “TIP” and the unique benefits of the R0>1 mechanism shown in 2011.
In 2016 the US government launched a major funding initiative (DARPA INTERCEPT, ) to discover and engineer antiviral TIPs for diverse viruses, based on prior investments from the US National Institutes of Health. This program led to renewed interest in the concept of interfering particles as therapies with the development of technologies to isolate DIPs for influenza and engineer TIPs for HIV and Zika virus. The first successful experimental demonstration of the TIP concept was reported in 2019 for HIV, and the discovery of a TIP for SARS-CoV-2 was reported in 2020 and results on the effect on hamsters in 2021. In 2020, the US government funded first-in-human clinical trials of TIPs.
References
Clinical pharmacology
Genetic engineering
Medical procedures | Therapeutic interfering particle | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,319 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Clinical pharmacology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
69,607,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2028454 | HD 28454, also known as HR 1418, is a solitary, yellowish-white hued star located in the southern constellation Caelum, the chisel. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.1, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. This star is located relatively close at a distance of about 107 light years based on parallax measurements of Gaia DR3 but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 28454 is an ordinary F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F5.5 V. It has 1.21 times the mass of the Sun and 1.42 times its radius. It radiates 3.26 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,468 K. HD 28454 is estimated to be 1.61 billion years, and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of . The star is metal deficient, having an iron abundance 56% that of the Sun's.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Caelum
028454
020781
1418
Durchmusterung objects
Caeli, 3 | HD 28454 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 245 | [
"Caelum",
"Constellations"
] |
69,607,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Overbaugh | Julie M. Overbaugh is an American virologist. She is a professor at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Overbaugh is best known for her translational approach to studying HIV transmission and pathogenesis and studies of how the antibody response evolves to recognize viruses. Her work in maternal and infant HIV transmission helped make clear the risk posed by breastfeeding and highlighted unique characteristics of an infant immune response that could inform vaccine development. Major scientific contributions to the understanding of HIV transmission and pathogenesis also include: identifying a bottleneck that selects one or a few variants during HIV transmission; demonstrating the importance of female hormones in HIV infection risk; showing the HIV reinfection is common; demonstrating a role for antibodies that mediate ADCC in clinical disease; showing that HIV infected infants develop unique neutralizing antibody responses to HIV.
Overbaugh is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In addition to being recognized for her scientific contributions, she is also recognized for her mentoring, her advocacy for equity and her commitment to global health.
Early life and education
Overbaugh was born and raised in Pennsylvania and graduated from Delone Catholic High School in 1975. During high school, she captained their basketball and field hockey teams and received an award for Excellence in Athletics.
Following high school, Overbaugh was recruited to play college basketball for the University of Connecticut's Huskies from 1976 to 1978. During her tenure, she averaged 3.5 points in 46 games, and also played varsity tennis and served as team captain during her final year. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1979 and earned her PhD in chemistry from the University of Colorado Boulder. During her PhD, Overbaugh spent four months in Oklahoma aiding the effort to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. She returned to school to complete her PhD and continued her training as a postdoctoral fellow in interdisciplinary programs in health and cancer biology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health from 1983 to 1987. During her fellowship, she became interested in HIV research because it was a "clear intersection of science and public health and medicine."
Career
Following her fellowship, Overbaugh joined the University of Washington (UW) to expand their HIV research program to include a basic science focus. In 1992, she became a member of the Nairobi HIV/STD Research Project, which included collaborating on a study of HIV mother-infant infection. For this, she joined Joan Kreiss and Ruth W. Nduati in Kenya to understand the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. The research team found that breastfeeding doubled the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Her subsequent studies showed that the levels of virus in breastmilk predicted infection risk.
Overbaugh left the UW in 1999 to join the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center where she continued and expanded her studies of HIV transmission and pathogenesis, including working closely with the Kenya research collaborative team.. That year Overbaugh received an Elizabeth Glaser Scientist award to expand her studies of mother-infant transmission of HIV to better understand how features of the virus and immune response impact infant infection risk. They went on to define immune factors that impact transmission in the setting of infant exposure, particularly a role for non-neutralizing antibodies that mediated cell killing in infant infection and disease Her research team also discovered novel aspects of the infected infant's immune response to HIV and isolated and characterized the first HIV neutralizing antibodies from infants. They also discovered a variant of HIV in an infant, BG505, that has been extensively leveraged for studies of HIV structure and for vaccine development.
Overbaugh's research has also focused on understanding how viral evolution impacts disease and she showed that the viruses that evolve over the course of infection are more pathogenic, in part because they have escaped neutralizing antibody control. Her work also highlighted that retroviruses can evolve to change their entry receptors and by so doing, can infect new cells and cause changes in disease outcomes. She also discovered that HIV adapted in cell culture can use more diverse receptor othologues, and that this adaption makes strains used in model system distinct In her very early work, Overbaugh also studied adaptive evolution.
Her work with the Kenya research collaborative team also included expanding studies with Kreiss to better define the basis of transmission in high-risk women, such as sex workers, work that continues to this day in Mombasa, Kenya. There, a focus of her research has been on the early dynamics of infection. Her group showed that despite chronically infected people having many distinct viral variants of HIV, there was the transmission of just one or a few of these variants, indicating a bottleneck in viruses that are transmitted. They went on to show that the transmission bottleneck is influenced by his factors such as hormonal contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases. Her group further showed that transmission can also occur in the face of an existing infection, leading to re-infection, and her team has studied the setting of re-infection to understand immune correlates of protection to inform vaccine efforts.
Overbaugh was also involved with collaborated studies to define antibody escape pathways for HIV antibodies and the molecular determinants that govern HIV entry into host cells. Her lab went on to develop a method to profile escape called Phage-DMS that has been used for studies of HIV and SARS-CoV-2.
Due to her interest in infectious disease of global health importance, Overbaugh also emphasized the development of methods for detecting infections in her work. Because HIV strains in Africa differed from those in the US, she developed methods to detect infection with those strains and helped validate assays to define the levels of infection. More recently, she extended this approach to develop methods for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
Major awards
Overbaugh received the Elizabeth Glaser Scientist Award for her work in pediatric HIV research in 1999. In 2011, Overbaugh was named FierceBiotech's 2011 Women in Biotech and was elected to the American Society for Microbiology. Later that year, Overbaugh received the Marion Spencer Fay Leadership Award Drexel University’s Institute for Women's Health and Leadership. In 2016, she also received the lifetime achievement Nature Award for Mentoring in Science and was the first US-Based scientists to be recognized with this award. Two years later, she was recognized for her long service to the global fight against HIV with the Field's Memorial Lecture at the opening session of the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. As a result of her studies of HIV transmission and pathogenesis in affected cohorts, including African women and children, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was also elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences for her studies of HIV transmission and pathogenesis in affected cohorts, including African women and children; she is the first Seattle-based virologist to be elected to the prestigious NAS.
Mentoring
Overbaugh has been recognized in various ways for her mentoring and her commitment to launching the careers of the next generation of scientists. Her mentoring awards include both local and international recognition. She established a training program for graduate students to support training in the study of viral diseases and how viruses evolve even before the COVID pandemic highlighted the need to such training. Her trainees have taken a variety of position in academia, government, industry and a broader range of areas. In academia. Her former trainees have taken faculty positions at Baylor, Columbia, Emory, Harvard, Stanford U Michigan, U Washington, and other Universities focused on research and/or teaching. Former trainees have also attained positions in global health, at the Gates Foundation, the African Academy of Sciences, and in government at the CDC and NIH and the Kenya Medical Research Institute, Other trainees have secured roles in science policy and diversity and inclusion offices and some have written novels with a science focus.
Contributions to the Practice of Science
Overbaugh has actively contributed to improving the practice of science. She has written about effective mentoring from the perspective of a highly productive scientist who has also garnered multiple mentoring awards. She is also well recognized for having a lab that supports work-life balance and as a result, the journal Nature solicited a commentary on this topic. There she highlighted “there must be room for those who want that balance, otherwise creative people with the potential to make significant contributions to scientific discovery will be excluded”. She has written about differences in publication rates in high-profile journals based on gender and argued for better tracking to improve this imbalance. She also lectures on the practice peer-review in ethics forums having served as Chair of NIH grant review panels and as Journal editor.
Advocacy for diversity in science
Overbaugh has been a strong advocate for diversity in science during her career. Overbaugh was the founding faculty lead for Hutch United, a grass roots effort established in 2013 and led by trainees to help promote the success of underrepresented groups in science and those who otherwise felt on the fringes. She has also served in an advisory role in the Fred Hutch Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, and was selected as one of three Fred Hutch faculty to present at the 2021 DEI Summit. In her role as senior vice president and director of the Office of Education and Training at the Fred Hutch, she helped oversee efforts to create a more diverse scientific workforce, she served as advocate for diversity in science at all levels and helped provide support for new faculty launching their careers. Overbaugh has published papers in scientific journals pointing out gender bias in the review process.
Overbaugh has the distinction of having hosted the most diverse lab at Fred Hutch. Among the 64 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows she has trained, 20 are members of the BIPOC community and 10 are members of the LGBTQ+ community. She has published 160 peer-reviewed publications with African co-authors, and has mentored numerous African scientists for periods ranging from short-term technical training to masters and PhD level training. Her citation for the Nature Mentorship Award calls out her strengths mentoring African scientists: "She has the patience to listen to and deal with culture shocks and adjustment to new surroundings and a different system of training and education."
Overbaugh's place as a role model and mentor for underrepresented groups in science has been recognized in multiple other ways including by the University of Washington School of Medicine in 2007. Her leadership was also highlighted in the introductory remarks ahead of her honorary opening lecture at the premiere meeting in the HIV field. There it was noted that she has a reputation as a ‘proponent for women’s rights’. In that lecture, Overbaugh highlighted her collaborative and bilateral research with Kenyan partners and emphasized her view of the importance of supporting training of aspiring African scientists.
Leadership and institutional recognition
Overbaugh has served in numerous leadership roles in the field nationally and internationally, including chair of NIH grant review panels on both HIV molecular biology and HIV immunology, as Chair of the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Investigators in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases Award committee, and as chair of Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) as well as other major meetings.
Overbaugh also had major leadership role within her institutions. In 2017, Overbaugh was appointed the inaugural Hutch associate director for graduate education. In that capacity, she was subsequently named the inaugural senior vice president for education and in these leadership roles she established a new Office of Education and Training at the Fred Hutch. Overbaugh also established and led an NIH funded program to support and train graduate students pursuing research on viral evolution and pathogenesis across Seattle institutions and she served in a leadership role in the Medical Sciences Training program.
Her education and career development efforts along with her scientific excellence were widely recognized in the Seattle community. Despite never being given the tenure-track position afforded her male colleagues while at University of Washington, various university selection committees recognized her scientific excellence, both while there and when she moved to the Fred Hutch. In 1994, as a junior faculty member at UW, Overbaugh was selected to present the New Investigator lecture to the University of Medical School. In 2011, while at Fred Hutch, she was honored as the distinguished scientist of the year by the University of Washington School of Medicine. As part of this recognition, she presented her work to the School of Medicine in the Science in Medicine seminar series in a talk entitled “Deciphering the biology of HIV transmission: A basic scientist’s journey into interdisciplinary, international HIV research”. The University of Washington also recognized Overbaugh with an outstanding mentoring award in 2007. The Fred Hutch soon followed, bestowing their faculty mentoring award on Overbaugh in 2008.
Resignation from leadership: In early 2022, Overbaugh was placed on administrative leave from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in order to conduct an independent external investigation. The investigation was prompted by an anonymous complaint regarding a Cancer Research Center Halloween Party in 2009 where she was asked to dress as Michael Jackson as part of a group "Thriller" costume and darkened her face for this role. This was determined to be an isolated incident, and an interview of her peers and coworkers failed to reveal any pattern of inappropriate behavior of any kind in the past or at any time while employed at Fred Hutch in her twenty-three year tenure. Overbaugh offered a public apology to the entire Fred Hutch community for any offense as described by the president of the Hutch in the town hall: "As part of [an] education healing process, Julie wanted to offer her direct apology to our community. I commend this." The external independent investigation report noted her decades-long leadership at Fred Hutch in support of equity and inclusion report and concluded that "Dr. Overbaugh’s individual contributions to DEI efforts at Fred Hutch have been significant, wide-reaching, and long-standing."
Having established the Office of Education and the position of senior vice president for education and serving in leadership roles in education for a decade at the Hutch, Overbaugh decided to step down from her administrative leadership roles to focus on her research on COVID, HIV and other emerging global pathogens. As the Hutch President reported: “Julie has offered to step down from her role as Senior Vice President of Education and Training and I have accepted her resignation”. “She will continue to be a prominent investigator at the Fred Hutch in the Human Biology Division working on viruses that affect so many people around the world”.
Research focus
Overbaugh's laboratory continues to study viral and immune factors that contribute to infection and disease in global populations at high risk of HIV infection. This includes continued studies of mother-infant HIV transmission and infant responses to infection. An aspect of the work of the lab includes defining how antibodies evolve to become more potent.
During the COVID pandemic, her laboratory started to apply their expertise in viral immunology to advance research on SARS-CoV-2 immunity. They developed tools that allows comprehensive profiling of antibody responses and pathways of escape. They are using these profiles to isolate and study antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on identifying broad and potent antibodies that can recognize emerging variants of concern. She has also contributed to the discussions of re-infection.
The lab is studying other globally important pathogens such as Zika virus. They also study innate immune factors and their role in inhibiting virus replication.
References
Living people
Scientists from Pennsylvania
American virologists
University of Connecticut alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
University of Washington faculty
HIV vaccine research
HIV/AIDS researchers
UConn Huskies women's basketball players
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people) | Julie Overbaugh | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,238 | [
"HIV vaccine research",
"Drug discovery"
] |
69,607,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquois%20scales | Marquois scales (also known as Marquois parallel scales or Marquois scale and triangle or military scales) are a mathematical instrument that found widespread use in Britain, particularly in military surveying, from the late 18th century to World War II.
Description
Invented around 1778 by Thomas Marquois, the Marquois scales consist of a right-angle triangle (with sides at a 3:1 ratio) and two rulers (each with multiple scales). The system could be used to aid precision when marking distances off scales, and to rapidly draw parallel lines a precise distance apart. Quick construction of precise parallel lines was useful in cartography and engineering (especially before the availability of graph paper) and Marquois scales were convenient in some challenging environments where larger equipment like a drawing board and T-square was impractical, such as field survey work and classrooms. Marquois scales fell out of favour among draftsmen in the early 20th century, although familiarity with their use was an entry requirement for the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich around the same time.
Material
Marquois scales were normally made of boxwood, though sets were sometimes made in ivory or metal.
Use
The triangle would be used for many regular set square operations, the rulers likewise would function as rulers, but the unique function was the 3:1 reduction ratio between measured distance and drawn line.
A line is drawn along the beveled edge (the side of middle-length) of the triangle. By placing a ruler against the hypotenuse of the triangle and sliding the triangle along the ruler for 3 units of the ruler's scale, drawing another line along the beveled edge results in a parallel line with a distance of only 1 unit from the original line. Using larger distances on a ruler to draw lines smaller distances apart means that margin of error reading off the scale is reduced. Additionally, the end-state is the instruments already in place to slide the triangle again to quickly draw additional lines as desired. A similar method also allows the distance between points on plans or maps to be measured with increased precision.
Regular set square triangles differ (from a Marquois scales triangle) by being made and used according to the angles of their triangle (eg 45-45-90 or 30-60-90 degrees) rather than according to the ratio between the lengths of their sides. Likewise the scales on other rulers are usually intended to be used directly and the selection differs accordingly.
See also
Technical drawing tools
References
Dimensional instruments
Mathematical tools
Surveying instruments
Technical drawing tools | Marquois scales | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 513 | [
"Dimensional instruments",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Mathematical tools",
"nan",
"History of computing"
] |
78,427,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20N.%20Seidman | David N. Seidman is an American materials scientist known for his work in atom-probe tomography and atomic-scale characterization of materials. He holds the title of Walter P. Murphy Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University and is the founding and current director of the Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT).
Early life and education
Seidman was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1938. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School, graduating with honors in 1956. Seidman earned his Bachelor of Science in Physical Metallurgy and Physics from New York University in 1960 and his Master of Science in Physical Metallurgy in 1962. He completed his Ph.D. in Physical Metallurgy and Physics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1965 under the mentorship of Robert W. Balluffi, focusing on atomic defects in metals.
Academic career
Seidman's academic career began at Cornell University, where he served as a professor of materials science and engineering. During his tenure, he initiated the use of field-ion microscopy in January 1966 to study point defects in quenched or irradiated materials. He also constructed the first ultrahigh vacuum atom-probe field-ion microscope that was entirely computer-controlled for high mass resolution, setting the standard for future instrument design
In 1985, Seidman joined Northwestern University as a professor of materials science and engineering. He was appointed the Walter P. Murphy Professor in 1996. At Northwestern, he founded NUCAPT, which has become a leading center for atom-probe tomography research. Over his career, Seidman has mentored 55 Ph.D. students and 53 postdoctoral researchers, many of whom have gone on to leading positions in academia and industry. His laboratory also welcomes undergraduate and high school students, with a focus on engaging underrepresented groups in science.
Awards and honors
Seidman has been recognized extensively for his contributions to materials science and engineering. In 2018, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering, one of the highest professional distinctions for engineers. He is also a Fellow of numerous prestigious organizations, including the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2010), the American Physical Society (Condensed Matter Physics Division, 1984), ASM International (2005), the Materials Research Society (2010), and TMS (Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1997). He is also a Member of the EU Academy of Sciences (EUAS, 2018) and the Böhmische Physical Society. In 2016, he was named to the inaugural class of Fellows of the International Field-Emission Society. Seidman was also a two-time Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation (1972–73, 1980–81) and was named an Honorary Member of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers in 2014. Seidman has received numerous awards throughout his career, including:
Robert Lansing Hardy Gold Medal (TMS, 1966)
Albert Sauveur Achievement Award (ASM International, 2006)
Gold Medal (ASM International, 2019)
David Turnbull Lecturer Award (Materials Research Society, 2008)
Distinguished Scientist Award in Physical Sciences (Microscopy Society of America, 2020)
Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung Prize (1989, 1992)
Max Planck Research Prize, jointly awarded with Professor Peter Haasen (1993)
Robert Franklin Mehl Medal (TMS, 2011)
Additionally, his research from 1968 to 1977 was rated among the top twenty most highly rated major achievements sponsored by the National Science Foundation in materials science, as identified by a MITRE evaluative study of Materials Research Laboratory Programs. He also received the National Science Foundation Creativity Extension Award (2001–2003) and an IBM Faculty Research Award (2010–2011). In February 2009, Seidman was honored with a two-and-a-half-day symposium at the annual TMS meeting in San Francisco, California. From 2011 to 2012, he served as a Sackler Lecturer at the Mortimer and Raymond Sackler Institute of Advanced Studies at Tel Aviv University.
Research
Seidman has authored over 500 high-impact peer-reviewed publications focusing on the atomic-scale study of materials. His research enables advancements in applications such as nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, quantum computing, alternative green energy solutions, and structural materials for aerospace, automotive, and defense industries.
Selected work
Z. Mao, C.K. Sudbrack, K.E. Yoon, G. Martin, D.N. Seidman, "The mechanism of morphogenesis in a phase-separating concentrated multicomponent alloy," Nat. Mater. 6(3) (2007) 210-216.
J.D. Rittner, D.N. Seidman,"<110> symmetric tilt grain-boundary structures in fcc metals with low stacking-fault energies," Physical Review B 54(10) (1996) 6999-7015.
O.C. Hellman, J.A. Vandenbroucke, J. Rüsing, D. Isheim, D.N. Seidman, "Analysis of Three-dimensional Atom-probe Data by the Proximity Histogram," Microsc. microanal. 6(5) (2000) 437-444.
E.A. Marquis, D.N. Seidman, "Nanoscale structural evolution of Al3Sc precipitates in Al(Sc) alloys," Acta Materialia 49(11) (2001) 1909-1919.
K. Biswas, J. He, I.D. Blum, C.-I. Wu, T.P. Hogan, D.N. Seidman, V.P. Dravid, M.G. Kanatzidis, "High-performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale hierarchical architectures," Nature 489(7416) (2012) 414-418.
Y. Amouyal, Z. Mao, D.N. Seidman, "Effects of tantalum on the partitioning of tungsten between the γ- and γ′-phases in nickel-based superalloys: Linking experimental and computational approaches," Acta Materialia 58(18) (2010) 5898-5911.
A.R. Farkoosh, D.C. Dunand, D.N. Seidman, "Enhanced age-hardening response and creep resistance of an Al-0.5Mn-0.3Si (at.%) alloy by Sn inoculation," Acta Materialia 240 (2022) 118344.
D.N. Seidman, "Three-Dimensional Atom-Probe Tomography: Advances and Applications," Annual Review of Materials Research 37(1) (2007) 127-158.
Professional roles
Seidman served as editor-in-chief and a member of the editorial boards for leading journals, including Interface Science, the MRS Bulletin, Materials Today and Materials Research Letters. He was also President of the International Field-Emission Society from 2000 to 2002. He is founder and director of the Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT) and a co-founder of NanoAl LLC, a startup specializing in advanced aluminum alloys, which was later acquired by Braidy Industries. In 2019 he was elected a governor of the Board of Governors of Tel Aviv University. He is also a member of the International Advisory Board of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tel Aviv University. Seidman held several visiting professorships at prominent institutions worldwide, including:
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (1969)
Tel Aviv University (1972, 2008, 2009, 2010)
Hebrew University (1978)
Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Grenoble (1981)
Institut für Metallphysik der Universität Göttingen (1989, 1992)
Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Saclay (1989)
Legacy and impact
Seidman's innovations in materials characterization, particularly through atom-probe tomography, have had profound implications across industries, from aerospace to nanotechnology. His mentorship and leadership continue to influence future generations of scientists and engineers. Seidman is the director of the Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), which is a core facility of Northwestern University and the National Science Foundation funded Materials Research Science and Engineering Center. NUCAPT was founded during the summer of 2004 and has been operational on a full-time basis since late December 2004. It is a completely open facility for all researchers internal and external to Northwestern University and it has attracted researchers from universities and national laboratories in the US as well as researchers from around the world. NUCAPT is constantly improving its infrastructure as well as developing new techniques for analyzing the data collected using the local-electrode atom-probe (LEAP) tomograph on which NUCAPT is based. The facility recently upgraded its LEAP 4000 instrument to the cutting-edge LEAP 5000XS (Cameca, Madison, Wisconsin,) which combines new flight path technology with enhanced detector performance to offer an improved field-of-view while achieving unprecedented detection efficiency of about 80%, the highest of any such analytical technique. This is a unique facility at Northwestern and the US, which has attracted a significant number of professors to explore new avenues of research based on the use of the LEAP tomograph as well as researchers from other universities and national laboratories, Argonne National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
References
Cornell University faculty
Materials scientists and engineers
Northwestern University faculty
American scientists
Physics
National academies of engineering
American Physical Society
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Materials science organizations
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers | David N. Seidman | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,004 | [
"Mining engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Petroleum engineering",
"Materials science",
" and Petroleum Engineers",
"Materials science organizations",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"National academies of engineering",
"American Institute of Mining",
" Metallurgical"
] |
78,427,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziritaxestat | Ziritaxestat is a small-molecule, selective autotaxin inhibitor that was investigated as a potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Initially showing promise in early-phase studies, ziritaxestat underwent evaluation in two large-scale phase 3 clinical trials, ISABELA 1 and ISABELA 2. These trials aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ziritaxestat in patients with IPF, including those receiving standard of care treatment with pirfenidone or nintedanib. However, both trials were prematurely terminated due to a lack of efficacy, as ziritaxestat failed to demonstrate significant improvement in lung function or other clinical outcomes compared to placebo.
References
Azetidines
4-Fluorophenyl compounds
Imidazopyridines
Piperazines
Thiazoles
Nitriles | Ziritaxestat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 178 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Nitriles"
] |
78,428,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosteroid | Boosteroid is a cloud gaming service that allows users to play on demand video games on a variety of web devices without the need for high-end or dedicated gaming hardware.
Boosteroid games can be played on low-powered PCs, laptops, Chromebooks, smartphones, and Smart TVs. As of October 2024, they had 5.8 million users.
Boosteroid is headquartered in Texas, USA, with its main research and development office in Kyiv, Ukraine.
History
Boosteroid was founded by Ivan Shvaichenko in Ukraine in 2016. It officially launched its cloud gaming service in 2019, initially focusing on the European market.
Boosteroid began its expansion into the United States market in 2021.
In 2022, the company partnered with ASUS for their GPU servers, acquiring hardware for their cloud gaming infrastructure.
In March 2023, Boosteroid secured a 10-year partnership with Microsoft, bringing Xbox PC games to its platform, including popular blockbuster series like Call of Duty, following Microsoft's acquisition of Activision Blizzard.
In April 2023, LG Electronics announced the addition of Boosteroid to their TVs in over 60 countries.
In November 2023, Boosteroid partnered with Samsung to integrate its cloud gaming service into Samsung Gaming Hub on Samsung Smart TVs and monitors.
In August 2024, Boosteroid partnered with Mercedes-Benz to integrate its cloud gaming service into the MBUX entertainment system of Mercedes-Benz vehicles.
Boosteroid's primary revenue stream is generated through user subscriptions. The company offers a simple subscription model with a single tier providing access to its entire game library and features.
References
Cloud gaming services
Video game platforms
Online video game services
Technology companies
2016 establishments
2016 establishments in Ukraine | Boosteroid | [
"Technology"
] | 345 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Video game platforms"
] |
78,429,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex%20changing%20rooms | Unisex changing rooms are changing rooms that are not separated on the basis of sex or gender. Unisex changing rooms are sometimes referred to as single-user changing rooms or inclusive changing rooms.
Canada
Some community centers and swimming pools in Canada have inclusive changing rooms.
New Zealand
City councils in Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and other major New Zealand cities are increasing the number of gender-neutral single-cubicle changing rooms.
Portugal
Some schools in Portugal have added individual gender-neutral locker rooms, with the needs of transgender students in mind. However, some students used the rooms for reasons of privacy.
United States
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) maintains a best practices document related to inclusive locker rooms and restrooms. According to the AIA, inclusive locker rooms protect privacy by being "arranged in a shared, semi-public space" with a "mix of individual, private rooms" as well as "highly visible, non-gender-segregated multi-user spaces".
The architectural firm Gensler has partnered with the LGBTQ advocacy group Athlete Ally to develop guidelines for inclusive changing rooms.
Some public schools in Vermont have "gender-free" locker rooms and single-stall showers to accommodate transgender and non-binary students.
See also
Accessible toilet
Mixed bathing
Unisex public toilet
References
External links
Why gender-neutral locker room design is more efficient and increasingly popular in public service facilities, Zimmerman Architectural Studios, Inc.
My American kids got a new perspective on modesty when we moved to the Netherlands. They adapted to open-air urinals and unisex locker rooms., Business Insider
Bathing
Building codes
Gender equality
Privacy
Rooms
Sex segregation
Transgender rights | Unisex changing rooms | [
"Engineering"
] | 335 | [
"Building engineering",
"Rooms",
"Building codes",
"Architecture"
] |
78,430,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204722 | NGC4722 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Corvus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1647 ± 25km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, two non-redshift measurements give a distance of . It was discovered by German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel in 1882. It was also observed by French astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan on 15 April 1895 and listed in the Index Catalogue as IC 3833.
NGC 4722 and NGC 4723 are listed together as Holm 471 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937.
NGC 4699 group
According to A.M. Garcia, NGC 4722 is part of NGC 4699 Group (also known as LGG 307), which contains at least 15 galaxies, including NGC 4699, NGC 4700, NGC 4742, NGC 4781, NGC 4790, NGC 4802, and NGC 4818.
The NGC 4699 group is part of the Virgo II cluster, a cluster located at the southern boundary of the Virgo Cluster. This cluster is part of the Virgo Supercluster.
Supernova
One supernova has been observed in NGC 4722: SN 2024ablh (typeII, mag. 17.17) was discovered by the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) on 18 November 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4722
043560
-02-33-031
IC objects
12488-1303
Corvus_(constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1882
Discoveries by Wilhelm Tempel
Lenticular galaxies
Virgo Cluster | NGC 4722 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 365 | [
"Corvus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,432,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C12H6N2O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C12H6N2O2}}
The molecular formula C12H6N2O2 may refer to:
Phanquinone
1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione | C12H6N2O2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 54 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
78,432,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admilparant | Admilparant is an investigational new drug being developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF). It is a first-in-class lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) antagonist.
As of 2024, admilparant is in Phase III clinical trials for both IPF and PPF.
References
Carbamates
Carboxylic acids
Cyclohexanes
Ethers
Pyridines
Triazoles
Propyl compounds | Admilparant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 123 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
78,432,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolization%20procedures | A hyperbolization procedure is a procedure that turns a polyhedral complex into a non-positively curved space , retaining some of its topological features. Roughly speaking, the procedure consists in replacing every cell of with a copy of a certain non-positively curved manifold with boundary, which is fixed a priori and is called the hyperbolizing cell of the procedure.
There are many different hyperbolization procedures available in the literature. While they all satisfy some common axioms, they differ by what kind of polyhedral complex is allowed as input and what kind of hyperbolizing cell is used. As a result, different procedures preserve different topological features and provide spaces with different geometric flavors. The first hyperbolization procedures were introduced by Mikhael Gromov in and later other versions were developed by several mathematicians including Ruth Charney, Michael W. Davis, and Pedro Ontaneda.
It is important to note that the word "hyperbolization" here does not have the same meaning that it has in the uniformization or hyperbolization results typical of low-dimensional geometry. Indeed, the space is not homeomorphic to . For instance, is always aspherical, regardless of whether is aspherical. Moreover, despite the name of the procedure, is not always guaranteed to be negatively curved, so some authors refer to these procedures as asphericalization procedures.
Axioms
An assignment is a hyperbolization procedure if it satisfies the following properties:
(Non-positive curvature). admits a locally CAT(0) metric.
(Functoriality). If is the inclusion of a subcomplex, then there is an isometric embedding with locally convex image.
(Local structure is preserved). If is an -cell of , then is a connected -manifold with boundary and the link of in is isomorphic to the link of in , possibly up to subdivisions.
(Homology is enriched). The map that sends back to induces a surjection on homology.
It follows in particular that if is a closed orientable -manifold, then so is .
Examples
The following are some examples of common hyperbolization procedures.
Strict hyperbolization
In Charney and Davis introduced a hyperbolization procedure for which is locally CAT(-1). In particular, when is compact, the fundamental group is a Gromov hyperbolic group. The hyperbolizing cell in this procedure is a real hyperbolic manifold with boundary and corners constructed via arithmetic methods.
Riemannian hyperbolization
In Ontaneda showed that if K is a smooth triangulation of a smooth manifold, then the strict hyperbolization procedure of Charney-Davis can be refined to ensure that is a smooth manifold and that it admits a Riemannian metric of negative sectional curvature. Moreover, it is possible to pinch the curvature arbitrarily close to .
Relative hyperbolization
Any hyperbolization procedure admits a relative version, which allows to work relatively to a subcomplex, i.e., keep it unaltered under the hyperbolization. More precisely, if is a subcomplex, then one can attach to the cone over , apply the hyperbolization procedure to the coned-off complex, and the remove a small neighborhood of the cone point. Thanks to axiom (3) above, the link of the cone point is a copy of , so removing a small neighborhood of the cone point results in a boundary component homeomorphic to .
If is the strict hyperbolization of Charney-Davis, then Belegradek showed that the relative version of results in a space whose fundamental group is hyperbolic relative to .
Applications
The following are some classical applications of hyperbolization procedures. The general recipe consists in constructing a complex or manifold with some desired topological features, and then applying a hyperbolization procedure to infuse it with non-positive or negative curvature. Depending on which procedure is used, one can get more geometric control on the output.
Every triangulable manifold is cobordant to a triangulable aspherical manifold. Namely, if is a triangulable manifold, let denote the hyperbolization of with respect to some triangulation. Then and are cobordant. The cobordism is obtained by applying to the cone over , and then removing a small open neighborhood of the cone point. Using strict hyperbolization, can be chosen to admit a topological metric of negative curvature. If is a smooth manifold, then , the metric, and the cobordism can even be taken to be smooth.
For any there are a closed -manifold with a topological metric of negative curvature whose universal cover is not homeomorphic to , and also a closed -manifold with a topological metric of negative curvature whose universal cover is homeomorphic to , but whose ideal boundary is not homeomorphic to the sphere .
For any and for any there exists a closed Riemannian -manifold such that all the sectional curvatures of are in , but is not homeomorphic to a locally symmetric space. In particular, is a Gromov hyperbolic group whose Gromov boundary is a sphere, but is not isomorphic to a uniform lattice in a Lie group of rank 1.
If is a closed orientable PL-manifold that is the boundary of another PL-manifold, then there is a Gromov hyperbolic group whose Gromov boundary is the tree of manifolds defined by , i.e., a certain inverse limit of connected sums of .
References
Topology
Geometry | Hyperbolization procedures | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,122 | [
"Spacetime",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
78,433,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20representation%20theory | The history of representation theory concerns the mathematical development of the study of
objects in abstract algebra, notably groups, by describing these objects more concretely, particularly using matrices and linear algebra. In some ways, representation theory predates the mathematical objects it studies: for example, permutation groups (in algebra) and transformation groups (in geometry) were studied long before the notion of an abstract group was formalized by Arthur Cayley in 1854. Thus, in the history of algebra, there was a process in which, first, mathematical objects were abstracted, and then the more abstract algebraic objects were realized or represented in terms of the more concrete ones, using homomorphisms, actions and modules.
An early pioneer of the representation theory of finite groups was Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. At first this method was not widely appreciated, but with the development of character theory and the proof of Burnside's solvability criterion using such methods, its power was soon appreciated. Later Richard Brauer and others developed modular representation theory.
Notes
References
Representation theory
Representation theory | History of representation theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 214 | [
"Representation theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra"
] |
78,433,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursed%20equilibrium | In game theory, a cursed equilibrium is a solution concept for static games of incomplete information. It is a generalization of the usual Bayesian Nash equilibrium, allowing for players to underestimate the connection between other players' equilibrium actions and their types – that is, the behavioral bias of neglecting the link between what others know and what others do. Intuitively, in a cursed equilibrium players "average away" the information regarding other players' types' mixed strategies.
The solution concept was first introduced by Erik Eyster and Matthew Rabin in 2005, and has since become a canonical behavioral solution concept for Bayesian games in behavioral economics.
Preliminaries
Bayesian games
Let be a finite set of players and for each , define their finite set of possible actions and as their finite set of possible types; the sets and are the sets of joint action and type profiles, respectively. Each player has a utility function , and types are distributed according to a joint probability distribution . A finite Bayesian game consists of the data .
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
For each player , a mixed strategy specifies the probability of player playing action when their type is .
For notational convenience, we also define the projections and , and let be the joint mixed strategy of players , where gives the probability that players play action profile when they are of type .
Definition: a Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) for a finite Bayesian game consists of a strategy profile such that, for every , every , and every action played with positive probability , we have
where is player 's beliefs about other players types given his own type .
Definition
Average strategies
First, we define the "average strategy of other players", averaged over their types. Formally, for each and each , we define by putting
Notice that does not depend on . It gives the probability, viewed from the perspective of player when he is of type , that the other players will play action profile when they follow the mixed strategy . More specifically, the information contained in does not allow player to assess the direct relation between and given by .
Cursed equilibrium
Given a degree of mispercetion , we define a
-cursed equilibrium for a finite Bayesian game as a strategy profile such that, for every , every , we have
for every action played with positive probability .
For , we have the usual BNE. For , the equilibrium is referred to as a fully cursed equilibrium, and the players in it as fully cursed.
Applications
Trade with asymmetric information
In bilateral trade with two-sided asymmetric information, there are some scenarios where the BNE solution implies that no trade occurs, while there exist -cursed equilibria where both parties choose to trade.
Ambiguous political campaigns and cursed voters
In an election model where candidates are policy-motivated, candidates who do not reveal their policy preferences would not be elected if voters are completely rational. In a BNE, voters would correctly infer that if a candidate is ambiguous about their policy position, then it's because such a position is unpopular. Therefore, unless a candidate has very extreme – unpopular – positions, they would announce their policy preferences.
If voters are cursed, however, they underestimate the connection between the non-announcement of policy position and the unpopularity of the policy. This leads to both moderate and extreme candidates concealing their policy preferences.
References
Game theory equilibrium concepts
Behavioral economics | Cursed equilibrium | [
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 677 | [
"Behavioral economics",
"Behavior",
"Game theory",
"Behaviorism",
"Game theory equilibrium concepts"
] |
78,434,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaminurad | Epaminurad is an investigational new drug being developed by JW Pharmaceutical for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. It is a urate-lowering agent that selectively inhibits the human uric acid transporter 1 (hURAT1), promoting urate excretion. As of 2024, epaminurad is undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy and safety compared to febuxostat in gout patients across multiple Asian countries.
References
Benzamides
Bromobenzene derivatives
Oxazines
Phenols
Pyridines | Epaminurad | [
"Chemistry"
] | 120 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,434,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyetomidate | Methoxyetomidate is an investigational anesthetic agent being developed by Jinzhou Ahon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. It is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors. As of 2024, methoxyetomidate is undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials for use in anesthesia.
References
Chemical substances for emergency medicine
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
General anesthetics
Ethyl esters
Imidazoles | Methoxyetomidate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 110 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Chemical substances for emergency medicine",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
78,435,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylsulfonamide | Acylsulfonamide is a functional group in organic chemistry that is sometimes used in medicinal chemistry. It consists of a sulfonamide group (SO2NH) linked to an acyl group (RCO), forming the structure R1-CO-NH-SO2-R2. This moiety is found in several biologically active molecules and marketed drugs, serving as an useful pharmacophore. Acylsulfonamides are of particular interest due to their ability to act as bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, offering similar hydrogen bonding capabilities and comparable pKa values (typically between 3.5-4.5). They are incorporated in various drugs candidates targeting conditions such as bacterial infections, pain, and cancer.
Examples
The following are approved drugs that contain the acylsulfonamide functional group:
Elexacaftor
Grazoprevir
Parecoxib
Selexipag
Simeprevir
Sulfacetamide
Sulfadicramide
Sulfisoxazole acetyl
Vaniprevir
Venetoclax
Voxilaprevir
Zafirlukast
Several investigational new drugs contain also the acylsulfonamide functional group. Examples include:
Asunaprevir
Danoprevir
Glecaprevir
Navitoclax
Paritaprevir
Sulprostone
References
Sulfonamides
Functional groups | Acylsulfonamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 286 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,435,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisaftoclax | Lisaftoclax is an investigational new drug being developed by Ascentage Pharma for the treatment of hematological malignancies, particularly chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). It is a selective inhibitor of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein, designed to restore the normal process of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells. As of 2024, lisaftoclax is undergoing multiple Phase 3 clinical trials, including studies in combination with BTK inhibitors for relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL.
References
Acylsulfonamides
Dioxanes
Nitrobenzene compounds
Benzamides
Pyrrolopyridines
Piperazines
Cyclobutanes
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Spiro compounds | Lisaftoclax | [
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
78,435,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacubactam | Nacubactam is an investigational β-lactamase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). It belongs to the diazabicyclooctane (DBO) class of compounds and exhibits a dual mechanism of action. Nacubactam inhibits serine β-lactamases, including classes A and C and some class D enzymes, while also directly inhibiting penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) in Enterobacteriaceae. This unique profile allows nacubactam to both protect partner β-lactam antibiotics from degradation and exert direct antibacterial effects. As of 2024, nacubactam is undergoing clinical trials in combination with other β-lactam antibiotics such as meropenem, cefepime, and aztreonam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and other serious bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.
References
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Amines
Diazabicyclooctanes
Hydroxamic acids
Sulfonic acids | Nacubactam | [
"Chemistry"
] | 237 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Organic compounds",
"Sulfonic acids",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Hydroxamic acids"
] |
78,435,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%200454-234 | PKS 0454-234 is a blazar located in the constellation of Lepus. It is classified as a highly polarized quasar with a redshift of (z) 1.003. This object was first discovered in 1970 during a 1415 MHz continuum survey conducted by Ohio State University where it was given the designation, OF -292. The radio spectrum of this source is flat, making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar.
Description
PKS 0454-234 is found variable on the electromagnetic spectrum. It is known to show powerful outbursts with a spectrum showing as inverted right up to 20 GHz, but becomes steeper upon reaching its quiescence state after 8 GHz. In additional, PKS 0454-234 exhibits extreme gamma ray activity observed by Large Area Telescope in January 2009 and by the AGILE satellite, where the activity reached above 100 MeV in August 2019. Flares were detected in near-infrared wavelengths in 2011 and 2013. An observation conducted by Japanese scientists in 2013, also found PKS 0454-234 has a soft spectrum with an estimated integral flux of 2.82 x 10−7 ± 1.10 x 10−9 in the ranges of 0.1-300 GeV.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry radio imaging taken at 5 GHz showed PKS 0454-234 having an asymmetric morphology, consisting of a strong radio core and compact jetlike component that is located in a northwest direction with a position angle of -62°. This core has a brightness temperature of around 6 x 1011 Kelvin. When imaged at 2.3 and 8.5 GHz, it shows the object mainly having a core-dominated structure and a weak jet extending out by 5 mas along the position angle of -130°. There is also a presence of a secondary structure located at a distance of 1 mas southeast with its secondary components having 90° position angle differences according to multiepoch monitoring done by United States Naval Observatory (USNO).
In 2022, PKS 0454-234 was found to show two quasi-periodic oscillation signals with duration periods of 3.51 ± 0.33 and 6.10 ± 0.82 years. This might be explained by a binary black hole model with estimated mass of 4.69 x 108 Mʘ and a gravitational wave emission having a decay time period of 9.56 x 104 years.
References
External links
PKS 0454-234 on SIMBAD
PKS 0454-234 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Quasars
Active galaxies
Lepus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1970 | PKS 0454-234 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 531 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,435,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opevesostat | Opevesostat is an investigational new drug being developed for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). It is a non-steroidal, selective inhibitor of CYP11A1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) discovered by Orion Corporation and currently undergoing clinical development by Merck & Co., Inc. Opevesostat's mechanism of action involves suppressing the production of steroid hormones and their precursors that may activate the androgen receptor signaling pathway, which is crucial in prostate cancer progression. As of 2024, opevesostat is being evaluated in two Phase 3 clinical trials, OMAHA1 and OMAHA2a, which are assessing its efficacy and safety in combination with hormone replacement therapy for patients with mCRPC who have failed prior treatments.
References
Isoindolines
Piperidines
Pyrans
Sulfonamides | Opevesostat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 182 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,435,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemeprol | Clemeprol is an serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant and anticholinergic agent.
It is an enantiomeric mixture of R and S isomers. Both isomers show similar pharmacological activity.
Synthesis
A synthetic pathway for clemeprol is disclosed:
The Corey-Chaykovsky epoxidation between 3-chlorobenzophenone [1016-78-0] (1) and dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (Corey's reagent) [5367-24-8], gives 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyloxirane [71827-53-7] (2). Further reaction with boron trifluoride etherate [109-63-7] gives m-chlorophenyl-phenylacetaldehyde, PC12549135 (3). A second Corey-Chaykovsky epoxidation gives 2-[(3-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]oxirane, PC12549073 (4). Quenching with dimethylamine completes the synthesis of clemeprol (5).
See also
BRL15572 [734517-40-9]
References
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Amines
Phenyl compounds
Dimethylamino compounds
4-Chlorophenyl compounds | Clemeprol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 326 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
78,435,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20tunicate%20anatomy | Tunicates (subphylum Tunicata) are a group of filter-feeding marine invertebrates. As chordates, they have been proposed to be the closest relatives of vertebrates. Tunicates are divided into three classes: the sessile Ascidiacea, and the free-swimming Thaliacea and Appendicularia. Some anatomical features are shared between classes, while others are specific to a lineage or to a life stage.
A
B
C
D
E
G
H
M
N
O
P
S
T
Z
References
Works cited
Tunicate anatomy | Glossary of tunicate anatomy | [
"Biology"
] | 111 | [
"Glossaries of zoology",
"Glossaries of biology"
] |
78,436,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Volt%20offshore%20wind%20farm | Green Volt is a proposed offshore wind farm in the North Sea located about off the East Coast of Scotland, which will use floating turbines. When consented in April 2024, it was the world's largest floating offshore wind farm at 560 MW from 35 turbines each rated at 16 MW. It is described as "Europe’s first commercial scale floating offshore wind farm".
Once operational in 2029 the farm will provide power to the National Grid and to nearby oil and gas platforms. The project was one of 13 projects awarded exclusivity agreements for seabed lease from Crown Estate Scotland in March 2023 as part of the Innovation and Targeted Oil and Gas leasing round (INTOG).
The wind farm will be located north-east of Aberdeen, on the site of the decommissioned Ettrick and Blackbird oil fields.
Te project is expected to cost around £2.5bn, and create 2800 jobs during its construction.
Green Volt Offshore Wind Farm Ltd. is equally co-owned by Floatation Energy and Vårgrønn, a joint-venture between Plenitude (Eni) and HitecVision.
A scoping request for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) was made to Marine Scotland by Flotation Energy and CNOOC Petroleum Europe in November 2021. The EIA was then submitted in February 2023, and the Section 36 consent was granted on 19 April 2024. All of the necessary planning approvals were secured by April 2024.
In September 2024, the first phase of the project was awarded Contracts for Difference for 400 MW at £139.93/MWh, as part of the sixth Allocation Round.
References
Offshore wind farms
Offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Wind farms in Scotland
Floating wind turbines | Green Volt offshore wind farm | [
"Engineering"
] | 355 | [
"Floating wind turbines",
"Offshore engineering"
] |
78,436,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B28.07 | 4C +28.07 is a blazar located in the constellation of Aries. It has a redshift of 1.213 and was first discovered in 1970 as a compact astronomical radio source during an interferometer observation and designated as CTD 20. The radio spectrum of the source is considered flat, making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar. It is one of the brightest blazars observed in the gamma ray energy band.
Description
4C +28.07 is found variable on the electromagnetic spectrum. It is known to show intense gamma ray activity observed by Fermi Large Area Telescope on October 3, 2011. In additional to gamma ray activity, 4C +28.07 also shows near-infrared flares. Between 16 January 2013 and 13 March 2020, four strong gamma ray flares were observed by Fermi LAT, during the Interferometric Monitoring of Gamma-ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei (iMOGABA) program.
A bright and rapid flare was detected in 4C +28.07 in October 2018. The flare lasted 30 minutes and its gamma ray flux reached a maximum peak of 6.7 ± 0.81 x 10−6 photon cm−2 s−1. This flux is 31 times higher than the average flux. Furthermore, its spectrum, extended upwards to 316 GeV before hardening beyond 60 GeV.
Multiepoch Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) radio imaging at 22 GHz, 4C +28.07 shows a radio core and a prominent jet projecting northwards out by 3.5 mas from it, modelled by three main stationary components with one of them showing a complex structure both along it and in transverse direction. There is presence of extended emission and a diffused secondary component.
According to radio band observations by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), the jet of 4C +28.07 is described having a one-sided structure on parsec scales. It has a jet speed of (10.11 ± 0.39)c implying superluminal motion and is suggested of a "kink" observed in 3C 273 with the jet jumping sideways and resuming its original position. When observed by Chandra X-ray observatory, the jet shows a sharp bend at a -90° position angle which subsequently terminates at a bright component within 3 mas.
The supermassive black hole in 4C +28.07 is estimated to be 1.65+1.66-0.82 x 109 Mʘ based on an optical spectroscopy conducted on flat-spectrum radio quasars.
References
External links
4C 28.07 on SIMBAD
4C 28.07 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Quasars
Aries (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1970
+28.07
2820023
Active galaxies | 4C +28.07 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 572 | [
"Aries (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,436,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate%20e-passport | A polycarbonate e-passport (also known as an polycarbonate passport or a PVC passport) is a type of passport that contains a biodata page made of polycarbonate, a strong plastic material, instead of a laminated paper sheet. The polycarbonate layers protect the passport's electronic components and personal data by laser-engraving them into the deeper layers of the plastic data page, which improved the anti-counterfeiting, durability and reliability of the passport compared to the regular laminated biodata page.
History
Finland introduced the world's first PVC passport data page in 1997, and Sweden was the first to adopt a passport with a biometric personal data page made of polycarbonate material in the early era of e-passports. This design was then gradually introduced in various countries. Germany, Thailand, Malaysia have adopted this technology in their passports few years after.
As of 2019, more than 40 countries have changed the material of their travel documents from the laminated paper to a polycarbonate one.
See also
Biometric passport
References
External links
Polycarbonates
Passports
Data security
Information sensitivity | Polycarbonate e-passport | [
"Engineering"
] | 230 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data security"
] |
78,436,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oritinib | Oritinib is an investigational new drug currently under investigation for its potential use in cancer treatment. As a epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, oritinib targets specific enzymes involved in the signaling pathways that regulate cell division and survival, which are often dysregulated in cancer cells.
References
Acrylamides
Amines
Indoles
Ketones
Pyridines
Pyrimidines
Dimethylamino compounds
Methoxy compounds | Oritinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 102 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Ketones",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
78,436,539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifasutenizol | Rifasutenizol is an investigational new drug developed by TenNor Therapeutics, primarily aimed at treating Helicobacter pylori infections. It is a novel multi-targeting small molecule that functions as a bacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase inhibitor. This drug has been granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product and Fast Track designations by the U.S. FDA.
References
Alcohols
Imidazoles
Macrocycles
Nitro compounds
Piperidines
Spiro compounds
Acetate esters
Methoxy compounds
Lactams
Tetrols
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Helicobacter pylori | Rifasutenizol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 128 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Macrocycles",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
78,437,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli%20%28cipher%29 | Gimli is a 384-bit cryptographically secure pseudorandom permutation that can be used to construct a hash function or stream cipher by using it in a sponge construction.
One stated design goal is the ability to deliver high speeds on many different platforms from 8-bit AVR CPUs to 64-bit desktop CPUs while still maintaining high security.
It has been submitted to the second round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process.
Algorithm
Gimli has a 384-bit state represented by a 3×4 matrix of 32-bit words. A column is represented by 3×32 = 96 bits while a row is represented by 4×32 = 128 bits.
Each round, each of the 4 columns is separately split into 3 32-bit words x, y and z.
Those are then transformed according to the following 3 steps in parallel.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
After every fourth round starting from the first round, the first and second word and the third and fourth word are swapped. This is called "Small-Swap".
After every fourth round starting from the third round, the first and third word and the second and fourth word are swapped. This is called "Big-Swap".
The round number decrements starting from 24 and when it reaches 24, 20, 16, 12, 8 or 4, the round number or is xored into the first word of the state.
The magic constant is chosen to be the upper 3 bytes of , which would be , where is the golden ratio (as a nothing-up-my-sleeve number)
An implementation of the core permutation in C/C++ appears below.
#include <stdint.h>
#define ROTL(x, b) (b == 0 ? x : ((x << b) | (x >> (32 - b))))
void gimli(uint32_t *state) {
uint32_t x, y, z;
for (int round = 24; round > 0; --round) {
for (int column = 0; column < 4; ++column) {
x = ROTL(state[column], 24);
y = ROTL(state[column + 4], 9);
z = state[column + 8];
state[column + 8] = x ^ (z << 1) ^ ((y & z) << 2);
state[column + 4] = y ^ x ^ ((x | z) << 1);
state[column] = z ^ y ^ ((x & y) << 3);
}
if ((round & 3) == 0) {
x = state[0];
state[0] = state[1];
state[1] = x;
x = state[2];
state[2] = state[3];
state[3] = x;
}
if ((round & 3) == 2) {
x = state[0];
state[0] = state[2];
state[2] = x;
x = state[1];
state[1] = state[3];
state[3] = x;
}
if ((round & 3) == 0) {
state[0] ^= (round | 0x9e377900);
}
}
}
Implementation and usage
The reference implementation provided with the specification
libhydrogen: a cryptographic library that constructs all primitives using Gimli and Curve25519
liblithium: like libhydrogen and maintained by Tesla
See also
Keccak: another permutation.
References
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators
Cryptographic hash functions
Stream ciphers
Permutations | Gimli (cipher) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 790 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Permutations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
78,438,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruparib | Saruparib is a investigational new drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of cancer. It first-in-class selective inhibitor of poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), designed to treat cancers with homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiencies as a result of mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51C, or RAD51D genes.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Amides
Naphthyridines
Piperazines
Pyridines | Saruparib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 115 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides"
] |
78,438,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane%20Gamble | Kane Gamble or known online as Cracka (born October 2, 1999) is a British hacker from Coalville, Leicester, who lead a hacking group called Crackas With Attitude (CWA), responsible for hacking US government networks and email and phone accounts of several US government officials (including the US Department of Justice network, former CIA chief John Brennan, the former director of national intelligence James Clapper, the former deputy director of the FBI, Mark Giuliano and Obama's deputy national security adviser, Avril Haines).
Gamble was just 15 years old at the time of the offences.
The court described he accessed “extremely sensitive” documents referring to operations (military and intelligence) in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Some of the information obtained were posted on Wikileaks and others websites.
Gamble pleaded guilty to 10 charges and was sentenced to two years in a youth detention centre. He served his sentence at HMP Belmarsh, a notorious maximum security prison in South East London.
Rehabiliation
Kane Gamble was released from imprisonment in 2019. Since his release, Gamble has taken part in Bug Bounty programs to help companies secure their websites such as T-Mobile (where he was paid the maximum bounty of $5,000), Ministry of Defence, AT&T and more.
Gamble currently works in the information security sector, specifically as a Security Consultant helping businesses identify vulnerabilities in their systems.
References
1999 births
British cybercriminals
Hackers
Security breaches
Living people | Kane Gamble | [
"Technology"
] | 302 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
78,438,728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHEN26 | SHEN26 is an investigational new drug which is being evaluated by Shenzhen Kexing Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of COVID-19. It is an RNA replicase inhibitor.
References
Esters
Nitriles
Tetrahydrofurans
Triazines
Cyclohexanes | SHEN26 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 57 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Nitriles"
] |
78,439,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcula | Darcula is a phishing-as-a-service (PhaaS) Chinese-language platform which has been used against organizations (government, airlines) and services (postal, financial) in over 100 countries.
Darcula offers to cybercriminals more than 20,000 counterfeit domains (to spoof brands) and over 200 templates.
Darcula uses iMessage and RCS (Rich Communication Services) to steal credentials from Android and iPhone users.
References
Cybercrime
Mobile malware | Darcula | [
"Technology"
] | 105 | [
"Mobile security",
"Computing stubs",
"Mobile malware",
"Computer security stubs"
] |
78,439,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal%20gene%20therapy | Intravitreal gene therapy represents an approach to treating retinal diseases by delivering therapeutic genes directly into the vitreous humor of the eye. This method uses a viral vector, often an adeno-associated virus (AAV), to carry genetic material into retinal cells. Once inside, the therapeutic genes are expressed to address genetic deficiencies or modify biological pathways, offering a long-term or potentially permanent treatment ("biofactory approach") for conditions like wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema, and inherited retinal dystrophies. Unlike traditional therapies requiring frequent injections, intravitreal gene therapy aims to reduce the treatment burden while improving efficacy potentially providing lifelong benefit.
Advantages and challenges
One of the key advantages of intravitreal administration is its minimally invasive nature compared to subretinal delivery. Intravitreal injections are already commonly used for administering drugs like anti-VEGF agents, making the procedure familiar to clinicians and safer for patients. The eye's immune-privileged status reduces the likelihood of immune responses to the viral vector, increasing the therapy's safety profile. Emerging clinical trials are exploring this modality's potential, with promising results indicating sustained benefits over months or years after a single treatment.
Despite its potential, challenges remain. One major hurdle is ensuring efficient transduction of retinal cells via the intravitreal route, as the viral vectors must traverse physical and biological barriers. Additionally, safety concerns, such as inflammation or unintended effects on neighboring cells, must be carefully monitored. Ongoing innovations in vector design and delivery systems aim to address these issues, paving the way for broader applications of intravitreal gene therapy in ophthalmology. This field continues to evolve, offering hope for more effective and less invasive treatments for debilitating eye diseases.
Investigational agents
Investigational agents for intravitreal and subretinal gene therapies are advancing rapidly, targeting various retinal disorders. In neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), key intravitreal agents include Adverum Biotechnologies’ ixoberogene soroparvovec (Ixo-vec) and 4D Molecular Therapeutics’ 4D-150. Both use innovative mechanisms to produce anti-VEGF proteins directly within the eye, significantly reducing the need for frequent anti-VEGF injections. Janssen’s JNJ-1887 targets dry AMD with a complement pathway approach, while other agents like RGX-314 from REGENXBIO focus on sustained anti-VEGF effects delivered via subretinal routes. These therapies demonstrate promising improvements in retinal structure and vision while minimizing treatment burdens.
For inherited retinal diseases, several subretinal therapies are in advanced stages. MeiraGTx's botaretigene sparoparvovec targets X-linked retinitis pigmentosa through RPGR gene restoration and Beacon Therapeutics’ laruparetigene zosaparvovec aims at similar conditions, showing retinal sensitivity improvements in trials. Another notable effort is Atsena Therapeutics’ ATSN-201 for X-linked retinoschisis. These therapies focus on gene replacement to preserve or restore vision. However, challenges such as delivery complexities and immunogenicity remain.
Future directions include improving delivery techniques like suprachoroidal catheter systems, which avoid invasive procedures, and addressing scalability and cost concerns. The goal is to transform these therapies into accessible options, providing lasting benefits and potentially revolutionizing care for both common and rare retinal disorders .
References
Gene therapy
Eye procedures | Intravitreal gene therapy | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 781 | [
"Gene therapy",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
68,275,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg%20%28microbiology%29 | Borgs are large (up to ~1 Mbp) extrachromosomal linear DNA elements found in methanotrophic archaea (specifically Methanoperedens spp.) that live in oxygen-starved environments such as deep mud. They have been found in organisms isolated from wetland, aquifer, and riverbed environments, as well as a deserted mercury mine, in California and Colorado. They were first described by Basem Al-Shayeb and Jill Banfield in 2022.
The nature of Borgs remains unclear; they are thought to be "giant linear plasmids" or giant viruses. At least 19 different types have been identified, all of which co-occur within Methanoperedens, which shares many of their genes. Methanoperedens' main chromosome is only about three times larger than the Borgs it hosts. It is speculated that Borgs may augment Methanoperedens''' capacity for anaerobic oxidation of methane and protein production.
Discovery
Borgs were discovered on March 8, 2020 by Jill Banfield and her research group at the University of California, Berkeley. The name "Borg" was chosen as a reference to the Star Trek faction of the same name, due to the novel genetic elements' apparent propensity to assimilate genes from microbes, most notably Methanoperedens; the name was originally suggested by Banfield's son.
Features
The structures of Borg genomes are conserved and distinct from the plasmids and chromosomes of Methanoperedens, as well as other archaeal genomes. Borgs do not contain protein-coding genes that are associated with plasmids or viruses; they also lack rRNA genes, origins of replication, or other vital genes and features that are commonly found within minichromosomes (also known as megaplasmids) found in archaea.
Borgs range from 0.66-0.92 Mbp in length, larger than the genomes of any known archaeal viruses. The sizes of Borg genomes are more characteristic of eukaryote-specific double-stranded DNA viruses from the phylum Nucleocytoviricota, also known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), which can surpass 2.5 Mbp. Tandem direct repeat sequences are prevalent throughout Borg genomes, and they are terminated by inverted repeats. This differs from the megaplasmids of some bacteria, which carry interspaced repeats and usually are not responsible for encoding necessary genes.
Below is a list of genes known to be encoded by Borgs (note that not every Borg subtype contains the same genes):
Mobile or transposable element defense systems
Genes involved with the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)
Type III-A CRISPR-Cas system (No spacer acquisition machinery, primarily targets RNA)
RPL11 (Ribosomal protein L11)
Glycosyltransferase
Genes involved in DNA and RNA manipulation
Transport genes
Genes involved in energy metabolism
Genes encoding cell surface proteins
PEGA
S-layer
Genes encoding membrane-associated proteins (unknown function, possibly affects host's membrane properties)
nifHDK operon (involved in nitrogen fixation)
Genes involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis (Carbon storage; possibly used for when resources are low)
Genes encoding Tellurium resistance proteins
FtsZ (tubulin homolog, involved in bactrial cell division)
Major Vault Protein homologs
TCA cycle genes
citrate synthase
aconitasecfbB and cfbC Coenzyme F420:L-glutamate ligase - cofE''
Electron bifurcating complexes
D-Lactate dehydrogenase
Genes involved in Tetrahydromethanopterin synthesis
Genes encoding Ferredoxin proteins
Genes encoding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin hydro-lyase (Fae) (involved in formaldehyde detoxification)
Genes encoding Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH)
Genes encoding plastocyanin
Genes encoding cupredoxins
Genes encoding multiheme cytochromes (MHC)
References
Microbiology
DNA | Borg (microbiology) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 876 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
68,278,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Ocean%20Observing%20System | Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) is an international initiative of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). It was officially launched in 2011. Its International Project Office is hosted by the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Australia.
The Southern Ocean comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. Over the past 30 years, the Southern Ocean has been subject to rapid climate change, which has led to changes in the marine ecosystem.
SOOS is designed to aid the collection and delivery of essential observations on dynamics and change of Southern Ocean systems to all international stakeholders (researchers, governments, industries). It seeks to enable the design, advocacy and implementation of cost-effective observing and data delivery systems.
References
Oceanography
Earth observation projects
Southern Ocean | Southern Ocean Observing System | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 220 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
68,278,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20cytometry | Tissue image cytometry or tissue cytometry is a method of digital histopathology and combines classical digital pathology (glass slides scanning and virtual slide generation) and computational pathology (digital analysis) into one integrated approach with solutions for all kinds of diseases, tissue and cell types as well as molecular markers and corresponding staining methods to visualize these markers. Tissue cytometry uses virtual slides as they can be generated by multiple, commercially available slide scanners, as well as dedicated image analysis software – preferentially including machine and deep learning algorithms. Tissue cytometry enables cellular analysis within thick tissues, retaining morphological and contextual information, including spatial information on defined cellular subpopulations.
In this process, a tissue sample, either formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or frozen tissue section, also referred to as “cryocut”, is labelled with either immunohistochemistry(IHC) or immunofluorescent markers, scanned with high-throughput slide scanners and the data gathered from virtual slides is processed and analyzed using software that is able to identify individual cells in tissue context automatically and distinguish between nucleus and cytoplasm for each cell. Additional algorithms can identify cellular membranes, subcellular structures (like cytoskeletal fibers, vacuoles, nucleoli) and/or multicellular tissue structures (glands, glomeruli, epidermis, or tumor foci).Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) is a method of analysis that measures fluorescence signals on single cells, where the signal comes from antibody-mediated staining techniques and phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. The major limitation of flow cytometry is that it can only be applied – as the name suggest – to cells in solution. Although methods of “solubilizing” solid tissue exist, any such processing irrevocably destroys the tissue architecture and any spatial context. Hence, tissue cytometry complements the use of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope in basic research, clinical practice, and clinical trials by providing FACS-like analyses on solid tissue sections (as well as adherent cell cultures) in situ. The advantage of tissue cytometry against flow cytometry is that tissue cytometry does not require the cells to be suspended in fluid, aiding in maintaining the integrity of the tissue structure, morphology, and contextual information, further assisting in precise and accurate contextual analysis that are not possible in flow cytometry.
History
Immunohistochemistry is used in clinical practice, where tissue biopsies from every potential cancer patient are collected, fixed in formalin and embedded on paraffin. These tissue sections are serially cut in a microtome to provide thin sections, representing the diagnostic material for clinical diagnoses. Once stained initially with hematoxylin and eosin stain to detect cancer cells. Multiple marker staining is performed for proliferation, lineage, prognostic and oncogenic targets. Pathologists used optical microscope for the evaluation through the objective lenses and conclude the diagnosis by scoring the staining in percentage or as positive/negative. Visual evaluation provides a subjective diagnosis and plan of treatment. The advent of digital pathology marked a significant leap forward in the field of pathology. By converting glass slides into digital images, it revolutionized how pathologists interacted with tissue specimens. However, the initial phase of digital pathology primarily focused on image viewing and sharing. While this enabled remote consultations and facilitated image archiving, it did not fundamentally alter the core process of pathology: the manual interpretation of tissue morphology by human experts.
A more robust and automated system was designed to perform flow cytometry-like analyses on immunostained cells in a fixed tissue and termed tissue cytometry. The technique was introduced in the 1990s based on patents by Steiner and Ecker (CEO/founder TissueGnostics), describing a procedure for “Cytometric Analysis of Diverse Cell Populations in Tissue Sections or Cell Culture Visualized Through Fluorescence Dyes and/or Chromogens". Tissue cytometry emerged as a transformative extension of digital pathology, promising to bridge the gap between image-based analysis and quantitative, data-driven insights. This technology leverages advanced imaging techniques, computational power, and artificial intelligence (AI) to extract meaningful information from tissue slides. Unlike its predecessor, tissue cytometry goes beyond mere image visualization, delving into the complex spatial and molecular landscape of tissue specimens. At its core, tissue cytometry enables the automated and quantitative analysis of cellular and tissue features. By employing sophisticated algorithms and machine learning models, it can accurately segment nuclei, identify cell types, and quantify protein expression levels within the tissue context. This level of granularity and precision was previously unattainable through traditional microscopic examination.
Additional patents were filed in the early 21st century by Hernani et al. to perform virtual flow cytometry on immunostained tissue. The latter's basics were derived from the procedure presented in 1982 by Gillete et al., describing the qualitative analysis of spectral mixtures by using factor analysis in conjunction with a spectral reference library. Following this study, Zhou R et al. published a method to quantify prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) in histologic sections of prostate tumor with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex technique using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as a substrate.
The integration of AI and machine learning has been instrumental in the development of tissue cytometry. These technologies empower the system to learn from vast datasets of annotated tissue images, enabling it to recognize patterns and make accurate predictions. For instance, AI-driven algorithms can be trained to identify specific cell types, detect subtle morphological changes associated with disease, or quantify the density of immune cells within a tumor microenvironment.
Moreover, AI-powered nuclear segmentation is a critical component of tissue cytometry. By precisely delineating individual nuclei, researchers can extract valuable information about nuclear size, shape, and texture, which can be correlated with various pathological conditions. Similarly, tissue segmentation algorithms enable the identification of different tissue compartments, such as tumor, stroma, and immune infiltrate, facilitating the analysis of spatial relationships between cellular components.
The implications of tissue cytometry for pathology are profound. By providing quantitative and reproducible data, this technology has the potential to streamline the diagnostic and prognostic processes. For example, tissue cytometry can assist pathologists in identifying subtle biomarkers that may be missed during manual examination, leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses. Furthermore, by quantifying tumor burden and immune infiltration, tissue cytometry can help predict patient outcomes and inform treatment decisions.
Beyond diagnostics, tissue cytometry opens up new avenues for drug development and clinical research. By enabling precise phenotyping of tumor cells and immune microenvironments, it can facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the evaluation of drug efficacy. Additionally, tissue cytometry can be used to study the mechanisms of disease progression and resistance, paving the way for the development of novel treatment strategies.
Tissue cytometry Environment/ Tissue Cytometers
Modern tissue cytometers can analyze many thousands of cells within the tissue sample and/or in suspension, in "real time" and, if configured as cell sorters, can actively distinguish particles with specified grey value.
A tissue cytometer has 3 main components- A high-throughput scanner to acquire the high-quality virtual image of immunohistochemical and/or fluorescent marker labelled tissue sections on glass slides, a signal detector to detect the brightfield or fluorescent signals in Red Green Blue (RGB) format and, a computer with developed algorithm for the analysis and interpreting of the signals in grey values.
Applications of Tissue cytometry
Tumor Microenvironment: Tissue cytometry is heavily used in research to characterize the tumor microenvironment including e.g. identification of the immune landscape or tumor-vascularization, within IHC/IF-processed tissue sections. One reason is that by using this technology the complex tissue architecture stays intact and therefore also spatial relationships between cellular phenotypes and/or multicellular structures can be analyzed.
By utilizing tissue cytometry multiple research groups were able to demonstrate the impact of various immune cell subpopulations (CD4, CD68, CD8, CD20, Foxp3, PD1) on patient survival in different cancer types (e.g. breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer). Since in cancer therapy a novel treatment strategy is targeting immune checkpoints (molecules that inhibit the antitumoral immune reaction), the insights gained by tissue cytometry may help to find new target molecules/biomarkers as well as to determine the best treatment strategy for patients.
Immunology: Immune cell context is important for delineating the etymology of inflammatory diseases, which often result from impaired function of adaptive and/or innate immune cells. Tissue cytometry is useful for detecting and localizing specific cells, especially heterogeneous populations, within their native tissue environment and identifying the cues behind the disease. For example, it was used to investigate IgG4-related diseases: one paper reports about fibrosing mediastinitis being driven by CD4+ CTLs rather than Th2 cells where infiltration of CD4+ CTLs was illustrated by tissue cytometry. Follow-up studies investigated how follicular T cells influence B-cell class-switching events in IgG4-related disease and Kimura disease – researchers found a correlation between AICDA+CD19+ B cells and IgG4 expression using tissue cytometry.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Characterization: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have the capacity differentiate into several sub-types such as bone, cartilage, muscle, developing teeth and fat tissue which has clinical importance for regenerative medicine. However, although there are defined minimal phenotypic criteria, MSCs due to their heterogeneous nature need to be further characterized regarding their distinct biomarkers. Tissue cytometry promisingly assists to describe the biomarkers of quiescent MCSs and furthermore characterize the effect of hyaluronan on this population. Tissue cytometry can also used to investigate MSCs interaction with glioblastoma: to characterize cell fusion, extracellular vesicle transfer and intercellular communications. Additionally, tissue cytometry is utilized to image the murine hippocampus and visualize M1/M2 microglia in mice with MSCs transplantation as a model for Alzheimer’s disease.
COVID-19: COVID-19 pandemic required various tools to outline the disease progression and severity. Using tissue cytometry, researchers reported about interplay of immune cells and SARS-CoV-2 virus and its effect on disease: for instance, one study showed that CD4+ cytotoxic T cells expanded significantly in the lungs in severe COVID-19. Another finding illustrates loss of germinal centers in lymph nodes and spleens in acute COVID-19, which was shown by multi-color immunofluorescence cytometry.
Neuroscience: Tracking neurodevelopmental processes is an active field of research in neuroscience. Quantitative tissue analysis is widely employed in the field to determine the role of different stimuli in the nervous system. A research group reported about the effect of the magnetic field on neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, where the phenotypic effects were observed using tissue cytometry. Another application of tissue cytometry in neuroscience was shown in a study designed to evaluate the effect of stress on hypothalamic neurons.
References
Laboratory techniques
Medical imaging
Histopathology
Microscopy
Clinical pathology | Tissue cytometry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,519 | [
"nan",
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
68,279,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None%20Pizza%20with%20Left%20Beef | None Pizza with Left Beef was a pizza delivery experiment conducted by Steven Molaro in October 2007. After testing the accuracy of Domino's' then-new online ordering system, the results were posted on his blog, The Sneeze, after which it evolved into an internet meme.
Background
On October 18, 2007, Steven Molaro was experimenting with Domino's' pizza-ordering website, specifically testing the accuracy of ordering pizza toppings on the "left" versus "right", as seen when opening the box. Using the site's radio buttons, he ordered two pizzas.
The first, with pepperoni on the left and mushrooms on the right, arrived correctly partitioned, though reversed from the specific left–right orientation he had ordered. The second was a pizza with no sauce, no cheese, and beef only on the left side of the pizza; while correctly absent of the typical base elements, Molaro said, "the whole pizza was so small and light it must have shifted during delivery. And the little beef pellets didn't have any sauce or cheese to hang on to, so a few lost their footing from the left half."
Molaro described the second pizza itself as "tasteless bread with salty meat pellets", though his wife did eat it, an act he supposed testified to some level of quality and edibleness. On October 19, he published a comedic post about the experiment on his blog, The Sneeze, where he named his beefy flatbread "NONE Pizza with Left Beef".
When trying to explain his rationale many years later, Molaro compared it to "when kids get a toy, they play with it for awhile and then start messing around with it in other weird ways." Ordering pizza online was a novel experience, and he sought to push the limits of what it would allow.
Analysis
Molaro's post, "The Great Pizza Orientation Test", rapidly became very popular. Most readers enjoyed his post, but Molaro later recalled pedantic negative feedback about the relativity of pizzas' halves—something he even addressed in the original post.
On the ten-year anniversary of Molaro's original post, Gizmodo reflected on how None Pizza with Left Beef was a vanguard for many humorous restaurant orders to come, and its evolution into an internet meme: continuing to resonate within internet culture, commerce, and beyond after ten years with a photo "that won our hearts—even if it wasn't exactly delivered to spec." It was the source of the later "special delivery" meme, where online orders "were forcing the likes of Domino's and Pizza Hut to draw pictures inside the box, cut pizzas like pentagrams, and hopefully bring consumers and pizza parlor employees that much closer."
One of the reasons Molaro ordered online was to avoid interacting with Dominos' staff. New York took the ten-year anniversary as an opportunity to lightheartedly reflect on human–automation interaction, as well as the legacy of None Pizza with Left Beef; the magazine argued that the lack of a human intermediary is required for placing such humorous and viral food orders: when ordering a cheeseburger from McDonald's, whether removing all ingredients except the cheese, or paying (equivalent to £ in and in ) after eschewing literally all the ingredients, these experiments in compliance would not be successful with a restaurant employee.
Tamsyn Muir's Locked Tomb series of novels are suffused with references to internet memes, including None Pizza with Left Beef. When asked about the reference by Vox in 2021, the Catholic Muir defended the contemporary references by comparing herself to authors who commonly reference classic works like the Iliad: "It's not because I set about to make the book particularly memey, it's just because I've got a shit sense of humor. I think of John 3:16 the same way I think about none pizza with left beef."
In a 2021 Esquire article about pizza toppings and terminology, the magazine called None Pizza with Left Beef "a corporate (yet hilarious!) monstrosity". Domino's first acknowledged the meme in an April 2022 tweet: "If you remember , it's time for an eye cream."
By the 15th anniversary in 2022, choosing to remove pizza sauce or cheese from an online Domino's order would prompt a warning for the user. The original meme had since been immortalized as a custom emoji, embroidery, jewelry, stickers, and t-shirts. Molaro himself was unsure why it still resonated with people, but related how—for some commenters—it harkens back to an ostensibly better time on the internet. When he ordered a duplicate pizza for the 15th anniversary occasion, it came looking much like it did in 2007, including the misalignment of the beef.
References
Further reading
Domino's Pizza
e-commerce
internet memes introduced in 2007
pizza in the United States
pizza varieties | None Pizza with Left Beef | [
"Technology"
] | 1,040 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
68,279,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BG%20Indi | BG Indi, also known as κ1 Indi (Kappa1 Indi) is a multiple star system in the southern constellation of Indus. Its average apparent magnitude is 6.141, meaning it can only be seen by the naked eye under exceptionally good viewing conditions. Stellar parallax measurements by Gaia put the system at about 166 light-years (51 parsecs) away.
Nomenclature
The star system is most commonly known as BG Indi. BG Indi is its variable star designation, a unique name given to variable stars based on its constellation and when it was discovered to be a variable. It also has the name κ1 Indi (Latinized to Kappa1 Indi), which is its Bayer designation.
Properties
BG Indi consists of four stars in two compact, orbiting pairs. The brighter pair is known as BG Indi A, and consists of two F-type main-sequence stars Aa and Ab. As F-type stars, they are more massive, larger, and hotter than the Sun, and with a metallicity of −0.2 ± 0.1, it is less metal-rich than the Sun. BG Indi is about 2.65 billion years old, and is just starting to leave the main sequence.
BG Indi Aa and Ab orbit each other on a circular orbit, with a period of 1.46 days. Periodically, one star passes in front of the other, blocking its light. Therefore, the apparent magnitude varies from 6.11 to 6.36. Its status as an eclipsing binary was confirmed by J. Manfroid and G. Mathys in 1984.
The other two stars, BG Indi Ba and Bb, form the pair BG Indi B. Both are less massive than the Sun, and orbit each other on a tighter orbit with a period of 0.53 days. Collectively, BG Indi A and B orbit each other with a period of 720.9 days with a moderate eccentricity of 0.209. All three orbits are likely to be more or less coplanar. BG Indi is the nearest quadruple star system consisting of two eclipsing binaries.
Notes
References
Indi, Kappa1
Algol variables
Indus (constellation)
Eclipsing binaries
F-type main-sequence stars
8369
208496
108478
Durchmusterung objects
4
Indi, BG | BG Indi | [
"Astronomy"
] | 499 | [
"Indus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
68,280,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpa%20%28snakebite%20app%29 | Sarpa or SARPA (Snake Awareness, Rescue and Protection app) is a snakebite app, an application for mobile devices developed in India to provide rapid, life-saving help for victims of snakebite, which kill an estimated 58,000 people a year in India. The app provides information about snakes, gets fast aid for people bitten, and helps in the development of antivenoms. Similar systems developed in India include SnakeHub, Snake Lens, Snakepedia, Serpent and the Big Four Mapping Project. The apps provide rapid response to snakebite incidents, often in remote areas, using a network of volunteers managed by local wildlife departments; their use can save human lives by providing rapid medical care, and also snakes, by helping to avoid interaction between the species.
References
Mobile applications
Health software
Snake attacks | Sarpa (snakebite app) | [
"Technology"
] | 167 | [
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
68,281,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk%20surfacing | Silk surfacing was a surface finishing of cotton to obtain an appearance similar to silk.
Process
In contrast to other imitative finishes such as mercerizing, In Silk surfacing, real silk was used in this treatment. Cotton was treated with acid and then silk waste (mixed) solution cotton to provide a lustrous appearance.
Treatment
The steps are as follows:
Soaking of cotton yarns in Tannic acid or other metallic acid.
Soaking in a solution of pure silk (of dissolved Silk waste/remnants in some acid.)
Dry
Passing through rollers.
The cotton is encased with silk. Although the finish was less durable, was adapted for selected products only that were less likely to wash.
See also
Finishing (textiles)
Plasma treatment (textiles)
References
Textile techniques
Textile chemistry
Properties of textiles | Silk surfacing | [
"Chemistry"
] | 159 | [
"nan"
] |
68,281,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbach%20energy | The Urbach Energy, or Urbach Edge, is a parameter typically denoted , with dimensions of energy, used to quantify energetic disorder in the band edges of a semiconductor. It is evaluated by fitting the absorption coefficient as a function of energy to an exponential function. It is often used to describe electron transport in structurally disordered semiconductors such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
Introduction
In the simplest description of a semiconductor, a single parameter is used to quantify the onset of optical absorption: the band gap, . In this description, semiconductors are described as being able to absorb photons above , but are transparent to photons below . However, the density of states in 3 dimensional semiconductors increases further from the band gap (this is not generally true in lower dimensional semiconductors however). For this reason, the absorption coefficient, , increases with energy. The Urbach Energy quantifies the steepness of the onset of absorption near the band edge, and hence the broadness of the density of states. A sharper onset of absorption represents a lower Urbach Energy.
History and name
The Urbach Energy is defined by an exponential increase in absorbance with energy. While an exponential dependence of absorbance had been observed previously in photographic materials, it was Franz Urbach that evaluated this property systematically in crystals. He used silver bromide for his study while working at the Kodak Company in 1953.
Definition
Absorption in semiconductors is known to increase exponentially near the onset of absorption, spanning several orders of magnitude. Absorption as a function of energy can be described by the following equation:
where and are fitting parameters with dimensions of inverse length and energy, respectively, and is the Urbach Energy. This equation is only valid when . The Urbach Energy is temperature-dependent.
Room temperature values of for hydrogenated amorphous silicon are typically between 50 meV and 150 meV.
Relationship to charge transport
The Urbach Energy is often evaluated to make statements on the energetic disorder of band edges in structurally disordered semiconductors. The Urbach Energy has been shown to increase with dangling bond density in hydrogenated amorphous silicon and has been shown to be strongly correlated with the slope of band tails evaluated using transistor measurements. For this reason, it can be used as a proxy for activation energy, , in semiconductors governed by multiple trapping and release. It is important to state that is not the same as , since describes the disorder associated with one band, not both.
Measurement
To evaluate the Urbach Energy, the absorption coefficient needs to be measured over several orders of magnitude. For this reason, high precision techniques such as the constant photocurrent method (CPM) or photothermal deflection spectroscopy are used.
References
Materials science
Semiconductors | Urbach energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 556 | [
"Electron",
"Matter",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials science",
"Electronic band structures",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Solid state engineering",
"Electrical resistance and conductan... |
68,283,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter%20of%20a%20set | In mathematics, the diameter of a set of points in a metric space is the largest distance between points in the set. As an important special case, the diameter of a metric space is the largest distance between any two points in the space. This generalizes the diameter of a circle, the largest distance between two points on the circle. This usage of diameter also occurs in medical terminology concerning a lesion or in geology concerning a rock.
A bounded set is a set whose diameter is finite. Within a bounded set, all distances are at most the diameter.
Formal definition
The diameter of an object is the least upper bound (denoted "sup") of the set of all distances between pairs of points in the object.
Explicitly, if is a set of points with distances measured by a metric , the diameter is
Of the empty set
The diameter of the empty set is a matter of convention. It can be defined to be zero, , or undefined.
In Euclidean spaces
For any bounded set in the Euclidean plane or Euclidean space, the diameter of the object or set is the same as the diameter of its convex hull. For any convex shape in the plane, the diameter is the largest distance that can be formed between two opposite parallel lines tangent to its boundary.
Relation to other measures
The diameter of a circle is exactly twice its radius. However, this is true only for a circle, and only in the Euclidean metric. Jung's theorem provides more general inequalities relating the diameter to the radius. The isodiametric inequality or Bieberbach inequality, a relative of the isoperimetric inequality, states that, for a given diameter, the planar shape with the largest area is a disk, and the three-dimensional shape with the largest volume is a sphere. The polygons of maximum area for a given diameter and number of sides are the biggest little polygons.
Just as the diameter of a two-dimensional convex set is the largest distance between two parallel lines tangent to and enclosing the set, the is often defined to be the smallest such distance. The diameter and width are equal only for a body of constant width, for which all pairs of parallel tangent lines have the same distance. Every set of bounded diameter in the Euclidean plane is a subset of a body of constant width with the same diameter.
Computation
The diameter or width of a two-dimensional point set or polygon can be calculated efficiently using rotating calipers. Algorithms for computing diameters in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces have also been studied in computational geometry; see diameter (computational geometry).
In differential geometry
In differential geometry, the diameter is an important global Riemannian invariant. Every compact set in a Riemannian manifold, and every compact Riemannian manifold itself, has finite diameter. For instance, the unit sphere of any dimension, viewed as a Riemannian manifold, has diameter . This differs from its diameter as a subset of Euclidean space (which would equal two) because, as a Riemannian manifold, distances are measured along geodesics within the manifold.
In a Riemannian manifold whose Ricci curvature has a positive constant lower bound, the diameter is also bounded by Myers's theorem. According to Cheng's maximal diameter theorem, the unique manifold with the largest diameter for a given curvature lower bound is a sphere with that curvature. The theorem is named after Shiu-Yuen Cheng, who published it in 1975.
In graphs
In graph theory, the diameter of a connected undirected graph is the farthest distance between any two of its vertices. That is, it is the diameter of a set, for the set of vertices of the graph, and for the shortest-path distance in the graph. Diameter may be considered either for weighted or for unweighted graphs. Researchers have studied the problem of computing the diameter, both in arbitrary graphs and in special classes of graphs.
Special cases of graph diameter include the diameter of a group, defined using a Cayley graph with the largest diameter possible for a given group, and the diameter of the flip graph of triangulations of a point set, the minimum number of local moves needed to transform one triangulation into another for two triangulations chosen to be as far apart as possible.
References
Length | Diameter of a set | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 867 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Length",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
68,283,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIO-LGCA | In computational and mathematical biology, a biological lattice-gas cellular automaton (BIO-LGCA) is a discrete model for moving and interacting biological agents, a type of cellular automaton. The BIO-LGCA is based on the lattice-gas cellular automaton (LGCA) model used in fluid dynamics. A BIO-LGCA model describes cells and other motile biological agents as point particles moving on a discrete lattice, thereby interacting with nearby particles. Contrary to classic cellular automaton models, particles in BIO-LGCA are defined by their position and velocity. This allows to model and analyze active fluids and collective migration mediated primarily through changes in momentum, rather than density. BIO-LGCA applications include cancer invasion and cancer progression.
Model definition
As are all cellular automaton models, a BIO-LGCA model is defined by a lattice , a state space , a neighborhood , and a rule .
The lattice () defines the set of all possible particle positions. Particles are restricted to occupy only certain positions, typically resulting from a regular and periodic tesselation of space. Mathematically, is a discrete subset of -dimensional space.
The state space () describes the possible states of particles within every lattice site . In BIO-LGCA, multiple particles with different velocities may occupy a single lattice site, as opposed to classic cellular automaton models, where typically only a single cell can reside in every lattice node simultaneously. This makes the state space slightly more complex than that of classic cellular automaton models (see below).
The neighborhood () indicates the subset of lattice sites which determines the dynamics of a given site in the lattice. Particles only interact with other particles within their neighborhood. Boundary conditions must be chosen for neighborhoods of lattice sites at the boundary of finite lattices. Neighborhoods and boundary conditions are identically defined as those for regular cellular automata (see Cellular automaton).
The rule () dictates how particles move, proliferate, or die with time. As every cellular automaton, BIO-LGCA evolves in discrete time steps. In order to simulate the system dynamics, the rule is synchronously applied to every lattice site at every time step. Rule application changes the original state of a lattice site to a new state. The rule depends on the states of lattice sites in the interaction neighborhood of the lattice site to be updated. In BIO-LGCA, the rule is divided into two steps, a probabilistic interaction step followed by a deterministic transport step. The interaction step simulates reorientation, birth, and death processes, and is defined specifically for the modeled process. The transport step translocates particles to neighboring lattice nodes in the direction of their velocities. See below for details.
State space
For modeling particle velocities explicitly, lattice sites are assumed to have a specific substructure. Each lattice site is connected to its neighboring lattice sites through vectors called "velocity channels", , , where the number of velocity channels is equal to the number of nearest neighbors, and thus depends on the lattice geometry ( for a one-dimensional lattice, for a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, and so on). In two dimensions, velocity channels are defined as . Additionally, an arbitrary number of so-called "rest channels" may be defined, such that , . A channel is said to be occupied if there is a particle in the lattice site with a velocity equal to the velocity channel. The occupation of channel is indicated by the occupation number . Typically, particles are assumed to obey an exclusion principle, such that no more than one particle may occupy a single velocity channel at a lattice site simultaneously. In this case, occupation numbers are Boolean variables, i.e. , and thus, every site has a maximum carrying capacity . Since the collection of all channel occupation numbers defines the number of particles and their velocities in each lattice site, the vector describes the state of a lattice site, and the state space is given by .
Rule and model dynamics
The states of every site in the lattice are updated synchronously in discrete time steps to simulate the model dynamics. The rule is divided into two steps. The probabilistic interaction step simulates particle interaction, while the deterministic transport step simulates particle movement.
Interaction step
Depending on the specific application, the interaction step may be composed of reaction and/or reorientation operators.
The reaction operator replaces the state of a node with a new state following a transition probability , which depends on the state of the neighboring lattice sites to simulate the influence of neighboring particles on the reactive process. The reaction operator does not conserve particle number, thus allowing to simulate birth and death of individuals. The reaction operator's transition probability is usually defined ad hoc form phenomenological observations.
The reorientation operator also replaces a state with a new state with probability . However, this operator conserves particle number and therefore only models changes in particle velocity by redistributing particles among velocity channels. The transition probability for this operator can be determined from statistical observations (by using the maximum caliber principle) or from known single-particle dynamics (using the discretized, steady-state angular probability distribution given by the Fokker-Planck equation associated to a Langevin equation describing the reorientation dynamics), and typically takes the form where is a normalization constant (also known as the partition function), is an energy-like function which particles will likely minimize when changing their direction of motion, is a free parameter inversely proportional to the randomness of particle reorientation (analogous to the inverse temperature in thermodynamics), and is a Kronecker delta which ensures that particle number before and after reorientation is unchanged.
The state resulting form applying the reaction and reorientation operator is known as the post-interaction configuration and denoted by .
Transport step
After the interaction step, the deterministic transport step is applied synchronously to all lattice sites. The transport step simulates the movement of agents according to their velocity, due to the self-propulsion of living organisms.
During this step, the occupation numbers of post-interaction states will be defined as the new occupation states of the same channel of the neighboring lattice site in the direction of the velocity channel, i.e. .
A new time step begins when both interaction and transport steps have occurred. Therefore, the dynamics of the BIO-LGCA can be summarized as the stochastic finite-difference microdynamical equation
Example interaction dynamics
The transition probability for the reaction and/or reorientation operator must be defined to appropriately simulate the modeled system. Some elementary interactions and the corresponding transition probabilities are listed below.
Random walk
In the absence of any external or internal stimuli, cells may move randomly without any directional preference. In this case, the reorientation operator may be defined through a transition probability
where . Such transition probability allows any post-reorientation configuration with the same number of particles as the pre-reorientation configuration , to be picked uniformly.
Simple birth and death process
If organisms reproduce and die independently of other individuals (with the exception of the finite carrying capacity), then a simple birth/death process can be simulated with a transition probability given by where , are constant birth and death probabilities, respectively, is the Kronecker delta which ensures only one birth/death event happens every time step, and is the Heaviside function, which makes sure particle numbers are positive and bounded by the carrying capacity .
Adhesive interactions
Cells may adhere to one another by cadherin molecules on the cell surface. Cadherin interactions allow cells to form aggregates. The formation of cell aggregates via adhesive biomolecules can be modeled by a reorientation operator with transition probabilities defined as
where is a vector pointing in the direction of maximum cell density, defined as , where is the configuration of the lattice site within the neighborhood , and is the momentum of the post-reorientation configuration, defined as . This transition probability favors post-reorientation configurations with cells moving towards the cell density gradient.
Mathematical analysis
Since an exact treatment of a stochastic agent-based model quickly becomes unfeasible due to high-order correlations between all agents, the general method of analyzing a BIO-LGCA model is to cast it into an approximate, deterministic finite difference equation (FDE) describing the mean dynamics of the population, then performing the mathematical analysis of this approximate model, and comparing the results to the original BIO-LGCA model.
First, the expected value of the microdynamical equation is obtained where denotes the expected value, and is the expected value of the -th channel occupation number of the lattice site at at time step . However, the term on the right, is highly nonlinear on the occupation numbers of both the lattice site and the lattice sites within the interaction neighborhood , due to the form of the transition probability and the statistics of particle placement within velocity channels (for example, arising from an exclusion principle imposed on channel occupations). This non-linearity would result in high-order correlations and moments among all channel occupations involved. Instead, a mean-field approximation is usually assumed, wherein all correlations and high order moments are neglected, such that direct particle-particle interactions are substituted by interactions with the respective expected values. In other words, if are random variables, and is a function, then under this approximation. Thus, we can simplify the equation to where is a nonlinear function of the expected lattice site configuration and the expected neighborhood configuration dependent on the transition probabilities and in-node particle statistics.
From this nonlinear FDE, one may identify several homogeneous steady states, or constants independent of and which are solutions to the FDE. To study the stability conditions of these steady states and the pattern formation potential of the model, a linear stability analysis can be performed. To do so, the nonlinear FDE is linearized as where denotes the homogeneous steady state , and a von Neumann neighborhood was assumed. In order to cast it into a more familiar finite difference equation with temporal increments only, a discrete Fourier transform can be applied on both sides of the equation. After applying the shift theorem and isolating the term with a temporal increment on the left, one obtains the lattice-Boltzmann equation where is the imaginary unit, is the size of the lattice along one dimension, is the Fourier wave number, and denotes the discrete Fourier transform. In matrix notation, this equation is simplified to , where the matrix is called the Boltzmann propagator and is defined as The eigenvalues of the Boltzmann propagator dictate the stability properties of the steady state:
If , where denotes the modulus, then perturbations with wave number grow with time. If , and , then perturbations with wave number will dominate and patterns with a clear wavelength will be observed. Otherwise, the steady state is stable and any perturbations will decay.
If , where denotes the argument, then perturbations are transported and non-stationary population behaviors are observed. Otherwise, the population will appear static at the macroscopic level.
Applications
Constructing a BIO-LGCA for the study of biological phenomena mainly involves defining appropriate transition probabilities for the interaction operator, though precise definitions of the state space (to consider several cellular phenotypes, for example), boundary conditions (for modeling phenomena in confined conditions), neighborhood (to match experimental interaction ranges quantitatively), and carrying capacity (to simulate crowding effects for given cell sizes) may be important for specific applications. While the distribution of the reorientation operator can be obtained through the aforementioned statistical and biophysical methods, the distribution of the reaction operators can be estimated from the statistics of in vitro experiments, for example.
BIO-LGCA models have been used to study several cellular, biophysical and medical phenomena. Some examples include:
Angiogenesis: an in vitro experiment with endothelial cells and BIO-LGCA simulation observables were compared to determine the processes involved during angiogenesis and their weight. They found that adhesion, alignment, contact guidance, and ECM remodeling are all involved in angiogenesis, while long-range interactions are not vital to the process.
Active fluids: the macroscopic physical properties of a population of particles interacting through polar alignment interactions were investigated using a BIO-LGCA model. It was found that increasing initial particle density and interaction strength result in a second order phase transition from a homogeneous, disordered state to an ordered, patterned, moving state.
Epidemiology: a spatial SIR BIO-LGCA model was used to study the effect of different vaccination strategies, and the effect of approximating a spatial epidemic with a non-spatial model. They found that barrier-type vaccination strategies are much more effective than spatially uniform vaccination strategies. Furthermore, they found that non-spatial models greatly overestimate the rate of infection.
Cell jamming: in vitro and Bio-LGCA models were used for studying metastatic behavior in breast cancer. The BIO-LGCA model revealed that metastasis may exhibit different behaviors, such as random gas-like, jammed solid-like, and correlated fluid-like states, depending on the adhesivity level among cells, ECM density, and cell-ECM interactions.
References
External links
Bio-LGCA Simulator - An online simulator with elementary interactions with personalizable parameter values.
BIO-LGCA Python Package - An open source Python package for implementing BIO-LGCA model simulations.
Statistical mechanics
Lattice models
Stochastic models
Complex dynamics | BIO-LGCA | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,826 | [
"Complex dynamics",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
68,289,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog%2B | DIALOG+ is a technology-supported intervention used to structure communication between a patient and a mental health care provider. The intervention consists of the patient providing ratings of their subjective quality of life (SQOL) on 11 areas of the DIALOG scale (made up of eight life domains and three treatment aspects). The eight life domains consist of: mental health, physical health, job situation, accommodation, leisure activities, relationships with partner/family, friendships and personal safety. The three treatment aspects deal with medication, practical help and meetings with mental health professionals. The 11 items together make up the DIALOG scale.
On all areas, the patient is asked to rate how satisfied they are on a 7-point scale that ranges from (1) "totally dissatisfied", to (7) "totally satisfied".
Each DIALOG+ session starts with the patient rating their satisfaction on the DIALOG scale. The intervention is hosted on a device that supports the technology, meaning that the patient is more actively involved in the meeting. In the case of face-to-face delivery, a tablet computer can be used to allow for the device to be passed easily between the patient and the provider to aid discussion. The scores are summarised and can easily be compared on the screen, and, if this is a subsequent visit, be compared to scores provided at earlier visits. This gives a rapid overview of the current problems and strengths in the patient's life. As part of the intervention, providers are encouraged to provide positive feedback on highly rated domains or, at subsequent visits, any domains that have shown improvement over previous sessions. After this, the patient selects up to three areas, depending on time available, for further discussion on areas where more help is needed.
Discussion of the area is facilitated by a four-step approach, based on principles of solution focused therapy. The four step approach includes: (1) Understanding, intended to allow the clinician and the patient to understand the patient's situation by assessing why the rating is the one given and, for example, not lower and discussing what is working, (2) Looking forward, where the patient adopts a future perspective and is encouraged to imagine what changes (best case scenario and smallest improvement) they would like to see to their current situation, (3) Exploring options, consider what practical actions might lead to the desired change, this includes looking at things that the patient, the clinician and others can do, and (4) Agreeing on actions, where the clinician and patient agree specific actions that are documented for review at the next session. These actions can be used to make up a tailored care plan for the individual.
The full DIALOG+ intervention builds on the DIALOG Scale, and is supported by mobile application available on Android and Apple operating systems as well as a Progressive Web Application which can be used on any device that has a web browser. The intervention draws on quality-of-life research, patient-centered communication, and principles of solution-focused therapy. It was developed to ensure that patient-clinician communication effectively facilitates and promotes positive change, and time routinely used is clinically effective.
Using DIALOG Scale data
Each of the 11 items on the DIALOG scale is its own individual subscale, meaning every item is meaningful and can be interpreted, not just the mean score of items. The mean average of the eight quality of life domains items can be used as a global measure of SQOL, and the mean of the three treatment aspects can be used as a treatment satisfaction measure. In terms of evaluating treatment, changes in SQOL over time are usually assessed using a paired score, a baseline score established at intake or at the beginning of any new treatment episode, compared to a score at the end of treatment or at discharge. For longer term treatments, interim scores may be obtained monthly, or six monthly, or as appropriate and determined by the nature and duration of treatment. The DIALOG scale and analytical plan are publicly available for use. Although the scale was designed to be used as a therapeutic intervention by structuring communication, it can also be used to measure outcome data on SQOL and treatment satisfaction, with established psychometric properties. And each item of the scale can be used to evaluate treatment on the level of individuals, groups and services. The DIALOG scale is one of three outcome measures recommended nationally in early intervention in psychosis programmes in the NHS.
Fidelity of delivery of the intervention is assessed using the DIALOG+ Adherence Scale.
Development
Both the DIALOG Scale and DIALOG+ intervention were developed at the Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, at Queen Mary University of London and the East London NHS Foundation Trust (ELFT). This development and research was led by Professor Stefan Priebe, supported by funding from the European Commission and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK.
They were developed to explore how to structure communication between mental health patients and health providers. In the early version of DIALOG+ (known as the DIALOG scale), patients rated their satisfaction and healthcare needs across 11 different parts of their life and treatment. The ratings were then used to guide conversations between patients and health providers to identify patient priorities.
The original DIALOG scale was further expanded to include a therapeutic intervention to address priorities identified by the patients through the use of the DIALOG scale. The new intervention, called DIALOG+, incorporated an additional 4-step approach where the patient and health provider worked together to suggest solutions for the concerns raised during completion of the DIALOG scale.
Clinical use
Both DIALOG and DIALOG+ have been implemented across the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK, including Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and East London NHS Foundation Trust (ELFT). Within ELFT, DIALOG+ has replaced part of the Care Programme Approach which provides mental health assessments as part of a patient's recovery plan and safety plan. In 2022, DIALOG+ was integrated into all community adult mental health services in all London boroughs and Milton Keynes.
Research Evidence
The DIALOG Scale and DIALOG+ are supported by peer reviewed publications.
DIALOG Scale
The psychometric properties of the DIALOG scale have been found to be sound as measures of subjective quality of life (SQOL), meaning that DIALOG alone could be used as a therapeutic intervention, but also as an acceptable measure of SQOL. More data supporting the use of DIALOG in the NHS comes from the East London Foundation Trust, where it has been used since 2017, as a measure of SQOL has been published. In a cluster randomised controlled trial in six countries (Spain, The Netherlands, UK, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland) DIALOG, supported by a desktop computer, was found to improve SQOL in patients and led to fewer unmet needs and higher treatment satisfaction, assessed after 12 months.
DIALOG+
Based on this promising DIALOG data, DIALOG+ was developed and manualised, using new software on tablet computers, to structure the discussion around the delivery and four step process describe above to provide a way of addressing any issues identified during the discussion. In a subsequent pragmatic cluster-randomised trial in London, UK, DIALOG+ was shown to improve patient SQOL at 3, 6 and 12 months, reduce psychopathological symptoms and also improved objective social outcomes, whilst reducing the cost of treatment.
A study to explore the mechanisms by which DIALOG+ led to these improvements determined that DIALOG+ was likely to be effective because it provides a comprehensive, solution-focused structure to the routine meetings, whilst encouraging self-reflection and expression and empowerment in patients. A pilot study conducted in Germany describes the implementation of a German version of DIALOG+. DIALOG+ has also been tested in research studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Uganda, Peru, Argentina, Pakistan, Serbia, Kosovo UN Resolution, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and is being tested in Pakistan and India. A study in schools in Colombia developed and tested an adapted version for use with scholars.
References
Medical technology
Health informatics
Health informatics in the United Kingdom
Quality of life | Dialog+ | [
"Biology"
] | 1,659 | [
"Health informatics",
"Medical technology"
] |
71,166,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Aqaba%20toxic%20gas%20leak | On 27 June 2022, a toxic gas leak occurred at the Port of Aqaba, Jordan, when a container carrying 25 tons of chlorine fell from a crane onto a docked ship and ruptured. The incident killed at least thirteen people and injured more than 265 people.
Accident
On 27 June 2022, 16:15 local time, a crane was loading one of several pressurized chemical storage containers onto the container ship Forest 6 for export to Djibouti. The crane's cabling system failed, and one container, containing about of chlorine, fell onto the ship and ruptured, causing the chemical to burst from the container. A cloud of bright yellow gas spread throughout the port as people ran away. This accident caused thirteen deaths and 265 injuries at the port.
According to Haj Hassan, deputy chief of the Aqaba Region Ports Authority, an "iron rope carrying a container containing a toxic substance broke, resulting in the fall and escape of the poisonous substance". The ship was waiting to load an additional 20 containers with high percentage chlorine.
A video of the incident was posted to Twitter by Jordanian state TV and another by the newspaper Al Ghad.
Response
Chlorine gas is toxic to humans. When inhaled and mixed with moisture within the human body, it creates hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid, both which can create oxygen free radicals that break down cell walls in the pulmonary system, which can lead to irritation under mild exposure, but can be as toxic to create pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic respiratory problems, and death.
The port was immediately evacuated while first responders worked to give medical attention to affected dock workers. The injured were transported to two state hospitals, a field hospital, and a private facility. Aqaba health director Jamal Obeidat said that Aqaba hospitals were full and that the "injured people are in medium to critical condition". Information Minister Faisal Al Shboul said the government sent a field hospital and medical equipment. According to state media at least one plane evacuated wounded to Amman.
Israeli defense minister Benny Gantz offered assistance saying "As we've told our friends in Jordan, the Israeli defense establishment is ready to assist with any effort, by any means necessary".
Though the port was far from the city, and slow winds prevented the gas from spreading, city health official took precaution and instructed residents to close their windows and stay inside. The highway patrol blocked all roads leading to Aqaba. A nearby tourist beach, only from the port, was evacuated and closed. The port's grain storage and processing units were also shut down as to inspect the storage for any contamination from the chlorine gas. The rest of the port was expected to return to operations once it was deemed safe to return.
Investigation
Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh instructed the Interior Minister to head an inquiry into the accident.
The Prime Minister later informed the cabinet that the investigation revealed “great deficiency and negligence in safety protocols for dealing with hazardous materials in the Aqaba port.” As a result, senior port officials including the director general of state-owned Aqaba Company for Ports Operation and Management and other port officials were dismissed from service. They had delegated critical safety related tasks to untrained personnel.
The investigation revealed that the accident was caused by "lack of conformity" of the cargo sling's load rating with the weight of the cargo. The wire rope sling was rated at 8.5 tonnes but it was used to hoist four 25-tonne containers of chlorine from the pier to the ship in a row prior to it breaking. The wire rope parted while loading the fifth container which weighed 28.9 tonnes.
The Interior Minister Mazin Abdellah Hilal Al Farrayeh stated that the results of the investigation will be handed to the public prosecutor.
References
2022 disasters in Asia
2022 in Jordan
2022 industrial disasters
2022 toxic gas leak
Chemical disasters
June 2022 events in Asia
Man-made disasters in Jordan
Mass poisoning
Pollution events in 2022 | 2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak | [
"Chemistry"
] | 837 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
71,166,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%20Fab | The Hudson Fab was a semiconductor fabrication factory in Hudson, Massachusetts, opened in 1979 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). For many years it produced some of the most complex integrated circuits in the world, as part of the microVAX and related product lines. It underwent a major upgrade in 1994, but DEC's fortunes were already in decline by this point.
In 1997, DEC launched a lawsuit against Intel over the Intel Itanium design, which DEC claimed violated a number of their patents related to HyperThreading. The outcome was that Intel purchased the plant and rights to the DEC's current DEC Alpha and StrongARM designs for $700 million in October 1997. This was part of a wider breakup of DEC being carried out by DEC CEO Robert Palmer, completed in 1998 with the sale of the core of the company to Compaq.
Intel operated the factory as Intel Fab 17. They upgraded from 250 to 180 nm in 1999 as part of their Copy Exactly program to keep all of their fabs using identical equipment and allow them to shift production around their factories. It shifted to 130 nm at some later date. The plant was increasingly used to produce runs of specialty products that could use these older methods. It closed in 2014 as the site did not have enough room to be rebuilt to use modern systems.
References
Further reading
The Lost Engineering Paradise of DEC
Manufacturing plants in the United States
Digital Equipment Corporation | Hudson Fab | [
"Technology"
] | 286 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
71,166,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium%28III%29%20bromide | Zirconium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZrBr3.
Preparation
Almost all the trihalides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium can be prepared by the high-temperature reduction of the corresponding tetrahalide with the metal. Incomplete reaction and contamination of the product with excess metal often occurs.
Zirconium(III) bromide can thus be prepared from zirconium(IV) bromide and zirconium foil.
3 ZrBr4 + Zr → 4 ZrBr3
Alternatively, zirconium(III) bromide crystallises from a solution of zirconium(III) in aluminium tribromide. The solution is prepared by reducing a eutectic solution of ZrBr4 in liquid AlBr3 at a temperature of 230–300 °C with metallic zirconium or aluminium.
Structure and bonding
Zirconium(III) bromide has a lower magnetic moment than is expected for the d1 metal ion Zr3+, indicating non-negligible Zr-Zr bonding.
The crystal structure of zirconium(III) bromide is based on hexagonal close packing of bromide ions with one third of the octahedral interstices occupied by Zr3+ ions. The structure consists of parallel chains of face-sharing {ZrBr6} octahedra with equally spaced metal atoms. There is some elongation of the octahedra along the metal-metal axis, partly due to metal-metal repulsion. ZrCl3, ZrBr3 and ZrI3 all adopt the β-TiCl3 structure, but the elongation of octahedra is most pronounced in the chloride, moderate in the bromide and negligible in the iodide.
References
Zirconium(III) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides | Zirconium(III) bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 400 | [
"Bromides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
71,168,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmanogepix | Fosmanogepix is an experimental antifungal drug being developed by Amplyx Pharmaceuticals (now currently by Pfizer and Basilea) It is being investigated for its potential to treat various fungal infections including aspergillosis, candidaemia, and coccidioidomycosis.
Fosmanogepix is a prodrug and is converted into the active drug form, manogepix in vivo. Manogepix targets the enzyme GWT1 (Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Wall protein Transfer 1), an enzyme in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis pathway. Inhibiting this enzyme prevents the fungi from properly modifying certain (so called GPI-anchored) proteins essential to the fungal life cycle. This mechanism of action is totally novel; therefore, if approved, fosmanogepix would become a first-in-class medication.
In 2023, the drug was given a compassionate use authorization for four patients with Fusarium solani meningitis.
References
2-Aminopyridines
Isoxazoles
Antifungals
Prodrugs
Organophosphates
Zwitterions
Experimental drugs
Drugs developed by Pfizer | Fosmanogepix | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 262 | [
"Matter",
"Prodrugs",
"Zwitterions",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Ions"
] |
71,170,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2036848 | HD 36848 (HR 1877) is a star in the southern constellation Columba. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.46, allowing it to be faintly seen with a naked eye. The star is relatively close at a distance of 174 light years and is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of only .
HD 36848 has a stellar classification of K2/3 III — intermediate between a K2 and 3 giant star. It is on the red giant branch, meaning it has exhausted its core hydrogen and is now fusing hydrogen in a shell outside the core. It has a comparable mass to the Sun but has expanded to 8.71 times the radius of the Sun after 7.33 billion years. It shines with a luminosity of from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving t an orange hue. The star is metal enriched with an iron abundance 90% greater than that of the Sun and spins with a projected rotational velocity lower than .
The star's multiplicity status isn't generally agreed on. Eggleton et al. classifies it as a solitary star while De Mederios et al. finds it to be a probable spectroscopic binary.
References
K-type giants
036848
025993
CD-38 2085
1877
Columba (constellation)
Columbae, 24 | HD 36848 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 278 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,171,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium%20alpigenum | Milnesium alpigenum is a species of tardigrade that falls under the Tardigrada phylum. Like its taxonomic relatives it is an omnivorous predator that feeds on other small organisms, such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. M. alpigenum was discovered by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1853. It is very closely related to Milnesium tardigradum along with many other species from the Milnesium genus.
History and taxonomy
M. alpigenum was first suggested to be an independent species by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1853. However immediately it was turned down to be a valid species due to its extreme morphological similarity to Milnesium tardigradum (Doyère, 1840). This was also because Intraspecific phenotypic variation was thought to be very large between species of tardigrade, and that each species was vastly physiologically different from one another. However, in the early 20th century more research was conducted in relation to the morphological differences within the Milnesium and other tardigrade genera. It was discovered that any differences between species was very subtle and that all tardigrade were particularly sensitive to reproductive isolating mechanisms.
For almost a century (1853 - 1928) M. alpigenum remained Invalid. In 1928 zoologist Ernst Marcus conducted an experiment, synonymizing M. alpigenum along with Milnesium quadrifidum against M. tardigradum. Marcus concluded small morphological differences in claw configuration between the three species, along with statistical morphometry and DNA sequencing differences. These discoveries cemented M. alpigenum as a valid species and its taxonomic status was confirmed. Due to the sympatric nature of the speciation within most of the Milnesium Genus, the pre-zygotic isolating factors between M. alpigenum and M. tardigradum are currently unknown. Thus it is predicted that these species do breed, but are unable to produce viable offspring due to post-zygotic factors.
Phylogenetically M. alpigenum branches away from the group of sub species M. inceptum (a close relative). Following that it also branches off its closest relative Milnesium tardigradum. Far prior to this it branches of from the other Families of Tardigrade like Diploechiniscus or Echiniscus.
Morphology
Phylum-specific morphology
M. alpigenum has a symmetrical roughly rounded body shape with eight legs. Its method of locomotion is to use its six front legs to propel itself through water and to occasionally use its claws to grip onto substrates. Its hind legs often act as a means to push itself off substrates. However, often the tardigrade will simply drift. Individuals have very varied sizes, but some have been measured up to 0.7mm in length.
Tardigrades possess extreme resilience to all sorts of negative Environmental factors such as: extreme radiation levels, extreme temperatures (both high and low), extreme pressures (both high and low), extreme levels of toxins, and extended periods without food or water (up to 10 years). They manage to counteract these extreme environmental stresses by going into a dormant state called cryptobiosis where their metabolism decreases to approximately 0.01% of its regular levels.
Genus-specific morphology
There are a very limited amount of unique possible morphological traits within the Milnesium genus with all other traits being common with the greater phylum (See Tardigrade Morphology). The Milnesium specific traits that M. alpigenum possess are as follows: a (3-3)(3-3) claw configuration, the absence of any claw configuration changes as the individual moves to adulthood, a (4+2) peribuccal lamellae body shape, the absence of dorsal cuticle sculpturing, the absence of pseudoplates, a parthenogenesis reproductive mode and (Although not directly morphological) a Palaearctic zoogeographic origin. All of these traits including zoogeographic origin are shared by Milnesium tardigradum except M. Tardigradum has a (2-3)(3-2) claw configuration and the claw configuration changes as M. tardigradum moves to adulthood.
Habitat
Milnesium alpigenum are found in the Palaearctic realm (Upper Eurasia). They are found in the same ecological area as Milnesium tardigradum and most other Tardigrada species which is aquatic environments such as marine, coastal and terrestrial areas. In fact, tardigrades are so resilient, populous and varied that an individual will likely consume tens of different species of tardigrade possibly including M. alpigenum in a bottle of spring water.
Reproduction
Reproductive method
Similarly to almost all Tardigrades, Milnesium alpigenum reproduces both sexually and asexually via parthenogenesis, they do this for reasons similar to those of other asexual organisms like Aphids or Sea Stars. They reproduce asexually to take advantage of resource lucrative environments, as well as to take advantage of limited courting opportunities. Whereas they also (like many organisms that asexually reproduce) reproduce sexually in addition. This allows for M. alpigenum to conquer unreliable/unfamiliar environments by increasing genetic diversity giving higher chances for advantageous traits and thus inter-generational survival.
Reproductive cycle
During sexual reproduction the female lays at most 12 eggs as it sheds it skin, the eggs are then left in the cuticle. Following this, the eggs are then fertilized externally in the cuticle. These take around five to sixteen days to hatch. The hatched larvae undergo various moulting stages that allow them to incrementally reach adulthood. The length of these moulting stages is dependent on the individual's nutrition levels. Finally, once the larvae finish these stages it conducts its final growth moulting phase called ecdysis. After this, the individual has reached reproductive maturity. All tardigrades including M. alpigenum implement the "R" reproductive strategy of having many offspring with little to no investment in growth. The reproductive cycle and nature of M. alpigenum is almost identical to the likes of Milnesium tardigradum.
Evolutionary connections
Where M. alpigenum taxonomically stands was a complex problem that took decades to discover. However where Tardigrades in general stand on the wider tree of life is in itself a mystery. Due to the limited amount of fossil evidence tied to historic specimens of Tardigrades, it is difficult to determine exactly where Tardigrades evolutionarily branch off. Tardigrades have been phylogenetically linked to arthropods and likely has a similar evolutionary history. However, the extent of the relationship is still debated. Other research has shown a shortage in a subset of genes also found in nematodes, another member of the Ecdysozoa superphylum.
References
Apochela
Animals described in 1853
Tardigrades
Microbiology | Milnesium alpigenum | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,471 | [
"Tardigrades",
"Microbiology",
"Space-flown life",
"Microscopy"
] |
71,173,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineromycin%20B | Cineromycin B is an antiadipogenic antibiotic with the molecular formula C17H26O4 which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces cinerochromogenes.
References
Further reading
Antibiotics
Lactones
Unsaturated compounds
Diols
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring | Cineromycin B | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 65 | [
"Biotechnology products",
"Organic compounds",
"Antibiotics",
"Unsaturated compounds",
"Biocides",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
71,174,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansjoachim%20Walther | Hansjoachim Walther (16 December 1939 – 17 January 2005) was a German politician and mathematician.
He was leader of the German Social Union, a right-wing party modelled after the Bavarian CSU, during the Wende, serving as their parliamentary leader in the Volkskammer. After German reunification, he was co-opted to the Bundestag and appointed as Minister for Special Affairs.
Personal life and death
Walther was born in 1939 in Bütow, Farther Pomerania, now Bytów, Poland to Joachim Walther and Erika Dobat, two civil servants. His family fled to Zeitz in 1945. In East Germany, he first completed an apprenticeship as Spitzendreher, a metalworking profession, before studying mathematics at the Dresden University of Technology. Walther achieved a doctorate in 1966. Thereafter until his death, he followed a career as an academic at the Ilmenau University of Technology.
Walther, who is the namesake of the Walther graph, died in 2005 of a heart attack during a soccer game.
Political career
East Germany
During the Peaceful Revolution, Walther first cofounded the German Forum Party in 1989, before cofounding the newly established German Social Union in 1990. The DSU was a right-wing party modelled after the Bavarian CSU, which financially supported it in hopes of establishing a presence outside of Bavaria.
In the 1990 Volkskammer election, Walther was the lead candidate of his party. He was elected to the Volkskammer for Suhl. The German Social Union, as part of the victorious Alliance for Germany, entered government, Walther playing a role as leader of the DSU parliamentary group. In the Volkskammer, the DSU under his leadership advocated for an immediate German reunification, even as early as August. The DSU also, successfully, proposed the removal of the GDR's national emblem from all public buildings.
In June 1990, Walther, previously deputy leader since the founding in January, was elected leader of the German Social Union. His ascension to the leadership meant a further right-wing drift of the party, causing some, most notably former leader and Minister for Economic Cooperation Hans-Wilhelm Ebeling as well as Deputy Minister-President of East Germany Peter-Michael Diestel, to leave the party in protest.
Walther faced many problems as leader of the DSU. The party suffered from electoral decline, was disorganized, both in terms of the internal organisation, most notably membership records, of the party and the Volkskammer group; for example, the DSU held the deputy chairmanship of the Volkskammer's powerful budget committee, but the DSU swapped out its chairman two times in just half a year. The Volkskammer group under Walther also frequently clashed with its coalition partners, most notably on the issue of the date of German reunification; all other parties in the coalition discussed much later dates and had to resort to parliamentary maneuvering to shut down the DSU's frequent proposals of an immediate reunification.
The internal turmoil of the party also stoked conflict; ministers Ebeling and Diestel had left the DSU (both joining the CDU shortly thereafter), but stayed on as ministers. Walther called for their removal, but to no avail, meaning the DSU was technically part of the de Maizière cabinet, but without representation.
In the case of Deputy Minister-President Diestel, the DSU Volkskammer group had already tried to oust him back in May due to Diestel's alleged softness in dealing with employees that were former Stasi agents. Walther even proclaimed to have a successor to Diestel ready, but refused to name him.
Germany
Walther was one of 144 Volkskammer co-opted to the Bundestag following German reunification. Walther, alongside other East German political leaders, was appointed Minister for Special Affairs in the Third Kohl cabinet.
In the 1990 German federal election, the DSU under his leadership failed to pass the five-percent threshold. The party received only about 1 % in the new states and 0,19 % nationwide. The DSU, already fearing it would miss the five percent threshold nationwide, had originally advocated for the five percent threshold being separate for former East Germany.
A large reason for their crushing defeat was the adamant refusal of the CDU and Helmut Kohl personally of a demand by the CSU, whereby the CDU would stand down in three single-member constituencies, which would have allowed the DSU to bypass the five-percent threshold. Walther had defended this so-called Huckepackverfahren (), which has had historical precedent, for example in the 1957 West German federal election, from accusations of favoritism in the Volkskammer.
The party also failed to make inroads in the 1990 state elections in former East Germany and after the CSU dropped its immense financial support, the party quickly faded into irrelevancy. Walther himself joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1993, for which he was elected to the Ilm-Kreis district council.
References
1939 births
2005 deaths
People from Bytów
Politicians from the Province of Pomerania
German Forum Party politicians
German Social Union (East Germany) politicians
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Federal government ministers of Germany
Members of the 10th Volkskammer
Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990
20th-century German mathematicians
Graph theorists
TU Dresden alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Ilmenau | Hansjoachim Walther | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,122 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
71,174,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%28pentafluorophenyl%20acrylate%29 | Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (variously abbreviated PPFPA, PolyPFPA, PPfpA, or PolyPfpA) is a highly fluorinated polymer. It features the pentafluorophenyl ester functionality, from which its properties and applications result. It is most commonly used in post-polymerization modification to synthesize functional polyacrylamides or polyacrylates. As such, it is advantageous to poly(N-acryloyl succinimide) due to its broader solubility in organic solvents as well as its higher stability towards hydrolysis.
Synthesis
Commonly poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) is synthesized by free radical polymerization of the monomer pentafluorophenyl acrylate.
Additionally, pentafluorophenyl acrylate can be successfully polymerized by RAFT polymerization yield homopolymers, copolymers, or block copolymers.
It has been shown that poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) can also be prepared by pulsed plasma deposition.
Chemical properties
Reactivity
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) is a polymeric active ester and hence features an inherent reactivity towards nucleophiles such as amines. It is therefore used in the preparation of polyacrylamides by reacting it with amines.
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) can also be used in a transesterification by reacting it with alcohols when auxiliary DMAP and DMF are used, allowing for the synthesis of polyacrylate homopolymers and copolymers.
Low refractive index polymers
Polymers are known for featuring low refractive indices typically in the range from 1.3 to 1.8, with fluorinated polymers exhibiting refractive indices in the range from 1.3 to 1.4.
As such, poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) has been explored as a crosslinkable cladding for optical fibers when copolymerized with glycidyl methacrylate.
Applications
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) finds application in the synthesis of functional polymers by post-polymerization modification. Applications of the resulting polyacrylamides can be found in drug delivery, functional surfaces, and nanoparticles.
References
Polymer chemistry
Acrylate polymers | Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 513 | [
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
71,174,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihrauch%20reducibility | In computable analysis, Weihrauch reducibility is a notion of reducibility between multi-valued functions on represented spaces that roughly captures the uniform computational strength of computational problems. It was originally introduced by Klaus Weihrauch in an unpublished 1992 technical report.
Definition
A represented space is a pair of a set and a surjective partial function .
Let and be represented spaces and let be a partial multi-valued function. A realizer for is a (possibly partial) function such that, for every , . Intuitively, a realizer for behaves "just like " but it works on names. If is a realizer for we write .
Let be represented spaces and let be partial multi-valued functions. We say that is Weihrauch reducible to , and write , if there are computable partial functions such thatwhere and denotes the join in the Baire space. Very often, in the literature we find written as a binary function, so to avoid the use of the join. In other words, if there are two computable maps such that the function is a realizer for whenever is a solution for . The maps are often called forward and backward functional respectively.
We say that is strongly Weihrauch reducible to , and write , if the backward functional does not have access to the original input. In symbols:
See also
Wadge reducibility
References
Computable analysis | Weihrauch reducibility | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 289 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs",
"Mathematical logic stubs"
] |
71,174,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP26%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 26, also known as CYP26, is an mammal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family found in human genome. There are three members in the human genome, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1. Synteny mapping of CYP26 family members showing linkages to CYP16 family members of many invertebrates, means the tetrapod's CYP26 may evolved from CYP16 of fish.
References
Animal genes
26
Protein families | CYP26 family | [
"Biology"
] | 112 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
71,176,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20cap | A convex cap, also known as a convex floating body or just floating body, is a well defined structure in mathematics commonly used in convex analysis for approximating convex shapes. In general it can be thought of as the intersection of a convex Polytope with a half-space.
Definition
A cap, can be defined as the intersection of a half-space with a convex set . Note that the cap can be defined in any dimensional space. Given a , can be defined as the cap containing corresponding to a half-space parallel to with width times greater than that of the original.
The definition of a cap can also be extended to define a cap of a point where the cap can be defined as the intersection of a convex set with a half-space containing . The minimal cap of a point is a cap of with .
Floating Bodies and Caps
We can define the floating body of a convex shape using the following process. Note the floating body is also convex. In the case of a 2-dimensional convex compact shape , given some where is small. The floating body of this 2-dimensional shape is given by removing all the 2 dimensional caps of area from the original body. The resulting shape will be our convex floating body . We generalize this definition to n dimensions by starting with an n dimensional convex shape and removing caps in the corresponding dimension.
Relation to affine surface area
As , the floating body more closely approximates . This information can tell us about the affine surface area of which measures how the boundary behaves in this situation. If we take the convex floating body of a shape, we notice that the distance from the boundary of the floating body to the boundary of the convex shape is related to the convex shape's curvature.
Specifically, convex shapes with higher curvature have a higher distance between the two boundaries. Taking a look at the difference in the areas of the original body and the floating body as . Using the relation between curvature and distance, we can deduce that is also dependent on the curvature. Thus,
.
In this formula, is the curvature of at and is the length of the curve.
We can generalize distance, area and volume for n dimensions using the Hausdorff measure. This definition, then works for all . As well, the power of is related to the inverse of where is the number of dimensions. So, the affine surface area for an n-dimensional convex shape is
where is the -dimensional Hausdorff measure.
Wet part of a convex body
The wet part of a convex body can be defined as where is any real number describing the maximum volume of the wet part and .
We can see that using a non-degenerate linear transformation (one whose matrix is invertible) preserves any properties of . So, we can say that is equivariant under these types of transformations. Using this notation, . Note that
is also equivariant under non-degenerate linear transformations.
Caps for approximation
Assume and choose randomly, independently and according to the uniform distribution from . Then, is a random polytope. Intuitively, it is clear that as , approaches . We can determine how well approximates in various measures of approximation, but we mainly focus on the volume. So, we define , when refers to the expected value. We use as the wet part of and as the floating body of . The following theorem states that the general principle governing is of the same order as the magnitude of the volume of the wet part with .
Theorem
For and , . The proof of this theorem is based on the technique of M-regions and cap coverings. We can use the minimal cap which is a cap containing and satisfying . Although the minimal cap is not unique, this doesn't have an effect on the proof of the theorem.
Lemma
If and , then for every minimal cap .
Since , this lemma establishes the equivalence of the M-regions and a minimal cap : a blown up copy of contains and a blown up copy of contains . Thus, M-regions and minimal caps can be interchanged freely, without losing more than a constant factor in estimates.
Economic cap covering
A cap covering can be defined as the set of caps that completely cover some boundary . By minimizing the size of each cap, we can minimize the size of the set of caps and create a new set. This set of caps with minimal volume is called an economic cap covering and can be explicitly defined as the set of caps covering some boundary where each has some minimal width and the total volume of this covering is ≪ ⋅ .
References
Metric geometry
Convex analysis
Computational geometry | Convex cap | [
"Mathematics"
] | 929 | [
"Computational geometry",
"Computational mathematics"
] |
71,177,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ%20Tauri | CQ Tauri is a young variable star in the equatorial constellation of Taurus. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges from . The distance to this star is approximately 487 light years based on parallax measurements, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of ~23 km/s. It appears to be part of the T-association Tau 4. CQ Tauri lies close enough to the ecliptic to undergo lunar occultations.
This star was independently reported as a variable by Artjukinov (sp?) in 1948 and C. Hoffmeister in 1949. Hoffmeister classified it as a member of the RW Aurigae-like variables with a brightness that ranged from an apparent visual magnitude of 8.7 down to 10.5, making it one of the brightest members of that type. G. H. Herbig in 1960 found a spectral class of F2 for this star, and by 1973 it was classed as an Orion variable of the T Tauri type. In 1968, W. Götz and W. Wenzel discovered a faint emission of blue light coming from the system.
Spectral images of the system in 1973 showed double emission lines on an F-type star. It was found to be an infrared source by IRAS and associated with nebulosity, which allowed it to be cataloged as a Herbig Ae/Be star in 1994 by P. S. Thé and associates. The star undergoes irregular brightness decreases that are otherwise similar to an Algol-like variation. It is being orbited by an inhomogeneous accretion disk, which is the source for the emission lines.
CQ Tauri is a pre-main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5IVe. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 10 times the Sun's luminosity with an effective temperature of 6,900 K. The star is about 10 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 105 km/s. Simulations intended to reproduce the distribution of the circumstellar disk suggest an embedded planet with a mass of is orbiting the star at a distance of . Near infrared observations in 2018 show a spiral structure in the disk that is consistent with the presence of an orbiting planet. However, no planet was detected.
Protoplanetary system
Observations with the Very Large Array during 2000 demonstrated the extent of the massive protoplanetary disk orbiting the star. The mass of dust in the disk was estimated at . Measurements suggest the dust grains in the disk around CQ Tauri have grown to a maximum of about a centimetre in size, with decreasing grain size beyond from the host star. Data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array show a cavity in the inner disk that is depleted of gas and dust. Isolated, thick clouds of dust are randomly obscuring the star.
In 2022, four spiral arms were detected in the protoplanetary disk. An as yet unseen planet on an eccentric and inclined orbit is suspected to be disturbing the shape of the disk.
References
Further reading
Herbig Ae/Be stars
Circumstellar disks
Taurus (constellation)
BD+24 873
036910
026295
Tauri, CQ
Hypothetical planetary systems | CQ Tauri | [
"Astronomy"
] | 679 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,177,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Harriss | Edmund Orme Harriss (born 1976 in Worcester, UK) is a British mathematician, writer and artist. Since 2010 he has been at the Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences at The University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas where he is an Assistant Professor of Arts & Sciences (ARSC) and Mathematical Sciences (MASC). He does research in the Geometry of Tilings and Patterns, a branch of Convex and Discrete Geometry. He is the discoverer of the spiral that bears his name.
Education and career
Harriss earned a Master of Mathematics at the University of Warwick (2000) and then obtained his PhD at Imperial College London (2003) with the dissertation "On Canonical Substitution Tilings" under Jeroen Lamb.
Harriss has been a speaker at FSCONS, a Nordic Free software conference.
Harriss is active on Numberphile where he has given talks on Heesch numbers, Tribonacci numbers, the Rauzy fractal and the plastic ratio.
In May and June 2020 Harriss was a visiting fellow at The Institute for Advanced Study of Aix-Marseille University (IMéRA) where he studied the possibilities of visual and spatial models and animations to illustrate a wide variety of mathematical ideas.
Mathematical art
The Gauss–Bonnet theorem gives the relationship between the curvature of a surface and the amount of turning as you traverse the surface’s boundary. Harriss used this theorem to invent shapes called Curvahedra which were then incorporated into sculpture. Scientists at MIT are investigating ways in which curvahedra may have applications in construction.
Art and mathematics are intertwined in Harris's work. He uses public art to demonstrate deep mathematical ideas and his academic work frequently involves the visualization of mathematics. Mathematically themed sculptures by Harriss have been installed at Oklahoma State University, at the University of Arkansas, and at Imperial College London.
Combining his interest in art and mathematical tilings he is one of 24 mathematicians and artists who make up the Mathemalchemy Team.
Harriss Spiral
Harriss noticed that the golden ratio is just one example of a more general idea: In how many ways can a rectangle be divided into squares and rectangles? The golden ratio results when a rectangle is divided into a one square and one similar rectangle. But by varying the number of squares and sub-rectangles, we arrive at what Harriss calls "proportion systems". The solutions in all cases are algebraic numbers and the golden ratio is just one of them.
"The golden ratio is this incredibly well-explored corner of a whole city,” he said. “I wanted to give signposts to other locations in that city."
Harriss investigated the next simplest case, dividing a rectangle into one square and two similar rectangles. The ratio that emerged in this case is the so-called plastic ratio. The golden spiral is closely related to the first case, dissection into one square and one similar rectangle. Harriss applied the same idea to this second case and discovered a new fractal spiral related to the plastic ratio and since named after him.
Selected publications
Books
Harriss has published several books designed to spread joy in mathematics. The sales of his colouring books run well beyond 100,000.
(2015) Snowflake Seashell Star: Colouring Adventures in Numberland with Alex Bellos
(2016) Patterns of the Universe: A Coloring Adventure in Math and Beauty, with Alex Bellos
(2016) Visions of the Universe: A Coloring Journey Through Math's Great Mysteries, with Alex Bellos
(2020) Hello Numbers! What Can You Do? 'An Adventure Beyond Counting, with Houston Hughes, Illustrated by Brian Rea
Papers
(2011) "From oranges to modems" in "The unplanned impact of mathematics", Nature, vol 475, pp. 166–169
(2011) "Algebraic numbers, free group automorphisms and substitutions on the plane" with Pierre Arnoux, Maki Furukado and Shunji Ito, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 363 (2011), pp. 4651-4699
(2015) "Strain and the optoelectronic properties of nonplanar phosphorene monolayers" with Mehrshad Mehboudi et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(2020) "Algebraic Number Starscapes" with Katherine E. Stange and Steve Trettel
References
External links
Edmund O. Harriss website
University of Arkansas faculty
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Alumni of Imperial College London
21st-century English mathematicians
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
1976 births
Living people
Mathematical artists
21st-century British sculptors
21st-century English male writers
Writers from Worcester, England
English male sculptors
21st-century English male artists | Edmund Harriss | [
"Mathematics"
] | 980 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Recreational mathematicians"
] |
71,180,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhin%20Datta | Sudhin Datta (born 1951) is an ExxonMobil Chemical scientist noted for the development of Vistamaxx propylene-based elastomers.
Education
Datta earned his undergraduate degree in chemistry from Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur in 1974. He completed his Ph.D. in organometallic chemistry from Harvard University in 1978. He held postdoctoral appointments at the University of Toronto and at the University of Chicago.
Career
In 1981, he joined Exxon Chemical Co. under Edward Kresge where his research focused on the development of polyolefin elastomers. With David J. Lohse, he published the textbook Polymeric Compatibilizers.
Awards
2015 – Charles Goodyear Medal of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society
References
Living people
Polymer scientists and engineers
IIT Kanpur alumni
Harvard University alumni
1951 births
University of Toronto people
University of Chicago people
ExxonMobil people | Sudhin Datta | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 189 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
71,181,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 | OGLE-2011-BLG-0462, also known as MOA-2011-BLG-191, is a stellar-mass black hole isolated in interstellar space. OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 lies at a distance of 1,720 parsecs (5,610 light years) in the direction of the galactic bulge in the constellation Sagittarius. The black hole has a mass of about . OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 is the first truly isolated black hole which has been confirmed.
Discovery
OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 was discovered through microlensing when it passed in front of a background star that was 20,000 light years away from Earth. The black hole's gravity bent the star's light, causing a sharp spike in brightness that was detected by the Hubble Space Telescope. It took six years to confirm the existence of OGLE-2011-BLG-0462. Its initial kick velocity has been estimated to have an upper limit of 100 km/s. No significant X-ray emission has been detected from gas accreting onto the black hole indicating that it is truly isolated.
See also
Rogue black hole
References
Stellar black holes
Sagittarius (constellation)
Gravitational lensing | OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 272 | [
"Black holes",
"Stellar black holes",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Constellations",
"Sagittarius (constellation)"
] |
71,184,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lubbock | Richard Lubbock (c. 1759 – 2 September 1808) was an English physician and chemist who documented the contemporary history of phlogiston theory in England his 1784 dissertation, which was based on the teachings of Joseph Black.
Life and work
Lubbock was born in Norwich where he was educated at the Grammar School under a Mr Lemon and Mr Rigby before going to the University of Edinburgh. He then returned to practice as a physician in Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. His son Reverend Richard Lubbock, who became rector of Eccles is known for his work in natural history of the Norfolk Broads while another son Edward also became a physician. Lubbock lived on 76 St. Gile's Street. He also wrote papers on diabetes, catalepsy, apoplexy and vaccination and was held in high regard as a physician.
Chemical theory of oxygen
The main work of Lubbock that has been examined by historians of chemistry is Lubbock's MD dissertation of 1784. Here he examined the contemporary phlogiston theory at a time when his teacher Joseph Black was beginning to give up the idea in favour of Lavoisier's theory. Lubbock conducted experiments, suggested theories, and demonstrated how some hypotheses could be rejected based on the experimental results. Lubbock conjectured that burning involved a substance reacting with air and producing another substance along with light and heat. He used the word "pure air" which he considered also as "principium sorbile sive commune" for oxygen. He noted that it combined with sulphur, charcoal, and phosphorus, setting free heat and light ("principium aeri proprium" which he considered as massless) and that the "air" lost a part of its volume. He used the terms Attractio duplex (AB+CD=AC+BD) and Attractio simplex (A+BC=AC+B) as guiding possibilities to be compared. Lubbock noted that his teacher Joseph Black taught phlogiston theory, despite having lost confidence in its soundness. A footnote in the thesis suggests that Black had rejected the idea at least by 1784 and not much later as suggested by a 1790 letter that Black wrote to Lavoisier. Lubbock also examined if "phlogiston" was involved in the gravitational force. Lubbock finally came with his theory of combustion and set out his ideas as - "pure air"/principium sorbile sive commune (now oxygen); principium aeri proprium (matter of light and heat); combustibles (phosphorus, sulphur, charcoal, some metals etc.) which after absorbing more principium sorbile than the principium aeri proprium gives up upon calcination the principium aeri proprium (heat); that the combustibles themselves never lose any principle; principium aeri proprium comes from the sun and is massless; water is made up of principium sorbile and inflammable air; organic respiration, fermentation and decay involve the use of principium sorbile from the air; and acid and calces (alkalis) are made up of some principle in combination with principium sorbile. Lubbock's ideas spread quickly into Europe.
References
External links
Dissertatio physico-chemica, inauguralis, De principio sorbili, sive, Communi mutationum chemicarum causa, quaestionem, an phlogiston sit substantia, an qualitas, agitans; et alteram ignis theoriam complectens (1784)
1750s births
1808 deaths
History of science
18th-century English medical doctors
19th-century English medical doctors | Richard Lubbock | [
"Technology"
] | 804 | [
"History of science",
"History of science and technology"
] |
71,184,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalate%20sulfate | Oxalate sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing oxalate and sulfate. They are mostly transparent, and any colour comes from the cations.
Related compounds include the sulfite oxalates and oxalate selenates.
Production
Oxalate sulfates may be deposited from a solution in water of the metal anions and sulfate with oxalic acid when evaporated. Crystals formed this way may be hydrates.
Properties
Many crystal forms are non-centrosymmetric and have non-linear optical properties.
When heated, oxalate sulfates will first dehydrate, and then give off carbon dioxide.
List
References
Oxalates
Mixed anion compounds
Sulfates | Oxalate sulfate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 141 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Sulfates",
"Salts",
"Ions"
] |
71,186,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan%206L8%20engine | The Elan 6L8 is a four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, OHV, V-8 racing Internal combustion engine, designed, developed and built by American manufacturing company Élan Motorsport Technologies, in partnership and collaboration with Roush-Yates, for sports car racing, between 1997 and 2005. The engine itself is based on the block of the Windsor engine, but the engine itself is also derived, and uses the technology from the Modular engine.
Applications
Riley & Scott Mk III
Panoz GTR-1
Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S
References
Panoz Auto Development
Ford engines
V8 engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | Elan 6L8 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 133 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
77,102,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotman%20lens | A Rotman lens (sometimes referred to as a Rotman-Turner lens) is a passive electronic component used for beamforming in radio frequency applications. The principle was first published by Walter Rotman and R. F. Turner in 1963, and patented by Rotman the same year.
The component allows multiple antenna beams to be formed without the need for phase shifters. It consists of a range of input ports (also called beam ports) and output ports (also called array ports). A signal applied to one of the input ports arrives at each of the output ports with a different phase shift. If the output ports are connected to individual antennas in an antenna array, this allows shaping the beam in different directions by switching which input port the signal is sent to. So-called dummy ports can be added to the design, which are terminated to absorb fields that hit them, thus preventing reflections from the side wall of the lens.
Rotman lenses can be constructed either from hollow conductive waveguides or on a dielectric stripline substrate. They are commonly used for beamforming in radar applications.
References
Antennas (radio)
Radio technology | Rotman lens | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 231 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio technology"
] |
77,102,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204017 | NGC 4017 is an intermediate spiral radio galaxy located in the constellation Coma Berenices. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 3,748 ± 21 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 55.3 ± 3.9 Mpc (~180 million ly). NGC 4017 was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1785.
It is difficult to see a bar in the center of NGC 4017 in the image obtained from the SDSS survey data. The intermediate spiral classification from the NASA/IPAC database seems to fit this galaxy better.
The luminosity class of NGC 4017 is II-III and it has a broad HI line.
To date, four non-redshift measurements yield a distance of 73.850 ± 14.580 Mpc (~241 million ly), which is just outside the Hubble distance values. Note, however, that it is with the average value of independent measurements, when they exist, that the NASA/IPAC database calculates the diameter of a galaxy and that consequently the diameter of NGC 4017 could be approximately 29.3 kpc (~95,600 ly) if we used the Hubble distance to calculate it.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4017: SN 2006st and SN 2007an.
SN 2006st
This supernova was discovered on May 30, 2006 by D. Winslow and W. Li as part of the LOSS (Lick Observatory Supernova Search) program at the Lick Observatory. This supernova was type II.
SN 2007an
This supernova was discovered on March 10, 2007, by Marco Migliardi in an image taken at the Drusci observatory in the Italian town of Cortina d'Ampezzo. This supernova was type II.
NGC 4017 Group
According to A.M. Garcia, the galaxy NGC 4017 is part of a group of galaxies that bears his name. The NGC 4017 group has four members. The other members of the group are NGC 4004, NGC 4008 and NGC 4016.
Abraham Mahtessian also mentions a group of which NGC 4008 is a part, but there are only three galaxies in his list, NGC 4017 not appearing there.
On the other hand, it is surprising that the galaxy IC 2982 to the west of NGC 4004 does not appear in either list. The distance separating it from the Milky Way is 53.86 ± 3.78 Mpc (~176 million ly), practically the same as that of NGC 4004.
This galaxy is even designated as NGC 4004B by the database NASA/IPAC We could even say that the two galaxies form an interacting pair given the deformation of NGC 4004. This is undoubtedly why the two galaxies are included in the catalog of Vorontsov-Velyaminov interacting galaxies.
The galaxies NGC 4016 and NGC 4017 are almost the same distance from the Milky Way and are neighbors in the celestial sphere. The image obtained from the SDSS study data shows a certain deformation in the galaxy NGC 4016.
These two galaxies are surely in gravitational interaction and they also appear in the catalog of Vorontsov-Velyaminov interacting galaxies. They also appear in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies under the designation Arp 305. Halton Arp notes that one of the arms of NGC 4016 has a broken segment.
See also
List of spiral galaxies
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
External links
NGC 4017 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 4017 at SIMBAD
NGC 4017 at LEDA
References
4017
Discoveries by William Herschel
Radio galaxies
Coma Berenices | NGC 4017 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 761 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
77,102,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20J.%20Pietro | William Joseph Pietro (born 1956) is an American/Canadian research scientist working in quantum chemistry, molecular electronics, and molecular machines.
Education
Pietro was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. His education includes a B.S. in chemistry from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute of New York, a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Irvine, and a postdoctoral fellowship at Northwestern University.
Career
Pietro was one of the founding authors of both Gaussian and Spartan electronic structure software packages. Pietro and co-workers Robert Hout and Warren Hehre invented the first algorithm for the high-resolution visualization of molecular orbitals. Working in collaboration with John Pople and Warren Hehre, Pietro developed the first split-valence basis sets for transition metals and higher-row main-group elements.
Between 1985 and 1991, Pietro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where his research group pioneered the first working molecular diode.
Pietro is a professor of chemistry at York University researching theoretical aspects of electron transfer reactions in transition metal complexes. and the quantum dynamics of molecular and biomolecular machines.
References
1956 births
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Theoretical chemists
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Academic staff of York University | William J. Pietro | [
"Chemistry"
] | 267 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Physical chemists"
] |
77,103,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf%20Jungmann | Ralf Jungmann is a German physicist and Full Professor (Physics) and Chair for Molecular Physics of Life at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany. He is known for his contributions to the development of super-resolution microscopy techniques. In particular, he is known for his work on DNA-PAINT, a super-resolution technique that uses short DNA strands to label and locate specific molecules within a sample with high precision.
Education
Between 2001 and 2006, Jungmann pursued a degree in Physics at Saarland University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. During his time at the latter institution, he conducted his Diploma thesis under the guidance of Paul K. Hansma. Subsequently, from 2007 to 2010, he completed his Ph.D. in Physics at Technical University of Munich, where he worked in the laboratory of Friedrich Simmel.
Career and research
Between 2011 and 2014, Jungmann served as a postdoctoral researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, working under the guidance of Peng Yin and William M Shih.
In 2014, Jungmann returned to the Germany to work as a Research group Leader at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Jungmann's professional career advanced significantly, with him being promoted to different positions throughout the years. He was appointed as an Associate Professor (Physics) Tenure Track in 2016, followed by his promotion to Associate Professor (Physics) with Tenure in 2021. In 2023, he was appointed as Full Professor (Physics) and Chair for Molecular Physics of Life.
Jungmann's research primarily focuses on developing and applying new biophysical and imaging techniques, especially super-resolution microscopy, to investigate the organization and function of biological systems at the molecular level. His work has important applications in the study of various biological processes, including gene expression, protein interactions, and cellular signaling, and has contributed to the development of nanotechnology and DNA-based computing.
Jungmann is particularly well known for his contributions to the development of DNA-PAINT, a super-resolution technique that uses short DNA strands to accurately label and locate specific molecules within a sample, leading to new insights into the structure and function of cells.
Awards and honours
2016 ERC Starting Grant - MolMap
2020 ERC Consolidator - ReceptorPAINT
References
Living people
Microscopists
Optical physicists
European Research Council grantees
Max Planck Society people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Ralf Jungmann | [
"Chemistry"
] | 492 | [
"Microscopists",
"Microscopy"
] |
77,103,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation%20%28operating%20systems%29 | Collocation is a technique used in operating system design to improve the performance of microkernel-based systems. It moves code that would normally be running as an application into the kernel's address space to reduce the delays in context switches and message passing between different parts of the system. Such systems have more in common with classic "monolithic" kernels, like Unix, in that the kernel runs as a single program, but internally they are still organized as a set of intercommunicating tasks.
Collocation was widely explored in the 1990s as a way to improve the performance of systems based on the Mach kernel, with MkLinux being one example of an operating system using this approach. While it was successful in terms of improving the performance of the Mach system, in overall terms it was still far less performant than a traditional system, like Linux, running on the same platform. During this same period, the ever-growing amount of main memory and great increases in hard drive performance greatly lowered the development complexity of large monolithic kernels.
Collocation is much less common today, with some formerly collocation-based systems moving to traditional monolithic systems, one example being macOS' XNU. Another new approach to solving the communications overhead is the unikernel.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Operating system technology
Microkernels | Collocation (operating systems) | [
"Technology"
] | 274 | [
"Operating system stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
77,103,777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori%20Aminoff | Gregori Aminoff (8 February 1883 – 11 February 1947) was a Swedish mineralogist, artist, and a member of the Aminoff family. During his career, Aminoff introduced X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction to the Swedish scientific community and was a pioneer in crystallography in Sweden.
Education and career
Aminoff was born in Stockholm and studied mineralogy at Stockholm University and took exams at Uppsala University, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1905. He switched to art after graduation and studied art first at the Konstnärsförbundets skola in Stockholm until its closure in 1908 and later in Italy with Henri Matisse. He exhibited with De Unga in Stockholm in 1909, 1910 and 1911, was represented at the Autumn Salon (Salon d'Automne) in Paris in 1909, and in 1912 together with Arvid Nilsson (1881–1971) had the solo exhibition Salon Joel in Stockholm. He also participated in exhibitions at the Konstnärsförbundet (English: Artists' Association) and at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts' spring exhibitions. Aminoff liked to paint naked bodies in landscapes but also urban motifs, portraits and landscapes. He is represented with works at, among others, the National Museum in Stockholm.
Aminoff supported himself through his art practices mostly through taking temporary jobs. In 1914, Aminoff stopped painting and resumed his studies of mineralogy and crystallography, which he had previously put aside. Through the great support from his first wife, Aminoff received a licentiate at Stockholm University in 1916. He later received his PhD in 1918 from Stockholm University and became a docent in mineralogy and crystallography. In the same year, Aminoff introduced X-ray crystallography in Sweden. In 1923, he became a professor at the Mineralogical Department of the Swedish Museum of Natural History. The diffraction techniques he brought to Sweden later attracted the interests from people such as Gösta Phragmén and Arne Westgren, whom Aminoff mentored. Aminoff was elected in 1933 as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Björkén Prize in 1935 along with Arne Westgren. A mineral found by Aminoff in Långban's mine in Värmland has been named after him as aminoffite.
Personal life
Aminoff was the son of captain Tönnes Aminoff in the Svea Life Guards and Mathilda Aminoff, née Lindström, who worked as a piano teacher. He was the nephew of Iwan T. Aminoff, the Swedish army officer and author. Aminoff married in 1908 a fellow student from Stockholm University, Ingrid Setterlund, daughter of head teacher Carl Setterlund. They had four daughters, Brita, Eva, Malin and Ulla. Aminoff was remarried to Birgit Broomé (1892–1950), daughter of Emilia Broomé and Erik Ludvig Broomé, in 1929. Aminoff published several papers in crystallography together with his second wife Broomé (later Broomé-Aminoff). Aminoff died of a heart disease in 1947. The Aminoffs were buried at the Norra burial place (Norra begravningsplatsen) outside Stockholm.
Gregori Aminoff prize
Aminoff's widow, Birgit Broomé-Aminoff, established the Professor Gregori Aminoff memorial fund in her will in 1950. The fund is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and an annual prize, the Gregori Aminoff Prize, is awarded annually for published work in crystallography since 1979.
References
1883 births
1947 deaths
People from Stockholm
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Swedish mineralogists
Crystallographers
Stockholm University alumni
Uppsala University alumni
Aminoff family
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | Gregori Aminoff | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 778 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
77,107,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadav%20Ahituv | Nadav Ahituv is the Director for the Institute for Human Genetics at the University of California, San Francisco (USCF). He is also a Professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and leads the Ahituv Lab at University of California, San Francisco (USCF).
Early life and education
Ahituv received his PhD with distinction in human genetics from Tel-Aviv University, where he worked on hereditary hearing loss.
Research
Ahituv developed cis-regulation therapy (CRT) for genetic diseases that are caused due to changes in gene dosage and adipose manipulation transplantation (AMT) that engineers fat cells and implants them for therapeutic benefits.
The Ahituv Lab investigates gene regulatory elements and their relationship to human diversity and disease. His lab also focuses on identifying gene regulatory elements and linking nucleotide variation within them to various phenotypes, including morphological differences between species, drug response, and human disease. The lab is one of the developers of massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) that allow for high-throughput functional characterization of gene regulatory elements.
Awards and honors
In 2014, Ahituv received the ASCPT Leon I. Goldberg young investigator award from The American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. In 2024, Ahituv received the Scientific Achievement Award from The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG).
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Geneticists
Molecular biologists
University of California, San Francisco faculty
Tel Aviv University alumni | Nadav Ahituv | [
"Chemistry"
] | 321 | [
"Biochemists",
"Molecular biology",
"Molecular biologists"
] |
77,107,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%201345%2B125 | PKS 1345+125 known as PKS 1345+12 and 4C +12.50, is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIG) with an active galactic nucleus, located in the constellation Boötes. With a redshift of 0.121740, the galaxy is located 1.7 billion light-years from Earth.
Characteristics
A merger of two gas-rich galaxies consisting of one elliptical and one spiral, PKS 1345+125 is the powerful radio galaxy ever detected in CO (1 → 0) to date with a radio luminosity of P408 MHz = 2.4 × 1026 W Hz−1. It presents a compact astrophysical jet that is 0.1" ~200 pc wide, a high molecular gas mass measuring 4.4 × 1010 M and contains a gigahertz peaked-spectrum radio source (GPS) within the extent of its narrow-line region (<~1 kpc). Through study of its radio structure, PKS 1345+125 shows a misaligned radio feature of ~49^deg^.
The galaxy is part of a family of "warm" (f25 m/f60 m 0.2, that is similar to the colors of Seyfert galaxies. Such infrared galaxies like PKS 1345+125, are in a transition state between the "cold" (f25 m/f60 m < 0.2) ULIG phenomenon, where active star formation are occurring, with their accretion disks forming around the black hole and in optical quasar phases. This shows molecular gas is used as a fuel source to power its active nucleus.
According to researchers who studied PKS 1345+125, the galaxy contains ratios of narrow optical emission lines; this indicates Seyfert 2 activity. The two nuclei in the galaxy have a projected separation of ≈ 2″ ~ 4 kpc and are surrounded by an extended asymmetrical galactic halo that is detected in both infrared and optical images. These signs shows both black holes are on a verge of merging. Furthermore, a powerful obscured quasar nucleus at wavelengths, is detected with a broad (△vFWHM ~ 2600 km s−1) Pa emission, through recent near-infrared spectroscopic observations.
In addition to narrow optical emission lines, the column densities of N(H I) = 2-7 x 10^18^T_s_ atoms cm^-2^ in PKS 134+125 is found to have line extent of almost 1000 km s^-1^, indicating large amounts of cold gas present, which is responsible for bending the radio jet. Compared to Arp 220, the infrared and interstellar gas properties are higher in PKS 1345+125.
Observation of PKS 1345+125
Researchers who studied PKS 1345+125 have suggested the radio source is a prime candidate for the link between young radio galaxies as well as ultraluminous infrared galaxies. From a VLBI study on neutral hydrogen inside nuclear regions of this object, they showed most gas detected close to the systemic velocity, are found to be associated with an off-nuclear cloud ( ~ 50 to 100 pc from its radio core. Not to mention, the gas has a column density of 1022 Tspin/100 k cm−2 with a H1 mass of 105 to 106 M○.
From the results, researchers hinted the interstellar cloud in PKS 1345+125 has presence of rich and clumpy interstellar medium located inside the centre. Such traces are left over from the merger event that triggered the activity in PKS 1345+125 and growth of the radio source, influenced the medium. The proximity of the gas cloud at the edge of the northern radio lobe according to them, is suggested to be interacting with the radio jet causing it to be bended. The velocity profile of the gas on the other hand, is relatively broad ( ~ 150 km s−1), which researchers interpret this as a sign of kinematical evidence for interaction of the radio plasma with the cloud.
Through imaging with Hubble Space Telescope and long-slit spectra by the William Herschel Telescope at La Plama in Spain, researchers detected young stellar populations in PKS 1345+125 with bright blue knots indicating super star clusters. These star clusters are found to have ages of tSSC < 6Myr with reddenings 0.2 < E(B - V) < 0.5 and solar masses of 106 < MYSPSSC < 107Msolar. The young stellar populations meanwhile, are in diffuse light that are stretched across the full extent of the halo with relatively young age of ~5 Myr. Researchers also studied the locations of super star clusters. The long-slit spectra shows they are moving at 450 km−1 in respect to local ambient gas; this is proven they either formed through fast moving gas streams infalling back to the galaxy's nuclear regions or by jet-induced star formation.
Radio source
The radio source in PKS 1345+125 is found to be a compact symmetric source according to researchers who observed it in optical and infra-red images. An extended line emission around ~20kpc, is said to be consistent with the asymmetric halo of diffuse emission. In its nucleus, 3 Gaussian components (narrow, intermediate and broad) are located. The broadest component (FWHM ~2000 km/s) is blue shifted by ~2000 km/s with respect to the galaxy halo and HI absorption, which they interpret it as material outflow.
Researchers further found evidence for high reddening and measure E(B-V)>0.92 for the broadest component in PKS 1345+125. From value of [S II]6716,6731, the electron densities of n_e<150 cm^{-3}, n_{e}>5300 cm^{-3} and n_{e}>4200 cm^{-3} are then estimated for all regions. According to them, total mass of line emitting gas is calculated as M_{gas}<10^6 solar masses. This proves PKS 1345+125 is a young radio source with nuclear regions covered by gas and dust cocoons.
Outflow of PKS 1345+125
The total kinetic outflow in PKS 1345+125 is 8 M_sun yr^-1, thanks to researchers who measured electron densities of Ne=2.94x10^3 cm^-3, Ne=1.47x10^4 cm^-3 and Ne=3.16x10^5 cm^-3 for the narrow, broad and very broad region components. But only a small fraction (0.13% of Lbol) of the accretion power available are driving the warm outflows. This is significantly less compared to accretion power required by majority of quasar feedback models (~5-10\% of Lbol). Although the model predicted the gas is removed through active galactic nucleus outflows from the host galaxy, the warm outflow is unable to do so. Possibly most of the outflow is either trapped by a dusty cocoon or in hotter or colder phrases. This result is not only important for studying young radio sources but for active galactic nuclei.
References
4C objects
Boötes
Luminous infrared galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Radio galaxies
Interacting galaxies
048898
Quasars
Active galaxies
IRAS catalogue objects | PKS 1345+125 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,539 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
77,108,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%201144-379 | PKS 1144-379 also known as PKS B1144-379, is a quasar located in the constellation of Centaurus. At the redshift of 1.048, the object is located nearly 8 billion light-years from Earth.
Characteristics
PKS 1144-379 is classified as a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ), brighter than S4.8 GHz=65 mJy. It has an active galactic nucleus with high optical polarization. As monitored at 13 cm and 6 cm by researchers over three years, which they found it as a star-like object, PKS 1144-379 has been identified as BL lac object of Mv ≈16.2, due to its variability in optical, infrared, and radio wavelengths. Such BL Lac objects like PKS 1144-379 are rare active galactic nuclei class, characterized by all frequencies, and absence of emission lines.
PKS 1144-379 is also radio variable as observed in the Parkes 2700 MHz survey by researchers working at Parkes Observatory. The quasar is dominated by its bright compact radio core, but according to maps that is made with a high dynamic range, it shows an extended structure. PKS 1144-379 also has a luminosity above both FR I/FR II limit ~ 1032 erg s−1 Hz−1 at 5 GHz and such also classfied as a blazar, a type of active galaxy that is producing radiation, observed at wavelengths from radio to gamma rays.
Observation of PKS 1144-379
PKS 1144-379 is known to be variable for its long and short-term flux density variability at centimeter wavelengths. Some of the first observations of PKS 1144−379 showed variability at frequencies of 5 GHz. The flux density is shown to increase from 0.9 Jy to 1.6 Jy between December 1970 and February, 1971. In September of the same year, it had increased again to 2.22 Jy. Between May and August 1994, the flux density of PKS 1144−379 at 4.8GHz dropped by 17%, and subsequently 9% at 8.6 GHz.
In June 1996, PKS 1144-379 underwent optical variation again. Over the next 2.5 days, the survey data shows the quasar had a 33% change at 4.8 GHz. Subsequent data showed more variations in PKS 1144–379 with maximum of 8.6 GHz with over three hours of irregular change of 20%. This is strongly correlated with 10% change at 4.8 GHz. From the results studying the variability behavior of PKS 1144–379, researchers found the optical variation is 1.92 mag. This is smaller than those, ~ 3.5 mag in its infrared region.
Using the Ceduna 30-m radio telescope at a frequency of 6.7 GHz and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data at 8.6 GHz at the University of Tasmania in Australia, researchers investigated the evolution of PKS 1144–379. They found the variability time-scales associated with two flares detected in PKS 1144-379 between November 2005 and August 2008 were found to derive from long-term variations in total flux density as monitored by Ceduna between 2003 and 2011. Moreover, a kinematic study of the parsec-scale jet of PKS 1144-379 was also performed through VLBI data obtained between 1997 and 2018, which they observe quasi-periodic flarings of ~3-4 yr. Over the 20-yr interval, they found the average jet position angle was ~150°. The core component of PKS 1144-379 is found to be compacted, which its angular size varied between the ranges of 5.65-15.90 Чas estimating to be 0.05-0.13 pc.
Researchers assumed the variations observed in PKS 1144–379, are due to scintillation. The variations are 6.2 ×1012 K at 4.9 GHz with approximately 10% of total flux density found in the scintillating component. Given the results, PKS 1144-379 has a high modulation index in the range of 5–18% combined with the 1.2 day characteristic timescale (corresponding to a peak-to-peak period of 7.7 days), making it the most extreme bright scintillators identified in history.
According to observations by Fermi, PKS 1144-379 has a column dissipation radius of 64.5 x 1015 cm (430) RS with an accretion disc luminosity of 1045 erg s−1 3 x (0.04) LEdd. The jet power as the form of radiation for the quasar has a log probability of 44.92 log Pr with Poynting flux of 44.49 log PB while the bulk motion of electrons and protons is found to be 44.34 log Pe and 46.41 log Pp. From the results, PKS 1144-379 has an estimated black hole mass of 108–109 M⊙, whom researchers noted.
References
Quasars
Centaurus
Blazars
Active galaxies
BL Lacertae objects
2826879
IRAS catalogue objects | PKS 1144-379 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,119 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
77,109,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hartl | Michael Hartl is an American physicist, author, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Ruby on Rails Tutorial, founder of Tau Day, and author of The Tau Manifesto, in which he proposes replacing pi () with tau ().
Education
In the 1990s, Hartl attended Harvard University for his undergraduate studies, graduating with a bachelor's degree in physics. Hartl obtained his PhD in Physics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 2003, where he researched black hole dynamics. His dissertation was titled Dynamics of Spinning Compact Binaries in General Relativity.
Career
After finishing his PhD, Hartl served as Caltech's editor on a corrected and expanded version of The Feynman Lectures on Physics at the request of Kip Thorne. Explaining in the preface why he chose Hartl for the task, Thorne noted that "Hartl understand physics deeply, he is among the most meticulous physicists I have known, and like Feynman he is an outstanding pedagogue." Thorne also noted that Hartl is the only Caltech graduate student to be granted a "lifetime achievement award for excellence in teaching" by Caltech's undergraduates.
As an entrepreneur, Hartl participated in the Y Combinator program in 2008. In 2010, he published the first edition of the Ruby on Rails Tutorial book and screencasts, which teach web development using the Ruby on Rails web application framework. The Ruby on Rails Tutorial quickly became both a critical and commercial success, eventually going through seven editions. In 2011, Hartl received a Ruby Hero Award for his service to the Ruby community, with the citation mentioning both the Ruby on Rails Tutorial and his first book, RailsSpace. In 2013, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales described the Ruby on Rails Tutorial as his "favorite book."
Hartl later co-founded the online education company Learn Enough to expand on the Ruby on Rails Tutorial, adding tutorials on other computer technologies and including online courses. In partnership with Pearson Education, Hartl authored or co-authored five books published under the brand Learn Enough to Be Dangerous. Learn Enough was acquired by a tech private equity group in 2022.
The Tau Manifesto
In 2010, Hartl published The Tau Manifesto, in which he proposed using the Greek letter tau to represent the circle constant , the first time tau was publicly proposed for this purpose. The Tau Manifesto proved popular, and a revised edition was published in 2019, followed by a print edition in 2021. As of 2022, The Tau Manifesto had been translated into seven different languages.
With the initial publication of The Tau Manifesto in 2010, Hartl founded Tau Day as a mathematical celebration and to promote adoption of the new constant. Observed annually on June 28, or 6/28 (in analogy with the celebration of Pi Day on 3/14), Tau Day has become a widely celebrated mathematical holiday. Hartl's constant has also seen significant adoption, including support for tau in the official Google calculator and inclusion in programming languages such as Microsoft.NET, Java, and Python. Notable supporters of tau and Tau Day include MIT, SLMath, Vi Hart, Vitalik Buterin, and Elon Musk (who named one of his children after the constant).
Selected publications
Scientific articles
Books
References
External links
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
California Institute of Technology alumni
Computational physicists
American computer programmers
Harvard College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | Michael Hartl | [
"Physics"
] | 704 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
77,110,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin%20%28microarchitecture%29 | Rubin is a microarchitecture for GPUs by Nvidia announced at Computex in Taipei in 2024 by CEO Jensen Huang. It is named after astrophysicist Vera Rubin and will consist of a GPU named Rubin and a CPU named Vera. The chips will be manufactured by TSMC using a 3 nm process and will use HBM4 memory. It is scheduled for mass production in late 2025 and will be available for purchase in early 2026.
References
Nvidia microarchitectures
Graphics microarchitectures | Rubin (microarchitecture) | [
"Technology"
] | 113 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
77,110,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled%20Wind%20Farm%20Technology%20Facility | The Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility is a collaborative research facility, located at the Reese Technology Center in Lubbock, Texas. It is the first facility to offer multiple wind turbines to measure turbine performance in a wind farm environment for as a user facility for the Wind Energy Technologies Office of the United States Department of Energy. The project was formally commissioned in summer 2013.
Partners
Some of the present research collaboration is involving the following research partners:
Texas Tech University
The National Wind Institute
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for the Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Vestas, a Danish wind company
Group NIRE, which is a renewable energy corporation created in 2010 by Texas Tech.
Facilities
The facilities consist of:
SWiFT Wind Turbines: Three research-scale wind turbines (modified Vestas V27s), two deployed by Sandia and the third one by Vesta.
Meteorological (MET) Towers: Two 60-meter-tall anemometer towers for measuring wind speed
Control Building: Housing 640 square feet of computing space for wind-turbine control.
Assembly Building: A 5,500 square foot, environmentally controlled high-bay assembly area with machining capabilities (lathe, multiple mills, drill press, welders, and related items).
References
Energy research institutes
Energy research
Wind turbines
Wind energy organizations
Renewable energy | Scaled Wind Farm Technology Facility | [
"Engineering"
] | 277 | [
"Energy research institutes",
"Energy organizations"
] |
77,110,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilima%20Nigam | Nilima Nigam is an Indian and Canadian applied mathematician specializing in numerical analysis, partial differential equations, and mathematical models, particularly in problems of mathematical physiology involving muscular, skeletal, and cancer tissue in human bodies. She is a professor of mathematics at Simon Fraser University.
Education and career
Nigam was a physics student at IIT Kharagpur in India, where she graduated with honours in 1994. She went to the University of Delaware for graduate study in mathematics, earned a master's degree there in 1996, and completed her Ph.D. in 1999. Her dissertation, Variational Methods for a Class of Boundary Value Problems Exterior to a Thin Domain, was supervised by George Chia-Chu Hsiao.
After postdoctoral research at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications at the University of Minnesota, she moved to Canada as an assistant professor of mathematics and statistics at McGill University, in 2001. McGill gave her tenure as an associate professor in 2008, the same year that she moved to her present position at Simon Fraser University. From 2008 to 2010, she was also associate scientific director at Mitacs, a Canadian nonprofit research organization, and from 2008 to 2014 she held a tier II Canada Research Chair in applied mathematics. She was promoted to full professor at Simon Fraser in 2013.
Recognition
Nigam was elected as a Fellow of the Canadian Mathematical Society in 2023.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian mathematicians
21st-century Indian women mathematicians
21st-century Indian mathematicians
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
IIT Kharagpur alumni
University of Delaware alumni
Academic staff of McGill University
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Fellows of the Canadian Mathematical Society | Nilima Nigam | [
"Mathematics"
] | 338 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
77,111,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Rescue%20and%20Salvage%20Bureau | The Rescue and Salvage Bureau of the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国交通运输部救助打捞局) (short form, China Rescue and Salvage) is an institution directly under the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. It is the most important maritime rescue and salvage organization in China, and the only one that operates at national level. It is based in Beijing. As of 2022, it had 10,000 employees, 80% of whom were professional technical personnel, divers, and crew, manning 191 vessels (76 specialist rescue vessels, and 132 specialist salvage vessels), 20 rescue aircraft and 21 specialist rescue teams.
CRS has gained a good international reputation for its willingness and ability to operate in extreme bad sea conditions, receiving a number of international prizes. The CRS also engages in commercial salvage work, and other forms of marine engineering.
History
The origin of China Rescue and Salvage are in a series of local institutions based in Shanghai. In 1951, with the approval of the Central People's Government, the Central Ministry of Communications decided to merge the Maritime (Salvage) Department of the State-owned Maritime Transport Bureau with the nationalized Huaxing Salvage Company. On 24 August 1951, a new state-owned enterprise, the Chinese People's Salvage Company was established in Shanghai, responsible for navigation and salvage at the Huangpu River and Yangtze River estuaries. The company had to deal with 59 shipwrecks at the bottom of the Huangpu River that had sank from the end of 1948 to the beginning of 1949 (during the civil war), and with hundreds of shipwrecks in the Yangtze River estuary channel, by sealing holed hulls and pumping water, mud removal, barge lifting, shipwreck removal, and channel dredging. The company had 120 employees, including 6 members of the Chinese Communist Party.
On 4 November 1952, Chen Yun, director of the Financial and Economic Committee of the Central People's Government Administration Council, issued Public License No. 243 to the China People's Salvage Company. At that time, the company had only one 125-kilowatt tug (the Panshan -- 盘山号) and more than ten small barges. In four years, the company managed to remove 104 wrecks of around 100,000 tons total displacement, mostly from the Huangpu and Yangtze delta. From 12 February 1953, the Chinese People's Salvage Company used the name "Salvage Company of the General Administration of Navigation Engineering". Zhang Zhikui served as the manager from August 1953 until January 1966. From 1 January 1956, the company's name changed to "Salvage Engineering Bureau of the General Administration of Navigation Engineering", still with the nature of a business institution. On 1 July 1958, it was renamed Shanghai Salvage Engineering Bureau.
On 23 July 1958, the then Minister of Transportation Wang Shoudao ordered the merging of maritime rescue with salvage operations. From 16 September 1958, shipwrecks in the coastal waters of China from Wenzhou to the mouth of the Yalu River were placed under the responsibility of the Shanghai Salvage Engineering Bureau, making the SSEB into the first national-level combined rescue and salvage organization. The SSEB first set up three rescue stations at Yantai, Shanghai, and Wenzhou. On 15 February 1963, the Shanghai Salvage Engineering Bureau was renamed the Shanghai Maritime Rescue and Salvage Bureau. In December 1963, the Ministry of Communications set up the Yantai Rescue Station and the Tianjin Rescue Station as detached units. By the first half of 1964, five rescue stations had been built in Tianjin, Yantai, Shanghai, Wenzhou, and Xiamen.
A major inciting incident for the development of Chinese maritime rescue occurred on 9 October 1973, when the Greek freighter Baltic Klif sank outside of Fujian province during Typhoon Nora without effective response by the Chinese authorities of the port of Xiamen, which made Zhou Enlai complain about the "cowardice" of the slow reaction. This extremely sharp rebuke (in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, when such rebukes tended to have dangerous outcomes) caused a drive to strengthen coastal rescue networks across the country.
As a reaction, in 1973 the State Council and the Central Military Commission jointly issued a document to establish the National Maritime Security Command. In 1974, a national maritime search and rescue work conference was held in Qingdao. The meeting decided that the Ministry of Transport would establish two new maritime security headquarters in Yantai and Guangzhou. The Guangzhou Maritime Rescue and Salvage Bureau (the former Third Engineering Team of China People's Salvage Company) was created that same year, and on 28 September 1974, the Yantai Shipwreck Rescue and Salvage Bureau of the Ministry of Transport was officially established. On 30 April 1975, the Tianjin and Yantai rescue stations were formally transferred to the Yantai Salvage Bureau, and 308 employees, 3 tugboats, 3 salvage barges, 20 salvage buoys, and total assets of 130,000 yuan were transferred with them.
The three new Salvage Bureaus started building 9 rescue stations, built rescue docks, radio stations, and recruited People's Liberation Army Navy veterans to expand their force. The bureaus also started to add high-horsepower, specialized rescue tugs. In 1975, China bought from Japan its first purpose-built deep-sea rescue tug, the Hujiu 101 (沪救101号, literally Shanghai Rescue 101), a long, beam, and 2,100 tons displacement vessel.
Soon after, with the start of the reform and opening, the bureaus were also progressively allowed to operate commercially, the Shanghai bureau under the name "Shanghai Tug Company". With the rapid growth of marine traffic as China foreign trade grew, the opportunities for profitable activities became common, and as the Bureaus were allowed to retain earnings for reinvestment, they grew steadily in equipment and capabilities.
As part of the generalized reform for the commercialization of SOEs, on 28 February 2003, the Ministry of Communications, the National Development and Reform Commission, and six other ministries and commissions jointly issued the "Notice on Issuing the Implementation Plan for the Salvage and Rescue System Reform" (Jiao Ren Lao Fa [2003] No. 60), formally implementing a wide reform of the salvage and rescue system. Starting on 1 April 2003, the Ministry of Transport implemented this reform, separating rescue from salvage. The three salvage bureaus allocated assets to three new Maritime Rescue Bureaus, in the Beihai (Northern Seas—Yellow and Bohai seas), Donghai (East China Sea), and Nanhai (South China Sea), co-located but separate from the three salvage bureaus in Yantai, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Four rescue aviation squadrons were also raised.
The logic of the reform was that while rescue duties are part of the peremptory public service of protecting life, ship salvage is not as time sensitive and, when not involving urgent seaway clearance, can be made into a commercial activity. After the split, the salvage bureaus would some carry out some emergency duties such as disaster relief and urgent salvage operations, while also engage in commercial salvage of sunken ships and sunken objects in public waterways; port debris clearance; rescue and salvage of distressed ships where there is no risk to life; emergency emptying of bunker from sunken ships, and containment of oil spills from distressed ships; and prevention of environmental pollution resulting from marine accidents. It was expected they would use their profits to fund equipment and preparation for both the salvage and the rescue units.
The new six bureaus were put under the vertical leadership of the Rescue and Salvage Bureau of the Ministry of Transport, which coordinates their activities, although all six subordinate bureaus operate autonomously. The CSR in its various incarnations has, in the period between 24 August 1951 to 23 August 2021, rescued a total of 82,783 people (12,703 foreigners) and 5,424 ships in distress (957 foreign ships) in harsh sea conditions and other emergency and dangerous environments, and salvaged 1,827 sunken ships (99 foreign ships). Since the 2003 reform, the Guangzhou Bureaus have carried out a total of 423 salvage missions, rescued 129 ships, and rescued property worth RMB 7.08 billion; salvaged 59 sunken ships, recovered 185 bodies of victims, and rescued 1,133 people; the Shanghai bureaus ; and the Yantai bureaus have carried out 512 salvage missions, rescued 3,163 people, salvaged 183 sunken ships, and recovered 5,000 tons of spilled oil.
Functions
China Rescue and Salvage is by law responsible for emergency response to maritime emergencies in Chinese waters, including life saving operations, ship and property rescue, shipwreck and sunken object salvage, maritime firefighting, cleanup of oil spills, and other public welfare responsibilities such as providing safety guarantee for maritime transportation and offshore resource developments. Its Chinese motto is "three rescues and one salvage" (i.e. human life rescue, environmental rescue, property rescue, and emergency salvage).
The CRS has some policy-making obligations as well, preparing the five-year-plans for the national salvage system, and some administrative duties such as coordinating maritime air patrols, and taking command and coordination roles of major rescue and salvage operations. It also has the duty to fulfill some of China's international obligations (such as some China's SOLAS obligations). The CRS must also collect the data and statistics related to rescue operations and salvage in China,
CRS cooperates very closely with the China Maritime Safety Administration's Maritime Search and Rescue Center (中国海上搜救中心), which is the main maritime SAR coordinator in China, and with other emergency control centers in the country.
The various subordinate units of the CRS operate as commercial businesses as well, in particular the Shanghai Salvage Bureau, which with the name of China Offshore Engineering Solutions (COES) operates several national international subsidiaries, carrying out both salvage (such as the difficult lifting of the wreck of the ferry Sewol in one piece) and other marine engineering operations (such as long-distance towing the aircraft carrier , caisson and immersed tunnel placement, and even underwater archeology.) The other salvage bureaus also operate underwater engineering, land reclamation, ship repair, shipbuilding, and harbor engineering companies.
Organization
Internal units
Source:
General Office (办公室): General management, confidentiality and international affairs.
Planning, Construction, and Science and Technology Office (规划建设科技处): Responsible for equipment acquisition, compliance with industry standards, statistics and information work.
Finance Office (财务处) Budget management.
Personnel and Education Office (人事e 处) Personnel education and training, technical cadre management. Certification of divers and other specialists.
Rescue Management Office (救助管理处): coordinate the on-call rescue forces, life, environmental, and military rescue duties. Responsible for units readiness.
Aviation Management Office (飞行管理处) Responsible for the leadership and management of the maritime rescue flight teams of the Rescue and Salvage Bureau of the Ministry of Transport; responsible for the team building and air and ground safety management of the maritime rescue flight team; responsible for the command, dispatch and coordination of maritime rescue flights.
Salvage Management Office (打捞管理处): Responsible for salvage business management, manage the affiliated salvage companies.
Safety Supervision and Management Office (安全监督管理处): Responsible for the comprehensive safety management and accident handling of the entire salvage system.
Audit Office (审计处): Auditing and asset management.
Party and Mass Work Office (Organization Office) 党群工作处（组织处）Party work, organization and management of cadres, and publicity.
Office of the Discipline Inspection Commission (纪委办公室) Supervision and discipline.
Subordinate units
As of 2021, the CRS had a total of 24 rescue bases, 88 rescue ship standby points (coastal and at sea), 10 rescue flight airbases, and 115 temporary take-off/landing points (for helicopters) spread in the coastline between the Yalu River in the north to the South China Sea Islands in the south. Its subordinate units are as follows:
Rescue Bureaus
MOT North Seas Rescue Bureau (交通运输部北海救助局) Yantai
Dalian Base (大连基地)
Qinhuangdao Base (秦皇岛基地)
Tianjin Base (天津基地)
Yantai Base (烟台基地)
Rongcheng Base (荣成基地)
Nanhuangcheng Base (南隍城基地)
Beihai Rescue Fleet (北海救助船队)
Beihai Rescue Support Center (北海救助保障中心)
MOT East Seas Rescue Bureau (交通运输部东海救助局) Shanghai
Liangyungang Base (连云港基地)
Shanghai Base (上海基地)
Zhoushan Base (舟山基地)
Ningbo Base (宁波基地)
Wenzhou Base (温州基地)
Fuzhou Base (福州基地)
Xiamen Base (厦门基地)
Donghai Rescue Flotilla (东海救助船队)
Donghai Rescue Support Center (东海救助保障中心)
MOT South Seas Rescue Bureau (交通运输部南海救助局) Guangzhou
Shantou Base (汕头基地)
Guangzhou Base (广州基地)
Shenzhen Base (深圳基地)
Yangjiang Base (阳江基地)
Zhanjiang Base (湛江基地)
Haikou Base (海口基地)
Beihai Base (北海基地)
Xisha Base (西沙基地)
Sanya Base (三亚基地)
Nanhai Rescue Flotilla (南海救助船队)
Nanhai Rescue Support Center (南海救助保障中心)
Salvage Bureaus: italics indicate a subsidiary company
MOT Yantai Salvage Bureau (交通运输部烟台打捞局). Operates 3 salvage flotillas, and 7 subordinate work units.
YSB Rescue, Salvage & Engineering Flotilla (烟台打捞局救捞工程船队)
YSB Rescue & Salvage Tugs Flotilla (烟台打捞局救捞拖轮船队)
YSB Ocean Engineering Flotilla (烟台打捞海洋工程船队)
YSB Ship Repair and Ship Building Center (烟台打捞局船舶修造中心)
YSB Salvage Engineering Development Center (烟台打捞局打捞技术开发中心)
YSB Salvage Service Development Center (烟台打捞局打捞业务开发中心)
YSB Harbor Services and Management Center (烟台打捞局港务管理中心)
YSB Ship Repair & Ship Building Center (烟台打捞局船舶修造中心)
YSB Financial Settlement Center (烟台打捞局财务结算中心)
YSB Salvage Support Center (烟台打捞局打捞保障中心)
Yantai Seamen Secondary Vocational School (烟台海员职业中等专业学校)
MOT Shanghai Salvage Bureau (交通运输部上海打捞局). Operates 3 salvage flotillas, 7 subordinate work units, and 8 subsidiary companies
SSB Search, Salvage & Engineering Flotilla (上海打捞局救捞工程船队)
SSB Rescue & Salvage Tug Flotilla (上海打捞局救捞拖轮船队)
SSB AHTS Flotilla (上海打捞局三用船船队)
SSB Rescue & Salvage Technology Development Center (上海打捞局打捞技术开发中心)
SSB Salvage Service Development Center (上海打捞局打捞业务开发中心)
MOT China Rescue and Salvage Bureau Wuhu Rescue and Salvage Equipment R&D Center (交通运输部救助打捞局芜湖救捞装备研发中心)
Shanghai Rescue & Salvage Equipment Production Research & Development Center (上海救捞装备研发制造中心)
SSB Financial Settlement Center (上海打捞局财务结算中心)
SSB Deep Ocean Construction Engineering R&D Center (上海打捞局深海工程技术研发中心)
SSB Rescue & Salvage Support Center (上海打捞局打捞保障中心)
Shanghai Diving Equipment Factory Ltd. Co. (上海潜水装备厂有限公司)
SSB Wuhu Diving Equipment Factory Ltd. Co. (上海打捞局芜湖潜水装备厂有限公司)
China Ocean Engineering Shanghai Ltd. Co. (中国海洋工程上海有限公司)
China Ocean Engineering Solutions Ltd. Co. (中国海洋工程有限公司)
COES Zhonghaichang Ship Services Ltd. Co. (中海昌船务有限公司)
COES Caledonia UK Ltd. Co.
COES Saudi Arabia Offshore Ltd. Co.
COES Holdings Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
MOT Guangzhou Salvage Bureau (交通运输部广州打捞局). Operates 2 salvage flotillas, 7 subordinate work units, and 8 subsidiary companies
GSB Rescue & Salvage Engineering Flotilla (广州打捞局救捞工程船队)
GSB Salvage Tugboat Flotilla (广州打捞局救捞拖轮船队)
GSB Ship Repair and Ship Building Center (广州打捞局船舶修造中心)
GSB Harbor Engineering Co. Ltd. (广州打捞局港航工程中心)
Oceanic Engineering Center (广州打捞局海洋工程中心)
GSB Salvage Service Development Center (广州打捞局打捞业务开发中心)
GSB Salvage Engineering Development Center (打捞技术开发中心)
Friendly Benefit Engineering Ltd. Co. (友利工程有限公司)
Guangzhou Diving School (广州潜水学校)
GSB Zhuhai Engineering Ltd. Co. (广州打捞局珠海工程有限公司)
GSB Guangzhou (Wanning) Engineering Ltd. Co. (广州打捞局广州(万宁)工程有限公司)
GSB Engineering & Construction Ltd. Co. (广州打捞局工程建设有限公司)
GSB Yangjiang Windpower Engineering Ltd. Co. (广州打捞局阳江风电工程有限公司)
GSB Jiangmen Ltd. Co. (广州打捞局江门有限公司)
Guangzhou Conghua Huguang Diving Engineering Ltd. Co. (广州从化湖光潜水技术有限公司)
China Ocean Engineering Guangzhou Ltd. Co. (中国海洋工程广州有限公司)
Guangxi GSB Engineering & Construction Ltd. Co. (广西广捞工程建设有限公司)
Air Squadrons
1st Beihai Air Squadron (交通运输部北海第一飞行队): Yantai
1st Donghai Air Squadron (交通运输部东海第一飞行队): Shanghai Pudong
2nd Donghai Air Squadron (交通运输部东海第二飞行队): Xiamen
1st Nanhai Air Squadron (交通运输部南海第一飞行队): Guangzhou
Equipment
Salvage Ships
Rescue Ships
Tugs
Airplanes
Source:
China Rescue and Salvage Exhibition Hall (中国救捞陈列馆)
The China Salvage Exhibition Hall was established in 2011, located in the Sea Rescue Building, No. 1426, Yangshupu Road, Shanghai. The exhibition hall covers an area of 1,636 square meters with general exhibits of salvage equipment, models, multimedia presentations, etc. The museum is open free of charge from August 2018.
Leadership
Wang Lei (王雷) — Bureau Chief, Party Deputy Secretary
Shi Jun (时骏) — Party Secretary, Deputy Bureau Chief
Ding Linjie (丁临杰) — Deputy Bureau Chief
Ma Pingyuan (马平原) — Discipline Inspector
Yin Jie (殷杰) — Deputy Bureau Chief
Liu Mianzhang (刘锦章) — Deputy Bureau Chief
Notes
References
Search and rescue
Marine engineering | China Rescue and Salvage Bureau | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,162 | [
"Marine engineering"
] |
77,113,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashramam%20Biodiversity%20Heritage%20Site | Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site is the first Biodiversity Heritage Site in the Kerala state that came up at Asramam in Kollam city. This heritage site encompasses more than 50 hectares, including the Government Guest House complex, the mangrove area, and the creek of Ashtamudi Lake.
Background
According to KSSP studies, the Ashramam mangrove region and the associated watershed area are home to 15 species of mangroves, 22 supporting mangrove species, 122 plant species, 34 edible fish species, and 62 bird species. Additionally, over 160 species of rare and endangered plants have been identified in this area. The mangroves in the complex, which included some rare varieties, were preserved and protected by the British. However, during the 1980s, a significant portion of the mangrove forests was destroyed under the guise of a development project. Asramam mangrove spread was habitat to the highly endangered Syzygium travancoricum species of mangrove.
References
Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India
Protected areas of Kerala | Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site | [
"Biology"
] | 201 | [
"Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India",
"Biodiversity"
] |
75,485,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan%20Wang%20%28control%20theorist%29 | Yuan Wang () is a Chinese-American mathematician specializing in control theory and known for her research on input-to-state stability. She is a professor of mathematics at Florida Atlantic University, chair of the university's Department of Mathematical Sciences, and a moderator for the arXiv mathematical preprint repository in the areas of optimization and control (math.OC) and systems and control (cs.SY).
Education and career
Wang studied mathematics at Shandong University in China, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1982. She completed a Ph.D. in 1990 at Rutgers University, with the dissertation Algebraic Differential Equations and Nonlinear Control Systems supervised by Eduardo D. Sontag.
She joined Florida Atlantic University as an assistant professor of mathematics in 1990. She was promoted to associate professor in 1995 and full professor in 2000.
Recognition
Wang was named as an IEEE Fellow in 2013, "for contributions to stability and control of nonlinear systems".
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Control theorists
Shandong University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Florida Atlantic University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE | Yuan Wang (control theorist) | [
"Engineering"
] | 225 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
75,485,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovotibeglogene%20autotemcel | Lovotibeglogene autotemcel, sold under the brand name Lyfgenia, is a lentiviral gene therapy used for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
The most common side effects include stomatitis (mouth sores of the lips, mouth, and throat), low levels of platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells, and febrile neutropenia (fever and low white blood cell count), consistent with chemotherapy and underlying disease.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lovotibeglogene autotemcel in December 2023.
Medical uses
Lovotibeglogene autotemcel is indicated for the treatment of people aged twelve years of age and older with sickle cell disease and a history of vaso-occlusive events.
The recipient's blood stem cells are genetically modified to produce HbA (T87Q), a gene-therapy derived hemoglobin A, which is similar to the normal adult hemoglobin produced in persons not affected by sickle cell disease. Red blood cells containing HbA (T87Q) have a lower risk of sickling and occluding blood flow. These modified stem cells are then delivered to the recipient.
The gene therapy is made from the recipient's own blood stem cells, which are modified, and are given back as a one-time, single-dose infusion as part of a hematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplant. Prior to treatment, the recipient's own stem cells are collected, and then the recipient must undergo myeloablative conditioning (high-dose chemotherapy), a process that removes cells from the bone marrow so they can be replaced with the modified cells in lovotibeglogene autotemcel.
Side effects
The US FDA label contains a black box warning about hematologic malignancy (blood cancer).
History
The safety and effectiveness of lovotibeglogene autotemcel is based on the analysis of data from a single-arm, 24-month multicenter study in participants with sickle cell disease and history of Vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) between the ages of twelve and fifty years. Effectiveness was evaluated based on complete resolution of VOEs (VOE-CR) between six and eighteen months after infusion with lovotibeglogene autotemcel. Twenty-eight (88%) of 32 participants achieved VOE-CR during this time period.
The FDA granted the application for lovotibeglogene autotemcel priority review, orphan drug, fast track, and regenerative medicine advanced therapy designations. The FDA granted approval of Lyfgenia to Bluebird Bio Inc.
Society and culture
Economics
The cost effectiveness threshold of the therapy is estimated to be between to $2.05 million.
Brand names
Lovotibeglogene autotemcel is the international nonproprietary name.
Lovotibeglogene autotemcel is sold under the brand name Lyfgenia.
References
Further reading
External links
Approved gene therapies
Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs
Lentiviruses
Orphan drugs
Sickle-cell disease | Lovotibeglogene autotemcel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 663 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,486,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenciguat | Avenciguat (development name BI 685509) is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for kidney disease, and cirrhosis.
References
Drugs developed by Boehringer Ingelheim
Experimental drugs
Pyrazoles
Pyridines
Tetrahydropyrans
Carboxylic acids
Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Ethoxy compounds | Avenciguat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,487,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevaquenabant | Zevaquenabant (S-MRI-1867, INV-101, or MRI-1867) is an investigational small-molecule drug, discovered by Dr George Kunos, Dr Resat Cinar, and Dr Malliga iyer at the National Institutes of Health. Zevaquenabant was described as a third generation cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist due to its peripheral selectivity and polypharmacology. It acts as a peripherally selective inverse agonist of the cannabinoid receptor 1 and an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor. It has been studied in the experimental models of fibrotic disorders such as liver fibrosis[1], chronic kidney disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, and metabolic disorders such as obesity[2] and dyslipidemia.
See also
Monlunabant
References
CB1 receptor antagonists
Enzyme inhibitors
Experimental drugs
Small-molecule drugs
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Pyrazolines
Guanidines
Sulfonamides
Peripherally selective drugs | Zevaquenabant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 239 | [
"Guanidines",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,487,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcaciguat | Runcaciguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator developed by Bayer for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and chronic kidney disease.
References
Drugs developed by Bayer
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Carboxylic acids
Cyclopropyl compounds
Anilides | Runcaciguat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 84 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,487,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SER150 | SER150 (formerly EV 077) is an inhibitor of thromboxane synthase and an antagonist of the thromboxane prostanoid receptor. It was developed for diabetic nephropathy.
References
Enzyme inhibitors
Receptor antagonists
Experimental diabetes drugs
Dioxanes
Carboxylic acids
2-Chlorophenyl compounds | SER150 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Receptor antagonists",
"Neurochemistry",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,487,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Arizona%20Operation%2085 | USS Arizona "Operation 85" is a civilian lead initiative aimed at identifying 85 or more unknown American servicemen from the battleship which were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor, who are interred in commingled graves and marked as "unknown" at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, or Punchbowl Cemetery, located away from the location of the wreck of USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Background on the USS Arizona Unknowns
On December 7, 1941, the suffered a catastrophic attack at Pearl Harbor, resulting in the loss of 1,177 crew members. The large majority of these servicemen were either considered "cremated by the explosion in the forward magazine of the battleship and the resulting fire" or trapped within the ship itself and are unrecoverable. However, a large number of suspected USS Arizona crew remains were recovered, but were unable to be identified after the attack and were then subsequently buried at either Halawa or Nuuanu cemeteries in Oahu, Hawaii.
In September 1947, the American Graves Registration Service (AGRS) undertook the task of excavating approximately 170 unidentified bodies from the Halawa and Nuuanu cemeteries, thought to be linked with the Arizona. These remains were then transported to the Central Identification Laboratory at Schofield Barracks on Oahu for analysis. The team at the laboratory worked to ascertain the identities of the unidentified remains with the best methods they had available to them at the time. The effort led to the successful identification of over 100 sailors from the Arizona. However, many remains were also deemed unidentifiable as DNA technology to identify them was non-existent at the time. Those remains, presumed to be from the Arizona, were then reinterred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in 76 different graves and marked as "unknown."
Many surviving family members from the missing crew claim they were never made aware that remains from the Arizona crew were removed and separated from the ship. Most believed those killed were beneath the USS Arizona Memorial.
Failed attempt to resolve USS Arizona Unknowns by DPAA
In February 2021, the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), the US agency tasked with recovering and identifying missing US service members, had suggested the unprecedented step of disinterring the USS Arizona unknown crew buried at the Punchbowl and re-interring them back in the sunken battleship in Pearl Harbor without any attempt to identify the remains.
DPAA Director Kelly McKeague stated in a February 20, 2021 DPAA Family Update Meeting, "We have had preliminary discussions with the Navy, and one of the proposals that we have notionally talked about is to disinter all of them — not for the purpose of identification — but to entomb them in the hull of the Arizona along with their shipmates."
Surviving family members became upset at the proposal to not identify the unknown service members first. Also, without proper identification, there is no assurance the remains within the unknown USS Arizona graves at the Punchbowl are actually all Arizona crew members. After much public pushback, the DPAA, along with the Assistant Secretary of Defense backpedaled on the issue and reversed their proposal. Stating they "would not be disinterring any of the remains to re-inter within the ship hull without identifying them."
Feasibility and cost associated with identifying the USS Arizona remains
In March 2022, a study was released to the United States Congress which was conducted by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy Manpower and Reserve Affairs which stated the cost to locate the surviving family members of the USS Arizona would run the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps $2.7 million, consume 12,600 man hours, and take 10 years to complete. Due to the feasibility study, DPAA Director Kelly McKeague has been firmly against resolving the unknowns from the Arizona through DNA identification, claiming the project was not equitable, and would consume all of their budget and resources for 10 years. The DPAA currently refuses to even acknowledge the USS Arizona unknowns within their own "Pearl Harbor Project" meant to bring attention to families in an effort to provide DNA for all missing from the December 7 attack.
Family member funds and launches "Operation 85" to locate USS Arizona family members
"Operation 85" (OP85) officially began on April 6, 2023, led and organized by Kevin Kline, the grandnephew of GM2c Robert Edwin Kline, a USS Arizona casualty and US Navy sailor killed on December 7, 1941 and who is still considered one of the 1,072 missing.
Operation 85 has taken on the monumental task of locating the surviving family members of the missing crew of the Arizona and soliciting a DNA Family Reference Sample from each family member to the US Navy and the US Marine Corps Casualty offices for possible identification of the USS Arizona unknowns. Kline, a real estate agent from Northern Virginia, put his local business on hold, spearheading and personally funding the entire cost of the project so far, claiming to have spent over $50,000 of his own money, along with devoting time and other resources to it. Kline and Operation 85 have refused to accept any outside donations for the project to ensure the focus was strictly on the mission and not on fundraising. A handful of volunteers with professional genealogy experience and similar project backgrounds have joined Kline and Operation 85 to ensure the organization is properly vetting and documenting the family members as well as ensuring all genealogy standard protocols, documentation and attestations are followed that are commonly accepted by the DPAA for these types of projects.
Progress and challenges
Two known official meetings have occurred between Operation 85 Executive Director Kevin Kline and DPAA Director Kelly McKeague. One on May 17, 2023 and a subsequent meeting on June 28, 2023, both in Arlington, Virginia. No official or public announcements have been made by the DPAA to officially partner with Operation 85 in anyway, despite the organizations success.
The DPAA still refuses to publicly mention the USS Arizona within their "Pearl Harbor Project," and social media posts.
The Department of Defense has set a 60% threshold policy stating that disinterment of the USS Arizona unknowns can only be considered once 60% or more of the unrecovered crew members have DNA Family Reference Samples (FRS) on file and completed with the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFDIL). That would mean a minimum of 643 crew members of the missing 1,072 must have DNA samples on file to even consider a disinterment. As of December 1, 2023 the US Navy and Marines have reported 439 total crew members now have representation, up from just 18 when Operation 85 began. To date, Operation 85 has claimed to have sent in enough family members to represent 502 crew members of the 643 needed to meet the DoD 60% threshold policy, and states there is about a four to six-week lag with the Navy between the time Operation 85 sends in a family member's information and the DNA kit is returned to the DPAA from the family member.
Prior to Operation 85's formation, the DPAA had not shown any interest in identifying and resolving the USS Arizona unknowns. At the February 20, 2021 DPAA Family Member Update, DPAA Director McKeague stated that "we could never take on" the process of disinterring the 85 USS Arizona unknowns for identification, in part because DNA reference samples would have to be obtained from the families of all 1,177 of the ship's fatalities.
Since its inception, Operation 85 has connected with over 1100 family members of the missing crew, with more than 860 of them able to provide the viable yDNA and or mtDNA Family Reference Samples. Despite the initial skepticism and the high estimated cost and manpower projected within the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy Manpower and Reserve Affairs Feasibility Study, Operation 85's efforts have shown efficiency and cost-effectiveness, only spending a small percentage (2.07%) of the estimated cost. The operation is proving that the cost to the US taxpayers just for the feasibility study that was conducted by the Navy on the USS Arizona Identification Project ($83,000), was higher than the total cost so far of Operation 85's efforts to locate almost 78% of the required family members, $65,000 in nineteen months. An estimate the Navy concluded would cost $2.9 million dollars and take 10 years.
Politics & Legislation
Prior to Operation 85, several attempts were made to introduce legislation towards the DPAA aimed at identifying the USS Arizona unknowns through the use of 3rd party or outside contracted forensic DNA technology. The DPAA was firmly against these amendments and all legislative efforts failed.
Operation 85 had been working with congressional representatives since May 2023 to rewrite the past failed legislation in a manner that might have a chance to succeed. On July 14, 2023 the US House of Representatives passed the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2024 and included the USS Arizona Amendment introduced by Colorado's 5th District Congressman Doug Lamborn with language to award a contract to a research and genealogist company to locate surviving family members and solicit their DNA Family Reference Samples. For the first time in history, legislation was passed aimed at identifying the unknowns from the USS Arizona. Despite this encouraging effort, the final language within the amendment was worded in a way that required a "genealogist to do genome sequencing", something genealogist do not do. This wording within the amendment made the ability to award a contract on the terms of the House legislation impossible. The legislation now risked stalling.
Operation 85 immediately began a lobbying campaign to rally enough elected officials within the House and Senate Armed Service Committee to change the language of the House NDAA in conference and keep the legislation moving forward.
On December 6, 2023, the US Senate released it's Conference Report final wording of the 2024 NDAA. Several key factors made it into the 2024 Conference Report that affected the USS Arizona unknowns. According to page 1331 of the Conference Report, sec. 1806 of the House NDAA was not adopted, but includes the following:
“The conferees direct the Director, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, to provide a briefing to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives, not later than April 1, 2024, on the Department’s ability to collect family reference samples for service members of the USS Arizona (including efforts by military service casualty offices), and any obstacles to such collection. The briefing should include: (1) Resource constraints for the DPAA and the military departments; (2) Technology challenges; (3) Any improvements that can be made to the sample collection process; (4) Challenges the Department and the military services face gathering family reference sample collection in other cases; and (5) Any other matters deemed relevant.”
Also, according to SEC. 1063 extra funding in the amount of $5M per year for 5 years ($25M total) was also authorized but not appropriated to the DPAA specifically for expanding their accounting for past conflicts.
References
External links
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Genealogy
History of Oahu | USS Arizona Operation 85 | [
"Biology"
] | 2,315 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Genealogy"
] |
75,488,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterweight%20%28novel%29 | Counterweight () is a 2021 science fiction novel by South Korean pseudonymous writer Djuna (Dyoo-nuh; Korean: 듀나). It is Djuna's first novel to be translated and published in English. It was translated by Anton Hur and published by Pantheon in 2023. The novel contains elements of cyberpunk and is written as a thriller involving a clandestine security officer attempting to protect an employee with brain-augmented information about their corporation's space elevator, which is supposedly hidden in the elevator's balancing counterweight.
The Author
Djuna has been described as "a literary giant in Korea", and since the 1990s one of the most prolific and important writers in the South Korean science fiction field. It is Djuna's first novel to be translated and published in English.
Development
The initial concept for the book was developed from a draft movie script that Djuna wrote about ten years before it was finally published as a book. Djuna's motivation behind the novel was rooted in the exploration of Korea's relationship with other neighbouring countries in Southeast Asia, particularly as the country's growth has led to the surfacing of historic prejudices against it. The author aimed for the novel to explore how this situation might manifest and evolve in the future. Whilst Djuna wanted to move away from the influence of western authors such as George Orwell or Joseph Conrad, the book somewhat remains a "pastiche" of their works, and Djuna's fictional Patusan takes its name from Conrad's invention of the island in Lord Jim. The book's heavy use of futuristic technological terminology may also echo William Gibson's Neuromancer.
Plot
Set in an unspecified future in Patusan, an imaginary tropical island near Malaysia, the narrative unfolds around the Earth's inaugural AI-directed space elevator, a creation of the Korean megacorporation (chaebol) LK. The megacorporation's involvement, likened to the island's colonization by Korea, is opposed by a rebel force called the Patusan Liberation Front. The tale is told through the eyes of Mac, a disenchanted security executive at the company, who delves into the odd conduct of a subordinate and its connection to the recent demise of the firm's chief executive. As the novel progresses, the protagonist becomes involved in investigating and then protecting a strange company employee named Choi Gangwu, a shy man interested in butterflies who oddly also has peculiarly advanced knowledge of the company and a passion for the space elevator. Choi turns out to have brain implants containing some of the memories and personality of the deceased former LK president, making him a target for various underground organizations and rebels, but also making him a pawn in the power struggles of senior leaders of the firm.
Reviews
Hari Kunzru reviewed the book for The New York Times. He described it as "an efficient, fast-paced cyberpunk story" and noted that the discussion of artificial intelligence in the book is a timely topic.
Andrea M. Pawley reviewed the book for Washington Independent Review of Books. She wrote that the book "packs more corporate intrigue into its 176 pages than most stories manage in three times the space" and concluded that "fast-paced and exhilarating, Counterweight is worth the ride".
Charlie Jane Anders reviewed the book for the Washington Post. She called the book a "dizzyingly subversive cyberpunk thriller", concluding that "In true Philip K. Dick style, Djuna serves up enough paranoia and clever ideas to keep you guessing.".
Kate Knibbs reviewed the book for Wired, describing it as "a jaunty cyberpunk thriller about memory implantation, space colonization, and identity".
References
External links
Counterweight
2021 science fiction novels
South Korean science fiction novels
Space elevator
Cyberpunk novels | Counterweight (novel) | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 788 | [
"Exploratory engineering",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Space elevator"
] |
75,488,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy%20Sansen | Willy Sansen (May 16, 1943 – April 25, 2024) was an electrical engineer, academic, and author. He is an emeritus professor of engineering science at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Sansen is known for his research in electronics, circuitry, and analog design. He has authored and co-authored more than 650 papers and 16 books including Analog Design Essentials, Symbolic Analysis for Automated Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Low-Noise Wide-Band Amplifiers in Bipolar and CMOS Technologies, Biosensors: Microelectrochemical Devices, Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems and Distortion analysis of analog integrated circuits. He received the 2011 IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits and is a Life Fellow of the IEEE.
Education
Sansen obtained a master's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1967 and a Ph.D. in Electronics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972.
Career
Sansen began his academic career by returning to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1972. He became a full professor of sngineering science at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1980, where he has been an emeritus professor since 2008.
Sansen was appointed to the ESAT laboratory of the K.U. Leuven by the National Fund of Scientific Research, Belgium (NFWO). From 1984 to 1990, he served as the Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1984, he founded the ESAT-MICAS laboratory on analog design leading research projects within the industry.
Sansen served on the board of directors for Sipex from 1996 to 2003 and later on for Tyndall in Cork, Ireland from 2016 to 2021. He has been on the board of directors for Caeleste, Mechelen, Belgium since 2017, and on the Scientific Board for SAL, Graz, Austria since 2018. He was the first European Program Chair of the ISSCC Conference in 2002 and the first European President of the Solid-State Circuits Society from 2008 to 2009. He has given courses in companies including Philips (NXP), Siemens (Infineon), National Semiconductor (now TI), Bosch, Cypress, MCCI, Cork, and IMEC in Leuven.
Research
Sansen has contributed to the field of electrical engineering by studying design automation and analog integrated circuit designs for telecommunications, consumer electronics, medical applications, and sensors.
Works
Sansen investigated circuitry, amplifiers, and electrical design systems in his works. In the book Analog Design Essentials, he focused on essential topics for analog designers, such as operational amplifier basics, and opamp synthesis, and also addressed noise, distortion, filters, ADC/DACs, and oscillators. In his review for Optics and Photonics News, Bogdan Hoanca remarked, "The book itself has 24 chapters and covers basic transistor concepts and amplifier design as well as more advanced topics such as filter design, oscillators, and analog and digital conversion. The color slides include circuit diagrams along with topic headings as well as some references. The book concludes with a comprehensive index... is particularly useful for the photonics researcher. The book is ideal for self-study."
Sansen contributed to the analog circuit design literature with his collaborative works Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits with Piet Wambacq and Symbolic Analysis for Automated Design of Analog Integrated Circuits with Georges Gielen, where they introduced analog design automation through the lens of symbolic analysis. He also provided guides for senior engineers aiming to optimize high-precision analog circuits, covering design techniques in bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies for applications like receiver front-ends and particle detectors, with books like Low-Noise Wide-Band Amplifiers in Bipolar and CMOS Technologies co-authored with Zhong Yuan Chong, and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems with Kenneth Laker.
Sansen also co-wrote Biosensors: Microelectrochemical Devices with M. Lambrechts which looks into microelectrochemical and analytical devices like biosensors. In a review published in Advanced Materials, Wolfgang Schuhmann wrote "...the book may help (bio)chemists to obtain the necessary knowledge of and terminology for sensor-orientated microelectronic fabrication technologies which is important in the interdisciplinary discussion between chemists, materials scientists and electronics engineers on the way to integrated biosensors."
Analog integrated circuit designs
Sansen has researched analog integrated circuit designs throughout his career. In a joint study, he provided an overview of symbolic analysis in electronic circuit design, explaining its application areas, capabilities, and limitations, focusing on generating analytic expressions for circuit characteristics using symbolic representations of circuit elements. In another collaborative work, he presented a 12-bit intrinsic accuracy digital-to-analog converter, integrated into a standard 0.5 μm CMOS technology, with no calibration or trimming required, achieving a resolution of 12 bits at a 300 MS/s update rate.
With Michiel Steyaert, Sansen demonstrated a CMOS low-power, low-noise monolithic instrumentation amplifier (IA) designed for medical applications, utilizing current feedback and single-stage operational transconductance amplifiers in the low-frequency loop, with variable gains controlled by software in the range of 14/20/26/40 dB for a bandwidth of 0.5–500 Hz. He further presented a 10-bit 1-GSample/s current-steering CMOS digital-to-analog converter with measured high accuracy, a custom-designed thermometer decoder, an optimized layout, and a spurious-free dynamic range of over 61 dB. Additionally, he collaborated to introduce a power-efficient comparator with enhanced speed and reduced die area, utilizing a differential input stage, two regenerative flip-flops, and an S-R latch, achieving 8-bit precision with a symmetrical input dynamic range of 2.5 V in an experimental integration.
Bioelectronics
Sansen has worked on nanotechnology and bioelectronics to understand biomolecular structures. In a collaborative study, he fabricated nanoscaled interdigitated electrode arrays using deep UV lithography, enabling impedimetric measurements for the detection of biomolecular structures with high sensitivity, demonstrated through the immobilization of glucose oxidase on Pd electrodes. He also showed that direct electric currents within the range of 10 microA to 1000 microA enhance ATP concentrations and stimulate amino acid incorporation into proteins in rat skin, with distinct mechanisms influencing ATP production and amino acid transport.
In a joint study, Sansen introduced a fully integrated microsensor chip for continuous monitoring of multiple blood gases, ions, and biomolecules, utilizing on-chip ISFETs, amperometric, and conductometric cells, allowing simultaneous monitoring of up to seven chemical substances, with on-chip interfacing and processing electronics, temperature control, and a one-time-use security check, fabricated in a standard 1.2-μm CMOS process.
Awards and honors
1995 – Life Fellow, IEEE
2011 – Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits, IEEE
2019 – European SEMI Award
Bibliography
Selected books
Symbolic Analysis for Automated Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (1991)
Low-Noise Wide-Band Amplifiers in Bipolar and CMOS Technologies (1991)
Biosensors: Microelectrochemical Devices (1992)
Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems (1994)
Distortion analysis of analog integrated circuits (1998)
Analog Design Essentials (2006)
Selected articles
Sansen, W. M., & Meyer, R. G. (1973). Distortion in bipolar transistor variable-gain amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 8(4), 275–282.
Sansen, W. M. (1982). On the integration of an internal human conditioning system. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 17(3), 513–521.
S. Peeters, F. Officiers, M. Van Paemel, W. Sansen, and J. Marquet, "Background and feasibility of cochlear implant", SRBII, Proc. 1982.
Degrauwe, M. G., & Sansen, W. M. (1984). The current efficiency of MOS transconductance amplifiers. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 19(3), 349–359.
Steyaert, M. S., & Sansen, W. M. (1987). A micropower low-noise monolithic instrumentation amplifier for medical purposes. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 22(6), 1163–1168.
Yin, G. M., Eynde, F. O., & Sansen, W. (1992). A high-speed CMOS comparator with 8-b resolution. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 27(2), 208–211.
Van Gerwen, P., Laureyn, W., Laureys, W., Huyberechts, G., De Beeck, M. O., Baert, K., ... & Mertens, R. (1998). Nanoscaled interdigitated electrode arrays for biochemical sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 49(1-2), 73–80.
Bastos, J., Marques, A. M., Steyaert, M. S., & Sansen, W. (1998). A 12-bit intrinsic accuracy high-speed CMOS DAC. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 33(12), 1959–1969.
Van den Bosch, A., Borremans, M. A., Steyaert, M. S., & Sansen, W. (2001). A 10-bit 1-GSample/s Nyquist current-steering CMOS D/A converter. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 36(3), 315–324.
Sansen, W. (2018). Biasing for zero distortion: Using the ekv\/bsim6 expressions. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 10(3), 48–53.
Chae, Y., Lopez, C. M., Makinwa, K. A., Ortmanns, M., & Sansen, W. (2023). A Glimpse of the History of Analog ICs: A Tale of Amplifiers, Data Converters, and Sensor Interfaces. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 15(3), 43–52.
References
Electrical engineers
KU Leuven alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Academic staff of KU Leuven
Fellows of the IEEE
1943 births
Living people | Willy Sansen | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,256 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
75,488,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20architect%20%28Sri%20Lanka%29 | The Chief Architect was a position created in 1865 by Governor Hercules Robinson and the Executive Council of Ceylon to design and oversee the construction of public buildings across Ceylon.
Previously the Public Works Department, which was established in 1849 was managed by British engineers.
The chief architect worked within the Public Works Department and the first chief architect was James George Smither. The position was retained following the country's independence in 1948 however it was not until the appointment of Homi Billimoria in 1953, that a Ceylonese architect assumed the role. In 1969 the Public Works Department was abolished and replaced with the Department of Buildings. The department was established as the sole authority and consultancy institution in the construction of government buildings. In 1977 the position of Chief Architect was re-instated, with the appointment of Panini Tennekoon. He was the last recognised Chief Architect, following which the position reverted to Director - Architecture within the department, reporting to the Director General of Buildings.
References
Architecture in Sri Lanka
Architecture occupations
Government occupations | Chief architect (Sri Lanka) | [
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Architecture occupations",
"Architecture"
] |
75,489,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyacetic%20acid | Methoxyacetic acid is the organic compound with the formula . It can be viewed as a derivative of acetic acid in which a hydrogen atom of the methyl group is replaced by a methoxy group. As indicated by the synonym methyl glycolic acid, and as the simplest ether carboxylic acid, methoxyacetic acid can be understood as a methyl ether of glycolic acid.
Production
In principle the compound can be prepared by reaction of sodium methoxide with monochloroacetic acid. The industrial route involves the oxidation of 2-methoxyethanol with air or oxygen in the presence of platinum catalysts.
In both humans and animals, 2-methoxyacetic acid forms via the rapid oxidation of 2-methoxyethanol by the action of alcohol dehydrogenases.
Properties
Methoxyacetic acid is a colorless, viscous, and corrosive liquid with a pungent odor which, at 7 °C, freezes to a mass similar to glacial acetic acid. Due to the low solvation energy of its methoxy group, methoxyacetic acid, with a pKa value of 3.57, is more acidic than acetic acid (pKa 4.757) and glycolic acid (pKa 3.832).
Ultra-pure methoxyacetic acid (purity of 99.8%, freezing point of 8.4 °C) can be obtained via the multistep crystallization of the raw distillate, which is free of acid contaminations.
Applications
Methoxyacetic acid is a precursor to two commercial fungicides, oxadixyl and mefenoxam.
Former applications
Due to its reprotoxic properties, earlier consumer and industrial applications of methoxyacetic acid as a disinfectant, biocide, or as a cleaner for the decalcification of surfaces are now obsolete. The same is true for substances such as the solvent 2-methoxyethanol or the PVC plasticizer bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate, which are metabolized to methoxyacetic acid.
Safety
Due to its considerable reprotoxic potential, methoxyacetic acid has been adopted into the list of SVHC substances (substances of very high concern) and is only registered as an intermediate product for industrial purposes under strictly controlled conditions.
In laboratory tests, methoxyacetic acid inhibits the growth of tumor cells.
References
Methoxy compounds
Carboxylic acids | Methoxyacetic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 538 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,490,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra%20Ricca | Alessandra Ricca is a computational chemist whose research focuses primarily on theoretical chemistry. She researches modeling properties of organic compounds in the gas and ice phases, emphasizing the formation, reactivity, spectroscopy, and optical properties of the researched compounds. In Astrophysics and Analysis at NASA, Ricca studies PAH infrared spectroscopy and nanograins in the interstellar medium. She loads data into the NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database (PAHdb), which helps interpret JWST data. In NASA Solar System Workings, Ricca studies ammonia hydrates on Charon and other icy bodies, in which she interprets data collected by the Cassini mission, which detected small, large, and macromolecular organics near the Enceladus plume. The goal of this project is to determine if these substances were derived from life or abiotic processes. In addition to her work at NASA, Ricca is a Senior Research Chemist at the SETI Institute.
Early life and education
Ricca was born to an Italian father and a Swiss mother in Sanremo, Italy. Her family was heavily focused on medicine, as her father was an M.D., and her mother helped him with cancer detection testing. From a young age, she enjoyed watching the TV series Medical Center and was influenced by her family to become a doctor, as her father was a surgeon. She also has a brother who is five years younger than her.
Ricca has an Italian and Swiss dual citizenship. After spending her early years in Italy, she attended a religious boarding school in Monaco in 9th grade. French was the primary language spoken at the school, and the whole experience shocked her. She then transferred to Geneva, Switzerland, to finish high school and attended the University of Geneva. All her classes were in French. In college, she initially majored in biochemistry but later switched to chemistry, as biochemistry was a newer field that was relatively harder to understand. Ricca also wanted to major in medicine but eventually became interested in research: "I’m very curious, and I like to solve things. I’m a problem solver, so I became more interested in research, and I realized that I was distancing myself more and more from being a practitioner or even a surgeon."
Ricca received her Bachelor of Science degree (B.S.) and Master of Science (M.S.) from the University of Geneva in December 1988 and March 1989, respectively. She studied organic chemistry in college and later began a PhD in Zurich, Switzerland. However, she eventually left and went to Geneva for a PhD in theoretical chemistry in collaboration with the University of Geneva's pharmaceutical department. In July 1993, she received a PhD. in Physical chemistry from the University of Geneva, Switzerland. After receiving her PhD, she decided to stay in Switzerland but later moved to the Bay Area when she received a National Research Council Research Associateship at NASA Ames Research Center. In 1995, she became a NASA Ames Postdoctoral Fellow. Since she had a J-1 visa, she had to leave after two years and went to London, England for another postdoc. She became a Postdoctoral Fellow at Kings College, London, UK. She eventually returned to the United States and worked with Professor Charles Musgrave on calculations in material science at Stanford from 1997 to 1998. She was also hired by Eloret Corporation to work on thermochemistry and nanotechnology. When the nanotechnology project ended, she began to work on PAHs with scientists in Code S and eventually studied space science.
Personal life
Ricca is married and has two daughters, one in college and the other in high school. She also has two black cats and a hamster. Ricca likes to travel with her family and hike long trails with her husband in Hawaii. In addition, she enjoys music, singing, and the arts, often attending concerts and art exhibits. She also likes to do gardening, photography, and do-it-yourself projects.
Ricca is proud of her family: "I think having a family and nice kids and a great husband, whose support is really great." She also dreamed of coming to the United States when she was younger, and she fulfilled that dream by moving to the U.S. alone. Her first inspirations were her parents and the people she met who helped her throughout her life.
Ricca also enjoys reading classical French literature, which she didn't when she was younger. She prefers reading in French, her native language, stating that "I just take pleasure in reading [French literature] because I can capture all the subtleties, which are very often lost to me in English." To her, reading Proust "is like a painting with all these colors. It’s like a piece of art and gives me great enjoyment."
Other activities
From 2001 to 2008, she mentored students attending summer programs at the University of Notre Dame and UC Berkeley. In 2005, she was a reviewer for the National Science Foundation, and from 2006 through 2008, she was a mentor for the Summer Research for Undergraduates Program in Astrobiology at the SETI Institute. She was also a referee for the Journal of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics, Chemical Physics Letters, and Astrophysical Journal. In addition, she has published many articles and has been invited to peer review them as well.
A piece of advice that she would give younger students is to stay focused and tenacious: "You have to really be extremely perseverant because you get rejection after rejection. You have to be willing to keep going on and on and not get discouraged if you get a lot of negative comments. You have to have a lot of grit. You need to be very passionate to overcome all these kinds of barriers."
Honors and awards
She won the 1997 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology and the 2008 NASA Honor Award. She also won the 1999 ELORET Thermosciences Institute Outstanding Achievement Award and the 2000 and 2002 ELORET Superior Achievement Award.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Computational chemists
Women chemists
Nationality missing
NASA people
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence | Alessandra Ricca | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,253 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
75,490,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic%20examinations%20under%20anesthesia%20by%20medical%20students%20without%20consent | Pelvic exams under anesthesia by medical students without explicit consent may be occasionally performed to teach medical students how to conduct pelvic exams. They are typically done during gynecological surgeries, but not exclusively. In 2024, the United States federal Department of Health and Human Services banned hospitals from performing non-consensual breast, pelvic, prostate, and rectal exams for "educational and training purposes" by medical students, nurse practitioners, or physician assistants. Hospitals that do not obtain explicit consent may be ineligible to participate in Medicare and Medicaid programs and may be subject to fines and investigations for violating patient privacy laws.
First-year medical students find such examinations more morally problematic than those who have completed clinical clerkships in obstetrics and gynaecology, an example of a phenomenon known as ethical erosion.
Frequency
A study done in 2003 found that 90% of Pennsylvania medical students had done pelvic exams on anesthetized patients during their gynecology rotation. One medical student described performing them "for 3 weeks, four to five times a day, I was asked to, and did, perform pelvic examinations on anesthetized women, without specific consent, solely for the purpose of my education."
A 2022 study of six American medical schools found that of the 84% of medical students that had performed pelvic exam(s) under anesthesia, 67% stated that they never or rarely witnessed explicit consent being obtained for a student to perform the pelvic exam under anesthesia. It is possible that such consent had been obtained when the clinician provided a discussion of the type of procedures to be performed, along with a discussion of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to the procedures; this discussion typically takes place at a preoperative visit.
Students have described pressure to do the examinations from their superiors. They have reported that they believed "they did not have the personal autonomy to object to performing pelvic EUAs that they believed were unconsented."
Support
The New York Times found that "doctors often argued that patients implicitly consented to being enlisted in medical teaching when visiting a teaching hospital, or that consent for one gynecological procedure encompassed consent for any additional, related exams."
People have described beliefs that if consent was asked, medical students would not be able to get experience performing pelvic exams; however, a majority of women polled stated that they would consent to such procedures. A utilitarian perspective argues that the educational benefit and consequential benefit to future patients is invaluable.
Others have opposed bans to maintain institutional autonomy and prevent government overreach.
Opposition
A social media hashtag, #MeTooPelvic, was created. People have described the exams as violating and traumatizing. They have been described as sexual assault, and a comparison to rape has been drawn due to the digital penetration without consent.
The Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics recommends that pelvic examinations only be done with explicit consent.
A 2022 study of third and fourth year medical students at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine found that 75% of students believed that explicit consent should be obtained for educational pelvic exams under anesthesia.
Legality
United States
The practice was first banned by California in 2003, followed by Illinois, Virginia, Oregon, Hawaii, Iowa, Utah, and Maryland in subsequent years. By 2019, it was still legal in 42 states, though some individual medical schools, such as Harvard, had implemented bans. By 2023, more than 20 states had enacted bans on such exams. In 2024, the United States federal Department of Health and Human Services banned hospitals from performing non-consensual breast, pelvic, prostate, and rectal exams for "educational and training purposes" by medical students, nurse practitioners, or physician assistants. Hospitals that do not obtain explicit consent may be ineligible to participate in Medicare and Medicaid programs and may be subject to fines and investigations for violating patient privacy laws. Additionally, the Office for Civil Rights announced that they were investigating complaints that patients’ health information had been disclosed to medical trainees in violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 Privacy Rule.
France
In 2015, it was revealed that some doctors had been using patients under general anesthesia as teaching tools for their students, performing rectal and vaginal examinations without consent. The most vocal critics were a group of fifty doctors, feminists, and social workers who wrote an open letter to the French government demanding an end to the practice. In response to the revelations, Health Minister Marisol Touraine requested an official report from the deans of medical schools at teaching hospitals. The report found that one in three pelvic examinations performed by first-year students, and one in five conducted by later-year students, were carried out without the patient's consent. In 2016, Touraine introduced new rules banning examinations on unconscious patients without consent. President Jean Marty of the gynecologists’ and obstetricians’ federation said the new rules were "disruptive" for patients and Bernard Hédon, head of the national college of gynecologists and obstetricians, labeled them as "prudishness."
References
Bioethics
Female genital procedures
Consent
Sexual harassment in education
Medical scandals
Social problems in medicine
School sexual abuse scandals
Medical controversies in France
Medical controversies in the United States
Medical schools | Pelvic examinations under anesthesia by medical students without consent | [
"Technology"
] | 1,114 | [
"Bioethics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
75,490,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpegnathos%20alperti | Harpegnathos alperti is a ponerine species of ants found in the Indomalayan bioregion. The species is known from a single specimen collected in the Philippines and described in 2016.
History and classification
The type specimen was collected in 2003 from Panicuason Village located on Mt. Isarog about east of Naga city, Luzon Island in the Philippines. The worker was officially described by myrmecologist David Emmanuel M. General of the University of the Philippines in a 2016 Halteres paper. The holotype was deposited into the National Museum of the Philippines collections as specimen #PNM13015, and to the Antweb.org database as #ANTWEB1008901. General coined the specific epithet as a patronym honoring entomologist Gary Alpert who acted as a mentor and friend.
In general aspect, General considered the species is similar to Harpegnathos venator chapmani in coloration, but with exokeletal texturing more similar to Harpegnathos venator rugosus. However, due to being unable to locate the type specimen for H. v. chapmani in the American Museum of Natural History, Natural History Museum, London, Museum of Comparative Zoology or Smithsonian Institution collections, a direct and more detailed comparison of the two taxa was unable to be performed. The H. v. chapmani type worker was collected from Mount Makiling, with General noting the need for more extensive collecting to gather specimens of Luzon Harpegnathos and shed light on the natural biology of the genus on the island.
Description
Overall the Harpegnathos alperti is long, with an overall black coloration to the body grading to patchy yellowish chocolate-brown on the leg while the mandibles and antennae are a darker chocolate. The head capsule is wide by long with a straight rear edge and large compound eyes placed slightly rearward of midpoint on each side. The head has a rugose texturing to the surface forming a reticulo-punctate pattering. The antennal bases are covered by the frontal lobes of the head capsule. Each antennae has sort erect to suberect hairs sparsely scattered along the scape which extends beyond the posterior margin. the mandibles are longer than the head capsule, being in length each. In profile the H. alperti thorax has an elongated cylindrical outline with a space between the front coxae and the middle plus hind coxae. The petiole is longer than high and has coarse punctation on both the sides and upper surface. The elongated gasters first and second tergites have fine background punctation overlain by larger and coarser punctations and the tip of the gaster sports a functional sting.
Ecology
The holotype was trapped during the process of general insect collection on a Pterocarpus indicus ("narra") plantation with an understory consisting of Musa textilis Abacá banana. The plantation was at an elevation of in elevation.
References
External links
Ponerinae
Hymenoptera of Asia
Insects described in 2016
Species known from a single specimen
Insects of the Philippines | Harpegnathos alperti | [
"Biology"
] | 641 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
75,492,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium%28IV%29%20selenate | Cerium(IV) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce(SeO4)2.
Preparation
Cerium(IV) selenate can be obtained by reacting cerium(IV) hydroxide with hot selenic acid, and the tetrahydrate can be crystallized from the solution.
Properties
Cerium(IV) selenate has a space group of Pbca, and its unit cell parameters are a = 9.748 Å, b = 9.174 Å, and c = 13.740 Å.
The tetrahydrate has orthorhombic space group Fddd with unit cell dimensions a = 27.31, b = 12.38, c = 5.736 Å.
It hydrolyzes when exposed to water and can be reduced to trivalent cerium using hydrogen peroxide.
References
Selenates
Cerium(IV) compounds
Oxidizing agents | Cerium(IV) selenate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents"
] |
75,492,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation%20strain%20model | The activation strain model, also referred to as the distortion/interaction model, is a computational tool for modeling and understanding the potential energy curves of a chemical reaction as a function of reaction coordinate (ζ), as portrayed in reaction coordinate diagrams. The activation strain model decomposes these energy curves into 2 terms: the strain of the reactant molecules as they undergo a distortion and the interaction between these reactant molecules. A particularly important aspect of this type of analysis compared others is that it describes the energetics of the reaction in terms of the original reactant molecules and describes their distortion and interaction using intuitive models such as molecular orbital theory that are capable using most quantum chemical programs. Such a model allows for the calculation of transition state energies, and hence the activation energy, of a particular reaction mechanism and allows the model to be used as a predictive tool for describing competitive mechanisms and relative preference for certain pathways. In chemistry literature, the activation strain model has been used for modeling bimolecular reactions like SN2 and E2 reactions, transition metal mediated C-H bond activation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, among others.
Theory
The activation strain model was originally proposed and has been extensively developed by Bickelhaupt and coworkers. This model breaks the potential energy curve as a function of reaction coordinate, ζ, of a reaction into 2 components as shown in equation 1: the energy due to straining the original reactant molecules (∆Estrain) and the energy due to interaction between reactant molecules (∆Eint). The strain term ∆Estrain is usually destabilizing as it represents the distortion of a molecule from the equilibrium geometry. The interaction term, ∆Eint, is generally stabilizing as it represents the electronic interactions of reactants that typically drive the reaction. The interaction energy is further decomposed based on an energy decomposition scheme from an approach by Morokuma and the Transition State Method from by Ziegler and Rauk. This decomposition breaks the interaction energy into terms that are easily processed within the framework of Kohn-Sham molecular orbital model. These terms relate to the electrostatic interactions, steric repulsion, orbital interactions, and dispersion forces as shown in equation 2.
The electrostatic interaction, ∆Velst, is the classical repulsion and attraction between the nuclei and electron densities of the approaching reactant molecules. The Pauli repulsion term, ∆Epauli, relates to the interaction between the filled orbitals of reactant molecules. In other words, it describes steric repulsion between approaching reactants. The orbital interaction, ∆Eoi, describes bond formation, HOMO-LUMO interactions, and polarization. Further, this term is well complimented by group theory and MO theory as a way to describe interaction between orbitals of the correct symmetry. The last term, , relates to dispersion forces between the reactants.
The transition states, defined as local maxima of potential energy surface, are found where equation 3 is satisfied. At this point along the reaction coordinate, as long as the strain and interaction energies at ζ = 0 is set to zero, the transition state energy () is the activation energy () of the reaction. The activation energy can then be defined as the sum of the activation strain () and the TS interaction energy () as shown in equation 4.
Select applications
The bimolecular elimination (E2) and substitution (SN2) reactions are often in competition with each other because of mechanistic similarities, mainly that both benefit from a good leaving group and that the E2 reaction uses strong bases, which are often good nucleophiles for an SN2 reaction. Bickelhaupt et. al used the activation strain model to analyze this competition between the two reactions in acidic and basic media using the 4 representative reactions below. Reactions [1] and [2] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions, respectively, in basic conditions while reactions [3] and [4] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions in acidic conditions.
[1] \ OH^- \ +\ CH_3CH_2OH\ -> H_2O\ {+}\ CH_2CH_2\ {+} \ OH^-
[2] \ OH^- \ +\ CH_3CH_2OH\ -> CH_3CH_2OH \ + \ OH^-
[3] \ H_2O \ + \ CH3CH2OH_2+ -> H_3O+\ +\ CH2CH2 \ + \ H2O
[4] \ H2O \ + \ CH3CH2OH2+-> CH3CH2OH2+ \ + \ H2O
Initial calculations show that, in basic media, the transition state energy ΔE‡ of the E2 pathway is lower while acidic conditions favor the SN2. Closer observation of the interaction and strain energies show that, for the E2 mechanism, upon shifting from acidic to basic media, the strain energy becomes more destabilizing, yet the interaction energy becomes more even more stabilizing, making it the driving force for the preference of the E2 pathway in basic conditions.
To rationalize this increase in stabilizing interaction upon shifting to basic conditions, it is useful to represent the interaction energy in terms of molecular orbital theory. The figure below shows the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO)s of ethanol (basic conditions) and protonated ethanol (acidic conditions), which can be visualized as a combinations of the fragment *CH_3 radical and either the *CH2OH (basic conditions) or the *CH2OH2+ (acidic conditions) radical. Upon protonation of the *CH2OH fragment, these orbitals are lowered in energy, resulting in the overall LUMO for each molecule having different parentage. This change in parentage in the linear combination of atomic orbitals results in the LUMO of CH3CH2OH2+ having bonding character between β-carbon and the hydrogen atom abstracted in the E2 pathway while the LUMO of CH3CH2OH has antibonding character along this bond.
In either the SN2 or the E2 pathway, the HOMO of the nucleophile/base will be donating electron density into this LUMO. As the LUMO for CH3CH2OH2+ has bonding character along the C(β)-H bond, putting electrons into this orbital should result in strengthening of this bond, dissuading its abstraction as necessary in the E2 reaction. The opposite goes for the LUMO of CH3CH2OH, as donation into the orbital that is antibonding with respect to this bond will weaken the C(β)-H bond and allow it abstraction in the E2 reaction. This relatively intuitive comparison within MO theory shows how the increase in stabilizing interaction for the E2 mechanism arises when switching from acidic to basic conditions.
Single point calculations
An issue in the interpretation of interaction (∆Eint) and strain (∆Estrain) curves arises when only single points along the reaction coordinate are considered. Such issues become apparent when two model reactions are considered, which have identical strain energy ∆Estrain curves that become more destabilizing along the reaction coordinate but have different interaction energy curves. If one of the reactions has a more stabilizing interaction energy curve with greater curvature, the transition state will be reached sooner along the reaction coordinate in order to satisfy the condition in equation 3, while a reaction with a less stabilizing interaction curve will reach the transition state later in the reaction coordinate with a higher transition state energy.
If only the transition states are observed, it would appear that the transition state of the second representative reaction would have a higher energy due to the higher strain energy at the respective transition states. However, if one considers the entire curves for both of the reactions, it would become clear that the higher transition sate energy of the second reaction is due to the less stabilizing interaction energy at all points along the reaction coordinate, while they have identical strain energy curves.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Computational chemistry
Simulation | Activation strain model | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,681 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry"
] |
75,492,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201167 | NGC 1167 is a late type, lenticular, nonbarred galaxy in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued in 1784 by the astronomer William Herschel.
Characteristics
NGC 1167 is a massive galaxy with a giant HI disk of D = 160 kpc. For comparison, the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 30.6 kpc across. Astronomers suggest NGC 1167 is accumulating gas by satellite accretion, incorporating its neighboring galaxies through fairly recent mergers, expanding its disk. While this galaxy contains significant amount of gas, matter is distributed over a very large area, resulting in a relatively low surface density (less than 2 M⊙/pc).
NGC 1167 has ring-like arcs where star formation is taking place. However its arcs are uncommonly thin and smooth, not showing the expected irregularities observed in star-forming regions of a galaxy's arms. Astronomers suggest this might be due to the lack of O stars within the structure. The nature of the phenomenon is yet not fully comprehended.
Radio jet
In a research paper released in 2022, astronomers reported the detection of a radio jet (named B2 0258+35) on NGC 1167. Given the properties of the detected X-ray emission coming from the jet and its similarity with an extended emission from an active galactic nucleus, the researchers concluded the galaxy is presently a LINER but had an AGN in the past.
See also
Other LINER galaxies include:
Sombrero Galaxy
NGC 5195
Messier 94
References
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Perseus (constellation)
1167
011425
NGC 1167
Discoveries by William Herschel
Lenticular galaxies
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Galaxies discovered in 1784
02487
+06-07-033 | NGC 1167 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 353 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,492,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%20perchlorate | Niobium perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a hygroscopic, white crystalline solid that readily reacts with moist air or water to produce niobium(V) oxide.
Synthesis and reactions
Niobium perchlorate is produced from the reaction of niobium pentachloride and anhydrous perchloric acid:
It decomposes at to niobyl perchlorate, releasing dichlorine heptoxide:
Niobyl perchlorate further decomposes at to , which decomposes at to niobium pentoxide.
Perchloratoniobates, such as and , are produced by the reaction of perchlorate sources, such as cesium perchlorate and niobium perchlorate, in anhydrous perchloric acid at .
Structure
Although the structure of niobium perchlorate has not been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, the structure has been probed by IR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Niobium perchlorate has both monodentate and bidentate perchlorate ligands.
References
Niobium(V) compounds
Perchlorates | Niobium perchlorate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 255 | [
"Perchlorates",
"Salts"
] |
75,492,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium%28III%29%20selenate | Cerium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It can be obtained by reacting selenic acid and cerium(III) carbonate, and the solvent is evaporated to precipitate crystals. The double salt CsCe(SeO4)2·4H2O can be obtained from mixing cerium(III) selenate and cesium selenate in an aqueous solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the solution.
References
Selenates
Cerium(III) compounds | Cerium(III) selenate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 111 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
75,492,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatonium%20acetate | Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist of the bitter-sensing type 2 taste receptors (TAS2R). It is hoped to activate the TAS2R receptors in the gut. It is tested in healthy adults and people with Prader-Willi syndrome.
References
Experimental anti-obesity drugs
Prodrugs
Acetate esters | Denatonium acetate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 104 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.