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77,148,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalophyllon%20miraculum | Amalophyllon miraculum is a plant species in the family Gesneriaceae endemic to the Andes of Ecuador. It was discovered in Centinela, Ecuador in 2024.
The plant is small in stature and an obligate lithophyte. It lives near waterfalls due to its need of constant moisture.
This small plant with serrated leaves and tiny white flowers is named "miraculum" because its miraculous the species was still there after being thought to be extinct.
References
Gesnerioideae
Plants described in 2024
Endemic flora of Ecuador
Lithophytes | Amalophyllon miraculum | [
"Biology"
] | 119 | [
"Lithophytes",
"Plants"
] |
77,151,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Tesla%20Autopilot%20crashes | Tesla Autopilot, a Level 2 advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), was released in October 2015 and the first fatal crashes involving the occurred less than one year later. The fatal crashes attracted attention from news publications and United States government agencies, including the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which has argued the Tesla Autopilot death rate is higher than the reported estimates. In addition to fatal crashes, there have been many nonfatal ones. Causes behind the incidents include the ADAS failing to recognize other vehicles, insufficient Autopilot driver engagement, and violating the operational design domain.
, there have been hundreds of nonfatal incidents involving Autopilot and fifty-one reported fatalities, forty-four of which NHTSA investigations or expert testimony later verified and two that NHTSA's Office of Defect Investigations verified as happening during the engagement of Full Self-Driving (FSD). Collectively, these cases culminated in a general recall in December 2023 of all vehicles equipped with Autopilot, which Tesla claims it resolved by an over-the-air software update. Immediately after closing its investigation in April 2024, NHTSA opened a recall query to determine the effectiveness of the recall.
Fatal crashes
Handan, Hebei, China (January 20, 2016)
On January 20, 2016, Gao Yaning, the driver of a Tesla Model S in Handan, Hebei, China, was killed when his car crashed into a stationary truck. The Tesla was following a car in the far left lane of a multi-lane highway; the car in front moved to the right lane to avoid a truck stopped on the left shoulder, and the Tesla, which the driver's father believes was in Autopilot mode, did not slow before colliding with the stopped truck. According to footage captured by a dashboard camera, the stationary street sweeper on the left side of the expressway partially extended into the far left lane, and the driver did not appear to respond to the unexpected obstacle.
Initially, Yaning was held responsible for the collision by local traffic police and, in September 2016, his family filed a lawsuit in July against the Tesla dealer who sold the car. The family's lawyer stated the suit was intended "to let the public know that self-driving technology has some defects. We are hoping Tesla when marketing its products, will be more cautious. Do not just use self-driving as a selling point for young people." Tesla released a statement which said they "have no way of knowing whether or not Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash" since the car telemetry could not be retrieved remotely due to damage caused by the crash. In 2018, the lawsuit was stalled because telemetry was recorded locally to a SD card and was not able to be given to Tesla, who provided a decoding key to a third party for independent review. Tesla stated that "while the third-party appraisal is not yet complete, we have no reason to believe that Autopilot on this vehicle ever functioned other than as designed." Chinese media later reported that the family sent the information from that card to Tesla, which admitted Autopilot was engaged two minutes before the crash. Tesla since then removed the term "Autopilot" from its Chinese website.
Williston, Florida, USA (May 7, 2016)
On May 7, 2016, Tesla driver Joshua Brown was killed in a crash with an 18-wheel tractor-trailer in Williston, Florida. By late June 2016, the NHTSA opened a formal investigation into the fatal autonomous accident, working with the Florida Highway Patrol. According to the NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor-trailer made a left turn in front of the 2015 Tesla Model S at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes. The car continued to travel after passing under the truck's trailer. The Tesla was eastbound in the rightmost lane of US 27, and the westbound tractor-trailer was turning left at the intersection with NE 140th Court, approximately west of Williston; the posted speed limit is .
The diagnostic log of the Tesla indicated it was traveling at a speed of when it collided with and traveled under the trailer, which was not equipped with a side underrun protection system. A reconstruction of the accident estimated the driver would have had approximately 10.4 seconds to detect the truck and take evasive action. The underride collision sheared off the Tesla's greenhouse, destroying everything above the beltline, and caused fatal injuries to the driver. In the approximately nine seconds after colliding with the trailer, the Tesla traveled another and came to rest after colliding with two chain-link fences and a utility pole.
The NHTSA's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash, which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars. On July 8, 2016, the NHTSA requested Tesla Inc. to hand over to the agency detailed information about the design, operation and testing of its Autopilot technology. The agency also requested details of all design changes and updates to Autopilot since its introduction, and Tesla's planned updates scheduled for the next four months.
According to Tesla, "neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor-trailer against a brightly lit sky, so the brake was not applied." The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer, "with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S". Tesla also stated that this was Tesla's first known Autopilot-related death in over 130 million miles (208 million km) driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated. According to Tesla there is a fatality every 94 million miles (150 million km) among all type of vehicles in the U.S. It is estimated that billions of miles will need to be traveled before Tesla Autopilot can claim to be safer than humans with statistical significance. Researchers say that Tesla and others need to release more data on the limitations and performance of automated driving systems if self-driving cars are to become safe and understood enough for mass-market use.
The truck's driver told the Associated Press that he could hear a Harry Potter movie playing in the crashed car, and said the car was driving so quickly that "he went so fast through my trailer I didn't see him. [The film] was still playing when he died and snapped a telephone pole a quarter-mile down the road." According to the Florida Highway Patrol, they found in the wreckage an aftermarket portable DVD player. (It is not possible to watch videos on the Model S touchscreen display while the car is moving.) A laptop computer was recovered during the post-crash examination of the wreck, along with an adjustable vehicle laptop mount attached to the front passenger's seat frame. The NHTSA concluded the laptop was probably mounted, and the driver may have been distracted at the time of the crash.
In January 2017, the NHTSA Office of Defects Investigations (ODI) released a preliminary evaluation, finding that the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and identifying no defects in the Autopilot system; the ODI also found that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent after Autosteer installation, but later also clarified that it did not assess the effectiveness of this technology or whether it was engaged in its crash rate comparison. The NHTSA Special Crash Investigation team published its report in January 2018. According to the report, for the drive leading up to the crash, the driver engaged Autopilot for 37 minutes and 26 seconds, and the system provided 13 "hands not detected" alerts, to which the driver responded after an average delay of 16 seconds. The report concluded "Regardless of the operational status of the Tesla's ADAS technologies, the driver was still responsible for maintaining ultimate control of the vehicle. All evidence and data gathered concluded that the driver neglected to maintain complete control of the Tesla leading up to the crash."
In July 2016, the NTSB announced it had opened a formal investigation into the fatal accident while Autopilot was engaged. The NTSB is an investigative body that only has the power to make policy recommendations. An agency spokesman said, "It's worth taking a look and seeing what we can learn from that event, so that as that automation is more widely introduced we can do it in the safest way possible." The NTSB opens annually about 25 to 30 highway investigations. In September 2017, the NTSB released its report, determining that "the probable cause of the Williston, Florida, crash was the truck driver's failure to yield the right of way to the car, combined with the car driver's inattention due to overreliance on vehicle automation, which resulted in the car driver's lack of reaction to the presence of the truck. Contributing to the car driver's overreliance on the vehicle automation was its operational design, which permitted his prolonged disengagement from the driving task and his use of the automation in ways inconsistent with guidance and warnings from the manufacturer."
Mountain View, California, USA (March 23, 2018)
On March 23, 2018, a second U.S. Autopilot fatality occurred in Mountain View, California. The crash occurred just before 9:30 a.m. Pacific Standard Time on southbound US 101 at the carpool lane exit for southbound Highway 85, at a concrete barrier where the left-hand carpool lane offramp separates from 101. After the Model X crashed into the narrow concrete barrier, it was struck by two following vehicles, and then it caught on fire. The driver was Apple engineer Walter Huang.
Both the NHTSA and NTSB began investigations into the March 2018 crash. Another driver of a Model S demonstrated that Autopilot appeared to be confused by the road surface marking in April 2018. The gore ahead of the barrier is marked by diverging solid white lines (a vee-shape) and the Autosteer feature of the Model S appeared to mistakenly use the left-side white line instead of the right-side white line as the lane marking for the far left lane, which would have led the Model S into the same concrete barrier had the driver not taken control. Ars Technica concluded that "as Autopilot gets better, drivers could become increasingly complacent and pay less and less attention to the road."
In a corporate blog post, Tesla noted the impact attenuator separating the offramp from US 101 had been previously crushed and not replaced prior to the Model X crash on March 23. The post also stated that Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash, and the driver's hands had not been detected manipulating the steering wheel for six seconds before the crash. Vehicle data showed the driver had five seconds and a "unobstructed view of the concrete divider, ... but the vehicle logs show that no action was taken." The NTSB investigation had been focused on the damaged impact attenuator and the vehicle fire after the collision, but after it was reported the driver had complained about the Autopilot functionality, the NTSB announced it would also investigate "all aspects of this crash including the driver's previous concerns about the autopilot". A NTSB spokesman stated the organization "is unhappy with the release of investigative information by Tesla". Elon Musk dismissed the criticism, tweeting that NTSB was "an advisory body" and that "Tesla releases critical crash data affecting public safety immediately & always will. To do otherwise would be unsafe." In response, NTSB removed Tesla as a party to the investigation on April 11.
NTSB released a preliminary report on June 7, 2018, which provided the recorded telemetry of the Model X and other factual details. Autopilot was engaged continuously for almost nineteen minutes prior to the crash. In the minute before the crash, the driver's hands were detected on the steering wheel for 34 seconds in total, but his hands were not detected for the six seconds immediately preceding the crash. Seven seconds before the crash, the Tesla began to steer to the left and was following a lead vehicle; four seconds before the crash, the Tesla was no longer following a lead vehicle; and during the three seconds before the crash, the Tesla's speed increased to . The driver was wearing a seatbelt and was pulled from the vehicle before it was engulfed in flames.
The crash attenuator had been previously damaged on March 12 and had not been replaced at the time of the Tesla crash. The driver involved in the accident on March 12 collided with the crash attenuator at more than and was treated for minor injuries; in comparison, the driver of the Tesla collided with the collapsed attenuator at a slower speed and died from blunt force trauma. After the accident on March 12, the California Highway Patrol failed to report the collapsed attenuator to Caltrans as required. Caltrans was not aware of the damage until March 20, and the attenuator was not replaced until March 26 because a spare was not immediately available. This specific attenuator had required repair more often than any other crash attenuator in the Bay Area, and maintenance records indicated that repair of this attenuator was delayed by up to three months after being damaged. As a result, the NTSB released a Safety Recommendation Report on September 9, 2019, asking Caltrans to develop and implement a plan to guarantee timely repair of traffic safety hardware.
At a NTSB meeting held on February 25, 2020, the board concluded the crash was caused by a combination of the limitations of the Tesla Autopilot system, the driver's over-reliance on Autopilot, and driver distraction likely from playing a video game on his phone. The vehicle's ineffective monitoring of driver engagement was cited as a contributing factor, and the inoperability of the crash attenuator contributed to the driver's injuries. As an advisory agency, NTSB does not have regulatory power; however, NTSB made several recommendations to two regulatory agencies. The NTSB recommendations to the NHTSA included: expanding the scope of the New Car Assessment Program to include testing of forward collision avoidance systems; determining if "the ability to operate [Tesla Autopilot-equipped vehicles] outside the intended operational design domain pose[s] an unreasonable risk to safety"; and developing driver monitoring system performance standards. The NTSB submitted recommendations to the OSHA relating to distracted driving awareness and regulation. In addition, NTSB issued recommendations to manufacturers of portable electronic devices (to develop lock-out mechanisms to prevent driver-distracting functions) and to Apple (banning the nonemergency use of portable electronic devices while driving).
Several NTSB recommendations previously issued to NHTSA, DOT, and Tesla were reclassified to "Open—Unacceptable Response". These included H-17-41 (recommendation to Tesla to incorporate system safeguards that limit the use of automated vehicle control systems to design conditions) and H-17-42 (recommendation to Tesla to more effectively sense the driver's level of engagement). Tesla settled a lawsuit over the incident with the engineer's family in April 2024.
Kanagawa, Japan (April 29, 2018)
On April 29, 2018, a Tesla Model X operating on Autopilot struck and killed a pedestrian in Kanagawa, Japan, after the driver had fallen asleep. According to a lawsuit filed against Tesla in federal court (N.D. Cal.) in April 2020, the Tesla Model X accelerated from after the vehicle in front of it changed lanes; it then crashed into a van, motorcycles, and pedestrians in the far right lane of the expressway, killing a 44-year-old man on the road directing traffic. The original complaint claims the accident occurred due to flaws in Tesla's Autopilot system, such as inadequate monitoring to detect inattentive drivers and an inability to handle traffic situations "that drivers will almost always certainly encounter". In addition, the original complaint claimed this is the first pedestrian fatality to result from the use of Autopilot.
According to vehicle data logs, the driver of the Tesla had engaged Autopilot at 2:11 p.m. Japan Standard Time, shortly after entering the Tōmei Expressway. The driver's hands were detected on the wheel at 2:22 p.m. At some point before 2:49 p.m., the driver began to doze off, and at approximately 2:49 p.m., the vehicle ahead of the Tesla signaled and moved one lane to the left to avoid the vehicles stopped in the far right lane of the expressway. While the Tesla was accelerating to resume its preset speed, it struck the man, killing him. He belonged to a motorcycle riding club which had stopped to render aid to a friend that had been involved in an earlier accident; he specifically had been standing apart from the main group while trying to redirect traffic away from that earlier accident.
The driver of the Tesla was convicted in a Japanese court of criminal negligence and sentenced to three years in prison (suspended for five years). The suit against Tesla in California was dismissed for forum non-conveniens by Judge Susan van Keulen in September 2020 after Tesla said it would accept a case brought in Japan. The plaintiffs appealed the dismissal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in February 2021, which upheld the lower court's dismissal.
Delray Beach, Florida, USA (March 1, 2019)
At approximately 6:17 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on the morning of March 1, 2019, a Tesla Model 3 driving southbound on US 441/SR 7 in Delray Beach, Florida, struck a semi-trailer truck that was making a left-hand turn to northbound SR 7 out of a private driveway at Pero Family Farms; the Tesla underrode the trailer, and the force of the impact sheared off the greenhouse of the Model 3, resulting in the death of the Tesla driver. The driver of the Tesla had engaged Autopilot approximately 10 seconds before the collision and preliminary telemetry showed the vehicle did not detect the driver's hands on the wheel for the eight seconds immediately preceding the collision. The driver of the semi-trailer truck was not cited. Both the NHTSA and NTSB dispatched investigators to the scene.
According to telemetry recorded by the Tesla's restraint control module, the Tesla's cruise control was set to 12.3 seconds prior to the collision and Autopilot was engaged 9.9 seconds prior to the collision; at the moment of impact, the vehicle speed was . After the crash and underride, the Tesla continued southbound on SR 7 for approximately before coming to rest in the median between the northbound and southbound lanes. The car sustained extensive damage to the roof, windshield, and other surfaces above , the clearance under the trailer. Although the airbags did not deploy following the collision, the Tesla's driver remained restrained by his seatbelt; emergency response personnel were able to determine the driver's injuries were incompatible with life upon arriving at the scene.
In May 2019 the NTSB issued a preliminary report that determined that neither the driver of the Tesla or the Autopilot system executed evasive maneuvers. The circumstances of this crash were similar to the fatal underride crash of a Tesla Model S in 2016 near Williston, Florida; in its 2017 report detailing the investigation of that earlier crash, NTSB recommended that Autopilot be used only on limited-access roads (i.e., freeway), which Tesla did not implement.
The NTSB issued its final report in March 2020. The probable cause of the collision was the truck driver's failure to yield the right of way to the Tesla; however, the report also concluded that "[a]t no time before the crash did the car driver brake or initiate an evasive steering action. In addition, no driver-applied steering wheel torque was detected for 7.7 seconds before impact, indicating driver disengagement, likely due to overreliance on the Autopilot system." In addition, the NTSB concluded the operational design of the Tesla Autopilot system "permitted disengagement by the driver" and Tesla failed to "limit the use of the system to the conditions for which it was designed"; the NHTSA also failed to develop a method of verifying that manufacturers had safeguards in place to limit the use of ADAS to design conditions.
Key Largo, Florida, USA (April 25, 2019)
While driving on Card Sound Road, a 2019 Model S ran through a stop sign and flashing red stop light at the T-intersection with County Road 905, then struck a parked Chevrolet Tahoe which then spun and hit two pedestrians, killing one. A New York Times article later confirmed Autopilot was engaged at the time of the accident. The driver of the Tesla, who was commuting to his home in Key Largo from his office in Boca Raton, dropped his phone while on a call to make flight reservations and bent down to pick it up, failing to stop at the intersection: "I looked down, and I ran the stop sign and hit the guy's car ... When I popped up and I looked and saw a black truck — it happened so fast", later telling the responding police officers that Autopilot was "stupid cruise control".
When the driver of the Tesla called authorities to respond, he spotted only one injured man, who was unconscious and bleeding from the mouth. He told police at the scene that he was driving in "cruise" and was allowed to leave without receiving a citation. Emergency medical personnel saw a woman's shoe under the Tahoe, prompting a search for the second victim, who was found approximately away from the scene, where she had been thrown from the impact.
The decedent's family filed separate lawsuits against Tesla and the driver; the suit against the driver was settled out of court. The lawsuit against Tesla alleges the company marketed a vehicle with "defective and unsafe characteristics, such as the failure to adequately determine stationary objects in front of the vehicle, which resulted in the death of [the victim]".
Fremont, California, USA (August 24, 2019)
In Fremont, California on I-880, while driving north of Stevenson Boulevard, a Ford Explorer pickup was rear-ended by a Tesla Model 3 using Autopilot, causing the pickup's driver to lose control. The pickup overturned and a 15-year-old passenger in the Ford, who was not seat-belted, was jettisoned from the pickup and killed. The deceased's parents sued Tesla and claimed in their filing that "Autopilot contains defects and failed to react to traffic conditions." In response, a lawyer for Tesla noted the police had cited the driver of the Tesla for inattention and operating the car at an unsafe speed. The incident has not been investigated by the NHTSA.
Cloverdale, Indiana, USA (December 29, 2019)
An eastbound Tesla Model 3 rear-ended a fire truck parked along I-70 near mile marker 38 in Putnam County, Indiana at approximately 8 a.m.; both the driver and passenger in the Tesla, a married couple, were injured and taken to Terre Haute Regional Hospital, where the passenger later died from her injuries. The driver stated he regularly uses Autopilot mode, but could not recall if it was engaged when the Tesla hit the fire truck.
The NHTSA announced it was investigating the crash on January 9 and later confirmed the use of Autopilot at the time of the crash. The driver filed a civil lawsuit against Tesla in November 2021; it was moved to federal court in February 2022.
Gardena, California, USA (December 29, 2019)
Shortly before 12:39 a.m. on December 29, 2019, a westbound Tesla Model S exited the freeway section of SR 91, failed to stop for a red light, and crashed into the driver's side of Honda Civic in Gardena, California, killing the driver and passenger in the Civic and injuring the driver and passenger in the Tesla. The freeway section of SR 91 ends just east of the intersection with Vermont Ave and continues as Artesia Blvd. The Tesla was proceeding west on Artesia against the red light when it struck the Civic, which was turning left from Vermont onto Artesia. The occupants of the Tesla were taken to the hospital with non life-threatening injuries.
The NHTSA initiated an investigation of the crash, which was considered unusual for a two-vehicle collision, and later confirmed in January 2022 that Autopilot was engaged during the crash. The driver of the Tesla was charged in October 2021 with vehicular manslaughter in Los Angeles County Superior Court. The families of the two killed also have filed separate civil lawsuits against the driver of the Tesla, for his negligence, and Tesla, for selling defective vehicles.
In May 2022, a preliminary court hearing was held to determine if there was probable cause to proceed with a trial; a Tesla engineer testified the driver of the Tesla had engaged the Autopilot system approximately 20 minutes prior to the crash, setting the speed at . The Tesla was traveling at when it collided with the Honda. The judge ordered the driver of the Tesla to stand trial on two counts of vehicular manslaughter. Telemetry data indicated the driver had a hand on the steering wheel, but no brake inputs were detected in the six minutes preceding the crash, despite multiple signs at the end of the freeway warning drivers to slow down. The driver of the Tesla pleaded not guilty in June. The trial, scheduled for November 15, was postponed to late February 2023. The driver changed his plea to no contest and was sentenced to two years of probation that June.
Arendal, Norway (May 29, 2020)
After being notified that some straps on his trailer had come loose, on May 29, 2020, at approximately 11:00 a.m., a solo truck driver parked a tractor-trailer on the hard shoulder of northbound E18, northeast of the Torsbuås tunnel exit, just outside Arendal. Because of the restricted shoulder width, part of the truck was protruding into the right lane of E18. While fixing the loose strap that was securing the load, he was struck and killed by a northbound Tesla Model S. The Tesla driver had engaged Autopilot approximately south of the accident site; as he exited the tunnel and approached the parked truck, he observed there were no warning lights on the truck or a warning triangle on the ground and he assumed the truck was abandoned. He then "heard a loud bang, and the car's windscreen cracked"; after pulling over to the shoulder, he walked back towards the parked truck and saw the truck driver's body.
The Tesla's driver was charged with negligent homicide. Early in the trial, an expert witness testified that the car's computer indicated Autopilot was engaged at the time of the incident. A forensic scientist said the victim was less visible because he was in the shadow of the trailer. The driver said he had both hands on the wheel, and that he was vigilant. He was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in December 2020.
The Accident Investigation Board Norway investigated the crash and published its report in June 2022. According to the investigation report, the truck driver had failed to report his stop to fix the strap to the Traffic Control Centre, and no passing motorists reported the parked truck; consequently, the driver of the Tesla was not notified there was a truck parked outside the tunnel. The Tesla's driver believed there was sufficient room to pass the parked truck while remaining in the right lane. Because the truck driver was next to the trailer in the shadow cast by the truck, the Tesla driver's view of the truck driver may have been compromised.
In addition, the company responsible for planning and constructing the road, Nye Veier AS, was faulted by the investigators. During the planning phase, Nye Veier proposed a narrower shoulder of rather than as originally designed; this variance was approved by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration contingent on Nye Veier implementing mitigations. Nye Veier did not implement the proposed mitigations.
Marietta, Georgia, USA (September 17, 2020)
On September 17, 2020, at approximately 5:24 a.m. EDT, the driver of a 2020 Tesla Model 3 crashed into an occupied CobbLinc bus shelter, demolishing it and killing the man waiting inside. The Tesla was driving north on South Cobb Drive near the intersection with Leader Road. Because the car's event data recorder showed it had reached a speed of prior to the crash and that area has a posted speed limit of , police charged the driver with first-degree vehicular homicide and reckless driving.
At the time of the crash, it was not determined if Autopilot was engaged. In September 2022, data provided by Tesla to the NHTSA demonstrated that Autopilot was active at the time of the crash.
Fontana, California, USA (May 5, 2021)
At 2:35 a.m. PDT on May 5, 2021, a Tesla Model 3 crashed into an overturned tractor-trailer on the westbound Foothill Freeway (I-210) in Fontana, California. The driver of the Tesla was killed, and a man who had stopped to assist the driver of the truck was struck and injured by the Tesla. California Highway Patrol (CHP) officials announced on May 13 that Autopilot "was engaged" prior to the crash, but added a day later that "a final determination [has not been] made as to what driving mode the Tesla was in or if it was a contributing factor to the crash". The CHP and NHTSA are investigating the crash. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Queens, New York, USA (July 26, 2021)
On July 26, 2021, just after midnight, a man was hit and killed by a driver in a Tesla Model Y SUV. The victim had parked his vehicle on the left shoulder of the westbound Long Island Expressway (I-495), just east of the College Point Boulevard exit in Flushing, Queens, New York, to change a flat tire. The NHTSA later determined Autopilot was active during the collision and sent a team to further investigate.
Evergreen, Colorado, USA (May 16, 2022)
In the evening of May 16, 2022, the driver of a Tesla Model 3 left Upper Bear Creek Road in Evergreen, Colorado and collided with a tree. After the car caught on fire, a passenger was able to exit, but the driver was unable to leave the car and died at the scene. A subsequent Colorado State Patrol (CSP) investigation determined the driver would have survived the crash, but died from smoke inhalation and thermal injuries. Law enforcement suspect that the Tesla was operating in Autopilot, but due to the remote location, no data was uploaded, and the fire destroyed the onboard data, so the pre-crash telemetry could not be used to verify. The CSP investigation could not determine why the driver did not exit the vehicle. An autopsy of the driver determined their blood alcohol content was 0.264%, more than three times the legal limit.
The crash occurred while the two were returning from an outing to play golf. The surviving passenger recalled the driver had engaged FSD on the trip to the golf course, but was forced to make many manual steering corrections on the winding road. After the crash, the passenger told the 9-1-1 operator the "auto-drive feature on the Tesla" was being used and the vehicle "just ran straight off the road". The lead CSP investigator determined from the tire markings left at the scene the driver never used the brakes and the motors continued to power the wheels after impact, concluding that since "the vehicle drove off the road with no evidence of a sudden maneuver, that fits with the [driver-assistance] feature being engaged". In an article published by The Washington Post in 2024, based on the driver's history and interviews with the surviving passenger and the driver's spouse, the newspaper concluded this was likely the first fatality with FSD engaged. The Post article also used features enabled in the vehicle purchase order, vehicle records, and "a recent message from the company offering [the driver's] account the ability to 'Transfer Your Full Self-Driving Capability to a New Tesla to determine the car was equipped with FSD.
Mission Viejo, California, USA (May 17, 2022)
At 10:51 p.m. PDT on May 17, 2022, a pedestrian walking on southbound I-5 near Crown Valley Parkway in Mission Viejo, California was struck and killed by a driver operating a Tesla Model 3. After the pedestrian was hit, the driver of the Tesla parked the car and exited it to stand on the right shoulder of the freeway; an impaired driver then crashed their car into the Tesla, and a third driver crashed into the two-car wreck, which was in a construction zone. Field report data confirmed the Tesla was operating in Autopilot when the pedestrian was killed.
Gainesville, Florida, USA (July 6, 2022)
At approximately 2:00 p.m. EDT on July 6, 2022, the driver of a Tesla Model S traveling southbound on I-75 exited at a rest area just south of Gainesville, Florida, near Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, and smashed into the rear of a parked Walmart tractor-trailer. Both the driver and passenger of the Tesla, a married couple from Lompoc, California, were killed. A spokesperson for the Florida Highway Patrol noted "[The vehicle] came off the exit ramp to the rest area, continued south for a short period, and turned into an easterly direction and that's at what time we had the collision where the Tesla struck the rear of the tractor-trailer." The NHTSA confirmed it had sent an investigation team to the site. Data reported by Tesla under NHTSA SGO-2021-01 indicate that Autopilot may have been engaged during the crash.
However, in February 2023, a Florida Highway Patrol investigation concluded the crash was due to driver error: while exiting the freeway to the rest area, the driver pressed the accelerator pedal instead of the brake, and the Tesla hit a curb at , then collided with the parked truck. The family sued Tesla in March 2023, alleging the "defective and unreasonably dangerous" Tesla had "malfunctioned during reasonable and foreseeable use", adding the vehicle "was equipped with several crash avoidance and crash mitigation features and technologies".
Riverside, California, USA (July 7, 2022)
It was initially (and incorrectly) reported that at 4:47 a.m. PDT on July 7, 2022, a driver in a Tesla Model Y approached from behind, and then struck a motorcyclist on a Yamaha V-Star. Both vehicles were traveling eastbound in the high-occupancy vehicle lane of SR 91, west of Magnolia Avenue in Riverside, California. The motorcyclist was ejected from his vehicle and died at the scene, while the driver of the Tesla was uninjured after the Model Y went off the road. The driver of the Tesla was not arrested.
Subsequent CHP investigation showed the motorcyclist struck the dividing wall and fell off his motorcycle; the Tesla Model Y following behind struck the motorcycle (which was already lying on its side) but not the motorcyclist. Telemetry data from Tesla later confirmed the Model Y driver was using Autopilot. Data reported by Tesla under NHTSA SGO-2021-01 also confirmed that Autopilot was engaged during the crash.
Draper, Utah, USA (July 24, 2022)
A motorcycle rider was struck from behind by a driver using Autopilot in a Tesla Model 3 on southbound Interstate 15 near 15000 S in Draper, Utah, at 1:09 a.m. MDT on July 24, 2022. The collision threw the motorcycle rider from his Harley-Davidson to the ground, killing him. The driver told police he did not see the motorcyclist and he was using Autopilot at the time of the crash. Telemetric data submitted to NHTSA later confirmed his statements.
Michael Brooks, the acting executive director of the Center for Auto Safety commented "It's pretty clear to me, and it should be to a lot of Tesla owners by now, this stuff isn't working properly and it's not going to live up to the expectations, and it is putting innocent people in danger on the roads ... Drivers are being lured into thinking this protects them and others on the roads, and it's just not working."
Boca Raton, Florida, USA (August 26, 2022)
On August 26, 2022 at 2:11 a.m. EDT, a motorcycle rider on a Kawasaki Vulcan was struck from behind by a driver in a Tesla Model 3 while both vehicles were traveling westbound on SW 18th Street approaching Boca Rio Road in Sandalfoot Cove, a census-designated place in unincorporated Palm Beach County, just outside the city of Boca Raton, Florida. The motorcycle rider was thrown from her motorcycle into the windshield of the Tesla; the rider was transported to a hospital, where she later died from the injuries she sustained in the collision. The driver of the Tesla was suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or prescription drugs.
The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office later confirmed the driver of the Tesla was using Autopilot. Data reported by Tesla under NHTSA SGO-2021-01 also confirm that Autopilot was engaged during the crash.
There have been multiple fatal collisions in the United States during 2022 in which a Tesla operating with Autopilot struck a motorcycle from the rear; in each instance, the motorcyclist was killed. One theory is that because Tesla has shifted to exclusively visual sensors, the Autopilot logic to set the gap between the Tesla and a leading vehicle assumes the distance to a vehicle in front is inversely proportional to the spacing between that leading vehicle's taillights. Because motorcycle taillights are close-set, Tesla Autopilot may assume incorrectly the motorcycle is a distant car or truck.
Walnut Creek, California, USA (February 18, 2023)
The driver of a 2014 Tesla Model S was killed after the vehicle he was driving crashed into a Contra Costa County fire truck parked across several lanes of northbound I-680 south of the Treat Boulevard offramp in Walnut Creek, California, at 4 a.m. on February 18, 2023. The truck was parked with its lights on to protect the scene of an earlier accident that did not result in any injuries. The Tesla had to be cut open to extricate the passenger, who was taken to the hospital to treat their injuries; four firefighters in the fire truck also were injured and taken to the hospital.
Initially, the California Highway Patrol stated it was not clear if the driver was intoxicated or operating the car with assistance features, but NHTSA confirmed in March they suspected that an "automated driving system" was being used when the Tesla crashed into the fire truck, and had sent a special crash investigation team as part of a larger probe (EA 22-002) involving multiple incidents in which Teslas operating with Autopilot have crashed into stationary emergency response vehicles. Tesla confirmed in April the car was operating under Autopilot at the time of the crash. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Corona, California, USA (March 28, 2023)
On March 28, 2023, at approximately 10:15 p.m., the driver of a Tesla Model Y died after the Tesla was struck by the driver of Ford F-150 pickup truck, who had entered the intersection of Foothill Parkway and Rimpau Avenue in Corona, California against a red light. The Tesla was proceeding through the intersection on a green light. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Central Point, Oregon, USA (June 5, 2023)
The Oregon State Police responded to a single-vehicle accident reported at 3:30 a.m. (PDT) on June 5, 2023 in Jackson County, Oregon; the Tesla Model S was driving northbound on I-5 near milepost 33 when the car departed from the roadway, striking a fence and then a tree before catching on fire. The driver was pronounced dead at the scene. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Brooklyn, New York, USA (June 7, 2023)
On June 7, 2023, at approximately 9 p.m., the driver of a Tesla Model S traveling along Ocean Parkway in Midwood, Brooklyn left the roadway, striking and killing a pedestrian waiting on the sidewalk to cross the street at the intersection with Avenue M. The driver then struck a light pole and collided with a park bench on the median, injuring a man who had been seated on it. The driver was arrested for leaving the scene of the crash. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Turlock, California, USA (June 20, 2023)
At approximately 3:15 a.m. on June 20, 2023, a driver operating a white sedan the wrong way (south in the northbound lanes) on SR 99 near Lander Avenue in Turlock, California, collided with a northbound Tesla Model Y traveling at approximately . The driver of the wrong-way vehicle was killed, and the driver and passenger in the Tesla were injured. Alcohol appears to have been a factor. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
South Lake Tahoe, California, USA (July 5, 2023)
On July 5, 2023, at approximately 5:30 p.m. (PDT), the driver of a Subaru Impreza traveling north on Pioneer Trail at collided head-on with a Tesla Model 3 traveling south at . The collision happened just south of the intersection with Fair Meadow Trail. The driver of the Subaru was taken to Barton Memorial Hospital, where he died from his injuries. The five occupants of the Tesla were taken to UC Davis Medical Center, and one died, a three-month-old infant. NHTSA dispatched an investigation team to the scene of the crash. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Opal, Virginia, USA (July 19, 2023)
While traveling north on the concurrent US 15/17/29 (James Madison Highway) at approximately 6:31 p.m. (EDT) on July 19, 2023, the driver of a Tesla Model Y collided with and continued under the side of the trailer of a combination truck pulling out of the Quarles Truck Stop fuel station near Opal, Virginia, south of Warrenton. The Tesla driver was killed and the truck driver was cited for reckless driving. Two days later, the Fauquier County Sheriff's Office executed a search warrant for data from the Tesla, based on witness reports that said the Tesla driver did not attempt to brake before the collision. The reckless driving charge against the truck driver was dropped in November, after the sheriff's office found the Tesla was travelling at prior to impact, exceeding the speed limit in that area.
That August, NHTSA sent a team to investigate the collision; the Tesla is suspected of being operated under Autopilot. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash. The sheriff's office concluded that Autopilot was in use, based on data obtained from the vehicle's event data recorder; the system had warned the driver to take control because it had detected an obstacle ahead, and the driver applied the brakes approximately one second before impact, but it was not clear if that was sufficient to disengage Autopilot. Had the vehicle been traveling at the speed limit, the sheriff's office determined the driver would have had adequate time to avoid the collision.
Snohomish County, Washington, USA (April 19, 2024)
At approximately 3:54 p.m. on April 19, 2024, a motorcyclist was killed after a driver in a 2022 Tesla Model S crashed into the rear of the motorcycle. Both vehicles were traveling on eastbound Washington State Route 522 just west of its intersection with Fales Road, in unincorporated Snohomish County, Washington, close to Maltby. The motorcyclist had slowed down due to traffic conditions, but the Tesla driver did not. The Tesla driver reported he heard a bang as the car collided with the motorcycle and lurched forward; the motorcyclist was ejected and was pinned underneath the Tesla. A few days later, the Tesla driver was arrested for vehicular homicide due to distracted driving based on his admission that he "had the Tesla on Autopilot while looking at his phone", and was released after posting bond. The motorcyclist was wearing a GoPro, which police collected for evidence.
During the investigation, the Washington State Patrol determined the Tesla was operating in FSD, based on telemetry data from the car. It is the second fatal accident involving FSD. The NHTSA is gathering information about this crash from local law enforcement.
Non-fatal crashes
Culver City, California, USA (January 22, 2018)
On January 22, 2018, a 2014 Tesla Model S crashed into a fire truck parked on the side of the I-405 freeway in Culver City, California, while traveling at a speed exceeding and the driver survived with no injuries. The driver told the Culver City Fire Department that he was using Autopilot. The fire truck and a California Highway Patrol vehicle were parked diagonally across the left emergency lane and high-occupancy vehicle lane of the southbound I-405, blocking off the scene of an earlier accident, with emergency lights flashing.
According to a post-accident interview, the driver stated he was drinking coffee, eating a bagel, and maintaining contact with the steering wheel while resting his hand on his knee. During the trip, which lasted 66 minutes, the Autopilot system was engaged for slightly more than 29 minutes; of the 29 minutes, hands were detected on the steering wheel for only 78 seconds in total. Hands were detected applying torque to the steering wheel for only 51 seconds over the nearly 14 minutes immediately preceding the crash. The Tesla had been following a lead vehicle in the high-occupancy vehicle lane at approximately ; when the lead vehicle moved to the right to avoid the fire truck, approximately three or four seconds prior to impact, the Tesla's traffic-aware cruise control system began to accelerate the Tesla to its preset speed of . When the impact occurred, the Tesla had accelerated to . The Autopilot system issued a forward collision warning half a second before the impact, but did not engage the automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, and the driver did not manually intervene by braking or steering. Because Autopilot requires agreement between the radar and visual cameras to initiate AEB, the system was challenged due to the specific scenario (where a lead vehicle detours around a stationary object) and the limited time available after the forward collision warning.
Several news outlets started reporting that Autopilot may not detect stationary vehicles at highway speeds and it cannot detect some objects. Raj Rajkumar, who studies autonomous driving systems at Carnegie Mellon University, believes the radars used for Autopilot are designed to detect moving objects, but are "not very good in detecting stationary objects". Both NTSB and NHTSA dispatched teams to investigate the crash. Hod Lipson, director of Columbia University's Creative Machines Lab, faulted the diffusion of responsibility concept: "If you give the same responsibility to two people, they each will feel safe to drop the ball. Nobody has to be 100%, and that's a dangerous thing."
In August 2019, the NTSB released its accident brief for the accident. HAB-19-07 concluded the driver of the Tesla was at fault due to "inattention and overreliance on the vehicle's advanced driver assistance system", but added the design of the Tesla Autopilot system "permitted the driver to disengage from the driving task". After the earlier crash in Williston, the NTSB issued a safety recommendation to "[d]evelop applications to more effectively sense the driver's level of engagement and alert the driver when engagement is lacking while automated vehicle control systems are in use." Among the manufacturers that the recommendation was issued to, only Tesla has failed to issue a response.
South Jordan, Utah, USA (May 11, 2018)
In the evening of May 11, 2018, a 2016 Tesla Model S with Autopilot engaged crashed into the rear of a fire truck that was stopped in the southbound lane at a red light in South Jordan, Utah, at the intersection of SR-154 and SR-151. The Tesla was moving at an estimated and did not appear to brake or attempt to avoid the impact, according to witnesses. The driver of the Tesla, who survived the impact with a broken foot, admitted she was looking at her phone before the crash. The NHTSA dispatched investigators to South Jordan. According to telemetry data recovered after the crash, the driver repeatedly did not touch the wheel, including during the 80 seconds immediately preceding the crash, and only touched the brake pedal "fractions of a second" before the crash. The driver was cited by police for "failure to keep proper lookout". The Tesla had slowed to to match a vehicle ahead of it, and after that vehicle changed lanes, accelerated to in the 3.5 seconds preceding the crash.
Tesla CEO Elon Musk criticized news coverage of the South Jordan crash, tweeting that "a Tesla crash resulting in a broken ankle is front page news and the ~40,000 people who died in US auto accidents alone in [the] past year get almost no coverage", additionally pointing out that "[a]n impact at that speed usually results in severe injury or death", but later conceding that Autopilot "certainly needs to be better & we work to improve it every day". In September 2018, the driver of the Tesla sued the manufacturer, alleging the safety features designed to "ensure the vehicle would stop on its own in the event of an obstacle being present in the path ... failed to engage as advertised." According to the driver, the Tesla failed to provide an audible or visual warning before the crash.
Moscow, Russia (August 10, 2019)
On the night of August 10, 2019, a Tesla Model 3 driving in the left-hand lane on the Moscow Ring Road in Moscow, Russia, crashed into a parked tow truck with a corner protruding into the lane and subsequently burst into flames. According to the driver, the vehicle was traveling at the speed limit of with Autopilot activated; he also claimed his hands were on the wheel, but was not paying attention at the time of the crash. All occupants were able to exit the vehicle before it caught on fire; they were transported to the hospital. Injuries included a broken leg (driver) and bruises (his children).
The force of the collision was enough to push the tow truck forward into the central dividing wall, as recorded by a surveillance camera. Passersby also captured several videos of the fire and explosions after the accident, these videos also show the tow truck that the Tesla crashed into had been moved, suggesting the explosions of the Model 3 happened later.
Chiayi, Taiwan (June 1, 2020)
Traffic cameras captured the moment when a Tesla Model 3 slammed into an overturned cargo truck in Taiwan on June 1, 2020. The crash occurred at 6:40 a.m. National Standard Time on the southbound National Freeway 1 in Chiayi, Taiwan, at approximately the south 268.4 km marker. The truck had been involved in a traffic accident at 6:35 a.m. and overturned with its roof facing oncoming traffic; the driver of the truck got out to warn other cars away.
The driver of the Tesla was uninjured and told emergency responders that the car was in Autopilot mode, traveling at . The driver told authorities that he saw the truck and thought the Tesla would brake automatically upon encountering an obstacle; when he realized it would not, he manually applied the brakes, although it was too late to avoid the crash, which is apparently indicated on the video by a puff of white smoke coming from the tires.
Arlington Heights, Washington, USA (May 15, 2021)
A Tesla Model S crashed into a stopped Snohomish County, Washington, sheriff's patrol car at 6:40 p.m. PDT on May 15, 2021, shortly after the deputy parked it while responding to an earlier crash which had broken a utility pole near the intersection of SR 530 and 103rd Ave NE in Arlington Heights, Washington. The patrol car was parked to partially block the roadway and protect the collision scene, and the patrol car's overhead emergency lights were activated. Neither the deputy nor the driver of the Tesla were injured. The driver of the Tesla assumed his car would slow and move over on its own because it was in "Auto-Pilot mode".
Brea, California, USA (November 3, 2021)
The driver of a Tesla Model Y reported a crash to the NHTSA that occurred on November 3, 2021 while operating in FSD Beta. The incident was described as a "severe" crash after "the car by itself took control and forced itself into the incorrect lane" during a left turn. It is likely this is the first complaint filed with NHTSA that alleges FSD caused a crash; NHTSA requested further information from Tesla, but other details of the crash, such as the driver's identity and location of the crash, were not released.
Armadale, Victoria, Australia (March 22, 2022)
On March 22, 2022 at approximately 6:30 a.m., the driver of a Tesla Model 3 struck a woman boarding a city-bound tram on Wattletree Road in Armadale, an inner suburb of Melbourne in the Australian state of Victoria. After being struck, the victim was dragged for approximately . She was taken to the hospital with life-threatening injuries. The driver of the Tesla fled the scene initially, then turned herself in to police two hours later. According to the official report, the driver stated her Tesla 3 was on Autopilot when she struck the pedestrian.
The driver pleaded not guilty to four charges in April 2023, including dangerous driving causing serious injury, and was ordered to stand trial after the magistrate heard testimony from five witnesses. The tram operator testified he saw a woman rise from a seat at the tram stop and start walking toward the tram before she was struck: "I hear a thud, a whoosh, a car went passed ". The chief safety officer of Yarra Trams testified that "once the tram has stopped... there are big flashing lights (at the rear of the vehicle), we call them school lights", adding the tram could not have opened its doors before the crash.
The driver eventually filed a guilty plea, admitting she was in full control the whole time and Autopilot wasn’t engaged.
Maumee, Ohio, USA (November 18, 2022)
On November 18, 2022 at 8:21 a.m., a Tesla Model 3 collided with the rear end of a stationary Ohio State Highway Patrol cruiser in the left lane of eastbound U.S. 24 near milepost 64, where it passes over Waterville–Monclova Road near Maumee, Ohio, a suburb of Toledo. The cruiser was parked with its emergency lights flashing to protect the vehicle involved in an earlier single-car accident at the scene. The OSHP officer and the driver from the earlier accident were sitting in the cruiser; both sustained minor injuries from the impact.
In December, the NHTSA confirmed they were investigating the crash, which may have involved Autopilot. Telemetry data indicate that Autopilot was active.
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, California, USA (November 24, 2022)
The driver of a 2021 Tesla Model S told the California Highway Patrol that while driving eastbound on "Full Self-Driving" mode in the Yerba Buena Tunnel portion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge near Treasure Island, at approximately noon on November 24, 2022, the vehicle cut across several lanes of traffic to the far left lane and abruptly slowed from , causing a chain-reaction collision involving eight vehicles. Nine were treated for injuries, and two lanes of traffic were closed for 90 minutes. Surveillance footage acquired by The Intercept corroborated the vehicle's sudden movements.
NHTSA confirmed they would send a team to investigate the crash. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Halifax County, North Carolina, USA (March 15, 2023)
On Wednesday, March 15, 2023, in Halifax County, North Carolina, a 17-year-old high school student attending the Haliwa-Saponi Tribal School was struck by a driver in a 2022 Tesla Model Y. The student had just exited a school bus and was crossing the road to his house when he was struck by the Tesla. The bus was stopped with flashing lights and its stop arm deployed; the North Carolina State Highway Patrol initially attributed the cause of the injury to "distracted driving". The student's father rendered first aid after witnessing the collision, which left the teenager with a broken neck and internal bleeding. He was flown to WakeMed and placed on a ventilator.
It is unclear whether the car was in Autopilot during the accident, but it is being investigated by the State Highway Patrol. NHTSA have dispatched a team to investigate. Telemetry data indicate that an automated driving system was in use at the time of the crash.
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA (April 10, 2024)
On April 10, 2024, the driver of a Tesla carrying a passenger for Uber collided with an SUV at an intersection near Las Vegas; the driver of the Tesla was using Full Self-Driving, but the vehicle did not slow after the SUV emerged from a blind spot. The driver of the SUV was cited by police for failing to yield the right of way.
Fullerton, California, USA (June 13, 2024)
On June 13, 2024, a driver in a Tesla struck a parked police vehicle at the intersection of West Orangethorpe and Courtney avenues in Fullerton, California; the police vehicle was parked to protect the scene of an earlier fatal collision, blocking traffic, with flares deployed and emergency lights operating. The driver of the Tesla admitted that he had engaged the "self-drive" system and was using his cell phone.
References
Advanced driver assistance systems
Automotive technology tradenames
Automotive accessories
Automotive technologies
Deaths caused by robots and artificial intelligence
Autopilot | List of Tesla Autopilot crashes | [
"Engineering"
] | 12,201 | [
"Robotics engineering",
"Deaths caused by robots and artificial intelligence"
] |
77,151,748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junghans%20Mega | The JUNGHANS MEGA was "the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch with hands" (analog watch) in 1991. It was produced by the German watchmaker Junghans, who had already introduced a digital watch called Mega 1 to the market in 1990.
Overview
Description
The Junghans MEGA has a stainless steel case with partially gold-overlay. The white dial with two gold hands and a rectangular LC-display is protected by a circular, scratch-resistant mineral glass. The antenna for receiving the time signal from the DCF77 transmitter in Mainflingen is housed in a leather strap (brown or black) with a folding clasp. The watch is equipped with time zone setting, perpetual calendar (day of the week, date, month), digital second, internal time memory, reception control display, and transmitter call button.
Technical specifications
"The Junghans MEGA watch receives long wave time telegrams (77.5 kHz) from the official German standard ... time signal transmitter
DCF77" with a wristband antenna. This allows for Europe-wide reception within a 1,500 km radius. The clock is synchronised daily with an atomic clock from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in order to display the legal time in Germany as accurately as possible.
A time synchronization with the time signal transmitter is performed at 2:00 and 3:00 a.m. In case of reception issues, the synchronization is repeated every hour until 6:00 a.m. This ensures that the time accuracy of Junghans MEGA radio-controlled wristwatches is... 1 second in 1 million years.
The movement is a quartz mechanism of the w605 type with a quartz time base of 32 kHz and a light barrier for hand position control. The power supply comes from a lithium metal battery in the from of a button cell with 3V nominal voltage.
History
In 1985, Junghans introduced the first radio-controlled table clock to the market.
By 1990, Junghans engineers had miniaturized this technology to fit into the case of the digital wristwatch MEGA 1. The following year, in 1991, Junghans launched the analog version MEGA with hands.
In 1994, there was "another premiere: Junghans presented the first radio-controlled watch for women."
References
Consumer electronics
Receiver (radio)
1991 in technology
Products introduced in 1991
Watch models | Junghans Mega | [
"Engineering"
] | 502 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Receiver (radio)"
] |
77,154,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parengyodontium%20album | Parengyodontium album is a globally distributed fungal species known for breaking down plastics and items of historical importance. Earlier discoveries of the fungus were also found in historical places across the globe, like monuments and museums, being attracted to mainly the materials of stone and paint. Showing its endurance over time in extreme locations. Discoveries in the early 21st century revealed its presence in marine ecosystems, colonizing and breaking down polyethylene, the most abundant plastic in oceans. Marine microbiologists from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and collaborators from various international institutions found P. album, along with other marine microbes, living in thin biofilms on plastics scattered throughout the ocean. The fungus and bacteria are found in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which is located in the Pacific Ocean, and it is a hub where plastic in the ocean accumulates by the masses. Though many types of bacteria have been shown to break down plastics, Parengyodontium album is only one of four species of marine fungi known to have this capability as of 2024.
Description
Parengyodontium album, also called Engyodontium album, typically grows in moist or waste environments and can be found on common materials like paper, jute, linen, and painted walls. It reproduces through dry, hydrophobic conditions, using a type of spore that allows the fungus to spread through the air and colonize new areas. The fungus forms white, fluffy colonies that can be observed as having clear, colorless undersides. Under a microscope, it displays narrow vegetative hyphae (the main growth structure of the fungus) along with fertile hyphae that branch out and bear conidiogenous cells (the specialized cells where spores are formed). The spores themselves are smooth, round, and transparent. This fungus, originally described as Tritirachium album (Limber, 1940), has undergone several taxonomic changes, initially included in a new genus created for species with verticillately branched conidiophores similar to those of Verticillium but differing in their final zigzag conidia-bearing portion. It was first isolated from a Penicillium colony in a marine biological laboratory, where it was considered a possible contaminant. This fungus is not only common in natural settings but has also been noted for its ability to thrive in human-made environments, and can become pathogenic, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
History
As described above Parengyodontium album has most recently been associated with the Pacific Ocean and the breaking down of plastics. Not only can they be found in the ocean, but they can notably be found in old monuments, museums, libraries, and religious buildings containing wall paints. This includes Leonardo da Vinci's Atlantic Codex dating back to the late Middle Ages. In the past, the organism could also be found in an array of regions across the planet such as Cuban Museums in Central America, stone caverns in North America, and even isolated across territories in Europe. In particular, it has been discovered in Europe in the barracks of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp built in 1942. It was also found in caves both from the bare rock of the cave or from wall paintings in the caves and tombs both on the materials themselves or within the air of these locations, often dating from Etruscan and Roman times. Other noteworthy substances where the fungus was isolated were glass windows, wood materials like historical wood staircases of these buildings, paper, plaster, and brick.
The Parengyodontium album was also seen as a variable that can affect and decline the structure of these materials. However, the amount at which they do so varies with each site. In some places, colonization and traces of the fungus were more prevalent and less prevalent in others. Yet, some factors did influence the growth of the Parengyodontium album. For instance, salt and water or moisture invasion were often present in these sites. Seemingly, it had a liking to humid environments and had a high tolerance to salt. Not too much is known about the effects of temperature on the organism. However, it is generally viewed as an organism that grows well in moderate temperatures and, nonetheless, can still survive in extreme conditions and low temperatures. Yet again, showing its endurance and adaptability. Another example of this is its ability to feed on multiple organic nutrient sources ranging from the low nutrient stone it colonizes on, products in wall paintings, and dead bugs, which have more nutrients.
Breakdown of ocean plastics
The degradation of polyethylene by Parengyodontium album is particularly notable because it occurs at a rate of about 0.05 percent per day under laboratory conditions, and this process is significantly influenced by sunlight. Researchers noted that the fungus only breaks down polyethylene that has been exposed to UV light, indicating that in natural settings, P. album likely affects plastics floating near the ocean surface. UV light is the leading agent in breaking down plastics, however, when UV light and the special fungus found in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch work together more plastics can be broken down rather than if they worked separately. UV light is sunlight and as it shines on the ocean and the fungus present there it is evident that it is a necessary factor in the plastic’s decomposition. Although UV light has been closely related to radiation and has been notorious for being harmful to humans and our environment, it can also be used as a source of energy that comes from the sun. UV light is an important factor in the fungus decomposition because it causes a chemical reaction that ultimately reacts in a way that decomposes the plastic with the fungus’ support. The support of the UV light is unable to reach the deeper depths of the ocean, and the fungus is unable to pull assistance from the light in the plastic removal. Because of this, some plastic is unable to be removed with UV light alone. While the fungus converts most of the carbon from polyethylene into carbon dioxide, the environmental impact of this CO2 release is minimal, akin to the amount exhaled by humans during breathing. The fungus is an essential organism that works hand in hand with UV light in plastic decay. Its existence is possible because of its survival and inhabitance in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, where trace amounts of the fungi have been found. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a hotspot for this organism due to its copious amounts of plastic and its great size. The Garbage Patch is not only one massive Garbage pile, but it is actually a combination of two separate masses. It has been calculated that the Patch is around 617,674 square miles in size, amounting to about three times the size of Texas. The Patch was discovered in 1997 by Charles Moore. Due to industrialization, plastics and microplastics from civilization have found their way into rivers and lakes. This and water flow has led to the creation of the Great Pacific Garbage. For decades, plastic has been accumulating in the Garbage Patch, allowing its size to continually expand, with plastics and microplastics affecting the Pacific Ocean's marine life and even washing up on shore. The fungus provides a source for the plastic’s decomposition that is an alternative to UV light alone.
Experiments and the future
Based on the study done by the scientific journal Science of the Total Environment, it is significant that in a lab setting, the fungus’ decomposing process was able to be measured. For example, at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, the breakdown of polyethylene plastics was found to be at a rate of “around 0.05 percent each day”, and while it does release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in this process, it causes no harm as it has a similar release rate as humans when they breathe. However, sunlight is also a vital source for the fungus to turn polyethylene plastic into a polyethylene root of energy. However, plastic that sinks to lower parts of the ocean where UV light is unable to reach and is out of impact in accordance with the fungi is another problem within itself. Moving forward, as copious amounts of plastic continue to be integrated into the ocean and get held captive there, this lab experiment studying Parengyodontium album can be used to create a “next-generation enzyme” that can also break down plastic but at a more reliable rate.
References
Cordycipitaceae
Plastivores
Marine fungi
Fungi described in 1940 | Parengyodontium album | [
"Biology"
] | 1,719 | [
"Organisms by adaptation",
"Plastivores"
] |
77,154,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakers%27%20symbol | The glassmaker's mark (rarely glassmaker's cross: ) is a symbol of glassmakers. It is a figure eight (infinity sign) over a sword or cross, illustrating a German glassmaker's saying: Es ist ein unendlich Kreuz, Glas zu machen ("it is an endless cross to make glass").
The symbol dates to 1948, when the magazine Glastechnischen Berichte displayed it on the cover. The figure eight was said to symbolize the material glass in its two phases, as a molten liquid on the left and as a non-crystalline solid on the right. In the transition between the two states, a metal sword, which stood for the glassmaker's pipe, was a sign of man's dominion over nature.
The German Technical Glass Society (Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft) and the Czech Glass Society (Česká sklářská společnost) use the glassmaker's mark as the symbol of their associations.
Sources
Friedrich Holl: Symbol für Glas, In: Friedrich Holl (Hrsg.): Die Poesie des Glases. Des Glases Lob – Der Arbeit Lied – Des Glases Geist, 3. Aufl., Zwiesel, 1983; 1. Aufl. 1966 auch: Werks-Kurznachrichten der Grazer Glasfabrik (Untertitel: „Der Motzer“), Nr. 60, Graz 1963, S. 1–56
Julius Broul: Das Symbol für Glas, In: Glass Science and Technology, Verlag der Deutschen glastechnischen Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1999, Jg. 72, Heft 4, S. N39-N40,
Marita Haller: „Das unendliche Kreuz der Glasmacher“ unterstützt die Glasaktivitäten der Region, Pressglas Korrespondenz, 2010/3, S. 316
References
Glass production
Alchemical symbols | Glassmakers' symbol | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 432 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
77,154,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Postlethwaite | Claire Maria Postlethwaite is an applied mathematician based in New Zealand, where she is a professor in applied mathematics at the University of Auckland and a principal investigator for Te Pūnaha Matatini. Her research involves heteroclinic networks in dynamical systems and delay differential equations, and their varied applications including neuroscience, evolutionary robotics, animal migration, and climate modelling.
Education and career
Postlethwaite was a mathematics student at the University of Cambridge in England. After earning a bachelor's degree in 2001 and taking Part III of the Mathematical Tripos in 2002, she completed her PhD at Cambridge in 2006. Her dissertation, Robust Heteroclinic Cycles and Networks, was supervised by J. H. P. Dawes.
She became a postdoctoral researcher in the US, at Northwestern University and the University of Houston. In 2008, she took a lecturer position at the University of Auckland. She was named as a senior lecturer in 2011 and associate professor in 2017; she is now a full professor there.
Recognition
In 2011, the New Zealand Mathematical Society gave Postlethwaite their Early Career Research Award, in recognition of her "enormous progress in applying mathematics to the study of animal movement, and for her development of fundamental ideas in applied dynamical systems". Postlethwaite was the 2018 recipient of the JH Michell Medal of ANZIAM. She is a Fellow of the New Zealand Mathematical Society.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand mathematicians
New Zealand women mathematicians
Dynamical systems theorists
Applied mathematicians
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Auckland | Claire Postlethwaite | [
"Mathematics"
] | 329 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Applied mathematicians",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
77,156,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda%20Space%20Agency | The Rwanda Space Agency (RSA) is Rwanda's agency for aerospace research and economic development. Its responsibilities include advising the government of Rwanda on space policies, to implement those policies, to promote Rwanda's aerospace industry, and to conduct aerospace research. It was established in 2021.
History
In 2017, the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) and Rwanda's Ministry of Defense created a Space Working Group. This coordinated and promoted the various aerospace projects around the country culminating in the launch of Rwanda's first satellite, RWASAT-1, in 2019 through the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Since the RSA was established, Rwanda has rapidly grown its ambitions. In October of 2021, the RSA requested orbital slots for almost 330,000 satellites. In 2022, its CEO, Col. Francis Ngabo, signed the Artemis Accords on the norms for space exploration and use of astronomical objects.
Earth Observation Program
Much of the RSA's activity involves earth observation. This includes greenhouse gas monitoring, disaster management, and economic and social development.
Rwanda's first satellite, RWASAT-1, monitored soil moisture levels and provided data for crop yield estimates as a part of the RSA's economic development initiative. Its second, nicknamed Icyerekezo, helped provide satellite internet service to the remote Nkombo Island on Lake Kivu.
In 2022, the RSA took charge of the Rwanda Climate Observatory. It now monitors the emissions of six greenhouse gases.
References
Government of Rwanda
Space programs
2021 establishments in Africa
Government agencies established in 2021
Space agencies | Rwanda Space Agency | [
"Engineering"
] | 324 | [
"Space programs"
] |
77,158,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Forest%20Biomaterials | The Department of Forest Biomaterials at North Carolina State University (NC State) is an academic department specializing in the study and development of forest-based materials, bioenergy, and sustainability. The department is part of the College of Natural Resources.
Research Areas
Bioenergy
Sustainable Biomaterials
Forest Products
Environmental Sustainability
Education
Undergraduate and graduate programs (#1 in Wood Science & Wood Products/Pulp & Paper Technology in 2024 in the United States), including Bachelor's, Master's, and Ph.D. degrees. Courses cover topics such as wood science, bioenergy, sustainable biomaterials, and environmental sustainability.
Master of Science in Forest Biomaterials
Master of Forest Biomaterials (non-thesis)
Distance Master of Forest Biomaterials (online-only)
Ph.D. in Forest Biomaterials
Collaborations and Partnerships
The Department of Forest Biomaterials collaborates with various institutions, organizations, and industries:
University of British Columbia
Aalto University
Auburn University
Georgetown University
USDA
Department of Energy
WestRock
Valmet
Cascades
Adidas
Unilever
Kimberly-Clark
Rayonier Advanced Materials
Procter & Gamble
CMPC (company)
Suzano
Eastman
Essity
International Paper
Andritz AG
Nalco Water
Faculty
Dimitris S. Argyropoulos
Ali Ayoub
Medwick Byrd Jr
Edward Funkhouser
Ronalds W. Gonzalez
Martin Hubbe
Hasan Jameel
John Kadla
Bo Kasal
Frederik Laleicke
Kai Lan
Nathalie Lavoine
Lucian Lucia
Marian McCord
Lokendra Pal
Sunkyu Park
Melissa Pasquinelli
Joel Pawlak
Perry Peralta
Ilona Peszlen
Richard Phillips
Rico Ruffino
Daniel Saloni
David Tilotta
Richard Venditti
Jingxin Wang
Yuan Yao
Faculty Emeritus
Hou-min Chang
John Heitmann Jr
Stephen Kelley
Adrianna Kirkman
Michael Kocurek
Philip Mitchell
Elisabeth Wheeler
Postdoctoral Scholars
Nelson Barrios
Sharmita Bera
Seong-Min Cho
Karthik Ananth Mani
Raman Rao
Md Imrul Reza Shishir
Song Wang
Saurabh K Kardam
Staff
Shelley Barry
Brittany Hayes
Olivia Lenahan
Shannon Lora
Ronald Marquez
Beverly Miller
Julie Paradiso
Melissa Rabil
Jessica Rogers
Angela Rush
Elisha Swartz
Loi Tran
External links
Department of Forest Biomaterials at NC State
References
North Carolina State University
Biomaterials
Paper
Bioenergy
Sustainability | Department of Forest Biomaterials | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 486 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
77,159,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Kennedy%20Trust%20for%20Rheumatology%20Research | The Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research is a registered UK charity which funds the Kennedy Institute as well as a range of individual UK university-based researchers. Its longer-term objective is to "achieve a meaningful impact in the development of cures and preventative treatment for musculoskeletal and related inflammatory diseases".
Formation of Trust
In 1965, Mathilda Kennedy, daughter of Michael Marks and her husband Terence Kennedy, founded the Mathilda and Terence Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology.
The Kennedys became interested in rheumatism after their general practitioner Dr Leslie Lankester was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
The Kennedy Trust was registered as a charity in 1970.
Kennedy Institute
Formation of Institute
Mathilda and Terence Kennedy donated £500,000 to found the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology in Hammersmith, the first institute in the world to be totally dedicated to the causes and cures of rheumatic diseases.
Governance
The first director of the Kennedy Institute was Professor Dugald Gardner. Succeeding directors included Dr Leonard Glynn, Professor Helen Muir, Professor Ravinder Maini, Professor Marc Feldmann and Professor Fiona Powrie.
Development of the Institute
In 2000, the institute's staff and research activities were incorporated into Imperial College as a division of its newly formed Faculty of Medicine.
In 2011, the Kennedy Institute became part of the University of Oxford as an independent constituent Institute within the Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science (NDORMS). In 2013 the Institute moved into a new building co-funded by the Kennedy Trust and the University of Oxford.
Achievements
In the mid-1980s, discoveries made by teams led by Ravinder Maini and Marc Feldmann, led the way to anti-TNF therapy being used as a successful treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
Archives
The archives of the Kennedy Trust are held at Wellcome Collection (ref no: SA/KET).
References
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
1965 establishments in the United Kingdom
Biomedical research foundations
Health charities in the United Kingdom
Research in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1965 | The Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 444 | [
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biomedical research foundations"
] |
77,161,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20light | An interior light is a type of light that is generally used to illuminate the cabin of a vehicle. Interior lighting setups can vary greatly in both complexity and size, and certain vehicles, depending on a number of factors, may use simpler, more utilitarian lighting configurations, or choose to incorporate grander systems (known as ambient lighting).
Application in Automobiles
Courtesy, Overhead, and Dome Lights
Many economy vehicles use more prosaic interior lighting systems, which is common as these types of vehicles tend to be much more affordable. These systems are usually in the form of overhead, dome, or courtesy lights, which are driver/passenger actuated and can generally be toggled via some button that can be easily located in the interior while driving or when parked. (For example, in the vehicle's sun visor, or built directly into the roof).
Dome lights are the brightest and largest of these simple lighting systems. They also tend to, at least partially, illuminate the entire vehicle, rather than just the front or back seats, and are usually built into the car's ceiling. (often between both areas of the cabin to maximize effect).
Overhead lights are similar to dome lights in the sense that they are brighter, but are, for the most part, limited to the front seats.
Courtesy lights are much smaller, and are generally intended to illuminate small areas of the cabin (or other areas of the vehicle) such as the trunk or glove compartment.
Ambient lighting systems
Luxury vehicles, particularly newer models, tend to incorporate more complex systems that create a sense of ambiance while driving. Certain ultra-luxury manufacturers, such as Rolls-Royce, take this philosophy further, allowing buyers to completely customize the type of lighting system they desire before finally taking ownership of the car. The lighting system, dubbed "Starlight Headliner" by Rolls-Royce, is made completely by hand by workers at their factory in England.
References
Light
Lighting
Interior design | Interior light | [
"Physics"
] | 403 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Light"
] |
77,161,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismological%20Facility%20for%20the%20Advancement%20of%20Geoscience | The U.S. National Science Foundation's Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (NSF SAGE) is a distributed, multi-user national facility that provides support for state of-the-art seismic research. It is operated by EarthScope Consortium. Its previous operator was the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), until its merger with UNAVCO to become EarthScope Consortium. NSF SAGE is one of the two premier geophysical facilities in support of geoscience and geoscience education of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The other premiere geophysical facility is NSF GAGE, the Geodetic Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience.
The services of the facility include support for the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), Data Services, and instrument support via the EarthScope Primary Instrument Center (EPIC), including magnetotelluric (MT) geophysical research.
Global Seismographic Network (GSN)
NSF SAGE manages 40 stations of the 152-station Global Seismographic Network (GSN) for basic global seismicity and Earth structure research.
The GSN also enables earthquake hazard mission-related data operations such as:
Earthquake location and characterization
Tsunami warning
Nuclear explosion monitoring
Data Services
SAGE Data Services (DS) is the largest facility for the archiving, curation, and distribution of seismological and other geophysical data in the world.
EarthScope Primary Instrument Center (EPIC)
The EPIC facility maintains the largest open access, shared-use pool of portable seismic sensors in the world. It is located on the campus of New Mexico Tech.
MT
NSF SAGE provides instruments for magnetotelluric (MT) or electromagnetic geophysical research for the recording of our planet's ambient electric and magnetic fields, which allow for the characterization of the conductivity of the area consisting of the shallow crust to upper mantle. This helps with analysis of results obtained from seismic imaging methodologies.
The NSF SAGE facility is:
Developing open source MT data formatting and processing software.
Providing access to proprietary software products.
References
Seismological observatories, organisations and projects
Geophysics
Data management | Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 440 | [
"Data management",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Data",
"Geophysics"
] |
74,131,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Modestino | Miguel A. Modestino is a Venezuelan-born chemical engineer and co-founder of Sunthetics along with Myriam Sbeiti and Daniela Blanco. Sunthetics uses artificial intelligence to optimize chemical reactions by inducing electrical pulses, from renewable energy, into the reaction instead of just heating them. Modestino is a part of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, which is a group focused on reducing the need for fossil fuel by developing solar fuels as a direct alternative. Modestino also formed a group called the Modestino Group, which specialize in developing state of the art electrochemical devices to optimize and tackle the issues revolving renewable energy at New York University (NYU), where he is the Donald F. Othmer Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and the Director of Sustainable Engineering Initiative.
Education
Miguel Modestino earned his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 2007 and his M.S. in chemical engineering in 2008 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and a PH.D. in chemical engineering from University of California, Berkeley in 2013.
During his time at MIT, Modestino was a research assistant from October 2003 to June 2007 under the supervision of Paula Hammond, and worked on film assembly which used a layer-by-layer method for biomedical purposes, while he was working towards his B.S. in chemical engineering. He remained at MIT to complete his M.S. in chemical engineering while simultaneously being a Teaching Assistant for Chemical Engineering Projects Lab from February 2008 to May 2008. In between his M.S. and starting his Ph.D., Modestino was an intern at Novartis and BP in 2008 under David H. Koch School of Chemical Engineering Practice. After he obtained a Ph.D., Modestino did his postdoctoral research at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) from 2013 to 2016.
Research and career
Modestino is currently the Donald F. Othmer Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and the Director of Sustainable Engineering Initiative at NYU. At NYU, Modestino carries out his research into renewable energy and production of eco-friendly electrochemical devices.
Sunthetics
Modestino co-founded Sunthetics, along with NYU graduates Myriam Sbeiti and Daniela Blanco.
Sunthetics is a startup company whose goal is to reduce to reliance on fossil fuels for heating chemical reactions and instead using electrical pulses to supply energy for various chemical reactions to occur. Initially the idea was coined by Blanco as part of her PhD thesis at NYU. The goal was to apply this to nylon, however due to the lack of support from nylon manufacturing companies the idea pivoted to Artificial Intelligence to drive chemical reactions through renewable energy. This led to machine learning optimizing this technology to be applied across several industries.
Modestino Group
The Modestino Group focuses on the development of electrochemical devices, which are devices used in energy conversion technologies and chemical processes. Through these devices the group can address a wide range of issues such as carbon dioxide reduction, improving grip flexibility characterizing multiphase flow in reactors and developing sustainable clothing. The group has expertise in manufacturing, developing, processing and characterizing composite materials which they use to refine electrochemical reactors in industrial applications. The group has a number of projects under their hood such as solar textiles, materials for electrochemical catalyst layers, advanced electrolysis devices, and multiphase-flow micro-electrochemical reactors. The group consists of Modestino as the leader and head of team, and several Ph.D. students, M.S. students, B.S. students and Alumni.
Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
While at Berkeley, Modestino participated in a project that harnessed solar energy to convert carbon-dioxide from the air into fuel similar to that of plants this process is call solar fuels as part of his Ph.D program. At Berkeley, he joined a group called Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP). JCAP's goal is to research and develop these solar fuels so that it can be used and applied in many facets of the world while also being cost efficient enough to actually challenge or be the better alternative to fossil fuels.
Awards and recognition
In 2015, Modestino won the award for Energy and Environmental Science Reader's Choice Lectureship Award, for his publication of Design and cost considerations for practical solar-hydrogen generators, which was among the most downloaded and read articles of 2014.
In 2017, Modestino won the Global Change Award with Daniela Blanco and Myriam Sbeiti for their work on Sunthetics.
In 2017, Modestino won the MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 Award in the region Latin America, for his work in developing and optimizing the chemical industry to become safer for the environment.
In 2018, Modestino was awarded $110,000 in the Doctoral New Investigator Award by the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, to commemorate his work with Ionic Liquid-Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Electrochemical Olefin Separations.
In 2019, Modestino was awarded National Science Foundation Career Award.
In 2020, Modestino was included in MIT Technology Review magazine's "Innovators Under 35" list, for his team's innovation of using artificial intelligence to make chemical reactions more efficient using electrical pulses instead of heating while simultaneously having it adapt to different chemicals.
In 2020, Modestino was awarded the Goddard Junior Faculty Fellowship Award in New York University. Modestino earned the reward as a tenure-tract faculty member who has successfully pass their three-year review, the reward is either one course deduction to focus on research or scholarships or $5,000 towards their scholarship.
In 2021, Modestino was awarded the TED Idea Search Latin America.
References
Living people
Chemical engineers
New York University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Venezuelan engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hispanic and Latino American scientists | Miguel Modestino | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,189 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
74,131,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotufolastat%20%2818F%29 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Flotufolastat (18F)}}
Flotufolastat (18F), sold under the brand name Posluma, is a radioactive diagnostic agent for use with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for prostate cancer. The active ingredient is flotufolastat (18F).
Flotufolastat (18F) was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023.
Medical uses
Flotufolastat (18F) is indicated for positron emission tomography of prostate-specific membrane antigen positive lesions in men with prostate cancer.
References
External links
Medicinal radiochemistry
PET radiotracers
Prostate cancer
Radiopharmaceuticals
Tert-butyl compounds
Peptide therapeutics
Fluorine compounds
Gallium compounds | Flotufolastat (18F) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 173 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"PET radiotracers",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
74,132,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202011 | The following is a list of weather events that occurred in 2011. The year began with La Niña conditions. There were several natural disasters around the world from various types of weather, including blizzards, cold waves, droughts, heat waves, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones.
Global conditions
There was a strong La Niña event that began in 2010, and continued into 2012, which affected global weather conditions. The year was the second-wettest on record, only behind 2010, although some areas, such as the Horn of Africa, were drier than normal. The increased precipitation caused global sea level to drop by . The global land temperature was the 8th warmest on record at the time, 0.8 °C (1.49 °F) above the 20th century average, and was also the warmest ever during a La Niña event.
Deadliest events
Types
The following listed different types of special weather conditions worldwide.
Droughts and heat waves
The deadliest weather event of the year was the East African drought, with the resulting food shortages and famine killing more than 50,000 people, many of them children. From March to August, a heat wave and drought persisted across much of the central United States, causing US$12 billion in damage and 95 deaths.
Tornadoes
Throughout the year, there were 1,706 tornadoes in the United States, the second-highest on record. There were 553 deaths from tornadoes, making it the deadliest year for tornadoes in the country since modern records began in 1950. In late April, the U.S. experienced its most substantial tornado outbreak on record, with 360 confirmed tornadoes, including four EF5 tornadoes. The event resulted in 324 fatalities and US$10.2 billion in damage. A month later, an EF5 tornado hit Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 people, making it the deadliest tornado since 1950.
Tropical and subtropical cyclones
The Japan Meteorological Agency tracked 21 tropical storms in the western Pacific during the year, making it the fourth-quietest season since accurate records began in 1951. Of these, eight attained typhoon status, the strongest of which, Songda, attained 10 minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a minimum pressure of . The first named storm, Aere, was named on May 7, while the final, Tropical Storm Washi, dissipated on December 19, days after causing damaging and deadly floods in the Philippines. Washi, known locally as Sendong, killed at least 1,257 people in the Philippines. The National Hurricane Center followed 19 tropical storms in the Atlantic Ocean, 10 becoming hurricanes, as well as 11 tropical storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 7 becoming hurricanes. In July, Hurricane Dora became the year's strongest tropical cyclone in the western hemisphere, with 1 minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph). Hurricane Irene was the year's costliest and deadliest for the region, killing 48 people and leaving US$13.5 billion in damage as it moved from the Caribbean up the East Coast of the United States. In October, the North Indian Ocean spawned its first cyclonic storm, Keila offshore Oman. The only other cyclonic storm, Thane, struck southeastern India in December. Outside of the official tropical cyclone basins, there was also an unusual system in the Mediterranean, Tropical Storm Rolf, which struck southern France.
Wildfires
Amid widespread drought conditions, there were widespread wildfires across the southern and southwestern United States from June to November, causing US$1.8 billion in damage and five deaths.
Timeline
This is a timeline of deadly weather events during 2011.
January
February
February 1–3 – The Groundhog Day blizzard killed 36 people across the central and northeastern United States, with damage estimated at US$1.8 billion.
February 9–19 – Cyclone Bingiza struck Madagascar in three different locations, dropping heavy rainfall across the island which caused 34 fatailties.
March
April
April–May – Floods along the Mississippi River killed nine people and left US$3 billion in damage.
April 4–5 – A derecho and tornado outbreak across the southeastern United States killed nine people and left US$2.8 billion in damage.
April 14–16 – A tornado outbreak swept across the central United States, with 178 confirmed tornadoes; there were 38 deaths and US$2.1 billion related to the event.
April 25–28 – A widespread and deadly tornado outbreak affected much of the eastern United States, with more than 343 tornadoes confirmed, resulting in 324 fatalities and US$10.2 billion in damage. It was the largest tornado outbreak on record in the United States.
May
May–June – Floods along the Missouri River, related to melted snowpack, killed five people and left US$2 billion in damage.
May 5–12 – Tropical Storm Aere dropped heavy rainfall in the eastern Philippines, killing 35 people.
May 19–29 – Typhoon Songda brushed the eastern Philippines, causing four fatalities.
May 22–27 – A tornado outbreak across the central United States spawned 180 tornadoes, resulting in US$9.1 billion in damage and 178 deaths. Among the tornadoes was an EF5 tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, which killed 158 people, making it the deadliest tornado in the country since 1947, as well as the costliest single tornado in the country.
June
June 8–11 – Tropical Storm Sarika developed west of the Philippines and moved into southeastern China, killing nine people.
June 16–22 – A deep depression hit eastern India, causing 12 fatalities, with hundreds of houses collapsed due to heavy rains.
June 18–22 – A tornado outbreak across the central United States resulted in US$1.5 billion in damage and three deaths.
June 19–22 – Hurricane Beatriz killed four people when it hit southern Mexico.
June 20–27 – Tropical Storm Meari moved from the Philippine Sea to the East China Sea, with 12 fatalities in the Philippines.
June 28–July 1 – Tropical Storm Arlene struck the gulf coast of Mexico, killing 22 people.
July
July 10–11 – A derecho moved across the central United States, killing two people and leaving US$1.2 billion in damage.
July 24–31 – Tropical Storm Nock-ten hit the Philippines, China, and later Vietnam, resulting in at least 77 fatalities along its path.
July 27–August 9 – Typhoon Muifa moved across the western Pacific, eventually striking near the border of China and North Korea; it killed eight people in the Philippines.
August
August 2–7 – While Tropical Storm Emily moved through the Caribbean, a man died from electrocution related to a downed wire.
August 19–22 – Tropical Storm Harvey struck Belize and Mexico, killing five people in the latter country.
August 21–28 – Hurricane Irene moved through the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States, killing 48 people and leaving US$13.5 billion in damage.
August 21–31 – Typhoon Nanmadol brushed the northern Philippines before striking Taiwan and mainland China. There were 36 fatalities in the Philippines.
August 29–September 10 – Hurricane Katia killed four people as it moved around the Atlantic Ocean through the British Isles.
September
September 2–7 – Tropical Storm Lee struck Louisiana and later produced widespread flooding across the northeastern United States. The storm killed 21 people and damaged more than 5,000 houses, incurring about $2.5 billion in damage.
September 7–12 – Hurricane Nate struck the Mexican state of Veracruz, killing five people.
September 22–23 – A depression dropped heavy rainfall across eastern India, killing 38 people.
September 24–30 – Typhoon Nesat moved through the Philippines and later struck China. In the Philippines, the typhoon killed 85 people and left ₱15.6 billion (US$356 million) in damage.
September 26–October 5 – Typhoon Nalgae followed Nesat just days later, striking the Philippines and southern China, killing 17 people.
October
October 6–12 – Hurricane Jova moved ashore southwestern Mexico, leading to nine fatalities.
October 9–14 – Tropical Storm Banyan moved through the Philippines, killing ten people.
October 12 – Tropical Depression Twelve-E made landfall in southeastern Mexico, producing heavy rainfall across Central America as part of a broader monsoonal system. The floods killed at least 36 people across the region.
October 19–20 – A deep depression struck Bangladesh, with its heavy rains causing floods in Myanmar that killed at least 215 people.
October 29–November 4 – Cyclone Keila developed and looped just off the coast of Oman, causing flash floods that killed 14 people, as well as another five deaths due to a shipwreck.
November
November 7–10 – An unusual Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, named Tropical Storm Rolf, struck France, killing 12 people.
November 8–11 – Rip currents from Tropical Storm Sean killed a swimmer along the east coast of Florida.
November 26–December 1 – A developing deep depression in the Arabian Sea produced gusty winds and heavy rainfall over Sri Lanka, killing 20 people.
December
December 13–19 – Tropical Storm Washi moved through the southern Philippines, killing 1,257 people and wrecking 13,337 houses.
December 20–22 – Rains from a subtropical depression in the Mozambique Channel caused floods in Tanzania, resulting in 43 fatalities.
December 25–31 – Cyclone Thane struck southeastern India, wrecking thousands of boats and houses, resulting in 46 deaths and damage estimated at over ₹1.3 billion (US$235 million).
References
2011 meteorology
Weather by year
2011-related lists | Weather of 2011 | [
"Physics"
] | 1,932 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather by year"
] |
74,132,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202012 | The weather of 2012 marked the fewest fatalities from natural disasters in a decade, although there were several damaging and deadly floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and other weather events. These include blizzards, cold waves, droughts, heat waves, and wildfires.
The costliest single weather event of the year was Hurricane Sandy, which struck the northeastern United States in late October, with overall economic costs estimated at over US$67 billion.
Overview
The year began with La Niña conditions, meaning cooler than normal waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator. By later in the year, the global weather pattern shifted to more neutral conditions. The global temperature was above average, making it the tenth-warmest year ever recorded.
Throughout 2012, there were 9,655 people killed by natural disasters, which marked the fewest global fatalities in a decade. This included 3,574 deaths related to hydrological events. The lower than usual death toll was due to fewer flooding and cyclonic events. Asia was the continent most often affected during the year.
Deadliest events
Types
The following listed different types of special weather conditions worldwide.
Cold snaps and winter storms
In January, cold temperatures of killed 112 people in Ukraine, while avalanches and a cold wave killed 45 people across Afghanistan.
Floods
Throughout the year, floods killed 673 people in China, including July flash floods in Beijing which killed 79 people and left 10¥billion (US$1.6 billion) in damage. In May, floods and landslides killed 131 people in Rwanda. In June, monsoonal floods in northern India killed 122 people. In early July, a low pressure area in the Black Sea dropped of rainfall in a few hours in parts of southwestern Russia, causing flash flooding that killed 172 people. In September, monsoonal floods in Pakistan killed 455 people.
Heat waves and droughts
Drought conditions persisted across much of North America throughout the year, causing at least US$39.9 billion in damage, much of it from crop failures. A strong heat wave during the summer killed 129 people.
Elsewhere, drought conditions in northeast Brazil led to their government allocating R$2.7 billion (US$1.35 billion) worth of assistance for farmers and water distribution.
Tornadoes
In March, a severe weather outbreak of 75 tornadoes killed 42 people and inflicted US$4.1 billion in damage across the southeastern United States and into the Ohio Valley.
Tropical and subtropical cyclones
At the start of the year, Tropical Cyclone Benilde was moving across the south-west Indian Ocean. The strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2012 was Typhoon Sanba in the western Pacific Ocean. On September 13, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated maximum sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph). The costliest storm of the year was Hurricane Sandy, which formed in October in the Caribbean Sea; after moving across Cuba, Sandy later evolved into a large extratropical cyclone that struck New Jersey, causing $65 billion in damage across the northeastern United States. Much of the damage was in the New York City metropolitan area, with train service disrupted for several weeks. The deadliest storm of the year was Typhoon Bopha, which killed 1,901 people and left US$1.16 billion in damage after it struck the Philippine island of Mindanao on December 3. As the year ended, there were two tropical cyclones that lasted into early 2013 – Cyclone Freda in the South Pacific Ocean, and Tropical Cyclone Dumile in the south-west Indian Ocean.
In the Atlantic, there were 19 tropical storms, of which 10 became hurricanes, attaining winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph). In the eastern Pacific, there were 17 tropical storms, of which 10 became hurricanes. The North Indian Ocean was inactive, with only five tropical cyclones, of which two became cyclonic storms.
Wildfires
Throughout the year, wildfires in the United States burned more than of land, killing eight people and causing US$2.3 billion in damage.
Extratropical cyclones and other weather systems
In late June, a costly and deadly derecho moved across the eastern United States, leaving 4.2 million people without power. The strong winds caused US$3.8 billion in damage and resulted in 28 fatalities.
Timeline
This is a timeline of deadly weather events during 2012.
January
January – A cold wave across Europe produced temperatures of in Ukraine, killing 112 people.
January – March – Flooding in Bolivia killed 13 people.
January 5–10 – Tropical Storm Chanda struck western Madagascar, killing one person.
January 9–12 – Floods and landslides in northern Brazil killed 17 people.
Mid-January – Avalanches and a cold wave killed 45 people across Afghanistan.
January 17 – Subtropical Depression Dando made landfall in extreme southern Mozambique, the first storm to hit the southern portion of the country since 1984. The storm's rains killed four people in Mozambique and another six in South Africa. Damage in South Africa was around $65 million.
January 17–28 – Cyclone Funso formed and looped around the Mozambique Channel, bringing additional rainfall and floods after Dando struck Mozambique. The two storms collectively killed 40 people in Mozambique.
January 20–24 – A weak tropical disturbance in the South Pacific produced heavy rainfall over Fiji, causing flooding and landslides that killed eight people.
January 21 – Tropical Storm Ethel killed one person while passing near Rodrigues in the south-west Indian Ocean.
January 24 – February 3 – A weather disturbance produced floods and tornadoes in Indonesia, killing 16 people. The disturbance would eventually become Tropical Cyclone Iggy in the eastern Indian Ocean, eventually striking Western Australia as a weakened storm.
January 24 – A landslide in Papua New Guinea killed at least 25 people.
February
February – Across Afghanistan, 54 children died of hypothermia following a cold wave.
February 7–24 – Cyclone Giovanna passed north of the Mascarene Islands, killing one person each on Réunion and Mauritius. The powerful cyclone later struck eastern Madagascar, killing 35 people, with more than 44,000 houses destroyed.
February 9–13 – Floods killed four people across the Philippines.
February 25 – March 12 – Tropical Storm Irina moved across Madagascar, with its landslides and floods killing 72 people and leaving 70,000 people homeless. Later, Irina looped off southeastern Africa, causing 12 deaths between Mozambique and South Africa.
February 28–29 – 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak
March
March–May – Rains and floods killed 22 people in Haiti.
March 2–3 – A severe weather outbreak of 75 tornadoes killed 42 people and inflicted US$4.1 billion in damage across the southeastern United States and into the Ohio Valley.
March 20 – An avalanche killed 17 people in northeastern Afghanistan.
March 30 – Heavy rains from Tropical Depression 17F killed four people in Fiji.
April
April – Floods and landslides killed 84 people in Kenya.
April 4 – A windstorm killed 17 people in the Buenos Aires area of Argentina.
April 13–16 – A severe weather outbreak of 98 tornadoes killed six people and caused US$1.5 billion in damage across the midwest of the United States.
April 20 – Strong winds and rains caused a house to collapse in northern Vietnam, killing two people.
April 20 – Heavy rains in the Comoros killed four people.
April 23 – Heavy rains killed one person in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
May
May 2–3 – Flooding and landslides killed 127 people in Rwanda.
May 5 – A landslide caused flash flooding in Nepal along the Seti River, killing at least 34 people.
May 12–13 – Flooding and landslides killed five people in the country of Georgia.
May 17–22 – Flash floods in Afghanistan killed 17 people.
May 28 – Tropical Storm Beryl made landfall in northeastern Florida, becoming the strongest pre-season Atlantic tropical cyclone to strike the United States. The storm killed two people.
June
June 14–17 – Hurricane Carlotta hit the southern coast of Mexico, killing seven people.
June 23–30 – Tropical Storm Debby dropped heavy rainfall and caused a tornado outbreak across the southeastern United States, resulting in eight deaths.
June 26 – Monsoonal floods began in the Indian state of Assam, killing 122 people.
June 29–30 – A derecho moved eastward across the United States, killing 28 people and leaving US$3.8 billion in damage.
July
July 7 – A low pressure area in the Black Sea dropped torrential rainfall in southwestern Russia, killing 172 people.
July 21 – Flash floods in Beijing killed 79 people and left 10¥billion (US$1.6 billion) in damage.
August
August 1–10 – Hurricane Ernesto moved through the Caribbean Sea, hitting Mexico twice, causing 12 fatalities.
August 3 – A cloudburst in northern India caused flash floods that killed 35 people.
August 11 – Landslides on Trinidad killed two people, related to a tropical wave that would eventually become Tropical Storm Helene.
August 21 – September 3 – Hurricane Isaac moved through the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, eventually striking Louisiana; the hurricane killed at least 34 people and left more than US$2 billion in damage along its path.
September
September – Monsoonal floods in Pakistan killed 455 people.
September – Heavy rains in Vietnam killed 16 people.
September 10–19 – Typhoon Sanba, the strongest cyclone worldwide in 2012, took a generally northward path through the western Pacific Ocean, making landfall on South Korea on September 17.
September 30 – Rainfall associated with Hurricane Miriam caused floods in Texas, killing one person.
October
October 10–11 – A deep depression killed 34 people when it hit Bangladesh.
October 12–17 – Hurricane Rafael moved from the Caribbean to the open Atlantic Ocean, killing one person on Guadeloupe.
October 22–29 – Shortly after transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, former Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey. Its large wind field caused $65 billion in damage across the northeastern United States, as well $2 billion in damage in Cuba. Along its path, Sandy killed 233 people.
October 28 – November 1 – Cyclone Nilam looped off northeastern Sri Lanka before striking southern India, killing at least 71 people.
November
December
December 3 – Typhoon Bopha strikes Mindanao in the southeastern Philippines, killing 1,901 people.
December 9–27 – Cyclone Evan moved across the South Pacific, striking Samoa and Fiji, killing 14 people.
References
2012 meteorology
Weather by year
2012 | Weather of 2012 | [
"Physics"
] | 2,102 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather by year"
] |
74,133,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahm | Kahm or Kahm yeast is a layer of wild yeast which tends to form on fermented foods such as sauerkraut. It is typically harmless but the smell and appearance tends to spoil the food. The yeast genera which form these films include Debaryomyces, Mycoderma and Pichia.
The word “kahm” traces back to the Middle High German “kan” which in turn derives from the Vulgar Latin “cana” (greyish layer of dirt on wine.
See also
Flor – a layer of yeast which forms on the surface of wine
Pellicle (cooking) – a skin which develops in smoked foods
References
Yeasts | Kahm | [
"Biology"
] | 135 | [
"Yeasts",
"Fungi"
] |
74,134,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnodrilus%20sulphurensis | Limnodrilus sulphurensis is a species of extremophile cave-dwelling worm. Discovered in 2007, this species lives in only two known locations in Sulpher Cave Spring at Steamboat Springs' Howelsen Hill in Colorado, United States.
The worms are about an inch long and are approximately 1 to 1.5mm in diameter.
References
Naididae
Extremophiles | Limnodrilus sulphurensis | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 83 | [
"Organisms by adaptation",
"Extremophiles",
"Environmental microbiology",
"Bacteria"
] |
74,135,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20Astronomical%20Bureau | The Islamic Astronomical Bureau was a government agency of Imperial China established in 1271 during the reign of Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan. The bureau was founded in Beijing by the Persian astronomer Jamal ad-Din Bukhari, who originally hailed from Bukhara, and existed alongside the traditional Chinese Astronomical Bureau. Both agencies were subordinate to the Office for Confidential Records and Books. The organization maintained an observatory and a staff of around 40 scholars and administrators, many of whom were Persians and Arabs, and operated through the early stages of the Qing Dynasty, finally ceasing to exist in 1656. Though it existed for nearly four centuries, few records of the bureau remain. Overall, despite its value to the government and significance in the history of Islamic-Chinese cultural exchange in Imperial China, the activity of the Islamic Astronomical Bureau didn't have a strong impact on the procedures and processes of Chinese astronomy.
References
1271 establishments
Government of the Yuan dynasty
Government of the Ming dynasty
Government of the Qing dynasty
1656 disestablishments
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Islamic Astronomical Bureau | [
"Astronomy"
] | 212 | [
"Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world",
"History of astronomy"
] |
74,136,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium%28III%29%20bromide | Berkelium bromide is a bromide of berkelium, with the chemical formula BkBr3.
Structure
Berkelium bromide has a PuBr3 structure at low temperature and is in the orthorhombic crystal system, with lattice parameters a = 403 pm, b = 1271 pm and c = 912 pm. At high temperature, berkelium bromide has an AlCl3 structure and a monoclinic crystal system with lattice parameters a = 723 pm, b = 1253 pm, c = 683 pm and β = 110.6°.
References
External reading
Berkelium compounds
Bromides
Actinide halides | Berkelium(III) bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 136 | [
"Bromides",
"Salts"
] |
74,138,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurophylline | Mercurophylline is a mercurial diuretic, having the form of white or yellow odorless powder under room temperature. It was formerly used as medicine, administered through injection or tablets.
Mercurophyllin is poisonous when administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and intravenously. When administered intravenously, it can cause cardiac arrhythmia. Prolonged oral administration can lead to gastrointestinal irritation and kidney damage.
References
Mercurial diuretics | Mercurophylline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 105 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
74,138,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmodafinil | Esmodafinil (also known as (S)-modafinil or (+)-modafinil; developmental code name CRL-40983) is the enantiopure (S)-(+)-enantiomer of modafinil. Unlike armodafinil ((R)-(–)-modafinil), esmodafinil has never been marketed on its own.
Esmodafinil is suspected to be less clinically useful for treating conditions that modafinil and armodafinil are marketed for, such as narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Esmodafinil has a 3-fold lower affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT) compared to armodafinil. Both enantiomers of modafinil preferentially bind to the DAT in an inward facing conformation that is associated with atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) profiles. Esmodafinil and armodafinil are said to have equipotent pharmacological effects but differing pharmacokinetics (see below).
Pharmacokinetics
Esmodafinil possesses a substantially shorter elimination half-life (3–5hours) compared to armodafinil (10–17hours).
Chemistry
Esmodafinil, or (S)-(+)-modafinil, is the enantiopure (S)-(+)-enantiomer of the racemic mixture modafinil, while armodafinil is the (R)-(–)-enantiomer.
A number of analogues of esmodafinil are known, including adrafinil, flmodafinil, fladrafinil, and others.
Preclinical research
Esmodafinil has been researched for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Like armodafinil, esmodafinil attenuates the effects of cocaine by occupying the dopamine transporter. While doing so, esmodafinil increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens to a lesser extent than cocaine. However, the short half-life of esmodafinil has been cited as reason to investigate armodafinil as a cocaine addiction treatment instead.
Analysis in biological samples
Modafinil is considered a stimulant doping agent and as such is prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency in sports competitions. Modafinil enantiomers can be separately quantified in biological samples.
References
Acetamides
Anticonvulsants
Benzhydryl compounds
CYP3A4 inducers
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Enantiopure drugs
Stimulants
Sulfoxides
Wakefulness-promoting agents
Modafinil analogues | Esmodafinil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 621 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs"
] |
74,141,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium%20hexafluoride | Curium hexafluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of curium and fluorine with the chemical formula . It is still supposed to be a hypothetical compound but claimed to be identified thermochromatographically.
Synthesis
It is reported that the compound can be obtained by the reaction of and with at 800 °C.
References
Curium compounds
Hexafluorides
Hypothetical chemical compounds | Curium hexafluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 81 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds"
] |
74,142,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium%28IV%29%20fluoride | Curium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound, a salt of curium and fluorine with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
It is reported that the compound can be prepared by fluorination of with elemental fluorine at 400 °C.
Physical properties
The compound forms brownish-tan solid composed of Cm4+ and F− ions. It has a monoclinic crystal structure of the space group C2/c (No. 15), and lattice parameters a = 1250 pm, b = 1049 pm, and c = 818 pm. It has the same crystal structure as that of .
References
Curium compounds
Fluorides
Actinide halides | Curium(IV) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"Salts",
"Fluorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
74,143,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20explosives | This timeline lists the development of explosives and related events.
Timeline
See also
History of gunpowder
Timeline of the gunpowder age
Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
List of ammonium nitrate disasters
List of explosives used during World War II
References
Sources
Explosives, Timeline of
Explosives | Timeline of explosives | [
"Chemistry"
] | 51 | [
"Explosives",
"Explosions"
] |
74,143,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20organ%20targeting | Selective organ targeting (SORT) is a novel approach in the field of targeted drug delivery that systematically engineers multiple classes of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to enable targeted delivery of therapeutics to specific organs in the body. The SORT molecule alters tissue tropism by adjusting the composition and physical characteristics of the nanoparticle. Adding a permanently cationic lipid, a permanently anionic lipid, or ionizable amino lipid increases delivery to the lung, spleen, and liver, respectively. SORT LNPs utilize SORT molecules to accurately tune and mediate gene delivery and editing, resulting in predictable and manageable protein synthesis from mRNA in particular organ(s), which can potentially improve the efficacy of drugs while reducing side effects.
Overview
LNPs are non-viral synthetic nanoparticles that can carry and deliver different functional molecules to specific tissues. Traditionally, LNPs are composed of four indispensable lipid components: an ionizable amino lipid that aids in both escaping the endosomes and binding nucleic acids to the particle, an amphipathic phospholipid that promotes fusion with the target cell and endosomes, cholesterol to enhance nanoparticle stability, and a polyethylene glycol lipid that improves colloidal stability and reduces clearance of the particle by the reticuloendothelial system.
LNPs have demonstrated safety and effectiveness but are limited to intramuscular and intravenous administration targeting the liver. This limitation largely stems from LNPs' resemblance to very-low-density lipoprotein, leading to a propensity for adsorbing apolipoprotein E (ApoE) present in blood plasma. Consequently, LNPs accumulate in the liver by binding to the low-density lipoprotein receptor found in hepatocytes. SORT LNPs overcome this limitation by augmenting the LNP with an additional component (termed a SORT molecule), allowing delivery to targeted tissues beyond the liver.
Mechanism
Traditionally, LNPs utilize an optimal balance of ionizable amines and nanoparticle-stabilizing hydrophobicity to deliver functional molecules to cells effectively but are limited to liver hepatocytes. In the SORT strategy, these nanoparticles are systematically engineered without altering the molar ratio of the core four components in LNPs, ensuring that the ability to encapsulate RNA and escape from endosomes remains intact. The addition of a SORT molecule alters the biodistribution and redirects the molecules facilitating the uptake in specific organs via endogenous targeting mechanisms of action or by influencing the binding affinity to specific serum proteins.
Tissue tropism is determined by the distinct chemical functional groups present on the surface of the nanoparticle, which alter the physicochemical properties of the LNP. These properties encompass factors such as molarity, percentage added, and various other characteristics. The critical factor that governs tissue tropism is the modulation of the surface's acid dissociation constant (pKa), which corresponds to the pH at which the proportion of charged and uncharged ionizable lipids at the particle's surface is equal and depends on the type of ionizable lipids and charged helper lipids used in the nanoparticle formulation.
The shift from liver tissues is attributed to the alteration in the surface pKa induced by the addition of an anionic head group, which subsequently reduced the strength of interactions with ApoE. Change in surface pKa promotes the adsorption of plasma proteins such as β2- glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) instead of ApoE, resulting in altered protein corona that mediates tissue-specific delivery towards the spleen and lung. Adding a cationic quaternary amino lipid, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), in an increasing molar percentage, was able to shift the distribution progressively from the liver to spleen and then the lung, with a threshold that allowed for exclusive lung delivery. Negatively charged SORT lipids allow for direct delivery to the spleen.
Synthesis of SORT LNPs
To prepare self-assembled SORT LNPs, the lipids are mixed in ethanol to create a dissolved lipid mixture solution, ensuring that the initial relative molar ratios of the four fundamental components remain unaltered. mRNA is dissolved in citrate buffer separately. To encourage that uniform LNPs are formed, it is necessary to rapidly mix both solutions: the lipid solution containing all lipids and the buffer solution containing mRNA. By employing high-speed mixing, the environmental polarity is enhanced, facilitating the formation of homogenous LNPs. Mixing methods include pipetting, vortex or microfluidic mixing. After mixing, characterize SORT LNPs to measure the particle size and encapsulation efficiency and proceed to delivery into the organism. Delivery can be intrathecal, intravenous, intramuscular or through nebulization.
Applications
SORT LNPs can mediate therapeutically relevant protein production levels and safely deliver proteins to specific tissues and even particular cell populations. The tissue specificity occurs quickly and is not dependent on time. Further benefits of SORT LNPs include formulation stability and conservation of physiochemical properties over time, including a maintained in vivo efficacy after storage at 4 degrees Celsius. LNPs, in general, are well tolerated in mice and humans, and no alterations in kidney and liver function or alteration of serum proteins have been found in studies with murine models evaluating in vivo toxicity.
SORT has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery by improving the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of drugs while reducing side effects. SORT molecules can reach deep tissues that were previously inaccessible for treatment, enhancing tissue penetration. This holds significant promise in benefiting a wide range of genetic disorders, enabling advancements in protein replacement therapy and gene editing, as this strategy allows for gene editing without local administration.
The benefits of targeted delivery of protein products or gene editing machinery to the liver are shown in genetic diseases affecting the liver or in which the altered gene product is produced in the liver, such as tyrosinemia, and transthyretin amyloidosis, respectively, and the addition of a SORT molecule has been shown further improve liver-targeting LNP systems further.
However, the SORT strategy could potentially extrapolate these benefits to other organs. One promising target for gene editing is cystic fibrosis, as a tailored therapy with an effective delivery system could significantly rescue CFTR expression. Other possible applications include restoration of gene expression in other organs, such as restoring dystrophin expression in muscle for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Targeted approaches for bone marrow and brain tropism are currently in development
One of the most promising applications of SORT is cancer treatment. By targeting the cancerous cells in a specific organ, SORT may be able to deliver drugs or gene therapies directly to the cancerous cells while sparing the healthy cells in other organs. Selectivity for the spleen could also be applicable in treating cancer via chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and opens a new path for developing in vivo T-cell targeted mRNA delivery systems able to induce robust and transient CAR expression.
There are promising applications in the combination of SORT and different delivery methods besides intravenous administration, such as nebulization, intrathecal or intramuscular administration, as these will deliver deliver the SORT molecules directed to targeted organs and further reduce systemic exposure.
Additionally, SORT technology is applicable to several classes of established four-component LNPs, and various non-lipid nanoparticle components. This broadens the spectrum of its applications and enables the delivery of diverse therapeutics, encompassing not only nucleic acids but also single or multiple proteins, and even entire genome editors.
Limitations
At present, the SORT strategy is capable of achieving targeted delivery exclusively to specific organs such as the liver, lungs, and spleen. Establishing the SORT LNP formulation is a fine-tuning process, as some concentrations of SORT molecules may aid in delivery to other organs, whereas different concentrations completely select delivery to another organ. However, this fine-tuning mechanism is limited as it can also alter the molecule's activity and render it ineffective. Moreover, it is difficult to accurately predict the biodistribution of LNPs based on their physicochemical parameters, and biodistribution alone cannot predict mRNA-induced protein expression in a specific tissue. There is no indication that a massive accumulation of LNPs in a given tissue will necessarily lead to a high degree of protein expression in the targeted cells
See also
Personalized medicine
Solid lipid nanoparticle
Targeted drug delivery
Targeted therapy
References
Nanotechnology
Medical equipment | Selective organ targeting | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,825 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
74,144,071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubins%E2%80%93Schwarz%20theorem | In the theory of martingales, the Dubins–Schwarz theorem (or Dambis–Dubins–Schwarz theorem) is a theorem that says all continuous local martingales and martingales are time-changed Brownian motions.
The theorem was proven in 1965 by Lester Dubins and Gideon E. Schwarz and independently in the same year by K. E. Dambis, a doctorial student of Eugene Dynkin.
Dubins–Schwarz theorem
Let
be the space of -adapted continuous local martingales with .
be the quadratic variation.
Statement
Let and and define for all the time-changes (i.e. stopping times)
Then is a -Brownian motion and .
Remarks
The condition guarantees that the underlying probability space is rich enough so that the Brownian motion exists. If one removes this conditions one might have to use enlargement of the filtered probability space.
is not a -Brownian motion.
are almost surely finite since .
References
Martingale theory
Probability theorems | Dubins–Schwarz theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 203 | [
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
68,334,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassing%20%28textiles%29 | Grassing is one of the oldest methods of bleaching textile goods. The grassing method has been long been used in Europe to bleach linen and cotton based fabrics.
Method
The linens were laid out on the grass for over seven days after boiling with the ''lyes of ashes and rinsing''. The atmospheric oxygen and the oxygen left by the grass provide the whitening action. The cloth becomes whiter day by day until it attains the full whiteness. It was a slow process, but safer for the subjected material. Chemical bleaching may harm the cloth, but in the grassing it hardly affects the cloth's strength.
Bleachfield
The Bleachfield was an open area to spread cloth. It was a field near the watercourse used by a bleachery. Bleachfields were common in and around the mill towns during the British Industrial Revolution
Chemical bleaching
With the discovery of Chlorine in the late 18th century, chemical bleaching took over from grassing, as it was quicker and could be done indoors.
Oxygen bleaching action
It is the conjugated double bonds of the substrate that makes the substrate capable of absorbing visible light. The absorption of light makes the cloth look yellowish. Bleaching with oxygen removes the chromophoric sites and makes the cloths whiter. Oxygen is a degrading bleaching agent. Its bleaching action is based on ''destroying the phenolic groups and the carbon–carbon double bonds.''. A major source of chemical bleaching is hydrogen peroxide () that contains a single bond, (–O–O–). When the bond breaks, it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world's hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp.
Gallery
See also
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
Scouring (textiles)
References
History of the textile industry
Textile arts
Textile techniques
Textile chemistry | Grassing (textiles) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 423 | [
"nan"
] |
68,336,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouring%20%28textiles%29 | Scouring is a preparatory treatment of certain textile materials. Scouring removes soluble and insoluble impurities found in textiles as natural, added and adventitious impurities: for example, oils, waxes, fats, vegetable matter, as well as dirt. Removing these contaminants through scouring prepares the textiles for subsequent processes such as bleaching and dyeing. Though a general term, "scouring" is most often used for wool. In cotton, it is synonymously called "boiling out", and in silk, and "boiling off.
Purpose of scouring
Scouring is an essential pre-treatment for the subsequent finishing stages that include bleaching, dyeing, and printing. Raw and unfinished textiles contain a significant amount of impurities, both natural and foreign. It is necessary to eliminate these impurities to make the products ready for later steps in textile manufacturing. For instance, fatty substances and waxy matters are the major barriers in the hydrophilicity of the natural fibers. Absorbency helps the penetration of chemicals in the stages such as dyeing and printing or finishing of the textiles. These fats and waxy substances are converted into soluble salts with the help of alkali. This treatment is called Saponification.
Impurities
Foreign matter in addition to fiber is known as "impurities." Textile fibers contain many types of impurities. e.g.:
Natural impurities: Impurities gathered from the natural environment by the fibres. Natural impurities also include non-fibrous parts that are incorporated into the fiber during its growth. Notably, these are not present in synthetic fibres, which are manufactured artificially.
Added: Oils and waxes during spinning, crocheting or knitting or weaving.
Accidental: dirt or mishandling, foreign contaminants.
Etymology, and history
Etymology
The term "scouring" refers to the "act of cleaning with a rubbing action".
History
Textile manufacturing was once an everyday household activity. In Europe, women were often involved in textile manufacturing. They used to spin, weave, process, and finish the products they needed at home. In the pre-industrial era, scouring (wool scouring) was a part of the fulling process of cloth making, in which the cloths were cleaned, and then milled (a thickening process). Fulling used to be done by pounding the woolen cloth with a club, or by the fuller's feet or hands. This process was associated with waulking songs, which were sung by women in the Scottish Gaelic tradition to set the pace.
Earliest scouring agents
Scouring agents are the cleaning agents that remove the impurities from the textiles during the scouring process. While these are now industrially-produced, scouring agents were once produced locally; lant or stale urine and lixivium, a solution of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes, were among the earliest scouring agents. Lant, which contains ammonium carbonate, was used to scour the wool.
Wool scouring
The removal of lanolin, vegetable materials and other wool contaminants before use is an example of wool scouring. Wool scouring is the next process after the woollen fleece of a sheep is cut off. Raw wool is also known as ''Greasy wool.''
"Grease" or "yolk'' is a combined form of dried sweat, oil and fatty matter. Lanolin is the major component (5-25%) of raw wool which is a waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. Greasy matter varies by breed. Following the cleaning process, the wool fibers possess a chemical composition of keratin.
Process
Three steps comprise the complete cleaning process for wool: steeping, scouring, and rinsing.
Steeping
Potash and wool fat are two beneficial substances among the contaminants in wool, necessitating the development of specific cleaning techniques capable of recovering these compounds. Steeping is an alternative scouring process, In steeping system, scouring entails in parts. Wool steeping is carried out in stages such as immersing it in lukewarm water for many hours. When the wool includes only a little amount of yolk, the steeping method for recovering the yolk can be skipped.
Scouring treatment
Scouring is the process of cleaning wool that makes it free from grease, suint (residue from perspiration), dead skin and dirt and vegetable matter present as impurities in the wool. It may consist of a simple boiling of wool in water or an industrial process of treating wool with alkalis and detergents (or soap and Sodium carbonate.) Bath temperature is maintained (at 65 degree Celsius) to melt wool grease. (Lanolin melts at a temperature of 38-44 °C.)
The next treatment is carbonization, a treatment with strong acids that convert vegetable matter into carbon.
Rinsing
Rinsing is the process of thoroughly washing the cleaned wool.
Alternative method
The alternative method is solvent scouring.
Solvent method
Solvent scouring of wool replaces soap, detergent, and alkalies with a solvent liquid such as carbon tetrachloride, ether, petroleum naphtha, Chloroform, benzene, or carbon disulfide, etc. These liquids are capable of dissolving impurities but highly volatile and flammable. Hence, they need extra care in handling.
Gallery
Cotton scouring
In cotton, non-cellulosic substances such as waxes, lipids, pectic substances, organic acids contribute to around ten percent of the weight. Cotton, in particular, has fewer impurities than wool. Cotton scouring refers to removing impurities such as natural wax, pectins, and non-fibrous matter with a wetting agent and caustic soda. In comparison, alkaline boiling has no effect on cellulose.
Impurities in cotton
Cotton Pectins, waxes, proteins, mineral compounds, and ash, etc.
Methods
Continuous scouring
Discontinuous scouring
In discontinuous method certain machines are used such as dyeing vessels, winches, jiggers and Kier.
Kier boiling
Kier is a large cylindrical vessel, upright, with egg shaped ends made of boilerplate that has a capacity of treating one to three tonnes of material at a time.
Kier boiling and ''Boiling off'' is the scouring process that involves boiling the materials with the caustic solution in the Kier, which is an enclosed vessel, so that the fabric can boil under pressure. Open kiers were also used with temperatures below 100 °C (at atmospheric pressure).
Biotechnology
Biotechnology in textiles is the advanced way of processing, textiles, it contributes to numerous treatments of cellulosic materials such as desizing, denim washing, biopolishing, and scouring, etc.
Scouring with enzymes
Enzymes are helpful in bio-singeing, bio-scouring and removing impurities from cotton, which is more environmentally friendly. Biopolishing is an alternative method that is an enzymetic treatment to clean the surface of cellulosic fabrics or yarns. It is also named ''Biosingeing.'' Pectinase enzymes, breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in cellulosic materials such as cotton.
Gallery
Silk scouring
Silk is an animal fiber it consists 70–80% fibroin and 20–30% sericin (the gum coating the fibres). It carries impurities like dirt, oils, fats and sericin. The purpose of silk scouring is to remove the coloring matter and the gum that is a sticky substance which envelops the silk yarn. The process is also called ''degumming''. The gum contributes nearly 30 percent of the weight of unscoured silk threads. Silk is called ''boiled off'' when the gum is removed. The process includes the boiling the silk in a soap solution and rinsing it out.
Gallery
Manmade material Scouring
Oil and dirt are the impurities in Synthetic materials. Certain oils and waxes are applied as lubricants during spinning or fabric manufacturing stages such as knitting or weaving. Mild detergents can remove the impurities effectively.
Effluent of scouring
Effluent is waste water that is thrown away in the water bodies. Industrial wastewater contaminated with scouring residues is heavily contaminated and extremely polluted.
See also
Grassing (textiles)
Singeing (textiles)
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Textiles
Textile techniques
Textile chemistry
Industrial processes | Scouring (textiles) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,777 | [
"nan"
] |
68,337,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Daisy%20Ginsberg | Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg (born 1982) is a British and South African artist who lives and works in London, UK. She is known for artworks that explore the relationship between humans, technology and nature. Many of her works are achieved using artificial intelligence and synthetic biology.
Early life and education
Ginsberg completed an MA (Cantab) in Architecture from the University of Cambridge in 2004. She attended Harvard University as a Visiting Student between 2005 - 2006. In 2009, Ginsberg received an MA in Design Interactions at the Royal College of Art, London, UK. In 2017, Ginsberg completed a PhD at the Royal College of Art. Her thesis explored the notion of ‘better’ in relation to design and synthetic biology.
Career
Ginsberg’s artworks focus on humans' relationship with the non-human world, broaching themes such as artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, biodiversity, nature, conservation, and evolution. Her background in design and synthetic biology often informs her artistic practice.
Her installations have been shown at the Centre Pompidou, Museum of Modern Art, Somerset House, Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo and Royal Academy.
Ginsberg has exhibited her projects at various institutions, including the Natural History Museum, London; Serpentine Gallery, London; Royal Academy, London; Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid; Centre Pompidou, Paris; V&A Museum, London; MIT, Boston; Museum of Modern Art, New York and Ted Global.
She has been the recipient of awards such as the 2023 S+T+ARTS Prize - Grand Prize for Artistic Exploration; Breakthrough of the Year, Science in the Arts, Falling Walls, 2020; The Rapoport Award for Women in Art & Tech, 2019; Changemaker Award, Dezeen, 2019; London Design Medal, 2012 and Future 50, Icon Magazine, 2013.
Notable works
The Sixth Extinction - Using AI and speculative thinking, Alexandra created a piece titled “The Sixth Extinction”. The work showcases the potential of synthetic biology when it is meshed with ecosystem conservation. The piece highlights the idea of organisms designed to protect disappearing ecosystems. There is also underlying juxtaposition regarding government ownership and industrialization of nature. This work was showcased by the Science Gallery at Trinity College of Dublin in the Grow Your Own exhibition. Alexandra is listed as a curator along with Michael John Gorman, Paul Freemont, Anthony Dunne, and Cathal Gravey. This exhibition ran from December 25th, 2013 to January 19th 2014.
Resurrecting the Sublime - Resurrecting the Sublime is a collaborative series of immersive installations showcasing the combination of extracted DNA and synthetic fragrance technologies. These immersive experiences allow individuals to experience the fragrance of extinct flowers that are lost as a result of imperialist conquest. These flowers include the Hibiscadelphus wilderianus, Orbexilum stipulatum, and the Leucadendron grandiflorum. Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg collaborated alongside Sissel Tolaas and Christina Agapakis leading the researchers and engineers from Ginkgo Bioworks.
Pollinator Pathmaker Project - In 2021, she was commissioned by the Eden Project to create a pollinator-friendly artwork, taking the shape of gardens generated by an algorithm. The algorithm was designed to be empathetic to how insects see the world and what they consider art. The goal behind the project was to maximize pollinator diversity and create multi species artwork collaborating with plants, animals, and people.
The Lost Rhino - The Lost Rhino is a four part display of the endangered Northern White Rhino. One of the representations is a projection called ‘The Substitute'. Ginsberg created this piece using AI technology meshed with footage from the last of its kind. This piece is a commentary on how conservation is becoming less about existing animals while the issue of disappearance is still at hand. The other three parts of the display were also curated by Ginsberg. These include facsimile inaccurate prints of the northern white rhino by Albrecht Düer from the 16th century, a film depicting the growing heart cells from the deceased northern rhino Angalifu, and subspecies taxidermy southern white rhino.
Collections
Art Institute of Chicago
Cooper Hewitt
ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe
This link presents Dr. Ginsberg’s design for Eden Project and summer 2022 exhibit at Kensington Gardens Serpentine Galleries.
References
1982 births
Living people
21st-century British artists
Synthetic biology artists
British contemporary artists
21st-century British women artists
21st-century English women
British conceptual artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art | Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg | [
"Biology"
] | 917 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Synthetic biology artists"
] |
68,337,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20portability | Performance portability refers to the ability of computer programs and applications to operate effectively across different platforms. Developers of performance portable applications seek to support multiple platforms without impeding performance, and ideally while minimizing platform-specific code.
It is a sought after commodity within the HPC (high performance computing) community, however there is no universal or agreed upon way to measure it. There is some contention as to whether portability refers to the portability of an application or the portability of the source code.
Performance can be measured in two ways: either by comparing an optimized version of an application with its portable version; or to compare the theoretical peak performance of an application based on how many FLOPs are performed, with the data moved from main-memory to the processor.
The diversity of hardware makes developing software that works across a wide variety of machines increasingly important for the longevity of the application.
Contentions
The term performance portability is frequently used in industry and generally refers to: "(1) the ability to run one application across multiple hardware platforms; and (2) achieving some notional level of performance on these platforms." For example, at the 2016 DOE (United States Department of Energy) Centers of Excellence Performance Portability Meeting, John Pennycook (Intel), stated “An application is performance portable if it achieves a consistent level of performance [e.g. defined by execution time or other figure of merit, not percentage of peak FLOPS (floating point operations per second] across platforms relative to the best known implementation on each platform.” More directly, Jeff Larkin (NVIDIA) noted that performance portability was when "The same source code will run productively on a variety of different architectures."
Performance portability is a key topic of discussion within the HPC (high performance computing) community. Collaborators from industry, academia, and DOE national laboratories meet annually at the Performance, Portability, and Productivity at HPC Forum, launched in 2016, to discuss ideas and progress toward performance portability goals on current and future HPC platforms.
Relevance
Performance portability retains relevance among developers due to constantly evolving computing architectures that threaten to make applications designed for current hardware obsolete. Performance portability represents the assumption that a developer's singular codebase will continue to perform within acceptable limits on newer architectures and on a variety of current architectures that the code hasn't yet been tested on. The increasing diversity of hardware makes developing software that works across a wide variety of machines necessary for longevity and continued relevance.
One prominent proponent of performance portability is the United States Department of Energy's (DOE) Exascale Computing Project (ECP). The ECP's mission of creating an exascale computing ecosystem requires a diverse array of hardware architectures, which has made performance portability an ongoing concern and something that must be prepared for in order to effectively use exascale supercomputers. At the 2016 DOE Centers of Excellence Performance Portability Meeting, Bert Still (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) stated that performance portability was "a critical ongoing issue" for the ECP due to their continuing use of diverse platforms. Since 2016 the DOE has hosted workshops exploring the continued importance of performance portability. Companies and groups in attendance of the 2017 meeting include the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), International Business Machines (IBM), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Intel, and NVIDIA.
Measuring Performance Portability
Quantifying when a program reaches performance portability is dependent on two factors. The first factor, portability, can be measured by the total lines of code that are used across multiple architectures vs. the total lines of code that are intended for a single architecture. There is some contention as to whether portability refers to the portability of an application (i.e. does it run everywhere or not), or the portability of source code (i.e. how much code is specialized). The second factor, performance, can be measured in a few ways. One method is to compare the performance of platform optimized version of an application vs. the performance of a portable version of the same application. Another method is to construct a roofline performance model, which provides the theoretical peak performance of an application based on how many FLOPs are performed vs. the data moved from main-memory to the processor over the course of program execution.
There are currently no universal standards for what truly makes code or an application performance portable, and no agreement about whether proposed measurement methods accurately capture the concerns that are relevant to code teams. During the 2016 DOE (United States Department of Energy) Centers of Excellence Performance Portability Meeting, speaker David Richards, from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, stated that, "A code is performance portable when the application team says its performance portable!"
A study from 2019 titled Performance Portability across Diverse Computer Architectures analyzed multiple parallel programming models across a diverse set of architectures in order to determine the current state of performance portability. The study concluded that when writing performance portable code it's important to use open (standard) programming models supported by multiple vendors across multiple hardware platforms, expose maximal parallelism at all levels of the algorithm and application, develop and improve codes on multiple platforms simultaneously, and multi-objective auto-tuning can help find suitable parameters in a flexible codebase to achieve good performance on all platforms.
Studies from 2022 are postulated that an adequate and inclusive definition of the performance portability of a parallel application is desirable, but rather complex, and it is doubtful whether such a definition would be accepted by most researchers and developers in the scientific community. Furthermore, the changes that have
occurred in the past two decades in the development of parallel programming models, especially with the addition of new portable performance abstractions to current versions and those that will be added in the coming years, outline a new trend in the field.
This trend indicates that the performance portability that parallel programming models will provide to applications will be more significant than the performance portability that applications can provide themselves on their own. In other words, it is proposed that parallel programming models will become more descriptive than
prescriptive models, thus transferring a great deal of responsibility from the programmer to the programming model implementation and its underlying compiler, which ultimately determine the degree of performance portability of the application. This is a fundamental conceptual change in how applications will be developed in the foreseeable future. As a result of these changes, it is necessary to raise the abstraction level of the definition of performance portability.
In other words, these studies propose a definition for performance portability that is parallel programming model-centric
rather than application-centric.
Framework and Non-Framework Solutions
There are a number of programming applications and systems that help programmers make their applications performance portable. Some frameworks that claim to support functional portability include OpenCL, SYCL, Kokkos, RAJA, Java, OpenMP, OpenACC. These programming interfaces support multi-platform multiprocessing programming in particular programming languages. Some non-framework solutions include Self-tuning and Domain-specific language.
References
External links
Effective Performance Portability | IEEE Conference Publication
Performance Portability across Diverse Computer Architectures
Julia: come for the syntax, stay for the speed
Exploring Performance Portability for Accelerators via High-level Parallel Patterns
Towards Achieving Performance Portability Using Directives for Accelerators
Intel Working on New Data Parallel C++
Toward performance portability of the Albany finite element analysis code using the Kokkos library
CLAW: a tool providing performance portability across emerging computing architectures
Enhancing Productivity and Performance Portability of General-Purpose Parallel Programming
SPIRAL: Future Proof Performance Portability
Performance Portability in Extreme Scale Computing: Metrics, Challenges, Solutions
Performance Portability with oneAPI
Parallelization and performance portability in hydrodynamics codes
Compilers and More: What Makes Performance Portable?
On Applying Performance Portability Metrics
Reformulation of the performance portability metric
On the Performance Portability of OpenACC, OpenMP, Kokkos and RAJA
Bibliography
Exascale Scientific Applications: Scalability and Performance Portability. United Kingdom, CRC Press, 2017.
Mazaheri A., Schulte J., Moskewicz M.W., Wolf F., Jannesari A. (2019) Enhancing the Programmability and Performance Portability of GPU Tensor Operations. In: Yahyapour R. (eds) Euro-Par 2019: Parallel Processing. Euro-Par 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11725. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29400-7_16
Computer programming | Performance portability | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,814 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer programming",
"Computers"
] |
68,339,389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Robinson%20%28scientist%29 | Laura Frances Robinson, born November 1976, is a British scientist who is Professor of Geochemistry at the University of Bristol. She makes use of geochemistry to study the processes that govern the climate. In particular, Robinson studies radioactive elements, as these can be analysed in geological materials. She was awarded the 2010 President's Award of the Geological Society of London.
Early life and education
Robinson was an undergraduate student at the University of Cambridge, where she studied natural sciences. She moved to the University of Oxford for her graduate studies, where she investigated pleistocene climate chronology. After completing her doctorate, Robinson moved to California. She was appointed a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology. At Caltech, worked alongside Jess Adkins on deep sea corals. The research took her on a cruise in the North Atlantic ocean, where she journeyed in a submarine to undersea mountains. On this trip she collected fossils from the sea floor. She studied 16,000 year old coral fossils from the Southern Ocean. This experience inspired her to explore how the Atlantic Ocean changed during climate transitions. She moved to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where she was made Associate Scientist.
Research and career
Robinson was awarded the 2010 Geological Society of London President's Award for her contributions to geosciences. In 2011 Robinson moved back to the United Kingdom, where she was appointed to the faculty of the University of Bristol. She was awarded a European Research Council Starting Grant studying changes in chemistry and circulation of the Atlantic Ocean. She makes use of an Agassiz Trawl to collect samples from the floor of the ocean, with a particular focus on deep-sea corals. Robinson was involved with a British Antarctic Survey mission to the South Orkney Islands. The mission took place on the RRS James Clark Ross and investigated the biodiversity in and outside of the South Orkney Islands. For this work she was awarded the Antarctic Service Medal.
In 2016 she delivered a Ted Talk on the secrets she discovers on the ocean floor.
Selected publications
References
Geochemists
English women scientists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Bristol
Living people
1976 births | Laura Robinson (scientist) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 437 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
68,341,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behali%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary | Behali Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Biswanath district of Assam is a patch of semi-evergreen forest in the foothills of Eastern Himalayas.
This forest is a part of the greater Sonitpur Elephant Reserve and was declared as a reserved forest in 1917. It lies between the two famous protected areas, the Nameri National Park on its west and Kaziranga National Park on its south comprising a total area of 140 km2. Hence it acts as an important corridor for migration of several species between these protected areas mainly the elephants.
On 4 May 2022, In The Assam Gazette, The Governor of Assam proposed to declare the Behali Reserved Forest as a Wildlife Sanctuary.
It is also recognized as an Important Bird Area in 1994 and a Key Biodiversity Area in 2004.
Located between 93°11′30.58″ E and 93°23′21.09″ E longitudes and 26°52′20.08″ N and 26°57′33.17″N latitudes, the area is bordered in the east by the Buroi River, west by Borgang river, the north side is by Papum Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh and several human habitations, tea plantations and paddy fields in the south. With an elevation between 90 metres to 110 metres a.s.l., the forest comprises several highlands and lowlands. The temperature varies between 13 °C to 37 °C and the mean annual rainfall in the forest is about 1800 mm.
Landscape and Biodiversity
Rivers
Borgang and Buroi are the main tributaries flowing through Behali Reserve Forest and drains in the Brahmaputra. Apart from these, there are several other small streams spanning the forest such as Behali, Bedeti, Bihmari, Borajuli, Dikal, Diring, Kochujan, Kolaguri, Naharjan, Nasbor, Sauldhowa, Sukansuti, etc.
Flora
The flora of the forest has recently been explored. It is known to host a total of 308 native angiosperm species. Several of which are hidden for decades. Three taxa are described as new to science form this forest by the botanist, Dipankar Borah. Of which, Chlorophytum assamicum and Peliosanthes macrophylla var assamensis are endemic to this forest and Aristolochia assamica is now endemic to Northeast India after being collected from a few more locations in NE India. Tupistra stoliczkana rediscovered after more than a century, Galeola nudifolia and Pandanus unguifer recorded as new for the flora of Assam and Citrus indica recollected after several years from Assam which elucidates the importance of the area to maintain the unique natural elements in order to preserve its ecological integrity. These exceptional plant discoveries, rediscoveries and records also emphasizes the rich floral wealth of this forest and illustrates the dearth need of plant explorations to undiscover many such elusive elements in the near future.
Magnolia hogdsonii, Elaeocarpus rugosus, E. varunua, Bauhinia variegata, and Gynocardia odorata are some of the common woody species in the forest. The forest patch also hosts different habitat types such as pristine forests, secondary forests, rehabilitated forests, riparian forests, open habitats (e.g. grasslands), and wetlands. Further, the reserve forest is home to 37 orchid species distributed throughout the canopies and also the ground. Ficus with 14 species is one of the keystone plant group on which several avifauna depend upon.
Fauna
The forest is also rich in its fauna with 282 birds, 275 butterflies, 49 mammals, 23 snakes, 12 amphibians, 11 turtles and 11 lizards documented so far. This last left forest patch is inhabited by some of the most threatened and endemic faunal species including Rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Wreathed hornbill (Aceros undulatus), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), White-winged duck (Asarcornis scutulata), Indian Bison (Bos gaurus), Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), Dhole (Cuon alpinus), Southeast Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis), Keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii), Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Black pond turtle (Geoclemys hamiltonii), Indian hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus), Lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), Tricarinate hill turtle (Melanochelys tricarinata), Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Indian softshell turtle (Nilssonia gangeticus), Indian peacock softshell turtle (Nilssonia hurum), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Pygmy hog (Porcula salvania), Burmese python (Python bivittatus), Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), River tern (Sterna aurantia), Capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus), Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) and Black softshell turtle (Nilssonia nigricans).
Importance
Archaeological importance
Behali RF is a storehouse of many archaeological ruins. An ancient town of 14th century built by Boro-barahi kings remains hidden amongst the dense vegetation. Sculptured palaces, tanks, stone boundary walls, etc. can be seen dispersed till now. A rampart named Rajgarh is one of the many (forts) which runs through the Behali RF, built by the Ahom king Swargadeo Pratap Singha. And hidden for centuries, the Maidam Pukhuri, a tank built by the same king between the early 9th to 14th centuries still remains in the core part of Behali RF with the stone bound borders covering an area of 0.26 hectares.
The people and non-timber forest products
Several indigenous communities also resides in the boundaries of Behali RF and whom the Karbi and the Munda are the prominent settlers. Around 100 non-timber forest products have been reported to be used by these communities from Behali RF. The dependence on this forest is intricately associated with their culture, which might be a cause for the forests survival so far.
Ecological Importance
This forest is now the last left forest of Biswanath district of Assam. Apart from hosting such a large sum of biodiversity it also balances the ecological sanctity of the area. It is the major oxygen producer for the zone and it stores tons of carbon emitted by the tea and brick industries predominant in the district. Maintaining the ground water level, providing essential commodities to several dependent population are many of the other examples known.
Conflicts and threats
The area is under severe conflict with its neighbouring region regarding its northern boundary. Illegal encroachment from almost all the sides, more severe in the northern boundary is one of the most major concern for survival of this forest along with deforestation and hunting. Now only 60 km2 of the original forest cover is left, others being encroached or are degraded.
Demands
A lot of people from all over Assam are demanding for an wildlife sanctuary by conducting a peaceful protest through community meetings, awareness camps, posters and paintings and also through social media since 1996 by a Non-Governmental Organization named Nature's Bonyapran. So far 19 memorandums have been submitted to the governments since, for its upgradation into a Wildlife sanctuary. But attention hasn't been paid so far.
References
External links
Research Paper on Behali Reserved Forest
Key Biodiversities Area
Documentary of Behali Reserved Forest
Tourism in Northeast India
Tourism in Assam
Geography of Assam
Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
Important Bird Areas of India
Biosphere reserves of India
1917 in the environment
Biodiversity
Protected areas established in 1917 | Behali Wildlife Sanctuary | [
"Biology"
] | 1,724 | [
"Biodiversity"
] |
68,342,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Axion%20Observatory | The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a next-generation axion helioscope for the search of solar axions and Axion-Like Particles (ALPs). It is the follow-up of the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST), which operated from 2003 to 2022. IAXO will be set up by implementing the helioscope concept bringing it to a larger size and longer observation times.
The IAXO collaboration
The Letter of Intent for International Axion Observatory was submitted to the CERN in August 2013. IAXO formally founded in July 2017 and received an advanced grant from the European Research Council in October 2018. The near-term goal of the collaboration is to build a precursor version of the experiment, called BabyIAXO, which will be located at DESY, Germany.
The IAXO Collaboration is formed by 21 institutes from 7 different countries.
Principle of operation
The IAXO experiment is based on the helioscope principle. Axions can be produced in stars (like the sun) via the Primakoff effect and other mechanisms. These axions would reach the helioscope and would be converted into soft X-ray photons in the presence of a magnetic field. Then, these photons travel through a focusing X-ray optics, and are expected as an excess of signal in the detector when the magnet points to the Sun.
The potential of the experiment can be estimated by means of the figure of merit (FOM), which can be defined as , where the first factor is related to the magnet and depends on the magnetic field (B), the length of the magnet (L) and the area of the bore (A). The second part depends on the efficiency () and background (b) of the detector. The third is related to the optics, more specifically the efficiency () and the area of the focused signal on the detector readout (). The last term is related to the time (t) of operation and the fraction of time that sun is tracked (). The objective is to maximise the value of the figure of merit in order to optimise the sensitivity of the experiment to axions.
Sensitivity and physics potential
IAXO will primarily be searching for solar axions, along with the potential to observe the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) axion in the mass range of 1 meV to 1 eV. It is also expected to be capable of discovering ALPs. Therefore, IAXO will have the potential to solve both the strong CP problem and the dark matter problem.
It could also be later adapted to test models of hypothesized hidden photons or chameleons. Also, the magnet can be used as a haloscope to search for axion dark matter.
IAXO will have a sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling 1–1.5 order of magnitude higher than that achieved by previous detectors.
Axion sources accessible to IAXO
Any particle found by IAXO will be at the least a sub-dominant component of the dark matter. The observatory would be capable of observing from a wide range of sources given below.
Solar axions.
QCD axions.
Dark matter axions.
Axions from astrophysical hints such as white dwarf and neutron star anomalous cooling, globular clusters, and supergiant stars powered by helium.
IAXO: The International Axion Observatory
IAXO will be a next-generation enhanced helioscope, with a signal to noise ratio five orders of magnitude higher compared to current-day detectors. The cross-sectional area of the magnet equipped with an X-ray focusing optics is meant to increase this signal to background ratio. When the solar axions interact with the magnetic field, some of them may convert into photons through the Primakoff effect. These photons would then be detected by the X-ray detectors of the helioscope.
The magnet will be a purpose‐built large‐scale superconductor with a length of 20 m and an average field strength of 2.5 Tesla. The whole helioscope will feature 8 bores of 60 cm diameter. Each of the bores will be equipped with a focusing X-ray optic and a low-background X-ray detector. The helioscope will also be equipped with a mechanical system allowing it to follow the sun consistently throughout half of the day. Tracking data will be taken during the day and background data will be taken during the night, which is the ideal split of data and background for properly estimating the event rate in each case and determining the axion signal.
BabyIAXO
BabyIAXO is an intermediate scale version of the IAXO experiment with axion discovery potential and a FOM around 100 times larger than CAST. It will also serve as a technological prototype of all the subsystems of the helioscope as an first step to explore further improvements to the final IAXO experiment.
It will consist of a 10 m long magnet with 2 bores and 2 detection lines equipped with an X-ray optic and an ultra-low background X-ray detector each.
BabyIAXO will be set up in the HERA South Hall at DESY in Hamburg (Germany) by the IAXO collaboration with the involvement of DESY and CERN. The data taking by BabyIAXO is scheduled to start in 2028.
BabyIAXO design
Design
Magnet
The superconducting magnet has a toroidal multibore configuration in order to generate a strong magnetic field over a large volume. It will be a 10 m long magnet consisting of two different coils made out of 35 km Rutherford cable. This configuration will generate a 2.5 Tesla magnetic field within the two 70 cm diameter bores. The magnet subsystem is inspired by the ATLAS experiment.
X-ray optics
Since BabyIAXO will have two bores in the magnet, two X-ray optics are required to operate in parallel. Both of them are Wolter optics (type I).
One of the two BabyIAXO optics will be based on a mature technology developed for NASA's NuStar X-ray satellite. The signal from the 0.7 m diameter bore will be focused to 0.2 area.
The second BabyIAXO optics will be one of the flight models of the XMM-Newton space mission that belongs to the ESA.
Detectors
IAXO and BabyIAXO will have multiple and diverse detectors working in parallel, mounted to the different magnet bores. Based upon the experience from CAST, the baseline detector technology will be a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with a Micromegas readout. In addition, there are several other technologies under study: GridPix, Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMC), Transition Edge Sensors (TES) and Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD).
The detectors for this experiment need to meet certain technical requirements. They need a high detection efficiency in the ROI (1 – 10 keV) where the Primakoff axion signal is expected. They also need a very low radioactive background in ROI of under (less than 3 counts per year of data). To reach this background level, the detector relies on:
The use of both passive shielding to block environmental gammas.
The use of active to tag cosmic ray induced events.
The intrinsic radiopurity of the construction materials.
The advanced event discrimination strategies based on topological information, validated with simulations.
See also
CERN Axion Solar Telescope
References
External links
International Axion Observatory Website
List of experiments for dark matter search
CERN experiments
Particle physics facilities
Physics experiments
CERN facilities
CERN | International Axion Observatory | [
"Physics"
] | 1,563 | [
"Dark matter",
"Physics experiments",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Experiments for dark matter search",
"Experimental physics"
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68,343,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20Marine%20Power | Orbital Marine Power (formerly Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd) is a Scottish renewable energy company focused on the development and global deployment of floating tidal stream turbine technology. The company was founded in 2002, and has built and tested three different turbines.
The O2 is Orbital's first commercial turbine and represents the culmination of more than 15 years of product development in the UK. The 74 m long turbine is expected to operate in the waters off Orkney for the next 15–20 years with the capacity to meet the annual electricity demand of around 2,000 UK homes with clean, predictable power from the fast-flowing waters, while offsetting approximately 2,200 tonnes of production per year. In a further ground-breaking element of the project, the O2 will provide power to the European Marine Energy Centre's onshore electrolyser to generate green hydrogen that will be used to demonstrate decarbonisation of wider energy requirements. , it is the most powerful tidal turbine in the world and is anchored in the Fall of Warness off Eday, Orkney Islands.
History
Scotrenewables Tidal Power was founded in Orkney 2002 to develop the floating tidal stream turbines. The company was rebranded as Orbital Marine Power in 2019, alongside a crowdfunding campaign that raised £7m towards constructing their first commercial turbine, the O2. The company has built and tested three versions of their floating tidal turbines, the SR250, SR2000, and the O2. Orbital are now developing their next-generation O2-X turbines, with six expected to be deployed in Orkney between 2026 and 2028.
SR250
Orbital (then called Scotrenewables) was the first company in the world to successfully grid connect a floating tidal turbine, the SR250. This was a 250 kW rated machine, with twin contra-rotating 8 m diameter two-bladed rotors. These were mounted either side of the hull on 'rotor legs' that could be raised to limit draft when towing. The buoyant hull was a 34 m long, 2.3 m diameter tube. The device weighed 100 tonnes and was anchored by four catenary moorings via a quick connect turret on the hull tube. The rated current speed was 2.5 m/s (4.9 knots, 5.6 mph).
The SR250 was constructed by Harland & Wolff in Belfast in 2010, being launched early in 2011 and towed to the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney. Initial tests were performed by towing the device through the water, achieving peak power for the first time in December 2011. The device was connected to the Orkney electricity grid in 2012.
SR2000
In 2016 the company launched the SR2000, the world's most powerful tidal stream turbine, at 2 MW. The SR2000 produced in excess of 3 GWh of electricity over its initial 12-month continuous test programme. At the time this represented more power from a single turbine than had been generated cumulatively by the wave and tidal sector in Scotland over the 12 years prior to the launch of the SR2000.
The SR2000 was also constructed by Harland & Wolff in Belfast, launched on 12 May 2016. This turbine had twin 16 m diameter rotors, a 63 m long hull, and weighed 550 tonnes. It first exported power to the grid in October 2016, and was tested until September 2018. The turbine was towed to Blyth, Northumberland for decommissioning by Thompsons of Prudhoe.
The SR2000 was able to generate at rated power in significant wave heights of up to and at reduced power in waves of up to .
O2
The Orbital O2 has twin 20 m diameter rotors, a 72 m long hull, and weighs 680 tonnes. The O2 incorporates key innovations and lessons from the company's previous prototype, the SR2000, that, on a like-for-like basis, enable a 35% improvement in yield at the EMEC site. The twin rotors have a combined swept area of over 600 square metres, the largest ever on a single tidal generating platform to date. Each rotor is connected to a 1 MW generator, with a rated current speed of . The blades have the ability to pitch through 360°, enabling power to be captured from both tidal directions without need to yaw the entire platform.
The turbine was constructed in Dundee, Scotland by Texo Group. The hull was produced by Grey Fabrication in Cupar, and the four composite blades were manufactured by A C Marine & Composites (ACMC) in Gosport. The entire structure was then protected from the elements out at sea by BROL-Coat Ltd. They gritblasted everything before applying over 4000 litres of paint, ultimately adding an extra 4t in weight.
The O2 turbine was launched from the city into the Tay Estuary on 22 April 2021 via a submersible barge. It was then towed to the Fall of Warness site in April and grid connected in July 2021. The draft when towing is just 3 m.
The floating structure is held on station with a four-point mooring system where each mooring chain has the capacity to lift over 50 double decker buses. Electricity is transferred from the turbine via a dynamic cable to the seabed and a static cable along the seabed to the local onshore electricity network.
O2-X
The next-generation turbine, the O2-X will be able to generate 2.4 MW of renewable energy, and is designed to be adaptable to multiple sites. Orbital are working with Lloyd's Register to certify the turbine against International Electrotechnical Commission TS 62600-4, initial aiming for an IECRE Feasibility Statement, before full certification which would formally allow the move to serial production.
Future deployments
In July 2022, Orbital were awarded contracts for 4.8 MW and 2.4 MW in the UK Contracts for Difference (CfD) AR4 auction, to supply electricity from turbines at Eday from 2026/27. In September 2023, they were awarded a further 4.8 MW plus 2.4 MW, to be commissioned in 2027/28. This equates to a pipeline of six O2-X turbines. Orbital announced in October 2023 they were successful in applying for the Horizon Europe sustainable tidal farms call, and would be leading the EURO-TIDES project to develop a 9.6 MW array.
Orbital announced in May 2024 that Global Energy Group had been appointed as the preferred supplier to manufacture the turbines for these initial Orkney CfD projects. Manufacture of the turbines was expected to start later that year at the Port of Nigg.
Orbital have also secured an option agreement from Crown Estate Scotland and a grid connection for a 30 MW array to be constructed in the Westray Firth, to the north of the existing O2 deployment.
Plans have also been announced to deploy a next-generation 2.4 MW O2X turbine at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), located in the Bay of Fundy. This would be in partnership with project developer Eauclaire Tidal.
In September 2024, Orbital was awarded funding through the United States Department of Energy Testing Expertise and Access to Marine Energy Research (TEAMER) programme for a project called "Site identification framework and environmental compliance for floating ocean current turbines in US waters". Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Florida Atlantic University are also partners in the project.
Orbital previously announced in 2018 that they planned to deploy their floating 2 MW Orbital O2 turbines at the Morlais site in Wales.
References
External links
Tidal power
Coastal construction
Tides
Renewable energy
Tidal stream generators
Eday | Orbital Marine Power | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,562 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal construction"
] |
68,343,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20named%20animals%20and%20plants%20in%20Germanic%20heroic%20legend |
References
Sources
Lists of animals
Lists of plants
Animals
Animals in Norse mythology
Germanic | List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend | [
"Biology"
] | 16 | [
"Lists of plants",
"Animals",
"Plants",
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals"
] |
78,472,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20D.%20Yaghjian | Arthur David Yaghjian (born January 1, 1943) is an American electrical engineer, who is best known for his contributions to electromagnetic theory and its applications.
A native of Providence, Rhode Island, Yaghjian received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Brown University in 1964, 1966, and 1969, respectively. Briefly acting as an instructor at Tougaloo College and Hampton University, he joined the Electromagnetics Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1971. In 1983, he became a research scientist at the Electromagnetics Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, where he worked until 1996. He held guest professorships at IIT Kharagpur in 1987, Technical University of Denmark in 1989 and University of Siena in 2007. He has been working as an independent consultant since then.
Yaghjian's contributions include probe-compensated near-field antenna measurements, theory of electromagnetic fields in metamaterials, dyadic Green's functions and analysis of electrically small antennas. Being a Life Fellow of the IEEE and member of URSI, Yaghjian is the recipient of 2021 IEEE APS Distinguished Achievement Award. In 2022, he received the IEEE Electromagnetics Award "for contributions to fundamental electromagnetic theory and its applications to near-field antenna measurements."
Selected publications
Journal articles
Books
Patents
Apparatus for scanning and measuring the near-field radiation of an antenna (US4704614A)
Electrically small supergain endfire array antenna (US8134516B1)
References
Living people
1943 births
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
American electrical engineers
American electronics engineers
American engineering writers
American people of Armenian descent
American telecommunications engineers
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Hampton University faculty
Metamaterials scientists
Microwave engineers
National Institute of Standards and Technology people
Scientists from Massachusetts
Tougaloo College faculty
Writers from Massachusetts | Arthur D. Yaghjian | [
"Materials_science"
] | 386 | [
"Metamaterials scientists",
"Metamaterials"
] |
78,473,386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrasis%20kona | Acrasis kona is a eukaryotic microorganism within the family Acrasidae, notable for its life cycle that alternates between unicellular and multicellular stages.
In its unicellular phase, it exists as an amoeboid cell, while under certain environmental conditions, individual cells aggregate to form a multicellular structure. This transition makes Acrasis kona a valuable model organism for studying cellular communication, differentiation, and the evolutionary origins of multicellularity.
Its dual life stages provide insights into how cells cooperate and organize into complex structures, offering parallels to processes in higher organisms. Recent genomic studies have revealed deep evolutionary roots of multicellular pathways, further highlighting its importance in understanding the origins of eukaryotic cooperation and differentiation.
Ecology
Acrasis kona is typically found in soil and decaying plant material, where it thrives in moist environments rich in organic matter. This habitat supports its amoeboid lifestyle, as the organism feeds on yeast and other microrganisms.
When environmental conditions deteriorate, such as in nutrient scarcity or desiccation, Acrasis kona aggregates with neighboring cells to form a multicellular structure. It is believed that the lack of food might trigger this aggregation process, as cells begin to cluster in regions devoid of nutrients.
Once aggregated, the cells surround themselves with an extracellular slime sheath and begin developing into a multicellular sorocarp. The resulting fruiting body undergoes complex morphogenesis, including the formation of a stalk and spore production. The geographic distribution of Acrasis kona is thought to be widespread in temperate and tropical regions, although its specific range requires further investigation. It has not been noted to have obligate symbiotic relationships.
Morphology
In its unicellular form, Acrasis kona resembles other amoeboid protists, exhibiting irregular shapes and dynamic pseudopodia. Its multicellular phase is marked by the formation of early aggregate structures that differentiate into fruiting bodies capable of producing spores. Cells range from 10–30 µm in length in their amoeboid phase, and the multicellular aggregates can reach up to several millimeters in length. This morphological versatility highlights its adaptability and evolutionary significance.
In addition, Acrasis kona belongs to the broader group of sorocarpic amoebae, which are characterized by the formation of fruiting bodies, a trait that distinguishes them from other amoeboid protists. The transition from the amoeboid to the multicellular stage involves intricate signaling and cellular differentiation, culminating in the production of spores within a protective extracellular matrix.
Life cycle
Unicellular stage
In its initial unicellular form, Acrasis kona exists as an amoeboid cell, which exhibits dynamic pseudopodia used for locomotion and feeding. During this stage, the organism is typically found in environments with abundant food sources, such as soil or decaying organic matter, where it feeds on yeast and other microrganisms.They move and change shape in response to their environment, capturing food through phagocytosis.
Aggregation and multicellular stage
When environmental conditions become unfavorable, such as nutrient depletion or desiccation, Acrasis kona transitions to a multicellular phase. Individual amoeboid cells aggregate into a mass, forming an early aggregate structure. This aggregation is triggered by the absence of food, with the cells aggregating in regions devoid of nutrients. The aggregated cells surround themselves with an extracellular slime sheath, providing structural support and facilitating the movement of the entire group. This aggregation eventually develops into a multicellular fruiting body (sorocarp), following a distinct morphogenetic progression, including the formation of a stalk and the production of spores.
Sorocarp formation
As the aggregation of cells matures, it differentiates into a multicellular fruiting body, or "sorocarp", which consists of a stalk and an aerial spore mass. The development of the fruiting body follows a precise morphological progression:
Stalk formation: The basal cells in the aggregation differentiate into stalk cells that encyst individually to form thick-walled cysts. These cysts help in the formation of the stalk, which continues to grow as more basal cells are added.
Aerial spore mass: Once the stalk is fully formed, the remaining cells in the aggregation differentiate into aerial cells that elongate and form lobes. These cells proceed to encyst en masse, producing spores.
Spore formation: The final spore mass is made up of uniformly rounded, thick-walled spores that are distinguishable from stalk cells by the presence of raised, pigmented structures called "areolae" at each spore-spore contact point. These spores are highly resilient and can survive harsh environmental conditions.
Behavior
The life cycle of Acrasis kona demonstrates an interplay between unicellular independence and multicellular cooperation. Under nutrient-rich conditions, it exists as an amoeboid cell that uses pseudopodia to engulf yeast and other microrganisms. During nutrient scarcity, it aggregates into multicellular structures through chemotactic signaling. This behavior is thought to enhance survival by forming resilient fruiting bodies that release spores for dispersal. These behaviors provide insight into the evolution of eukaryotic multicellularity and cooperative strategies.
Taxonomic history
The taxonomy of Acrasis kona has undergone several revisions as molecular techniques have clarified its evolutionary relationships. Initially classified as Acrasis rosea, it was later placed in the class Heterolobosea based on phylogenetic analysis.Acrasis kona was designated as a species based on morphology and molecular phylogenetics. This analysis provided a contemporary evaluation of the Acrasidae, solidifying its placement within the order Acrasida and highlighting its distinct evolutionary lineage within the phylum Excavata. This reclassification was informed by earlier studies on the actomyosin cytoskeleton of Acrasis rosea, which revealed distinct structural features and biochemical properties, helping to clarify the evolutionary differences that led to the identification of Acrasis kona as a separate species.
References
Percolozoa
Amoeboids
Model organisms | Acrasis kona | [
"Biology"
] | 1,292 | [
"Model organisms",
"Biological models"
] |
78,473,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utreloxastat | Utreloxastat (PTC857) is an investigational new drug developed by PTC Therapeutics for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Pharmacology
Utreloxastat is a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitor that has been used to study α-synucleinopathies, tauopathies, traumatic brain injury, and ischemic-reperfusion related injuries. Utreloxastat is a redox‐active inhibitor of ferroptosis.
Clinical trials
Utreloxastat has reached Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However this trial failed to show significant efficacy in slowing disease progression.
See also
Riluzole
References
Oxidoreductase inhibitors
Alkanes
1,4-Benzoquinones | Utreloxastat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 183 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Alkanes"
] |
78,474,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting%20Women%27s%20Private%20Spaces%20Act | On November 18, 2024, Nancy Mace introduced an anti-transgender bathroom bill in the US House of Representatives to ban newly elected member Sarah McBride from using bathrooms other than those of her sex assigned at birth. Two days later, US House speaker Mike Johnson declared that Mace's ban was being ushered in.
Mace stated her intent for the bill to act as a litmus test for male Republican politicians.
Bathroom ban in the Capitol
On November 18, 2024, Mace introduced a resolution to ban transgender people from using bathrooms other than those of their sex assigned at birth at the U.S. Capitol, in anticipation of the swearing in of Sarah McBride, who is the first trans person elected to Congress. Mace misgendered McBride in several repeated statements, and said that it was “offensive” for a trans woman to think of herself as her equal. She confirmed that McBride was "absolutely" the target of her bathroom resolution. Talking to Leland Vittert, Mace announced that she will "fight like hell" to exclude McBride from women's restrooms on the Capitol. Mace's 2024 House resolution would prevent McBride from using "single-sex facilities". H. Res. 1579 was entitled, "Prohibiting Members, officers, and employees of the House from using single-sex facilities other than those corresponding to their biological sex, and for other purposes." Mary Miller and Matt Rosendale co-sponsored her bathroom resolution. Mace also said, "Men that want to use women’s restrooms are threatening to kill me over this issue," Mace told NewsNation.
Mike Johnson's bathroom ban extends to trans and non-binary staff members, interns or even visitors from the public. The ban was renewed when the 119th United States Congress convened on January 3, 2025.
Critics of the ban and its Republican supporters accused them of hypocrisy since Donald Trump and some potential members of his administration have been accused of sexual assault. Additionally, critics have decried that transphobia has become a central GOP policy. Jen Psaki has urged Democrats to confront bigotry head-on.
Trans-rights activist Stephanie Wade has criticized Representative-elect Sarah McBride for her acquiescence to follow the rules of the house, arguing that it ignores the dignity and safety of gender minorities.
Protests
Demonstrators protested the Capitol bathroom ban that requires birth-based bathroom usage on December 5, 2024. Capitol Police arrested 15 people protesters including Chelsea Manning and Raquel Willis. Manning went on to say, "I'm here today because every person deserves dignity and respect, both in daily life and in more symbolic places like the U.S. Capitol." The protesters chanted, "Democrats, grow a spine!" Willis noted, "In the 2024 election, trans folks were left to fend for ourselves after nearly $200 million of attack ads were disseminated across the United States."
In mocking the protesters with a transphobic slur, Nancy Mace posted on X, "The trannies came, they saw and they did not conquer during their protest," which has been labeled as "hateful conduct" by the X staff despite Musk's personal expression of support for Mace's efforts. Mace also yelled slurs at the protestors with a bullhorn.
Expanded cisgender women-only spaces
One day after the bathroom bill, Marjorie Taylor Greene expressed her chagrin that Mace's bill did not go far enough. Greene misgendered McBride and told reporter Pablo Manríquez, "I support a resolution that keeps all biological men out of women's bathrooms, locker rooms, and private places. Not only here in the Capitol complex, our office buildings, but all taxpayer-funded facilities." Two days later, Mace announced a new expanded House resolution to ban "Biological Men from Women's Spaces on All Federal Property." The broader bill was "H.R.10186 - To prohibit individuals from accessing or using single-sex facilities on Federal property other than those corresponding to their biological sex, and for other purposes." Michael Rulli and Marjorie Taylor Greene announced their support with co-sponsorship.
In other interviews, Mace belittled and misgendered McBride repeatedly, saying, "...I'm not into pronouns. I don't care... I'm not going to play into this gender ideology."
However, reported studies do not support the claims that trans women endanger cis women and girls in restrooms; the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law found "there is no evidence that letting transgender people use public facilities that align with their gender identity increases safety risks." According to the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, research shows that "trans and gender non-binary teens face greater risk of sexual assault in schools that prevent them from using the bathrooms...consistent with their gender identity, according to a recent study."
Reactions
The chair and co-chair of the Congressional Equality Caucus, Mark Pocan and Becca Balint, criticized the House Speaker's bathroom ban. Balint said the bill was an "incredibly craven and cruel attack" on McBride, intended to "dehumanize" her. Other politicians who have also criticized Mace's comments and actions include Eric Sorensen, Robert Garcia, Tammy Duckworth, Hakeem Jeffries, Sara Jacobs, and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.
Mace has also been criticized in the media. On The View, Sara Haines said Mace was a bully. The Daily Show co-host Desi Lydic said Mace was "trying to get actual predators into the highest levels of government".
Ana Kasparian of the The Young Turks criticized Mace for attacking and misgendering McBride in an interview. On the basis of Mace's Human Rights Campaign Scorecard, an LGBTQ Nation analysis suggested she was "always a transphobic extremist."
In response to the bathroom ban, GLAAD issued a press release stating, "'Biological sex' is not an accurate nor a scientific term, but is used by opponents of transgender people to dehumanize them and deny their equal access to society." Advocates for Trans Equality criticized Mace's measures, saying they were "designed to divide us" and "unfairly single out a vulnerable community". Kelley Robinson, president of the Human Rights Campaign, said the policy was "cruel and discriminatory" and affected "all trans and nonbinary people who work and visit the Capitol".
Elon Musk tweeted his support for Nancy Mace with a meme with the text: "your mental illness is not my new reality." Megyn Kelly misgendered McBride and said she must use "the men's bathroom".
Whereas most of Mace's tweets relating to the topic were promoted, two received a warning label from X for hate speech on December 5, 2024. Mace denied the assertion, writing, "It's not hate speech."
See also
Bathroom bill
2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
Executive Order 14166
References
External links
H.Res.1579 - Prohibiting Members, officers, and employees of the House from using single-sex facilities other than those corresponding to their biological sex, and for other purposes
H.R.10186 - Protecting Women’s Private Spaces Act
118th United States Congress
Hakeem Jeffries
Harassment and bullying
Mike Johnson
Legal discrimination against transgender people in the United States
Proposed legislation of the 118th United States Congress
United States House of Representatives
2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
Anti-LGBTQ sentiment in North America
Right-wing populism
Moral panic
LGBTQ-related controversies | Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act | [
"Biology"
] | 1,576 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
78,474,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake-effect%20rain | Lake-effect rain, or bay-effect rain, is the liquid equivalent of lake-effect snow, where the rising air results in a transfer of warm air and moisture from a lake into the predominant colder air, resulting in a fast buildup of clouds and rainfall downwind of the lake. If the air temperature is not low enough to keep the precipitation frozen, it falls as a lake-effect rain. In order for lake-effect rain to form, the air moving across the lake must be significantly cooler than the air over the water surface.
The resulting rain bands can accumulate to can cause localized flash flooding, thunder, lightning and even waterspouts in extreme events. Although the effect is associated with the North American Great Lakes, it can occur downwind of any large lake that can hold its summer heat well into the cooler days of autumn and early winter. Another similar effect is sea-effect or ocean-effect rain, which is caused by three primary components: a cold air mass over land, warm ocean water, and enough wind from the right direction.
Formation
Lake-effect rain forms in a smilar way to lake-effect snow: cold air moves across the relatively warmer waters of lakes, thereby creating a sharp drop in temperature from the lake surface through the first several thousand feet in the atmosphere (the temperature gradient is known as the "lapse rate"), and then it precipitates the moisture over the lake or on the downwind shore, depending on the amount of cold air and the lift. The lake effect phenomena is observed in the proximate vicinity of a lake or a sea, where the conditions are appropriate for rain formation (since the water is warmer than the air mass above it), thereby increasing instability. Consequentially, the air over the water's surface is heated and this leads to showers developing. Furthermore, rain showers generally develop over a waterbody in autumn to early winter due to the higher water temperature compared to the air above.
Only when the lake water is cooler than the air temperature, cloud development is hindered. The only difference compared to the lake-snow effect is that the water and air temperatures are several degrees warmer. The air is still cold enough to carry on the process, but warm enough in the lower layers for the precipitation reaches the ground as rain rather than snowfall. The boundary layer's temperature must be higher than through an adequate depth to melt the snow to liquid precipitation. Generally, a temperature difference of between the air at around 850 millibars pressure and a waterbody can cause a lake effect.
After a cold front arrives, the temperature at elevated areas decreases substantially, ensuing in significant atmospheric instability over the placid mild lakes. Waterspouts can develop if there is a severe temperature gradient in the downwind zone. A study of lake-effect rainfall for Lake Erie by Pennsylvania State University meteorologists Todd J. Miner and J. M. Fritsch found out that, unlike many lake-effect snow events, the conditionally unstable layer for lake-effect rain events was denser, thereby permitting higher convective activity and frequent thunderstorms. That is why lake-effect days with thunder along Lake Erie occur most frequently from late September to mid-October (since the sheet of unstable air is deeper).
Sea-effect rain
Sea-effect rain does not need a storm system or an area of low pressure to form (much like lake-effect snow). In the northeastern United States for instance, the effect requires a northeast wind direction for many events, which allows the air flow to pull in the milder air from the ocean towards the land. When the wind moves inland, the cooler, heavy air mass over a landform acts as a lifting medium. The relatively warmer, lighter air arriving from the ocean is forced up, leading over the cold pool, where it cools down and condenses, forming clouds and precipitation (from rain showers to snowfall) on the coastline. As the bands move inland, they gradually diminish as the energy and moisture source dissipates.
The quantity of condensation that develops is determined by the vertical temperature gradient between sea level and an altitude of around . The gradient plays a critical role in the arrangement of clouds and precipitation (since it impacts the amount of water vapor that is carried aloft). A sharper gradient can lead to higher condensation and more intense precipitation, whereas a shallower gradient can result in both minor condensation and precipitation.
Occurrence
In the United States, lake-effect rain showers first begin to form in September through to November east of Lake Erie; from then on, virtually all lake-effect precipitation falls as snow. In the seven years studied in the 1990s regarding areas downwind of Lake Erie, a total of 32 lake-effect rain events were counted.
In the Pacific Northwest, the Olympic Peninsula's western side and the western slopes of the Cascade Range receive as much as of precipitation annually due to the "ocean-effect rain". The ranges cause an orographic lift of the air masses blown inland from the Pacific Ocean, resulting in the windward side of the mountains receiving high levels of precipitation. The Puget Sound lowlands are known for clouds and rain in the winter.
In Australia, Port Phillip Bay is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, generally in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect", where showers are intensified leeward of the bay (particularly in Melbourne's eastern suburbs like Mornington) with relatively narrow streams of heavy showers affecting the same places for an extended period. Meanwhile, the rest of Melbourne (to the north) and other leeward areas (west of the bay) such as Geelong remain dry.
The Caspian Sea causes a year-round high evaporation and a rainfall increase in autumn and winter in the southwestern coastline (Gilan province and the western side of Babolsar County in Iran, and Lankaran-Astara Economic Region in Azerbaijan), where over half of the over-lake rainfall is ascribable to the lake effect.
In the Black Sea coast, lake-effect rainfall occurs in Istanbul, Rize, Giresun, Trabzon and Samsun, among other areas on the northern coastline of Turkey.
The lake-effect rain occurs often on Lake Geneva and Lake Constance in Switzerland, with affected areas being Lavaux, Montreux, Villeneuve and Port-Valais. In rare circumstances, northeasterly winds in the Geneva region may set up the lake effect there.
See also
Great Salt Lake effect
Foehn effect
Rain shadow
References
Climatology
Meteorological phenomena
Rain
Clouds, fog and precipitation | Lake-effect rain | [
"Physics"
] | 1,350 | [
"Meteorological phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
78,474,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20companies | Below is a list of notable companies that primarily focuses on artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that simply makes use of AI but have a different primary focus are not included.
Americas
Canada
Cohere
Element AI
United States
Anthropic
Caper AI
Cerence
Colloquis
Conversable
Covariant (company)
EleutherAI
Glean Technologies
Google DeepMind
Hugging Face
Inflection AI
Isomorphic Labs
Meta AI
OpenAI
Perplexity AI
RAIC Labs
Runway (company)
Safe Superintelligence Inc.
Scale AI
Spectre AI
Undetectable.ai
Writesonic
xAI (company)
Asia
China
01.AI
4Paradigm
Baichuan
DeepSeek
MiniMax (company)
Moonshot AI
SenseTime
Zhipu AI
Hong Kong
Artisse AI
Israel
AI21 Labs
UAE
LocAI
Europe
France
Mistral AI
Germany
Aleph Alpha
Switzerland
Art Recognition
Ukraine
Respeecher
United Kingdom
Fetch.AI
Mind Foundry
Peak (company)
Synthesia (company)
Stability AI
See also
List of artificial intelligence projects
List of self-driving system suppliers
References
Computing-related lists | List of artificial intelligence companies | [
"Technology"
] | 222 | [
"Computing-related lists"
] |
78,475,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Inabah | Ibn Inabah (in ) with the full name of Sayyid Jamaluddin Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hussein ibn Muhanna Hassani Husseini (in ), (born 748 AH, 1347 AD/CE - died 828 AH, 1425 AD/CE, at the age of 77) was a Shiite historian and genealogist. He is from the clan of Alawi Sayyids and his genealogy is related to Hasan ibn Ali through his father and to Husayn ibn Ali through his mother. He was called Ibn Inabah (in ) because "Inabah Asghar" (in ) was in his lineage. However, some have mistakenly called him Ibn Utabah (in ) and Ibn Aqabah (in ). Although his sect has been questioned, some have accepted his Imamiyyah status and have only questioned whether he is a Zaydi or not.
His most important work is "Umdat al-Talib fi Ansabi Ale Abi Talib" (in , ) which is written in Arabic language. In this book, Ibn Inabah describes the biography of Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib's (the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, he being the brother of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the father of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad) ancestors and then his descendants. Finally, he describes in more detail the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the first Shia Imam) through his children: Hasan ibn Ali (the second Shia Imam), Husayn ibn Ali (the third Shia Imam), Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, Abbas ibn Ali (also known by the kunya Abu al-Fadl, in , was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib), and Umar ibn Ali (in , one of the children of Ali ibn Abi Talib who accompanied his brother, Husayn ibn Ali, to Karbala and was killed on the day of Ashura) in five chapters.
Life and lineage
"Sayyid Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Al-Hussein ibn Ali ibn Muhanna ibn Inabah" known as Ibn Inabah was born in 748 AH - 1347 AD/CE. Ibn Inabah passed away in the city of Kerman in Iran in the month of Safar 828 AH - January 1425 AD/CE at the age of 77.
Ibn Inabah was probably born in Hillah, Iraq. According to his autobiography, his lineage reaches back to Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam) through 20 intermediaries. He is considered a descendant of Abd Allah al-Mahd (an Islamic scholar, theologian and hadith narrator, grandson of both Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali), hence his lineage is "Hassani-Husseini". His relationship is to Hasan ibn Ali (the second Shia Imam) through his father and to Husayn ibn Ali (the third Shia Imam) through his mother, and this is why Ibn Inabah is sometimes called "Hassani" and sometimes "Husseini". He is also called "Dawoodi" because "Muhammad ibn Dawood ibn Mousa al-Thani" was one of his ancestors.
The reason for calling him Ibn Inabah
His fame as Ibn Inabah (in ) is due to the fact that his grandfather was called "Inabah Asghar" (in ), who in turn was a descendant of "Inabat ibn Muhammad Wared (Inabah Akbar)" (in ). "Inabah Akbar" (in ) was the ancestor of a tribe of "Bani al-Hassan" (children and grandchildren of Hasan ibn Ali, the second Shia Imam) nobles who lived in Iraq, around Hillah city.
His teachers
From his early youth, Ibn Inabah studied genealogy under the supervision of "Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Qasim ibn Mu'ayyah Dibaji" (in , died 776 AH - 1374 AD/CE) known as "Ibn Mu'ayyah" (in ). Ibn Inabah became the beloved and the noble of his master "Ibn Mu'ayyah" among colleagues. During his education, Ibn Inabah benefited from numerous sources and teachers, but he undoubtedly gained the most scientific knowledge from the works of his bold master "Ibn Mu'ayyah". As can be seen from Ibn Inabah circumstances, after the death of his master "Ibn Mu'ayyah", he embarked on a journey of exploration and traveled to Isfahan, Herat, Samarkand, Mecca, and Mazaar (in the Mishan Plain), and benefited from the knowledge of many genealogists.
Ibn Inabah can be considered to be on the same level with Muhammad ibn Makki (known as "First Martyr", in , a famous jurist who sacrificed his life for his religion). Both of these individuals were engaged in narrating and transmitting hadiths through "Ibn Mu'ayyah" from al-Allama al-Hilli (one of the most influential Twelver Shi'i Muslim authors of all time).
His sect
Ibn Inabahs sect is not very clear in the history, and several opinions have been expressed on this matter. Some have doubted whether he is a Shiite. But this seems to be incorrect, although it is not certain that he was a Twelver Shia.
Being Zaydi
Some have considered Ibn Inabah a Zaydi (one of the three main branches of Shia Islam), because his expressions and his references confirm that he was a member of Zaydism sect. For example, Ibn Inabah says about Muhammad al-Mahdi (known as Mahdi in Shia Islam, the last of the Twelve Imams in Shia, it is believed that The Lord has given him a very long divine life and that he is living secretly among people until the moment his divine mission is revealed, a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice): "There is a twelfth Imam according to the Imamiyyah, and he is the awaited Mahdi according to them." And more importantly, in the preface to "Umdat al-Talib Timuri" (the same book "Umdat al-Talib fi Ansabi Ale Abi Talib" by Ibn Inabah which was dedicated to the then emperor, Timur), where Ibn Inabah speaks about the qualities of Amir Timur Gurkani, he praises him in the following words: "... the owner of the sublime kingdoms, possessing the prophetic knowledge, the truthful eloquence, the noble verifier with immunity, the luminous generosity, and the approved enthusiasm...". All of these, is evidence that he was a Zaydi.
Being Twelver
Some have also considered Ibn Inabah an Imami Shia and believe that the possibility of him being both a Shia and an Imami is more acceptable. Especially since Ibn Inabah was the student and son-in-law of the Shiite scholar, "Ibn Mu'ayyah", and spent the first part of his life in his service, benefiting from his knowledge, and always remaining loyal to his master.
His writings
The surviving works or those attributed to Ibn Inabah are all in the field of genealogy and are of great value and credibility.
Umdat al-Talib
"Umdat al-Talib fi Ansabi Ale Abi Talib" (in , ), is the Ibn Inabah'''s most important work. This book is of great importance in the science of genealogy. Ibn Inabah has written this work 3 times in different volumes. The first edition, which is the most detailed but irregular, is known as the "Umdat al-Talib Timuri" (with the suffix "Timuri" due to its dedication to the emperor of the time, Timur Gurkani). The second edition is known as "Umdat al-Talib Jalali" (with the suffix "Jalali" due to its dedication to the 25th Nizari Isma'ili Imam, Jalaluddin Hassan), and the author, Ibn Inabah, compiled it in 812 AH - 1409 AD/CE by selecting about two-thirds of the first edition and adding an introduction. Ibn Inabah prepared the third edition for Sultan Muhammad ibn Falah Musha'sha'ie (an Iraqi-born theologian who founded the Musha'sha'iya, a Shia sect, the living ancestor of Sadat and the ruler of "Huwayzah" at the time) and finished writing it on 10 Safar 827 AH - 22 January 1424 AD/CE.
In the preface to the first two editions, Ibn Inabah says that he wrote this book because a group of people doubted the genealogy of the family of Abi Talib. In this book, Ibn Inabah describes the biography of Abu Talib's ancestors and then his descendants. Finally, he describes in more detail the lineage of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam) through his children: Hasan ibn Ali (the second Shia Imam), Husayn ibn Ali (the third Shia Imam), Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, Abbas ibn Ali (also known by the kunya Abu al-Fadl, in , was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib), and Umar ibn Ali (in , one of the children of Ali ibn Abi Talib who accompanied his brother, Husayn ibn Ali, to Karbala and was killed on the day of Ashura) in five chapters.
Al-Fosul al-Fakhriyah Ibn Inabahs another book, "Al-Fosul al-Fakhriyah fi Usul al-Bariyah" (in , ), is in Persian language and was published in Tehran in 1346 SH - 1967 AD/CE with the efforts of "Jalaluddin Hosseini Mohaddes Armavi". This book briefly describes the lineage from Adam to Noah.
This book has an introduction and 3 chapters, the title of the introduction is "On the Explanation of the Origin of Generation". In this book, the human lineage from Adam to Noah is briefly described, then Noah's descendants are followed in greater detail and with clearer classification, and the descendants of each of Noah's descendants are mentioned, especially the kings of Mesopotamia, Iran, and other places. The scope of this genealogy extends to the Arab tribes and the ancestors of the Prophet "Muhammad" and is linked to Abu Talib, and finally the children of Abu Talib are examined and arranged in the style and context of the main author, like the edition "Jalali Umdat al-Talib". In this book, Ibn Inabah sometimes criticizes the opinions of others.Ibn Inabah wrote this book for "Fakhruddin Hassan ibn Shamsuddin Muhammad", who was a famous scholar in Sabzevar, a descendant of Imam Ali al-Sajjad (also known as "Zayn al-Abidin", in , was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the fourth imam in Shia Islam), succeeding his father, Husayn ibn Ali (the third Shia Imam), his uncle, Hasan ibn Ali (the second Imam in Shia), and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Imam in Shia).
Other works
Other works by Ibn Inabah'', manuscripts of which are available, are as follows:
See also
Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar
Al-Ibshihi
Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
Ibn Khaldun
Al-Maqrizi
Salah Al-Zawawi
Abbas Quchani
Ahmad Khonsari
Imamzadeh Ali ibn Jafar
Mirza Javad Agha Tehrani
Mohammad Ali Naseri
Mohammad Ali Shah Abadi
Mohammad Javad Ansari Hamedani
Seyed Abolhassan Shams Abadi
Agha Hossein Khansari
Al-Nijat min al-Qarq fi Bahr al-Zalalaat
Ibn Duqmaq
Ignatius Noah of Lebanon
Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi
Ali ibn Makula
Ma'mar ibn al-Muthanna
Muhammad ibn Habib al-Baghdadi
Ibn Sufi
References
External links
Arabic Books by Ibn Inabah, Ahmad ibn Ali
Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah and his Incidents
Umdat al-talib fi ansab Al 'Abi Talib
The Statements of Sayyidina Hassan, Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah, ‘Abdullah al Mahd ibn Hassan al Muthanna, and others
1347 births
1425 deaths
Family history
Medieval genealogies and succession lists
Genealogy publications
Kinship and descent
Descent from antiquity
Family trees of royalty
Arab historians
Historians of Islam
Genealogists
Chroniclers
Muslim chroniclers
15th-century Arab people
15th-century Arabic-language writers
15th-century historians
People from Hillah
Epistemologists
Philosophers of religion
Metaphysicians
15th-century Muslim theologians
Iraqi genealogists
Iranian genealogists | Ibn Inabah | [
"Biology"
] | 2,748 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
78,475,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20300933 | HD 300933 (CPD-56°3586) is a red supergiant of spectral type M2 Iab/Ib in the southern constellation of Vela, close to the border with Carina. With an apparent magnitude of 8.29, it is too faint to be observed by the naked eye, but can be seen through binoculars. It is part of a binary system with a massive B-type main-sequence star (spectral type B2V) designated HD 300934. It is located roughly away from the Solar System, but is approaching at a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Stellar properties
The binary HD 300933/4 is a probable VV Cephei-type star with a composite spectrum similar to that of V381 Cephei (HR 8164), but with weaker emission lines of Fe II, S II, and Ni II (the "II" indicates that the elements are in their singly ionized state in spectroscopic notation). A detailed analysis of the pair was first conducted in 1970, which yielded an absolute magnitude of −5.3 and −2.5 in the V band for HD 300933 and HD 300934, respectively, albeit this was calculated using a distance smaller than modern estimates, at . With an updated value of , its KS band absolute magnitude is gauged at −10.8.
HD 300933 displays infrared emissions that imply the existence of circumstellar dust at a temperature of . Despite this, the system shows no signs of ultraviolet extinction or reddening, meaning that the light path from the B star does not cross the wind from the supergiant component. This is thought to be either due to an inclined orbit or an unfavorable orbital phase when it was observed in 1987.
The star is thought to be among the largest stars, though its precise size is highly uncertain; a radius of 806 can be calculated from the luminosity and effective temperature provided by Healy et al. (2023), whereas Messineo et al. (2019) gives a much smaller estimate of 462 (though they use a far smaller distance of 1574 or 1585 pc, which is inconsistent with the Gaia EDR3 parallax of ).
References
Vela (constellation)
300933 4
M-type supergiants
B-type main-sequence stars
CD-56 03464
J10380298-5649019
Binary stars | HD 300933 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 507 | [
"Vela (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,478,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20dicyanoaurate | Ammonium dicyanoaurate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . This is a salt of ammonium as cation with an anion composed of a gold atom bearing two cyanide ligands.
Synthesis
Ammonium dicyanoaurate can be synthesised by dissolution of gold(I) cyanide in ammonium cyanide solution:
Physical properties
The compound forms colorless crystals which are soluble in water and ethanol.
References
Cyanides
Ammonium compounds
Aurates | Ammonium dicyanoaurate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 100 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
78,481,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky%20Vuong | Vicky Vuong is a Canadian sneaker artist and former scientist who specializes in custom hand-painted footwear. She transitioned from a career in materials engineering to establishing her art practice, Cestlavic, where she creates wearable designs and collaborates with brands and public figures.
Early life
Vuong was born in Canada to Chinese immigrant parents. She completed her undergraduate studies in molecular biology and later pursued a master's degree in materials engineering. Her upbringing emphasized a strong work ethic, though she expressed concern about disappointing her parents by not adhering to traditional career paths.
During her master's studies, Vuong began exploring her artistic interests. On a family vacation, she customized a pair of sneakers using fabric markers, which reignited her creativity and initiated her interest in sneaker art.
Career
In 2014, Vuong sold her first pair of custom sneakers while balancing her art with her scientific career. Initially operating out of her basement apartment, she gradually built a clientele and gained attention online for her designs. Her side business eventually gained enough traction that in 2020 she transitioned to full-time sneaker artistry, establishing her company Cestlavic.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Vuong leveraged social media to share her creative process and interact with a global audience. She collaborated with brands such as Froot Loops and worked with clients including athletes like Cooper Kupp and public figures like Viola Davis. Her sneakers have been displayed in a Toronto museum.
Vuong co-founded a studio in San Francisco with fellow sneaker artist Ann Duskus in 2021. They equipped the space as a workshop and content creation studio. Vuong co-hosts the podcast Best Foot Forward, where she discusses challenges faced by artists in the sneaker industry.
References
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canadian people of Chinese descent
21st-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women artists
Canadian women fashion designers
Canadian materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
Artists from San Francisco
Canadian emigrants to the United States | Vicky Vuong | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 414 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
78,481,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Walt | David R. Walt is an American scientist, educator and entrepreneur. Walt is the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Bioinspired Engineering at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He is a Core Faculty Member of the Wyss Institute at Harvard University, Associate Member at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute professor. Trained as a chemist, Walt started his academic career in 1981 and spent 35 years in the Chemistry Department at Tufts University where he rose through the ranks to become both Department Chair and the Robinson Professor of Chemistry. In 2014, he was appointed University Professor. In 2017 Walt moved to Harvard University. Walt was co-Director of the Mass General Brigham Center for COVID Innovation.
Early life and education
Walt was born in Detroit, in 1953. He received his B.S. degree from the University of Michigan in 1974 and his PhD in Chemical Biology from Stony Brook University in 1979. He was a postdoctoral research fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he worked with George M. Whitesides on enzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis.
Research
Walt’s research initially was focused on developing fiber optic sensors and biosensors. His laboratory worked on the use of polymerization chemistry to bind sensory molecules to the surface of optical fibers, enabling a new era in optical sensor technology. His laboratory made contributions that led to new sensing chemistries and multiple applications of sensors to clinical, environmental and process control.
In 1991, Walt published a paper describing the use of imaging fibers for sensing, supporting the concept that an optical imaging fiber could be modified with different chemistries to enable multianalyte sensing in a unitary sensor format. Over the next several years, Walt and colleagues demonstrated multianalyte sensing using this approach, culminating in a DNA microarray based on optical fibers. The random bead array technology was licensed to a venture-backed startup, Illumina, Inc., in 1998 to develop next-generation genotyping and sequencing instrumentation.
The Walt laboratory also focused its microwell arrays on systems that can detect and measure single molecules. Walt and co-workers showed that individual, stochastic enzyme substrate turnover rates for hundreds to thousands of single enzyme molecules can be monitored simultaneously using this array format. This effort helped pave the road to multiple biochemistry discoveries by observing individual molecules instead of population averages. The single molecule work also resulted in a novel method for detecting nucleic acids and proteins using digital analysis. The technology is the most sensitive protein detection technology in the world, called Simoa, with better than a thousandfold improvement in sensitivity over today’s clinical methods. It is used on both research applications and clinical applications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Since moving to Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute at Harvard University, Walt’s laboratory has been focused on developing and applying new biomarker assay technologies to unmet clinical needs including early detection of breast cancer, detection of active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, prediction of immunotherapy response for cancer, and the early diagnostics of depression and Alzheimer's disease, work that has been featured in the Harvard University Gazette. The laboratory has also been active in developing ultrasensitive assays for SARS-CoV-2 antigens, vaccines, host antibodies, neutralization assays, and have applied these assays to a multitude of clinical studies to understand disease pathogenesis and help advise clinical care. Walt’s lab is also pursuing research on single enzyme molecules to provide insight into enzyme mechanisms. His work has been featured in numerous independent publications. His work in the field of diagnostics and biosensors has been fundamental in establishing valuable collaborations with the Michael J Fox Foundation, the Wellcome Leap foundation, Canon Medical Services, and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.
Walt's contributions to the field of diagnostics resulted in numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts and patents. Walt has been honored and elected into both the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Medicine. He is a Member of the American Philosophical Society, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, and is inducted in the US National Inventors Hall of Fame. His contributions have been cited over 40,000 times. In addition, Walt's work on long COVID has been featured on National Public Radio, The Boston Globe, and the Harvard Gazette. In January 2025, Walt was honored as recipient of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation (NMTI) at the White House.
Walt is the scientific founder of Illumina Inc., Quanterix Corp., and has co-founded multiple other life sciences startups including Ultivue, Inc., Arbor Biotechnologies, Sherlock Biosciences, Vizgen, Inc., and Protillion Biosciences. Sherlock Biosciences was featured in Forbes
Awards and honors
2025 - National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
2022 - Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize From the national Academy of Engineering
2021 - Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine
2019 - Wallace A. Coulter Lectureship Award—AACC
2019 - National Inventors Hall of Fame, Inductee
2018 - Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Michigan
2017 - American Chemical Society Kathryn C. Hach Award for Entrepreneurial Success
2016 - Ralph N. Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry
2014 - Honorary Doctor of Science, Stony Brook University
2014 - American Chemical Society Gustavus John Esselen Award
2013 - American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry Spectrochemical Analysis Award
2013 - Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award
2010 - University of Michigan Distinguished Innovator Lecture
2010 - Stony Brook University Distinguished Alumni Award
2010 - ACS National Award for Creative Invention
2006 - Alexander Cruickshank Lecturer, University of Rhode Island
2004 - Willard Lecturer, University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry
2004 - Francis Clifford Phillips Lectures, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemistry
2004 - Herman Bloch Award, University of Chicago, Department of Chemistry
2002 - Clifford C. Hach Lecturer, University of Wyoming College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry
2002 - Samuel R. Scholes Lecturer, Alfred University, School of Ceramic Engineering and Materials Science
1999 - Professor Invitee’, Ecole Normale Superieure
1996 - Biosensors and Bioelectronics Award
1995 - National Science Foundation Special Creativity Award
1989 - 3M Research Creativity Award
References
Living people
1953 births
American biologists
Chemical biologists
University of Michigan alumni
Stony Brook University alumni | David R. Walt | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,373 | [
"Chemical biologists"
] |
78,481,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroeder%27s%20paradox | Schroeder's paradox refers to the phenomenon of certain polymers exhibiting more solvent uptake (observed as swelling) when exposed to a pure liquid versus a saturated vapor. It is named after the German chemist Paul von Schroeder, who first reported the phenomenon working on a sample of gelatin in contact with water in 1903. An equivalent observation has also been independently discovered and discussed within the biophysical community as the vapor pressure paradox.
The phenomenon was recognized as notable due to its application to the Nafion/water system, with technological importance due to application in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.
Theories
According to phase equilibrium theory, the activity of a chemical species should be equal to its equilibrium partial vapor pressure, so both saturated vapor and pure liquid should exhibit the same equilibrium for absorption into the polymer. For this reason, Schroeder's experimental results were immediately questioned, and the phenomenon has often been attributed to experimental error, such as failure to attain proper water saturation or isothermal conditions between the phases. However, even exact measurements support an existence of a systematic difference between sorption from saturated vapor and from pure liquid for certain systems.
Additional surface effects along the polymer-liquid interface are required to explain the difference. A mechanism based on action of Maxwell stresses due to formation of an electrical double layer at the polymer's surface, present only where the polymer is submerged in liquid, has been proposed to explain this effect in the case of ion-exchange polymers, and a similar mechanism involving van der Waals and solvation forces for the case of nonionogenic polymers. Mechanistic interpretations based on wetting of micropores in the polymer matrix have also been proposed. The difference in absorption can in either case be explained by a difference in surface stresses on the interface, which differs between immersion in pure liquid and saturated vapor, resolving the paradox without requiring a difference in activity between the two.
Examples
Schroeder's paradox has been reported for various polymer/solvent pairs, such as:
gelatin/water (Schroeder, 1903)
phospholipid multilayers/water (Rand & Parsegian, 1989)
polyvinyl alcohol/water (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
polyvinyl alcohol/ethanol (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
Nafion/water (Gates, 2000)
Nafion/methanol (Gates, 2000)
sulfonated polyethylene/water (Freger, 2000)
sulfonated polyimide/water (Cornet, 2001)
polydimethylsiloxane/2-propanol (Valieres, 2005)
kerogen/propane (Li, 2021)
kerogen/n-butane (Li, 2021)
kerogen/n-pentane (Li, 2021)
References
Polymer physics | Schroeder's paradox | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 580 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
78,483,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauveria%20brongniartii | Beauveria brongniartii is an entomopathogenic ascomycete fungus prevalent in various ecosystems, including forest soils, alpine grasslands, and peat bogs. Known for its effectiveness against coleopteran pests, particularly the European cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) and forest cockchafer (M. hippocastani), B. brongniartii has been widely adopted in biological control strategies across Europe, primarily within agriculture and forestry. Since the early 1990s, commercial formulations like Melocont, Pilzgerste (Agrifutur, Italy) and Beauveria–Schweizer (E. Schweizer Seeds, Switzerland) have been used extensively to control cockchafer populations. These products typically use sterile barley kernels colonized with fungal spores, which are applied to soil to target cockchafer larvae and other life stages, demonstrating significant efficacy in reducing pest populations
The application of B. brongniartii offers a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, with studies showing that the fungus can persist in soil for years without disrupting native fungal populations. The fungus infects its hosts by penetrating the insect cuticle, spreading internally, and producing oosporein, a toxic red pigment that aids in killing the insect. This infection cycle, combined with this species' environmental compatibility and ability to coexist with indigenous fungal strains, underscores its value as a long-term, ecologically sound solution for pest control.
Taxonomy
Beauveria brongniartii was first described as Botrytis brongniartii by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1892, based on a fungus isolated from locusts in Algeria by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart. In 1926, Tom Petch reclassified it into the genus Beauveria, giving it the name Beauveria brongniartii. This species has since been synonymized with various names, including Isaria densa Link (1892) and Beauveria tenella (Sacc.) sensu MacLeod (1954). Over time, taxonomic challenges due to limited morphological differentiation among Beauveria species have underscored the importance of molecular analysis in distinguishing B. brongniartii.
Molecular phylogenetic studies have further validated B. brongniartii as a distinct lineage within Beauveria. Phylogenetic evidence places B. brongniartii within a monophyletic group in the Cordycipitaceae family (Hypocreales), along with other Beauveria species. It is closely related to species such as B. asiatica and B. australis, which are sister lineages and exhibit similar genetic characteristics. Using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) sequences, researchers have shown that B. brongniartii forms a unique clade within the genus, dispelling confusion caused by morphologically convergent conidia.
Recent studies also reveal that B. brongniartii is part of a cryptic species complex, meaning that it contains genetically distinct lineages that are not easily differentiated by morphology alone. This highlights the importance of molecular markers for accurate species identification, which is crucial for distinguishing B. brongniartii from morphologically similar species within Beauveria. To achieve this level of distinction, multiple genetic markers—such as RPB1, RPB2, TEF, and the Bloc region—are used to delineate species boundaries. The robust multilocus phylogeny derived from these markers provides a comprehensive view of the genus's diversity, supporting the evolutionary distinctiveness of B. brongniartii and its relationship with the teleomorph genus Cordyceps, which may hint at a potential sexual stage within this species.
Morphology
Beauveria species, including Beauveria brongniartii, share the characteristic of flask-shaped conidiogenous cells that produce one-celled, hyaline conidia. This distinctive morphology, particularly the structure of the conidiogenous cells, was historically a useful feature for species identification across the genus, especially before genomic sequencing became available.
Beauveria brongniartii, in particular, is recognized by its ellipsoidal conidia, which range from (2–) 2.5–4.5 (–6) µm in size, differing from the more globose to broadly ellipsoidal conidia of B. bassiana. The conidiogenous cells may appear in clusters, small groups, or as isolated structures, each with a rounded or flask-shaped base connected to an elongated stalk, providing structural support for spore development. Colonies of B. brongniartii typically start with a white, fluffy appearance but often develop a yellowish to pinkish hue as they mature, which can further aid in identification during culture.
Ecology
Beauveria brongniartii, though less common than its relative B. bassiana, is globally distributed and thrives in diverse habitats such as alpine regions, open bogs, and forest soils. Specific locations include terra rossa in Greece, alpine grasslands in Italy, and sand dunes in the British Isles. While it is primarily known for infecting the European cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) and closely related species (e.g., M. hippocastani), B. brongniartii has also been reported infecting various insects across multiple orders, such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Its occurrence in these varied habitats and its ability to infect a broad range of hosts underscore its ecological adaptability.
The interaction between B. brongniartii and M. melolontha reveals an ecological niche closely tied to M. melolontha-infested sites, where fungal populations tend to increase with host population cycles. Studies have shown that B. brongniartii exhibits a clonal population structure, maintaining stable genetic composition due to limited genetic recombination and predominance of asexual reproduction. This clonal nature enables it to persist over extended periods in soil, particularly in areas with high M. melolontha presence, and facilitates dispersal through environmental agents like rain, wind, and beetle movement.
B. brongniartii infects insect hosts by attaching to their cuticle, germinating, and penetrating using mechanical pressure and enzymes like proteases, chitinases, and lipases. Once inside, it spreads through the insect's body by forming yeast-like cells (hyphal bodies) in the hemolymph. During this stage, it produces oosporein, a red pigment with antiviral and antibacterial properties, which turns the host's cadaver red. Oxalic acid is also secreted to aid in breaking down the cuticle. Eventually, the fungus depletes the host's nutrients, leading to death. Under humid conditions, it then grows out of the cadaver to produce new spores, completing its life cycle.
Furthermore, B. brongniartii and B. pseudobassiana, another Beauveria species, often co-occur within the same regions yet demonstrate niche differentiation. B. brongniartii primarily colonizes soil and associates with M. melolontha larvae and adults, whereas B. pseudobassiana can also inhabit plant foliage, suggesting it may exploit a broader ecological niche that includes other insect hosts.
Economic impact
Beauveria brongniartii plays a key role in biological control strategies used across Europe to manage cockchafer pests (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), particularly the European cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) and forest cockchafer (M. hippocastani). A 2005 study gathered data from eight European countries on the extent of cockchafer colonization, economic damage, and population trends. Combined, both Melolontha species inhabit around 200,000 hectares (approximately 494,000 acres), with economic damage affecting roughly 80,000 hectares (around 198,000 acres). Among the three countries reporting specific economic losses—Austria, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland—the damage attributed to these species totaled approximately €837,000 (about $915,000), with M. hippocastani in the Czech Republic contributing the majority (€800,000 or around $875,000). Population trends were also recorded, with most countries observing slight to moderate increases in M. melolontha populations, while M. hippocastani populations were reported as strongly or steadily increasing in the Czech Republic and Germany, respectively.
Safety and challenges in biocontrol
While Beauveria brongniartii has not been studied as extensively as other biocontrol fungi like Beauveria bassiana, research suggests it is a safe, effective option for pest management with minimal risks to human health, crops, and non-target organisms. For example, studies on tuber crops, such as potatoes, showed no phytotoxic effects from B. brongniartii, even at high concentrations, and its secondary metabolite, oosporein, was undetectable in tubers, suggesting no contamination risk for human-consumed crops. Although oosporein has been linked to avian gout in broiler chicks at high levels, typical field applications result in quantities too low for significant environmental buildup, minimizing this risk in practical use.
Environmental studies have further confirmed that B. brongniartii can coexist with native fungal populations without displacing them, supporting ecological stability in treated areas. This compatibility with indigenous organisms highlights the fungus's low risk to biodiversity and reinforces its safety as a biocontrol agent.
Applying B. brongniartii presents logistical challenges, particularly in achieving soil penetration to reach deep-burrowing larvae. Traditional methods like surface spraying often leave spores too shallow to affect larvae effectively. A more targeted approach uses sterile barley kernels colonized with B. brongniartii spores, which are inserted into the soil to depths of 3–10 cm using slit seeder machines, delivering the fungus closer to larval habitats. Another method involves helicopter applications to contaminate cockchafer females, who then introduce spores to breeding sites when laying eggs.
References
Cordycipitaceae
Biopesticides
Fungus species
Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo | Beauveria brongniartii | [
"Biology"
] | 2,186 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,484,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C%20196.1 | 3C 196.1 is a low-excitation radio galaxy located in the constellation of Hydra. It has a redshift of 0.198 and was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1965. This object resides as the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of a cool core galaxy cluster CIZA J0815.4-0308 located at the same redshift, with its source being best described as a HyMOR (Hybrid Morphology Radio Source).
Description
The host galaxy of 3C 196.1 is a type-cD elliptical galaxy confirmed by near-infrared and optical imaging. It is described having an elongated structure from northeast and southwest direction with an estimated angular size of 3.16 kpc arcsec−1. According to optical color gradients of the host galaxy, 3C 196.1 exhibits periodic shells with the centroids of the optical isotopes having a directional shift towards southwest, indicating a merger stage. Furthermore, nucleus of the galaxy is partly obscured by interstellar dust and appears to be split in several patches of emission that is extended along the nucleus' direction.
Radio imaging of 3C 196.1 made by Very Large Array, shows a compact one-sided source within the host galaxy and a secondary nucleus on its side opposite its radio extension, measuring a total size of 16 kpc and an orientation along a position angle of 40°. The southwest side of the galaxy has an enshrouded radio lobe with the region displaying high recessional velocities that is exceeding 500 km s−1 whereas the northwest side is more diffused with a small velocity dispersion.
According to X-ray and radio imaging analysis, 3C 196.1 has a butterfly-shaped X-ray cavity located 10 kpc from its nucleus with the inner and outer cavities having jet power of 1.9 x 1044 erg s−1 and 3.4 x 1044 erg s−1 respectively. The enthalpies of the inner and outer cavities are computed as 7 x 1058 erg and 3 x 1060 erg. Further evidence also shows presence of ionized gas filling up the cavity suggesting either the gas underwent numerous ionization events from AGN outbursts caused by the galaxy or the cooling of AGN outflows (104 < T ≤ 107 K) are causing the gas to form filaments.
References
External links
3C 196.1 on SIMBAD
3C 196.1 on NASA/IPAC Database
Radio galaxies
Hydra (constellation)
Active galaxies
196.1
-02.35
1075766
Astronomical objects discovered in 1965
Elliptical galaxies | 3C 196.1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 530 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,485,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%20%28length%29 | The fen () in Mandarin, fan in Cantonese or hun in Taiwanese, is a traditional Chinese unit of length. One fen equals 1/10 of a cun or 1/100 of a chi. It is 3+1⁄3 mm in China mainland, 3.71475 mm in Hong Kong and 3.030 mm in Taiwan.
China mainland
Hong Kong and Macau
These correspond to the measures listed simply as "China" in The Measures, Weights, & Moneys of All Nations
Taiwan
Length measure in Taiwan is largely metric but some units derived from traditional Japanese units of measurement remain in use as a legacy of Japanese rule.
Taiwanese length units and the translation of length units in metric system (SI) shares the same character. The adjective Taiwanese () can be added to address the Taiwanese unis system. For example, means Taiwanese foot and means meter.
Compounds
"" is a Chinese word which literally means fen and cun, two traditional Chinese units of length; figuratively, it refers to the sense of propriety, or the proper degree for saying or doing something. For example, "" (Pay attention to the sense of propriety in speaking.)
See also
Fen (land)
Chinese units of measurement
Taiwanese units of measurement
Hong Kong units of measurement
References
Units of length
Customary units of measurement | Fen (length) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 266 | [
"Quantity",
"Customary units of measurement",
"Units of measurement",
"Units of length"
] |
78,486,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmaking%20at%20Blenko%20Glass%20Company | Blenko Glass Company began producing flat glass in 1922, but did not produce glassware until 1930. The company was founded by William John Blenko, who learned glassmaking in England. Blenko was a chemist who could produce hundreds of colors of glass, and he used his skills to produce antique flat glass that was used to make stained glass windows. During the 1920s, his glass company was named Eureka Art Glass Company, and it manufactured flat glass in Milton, West Virginia.
In late 1929, the United States began an economic depression that became known as the Great Depression. The company experienced a sharp drop in demand for antique flat glass, but survived by adding glassware to its product portfolio. In 1930, the Eureka Art Glass Company changed its name to Blenko Glass Company. During the 1940s, the company began a practice of hiring glass designers who helped the company establish a reputation for contemporary art glass. By 1995, 70 percent of the company's business was glassware such as bottles, vases, and lamps. The remaining 30 percent was the original antique flat glass.
Today (2024), the company's focus is collectible glassware. Glassmaking still involves methods common in the late 19th century. The glass is hand blown by a human glassblower instead of the glassblowing machine invented in the early 20th century. In some cases, the product is reheated in another furnace for additional shaping. A finisher finalizes the product, which can include cutting the glass. The final product is gradually cooled on conveyor that is hot on the starting point and room-temperature at the end. Products are manually inspected before they are made ready for sale.
Background
Beginning
The founder of Blenko Glass Company, William John Blenko (1854–1933), learned glassmaking at a bottle works in England. He began working at the plant at the age of 10. Educated as a chemist, he learned to make antique sheet glass that had the look of stained glass windows from Medieval times. Eventually he was exporting antique flat glass to the United States. Blenko had the ability to produce various colors of glass, and his glass was used in stained glass windows. He came to the United States in 1893 to start a glass works in Indiana. The Indiana works failed after about 10 years, and Blenko had two more failures in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. His fourth try began producing in 1922, and he named this firm Eureka Art Glass Company. This company is located in Milton, West Virginia.
Glassware production begins
In late 1929, the Great Depression began in the United States, and few stained glass studios could afford to buy stained glass while construction of new buildings was almost nonexistent. Eureka Art Glass survived by adding glassware to its line of products, which was a change advocated by Blenko's son William Henry Blenko (1897–1969). The company hired two Swedish-American glassmakers to train its workforce to make glassware, and its products were originally sold by a firm known for importing Italian luxury goods. In August 1930, the company changed its name from Eureka Art Glass to Blenko Glass Company. The Italian goods importer, Carbone and Sons, sold Blenko glassware under the name of "Kenova" glass, which it said was manufactured in West Virginia by foreign craftsmen. Blenko also sold glassware directly from its factory, and continued to produce glass for stained glass windows. By the mid-1930s, Blenko glassware was for sale in department stores such as Macy's, Lazarus, and Neiman Marcus.
In 1947, the company hired Winslow Anderson as a full-time designer. This began its use of glassware designers, which enabled it to gain a reputation as a leader in contemporary glassware. During the 1950s, the company employed over 100 people, produced about 280 types of glassware, produced flat glass, and could make about 1,000 different tints. By 1995, Blenko's business was 70 percent glassware and 30 percent flat glass. Its glassware was sold through Sharper Image and department stores such as Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom. In the 21st century, the company survived the difficult periods of the Great Recession and COVID-19 pandemic. By this time the company focused on a different method for selling its glassware. Instead of relying on department stores and small gift shops, internet sales and merchandisers that sold via the internet became the most important way to sell products. In 2024, the company still produced glassware at its West Virginia glass works, and it still used 19th century production methods.
Glassmaking at Blenko Glass Company
Glass is made by starting with a batch of ingredients, melting it, forming the glass product, and gradually cooling it. The batch of ingredients is dominated by sand, which contains silica. Other ingredients such as soda ash, potash, lime, and recycled glass (cullet) are added. Additional ingredients may be added to color the glass. For example, an oxide of cobalt is used to make glass blue. The batch is placed inside a pot or tank that is heated by a furnace. A 2004 description of the Blenko melting process said the batch is heated to about 2600 °F (1427 °C), and cooked for about 24 hours. Then the mixture is cooled to between 2000 °F (1093 °C) and 2300 °F (1260 °C), making it ready to be blown and shaped. Final glass products must be cooled gradually (annealed), or they will break. A conveyor oven called a lehr, hot at the beginning of the conveyor and room-temperature at the end, is used for annealing.
Glassware production
Glassware making at Blenko Glass Company is done using centuries-old processes, with all products handmade. During the 1950s, there were typically ten glassware production teams consisting of six or seven people led by the glassblower. Glassware production begins with a gatherer collecting a "gob" of molten glass from a furnace using a blowpipe. The blowpipe is given to a glassblower who blows into the pipe to shape the glass. The shaping is assisted by the use of tools, and some glass is blown into a mold. In some cases, separate gobs of glass (such as handles) may be added to the main piece. The glass can be reheated in a small furnace called a "glory hole" that makes it easier to modify the glass. Final shaping is done by a finisher who may cut off pieces of glass. The final product is annealed on the lehr. After the glass has cooled on the lehr, the product is inspected, packaged, and shipped.
Flat glass production
Flat glass making at Blenko utilized the hand–blown cylinder glass method that was common in the 1880s. During the first quarter of the 20th century, many other flat glass makers replaced well-paid human glassblowers with the Lubbers glassblowing machine. A few years later, the entire process was changed and became more automated. Blenko did not update its method for making flat glass. Its process remained similar to its glassware methodology, but less shaping was needed. After the gatherer retrieved a gob of glass, the glassblower blew a hollow cylinder into a mold. The cylinder was annealed and then cut on both ends. A cut was then made lengthwise on the cylinder and it was placed in a reheating furnace where the cylinder opens and flattens. The glass was then annealed once again.
Blowing the cylinder into a mold is not a normal part of the cylinder method. William J. Blenko received a patent on his process of using an unpolished mold to make the flat glass uniform in size and giving it an appearance that suggests it is old. The patent was called "Art Glass and Method of Making the Same". He filed for the patent on February 26, 1924, and it was granted on May4,1926. In the illustration accompanying Blenko's patent, one can see a drawing of the inside of a mold in Figure 1. A gob of molten glass attached to a blowpipe is inserted into the mold in Figure 2. The glassblower blows the gob of glass into cylinder inside the mold, and the mold with the glass cylinder inside can be seen in Figure 3. In Figure 4, the ends of the cylinder have been cut off, and the remains of the cylinder was sliced lengthwise. Figure 5 shows the flat glass after it had been flattened and annealed. Each sheet is uniform in size.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Glass production | Glassmaking at Blenko Glass Company | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,781 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
78,487,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-2119 | TOI-2119 is a binary star system composed of a M-type main sequence star and a brown dwarf, discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in 2020 and announced in 2022. It became the first example of a brown dwarf orbiting an M-dwarf to have the obliquity of the system measured using the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect.
The system is thought to be a field star, not belonging to any identified stellar association or moving group.
Observational history
The eclipsing binary nature of the system was discovered in the TESS mission data of data sectors 24 and 25, recorded from April through June 2020. In addition to a transit signal with ~7.2-day period of transit depth δ = , the observed light curve also exhibited stellar flares and a ~13.1-day period brightness modulation which was identified with the rotation period of the star. In addition to the primary eclipse, where the brown dwarf passes in front of the primary star, a secondary eclipse with the brown dwarf passing behind is also visible with transit depth δ = , which allowed for precise measurement of the orbital eccentricity as well as characterization of the brown dwarf's temperature by determination of its brightness relative to the primary.
To establish the alignment between the spin of the primary star and the brown dwarf's orbit, subsequent spectroscopic observations were performed using the NEID spectrograph at the WIYN Observatory during two transits on 10 May and 15 June 2023. The obtained spectroscopic data allowed for the characterization of Rossiter–McLaughlin effect. In addition, further observations by TESS in years 2022 and 2024 as well as ground observations were used to further refine the orbital solution.
Physical properties
The system is composed of a primary red dwarf and with a companion brown dwarf in a close, eccentric orbit. This configuration makes the system interesting for investigation of tidal interaction models. The expected tidal circularization and inspiral time for the system, depending on the choice of the values for the tidal quality factor, are expected to be on the order of ~, much longer than the age of the system, implying that the system's primordial orbital configuration is largely preserved. By contrast, brown dwarfs in similar close-in orbits around larger, hotter stars are known to circularize soon after formation, making them unsuitable for studying the formation conditions.
Spectroscopic measurements of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect during the transit have allowed also for the measurement of the system's spin-orbit obliquity, resulting in a value of projected obliquity λ = , which together with measurements of the inclination of the star's spin axis i★ = allowed for determination of three-dimensional obliquity of ψ = .
The primary star is a young, early M dwarf of roughly half solar mass. It exhibits flaring, with roughly two dozen flares of >0.5% over the baseline brightness detected over the initial 60-day observation window by TESS, implying moderate magnetic activity which explains UV excess detected in the spectrum.
The secondary companion is a brown dwarf with a mass of and a radius of . The effective temperature of the brown dwarf can be determined from the secondary transit depth to be . The temperature is consistent with spectral type L, however the actual spectrum of the brown dwarf has not been resolved yet. This also means that it is not yet possible to determine whether the brown dwarf is metal-rich with no clouds, or cloudy with close to solar metallicity, same as the primary star.
References
Hercules (constellation)
2119
00236387002
J16174320+2618151
J16174320+2618151
J161742.1+261820
Eclipsing binaries
M-type main-sequence stars
L-type brown dwarfs | TOI-2119 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 779 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,487,953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20page | Standard page is a unit of information measurement for the amount of text in publishing. A standard page is approximately equal to a single page of text typed on a typewriter.
Despite the name, the unit is not formally standardizes, and various entities use various standards for a standard page length:
1,875 characters
1,800 characters
1,680 characters
1,500 characters, excluding spaces
1,450 characters
1,230 characters, excluding spaces
Here, unless otherwise noted, characters include letters, punctuation and spaces.
References
Units of information | Standard page | [
"Mathematics"
] | 110 | [
"Units of information",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
75,527,729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadcrumbing | Breadcrumbing, also called Hansel and Grettelling, is the practice of sporadically feigning interest in another person in order to keep them interested, despite a true lack of investment in the relationship. It is regarded as a type of manipulation and can be either deliberate or unintentional. Breadcrumbing can occur in familial relationships, friendships, and the workplace, but it is more prevalent in romantic contexts, particularly with the surge of online dating.
Breadcrumbing is an antisocial dating behavior, similar to ghosting. It is referred to by this name because it involves giving a romantic interest a trail of "breadcrumbs," small bits of intermittent communication, to keep them interested without committing to a serious relationship. This is intended to give the 'breadcrumbee" (the receiver) false hope so that they will remain invested. Breadcrumbs might include randomly liking posts or sending flirtatious messages and require little effort from the "breadcrumber" (the sender), and will often involve a demonstration and then withdrawal of interest.
Whereas with ghosting the aim is to end the relationship, breadcrumbing's goal is to stop a relationship from progressing by not fully committing to it. According to Stanley's theory of commitment, these objectives are not the same. This theory splits commitment into two different constructs: personal dedication and constraint commitment. Personal dedication encompasses an individual's drive to advance a relationship, something that may be lacking for breadcrumbers, while commitment constraint involves the potential consequences of ending the relationship (such as financial repercussions) that force a relationship to be maintained, which are also not present in breadcrumbing. However, Johnson's model of commitment does also include the idea of moral commitment, unlike Stanley's theory. Johnson's model posits that individuals feel morally obliged to maintain and commit to a relationship, something that has yet to be applied to breadcrumbing.
Causes
Personality
Research has found that some of the main reasons people breadcrumb are because they are seeking attention, do not want to be alone, and/or have low self-esteem. These reasons are linked to certain personality traits with certain types of people being more likely to breadcrumb, in particular those who score highly on vulnerable narcissism and hold views similar to those high on Machiavellianism. It is suggested that as vulnerable narcissists seek attention and approval from others in order to increase their self-esteem, breadcrumbing is a way for them to fulfill these needs without needing to commit to or end the relationship. Individuals high on Machiavellianism see other people as dishonest and gullible, leading to them justifying manipulation and taking advantage of others, for example through breadcrumbing.
Attachment style
Breadcrumbing and insecure (avoidant or anxious) attachment styles are linked. One characteristic of individuals with avoidant attachment is keeping a distance from romantic interests to avoid intimacy, which is a fundamental aspect of breadcrumbing. Individuals with anxious attachment seek validation and they may hope that by leaving gaps between communication (as in through breadcrumbing) the breadcrumbee will pursue them, providing the sought-after validation. They also demonstrate push-and pull-behaviours in relationships; they want intimacy but at the same time are afraid of being rejected, and thus push their partner away. This is an instance in which breadcrumbing may occur unintentionally or without the intent to harm.
However, vulnerable narcissism is also linked to insecure attachment styles which suggests that Dark Triad traits and breadcrumbing behavior may both be consequences of having an insecure attachment style.
These insecure attachment styles in adults are suggested to be caused in part by negative caregiving experiences during childhood, such as having a parent with depression. However, the correlation between attachment styles and caregiving experience is small and exceptions have been discovered, suggesting that other factors such as genetics play a part. Although insecure attachment styles are linked to poor mental health and negative behaviors such as breadcrumbing, it is suggested that they once had had evolutionary benefits. For example, Social Defense Theory suggests that having a range of attachment styles within a group meant individuals would react to danger in different ways, increasing the likeliness of the group as a whole overcoming and surviving those threats. However, this theory has been subjected to criticisms, including that it lacks evidence and does not take into account all aspects of insecure attachments. It also contradicts previous theories that suggest insecure attachments benefit individuals themselves rather than groups, but it does offer a possible explanation as to why insecure attachments are so prevalent. This in turn might explain why breadcrumbing is not an uncommon occurrence, with 35.6% of people having reported experiencing it.
Psychological consequences
As breadcrumbing is persistent and communication does not completely end, unlike with ghosting, it can be more painful for breadcrumbees and prolong the amount of time it takes to emotionally recover. Subsequently, victims of breadcrumbing are more likely to have lower life satisfaction and feel lonelier. Breadcrumbees often struggle with trust issues and reduced self-esteem and experience feelings of insecurity, jealousy, and anger. This can lead to even more severe consequences for mental and physical health, with some breadcrumbees facing depression, exhaustion, and skin problems. Breadcrumbing has also been found to sometimes occur simultaneously with gaslighting, for example if the breadcrumber implies the breadcrumbee is at fault, which in turn has its own lasting psychological consequences.
Coping strategies
Research has shown that there are effective ways to cope with being breadcrumbed that may help people minimize or avoid psychosocial consequences. These include redirecting focus away from the relationship and towards oneself. One particularly common approach is reaching out to others. Social support has been shown to reduce the effects of stress on depression and anxiety, preventing feelings of isolation, and has been associated with increased happiness.
Culture
As breadcrumbing is a relatively new concept, there has not yet been extensive research into its causes and consequences. Most studies looking into the phenomenon have taken place in Spain, although India has been found to have higher reported breadcrumbing rates. This may be because a collectivist, more tight-knit culture like India's places higher importance on interdependence, leading to an increased pressure to adhere to norms, though the relative anonymity that comes with online interactions may allow people to follow these norms less. The relationship between insecure attachment and breadcrumbing also differs across countries; there is a higher prevalence of anxious attachment in India, while avoidant attachment is more prevalent in Spain. Notably, this contradicts findings that avoidant attachment is more strongly linked to relationship problems in collectivist countries, so further research is needed to clarify these cross-cultural differences in relationship behaviours, particularly as they relate to breadcrumbing.
References
Deception
Interpersonal relationships
Lying
Online dating
Psychological abuse
Psychological manipulation
Hansel and Gretel | Breadcrumbing | [
"Biology"
] | 1,465 | [
"Behavior",
"Interpersonal relationships",
"Human behavior"
] |
75,530,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated%20Linear%20Algebra | XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra) is an open-source compiler for machine learning developed by the OpenXLA project. XLA is designed to improve the performance of machine learning models by optimizing the computation graphs at a lower level, making it particularly useful for large-scale computations and high-performance machine learning models. Key features of XLA include:
Compilation of Computation Graphs: Compiles computation graphs into efficient machine code.
Optimization Techniques: Applies operation fusion, memory optimization, and other techniques.
Hardware Support: Optimizes models for various hardware, including CPUs, GPUs, and NPUs.
Improved Model Execution Time: Aims to reduce machine learning models' execution time for both training and inference.
Seamless Integration: Can be used with existing machine learning code with minimal changes.
XLA represents a significant step in optimizing machine learning models, providing developers with tools to enhance computational efficiency and performance.
Supported target devices
x86-64
ARM64
NVIDIA GPU
AMD GPU
Intel GPU
Apple GPU
Google TPU
AWS Trainium, Inferentia
Cerebras
Graphcore IPU
See also
TensorFlow
PyTorch
JAX
References
Compilers
Machine learning
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the Apache license | Accelerated Linear Algebra | [
"Engineering"
] | 257 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
75,531,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20rope%20coil%20effect | The liquid rope coil effect or liquid rope coiling is a fluid mechanics phenomenon characterized by the steadily rotating helical structure formed when pouring a thin stream of viscous fluid from a sufficient height onto a surface, resulting from a buckling instability in which the initially vertical fluid stream becomes unstable to bending deformation under axial compressive stress.
The rope can change shape in three ways: stretching, bending, and twisting. Each deformation faces resistance in the form of viscous forces. The rope's shape is influenced by the balance between these forces and the fluid's inertia. Surface tension, usually significant in fluid dynamics, plays only a minor role.
Further reading
Barnes, George; Woodcock, Richard (1958-04-01). "Liquid Rope-Coil Effect". American Journal of Physics. 26 (4): 205–209. doi:10.1119/1.1996110. ISSN 0002-9505.
References
Fluid dynamics
Physical phenomena | Liquid rope coil effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 198 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
75,531,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei%20Qingyun%20L540 | Qingyun L540 is a Chinese laptop computer product of Huawei released in 2023 with market target to Enterprise and China's public sector. It uses ARM technology Kirin 9006c SoC microprocessor 5 nm architecture, supports 16 GB RAM, 512 GB UFS. It has a 14-inch 4k display. It's predecessor Huawei Qingyun L420 with English name called, 'Dyna Cloud L420' model released in 2021 from TSMC 2020 production of the same stockpiled chips. The first model, Huawei Qingyun L410 featured, Kirin 990 released in May 2021, earlier in the year, that runs Unity Operating System like all successor models.
References
Huawei laptops
Computer-related introductions in 2023 | Huawei Qingyun L540 | [
"Technology"
] | 163 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
75,532,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAT99-123 | BAT99-123, also known as Brey 93, is a rare WO-type (oxygen sequence) Wolf–Rayet star located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, about 160,000 light years away in Dorado. BAT99-123 was the first WO star discovered in the LMC, and only 3 are known to exist in the galaxy, the other two being LH 41-1042 and LMC195-1.
BAT99-123 was first discovered in 1970, and identified as a star with strong OVI emission in 1971, alongside other WO stars like WR 102, WR 142 and SMC AB8. Most stars with strong OVI emission known at the time were central stars of planetary nebulae.
Properties
Analysis of BAT99-123's spectrum reveals a surface temperature of 170,000 K. Assuming a distance of 50.12 kpc, or about 163,500 light years, BAT99-123's luminosity is about , corresponding to a radius of . BAT99-123's strong stellar wind, which has a very high terminal velocity of 3300 km/s, causes it to lose 10-5.14 M☉ (about ) a year.
WO-type Wolf-Rayet stars are very very close to the end of their lives. BAT99-123 is predicted to explode in a type Ic supernova in about 7,000 years. By then, it's predicted to have a mass of 7.7 M☉, much lower than its initial mass which was likely a few dozen solar masses. It likely has a similar mass right now as its stellar wind will not change the mass much in this timescale.
References
Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Wolf–Rayet stars
Dorado
J04553134-6730028
Astronomical objects discovered in 1970 | BAT99-123 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 384 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
75,532,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20fingerprinting | Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is methodology in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterized by a pseudo-randomized acquisition strategy. It involves creating unique signal patterns or 'fingerprints' for different materials or tissues after which a pattern recognition algorithm matches these fingerprints with a predefined dictionary of expected signal patterns. This process translates the data into quantitative maps, revealing information about the magnetic properties being investigated.
MRF has shown promise in providing reproducible and quantitative measurements, offering potential advantages in terms of objectivity in tissue diagnosis, comparability across different scans and locations, and the development of imaging biomarkers. The technology has been explored in various clinical applications, including brain, prostate, liver, cardiac, and musculoskeletal imaging, as well as the measurement of perfusion and microvascular properties through MR vascular fingerprinting.
Motivation
In practical magnetic resonance acquisitions, measurements are often qualitative or 'weighted,' lacking inherent quantifiability. Factors like scanner type, setup, and detectors contribute to varying signal intensities for the same material across datasets. Current clinical MRI relies on terms like 'hyperintense' or 'hypointense,' lacking quantitative severity indicators and global sensitivity. Although quantitative multiparametric acquisition has been a research goal, existing methods often focus on single parameters, demand substantial scan time, and are sensitive to system imperfections. Simultaneous multiparametric measurements are generally impractical due to time constraints and experimental conditions. Consequently, qualitative magnetic resonance measurements remain the prevalent standard, especially in clinical settings.
MRF is connected to compressed sensing and shares expected benefits. Initial findings suggest that MRF could provide fully quantitative results in a time similar to traditional qualitative MRI, with reduced sensitivity to measurement errors. Importantly, MRF has the potential to simultaneously quantify numerous MRI parameters given sufficient scan time, expanding capabilities compared to current MRI techniques. This opens possibilities for computer-aided multiparametric MRI analyses, like genomics or proteomics, detecting complex changes across various parameters simultaneously. When paired with a suitable pattern recognition algorithm, MRF exhibits enhanced resilience to noise and acquisition errors, mitigating their impact.
Working principle
MRF involves a three-step process: data acquisition, pattern matching, and tissue property visualization. During data acquisition, MR system settings are intentionally varied in a pseudorandom manner to create unique signal evolutions or "fingerprints" for each combination of tissue properties. Individual voxel fingerprints are compared with a simulated collection in a generated dictionary for the MRF sequence. The best match is selected through pattern matching, and the identified tissue properties are depicted as pixel-wise maps, providing quantitative and anatomical information. Originally designed for T1, T2, static magnetic field (B0) inhomogeneity, and proton density M0 measurements, recent advancements have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring additional properties such as radio frequency transmit field inhomogeneity (B1), T2* properties.
Data acquisition
Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF) unlike MRI, dynamically varies acquisition parameters throughout the process. Unlike traditional methods that repetitively use the same parameters until full k-space data are acquired, MRF's flexible approach involves adjusting radiofrequency excitation angle (FA), phase, repetition time, and k-space sampling trajectory. This dynamic variation generates a unique signal time-course for each tissue, and proper sequence design is crucial for achieving useful, time-efficient, accurate, precise, and clinically relevant information.
Despite significant under-sampling, the signal evolution from all data points allows accurate and repeatable quantitative mapping. Spatio-temporal incoherence of under-sampling artifacts is a key consideration in designing the sampling strategy. Spiral or radial trajectories are commonly used for their higher spatial incoherence and sampling efficiency. Echo-planar imaging (EPI) and Cartesian trajectories have also demonstrated utility in the MRF framework. The trajectory re-ordering can be sequential, uniformly rotated, or random, depending on the sequence type and application.
MRF provides a flexible framework, theoretically allowing any sequence structure to be adopted for obtaining relevant tissue properties. The original MRF description was based on inversion recovery prepared balanced steady-state free precession (IR-bSSFP), sensitive to T1, T2, and static field (B0) inhomogeneity. Subsequent adaptations introduced various sequences, each addressing limitations, conferring advantages, or measuring additional tissue properties.
Pattern matching and tissue property visualization
Pattern matching in MRF involves comparing the patterns of signal evolutions from individual tissue voxels with entries in a precomputed dictionary of possible signal evolutions for the specific MRF sequence. This dictionary is generated using mathematical algorithms predicting spin behavior and signal evolution during the acquisition. Various models, such as Bloch Equations simulations and the extended phase graph formalism, have been employed to create these databases. More complex models have been used in MR vascular fingerprinting (MRvF) and Arterial Spin Labeling (MRF-ASL) perfusion to generate fingerprints for pattern matching.
Pattern matching introduces a degree of error tolerance, as long as the errors are spatially and temporally incoherent. In the original MRF acquisition, template matching involved calculating the vector-dot product of the acquired signal with each simulated fingerprint signal. The dictionary entry with the highest dot product was considered the best match, and the corresponding T1, T2, and B0 values were assigned to that voxel. The M0 value was determined as the multiplicative factor between the acquired and simulated fingerprints. This process proved time-efficient, accurate (showing good correlation with phantom values), precise, and insensitive to motion artifacts.
The collection of fingerprints may be generated once for each sequence and applied universally or individually for each patient, depending on the organ or physiological properties under evaluation. To enhance the speed, robustness, and accuracy of pattern matching and visualization, efforts have been directed toward speeding up the process. Compression methods in the time dimension or the application of fast group matching algorithms have been explored, resulting in a time reduction factor of 3–5 times with less than a 2% decrease in the accuracy of tissue property estimation.
Clinical applications
Cardiac
Cardiac MRF has focused on myocardial tissue property mapping, offering simultaneous estimation of T1, T2, and M0 values with good concordance to conventional mapping methods. Future developments aim to reduce scan time, achieve volumetric acquisition for whole-heart coverage, and optimize M0 values.
Brain relaxometry
In brain relaxometry studies, MRF has shown good correlation for T1 and T2 values of grey and white matter. Studies have demonstrated its ability to simultaneously estimate T1 and T2 values for different brain regions, providing fast and regional relaxometry with correlations to age and gender. MRF has been employed in characterizing and differentiating intra-axial brain tumors, offering a valuable tool for distinguishing gliomas and metastases.
Abdomen
Adopting MRF for abdominal imaging presents unique challenges, including the need for fast sequences, high spatial resolution, and compensation for B0 and B1 inhomogeneities. Approaches like measuring B1 variation through separate scans and incorporating it into the dictionary simulation have been proposed, enabling successful application in abdominal imaging, even in the presence of liver metastases.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
Fingerprinting algorithms | Magnetic resonance fingerprinting | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,525 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
75,533,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Architecture%20Award%20of%20Chile | The National Architecture Award of Chile () is the highest distinction that an architect can receive in Chile, granted annually by the Colegio de Arquitectos de Chile.
It was first given in 1969 on a yearly basis until 1977. Since then, the award is granted every other year. The award acknowledges architects "whose career and ethical and professional performance have set an example for all architects."
Winners
References
Architecture awards
Awards established in 1969
1969 establishments in Chile | National Architecture Award of Chile | [
"Engineering"
] | 93 | [
"Architecture awards",
"Architecture"
] |
75,537,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic%20consciousness | Theories of holographic consciousness postulate that consciousness has structural and functional similarities to a hologram, in that the information needed to model the whole is contained within each constituent component.
Many holographic theories of consciousness draw on holographic theories of the universe which hypothesize a holographic structure of the universe as a medium for storing information. Most holographic theories of consciousness postulate that human consciousness is a part of and/or interacts with a larger field of universal consciousness, and that information within this universal consciousness is encoded according to holographic principles.
There is considerable overlap between holographic theories of consciousness and quantum theories of consciousness. Like quantum theories of consciousness, holographic theories of consciousness aim to address a perceived inability of classical mechanistic physics to explain various phenomena of consciousness.
Motivation
Holographic consciousness has been proposed as a holistic model incorporating quantum theory which can explain the nature and origin of consciousness. These theories are viewed by some researchers as a possible solution to the problems of consciousness.
Theories of holographic consciousness have also been proposed as a potential explanation for capabilities such as the brain's capacity to retain memories despite extensive damage, the human ability to rapidly discern and integrate large amounts of related data, and a number of documented phenomena which indicate non-locality as a property of consciousness. Non-local consciousness is frequently cited in connection with experiences of "cosmic consciousness," where individuals in meditative, trance, or altered states of consciousness report experiencing knowledge or consciousness beyond what their own minds would seem to be able to access or store.
Origins
While it has been suggested that the forerunner of holographic theories of consciousness can be found in the work of Leibniz, contemporary holographic theories of conscious generally trace their origin to early attempts to use quantum mechanics to explain brain function. In the 1970s, a number of researchers invoked holography as a structure that could explain the distribution of memory within the brain.
These theories later gained more credence with the discovery of quantum effects in neuron microtubules by Karl Pribram, suggesting the possibility of highly coherent informational states similar to those found in lasers and superconductors. Along with David Bohm, Pribram proposed the holonomic brain theory which describes information as stored throughout the brain in the form of waves which give rise to holographic images.
Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff continued with this line of theory by hypothesizing that quantum activity inside neurons may have non-local interaction with other neurons, enabling "conscious events" when combined with a quantum hologram.
Building on these theories, other researchers have since attempted to develop and test a number of variations of these hypotheses in diverse contexts, including altered states of consciousness, near-death experiences, and out of body experiences, in addition to seeking a better understanding of the nature of consciousness.
Theories
Implicate/explicate order
In his book Wholeness and the Implicate Order, theoretical physicist David Bohm describes a cosmology based on implicate and explicate orders, wherein the implicate order acts as a kind of unified substrate for reality (the explicate order), and which he likens to a hologram. In this view, the implicate order necessarily encompasses human consciousness. Drawing on the work of Pribram, Bohm concludes that the implicate order may render a distinction between matter and consciousness impossible.
Bohm contrasts this perspective to the view of classical mechanics, which focuses on the behavior of individual entities like particles and fields, instead taking a view of reality centered on structures and processes which "project" the explicate reality. This leads to a more holistic and interconnected view of reality, which Bohm describes as "an order of undivided wholeness of the content of description similar to that indicated by the hologram rather than to an order of analysis of such content into separate parts..."
In keeping with its description as a process, Bohm terms this order of undivided wholeness a "holomovement" (lit. "movement of the whole"), where the explicate order of phenomenal reality arises out of the movement of an interconnected implicate order which is analogous to a hologram in its structure and process.
Quantum hologram theory of consciousness
Edgar D. Mitchell and Robert Staretz developed a quantum hologram theory of consciousness which views information as being as fundamental to the universe as matter or energy. This theory hypothesizes that all material objects as well as organisms store information, and that objects emit waves containing information which can be recognized and processed by the brain.
Mitchell and Staretz suggest that the movement of this information is not unidirectional, but that human consciousness can emit similar waves which can also play a role in shaping reality.
Holographic theory of transpersonal consciousness
Robert M. Anderson likens Bohm's distinction between implicate and explicate orders to the dichotomy between personal and transpersonal consciousness. Anderson situates personal and transpersonal consciousness in the context of Eastern mystical traditions and Western rational traditions, with Eastern traditions viewing individualistic, personal consciousness as an illusion, while Western traditions tend to view mystical or transcendent experiences of transpersonal consciousness as hallucinations resulting from aberrations in the brain.
Anderson suggests that while consciousness may be a constant property of reality on the level of the implicate order, higher levels of holographic complexity may result in higher levels of consciousness, which make a lizard more conscious than a rock, or a human more conscious than a lizard.
This hypothesis is proposed as an explanation for why humans in deep meditative states are able to experience ineffable "higher" states of consciousness; the mind ceases to be a vehicle for personal consciousness, but instead shifts to a highly synchronized harmonic brain state which is part of an underlying universal consciousness of much greater complexity.
Quantum holography and the zero point field
In connection with his work on magnetic resonance imaging, Walter Schemp developed a mathematical model called "quantum holography." The model demonstrated how information can be recovered and reconstituted from quantum fluctuations in the zero point field, also known as the quantum vacuum.
This was extended to theorize the zero point field as a medium for information storage, giving rise to an emitter/absorber model of holography. Some theorists proposed this model as a potential explanation for the large amounts of information experienced during near-death experience life reviews.
Syntergic theory
Syntergic theory, proposed by Jacobo Grinberg-Zylberbaum, postulates that the brain gives rise to a neuronal field which is the source of consciousness. The neuronal field is conceived as interacting directly with an interconnected, information-dense fabric of reality termed "pre-space," which Grinberg-Zylberbaum describes as "a holographic, non-local lattice that has as a basic characteristic the attribute of consciousness."
Grinberg-Zylberbaum proposed this theory as an explanation for the intense empathic connection that psychotherapists sometimes experience with patients.
Holographic principle
Mark Germine, in association with the California Institute of Integral Studies, outlined a holographic principle which he applies to the evolution of consciousness. Germine's theory is similar to other theories of holographic consciousness, but he elaborates on it by drawing on Jason Brown's theory of microgenesis. Microgenetic theory applies an evolutionary paradigm to the development of ideas, concepts, and mental constructs, which Germine applies to theorizing the evolutionary origins of consciousness.
Quantum holographic quantum gravitational
The quantum holographic/quantum gravitation model was developed by Dejan Rakovic and resembles other holographic theories of consciousness, but Rakovic theorizes that transitional and altered states of consciousness depend on Einstein-Rosen space-time bridges or wormholes. This approach is not entirely novel, as Penrose had previously proposed gravitationally induced wave function reduction as a possible explanation for non-local conscious experience.
Rakovic's approach is unique, however, insofar as it combines concepts from quantum physics, holography, and information theory to describe consciousness as a fundamental property of the universe whereby free will arises from interactions between universal consciousness and the quantum vacuum or zero-point field.
Holographic transdisciplinary framework for consciousness
Tamar Levin's holographic transdisciplinary framework for consciousness attempts to use complex systems theory to extend the model of holographic consciousness to the study of a wider range of subject matter, including society, culture, and spirituality. This view considers consciousness as an integral property of the universe, and attempts to provide a framework for transcending dualities such as the mind-body and spiritual-material dichotomies.
The framework conceptualizes consciousness as both a structure and a system, incorporating both metaphysical and physical layers. This supports the idea that human consciousness is not three dimensional but multi-dimensional, which allows incorporating non-local consciousness.
Holofield and connectivity hypothesis
Developed by Ervin Laszlo, the connectivity hypothesis describes the universe as consisting of A-dimension (corresponding to Bohm's implicate order) and M-dimension (material). The "A" in "A-dimension" is derived from the Vedic concept of Akasha. The A-dimension is conceived as a holographic informational field (holofield) fundamental to reality. This theory views information as more fundamental to the universe than energy.
The process of reality perception in humans, according to this theory, can be seen as a constant interaction between the A-dimension and the M-dimension. Information from the A-field (the implicate, non-local, and holographic domain) becomes manifest in the M-dimension (the explicate, local, and material domain) that we perceive as our reality.
This theory suggests that our consciousness is not confined to our brains or our bodies, but is part of this cosmic holographic field which connects humans to the cosmos. This interconnectedness and the holographic structure of the universe could potentially explain phenomena such as intuition, spontaneous healing, and other transpersonal experiences.
Applications
Psychotherapy
Due to their holistic perspective, holographic theories of consciousness can accommodate novel approaches to psychology and therapy which consider mind, body, emotion, and spirituality as an interconnected continuum; Bohm's explicate/implicit cosmology, for example, was cited by Stanislav Grof as a major influence on the development of transpersonal psychology, including his method of holonomic breathwork.
Radovic's quantum holographic quantum gravitational framework may have implications for advancing understanding of psychosomatic processes in the context of integrative medicine and transpersonal psychology. Radovic's model suggests that consciousness and free will can be understood in terms of quantum information processes and holographic principles, which could help to systematize psychosomatic treatment of traumas, phobias, disorders, and allergies in conjunction with acupuncture.
Evolutionary theory
Mark Germine argues that the evolution of consciousness is linked to the holographic principle of mind through a recursive process of successive applications of the same holographic process. According to Germine, the most fundamental levels of experiences— from the conformations of proteins and fields of electrons— exist as quantum potentials.
Through recursions of the holographic process, these potentials manifest as higher levels of experience, including consciousness. Germine suggests that this process of successive orders of manifestation on the microscopic and submicroscopic levels is what drives the evolution of consciousness.
Laszlo also believes that an informational field which may possess holographic properties is a potential explanation for why evolution appears to be informed rather than random.
Andre Lohrey and Bruce Boreham view Bohm's concept of holoflux as potentially supporting Lynn Margulis' theory of endosymbiotic evolution. This view, drawing on the essential unity of Bohm's cosmology, emphasizes cooperative aspects of evolution as opposed to competitive mechanisms emphasized by classical Darwinian evolutionary theory.
Altered states of consciousness research
Some consciousness researchers have suggested using holographic theories of consciousness for investigating altered states of consciousness, including near-death experiences and out of body experiences. Ethnobotanist Terence McKenna also suggested holographic frameworks for consciousness as a potential method for investigating the effects of psychedelic substances.
Gas discharge visualization has been used as a method for studying the behavior of the brain and nervous system during altered states of consciousness, with substantial differences in the signatures emitted by the nervous system in normal versus altered states of consciousness. Holographic theories of consciousness have been proposed as a framework for interpreting and drawing conclusions from data derived from these tests.
Acupuncture
Researchers at Zhejiang University in China and Siegen University in Germany detected an electromagnetic field composed of interference patterns of standing waves in the resonance cavity of the body. This field was inferred to be holographic, insofar as changes in the conductivity of the measurement current appear simultaneously on all acu-points as well as every point of the skin. Changes in resistance appear as soon as the organism undergoes a pathological, physiological, or psychological change.
Beyond its implications for understanding the coherence of the nervous system, other researchers have attempted to use this discovery to develop new acupuncture techniques.
References
Consciousness
Behavioral neuroscience | Holographic consciousness | [
"Biology"
] | 2,774 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Behavioral neuroscience"
] |
75,539,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20sampling%20frame | An area sampling frame is an alternative to the most traditional type of sampling frames.
A sampling frame is often defined as a list of elements of the population we want to explore through a sample survey. A slightly more general concept considers that a sampling frame is a tool that allows the identification and access to the elements of the population, even if an explicit list does not exist. Traditional sampling frames are sometimes referred to as list frames
In many cases, suitable lists are not available. This can happen for several reasons, for example:
Existing lists, such as population censuses, are too old and do not correspond anymore to the current reality.
We are targeting a population whose list is not feasible, for example a wild animal species.
The population is a continuous feature in a given geographic area and the definition of its elements is not straightforward. This often happens for sample surveys designed to produce environmental statistics.
Area sampling frames are generally defined by two elements:
The boundaries of a target region in a given cartographic projection.
The type of geographic units to be sampled. We can mention three main types of units:
Points. In principle, points are dimensionless, but, for practical reasons, we can attribute them a certain size, such as 1 m x 1 m. The suitable size is linked to the accuracy of the tool used for the location of the point. Possible tools are GPS devices, orthophotos or satellite images. Point sampling can be based on a two-stage scheme, sampling clusters in the first stage and sampling points in the second stage. Another option is a two-phase scheme of unclustered points: a large first-phase sample is selected. A stratification is conducted only for the first-phase sample and a stratified sample is chosen in the second phase.
Transects. A transect is a piece of straight line of a given length. Transect sampling is useful to estimate the total length of linear landscape elements
Areal units defined by polygons. In the jargon of agricultural surveys, areal units are generally called "segments", even if a segment in geometry rather corresponds to the concept of transect used in area sampling frames. Segments can be delineated by photo-interpretation or generated automatically, usually on the basis of a regular grid. The optimal size of segments depends on the spatial auto-correlation of the monitored processes and the cost function that links the price of data collection with the size of the sample unit
Fields of application
The oldest field of application area sampling frames has been probably forest inventories, one of the fields with the most obvious geographic component in which the traditional list frame approach cannot be applied. For the same reason, area frames appear as a natural tool for many environmental topics, such as soil surveys and other topics that require spatial statistics tools.
Different area frame approaches have been widely discussed and compared for agricultural statistics. In the 1930's the of the National Agricultural Statistical Service of the US Department of Agriculture introduced area sampling frames for the estimation of crop area and yield on the basis of a sample of areal units (segments). The French Teruti survey chose in the 1960's an approach based on a systematic sample of clusters of points. The Italian AGRIT survey has explored different approaches, comparing segment and point methods. The Joint Research Centre of the EC has conducted a large number of studies on area sampling frame methodology and area frame surveys for agricultural, forestry, environmental and human settlement studies.
The soaring number of applications of satellite images has boosted the interest on area sampling frames, not only because of the use of remote sensing for statistics and because the integration of satellite images has improved the quality of samplig frames and related estimators, but also because satellite images may need to be sampled. Validation of thematic maps produced by satellite image analysis has become one of the main application fields of area sampling frames
References
Sampling (statistics)
Survey methodology
Spatial analysis | Area sampling frame | [
"Physics"
] | 789 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Spatial analysis"
] |
75,539,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Nuno%20Silva | Jorge Nuno Silva (born 1956) is a Portuguese mathematician who taught at the University of Lisbon, starting in 1995 and retiring in 2023. His interests encompass the pedagogy of mathematics, history of mathematics, history of board games, mathematical games, and recreational mathematics. He is the chief editor for Recreational Mathematics Magazine and Board Game Studies Journal.
Education
In 1974, Silva completed his secondary education at the National Lyceum of Viana do Castelo. Subsequently, in 1976/77, he enrolled at the University of Lisbon School of Medicine. In 1983, he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Pure Mathematics from the University of Lisbon Faculty of Sciences (FCUL). In 1991 he obtained a Master of Arts degree at UC Berkeley, writing Some Notes on Game Bounds under the direction of Elwyn Berlekamp. In 1994 he got a Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley with the dissertation, "Some Notes on the Theory of Hilbert Spaces of Analytic Functions on the Unit Disc" under doctoral advisor Donald Erik Sarason.
Teaching
From 1995 until his retirement in April 2023 he was a professor at the University of Lisbon. First at the Department of Mathematics (1995-2006), and then at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science (2006-2023).
He is a teacher trainer for Associação Ludus and the Portuguese Mathematical Society.
Mathematics promotion
In 1998 Silva wrote Berkley Problems of Mathematics, a compendium of problems which is widely used by PhD candidates as a reference. He is president of the Ludus Association (Associação Ludus), an organization for popularizing the culture and history of mathematics. He is a member of Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia (CIUHCT)
Silva has been involved in efforts to popularize mathematics around the world. In a 2009 interview he stated his guiding philosophy: "Mathematics is, by its very nature, the pure joy of thinking, and the same goes for board games. There is a lack of challenging activities in our Western culture. Games can close this gap; there are many interrelationships between mathematics, history, and culture." In an interview with Diário de Notícias he said, "One day a great game will be invented to teach Mathematics and the world will change."
Silva is the co-founder of the Circo Matemático which, since its founding in 2011, has toured more than a dozen countries on four continents promoting the popularization of mathematics.
In Portugal he has had an enormous effect on mathematics in public education and he often appears on Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) as an expert on games.
Books
1998: Berkeley Problems in Mathematics (with Paulo Ney de Souza), Springer (1998),
1998: Some Notes on Game Bounds, Dissertation.com (1998),
1998: Some Notes on the Theory of Hilbert Spaces of Analytic Functions of the Unit Disc, Dissertation.com (1998),
2013: Mathematical Games, Abstract Games (with Joao Neto), Dover Puzzle Books (19201398),
2013: O Livro de Jogos de Afonso X, o Sábio, Apenas 2013, ISBN 978-989-618-421-6
2017: Proceedings of the Board Game Studies Colloquium (2017),
2022: As Loterias Lisbonenses (1834) de Francisco António Marques Giraldes Barba, 2a edição, Ludus 2022, ISBN 979-883-7880902
2022: Tratado da Prática de Aritmética (1519) de Gaspar Nicolas. FCG 2022 (with Pedro Freitas), ISBN 978-972-31-1646-5
Papers
"Konane has infinite nim-dimension" (with Carlos Pereira dos Santos) Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, January 2008
"On Mathematical Games", The British Journal for the History of Mathematics: Bulletin 26 (2), (2011)
"Composition Operators on a Local Dirichlet Space", (with D Sarason), J. Ana. Math. 87, 433-450
Breakfast with John Horton Conway, Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society 57, September 2005, pp. 32–34.
Mathematical games in Europe around the year 1000, Gerbertus, Vol I, 2010, pp. 205–217
Martin Gardner (1914-2010), Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society 79, March 2011, pp. 21–23
Mathematics of Soccer, Recreational Mathematics Magazine 1, 2014 (with Alda Carvalho and Carlos Santos) http://rmm.ludus-opuscula.org/Home/ArticleDetails/92
A very mathematical card trick, Recreational Mathematics Magazine 2, September 2014, pp. 41–52 (with Carlos Santos and Pedro Duarte)
Nimbers in Partizan Games, Games of No Chance 4, R.J. Nowakowski (Ed.), MSRI Publications Series, Vol 63, 215–223, 2015 (with Carlos Santos)
Allégorie de la Géométrie. A Mathematical Interpretation, Recreational Mathematics Magazine. Volume 3, Issue 5, Pages 33–45, ISSN (Online) 2182-1976, DOI: 10.1515/rmm-2016-0003, April 2016 (with Alda Carvalho and Carlos Pereira dos Santos)
Measuring Drama in Goose-like Games, Board Game Studies Journal. Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 101–119, ISSN (Online) 2183-3311, DOI: 10.1515/bgs-2016-0005, September 2016 (with João Pedro Neto)
The geometer dog who did not know calculus, in The College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 48(5), November 2017 (with Alda Carvalho and Carlos Pereira dos Santos)
Measuring Drama in Snakes & Ladders, in Game & Puzzle Design, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017, pp. 56–63. (with João Pedro Neto)
Foundations of Digital Archæoludology, 31 May 2019 (with Cameron Browne et al.) http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13516
Mathematical Treasure: Gaspar Nicolas’s Tratado da Prática D’arismetyca, Convergence, MAA, July 2021
Playing Symmetries. Portuguese Sidewalks, in Symmetry: Art and Science | 12th SIS-Symmetry Congress [Special Issue]. Viana, V., Nagy, D., Xavier, J., Neiva, A., Ginoulhiac, M., Mateus, L. & Varela, P. (Eds.). Symmetry: Art and Science. Porto: International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry, 2022. (with Carvalho, A., Santos, C., Teixeira, T.)
The Recreational Problems of Tratado de Prática Darysmetica by Gaspar Nicolas, 1519, Research in History and Philosophy of Mathematics (the CSHPM 2021 volume) 2023, pp. 47–56. (with Pedro Freitas)
The Loterias Lisbonenses of Francisco Giraldes Barba, in British Journal for the History of Mathematics, 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/26375451.2023.2258331 (with Pedro Freitas)
References
External links
Jorge Nuno Silva's home page
Jorge Nuno Silva on Google Scholar
Jorge Nuno Silva at Amazon
1956 births
Living people
20th-century Portuguese mathematicians
21st-century Portuguese mathematicians
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Lisbon
Combinatorial game theorists
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
Combinatorialists | Jorge Nuno Silva | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,616 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Combinatorialists",
"Recreational mathematicians",
"Combinatorics"
] |
75,540,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20roseolutescens | Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.
Taxonomy
Tremella roseolutescens was first published in 1996 by American mycologist Robert Bandoni and Costa Rican mycologist Julieta Carranza based on collections made in Costa Rica. The species is considered to be close to Tremella mesenterica, the type species of the genus, and hence belongs in Tremella sensu stricto.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, rose-pink to salmon, up to 10 mm across, and pustular to cerebriform (brain-like). Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 20 to 27 by 18 to 27 μm. The basidiospores are globose to subglobose, smooth, 11 to 15 by 9 to 11.5 μm.
Similar species
Tremella salmonea is similarly coloured, but was described from China and has larger basidia and basidiospores. Tremella rosea is also pink, but was described from Austria and has smaller basidia and basidiospores.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella roseolutescens is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, but its host is unknown. It was originally described from dead, attached branches of an Inga species.
The species is currently known from Costa Rica and Belize.
References
roseolutescens
Fungi of Central America
Fungi described in 1996
Parasitic fungi
Fungus species | Tremella roseolutescens | [
"Biology"
] | 382 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,540,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Biodata%20Coalition | The Global Biodata Coalition is an organization promoting biocuration and fostering support of research funders for the sustainability of biological data resources.
Global Core Biodata Resources (GCBRs)
The organization maintains a list of resources, representing "critical components for ensuring the reproducibility and integrity of life sciences research."
As of 2023, the list includes the following organizations:
Alliance of Genome Resources
BacDive
BAR: Bio-Analytic Resource for Plant Biology
Bgee
BRENDA
Catalogue of Life (COL)
CATH database
Cellosaurus
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CIViC: Clinical Interpretation of Variants in Cancer
Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen)
DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ Center)
EcoCyc
Ensembl
Europe PMC
European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
FlyBase
GENCODE
Gene Ontology (GO)
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD)
Genome Sequence Archive (GSA)
NHGRI-EBI Catalog of human genome-wide association studies (GWAS Catalog)
Gene Expression Database (GXD)
HGNC: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
Human Disease Ontology Knowledgebase (DO-KB)
Human Protein Atlas
IMEx: International Molecular Exchange Consortium
InterPro
IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
LIPID MAPS
LPSN: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
MGD: Mouse Genome Database
Orphadata Science
PANTHER
PharmGKB: Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase
Planteome (including the Plant Ontology)
PomBase
Protein Data Bank (PDB)
ProteomeXchange Consortium
Rat Genome Database (RGD)
Reactome
Rhea
Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD)
SILVA
STRING
UCSC Genome Browser
UniProt
VEuPathDB
WormBase
ZFIN: The Zebrafish Information Network
References
External links
Official website
Biological databases | Global Biodata Coalition | [
"Biology"
] | 386 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
75,540,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20coolest%20exoplanets | This is a list of the coolest exoplanets known, specifically those with temperatures lower than . Planets from the Solar System were also included for comparison purposes.
All temperatures here are equilibrium temperatures. The coldest planet with a measured temperature is Epsilon Indi b, but too hot to be in the list.
Unconfirmed planets
These exoplanets have not been confirmed.
Notes and references
Lists of superlatives in astronomy
Lists of exoplanets | List of coolest exoplanets | [
"Astronomy"
] | 95 | [
"Astronomy-related lists",
"Lists of superlatives in astronomy"
] |
75,540,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenophosphate | A selenophosphate is a chemical compound containing phosphate anions substituted with selenium. Over 7000 compounds are known with a bond between selenium and phosphorus. Compared to phosphorus-sulfur compounds selenophosphates are less thermally stable, and more easily destroyed by water. However they are more stable than tellurophosphates which have an even weaker phosphorus-tellurium bond. Selenophosphates have an oxidation number for phosphorus of +5. But in many there are bonds between phosphorus atoms, reducing the oxidation state to +4, Some may be termed selenophosphites.
Different structural anions include hexaselenohypodiphosphate [P2Se6]4− and [P6Se12]4− with decalin structure and [P4Se2]2− with dicyclobutane structure.
Selenophosphates are coloured, often orange. They are semiconductors.
The first selenodiphosphate was discovered in 1973 by H. Hahn.
Selenophosphate compounds may have some or all of the selenium replaced by sulfur.
Formation
Selenophosphates can be produced by melting phosphorus selenide with metal selenides.
Molecular biology
Selenocysteine is produced in many organisms from a selenophosphate. In humans and other eucaryotes, this is facilitated by the enzyme selenophosphate synthetase 1. Selenium is connected to phosphorus using a reaction with selenide and adenosine triphosphate
List
References
Extra reading
Selenides
Phosphorus compounds | Selenophosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 338 | [
"Phosphates",
"Salts"
] |
75,541,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane%20Allen%20Baker | Lane Allen Baker is an American electrochemist who is presently the Carl D. McAfee '90 Chair of Analytical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at Texas A&M University.
Biography
Lane Baker studied Chemistry as an undergraduate at Missouri State University, Springfield, MO and as a graduate student at Texas A&M University. Baker has served as Chair for the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and as president and a board member for the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry (SEAC).
Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
2023 Charles N. Reilley Award, Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry
2022 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
2021 Analytical Scientist Power List
2021 Fellow, American Chemical Society
2021 Award in Electrochemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society
References
Texas A&M University faculty
21st-century American chemists
Electrochemists
Missouri State University alumni
Living people
1971 births | Lane Allen Baker | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemists"
] |
75,541,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20salmonea | Tremella salmonea is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces pale orange to salmon, foliose, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi on wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from China.
Taxonomy
Tremella salmonea was first published in 2019 by Chinese mycologists Xin-Zhan Liu and Feng-Yan Bai based on collections made in Guangxi Province, China. The species is considered to be close to Tremella mesenterica, the type species of the genus, and hence belongs in Tremella sensu stricto.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, salmon to pale orange, up to 10 mm across, and foliose. Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (globose to subglobose, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 31 to 38 by 29 to 37 μm. The basidiospores are globose to subglobose, smooth, 16 to 22 by 15 to 20 μm.
Similar species
Tremella roseolutescens is similarly coloured, but was described from Costa Rica and has smaller basidia and basidiospores. Tremella rosea is also pink, but was described from Austria and has substantially smaller basidia and basidiospores.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella salmonea is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, but its host is unknown. It was originally described from wood of a deciduous tree.
The species is currently only known from China.
References
salmonea
Fungi described in 2019
Fungi of Asia
Fungus species | Tremella salmonea | [
"Biology"
] | 352 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,541,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO%200313-192 | ESO 0313-192 (also known as PGC 97372 and LO95 0313-192) is an edge-on spiral galaxy, or a double-lobed radio galaxy located around 1 billion light-years away in the constellation Eridanus. Its radio jets were discovered in 2003 by NASA, and its radio lobes are an estimated 1.5 million light years in diameter. It is part of the cluster Abell 428, and it has an active galactic nuclei.
Characteristics
ESO 0313-192 has a spiral shape similar to that of the Milky Way. It has a large central bulge, and arms speckled with brightly glowing gas inhabited by thick lanes of dark dust. Its companion, sitting pretty in the right of the frame, is known rather unpoetically as [LOY2001] J031549.8-190623.
Jets, outbursts of superheated gas moving at close to the speed of light, have long been associated with the cores of giant elliptical galaxies, and galaxies in the process of merging. However, in an unexpected discovery, astronomers found ESO 0313-192 to have intense radio jets spewing out from its central supermassive black hole. The galaxy appears to have two more regions that are also strongly emitting in the radio part of the spectrum, making it even rarer still.
The discovery of these giant jets in 2003, not visible in this image, but indicated in this earlier Hubble composite, has been followed by the unearthing of a further three spiral galaxies containing radio-emitting jets in recent years. This growing class of unusual spirals continues to raise significant questions about how jets are produced within galaxies, and how they are thrown out into the cosmos.
Nucleus
The core of ESO 0313-192 is rather bright as seen in the Hubble Composite. The central supermassive black hole of 0313-192 is known to be highly active, indicating the unusually luminous bulge in the center of the galaxy. A disklike emission-line structure is seen around the nucleus, inclined by ~20° to the stellar disk but nearly perpendicular to the jets. This may represent the aftermath of a galaxy encounter in which gas is photoionized by a direct view of the nuclear continuum. The SMBH has a mass of ~.
Properties
Nearly all classic double-lobed radio galaxies have either an elliptical galaxy or some galactic merger at their center. However, there is one remarkable exception to this rule. In 2003, astronomers confirmed that ESO 0313-192, flanked by large, bright clouds of radio emissions, is in fact an edge-on spiral galaxy.
Twisted Disc
If you look closely enough, ESO 0313-192's dark plane of dust is distinctly twisted. This may be due to a collision or a near pass-by with a smaller galaxy, which may have sparked the galaxy's nucleus to life.
Gallery
External links
ESO 0313-192 on NASA
References
Radio galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
Spiral galaxies
97372
J03155208-1906442
Astronomical objects discovered in 2003
ESO objects | ESO 0313-192 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 638 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,542,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsen%20cycle | The Olsen cycle is a pyroelectric cycle, which was developed between 1978 and 1986 by Olsen and Bruno, by Olsen and Brown, Olsen and Evans, as well as by Olsen et al. It has been called the Ericsson cycle. However, the Olsen cycle avoids the least confusion with its analogous process of the Ericsson cycle. The Olsen cycle can generate electricity directly from heat when applied to a pyroelectric material, and has been the most favorable method for the generation of electricity from heat using pyroelectric energy harvesting. It consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the displacement versus electric field diagram.
It can be compared to the Ericsson cycle, where working fluid undergoes two isothermal and two isobaric processes in a pressure-volume diagram. However, the Ericsson cycle does not include the hysteresis loop, which is essentially a lag between the input of an electric field and the material's output.
References
Energy harvesting
Thermodynamic cycles
Thermodynamics | Olsen cycle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 215 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
71,218,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20B.%20Rhyne | Timothy B. Rhyne is a retired Michelin Research Fellow and co-inventor of the Tweel.
Rhyne received his BS and PhD degrees from North Carolina State University. He started at Michelin in 1978, originally in machine design, and moving to tire research and development in 1986.
He was an adjunct professor at Clemson University's ICAR (International Center for Automotive Research) where he taught tire mechanics.
In 2021, he and co-inventor Steven M. Cron were jointly awarded the Charles Goodyear Medal, the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division. It was the first time that the award was given jointly.
References
Polymer scientists and engineers
Tire industry people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Michelin people | Timothy B. Rhyne | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 156 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
71,219,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoflora%20of%20the%20Messel%20Formation | This is an overview of the of the Eocene Messel Formation as explored by the Messel Pit excavations in Germany. A former quarry and now UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Messel Formation preserves what lived in and around a meromictic lake surrounded by a paratropical rainforest during the latest early to earliest middle Eocene, approximately 47 Ma. A complete list of plant taxa was published in 2024.
Several major monographs on the paleoflora have been published since the early 1900s, with producing the first leaf monograph in 1922, followed by Heidemarie Thiele-Pfeiffer in 1988 who provided the first in-depth palynological revision and expansion. Margaret Collinson, Steven Manchester, and Volker Wilde collaborated to study and redescribe the flowers, fruits, seeds, and other reproductive organs of the formation, with the monograph being published in 2011. Most recently, Johannes Bouchal, Christian Geier, Friđgeir Grímsson and colleagues have completed monographic studies of the palynomorphs, combining traditional light microscopy with scanning electron microscopy to achieve greater phylogenetic precision.
Dinoflagellates
Only a single dinoflagellate taxon has been described formally from the Messel formation. Based on the predominance in layers where heavy nearshore runoff or slippage is present, its suggested Messelodinium thielepfeifferae was likely an inhabitant of warm nearshore waters in the adult stage or wind and wave action resulted in large accumulation of the cysts. M. thielepfeifferae populations are most prevalent in the older layers of the lake, when it was suggested to be holomictic and become absent in the youngest layers when green algae become dominant with the lake shifting to meromictic conditions and the water chemistry changed.
Charophyta
Olaf Lenz et al (2011) briefly noted the presence of the Zygnemataceae fossil genus Ovoidites, but only gave general population densities with no enumeration on species information.
Chlorophyta
Several chlorophyte green algae are identified from the Messel Formation, with the greatest concentrations being found in the youngest layers. In the older layers Tetraedron minimum is a distinct component of the yearly varves in the lake, with large blooms occurring to form the lighter summer portions of the varve couplets. In the younger layers, Botryococcus species become the most prolific, having taken over as a major phytoplankton taxon from T. minimum and the dinoflagellate Messelodinium thielepfeifferae.
Pteridophytes
Conifers
Basal angiosperms
Nymphaeales
Magnoliids
Laurales
Magnoliales
Monocots
Alismatales
Arecales
Liliales
Pandanales
Poales
Basal eudicots
Proteales
Ranunculales
Superasterids
Campanulids
Cornales
Ericales
Lamiids
Superrosids
Fabids
Malvids
Myrtales
Saxifragales
Vitaceae
Incertae sedis
Carpolitus is a plant morphogenus circumscribed for fossil fruits and seeds that are distinct but not identifiable to defined taxa. Collinson, Manchester, & Wilde (2012) described but did not name 63 distinct Carpolithus morphotypes from the Messel Formation.
Pollen and spores
The first foray into Messel palynology was produced by H. D. Pflug (1952) with follow-up papers in 1957 and coauthored with P. Thomas in 1953. The pollen and spore record was revised and expanded by Heidemarie Thiele-Pfeiffer (1988) who provided the largest in depth palynological work focusing exclusively on the Messel Formation.
Pteridophyte spores
Lycophyte spores
Conifer pollens
Basal angiosperm pollens
Chloranthalean pollens
Magnoliid pollens
Monocot pollens
Alismatalean pollens
Arecalean pollens
Commelinid pollens
Superasterid pollens
Campanulid pollens
Cornalean pollens
Ericalean pollens
Lamiid pollens
Santalalean pollens
Superrosid pollens
Fabid pollens
Malvid pollens
Myrtalean pollens
Incertae sedis pollens
References
Eocene life
Natural history of Germany
Messel Formation
Messel Formation
Messel Formation | Paleoflora of the Messel Formation | [
"Biology"
] | 909 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Prehistoric plants",
"Lists of prehistoric life",
"Plants"
] |
71,219,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%201032 | HD 1032 (HR 47) is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 5.77 and is estimated to be 850 light years away from the Solar System based on parallax measure. However, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 1032 is an asymptotic giant branch star with a stellar classification of M0/1 III — intermediate between a M0 and M1 giant star. It has 111% the mass of the Sun and an enlarged radius of as a result of its evolved state. It radiates at 1,461 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a red hue. HD 1032 is slightly metal deficient with an iron abundance 83% that of the Sun.
This is a suspected variable star that fluctuates between magnitudes 5.82 and 5.88 in the Hipparcos passband.
References
M-type giants
Octans
Suspected variables
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Octantis, 2
PD-85 00002
001032
001047
0047 | HD 1032 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 248 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
71,219,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McVittie%20metric | In the general theory of relativity, the McVittie metric is the exact solution of Einstein's field equations that describes a black hole or massive object immersed in an expanding cosmological spacetime. The solution was first fully obtained by George McVittie in the 1930s, while investigating the effect of the, then recently discovered, expansion of the Universe on a mass particle.
The simplest case of a spherically symmetric solution to the field equations of General Relativity with a cosmological constant term, the Schwarzschild-De Sitter spacetime, arises as a specific case of the McVittie metric, with positive 3-space scalar curvature and constant Hubble parameter .
Metric
In isotropic coordinates, the McVittie metric is given by
where is the usual line element for the euclidean sphere, M is identified as the mass of the massive object, is the usual scale factor found in the FLRW metric, which accounts for the expansion of the space-time; and is a curvature parameter related to the scalar curvature of the 3-space as
which is related to the curvature of the 3-space exactly as in the FLRW spacetime. It is generally assumed that , otherwise the Universe is undergoing a contraction.
One can define the time-dependent mass parameter , which accounts for the mass density inside the expanding, comoving radius at time , to write the metric in a more succinct way
Causal structure and singularities
From here on, it is useful to define . For McVittie metrics with the general expanding FLRW solutions properties and , the spacetime has the property of containing at least two singularities. One is a cosmological, null-like naked singularity at the smallest positive root of the equation . This is interpreted as the black hole event-horizon in the case where . For the case, there is an event horizon at , but no singularity, which is extinguished by the existence of an asymptotic Schwarzschild-De Sitter phase of the spacetime.
The second singularity lies at the causal past of all events in the space-time, and is a space-time singularity at , which, due to its causal past nature, is interpreted as the usual Big-Bang like singularity.
There are also at least two event horizons: one at the largest solution of , and space-like, protecting the Big-Bang singularity at finite past time; and one at the smallest root of the equation, also at finite time. The second event horizon becomes a black hole horizon for the case.
Schwarzschild and FLRW limits
One can obtain the Schwarzschild and Robertson-Walker metrics from the McVittie metric in the exact limits of and , respectively.
In trying to describe the behavior of a mass particle in an expanding Universe, the original paper of McVittie a black hole spacetime with decreasing Schwarschild radius for an expanding surrounding cosmological spacetime. However, one can also interpret, in the limit of a small mass parameter , a perturbed FLRW spacetime, with the Newtonian perturbation. Below we describe how to derive these analogies between the Schwarzschild and FLRW spacetimes from the McVittie metric.
Schwarzschild
In the case of a flat 3-space, with scalar curvature constant , the metric (1) becomes
which, for each instant of cosmic time , is the metric of the region outside of a Schwarzschild black hole in isotropic coordinates, with Schwarzschild radius .
To make this equivalence more explicit, one can make the change of radial variables
to obtain the metric in Schwarzschild coordinates:
The interesting feature of this form of the metric is that one can clearly see that the Schwarzschild radius, which dictates at which distance from the center of the massive body the event horizon is formed, shrinks as the Universe expands. For a comoving observer, which accompanies the Hubble flow this effect is not perceptible, as its radial coordinate is given by , such that, for the comoving observer, is constant, and the Event Horizon will remain static.
FLRW
In the case of a vanishing mass parameter , the McVittie metric becomes exactly the FLRW metric in spherical coordinates
which leads to the exact Friedmann equations for the evolution of the scale factor .
If one takes the limit of the mass parameter , the metric (1) becomes
which can be mapped to a perturberd FLRW spacetime in Newtonian gauge, with perturbation potential ; that is, one can understand the small mass of the central object as the perturbation in the FLRW metric.
See also
Cosmology
Singularity theorems
References
Exact solutions in general relativity
Spacetime
Mathematical methods in general relativity
Lorentzian manifolds | McVittie metric | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 997 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Theory of relativity",
"Spacetime"
] |
71,220,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-satellite%20Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20Hyperspectral%20Observation%20System | Nano-satellite Atmospheric Chemistry Hyperspectral Observation System (NACHOS) is an experimental 3U CubeSat created by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Its purpose is to carry out high-resolution hyperspectral photography of trace gases to assist researchers studying topics such as volcanology and climate change.
Satellites
There are a total of two satellites participating in this program: NACHOS-1 and NACHOS-2.
NACHOS-1
The first satellite of the program, NACHOS-1, a Prometheus Block-2 1.5U CubeSat featuring the attached 1.5U NACHOS experiment module was launched aboard Northrup Grumman’s 17th Cygnus (spacecraft) on February 19, 2022, from Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island, Virginia. The Cygnus cargo craft docked to the International Space Station, delivering over 8,000 pounds of cargo, prior to raising its orbit above that of the International Space Station to deploy the satellite. The satellite was released into low Earth orbit using a NanoRacks deployer connected to the outside of the cargo craft, prior to the craft initiating a destructive re-entry.
NACHOS-2
The NACHOS-2 satellite launched aboard a Virgin Orbit LauncherOne rocket in July 2022. This satellite has joined NACHOS-1 in orbit and will continue the mission to monitor trace gases in Earth’s atmosphere.
References
CubeSats
Satellites | Nano-satellite Atmospheric Chemistry Hyperspectral Observation System | [
"Astronomy"
] | 297 | [
"Satellites",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
71,220,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20inner-product%20search | Maximum inner-product search (MIPS) is a search problem, with a corresponding class of search algorithms which attempt to maximise the inner product between a query and the data items to be retrieved. MIPS algorithms are used in a wide variety of big data applications, including recommendation algorithms and machine learning.
Formally, for a database of vectors defined over a set of labels in an inner product space with an inner product defined on it, MIPS search can be defined as the problem of determining
for a given query .
Although there is an obvious linear-time implementation, it is generally too slow to be used on practical problems. However, efficient algorithms exist to speed up MIPS search.
Under the assumption of all vectors in the set having constant norm, MIPS can be viewed as equivalent to a nearest neighbor search (NNS) problem in which maximizing the inner product is equivalent to minimizing the corresponding distance metric in the NNS problem. Like other forms of NNS, MIPS algorithms may be approximate or exact.
MIPS search is used as part of DeepMind's RETRO algorithm.
References
See also
Nearest neighbor search
Search algorithms
Computational problems
Machine learning | Maximum inner-product search | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 235 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems",
"Machine learning"
] |
71,220,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26%20blocks%20scandal | 26 blocks scandal () was a construction scandal in British Hong Kong during the 1980s. A total of 577 blocks of public housing estate was discovered with structural problems, of those 26 were demolished due to the imminent risk of collapse.
Events
In March 1980, blocks 5 and 6 of Kwai Fong Estate, built only eight years prior, were found to suffer from concrete spalling. Investigations concluded that jerry-building damaged the structure of the blocks, as the strength of concrete was significantly lower than the standard.
It is later revealed that, on 9 January 1982, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was told that the Kwai Fong Estate was marred by structural issues, such as concrete spalling off and water seepage from wall, with Block 6 as the most serious.
In 1982, Block 6 underwent complete repair whilst occupants were relocated to the Tai Wo Hau Estate in the same Tsuen Wan District, costing HK$50 million. Considering the cost-ineffectiveness and that the issue was quite common at that time, the Housing Department announced in January 1985 that Block 5 would become the first government-built low-cost housing block to be demolished, marking the start of the scandal.
The Government announced on 21 November 1985 that structural problems were found in a total of 577 blocks built between 1982 and 1984 and shall be repaired. 26 housing blocks and a school building were scheduled to be demolished as soon as possible due to the risk of collapse. The Extended Redevelopment Programme was launched in the same year to clear the sub-standard blocks. Tsuen Wan New Town was the most serious, with a total of 11 blocks demolished, impacting around 78,000 residents.
The ICAC decided to launch an investigation of bribery due to the scale of the scandal. The breakthrough of the probe came in 1987 after two criminals agreed to testify as witnesses. Three contractors along with seven current and former officials were charged with bribery. Two contractors were jailed for 33 months and 3 months (received suspended sentences) respectively.
List of affected buildings
Demolished ASAP
Other affected buildings
Prosecution
Siu Hon-sum, then 62, owner of On Lee Siu Construction Limited, faced eight charges for bribing Lam Or-shum, a worker in the Works Branch five times from February 1970 to December 1973 with a total of HK$50,000 when Ho Man Tin Estate was under construction, and a surveyor in the Work Branch in December 1968 with HK$300 when Kwai Hing Estate was being built. Siu was jailed for 33 months and fined HK$325,000.
Ho Leung, then 70, former owner of Yeu Shing Construction Company Limited, was charged with bribing Lam six times from August 1966 to 1975 with a total of more than HK$45,000 during the construction of Ngau Tau Kok Estate and Lei Muk Shue Estate. Not being charged by ICAC for health problems, Ho testified as a witness, and died in 1991.
Poon Pak-shing, former manager of Great Vast Construction Engineering Limited, faced charges over bribing Lam in 1965 and 1966 with HK$4,000 when building Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate. Poon was handed three-month jail and suspended for a year, and fined HK$4,000.
Tam Wing-han, former deputy clerk of work in the Works Branch, was found not guilty over receiving bribery. Six government-employed worker, including four retired, were arrested but were not brought to court.
Aftermath
The authorities graded the problematic buildings into four riskiness levels. 26 blocks, found to have imminent risk of collapse and far from the safety standard, were demolished. For the other 551 buildings, some were carried out with stabilisation works. Nevertheless, the Executive Council decided in 1987 that all Resettlement Area and Low Cost Housing blocks were to be knocked down and rebuilt by 2001. The long-term housing strategy, named Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme, was completed in 2010 upon the clearance of Lower Ngau Tau Kok (II) Estate.
References
External links
香港房屋委員會轄下樓宇結構勘查的經過, 程序及結果報告;香港 房屋署 ;1986
樓宇結構勘查簡報 : 截至一九八五年十一月的情況報告;香港 房屋署 ;1986
1980s crimes in Hong Kong
Engineering failures
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
Scandals in Hong Kong | 26 blocks scandal | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 903 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Technological failures",
"Engineering failures",
"Civil engineering"
] |
71,221,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Konovalov | Dmitri Petrovich Konovalov (22 March 1856 – 6 January 1929) was a Russian-Soviet physical chemist who worked on gas-liquid phases of solutions in equilibrium and came up with several rules that were also independently worked on by J. Willard Gibbs and the rules are often called Gibbs-Konovalov rules. They provide the basis for distillation and separation of components that form azeotropes.
Life and work
Konovalov was born in Ivanovka and went to study at the Mining institute at St. Petersburg in 1878. He became a student of Dmitri Mendeleev in 1890 and later succeeded him as professor of inorganic chemistry at St. Petersburg. He became director of the Mining institute in 1904 and became a deputy minister of trade and industry, while also presiding of the bureau of weights and measures.
Konovalov identified a rule for two liquids in solution and their distillation. He considered two components in a closed system and examined the vapour pressures of the components and stated that at equilibrium, the vapor pressures, and the partial pressures of the components in the vapor, are equal. Konovalov came up with the theory based on a thought experiment and then demonstrated it through experiments. Konovalov's second rule was that the maxima or minima of saturation vapour-pressure curves corresponded to the composition of azeotropic mixtures. Konovalov also examined osmotic pressure across membranes and gave a formula for equilibrium in 1890. He also worked on two component electrolytes and the heat of combustion of organic compounds.
References
External links
Об упругости пара растворов [“On the Vapor Pressure of Solutions”] (1884)
Physical chemists
1856 births
1929 deaths
Chemists from the Russian Empire | Dmitri Konovalov | [
"Chemistry"
] | 370 | [
"Physical chemists"
] |
71,222,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlingh%20Onnes%20Prize | The Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Prize was established in 2000, under the sponsorship of Elsevier, by the organizers of the International Conference on the Materials and Mechanisms of Superconductivity (M2S). The prize is named in honor of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who discovered superconductivity in 1911. At each conference, the prize, which consists of 7500 € and a certificate, is presented to one or more physicists. If there are two or more recipients they share the money. The prize "recognizes outstanding experiments which illuminate the nature of superconductivity other than materials". The winners are selected by the members of the Kamerlingh Onnes Prize Committee, appointed by the conference organizers.
The prize was first awarded in 2000 at the 6th International Conference on Materials and Mechanisms of Superconductivity and High Temperature Superconductors:
The prize is "one of the leading awards for experimental research in superconductivity."
Recipients
The following are recipients:
See also
List of physics awards
References
Physics awards
Dutch science and technology awards
2000 establishments in the Netherlands
Awards established in 2000 | Kamerlingh Onnes Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 237 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
71,224,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics%20and%20Biodiversity | Systematics and Biodiversity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of whole-organism biology. It is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of The Natural History Museum.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted or indexed in:
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
EBSCO databases
ProQuest databases
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.313.
References
External links
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Systematics journals | Systematics and Biodiversity | [
"Biology"
] | 104 | [
"Systematics journals",
"Taxonomy (biology)"
] |
71,224,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20and%20Conservation | Biodiversity and Conservation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biological diversity, its conservation, and sustainable use. It was established in 1992 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
AGRICOLA
BIOSIS Previews
Biological Abstracts
CAB Abstracts
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.296.
References
External links
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Conservation biology
Ecology journals | Biodiversity and Conservation | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 109 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Conservation biology",
"Ecology journals",
"Environmental science journal stubs"
] |
71,225,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium%20diiodide | Praseodymium diiodide is a chemical compound with the empirical formula of PrI2, consisting of praseodymium and iodine. It is an electride, with the ionic formula of Pr3+(I−)2e−, and therefore not a true praseodymium(II) compound.
Preparation
Praseodymium diiodide can be obtained by reacting praseodymium(III) iodide with metallic praseodymium at 800 °C to 900 °C in an inert atmosphere:
Pr + 2 PrI3 → 3 PrI2
It can also be obtained by reacting praseodymium with mercury(II) iodide where praseodymium displaces mercury:
Pr + HgI2 → PrI2 + Hg
Praseodymium diiodide was first obtained by John D. Corbett in 1961.
Properties
Praseodymium diiodide is an opaque, bronze-coloured solid with a metallic lustre that is soluble in water. The lustre and very high conductivity can be explained by the formulation {PrIII,2I−,e−}, with one electron per metal centre delocalised in a conduction band.
The compound is extremely hygroscopic, and can only be stored and handled under carefully dried inert gas or under a high vacuum. In air it converts into hydrates by absorbing moisture, but these are unstable and more or less rapidly transform into oxide iodides with the evolution of hydrogen:
With water, these processes take place much faster.
Praseodymium diiodide has five crystal structures, namely the MoSi2 structure, the hexagonal MoS2 structure, the trigonal MoS2 structure, the cadmium chloride structure and the spinel structure. Praseodymium diiodide with the cadmium chloride structure belongs to the trigonal crystal system, with the space group Rm (No. 166), lattice parameters a = 426.5 pm and c = 2247,1 pm; however, the spinel structure of praseodymium diiodide is cubic, with space group F3 (No. 216), and lattice parameter a = 1239.9 pm.
References
Praseodymium compounds
Iodides
Lanthanide halides
Electrides
Substances discovered in the 1960s | Praseodymium diiodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 495 | [
"Electron",
"Electrides",
"Salts"
] |
71,225,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%204997 | IC 4997 is a planetary nebula located in the constellation of Delphinus. It was discovered in 1896 by Edward Charles Pickering and Williamina Fleming, and independently by Gustav Gruss the same year. This nebula is about 14,000 light-years from Earth. It looks like an ordinary star in smaller telescopes, and only detailed study of its spectrum reveals its nebular characteristics.
Physical characteristics
IC 4997 is very young and very dense with a very high nebular temperature of around 20,000 K, which is twice those measured in most nebulae. The mean expansion velocity of the nebula seems to be slow at 20 km/s at the outer layer, while it also reaches a maximum expansion velocity of 60 km/s relative to its central star. Its central star has a magnitude of around 14m and a temperature of around 47,000--59 000 K.
The most characteristic feature of IC 4997 is its variability. In the 1960s, there was a sudden change in its spectrum.
Variability could be related to the nebula expansion or an episodic smoothly changing stellar wind.
See also
List of planetary nebulae
List of largest nebulae
Lists of nebulae
References
Planetary nebulae
Delphinus
4997
Astronomical objects discovered in 1896 | IC 4997 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 254 | [
"Sagitta",
"Constellations"
] |
71,225,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20Overvalued%20Beliefs | An extreme overvalued belief is shared by others in a person's cultural, religious, or subcultural group (including online). The belief is often relished, amplified, and defended by the possessor of the belief and should be differentiated from a delusion or obsession. Over time, the belief grows more dominant, more refined, and more resistant to challenge. The individual has an intense emotional commitment to the belief and may carry out violent behavior in its service. Over time, belief becomes increasingly binary, simplistic, and absolute.
Definition
The description was first proposed by a group of forensic psychiatrists led by psychiatrist Dr. Tahir Rahman at Washington University in St. Louis in response to an analysis of the insanity trial of Anders Breivik, a Norwegian terrorist responsible for the massacre of 77 people, mostly youth, in Oslo and Utoya, Norway, in July 2011.
Extreme overvalued beliefs can be the cognitive-affective drivers of a pathological fixation – preoccupation with a particular person or cause that is accompanied by deterioration in social and occupational functioning. Fixation is a very frequent proximal warning behavior in targeted attacks where violence is planned, purposeful, and predatory. Although fixation is not a predictor of such attacks, its frequency—typically occurring in four out of five cases—across a variety of domains of targeted attackers prior to their actions provides support for its use as a correlate of such behavior.
Background
German neuropsychiatrist Carl Wernicke is viewed as the first major contributor who coined the term "overvalued idea" (ueberwertige idee) in 1892. His terminology focused on overvalued ideas as being beliefs that were shared by others. Further, in this work, he stressed that overvalued ideas are different from having a mental illness. As a result, he argued that any criminal behavior could be incorrectly attributed to mental illness without proper understanding of the beliefs or background that may underlie an individual's actions.
The current understanding of the term overvalued idea is less clear and concise in today's literature. While most sources agree that an overvalued idea is not necessarily false and is shared among individuals of a given culture or subculture, the definition of an overvalued idea by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in DSM-5-TR is defined as a belief that is not generally shared or accepted by other members of a given group or culture—the exact opposite of its historical meaning.
This concept of an overvalued idea described by Wernicke has since been re-examined along with other sources describing it within the literature and used as a basis for coining the term extreme overvalued belief.
Importance
Extreme overvalued beliefs are seen as a predominant motivator driving terrorist attacks, assassins, and mass shootings.
Often times, forensic psychiatrists and psychologists encounter a patient who seems to hold very strange or bizarre beliefs when conducting either a threat assessment or a forensic examination (e.g., for the purposes of an insanity defense). However, these beliefs do not adequately meet DSM-5-TR criteria for a psychiatric disorder and cannot be fully explained by the existing psychiatric terms such as delusion or obsession. Further, the lack of clear and concise definitions of many psychiatric terms can further complicate matters. As a result, the media and psychiatrists often erroneously define individuals who have carried out inexplicable acts of terrorism or violence as having been driven by delusions, obsessions or paranoia. Instead, what these individuals actually possess are extreme overvalued beliefs, and the acts they have committed are seen by them as a defense to uphold those beliefs.
It is of major importance to create clear definitions of psychiatric terms, such as the new term extreme overvalued beliefs, so that both media and psychiatrists do not erroneously explain acts of violence or terrorism as being carried out by those who have a mental illness.
Differences: Delusions vs. Obsessions vs. Extreme Overvalued Beliefs
Delusions are by definition false beliefs that are not shared by other members of an individual's group or society. These are often held with strong commitment, even in the face of direct evidence to the contrary, and are idiosyncratic, often bizarre, and personalized.
Obsessions are intrusive thoughts or images that are often very disturbing to the individual who has them. These are often distressing, and therefore may lead to carrying out compensatory behaviors (i.e. compulsions) to alleviate the distress (see obsessive-compulsive disorder) for a period of time.
Notably, both delusions and obsessions are different from extreme overvalued beliefs.
While extreme overvalued beliefs are shared by individuals of the same culture and/or subculture, this is not true of delusions. A delusion is an inherently false belief that is not shared by anyone else, while an extreme overvalued belief is shared by others and can become more dominant over time. Further, when an extreme overvalued belief is considered within the context of the group that possesses it, it is not necessarily false or extreme from within their perspective.
In addition, while overvalued beliefs and obsessions are similar in that they can both grow to dominate an individual's mind and take control of their everyday life, they also differ in that obsessions are distressing to the individual while extreme overvalued beliefs are not "fought off". In fact, individuals with extreme overvalued beliefs will amplify their belief over time and defend it with extreme actions, in some cases using violence.
Cases: Demonstrating Application of the term Extreme Overvalued Belief
2011 Norway Attacks: Anders Breivik
The case of Anders Breivik, the man responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks that resulted in the mass murder of 77 individuals near Oslo, is an example of a case that posed great challenges to forensic psychiatrists as there was controversy regarding his diagnosis. Further, this case is an example of one in which extreme overvalued beliefs were likely mistaken for psychosis. In examining Mr. Breivik's case, it is important to examine the history and nature of his beliefs. Just prior to the attacks in 2011, Mr. Breivik distributed a 1500 page collection entitled "2083: A European Declaration of Independence" to several thousand people. This document claimed he was a "savior of Christianity" and that he was part of the "Knights Templar".
The first team of psychiatrists to evaluate him provided a diagnosis of schizophrenia and opined that he was legally insane. However, this decision was not well accepted throughout Norway so a second team of psychiatrists was appointed for further evaluation. The second team found him to not be psychotic and in fact legally sane at the time he committed his crimes. Notably, both of these forensic psychiatric teams agreed upon the following: 1) Anders Breivik did not have grossly disorganized behavior, 2) He did not experience/exhibit hallucinations, 3) He did not have a history consistent with a severe mental disorder, 4) He had no serious cognitive impairment impacting his daily life and 5) He exhibited pathological grandiosity. In addition, according to media report of his trial, Mr. Breivik completely defended his actions and he seemed to enjoy the attention of the trial which provided him an opportunity to further his agenda. His extreme beliefs regarding right-wing ideology were on full display in the courtroom during his trial as he often gestured with the Nazi salute.
However, the two teams disagreed regarding his social withdrawal as well as his bizarre beliefs of being a foot soldier for the Knights Templar. Notably, Team one believed his social withdrawal was consistent with negative symptoms of schizophrenia whereas Team two described this as a time he used to plan the attacks. Ultimately, team one offered a diagnosis of schizophrenia while team two offered a diagnosis of severe narcissistic personality disorder. Of note, the court ultimately agreed with team two's opinion which made him ineligible for criminal irresponsibility.
Importantly, the point here is not to challenge the diagnoses made by the psychiatric teams as these cases are well-known to be very difficult to make a diagnosis. Rather, Breivik's case emphasizes that current clinical guidelines do not adequately equip or allow forensic psychiatrists to agree upon what constitutes delusions versus nondelusions. Further, the use of a categorical approach to psychiatric disorders that only focuses on symptoms and/or examiner interpretations of patient behaviors likely accounts for some of this discrepancy.
An alternative approach that may have simplified this case at the beginning would be to consider the possibility of extreme overvalued beliefs as an explanation and major driver of Breivik's horrendous actions. Using this approach, the evidence against Mr. Breivik suggests he had angry, contemptuous and disgusting emotions regarding Muslims, immigrants, and liberal political parties, and that these emotions seemed to dominate his mind. Mr. Breivik's beliefs were not accompanied by other cardinal symptoms seen in severe mental illness (e.g. hallucinations, impairment in daily life), and his beliefs were not considered bizarre by the court, especially when seen in the context of right-wing political ideologies that currently exist. As a result, these beliefs were inherently not delusions as they were shared to some degree by others of who endorsed his extreme right wing nationalist ideology. Further, his manifesto was not a form of disorganized speech, but rather a collection of beliefs that he had copied, searched and reinforced over time, and manipulated, which suggests he "relished, amplified, and defended” these beliefs prior to and even throughout his trial. Moreover, Breivik heralded the onset of a mishmash of ideologies, variously referred to as salad bar, cafeteria, and copypaste extremist belief systems adopted by targeted attackers.
Mr. Breivik's inexplicable actions in the 2011 Norway Attacks were motivated by extreme overvalued beliefs stemming from right-wing ideology rather than an underlying psychotic disorder. His intense emotional commitment to defend these beliefs led to the mass murder of 77 people, mostly adolescents, in Norway on July 22.
9/11 Attacks: al-Qaeda
On September 11, 2001, a series of attacks involving four hijacked passenger airplanes resulted in the death of nearly 3000 Americans. These attacks were carried out by a group of Al-Qaeda terrorists and together are regarded as the deadliest terrorist attack in United States history. The overall "mastermind" behind these attacks was Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaeda at that time. Osama bin Laden was known for believing that U.S. foreign policy had resulted in the oppression and deaths of Muslims in the Middle East. These beliefs evolved from bin Laden's radical Islamic ideology which involved numerous anti-Semitic and anti-Western beliefs. As seen below, Bin Laden expressed these beliefs when he identified himself and his agents as the perpetrators of these horrendous acts at the World Trade Center in 2001:"What the United States tastes today is a very small thing compared what we have tasted for tens of years. Our nation has been tasting this humiliation and contempt for more than 80 years. Its sons are being killed, its blood is being shed, its holy lands are being attacked, and it is not being ruled according to what God has decreed. Despite this, nobody cares."Osama bin Laden held a deep commitment to a literal interpretation of Islam, including Sharia law. He rigidly adhered to extreme overvalued beliefs of radical Islamic ideology, even noting that Americans should convert to Islam and turn away from their immoral ways of living. While these beliefs were extreme, they were not held in isolation. Rather, these beliefs were shared with many other followers of the same radical Islamic ideology. As seen with the hijackings that resulted in the 09/11 Attacks, terrorists can exhibit rational thinking within their limited yet shared belief systems. As a result, these ideas appear irrational to outsiders but those who hold them will rigidly follow and defend them (Goertzel, 2002). Extreme overvalued beliefs were clearly described by the Deputy Inspector General of the Department of Defense to Congress months prior to 9/11: "Considering the diversity of causes to which terrorists are committed, the uniformity of their rhetoric is striking. Polarizing and absolutist, it is a rhetoric of “us vs them.” It is rhetoric without nuance, without shades of gray. “They,” the establishment, are the source of all evil in vivid contrast to “us,” the freedom fighters, consumed by righteous rage. And, if “they” are the source of our problems, it follows ineluctably in the special psycho-logic of the terrorist, that “they” must be destroyed. It is the only just and moral thing to do. Once one accepts the basic premises, the logical reasoning is flawless."bin Laden rationalized the attacks in defense of his extreme beliefs by emphasizing the horrendous impact that he believed American foreign policy had on the people of his nation and that the actions of Al-Qaeda were more than justified by what Muslims had endured for many decades. The extreme beliefs held by those like Osama bin Laden grew over time, became amplified by selective exposure to ideas and media sources that only supported these beliefs, and became more resistant to change. Many individuals belonging to Al-Qaeda, and now the Islamic State, continue to hold an intense emotional commitment to the belief that American foreign policy has not only humiliated but harmed Muslims in the Middle East. In defending these extreme overvalued beliefs, a group of Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked multiple airplanes full of innocent passengers and then flew them into buildings full of innocent people on September 11, 2001.
Oklahoma City Bombing: Timothy McVeigh
Timothy McVeigh is the individual responsible for detonating a 5000 pound ammonium nitrate fertilizer bomb on April 19, 1995. The Oklahoma City Bombing took place in front of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. It killed 168 individuals and McVeigh was subsequently arrested, later convicted and was executed by lethal injection in 2001.
Neither Timothy McVeigh, nor his co-conspirator Terry Nichols, entered a mental disability (insanity) defense. As a result, they were never formally assessed by a forensic psychiatrist. However, numerous pieces of evidence presented during the trial suggest Timothy McVeigh was likely driven by extreme overvalued beliefs he had against the US government which were shared by others in the subculture with whom he identified.
More specifically, McVeigh held a personal grievance because he failed an endurance run to qualify for the US Army Special Forces. He was invited back, but was instead humiliated by this rejection, and blamed the government for his failure. After he left the Army, he became devoted to the Patriot Movement which held an ideology composed of "...anti‐government, anti‐ abortion, anti‐semitic, pro‐Second Amendment, racist and White ethnic nationalist beliefs." McVeigh and others of the Patriot Movement also blamed the US government for the death of men, women and children of the Branch Davidian group which occurred during federal interventions at the Davidian compound in Waco, Texas on April 19, 1993.
Timothy McVeigh held two extreme overvalued beliefs that drove his pathological fixation against the US government and his subsequent bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. First, he believed he would become the "first hero of the second American Revolution;" and second, he believed that the bombing would spark the violent overthrow of the US government. These beliefs, which were held by others within the Patriot Movement, were shared by McVeigh with other individuals between 1993-1995 (specifically his sister Jennifer). In these letters, his beliefs were relished, amplified, defended, and became more resistant to change over the two years leading up to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Assassins: John Hinckley Jr., John Wilkes Booth
John Hinckley Jr.
John Hinckley Jr. is known for his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. During Mr. Hinckley's trial, a lot of attention was directed to his odd beliefs stemming from his fascination with the actress Jodie Foster in the movie "Taxi Driver". Notably, in this movie, Jodie Foster plays a prostitute who becomes friends with a cab driver named "Travis Bickle". In the movie, Bickle then goes on to plan and attempt a failed assassination of a US presidential candidate.
In this trial, the defense argued that Mr. Hinckley had delusions as a result of schizophrenia and he had "...identified with Travis Bickle and picked up in automatic ways many [of his] attributes." The jury was also presented with numerous disturbing letters written by Mr. Hinckley to Jodie Foster in which he said he planned to win her heart by "getting Reagan". However, the prosecution expert testified that Mr. Hinckley was in fact not delusional but just had "unrealistic hopes" based on the movies he watched that included Jodie Foster.
In this case, the jury was left with considering whether or not Mr. Hinckley had delusions or obsessions regarding his relationship with Jodie Foster. An alternative that could have been considered by the jury is that Mr. Hinckley held extreme overvalued beliefs regarding a possible relationship with Jodie Foster. It was clear through the letters he wrote to Jodie Foster that he amplified and defended the affection he had for her. Over time, these beliefs grew to dominate his mind and he developed an intense emotional commitment to Jodie Foster. His extreme overvalued belief of having a relationship with Jodie Foster led to Mr. Hinckley carrying out an attempted assassination against President Reagan as a way to defend his commitment.
Mr. Hinckley is not alone as many individuals in our society share a devoted attitude or passionate love for celebrities. In this case, while he held an extreme overvalued belief that by "getting Reagan" he could win the heart of Jodie Foster, he did not have a loss of reality testing or show any cardinal symptoms of psychosis that would be consistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Overall, his passionate and dominant love for a celebrity (Jodie Foster), an attitude that is often shared by others in society for celebrities, was an extreme overvalued belief. His diagnosis over the course of years at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, was narcissistic personality disorder.
John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth is the man who assassinated President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865. He infamously yelled “sic semper tyrannis! The South is avenged,” when he jumped onto the stage after fatally shooting President Lincoln in the head. Mr. Booth was a well-known actor and he held strong beliefs that President Lincoln was “an American Caesar.”
Of note, the phrase Mr. Booth yelled after assassinating President Lincoln means “thus always to tyrants”. It has frequently served as a justifying rallying cry against dictators. Some have even used it to justify radical views and acts of violence. This same phase was found on a T-shirt worn by Timothy McVeigh when he bombed the federal building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995.
John Wilkes Booth held extreme overvalued beliefs about President Lincoln's role as a "dictator" in reference to his political agenda at the time. He relished, amplified, and defended these beliefs which became resistant to change. In service to these beliefs, he carried out the assassination of President Lincoln. While his beliefs were of fanatical nature, many previous Presidential assassins have shared similar, non-delusional, yet highly rigid beliefs. In counterpoint to Booth, John Brown was a violent abolitionist prior to the Civil War who held many extreme overvalued beliefs, and engaged in the killing of others to fight against slavery.
References
Behavioral concepts
Forensic psychiatry
Psych | Extreme Overvalued Beliefs | [
"Biology"
] | 4,157 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioral concepts",
"Behaviorism"
] |
71,226,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASTOR%20%28spacecraft%29 | The Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research (CASTOR) is a proposed space telescope mission led by the Canadian Space Agency. With its 1-meter diameter primary mirror, CASTOR would provide imaging capabilities in the ultraviolet (UV) and blue-optical regions at a spatial resolution similar to that of the Hubble Space Telescope (FWHM of 0.15 arcseconds), but over an instantaneous field of view about 100 times larger. CASTOR was selected as Canada's highest priority for space astronomy in the 2020s in the 2020 Long Range Plan for Canadian Astronomy.
Description
CASTOR will complement the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Euclid space telescope, and Vera C. Rubin Observatory. These three major wide-field imaging facilities will not have access to the UV portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. CASTOR has been specifically designed to provide this missing capability, with high sensitivity and observing efficiency at UV and blue-optical wavelengths.
Using dichroics, CASTOR would enable simultaneous imaging of three bandpasses (UV from 150 to 300 nm, u from 300 to 400 nm, and g from 400 to 550 nm) over an instantaneous field of view of 0.25 square degrees. In addition to its imaging capabilities, CASTOR will also be equipped with additional instruments enabling high-precision photometry for the monitoring of bright targets, as well as two spectroscopic modes: low-spectral-resolution slitless spectroscopy over the entire imaging field and configurable DMD spectroscopy to provide intermediate resolution spectra in the UV in a parallel field.
Objectives
Specific science drivers of CASTOR include:
Studying dark energy and dark matter by enabling precise photometric redshift measurements
Echo mapping of active galactic nuclei
Characterization of star formation histories on sub-galactic scales
Characterization of the chemical enrichment history of nearby galaxies and star clusters
Identification and characterization of new galactic satellites and stellar streams
UV characterization of multi-messenger events
Reconstruction of the stellar formation history of the Milky Way using white dwarfs and identification of white dwarfs polluted by rocky debris from their own planetary systems
Characterization of the chromospheric activity of M dwarfs
Characterization of exoplanet atmospheres
Identification of distant Trans-Neptunian objects
References
External links
CASTOR Mission Website
Space program of Canada
Space telescopes | CASTOR (spacecraft) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 463 | [
"Space telescopes"
] |
71,226,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28II%29%20sulfate | Europium(II) sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula EuSO4. Two polymorphs are known, α and the more stable β. Both are colorless. The β polymorph is isostructural with barium sulfate, hence it is insoluble in water. The salt is generated by addition of soluble europium(II) salts to dilute sulfuric acid.
References
Europium(II) compounds
Sulfates | Europium(II) sulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Sulfates",
"Salts"
] |
71,227,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdy%20Doweidar | Hamdy Doweidar Taki El-Din Doweidar (PhD, DSc) was an Egyptian condensed matter physicist whose research topics included inorganic glasses, glass-ceramics, bio-active glasses, and structure-property correlations. He developed the Doweidar Model which is used to correlate density, thermal expansion coefficient, molar refraction, and refractive index with the concentration of structural units in numerous types of glass. Doweidar also obtained a patent with two researchers for the preparation of a biologically active glass ionomer cement as a dental filling, characterized by vital activity due to the presence of bioactive crystalline phases in the retina glass (such as apatite and fluoroapatite), which react with SBF simulating solution to precipitate layers of hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite. These represent the basic crystalline phases in the formation of bones and teeth. He was a Professor Emeritus at the Mansoura University.
Education and career
Doweidar graduated from Assiut University in 1964 with a bachelor's in physics and chemistry, a master's in Physical chemistry from Cairo University in 1969, and a Ph.D. in applied physics from Bauhaus-Universität Weimar in 1974. Doweidar was a researcher at the National Research Centre from 1965 to 1975 and became an associate professor at Mansoura University until 1986, when he became a Distinguished Professor. In 1977, Doweidar found the Glass Research Laboratory at the Mansoura University. He was a visiting professor at the École Normale Supérieure in Algeria from 1980 to 1984, and at the Sanaa University in Yemen from 1990 to 1994.
Recognition
Doweidar has received the Award of Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (Promotional State-Prize in Physics), Cairo in 1999, the Mansoura University Award (Distinction Prize in Physics) in 2000, and the Scopus Award for contribution to materials Science, presented from Elsevier and the Egyptian Ministry of High Education in 2008. He has over 120 peer-reviewed publications in international journals and was named one of the world's top 2% most cited scientists by Stanford University in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.
References
Academic staff of Mansoura University
Cairo University alumni
Bauhaus University, Weimar alumni
Assiut University alumni
Condensed matter physicists
20th-century physicists
Egyptian physicists | Hamdy Doweidar | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 492 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
71,228,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha%20Paul%20Tiwari | Siddhartha Paul Tiwari FRAS (born 1979) is an academic, technologist and researcher. Currently, he works with Google Asia Pacific, Singapore. Prior to this, he led Google's global learning and development efforts from Tokyo. He is known for his work in the areas of e-governance, mobile technologies, digital intervention strategies, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Among his publications are the monograph, 'The Impact of New Technologies on Society: A Blueprint for the Future', as well as numerous essays and speeches. As a keynote speaker at numerous conferences, he has presented his viewpoints on technology. His lectures and writings frequently address the subject of digital media and technology.
Career
During his career, Tiwari has been actively involved in the development of new higher educational curriculums, user trust, safety, and privacy. Between 2005 and 2006, he served as a member of the committee of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
Tiwari is widely quoted as saying: "India’s happy future lies in combining talent and technology."
He is an elected fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Previously, Tiwari has held faculty positions at Indian Institute of Management Indore, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, and Tokyo Institute of Technology. He was also part of National Assessment and Accreditation Council's curriculum reform committee and was involved in setting the curriculum for postgraduate engineering and technology programs in India.
As of 2023, Tiwari works for Google Asia.
Creation of new curricula and courses
To adapt to the rapidly changing teaching environment and to incorporate new technologies into the university curriculum, Tiwari has developed the following course credits and curriculum at a postgraduate level.
A course on technology and its impact on society was developed and launched by Tiwari as part of the civil service training offered to Indian Administrative Service trainee officers at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration.
His research resulted in the development and launch of a postgraduate credit course on "Digital Marketing" at the Indian Institute of Management Indore.
A course on 'Technology Management and the Asian Regulatory Framework' has been developed and launched by him at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
Personal life
Tiwari was born in Jabalpur but raised in Shimla, Junagadh, Delhi and Indore. He is the grandson of B. P. Tiwari and the son of S Prakash Tiwari.
Bibliography (Books Authored)
Awards and recognition
Elected fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Elected fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Distinguished Professor and Mentor, Southeast Asia Interdisciplinary Development Institute.
Editorial Board Member Contemporary Issues in Artificial Intelligence.
Selected publications
References
Living people
Academic staff of IIT Delhi
Indian academic administrators
1979 births
21st-century Indian educators
Indian educators
People from Jabalpur
IIT Delhi alumni
Indian computer scientists
Educators from Madhya Pradesh
Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society
People from Indore
Google employees
People in information technology | Siddhartha Paul Tiwari | [
"Technology"
] | 624 | [
"People in information technology",
"Information technology"
] |
71,229,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schill%2BSeilacher | Schill+Seilacher, also known by its brand name Struktol, is a German chemical company. It was founded in 1877, and produces chemicals for the textile and paper industry.
History
On November 1, 1877, the brothers-in-law Christoph Seilacher and Karl Schill founded the company in Heilbronn as a chemical factory for the manufacture of specialty products for the leather industry. Due to rapid growth, four years later they decided to relocate the business to Feuerbach, now a district of Stuttgart. In October 1886, Schill+Seilacher applied for a patent for a process for the production of dégras tanning fat under the patent number D.R.P. 39952. Because it combined the properties of a fat and an emulsifier, it was one of the most important products in emulsion technology, but was not used outside the leather industry. At the turn of the century, chrome tanning became more important in leather processing, and eventually replaced dégras-based products altogether.
Christoph Seilacher feared a loss of sales for his dégras products, and, therefore developed a photo gelatine as well as the necessary pouring, cooling and application machines. The product was supplied to firms such as Kodak, Lumière in Paris and Agfa. The company later expanded its production of process additives. Schill+Seilacher opened a branch office in Hamburg in 1925 to benefit from the port's international trade routes. Meanwhile, the company began producing more chemicals for textile finishing. In the late 1920s, the first additives for rubber processing were produced. During World War II, the plant facilities in Feuerbach and Hamburg were destroyed in a bombing raid. Afterwards, it was decided to relocate production to Böblingen, southwest of Stuttgart. After the end of the war, the plant in Hamburg was rebuilt almost on the same site. The Böblingen plant was enlarged and modernized as business expanded. It produces chemicals such as sophorolipids, and amino acid surfactants. After World War II, the company was handed over by Christoph Seilacher to his granddaughter Ingeborg Gross, who managed it until shortly before her death in 2019.
In the early 1950s, the company developed a process for tanning and fatliquoring animal hides with the salts of sulfonated fatty acid amides. In the 1960s, Schiller+Seilacher began producing leather softeners at its Hamburg plant. In 1977, the company expanded into the USA and founded the Struktol Company of America in Stow, Ohio. It produces various chemicals, e.g. additives for the tire industry, such as compatibilizers.
In 1997, Schill + Seilacher opened a new plant in Neundorf, near Pirna where it produces chemicals such as the flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide. On December 1, 2014, 5 metric tons of trimethyl phosphite exploded there during an Arbuzov reaction, killing one worker and causing injuries to four. According to the Saxon State Office for the Environment, the cause of the explosion was the addition of too little solvent toluene, i.e. human error. After controversies about the reconstruction, the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology developed a new safety concept for the plant. It was reopened in August 2019.
Company owners
From its foundation in 1877 until 2019, the Schill+Seilacher group was family-owned. The last owner of the founding family was Ingeborg Gross. Before her death in 2019, she transferred the group to the Ingeborg Gross Foundation based in Hamburg, and the Pro Humanitate Foundation based in Liechtenstein, which she had established specifically for this purpose.
References
Companies of Germany
Chemical companies
Chemical companies established in 1877 | Schill+Seilacher | [
"Chemistry"
] | 805 | [
"Chemical companies"
] |
71,230,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%20detector | A tilt detector or tilt indicator is a device which indicates whether a tilt has occurred. Tilt detectors can be used on shipments of tilt sensible items to indicate whether a potentially damaging tilt have occurred. They are also used in the field of electronics or automotive on some models to detect if a change in vehicle inclination has occurred.
Overview
Tilts are often specified by the angle formed by the object considered with a horizontal plane. This is usually expressed in degrees (or radian). Depending on the application, the accuracy of the tilt sensor must be adapted to the sensitivity of the object it is intended to monitor.
Indeed, they can indicate precisely the level of inclination with a digital dial ( as for the inclination sensors on some vehicles) or simply have an indicator that changes color when an inclination beyond the reference threshold has been exceeded.
Technologies
There is a wide variety of technologies of this type of device. Here is a list of the main technologies :
When the sensor is powered, a rolling ball drops to the bottom of the sensor to make an electrical connection with a conductive plate underneath. When the sensor is titled, the ball does not fall to the bottom so that current cannot flow through the two end terminals of the sensor.
When the indicator suffers a reversal beyond its reference threshold, a metal pellet, initially blocked in a cockpit, dislodges and leaves a red background irreversibly.
It can be the same principle as the point above but with powder.
When the electrolytic sensor tilts, the fluid surface remains level due to gravity. The fluid is electrically conductive, and the conductivity between the two electrodes is proportional to the length of electrode immersed in the fluid.
Transport & logistics
In general, it is a single-use device that allows supply chain operators to check if the package has been tilted, which could lead to its deterioration. It is positioned thanks to an adhesive backing from the device.
Its appearance deliberately attracts the attention of the links in the supply chain in order to encourage them to take particular care during handling.
The recipient can express reservations to protect its interests or even reject the shipment when the indicator is triggered. The cost of an indicator is usually modest. The most common indicators in the market are 45° and 80°. Another tilt indicator detects starting from 30 degrees, and every 10 degrees is detected up to 80 degrees, and also 180 degree detection.
When in use, since only one-axis detection is possible, place 2 PCS on each adjacent side because it detect left and right/ front and back.
Heavy plant machinery & automobile
Tilts sensors play an important role in preventing rollovers in the construction industry. For example, measuring the chassis angle ensures that the base of the MEWP is within a safe angle for vehicle operation. This sensor can also indicate that the vehicle is in a dangerous position.
A tilt sensor on a vehicle determines the orientation of the vehicle when it makes a tight turn or is in danger of tipping over.
Electronics
Tilt or rollover sensors are devices that produce an electrical signal that varies with angular motion. These sensors are used to measure slope and tilt within a limited range of motion.
Sometimes tilt sensors are incorrectly called inclinometers because the sensors simply generate a signal (as opposed to inclinometers that generate a reading and a signal).
A basic circuit using a tilt sensor is shown here. For this assembly, the components used are: a tilt sensor, a 470 Ohms resistor, a LED and a 3V power supply.
References
Sensors | Tilt detector | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 710 | [
"Sensors",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
71,230,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan%20bey%20Vazirzade | Aslan bey Vazirzade or Aslan bey Vazirov (full name: Aslan bey Zeynalabdin bey oglu Vazirzade; January 6, 1898, Baku - 1984, Baku) — one of the students of the Republic, Azerbaijani mineralogist, crystallographer and professor. Honored Scientist of the Azerbaijan SSR, philatelist. For some time, he headed the Azerbaijan Society of Philatelists
Early life
Aslan bey Zeynalabdin bey oglu Vezirzade was born on December 6, 1898. In 1915, he graduated from the Baku Real school with a gold medal and entered the St. Petersburg Mining University. He left his studies due to the events that took place there and returned to Baku in 1917. He became a member of the Muslim Social Democratic Party in Baku.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was founded on May 28, 1918. In 1919, the Ministry of Public Education of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic submitted to the Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic a draft law on sending 100 students to Europe for education. On September 1, 1919, a law was passed and 7 million rubles were allocated from the State Treasurer of Azerbaijan to the Minister of Education for sending applicants and students to foreign universities in the 1919–1920 school year.
In January 1920, candidates left Baku for Batumi and from Batumi for Rome. Aslan bey Vezirzade was one of the selected student. He was a philatelist numismatist in this period. While in Batumi, he collected stamps from his youth and bought several sheets of local stamps. When Vezirov arrived in Rome, the stamps he acquired in Batumi were no longer valid due to the political situation in the Caucasus. That is why these stamps began to be considered a rare finding. While in Rome, Aslan Bey fell seriously ill and could not leave the city. He provided living and medical expenses by selling the rare stamps he got from Batumi at a high price.
After his recovery, Bey Aslan came to Paris and began studying at the Faculty of Mathematics and Chemistry of the University of Paris. Later, he continued his studies at the Faculty of Geology at the University of Nancy. After the April invasion of the 11th Red Army, students' scholarsips were cut, and their difficulties began. The students had to either return to their homeland or study on their own. Bey Aslan continued his education by doing random jobs along with his studies. During the holidays, he worked in the coal mines to earn money.
In 1925, Aslan Bey Vazirzade returned to Baku. In addition to geological exploration work in the Azneft office, he also began teaching at the Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute (now the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University), which was founded in 1920 on the basis of the Baku Technical School. He taught at this university until the end of his life.
In 1930, he received the scientific title of professor and headed the department of crystallography, mineralogy and petrography of the institute. When the institute was divided into two independent higher schools, he continued his pedagogical activities at the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute, majoring in oil and chemistry. Several generations have played a major role in the development of highly qualified specialists, doctors of sciences, and academics. He was awarded with orders and medals of the USSR.
He died on April 1, 1984.
Family
Aslan Bey Vazirov's father, Zeynalabdin Bey Vazirov, was from the Shusha branch of the Vazirovs, and his mother, Durnisa Hashim Bey's daughter Vazirova, was from the Fuzuli branch of the Vazirovs. His father was the uncle of Suleyman Vazirov, the 1st Minister of Oil Industry of the Azerbaijan SSR, Hero of Socialist Labor. They had five children from their marriage. Allahyar, Aslan, Hamid, Rena and Leyla. Aslan Bey himself started his life with Khasmammadova, daughter of Nurush Khanum Alasgar Bey. In 1930, their son Farid was born. His son Farid became a geologist like his father.
See also
Students of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic abroad
References
1898 births
1984 deaths
Mineralogists
Crystallographers
Philatelists
Vazirovs | Aslan bey Vazirzade | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 876 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
71,232,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moty%20Heiblum | Mordehai "Moty" Heiblum (Hebrew: מוטי הייבלום – sometimes called Moti Heiblum, born May 25, 1947, in Holon) is an Israeli electrical engineer and condensed matter physicist, known for his research in mesoscopic physics.
Biography
Moty Heiblum was born and raised in Holon. His mother was the only Holocaust survivor in her immediate family, and most of his father's family perished in the Holocaust. From 1967 to 1971 Moty Heiblum served in the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) in the IDF Communications Corps and was an instructor at the IDF Air Force Technical School. Heiblum graduated in electrical engineering from the Technion with a bachelor's degree in 1973 and from Carnegie-Mellon University with a master's degree in 1974. He received in 1978 his Ph.D. with thesis Characteristics of metal-oxide-metal devices supervised by John Roy Whinnery. After completing his Ph.D., Heiblum joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
After working at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center for 12 years, Heiblum returned in 1990 to Israel and established at the Weizmann Institute, with the support of Professor Yoseph Imry, the Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Center for Submicron Research with the mission to "study and develop submicron semiconductor structures working in the mesoscopic regime." The initial investment for the Submicron Center was approximately $16 million. Heiblum has headed the Submicron Center since its founding in 1990. That same year he was appointed a full professor at the Weizmann Institute. He established the Department of Condensed Matter Physics at the Weizmann Institute and was its first director from 1993 to 1996 and from 2007 to 2012 he was again its director. In 2000 he was appointed to the Alex and Ida Susan Professorial Chair of Submicron Studies.
From 1991 to 1992, Heiblum headed a government committee that advised the Minister of Science on how to encourage the microelectronics industry in the State of Israel. Since 2001, he has chaired the board of directors of Braude College of Engineering. From 1993 to 1996, he was a visiting professor for several weeks each summer at the Vienna University of Technology. From 1996 to 1997 he was on sabbatical as a visiting professor at Stanford University in combination with Hewlett Packard Labs in Palo Alto, California. He was an editor for the journal Semiconductor Science and Technology and is now an editor for the journal Solid State Communications. He organized and conducted, in collaboration with Professor Elisha Cohen of the Technion, the 1998 International Conference of Semiconductors, which was attended by about 1,100 people and held in Jerusalem.
The main focus of Heiblum’s research is the quantum behavior of electrons in high-purity mesoscopic materials, and especially the quantum Hall effect (QHE) regime. Noteworthy highlights of the research done by him and his group are "novel electronic interferometers – demonstrating one-electron and two-electron interference; which-path detectors – allowing to turn 'on and off' electrons’ coherence; detection of fractional charges via sensitive shot noise measurements; and observation of quantized heat flow in the fractional abelian and non-abelian states in the QHE regime."
He received in 1986 the IBM Outstanding Innovation Award and in 2013 the EMET Prize. He was elected a life fellow of the IEEE, a fellow of the American Physical Society (1990), and a member of Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (2008). In 2008, he received the Rothschild Prize in physics.
In 2021, he was received the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize with citation:
His doctoral students include Amir Yacoby.
Moty Heiblum's wife Rachel has a PhD in biology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She worked in the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Rehovot campus. They have four children. He has a younger brother, Zohar Heiblum, who is a director, manager, turn-around specialist, and investor in the high-tech industry.
Selected publications
References
External links
(talk by Moty Heiblum at Tel Aviv University)
(talk by Moty Heiblum at the Tel Aviv-Tsinghau Xin Center 2nd International Winter School held at Tel Aviv University)
(2009 talk by Moty Heiblum)
1947 births
Living people
People from Holon
Israeli Jews
Israeli electrical engineers
Condensed matter physicists
Israeli physicists
Jewish physicists
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
IBM employees
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Fellows of the American Physical Society
EMET Prize recipients in the Exact Sciences
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners | Moty Heiblum | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,005 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
71,232,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20M.%20Cron | Steven M. Cron is a retired Michelin product research engineer and co-inventor of the Tweel.
Cron began his engineering education with a BS Mechanical Engineering degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1984. In 1985, he completed an MS degree in aeronautical engineering from the U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. He then continued with the Air Force for 6 years as a project engineer working on ICBMs and as an instructor of Engineering Mechanics at the US Air Force Academy. He began his career at Michelin in 1991 as a research engineer. He had initial assignments in the area of tire vibrations, specifically damped modal analysis of pneumatic tires via the finite element method.
He began work on airless tire technology as early as 1997, with work on the Tweel occurring over the period 2000-2009. Although other airless tire concepts have been studied or attempted in the past, none has achieved the commercial success of the Tweel, which is based on the framework and approach pioneered by Cron and co-inventor Timothy B. Rhyne.
In 2018, Cron received the Harold Herzlich Distinguished Technology award. At the time, Cron said that work on the Tweel began informally, starting with the idea that the load of the vehicle should be carried in the tire structure by means of tension, as happens in a traditional pneumatic tire. After realizing that cord tension carried via the sidewall would not work with zero inflation pressure, a successful experiment with polyurethane spokes lead to the basic Tweel design.
In 2021, Cron and co-inventor Timothy B. Rhyne were jointly awarded the Charles Goodyear Medal, the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division. It was the first time that the award was given jointly.
References
Polymer scientists and engineers
Tire industry people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Missouri alumni
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Michelin people | Steven M. Cron | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 419 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
71,233,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Peter%20Edmund%20Faulkner | John Peter Edmund Faulkner (born 1937) is a retired naval and commercial pilot, and a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the aviation industry, particularly to air safety, and as a contributor to tertiary education programs in Australia.
Career
Royal Navy
John Faulkner was born 15 November 1937 in Sale, Cheshire in the United Kingdom to Victor and Edna Faulkner. Interested in a career in the Navy, he went to Pangbourne College in 1950 and then Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC), commonly known as Dartmouth, as a Midshipman in 1955. During his training, Faulkner had an opportunity to try gliding and this experience stimulated a lifelong passion for flying.
On promotion to Sub Lieutenant, John Faulkner first served on HMS Alamein, a Battle Class destroyer based in Malta. He commenced flying training in 1959 at RAF Linton-on-Ouse with the Royal Air Force No. 1 Flying Training School (1 FTS). 1 FTS is the oldest military pilot training school in the world and prepared Naval pilots for service in the Fleet Air Arm. At this time the school was equipped with Vampire T.11 and Provost trainers. Faulkner completed operational flying training at RAF Lossiemouth in 1960, flying Sea Hawks. After conversion to the Supermarine Scimitar, the largest, heaviest and most powerful aircraft to have entered service with the Fleet Air Arm at that point. Faulkner joined 804 squadron and completed his first aircraft carrier landing on HMS Hermes in November 1960. The Scimitar suffered from a high loss rate; 39 were lost in a number of accidents, amounting to 51% of the Scimitar's production run. Faulkner later joined 800 squadron on HMS Ark Royal in late 1961 and later saw service in Malta and Aden, flying Scimitars, Sea Devons and Sea Vixens. Faulkner resigned his Naval commission in 1967.
Qantas
Faulkner joined Qantas in 1967 and served as Second and First Officer on the Boeing 707 and 747 aircraft. He subsequently checked out as Captain on the Boeing 767. During his career with Qantas he flew Australian troops between Sydney and Saigon during the Vietnam War as part of the 'Skippy Squadron' earning the Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal, and was selected for multiple flight segments to fly the Queen and Prince Philip on their official visits to Australia.
With a growing interest in air safety, he was appointed Technical Safety Director for the Pilot's Union and promoted manager of Flight Safety for Qantas from 1989 – 1994. During this time he completed the Accident Investigation course at Cranfield, UK and was a member of a steering committee that successfully introduced Cockpit Resource Management to Qantas. He also managed the introduction of Fleet Performance Monitoring into the Airline and was a popular speaker at conferences such as Safeskies, and the Flight Safety Foundation. Faulkner retired as Manager Flight Safety and Deputy Head of Safety of Qantas Airways in 1994.
Aviation safety consulting and tertiary education
In 1995 Faulkner established the Aviation Safety Analysis consultancy. He was appointed deputy chairman of the Board of AirServices Australia at its formation in 1995. In 1998 he was a member of a committee to examine flight safety management throughout the Australian Defence Forces and was a standing civilian member for the boards of inquiry. After the maximum period of five years he left the Board of AirServices Australia in June 2000.
While still at Qantas Faulkner had contributed to the planning and then expansion of the Aviation Program at the University of New South Wales in 1993. As adjunct associate Professor at the university, he taught flight safety and aviation human factors. He was regularly called upon to provide expert opinion to the news media on topics such as black box flight data recorders
Honours and recognition
In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the aviation industry particularly to air safety and as a contributor to tertiary education programs. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and Past President of its Australian Division.
References
1937 births
Living people
Australian aviators
Royal Aeronautical Society
Members of the Order of Australia | John Peter Edmund Faulkner | [
"Engineering"
] | 821 | [
"Aerospace engineering organizations",
"Royal Aeronautical Society"
] |
71,233,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole%20Earth%20Telescope | The Whole Earth Telescope is an international network of astronomers that collaborate to study variable stars. The distribution of the observatories in longitude allow the selected targets to be continuously monitored despite the rotation of the Earth.
History
This concept was devised by American astronomers R. Edward Nather and Don E. Winget of the University of Texas at Austin. The consortium consists of individual astronomers interested in collaborating to study targets designated by a principal investigator. Where colleagues are not available, astronomers are dispatched to sites that allow telescope time to visitors. Initial funding for WET came from a grant by the US National Science Foundation, which lasted through 1998.
For each site, an observing run begins when the sky is dark, and continues until stopped by weather or dawn. A photometer is used to observe the target object, a nearby comparison star, and the background sky. The data is then sent to the control center. Each site in turn takes up an overlapping observation run, so the result is, ideally, a continuous sequence of data that can then be processed. After constructing a light curve, the data is subject to a Fourier transform to obtain the frequencies of pulsation. Referred to as an XCov, the typical observing run with the WET lasts from 10 to 14 days, and is scheduled for once or twice a year.
The first observation run took place in March, 1988, and it included the Multiple Mirror Telescope in the US, a aperture telescope at the South African Astronomical Observatory, and the IUE observatory in orbit around the Earth. The first target for the run was the star PG 1346+082, or CR Boötis, an AM CVn star. The second target was V803 Centauri, a cataclysmic binary. The campaign was able to monitor the star systems for a continual period of 15 days from six participating sites.
The early focus of the program was the study of pulsating white dwarfs. Most such stars exhibiting non-radial pulsations have multiple pulsation modes, with some having frequencies on the order of a cycle per day. The only way to observe these extended frequencies is continually over durations longer than 24 hours. The observations of PG 1159-035 with the WET, reported in 1991, initiated the study of white dwarf seismology, later termed asteroseismology. By 1998, WET runs had been performed on pulsating white dwarfs of the DOV, DBV, and DAV types, Delta Scuti variables, a rapidly oscillating Ap star, and cataclysmic variables. A total of 16 XCov runs had been completed by May 1998, often covering more than one target per run. Only one failure was reported, for the roAp star HD 166473.
Operations for WET moved to Iowa State University in 1995 when the International Institute for Theoretical and Applied Physics offered to help fund the WET program. In 2004, the governing council of WET agreed to study private funding for its operations. This resulted in the formation of the Delaware Astroseismic Research Center (DARC) the following year, and WET operations were moved from Iowa to Delaware. The first run supported by DARC was XCONV25 during May 2006. Operations are supported by the Mount Cuba Astronomical Observatory and the University of Delaware.
The ability to collect photometric data over a long period is vulnerable to weather conditions, the need to allocate time for each telescope, and the situation of each participating astronomer. It was recognized that satellites could accomplish the same task with fewer issues, but at a far higher cost. The MOST spacecraft, launched in 2003, was an early effort to pursue this application. It was able to monitor individual stars for periods of up to 30 days, but was limited to a visual magnitude of 6 or brighter. The Kepler space telescope was launched in 2009 and was able to observe some stars continuously for up to four years. As of 2021, the TESS satellite is performing asteroseismology down to magnitude 17.
References
Further reading
External links
Astronomy organizations
Scientific organizations established in 1988
Astronomy projects
Asteroseismology | Whole Earth Telescope | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 830 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomy organizations",
"Asteroseismology",
"Astronomy projects",
"Stellar phenomena"
] |
72,699,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa/benserazide | Levodopa/benserazide, sold under the brand name Prolopa among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Medical uses
Levodopa/benserazide is indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease with the exception of drug-induced parkinsonism.
References
External links
Antiparkinsonian agents
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors
Hydrazides
Peripherally selective drugs
Pyrogallols | Levodopa/benserazide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
72,700,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise%20de%20Souza | Moise de Souza is a Beninese construction engineer. He currently serves as Chacha IX, the patriarch of the aristocratic De Souza family of Ouidah.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Civil engineers | Moise de Souza | [
"Engineering"
] | 47 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineers"
] |
72,701,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Rehabilitation%20in%20Civil%20Engineering | The Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by Semnan University and the editor-in-chief is Ali Kheyroddin (Semnan University). The journal covers all aspects of rehabilitation engineering. It was established in 2012 and is indexed and abstracted in Scopus.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2012
Civil engineering journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals | Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 87 | [
"Civil engineering journals",
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering stubs"
] |
72,702,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TX%20Leonis | TX Leonis, also known by its Flamsteed designation 49 Leonis, is a triple star system that includes an eclipsing binary, located in the constellation Leo. It was discovered to be a variable star, showing eclipses, by Ernst-Joachim Meyer in 1933. The apparent magnitude of TX Leonis ranges between 5.66 and 5.75, making it faintly visible to the naked eye for an observer located well outside of urban areas. The star's brightness drops by 0.09 and 0.03 magnitudes during the primary and secondary eclipses respectively, and neither the primary nor the secondary eclipse is total.
TX Leonis is a triple star, consisting of magnitude 8.1 star (component B) separated by 2 arc seconds from the brighter eclipsing pair (components Aa and Ab). Although orbital motion has not been detected, the companion shares a common proper motion with the primary star and is at approximately the same distance.
Both stars comprising the eclipsing binary are main sequence stars. Of those two stars, star Aa has been assumed to be 8 times more luminous than star Ab, although newer estimates give the luminosities as and respectively.
References
Algol variables
Leo (constellation)
Tauri, 049
51802
91636
Durchmusterung objects
Leonis, TX | TX Leonis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 270 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
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