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78,560,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigrapha%20superveniens | Perigrapha superveniens is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus of uncertain familial placement in the order Arthoniales. It is the type species of the genus Perigrapha. It uses members of the foliose lichen genus Parmelia as its host.
Taxonomy
The fungus was first formally described in 1864 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, who classified it in the genus Melanotheca. The type specimen was collected in France, where it was found growing on the thallus of Parmelia sulcata. Josef Hafellner transferred it to the genus Perigrapha in 1996.
Description
Perigrapha superveniens is a species of lichenicolous fungus (a fungus that lives on lichens) that forms distinctive gall-like growths on its host lichen, primarily Parmelia sulcata. These galls appear as irregular, wavy outgrowths that are narrower at their base where they attach to the host lichen's surface. The fungus creates small, black, round to star-shaped discs on these galls, surrounded by a thick rim of host tissue.
Inside the galls, P. superveniens has a complex internal structure composed of fungal tissue (called ) containing numerous small chamber-like cavities (known as perithecioid ). These chambers house the fungus's reproductive structures, including specialised cells called asci that produce spores. Each ascus typically contains 4–8 spores and measures 75–100 micrometres (μm) long by 12–16 μm wide.
The spores themselves have distinctive features: they are divided into four sections by three cross-walls (described as 3-septate), measure approximately 30–35 by 4.5–6 μm, and possess a clear outer coating (). A unique characteristic of these spores is a thread-like appendage at one end. As the spores age, they develop a brownish colour and their surface becomes warty in texture. When treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, the brownish pigment in the upper layer of the fungal discs turns a dark reddish colour, which is useful for identification purposes. The species typically does not produce secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia.
Perigrapha superveniens appears to be an obligate parasite, meaning it can only survive by growing on its host lichen, primarily Parmelia sulcata, though it has also been reported on Parmelia squarrosa in Japan. Previous reports of the fungus growing on other lichen species have been determined to be misidentifications of different lichenicolous fungi.
Habitat and distribution
Perigrapha superveniens shows a strong preference for humid, coastal forest environments. In Norway, where it was first reported in 2021, the species is found in the northern regions of Trøndelag and Nordland, particularly in areas characterised as boreal rainforest. It inhabits various forest types, including deciduous boreal forests, mixed forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and deciduous trees, and open woodlands where Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and aspen (Populus tremula) are prevalent. The fungus has been found growing on its host lichen on various tree species, including aspen, rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), and goat willow (Salix caprea).
The species appears to be closely associated with highly oceanic environments, particularly occurring in the southern boreal vegetation zone in areas marked by significant oceanic influence. In Norway, it is often found alongside other moisture-loving lichenicolous fungi, including Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Nesolechia oxyspora, and various Plectocarpon species.
Globally, P. superveniens has a scattered distribution across several continents, having been reported from:
Europe (France, Ireland, Scotland, and Norway)
North America (Newfoundland, Canada)
Asia (Japan and the Caucasus region)
Africa (South Africa)
Atlantic islands (Madeira)
Despite its wide geographical range, the species appears to be relatively rare even within suitable habitats. For example, it was not detected during an extensive survey of Norwegian rainforest lichens, suggesting it may be genuinely scarce rather than simply overlooked, despite being relatively easy to spot in the field due to its distinctive appearance.
References
Arthoniomycetes
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1864
Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of Canada
Fungi of Africa
Lichenicolous fungi | Perigrapha superveniens | [
"Biology"
] | 939 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,561,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammel%20Houses | The Hammel Houses are a public housing project by the New York City Housing Authority. The project began in 1952 and consists of 712 apartments housing 1,602 residents in fourteen seven-story buildings. They are located in Hammels, Queens on the Rockaway peninsula just west of the Arvern by the Sea development.
History
The general locale was named for Louis Hammel, who owned a hotel in the area and donated land in 1878 for construction of a railroad station which called Hammels station. The area picked up the name from the station and it began to develop as people took the train out from Manhattan and Brooklyn to live near or play at Rockaway beach. The rise of the automobile allowed people to travel to other beaches they liked more and the area declined as Hammels was patronized mostly by lower-income people.
Development
The idea for the project was first announced at a Rockaway Chamber of Commerce dinner by a representative of the chairman of the New York City Housing Authority on January 28, 1951. By May of that year the City Planning Commission had approved the architectural plans for the project. Nearly a year later it filed the plans with the federal government. However, a cut proposed by Congress to the budget for the federally funded housing program threatened to end the project. Nevertheless, New York City bought the land for the Hammel Houses on July 16, 1952, making it one of the city's early housing projects. By July, 1954 the Authority was accepting residency applications, with construction expected to be completed in September. The first building opened on time, with a new building expected to open every succeeding month. A large playground was built the following year that featured slides, swings, a jungle gym, sand pit and wading pool.
Super Storm Sandy
Hammel Houses suffered suffered damages to its services when water from Hurricane Sandy flooded the boiler room in Building 5, leaving it inoperable. The electrical services room in every building was wrecked by the storm surge. Water heaters and the plumbing that connected them and the boilers to the buildings and apartments was damaged or destroyed. Wiring and conduits for outdoor safety lights was also damaged or destroyed. All this was replaced and the electrical and plumbing services were raised above flood level. The Hammel gymnasium, important to the social fabric of the community, was damaged when flood waters burst through exterior walls of glass blocks and destroyed the wooden flooring, protective padding on the walls, and metal hinges, handles and fittings. Repairs took a year to complete. In 2015, salt left by encroaching flood waters corroded gas lines, causing them to burst and leaving residents without gas for at least three weeks.
Crime and living conditions
In 2017 New York City Department of Investigation officers went undercover, either in plain clothes or dressed as Housing Authority employees, and successfully stole new or used major appliances from storerooms in six public housing facilities, including Hammel Houses. Returning investigators found site managers had no idea the equipment was even missing.
That same year a family moved into a three-bedroom apartment. They immediately found it needed repairs, reported this and deposited the keys with the management while they left for Christmas vacation. Upon their return they found their apartment emptied. Furniture, keepsakes, even immigration documents were missing. The security officer they reported this to found footage from the Housing Authority's surveillance cameras showing city employees removing the belongings and not returning them. They submitted a claim for $23,000 to replace their items and the city countered with an offer of $10,000. They haggled for $13,000 and when they finally accepted the $10,000 offer they were told the statute of limitations had expired, even though they had not been told there was such a statute, and they would get nothing. When investigative reporters contacted the Housing Authority, it immediately told the family they would receive the $10,000. No accounting was ever given for the missing belongings.
A Regional Plan Association report from July 2020 quoted several Hammel Houses residents voicing concerns about peeling paint, the presence of mold and lead in their homes, leaking plumbing and the poor quality of repairs.
On February 6, 2024 seventy New York City Housing Authority employees were charged with accepting bribes to award small contracts for repairs to public housing sites, including Hammel Houses. In order to speed up direly needed repairs, the City had allowed the Housing Authority to forego the bidding process for contracts of small monetary value. However, the seventy employees had taken in about two million dollars in illegal payment.
References
Buildings and structures
Rockaway, Queens | Hammel Houses | [
"Engineering"
] | 924 | [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture"
] |
78,562,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminoadipic-2-oxoadipic%20aciduria | 2-Aminoadipic-2-oxoadipic aciduria (AMOXAD) is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by defects in the degradation of the amino acids lysine and tryptophan. It is classified as an organic aciduria and results from mutations in the DHTKD1 gene, which encodes a mitochondrial enzyme essential for the breakdown of 2-aminoadipate and 2-oxoadipate. The condition leads to the accumulation of these metabolites in blood and urine.
Genetics
The disorder stems from compound heterozygous mutation in the DHTKD1 gene, located on chromosome 10p14. These mutations disrupt the function of the mitochondrial 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex (OADHC), a multienzyme system critical for amino acid metabolism. This complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate during lysine and tryptophan degradation. Its dysfunction leads to the accumulation of toxic intermediates, which impair mitochondrial function, causing oxidative stress and energy deficits. Inheritance follows an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning an individual must inherit defective copies of the gene from both parents to manifest the disease. While AMOXAD is extremely rare, many cases remain asymptomatic or are diagnosed later in life.
Pathophysiology
The pathogenic mechanisms of AMOXAD are not fully elucidated. The lysine degradation pathway is a complex, multistep process involving mitochondrial, cytosolic, and peroxisomal enzymes. It begins with the conversion of lysine into saccharopine and subsequently into 2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde. This step is catalyzed by alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS). The semialdehyde is then converted to 2-aminoadipate, which is subsequently deaminatied into 2-oxoadipate. In the mitochondria, 2-oxoadipate is decarboxylated by the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex (OADHC), which depends on DHTKD1. This reaction yields glutaryl-CoA, which can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle after conversion to acetyl-CoA. Mutations in DHTKD1 disrupt this crucial decarboxylation step, causing an accumulation of upstream metabolites such as 2-aminoadipate and 2-oxoadipate. This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and toxic effects that contribute to the symptoms of AMOXAD. The pathway also intersects with the degradation of hydroxylysine and tryptophan, converging at the intermediates 2-aminoadipate and 2-oxoadipate. The exact pathways through which these metabolites cause damage remain a focus of ongoing research.
Clinical Symptoms
Over 20 cases of AMOXAD have been identified, with varying outcomes. While some patients remain asymptomatic, others experience a range of neurological and muscular symptoms, including:
Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
Developmental delays or intellectual disabilities of varying severity
Ataxia (impaired coordination)
Seizures
Behavioral abnormalities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves analyzing urinary organic acids using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Characteristic findings include elevated levels of 2-oxoadipate and 2-hydroxyadipate in the urine and 2-aminoadipate in the blood. Molecular genetic testing can confirm mutations in the DHTKD1 gene, solidifying the diagnosis.
Treatment
Currently, there is no specific cure for AMOXAD. Management focuses on symptomatic treatment and supportive care, including dietary modifications (e.g., a low-lysine diet) to reduce the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Antiepileptic drugs are used to manage seizures, but vigabatrin should be avoided due to its potential to exacerbate underlying metabolic imbalances or increase the accumulation of toxic intermediates in lysine metabolism. Research is ongoing to identify targeted therapies that address the enzymatic deficiencies caused by DHTKD1 mutations.
Prognosis
The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms. While asymptomatic individuals can lead normal lives, those with severe manifestations may experience significant developmental and neurological challenges.
References
External links
Rare diseases
Metabolic disorders | 2-Aminoadipic-2-oxoadipic aciduria | [
"Chemistry"
] | 941 | [
"Metabolic disorders",
"Metabolism"
] |
78,563,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20production%20in%20Licking%20County%2C%20Ohio | Licking County has been tied to the glass-making industry throughout the Midwest since the 1800s. This is due to the silica deposits found throughout rivers in Ohio. Entrepreneurs such as Edward H. Everett supported this industry. Although glass production has decreased in Licking County since the 1800s, it is still relevant today.
History of glass manufacturing
Shields King & Co. was a glass manufacturing company founded in 1871, and it began making various glass bottles. Shields King & Co. was founded by William Shields, David E. Stevens, Oren G. King, William E. Atkinson, and David C. Winegarner. They worked alongside other people such as Richard Lumley to complete different patents including self-sealing fruit jars. Together, King & Co. worked in the Newark Star Glassworks factory to produce beer bottles, jars, and bottle stoppers.
After opening in 1871, they were successful however; after being bought by Edward H. Everett in 1880, it prompted a significant increase in business. During the late 1800s, 20,000 dollars worth of beer bottles were produced for a brewing company in Cincinnati. The factory was in production until it burnt down in May 1893, only to begin production again in December. Edward H. Everett decided to facilitate a combination with other glass companies and create The American Bottle Company, a glass container manufacturer in the Midwest. It was founded in 1905 and is known for producing various bottles and jars for multiple industries.
Edward H. Everett caused growth within the glass industry as these factories became entirely based on machines for production. Machine-based production benefited the speed at which glassware was produced. However, the machines removed the heritage of glass blowers, taking away jobs from previous employees.
The “Stevens Tin Top” is an example of a piece of glass produced in the Newark Star Glassworks. It had a groove-ring wax sealer in a blue aquamarine glass. The jar is hand blown and has a tool applied to the lip. There were two patented fruit jars in 1875, and the name of their jars came to be called The Western Pride Self Sealing Jar. Shields and King & Co remarked that their jars were the cheapest on the market and that a wrench was unnecessary, therefore easier to open, setting them apart from their opponents.
Silica deposits
In McDermott, Ohio, some sandstones contain substances with different levels of purity that are sufficient as a source of silica. Silica sand units were mined throughout Ohio during the Civil War. These units continued to grow; shortly after World War I, large amounts of silica products were produced in Ohio. In the 1900s, these sandstones brought in large amounts of money, especially over the past 35 years. In 1986, 2 million tons of silica sandstone was sold with a value of 24 million dollars. The name Licking County originated from the salt licks found on the river's banks. These salt licks were not only beneficial for glass making but were also enjoyed by the wildlife surrounding the area.
Other prominent glass manufacturers in Licking County
Holophane, founded in France in 1895, brought its glass technology to Newark, Ohio, in 1902, capitalizing on the area's natural resources and skilled workforce. The Holophane company manufactures glass reflectors, refractors and lenses that are made out of glass to cover the light source. Initially collaborating with the A.H. Heisey Glass Company, Holophane established its own plant in 1910, however, the glass that Holophane used, Heisey manufactured and was used in lights throughout the early 20th century. In addition to this Heinsey and Holophane worked together on other various projects including the restoration of Heisey glass molds. Its creative glass products became essential for industrial and street lighting, particularly during World War II, when it supplied military bases and airfields.
After the war, Holophane expanded operations to nearby cities like Springfield and Pataskala, introduced overhead street lights in 1948, and diversified into decorative lighting. Today, Holophane leads in sustainable and energy-efficient lighting, integrating LED technology while maintaining its reputation for quality and innovation.
The Holophane company and other production companies were later run by Acuity Brands in 1999. After the company was run under different management, work changed drastically for the Newark department after Acuity Brands abruptly announced that it would be moving assembly lines to Mexico. In 2008, Acuity Brands was under legal obligation to represent The Bill Clinton Climate Initiative before facing backlash due to the company's negligence in the Clean Water Act. Acuity Brands faced a nearly 4 million dollar fine when it was discovered that a detergent company under their authority in Atlanta was not told about phosphor leaking into their public water supply. The company faced controversy when they mentioned the move of Holophane to Mexico, leaving several Holophane employees without a job. Despite pushback from Congress in Ohio about their move to Mexico, Acuity was determined to move Holophane productions and dismissed other opinions.
References
Licking County, Ohio
Glass production
History of Ohio | Glass production in Licking County, Ohio | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,032 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
78,564,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201159 | NGC 1159 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer Édouard Stephan on December 2, 1883.
Description
The galaxy has a redshift of 0.008763, indicating it is moving away from Earth at a velocity of 2616 km/s. The galaxy's approximate distance from the Milky Way is 62.9 million light-years (19.3 megaparsecs).
The apparent magnitude of NGC 1159 is 14.2 in the blue band, and it has an angular size of 0.48 × 0.4 arcminutes. The galaxy's morphology classification is Sc, signifying a late-type spiral galaxy.
References
Spiral galaxies
Galaxies discovered in 1886
1159
Perseus (constellation)
2467
011283 | NGC 1159 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 166 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,565,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20unlearning | Machine unlearning is a branch of machine learning focused on removing specific undesired element, such as private data, outdated information, copyrighted material, harmful content, dangerous abilities, or misinformation, without needing to rebuild models from the ground up.
Large language models, like the ones powering ChatGPT, may be asked not just to remove specific elements but also to unlearn a "concept," "fact," or "knowledge," which aren't easily linked to specific examples. New terms such as "model editing," "concept editing," and "knowledge unlearning" have emerged to describe this process.
History
Early research efforts were largely motivated by Article 17 of the GDPR, the European Union's privacy regulation commonly known as the "right to be forgotten" (RTBF), introduced in 2014.
Present
The GDPR did not anticipate that the development of large language models would make data erasure a complex task. This issue has since led to research on "machine unlearning," with a growing focus on removing copyrighted material, harmful content, dangerous capabilities, and misinformation. Just as early experiences in humans shape later ones, some concepts are more fundamental and harder to unlearn. A piece of knowledge may be so deeply embedded in the model’s knowledge graph that unlearning it could cause internal contradictions, requiring adjustments to other parts of the graph to resolve them.
References
Machine learning | Machine unlearning | [
"Engineering"
] | 306 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
78,566,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISEA%20J044634.16-262756.1 | WISEA J044634.16-262756.1 (also known as J0446) is a binary star system with one component having a long-lived primordial disk, also called a Peter Pan disk.
J0446 was first identified as an object with infrared excess and member of the 42 Myr old Columba association by the NASA citizen science project Disk Detective. The object was identified as a binary with both components having a spectral type of M6, making them red dwarfs. Both components were observed with Gemini south, detecting H-alpha emission for both components. The strength of the H-alpha line was in between stellar activity and accretion from a disk. The infrared excess from WISE did however clearly indicate the presence of a disk. Later an analysis found that J0446 belongs to the χ1 Fornacis moving group. This group is slightly younger with an age of Myr. PanSTARRS and Gaia show that the pair is separated by 2.3 arcseconds, or about 189 AU. The weaker H-alpha emission of J0446A is likely coming from chromospheric activity and not accretion. An analysis of the Gaia XP spectrum of J0446B found an earlier spectral type of M4.5. Stellar carbon monoxide and water absorption were detected with MIRI.
Disk of J0446B
J0446B shows stronger and broader H-alpha emission, likely from weak accretion of 2.5 × 10−11/yr. The disk was also detected with ALMA, which will be described in a future work. The dust mass was estimated to be 0.1 from ALMA, which is quite low when compared to younger disks. A research team used JWST MIRI to observe J0446B. The researchers found a large number of molecules in the inner disk of this red dwarf. The researchers detected 9 hydrocarbons (methyl radical, methane, acetylene [C2H2 and 13CCH2], ethylene, ethane, propyne, diacetylene, and benzene), two nitrogen-bearing species (hydrogen cyanide and cyanoacetylene), two isotopes of carbon dioxide (12CO2 and 13CO2), molecular hydrogen and two noble gases (neon and argon). Weak emission of the water molecule is also present. Additionally the spectrum showed amorphous silicate (modelled with olivine) and crystalline silicate of forsterite. Molecular hydrogen and neon is usually only found in young disks with ages of a few million years. This indicates that the disk in J0446B contains primordial gas. Other works in the past tried to explain Peter Pan disks with other scenarios, such as the collision of planetesimals, but the presence of molecular hydrogen and neon excludes these scenarios for J0446B. The line strength of neon and argon indicate that the main ionizing source are soft x-ray and UV photons coming from J0446. The disk is very carbon-rich, which was also seen in other late M-dwarf disks with Spitzer and JWST. J0446B has the highest acetylene to water line ratio detected for an M-dwarf. Theories suggest that the inner disk will first become water-rich due to inwards drift of icy pebbles and then will become carbon-rich, as outer gas flows inwards. The carbon-rich inner disk of J0446B indicates that it represents the final stage of this evolution.
Impact on planet formation
A long-lived disk can provide more time for planetary cores to form via the core-accretion process. Disk gas dampens orbital eccentricity and facilitates planet migration. This can result in compact planetary systems with resonant chains, such as the TRAPPIST-1 system. The high carbon content in the gaseous disk could lead to carbon-rich atmospheres. This could lead to hazes, such as seen in Titan or it could influence the mean molecular weight and thermal structure of such atmospheres. Because carbon is in the gas-phase, the solids should have relative little carbon. If carbon is lost in the gas-phase and terrestrial planets are assembled from solids at a late stage, these rocky planets would be carbon-poor.
References
Eridanus (constellation)
Binary stars
Circumstellar disks
M-type main-sequence stars | WISEA J044634.16-262756.1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 923 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,567,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endophobia | Endophobia is a neologism understood as the aversion or disdain for the cultural identity and/or phenotypical characteristics of one's own ethnic group, as well as individuals from the same nation, either for their nationality or the sociocultural aspects of the idiosyncrasy of their country or region of origin. It is considered the inverse of xenophobia, which is the rejection of what is perceived as "foreign".
Etymology
The origin of the term comes from Ancient Greek ἔνδον endon meaning 'inside', and φόβος phobos, meaning 'panic'.
Considerations
To properly speak of endophobia, it is not enough to make a comment or critique about some social or cultural aspect of one’s country or region of origin. There must be a series of attitudes that generate rejection or even hatred towards the elements that constitute a particular culture or ethnicity, understood as part of one’s own identity. These elements may include ways of speaking, the language itself, beliefs such as the predominant religion in the surrounding environment, the national political system, clothing, cuisine, lifestyle, and more. This behavior can even reach pathological levels, causing the individual to be unable to live in peace with themselves or their environment. In many cases, endophobia is also associated with classist and racist prejudices.
From the perspectives of psychology and sociology, this behavior is studied and analyzed as a conduct associated with other factors, such as inferiority complex and low self-esteem, as the individual feels inferior to another civilization, race, or culture that they implicitly or explicitly perceive as superior.
History
Endophobia has been present in many societies throughout history. In Latin America, the emergence of a pigmentocracy as a socioeconomic phenomenon resulting from European colonization of the Americas has caused a certain degree of confrontation and rejection toward the cultural expressions and physical traits of Amerindians, even among individuals who share these attributes, perceiving them as part of an "other" rather than as their own characteristics. For example, in Peru, the term "cholo" is commonly used as a racist pejorative to identify people belonging to the country’s indigenous ethnic groups, and it is even used offensively by individuals who share these characteristics toward their peers.
Another ingrained endophobic sentiment was present among groups of African Americans during and after the period of slavery in the Americas, predominantly affecting individuals from Sub-Saharan Africa. Many rejected or even denied their own skin color and the culture of their ancestors.
From the perspective of Canarian nationalism, criticism has been made about alleged endophobia present in the Canary Islands, rejecting cultural aspects of the Canary aborigines, such as the Guanche people in Tenerife, in favor of the Spanish peninsular culture introduced from the Iberian Peninsula.
Since the second half of the century and as a result of the policies of Nazi Germany, some Germans have publicly expressed rejection of their own nation or compatriots, assuming through hasty generalization that all inhabitants of the country share Nazi ideals. A radical example is politician Christin Lochner from the far-left party Die Linke, who stated that she considers herself "a traitor to her homeland" and that she "loves and supports the death of her nation."
In a more radical and recent context, paramilitary forces of ISIS training "Cubs of the Caliphate," youth between the ages of 10 and 15, recruit and indoctrinate them to reject the principles and values of their own culture if they do not align with jihadism. This involves a strict process of censorship in the educational materials they receive.
References
Discrimination
Phobias | Endophobia | [
"Biology"
] | 755 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Discrimination"
] |
77,212,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funemployment | Funemployment is a colloquial reference to the portmanteau of having fun while being unemployed, typically while on Unemployment benefits. People on funemployement use the time for self-discovery and self-care. Funemployment is more commonly utilized by younger workers.
Funemployment has been criticized as limiting people's career prospects. Long-term funemployment may negatively impact mental health.
Funemployment came to prominence following the COVID-19 pandemic and as a response to hustle culture and work-life balance.
References
Labor relations
Popular culture neologisms
Human resource management
Occupational stress
Motivation
Work
Labor | Funemployment | [
"Biology"
] | 142 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,213,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204329 | NGC 4329 is an elliptical galaxy located 144 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on March 9, 1828. NGC 4329 is host a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 3.1 solar masses. NGC 4329 is a member of a group of 5 galaxies known as [T2015] nest 100478. NGC 4329 is the brightest member of this group and the group includes the galaxies IC 785, IC 786, MCG-02-32-006, and LEDA 170189. The redshift of NGC 4329 places it in the within the bounds of the Hydra-Centaurus supercluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
40212
Elliptical galaxies
Corvus (constellation)
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster
4329
Astronomical objects discovered in 1828 | NGC 4329 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 191 | [
"Corvus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,214,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7H14N2O3S | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C7H14N2O3S}}
The molecular formula C7H14N2O3S may refer to:
Glycylmethionine
Methionylglycine | C7H14N2O3S | [
"Chemistry"
] | 48 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,214,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshimura%20Hisato | Yoshimura Hisato (Japanese: 吉村 寿人; February 9, 1907 – November 29, 1990) was a Japanese war criminal, medical scientist, and physiologist who served as a member of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army, during World War II and conducted experiments on prisoners of war and civilians in Manchukuo, Northeast China. He later served in several capacities for Japanese research organizations.
Early life and education
Yoshimura was born in 1907 in the Japanese prefecture of Hyōgo. From 1926 to 1930 he studied medicine at the University of Kyoto where he became a research assistant of physiologist Rinnosuke Shoji after graduation. He received his doctoral degree in 1936.
Involvement in Unit 731
On Shoji's recommendation, Yoshimura joined Unit 731 in Harbin in 1938 as a technician to work in the newly established frostbite laboratory where he stayed until the end of the war in 1945. Harbin was located in Manchukuo, a puppet state controlled by Japan that had been established in 1932 in Northern China. Unit 731 ran an extensive facility there to develop biological warfare agents and conduct related research that involved experimentation on live humans. It was part of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department, a branch of the Imperial Japanese Army that conducted combat-relevant scientific research across the battle grounds of the Pacific War and ran several labs across the occupied Chinese territories.
Yoshimura later ran his own frostbite experiments at the Harbin lab where prisoners of war, criminals, and civilians from nearby villages were used as test subjects. The experiments were extremely brutal and included forced mutilation without sedatives. All of the test subjects of the Harbin facility died as a consequence of the experiments or were killed by the military unit of the facility afterwards.
After World War II
As did many other staff members of the Unit 731 site in Harbin, Yoshimura returned to Japan and did not have to stand trial due to an immunity deal in return for full disclosure of the research results to the United States government. However, during the 1949 Khabarovsk trials witnesses described the nature and extent of the experiments conducted by Yoshimura in detail. Yoshimura presented results of the experiments during a lecture in Kyoto in 1941 and even published a series of articles about it in 1951 and 1952 but neither reflected the conditions under which the results were obtained. The provided information however does not conceal the fact that the experiments were unethical.
The claim that Japan had conducted large-scale experimentation on living human beings during World War II was disregarded by the West as communist propaganda until the 1980s. Witnesses speaking publicly about their experiences such as Ken Yuasa were discredited and threatened into silence by Japanese ultranationalists. Therefore Yoshimura did not face any repercussions. He later became a professor at Hyogo Prefectural Medical University. From 1967 to 1969 he was President of Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. In 1978, he received the "Order of the Rising Sun-Third Class for pioneering work in 'environmental adaptation science'" by Emperor Hirohito.
Literature
"Asia's Auschwitz". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1994-12-17.
Bärnighausen, Till: "Data Generated in Japan's Biowarfare Experiments on Human Victims in China, 1932-1945, and the Ethics of Using Them." In: Nie, Jing Bao et al. (eds.): Japan's Wartime Medical Atrocities. Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics, Routledge, 2010, pp. pp. 80- 106.
Tsuchiya, Takashi: "The Imperial Japanese Experiments in China", in: Emanuel, Ezekiel J. et al. (eds.), The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, Oxford University Press 2008, pp. 31-45.
Yan-Jun, Yang and Yue-Him, Tam: Laboratory of the Devil, Auschwitz of the East, Fonthill Media, 2018.
References
1907 births
1990 deaths
Japanese military doctors
Japanese human subject research
Japanese biological weapons program
Japanese war criminals
People related to biological warfare | Yoshimura Hisato | [
"Biology"
] | 841 | [
"People related to biological warfare",
"Biological warfare"
] |
77,214,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H20N4O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H20N4O}}
The molecular formula C24H20N4O may refer to:
Lolamicin
Sudan IV | C24H20N4O | [
"Chemistry"
] | 36 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,214,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H28N8O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H28N8O2}}
The molecular formula C24H28N8O2 may refer to:
Gusacitinib
Taselisib | C24H28N8O2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 42 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,214,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204331 | NGC 4331 is an irregular galaxy located 74 million light-years away in the constellation Draco. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on December 12, 1797. The galaxy is host to a black hole with an estimated mass of 4.6 solar masses.
NGC 4331 is a member of the NGC 4291 Group, which also contains the active galaxy NGC 4319 and is an X-ray bright member of the group. The NGC 4291 Group is located within the Canes Venatici-Camelopardalis Cloud, which lies in the First Upper Plane of the Virgo Supercluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
40085
7449
Irregular galaxies
Draco (constellation)
Virgo Supercluster
4331
Astronomical objects discovered in 1797 | NGC 4331 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 168 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
77,214,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABjapallava | Bījapallava (or Bījapallavaṃ) is a commentary in Sanskrit of Bhaskara II's Bījagaṇita composed by the 16th-17th century astrologer-mathematician Kṛṣṇa Daivajña. This work is also known by several other names: Kalpālatāvatāra, Bījānkura and Nāvāakura. A manuscript of the work, copied in 1601, has survived to the present day indicating that the work must have been composed earlier than 1601. The Bījapallava commentary is written in prose. Commentaries composed in prose, since they are not constrained by considerations of conforming to a particular meter, generally contain more information, more detailed explanations and often original material not found in the work on which the commentary is written. Bījapallava also follows this general pattern. T. Hayashi, a Japanese historian of Indian mathematics, in his forward to the critical edition of Bījapallava, writes:
". . . he [Kṛṣṇa Daivajña] goes on to discuss the mathematical contents in great detail, giving proofs (upapattis) for the rules and step-by-step solutions for the examples; but when the solution is easy, he merely refers to Bhaskara's auto-commentary. His discussions, often in the form of disputations between an imaginary opponent and himself, go deep into the nature of important mathematical concepts such as negative quantity, zero and unknown quantity, into the raison d'être of particular steps of the algorithms, and into various conditions for solubility of the mathematical problems treated in the Bijaganita."
The general style of the commentary can be summarized thus. For each stanza of the original text, the commentator gives explanations of the words used in the stanza, then the derivations of the word, synonyms and syntactic combinations of the word are given. He also gives alternate readings of the text and points out which one of them is preferable. What is of greatest interest to historians of mathematics is that he also gives detailed proofs of the rules enunciated in the original text and the detailed step-by-step solutions of the illustrative examples. This has helped translators of Bījagaṇita to understand the real import of the various rules stated therein. For example, H. T. Colebrooke while translating Bījagaṇita has extensively referred to Bījapallava seeking additional clarifications.
Though there are large number of commentaries on Bhāskara II's Līlāvatī, there are not many commentaries on his Bījagaṇita. In fact, chronologically, Bījapallava is the second known commentary on Bījagaṇita the first one being a commentary called Sūryaprakāśa composed by Sūryadāsa in 1538, a native of Parthapura. Even though Sūryaprakāśa contains explanations of almost every verse in Bījagaṇita, the explanations in Bījapallava are more informative and more elaborate with additional original ideas and examples.
Salient features
Here are some of the salient features of Bījapallava:
The concept of "number line" and its application to explain addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers.
Detailed proof of the Kuṭṭaka method for solving linear Diophantine equations.
Proof of Bhāskara II's rule for solving quadratic equations.
Proofs of the rules for solving linear equations in several unknowns, equations with higher powers of unknowns and equations with products of unknowns.
Full text of the work
Full text of Bījapallavaṃ, Kṛṣṇa Daivajña's commentary on the Bījagaṇita of Bhāskara II:
Full text of a critical study on Bījapallavaṃ:
References
Indian mathematics
History of science and technology in India
History of algebra | Bījapallava | [
"Mathematics"
] | 796 | [
"History of algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
77,215,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet%20thriving | In human resources, quiet thriving refers to employees who actively craft their job in order to stay engaged and improve their mental state. Quiet thriving provides employees with a sense of agency that builds resilience and allows employees to find purpose in their roles and reduces occupational burnout. Quiet thriving may lead to additional career opportunities.
Motivated employees within dysfunctional organizations with poor leadership often opt to take initiative through quiet thriving instead of quiet quitting.
The term was coined by Lesley Alderman, a New York city-based psychotherapist, in a December 2022 Washington Post article in response to quiet quitting.
References
Labor relations
2023 neologisms
Popular culture neologisms
Human resource management
Occupational stress
Motivation
Work
Labor | Quiet thriving | [
"Biology"
] | 143 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,215,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204332 | NGC 4332 is a barred spiral galaxy and a starburst galaxy located 128 million light-years away in the constellation Draco. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 20, 1790. NGC 4332 is host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 9.5 solar masses.
NGC 4332 is a member of the NGC 4256 Group, and is located in a subgroup surrounding the galaxy NGC 4210. The NGC 4256 Group is located within the Canes Venatici-Camelopardalis Cloud, which lies in the First Upper Plane of the Virgo Supercluster.
SN 2009an
NGC 4332 has hosted one supernova, a Type Ia supernova designated as SN 2009an that had an apparent magnitude of 15.4. The supernova was discovered by Giancarlo Cortini and Stefano Antonellini with a 35-cm telescope at the Monte Maggiore Observatory in Predappio, Italy on February 27, 2009. It was independently discovered by Petri Kehusmaa of Hyvinkaa, Finland and Mikko Paivinen of Rajamaki, Finland on February 28, 2009, using a 28-cm Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector.
SN 2009an had absolute magntude of -18.841 ± 5 in the blue part of the spectrum. This makes it dimmer than a normal Type Ia supernova. Also, SN 2009an had a light curve that declined a lot faster than a normal Type Ia supernova. Additionally, the bolometric luminosity is estimated at 42.89 erg/s, implying that about 0.41 solar masses of were synthesized in the supernova. However, to account for additional flux lost from UV and NIR light bands, the estimate for the amount of nickel-56 thought to have formed in the supernova increases to 0.50 solar masses. Lastly, spectroscopic data show that SN 2009an has high-velocity features which are observed in the calcium triplet during its pre-maximum and early post-maximum phases. However, the post-maximum spectral evolution resembles a normal Type Ia supernovae, with SN 2009an containing broad Si II 6355 Å lines and Si II 5972 Å lines that are stronger than a normal Type Ia supernova.
These properties make Sn 2009an most similar to another Type Ia supernova known as SN 2004eo. It is thought that supernovae like SN 2009an and SN 2004eo form from the explosion of a white dwarf with lower amounts of kinetic energy than a normal Type Ia supernova and produce more stable elements from the Iron-Group of the periodic table such as iron, nickel and others. These types of Type Ia supernovae account for only 15% of all observed Type Ia supernovae known as non-standard or transitional Type Ia events.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
NGC 4513-Ring galaxy in the NGC 4256 Group
References
External links
40133
7453
Barred spiral galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Draco (constellation)
Virgo Supercluster
4332
Astronomical objects discovered in 1790 | NGC 4332 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 653 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
77,215,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush%20trip | In human resources, a hush trip refers to the practice of remote workers working from a location they have not informed their employers about. These trips epitomize freedom for remote workers who are digital nomads.
Details
Workers may disguise their location through a virtual private network (VPN) and book meetings around their schedule to decrease detection. Hush trips introduce cybersecurity, tax, privacy, productivity, and legal issues depending on the location of the employee at the time work is performed.
Hush trips may be taken as part of bleisure travel or to bypass lengthy corporate approvals.
Hush trips may help address occupational burnout by improving workers mental and physical health, boosting morale that leads to productivity gains.
The term was popularized following the Great Resignation and the rise of remote work.
References
Labor relations
2022 neologisms
Popular culture neologisms
Human resource management
Occupational stress
Motivation
Work
Labor | Hush trip | [
"Biology"
] | 182 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,216,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCW%207 | RCW 7, also known as Sh 2-302 and Gum 6, is an H II region 5,300 light-years from the Solar System, in the Puppis constellation. The nebula contains a large binary protostar named IRAS 07299-1651.
See also
RCW Catalogue
References
H II regions
Puppis | RCW 7 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 67 | [
"Puppis",
"Constellations"
] |
77,217,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal%20network%20design | Optimal network design is a problem in combinatorial optimization. It is an abstract representation of the problem faced by states and municipalities when they plan their road network. Given a set of locations to connect by roads, the objective is to have a short traveling distance between every two points. More specifically, the goal is to minimize the sum of shortest distances, where the sum is taken over all pairs of points. For each two locations, there is a number representing the cost of building a direct road between them. A decision must be made about which roads to build with a fixed budget.
Formal definition
The input to the optimal network design problem is a weighted graph G = (V,E), where the weight of each edge (u,v) in the graph represents the cost of building a road from u to v; and a budget B.
A feasible network is a subset S of E, such that the sum of w(u,v) for all (u,v) in S is at most B, and there is a path between every two nodes u and v (that is, S contains a spanning tree of G).
For each feasible network S, the total cost of S is the sum, over all pairs (u,v) in E, of the length of the shortest path from u to v, which uses only edges in S. The objective is to find a feasible network with a minimum total cost.
Results
Johnson, Lenstra and Kan prove that the problem is NP-hard, even for the simple case where all edge weights are equal and the budget restricts the choice to spanning trees.
Dionne and Florian studied branch and bound algorithms, and showed that they work in reasonable time on medium-sized inputs, but not on large inputs. Therefore, they presented heuristic approximation algorithms.
Anshelevic, Dasgupta, Tardos and Wexler study a game of network design, where every agent has a set of terminals and wants to build a network in which his terminals are connected, but pay as little as possible. They study the computational problem of checking whether a Nash equilibrium exists. For some special cases, they give a polynomial time algorithm that finds a (1+ε)-approximate Nash equilibrium.
Boffey and Hinxman present a heuristic method, and show that it yields high quality results. They also study solution methods based on branch-and-Bound, and evaluate the effects of making various approximations when calculating lower bounds. They also generalize the problem to networks with link construction cost not proportional to length, and with trip demands that are not all equal.
See also
Network planning and design
Minimum routing cost spanning tree – a similar problem in which the selected set must be a spanning tree.
References
Combinatorial optimization
Networks
Transport
Spanning tree | Optimal network design | [
"Physics"
] | 566 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport"
] |
77,218,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludowici%20Roof%20Tile%20Company%20Historic%20District | Ludowici Roof Tile Company Historic District is a historic district in New Lexington, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.
The district is made of multiple buildings that comprise the New Lexington plant of the Ludowici Roof Tile Company. The plant was constructed in 1902 by Wolsey Garnet Worcester to be a brick and roof tile plant for the Imperial Clay Company, which was purchased by the Celadon Roofing Tile Company in 1905. The plant began exclusively producing roof tiles, and the following year Celadon merged with the Ludowici Roofing Tile Company to form Ludowici-Celadon.
The Ludowici-Celadon Company was one of the leading producers of clay roof tiles in the United States during the 20th century and its tiles were used on historically significant buildings throughout the world. After the merger the New Lexington plant was expanded multiple times to become the company's leading manufacturing site. After the onset of World War II domestic construction was reduced significantly and the company briefly employed area women to slip cast, glaze, and paint pottery pieces.
The company had operated seven plants in five states over the course of its existence but after the closure of its factory in Coffeyville, Kansas in 1956 the New Lexington site became its only remaining production location.
A resurgence in interest in historic restoration helped buoy the company through the 1970s and 1980s and the New Lexington site underwent improvements and some modernization. Older coal-fired brick kilns were removed and in 1991 North America's first hydrocasing kiln was installed to replace them.
In 2007 a former loading building was adaptively repurposed and turned into a showroom for the company, renamed Ludowici. In 2021 several of the factory buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.
As of 2024 the factory continues to manufacture roof tile and is still run by Ludowici.
Gallery
References
National Register of Historic Places in Perry County, Ohio
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Roof tiles
Manufacturer of architectural terracotta
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Ceramics
Building materials companies of the United States | Ludowici Roof Tile Company Historic District | [
"Engineering"
] | 441 | [
"Manufacturer of architectural terracotta",
"Architecture"
] |
77,219,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2011928 | HD 11928 (HR 564; NSV 15408) is a solitary star located in the northern constellation of Triangulum. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a red-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.85. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 530 light-years and it is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 11928's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.13 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.11.
HD 11928 has a stellar classification of M2 III, indicating that is an evolved M-type giant star. It is currently an asymptotic giant branch star that is generating energy via the fusion of hydrogen and helium shells around an inert carbon core. At present it has expanded to 52.68 times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 485 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of .
In 1997, the Hipparcos satellite observed that the star varied from 5.89 to 5.93 in the Hipparcos passband. Further observations from Koen & Eyer reveal that HD 11928 flucates between 5.84 and 5.85 in the visual passband within 50.7 days. As of 2004 however, its variability has not been confirmed, but it is still suspected to be variable.
References
M-type giants
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Suspected variables
Triangulum
BD+27 00310
011928
09132
0564 | HD 11928 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 333 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
77,221,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1234%20%28number%29 | 1234 is the natural number following 1233, and preceding 1235. It has two distinct prime factors, 2 and 617, making it a squarefree semiprime. It is the number of independent vertex sets in a 4×4 square grid, or equivalently, the number of distinct 4×4 binary matrices in which no two adjacent elements are both equal to 1.
A 2012 study of frequently-used personal identification numbers (PIN) found that, among 4-digit PIN codes, 1234 is the most frequently chosen.
References
Integers | 1234 (number) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 112 | [
"Elementary mathematics",
"Integers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
77,221,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20California%20New%20Years%20Floods | The 1997 California New Years Floods resulted from a series of winter storms, from December 26 to January 3 of 1997, fed with tropical moisture by an atmospheric river. It impacted Northern California, resulting in some of the most devastating flooding since the Great Flood of 1862. Similarly to the 1862 event, the flooding was a combined effect of heavy rainfall and excessive snowmelt of the relatively large early-season Sierra Nevada snowpack. The resulting flooding in the Central Valley and other low-lying areas forced over 120,000 people from their homes and caused over $2 billion in property damage alone. 48 out of California's 58 counties were declared disaster areas with many streamflow gauge stations in these areas recording return intervals of over 100 years. It would take months for the worst-hit areas to recover fully.
Meteorological Setting
Before the warm storms arrived, a cold system brought 5-8 feet of snow to the Sierras with heavy accumulations even below 5,000 feet. from December 21-22. This storm along with earlier colder systems contributed to the large snowpack (150% to 200% of average) in the Sierras. During Christmas, a shift in the weather pattern to what is known as a Pineapple Express began the series of successive storms that contributed to the flooding. The upper-level ridge began to shift west with cooler air dropping across British Columbia. An upper-level high situated on the Aleutian Islands was undercut by an upper-level low and stalled between 40 degrees North and 160 degrees West. This and an upper-level jet extension with peak wind speeds of 180 knots in the Western Pacific ultimately contributed to the influx of tropical moisture into California. Precipitable water in the atmosphere peaked near 1.8 inches just off the California coast on January 1. Normally, the Sierras get about three times more rain than the Sacramento Valley, but during this event, they got up to ten times more rain because of the wind direction and strength of the winds.
The combination of slow-moving weather systems and strong winds brought warm, moist air into Northern California, causing prolonged and heavy rainfall. This warmth caused snow levels to rise very high, above 10,000 feet. As a result, most of the precipitation fell as rain instead of snow. This rain not only added a lot of water but also melted most of the existing snow, leading to even more runoff and contributing to the flooding. A very active Madden-Julian oscillation is also thought to have contributed to this extreme precipitation event.
Precipitation Totals
Impact
North Coast
During the December 26 to January 3 storm period, the North Coast river basins, despite their lower elevations, received significant precipitation ranging from 10 to 25 inches. The most substantial rainfall occurred in the Eel and Russian River basins, leading to severe flooding. The Russian River at Guerneville reached a flood stage of 45 feet, about 3.5 feet lower than the record 48.56 feet stage in 1986, but still the second-highest stage since 1995. The flooding of the Russian River caused significant damage to farmland and vineyards along the banks of the river including the city of Guerneville.
Central Valley and Sierra Nevada
During the event, runoff from the Sierra Nevada basins that drain into the Central Valley was significantly increased by rain at higher elevations and melting snow. The New Year's Day storm tested the Sacramento-Feather River flood control system, which had to manage local runoff and reservoir releases to maintain its integrity. Prior to the major storms, reservoirs were able to reduce storage and regain flood reservation space based on forecasts and operations. However, the intense storms around New Year's Day quickly filled these reservoirs near capacity, necessitating increased downstream releases and setting new peak flow records into Lake Shasta and Lake Oroville.
On January 1, the Napa River reached 3 feet above flood stage in Napa and Cache Creek reached a record stage height of 14.14 feet and a record flow of 13,200 cfs which only caused minimal damage in Yolo County. The worst flooding occurred on the Feather River on January 2. The river stage height peaked at 50.4 at Nicolaus (2.4 feet above flood stage). Multiple levees broke along the river causing significant flooding to Marysville and Arboga. A levee break south of Yuba City devastated the town of Olivehurst. Roughly 100,000 people from Oroville had to be evacuated due to the high flows coming from Lake Oroville On January 2, the Cosumnes River at Michigan Bar reached a record peak stage height of 18.54 feet and a record flow of 93,000 cfs. The Cosumnes flooded surrounding areas including forcing the closing of SR 99 and I-5. The river breached levees in many places and began to flow above the levees altogether. The communities of Sloughhouse and Wilton were also flooded as a result. The Yuba River at Marysville reached a record peak stage height of 91.64 and a peak flow of 161,000 cfs on January 2. The American River had its second-highest peak stage height ever at 26.40 feet and the second-fastest peak flow rate ever at 180,000 cfs due to high flow releases from the Folsom Dam. A mudslide blocked US 50 near White Hall. I-80 was also closed. The Merced River at Pohono Bridge in Yosemite reached a record stage height of 23.43 feet and a record peak flow of 24,600 cfs which caused some of the greatest flooding since 1862. For the first time, the Don Pedro Reservoir reached maximum capacity forcing releases with high flows downstream. As a result, the Tuolumne River at Modesto reached a record stage height of 71.21 feet and a near-record flow of 55,800 cfs on January 4. The record flows on the river caused considerable flooding to farmland and housing along the river and some neighborhoods in Modesto. The Dry Creek flooded neighborhoods near the Creekside Golf Course. San Joaquin River at Vernalis reached a record peak stage height of 34.88 feet and a near-record flow of 75,600 cfs on January 5. The San Joaquin flooded many communities along its banks, including substantial damage in Manteca. The Sacramento River at Verona reached a near-record stage height of 42.09 feet and a record flow of 102,000 cfs. Consequently, levee breaches on the Sacramento and the flooding of the Yolo Bypass inundated many acres of farmland. The Truckee River also had near-record flows with a peak stage height of 13.13 feet and a flow rate of 14,900 cfs at Farad (well above flood stage) which flooded Downtown Truckee.
Aftermath
During the 1996-1997 water year, Northern California experienced extremely wet conditions in December and January. However, the rest of the winter and early spring saw little precipitation. Consequently, the snowpack in the northern Sierra Nevada was only 60% of the average by April 1, and many major reservoirs in California did not fill to capacity from the spring snowmelt. The flooding caused roughly $2 billion in damages ($2.94 billion in 2023) and was attributed to the deaths of 9 people. It took many places affected by the floods months to recover. In June 1997, Yosemite was provided with $178.5 million to repair and replace infrastructure, resources, and property damaged by the floods including an additional $79.2 million. It took until 2012 for the final flood recovery funds to be obligated. Since the 1997 floods, the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) has significantly improved flood risk management through better data collection, forecasting, and emergency response. Collaborating with various partners, DWR has implemented the Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations (FIRO) to reduce flood risks by optimizing reservoir storage. Technological advancements like LIDAR surveys enhance snowpack data accuracy, crucial for managing water supply. The department has invested billions in flood management systems, including levee improvements and habitat restoration. Public education and coordinated emergency responses further bolster California's flood preparedness and resilience.
See also
Floods in California
Floods in the United States
1997 Merced River flood - Detailed look at flooding in Yosemite from these storms
1997 Nevada floods - Flooding from these storms in Nevada
2017 California floods - Flooding that occurred in the same areas
References
Natural disasters
1997 | 1997 California New Years Floods | [
"Physics"
] | 1,702 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Natural disasters"
] |
77,221,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8006%20aluminium%20alloy | 8006 aluminium alloy is produced using iron, manganese and copper as additives. It is commonly rolled into thin sheets or foils and is often used in heat exchangers due to its corrosion resistance. 8006 aluminium is available as plate.
Chemical composition
Applications
Aluminium 8006 is used in food packing, microelectronics, and in heat exchangers.
References
External links
Material Properties
Aluminium alloys | 8006 aluminium alloy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 82 | [
"Alloys",
"Alloy stubs",
"Aluminium alloys"
] |
77,222,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection%20limits | A selection limit is a term from animal breeding and quantitative genetics that refers to a cessation of progress even when continued directional selection is being applied to a trait, such as body size. In other words, a breeder or scientist is using selective breeding (artificial selection) and choosing individuals as breeders within a population based on some phenotypic trait or traits. If this is done, then the average value of the population typically evolves across generations in the direction being favored by selection (i.e., for higher or lower values of the trait), but then at some point the population stops evolving. The trait under selection is then said to have reached a limit or plateau at that value.
Details
The existence of limits in artificial selection experiments was discussed in the scientific literature in the 1940s or earlier. The most obvious possible cause of reaching a limit (or plateau) when a population is under continued directional selection is that all of the additive-genetic variation (see additive genetic effects) related to that trait gets "used up" or fixed. For example, if a trait, such as body mass, is under selection to increase, then, over time (i.e., across generations), the alleles (genetic variants) at all loci (most simply, positions on chromosomes) that tend to make individuals larger than average will increase in frequency, while those that tend to make an individual smaller than average will decrease in frequency. Eventually, in principle, the favored alleles at all relevant loci will become the only ones remaining at those loci. In reality, mutation, random genetic drift (especially in small populations), and gene flow from immigrants may stop some loci from becoming fixed for the "good" alleles.
However, other factors may interfere with the realization of genetic gains before loss of genetic variation causes a selection limit. As noted by Lerner and Dempster, these factors are generally one of two types: 1) negative relations with Darwinian fitness; 2) non-additive gene action and/or genotype-environment interaction (although others are possible
).
A negative relation with Darwinian fitness is a situation in which an allele that is "good" for the trait under directional selection is "bad" with respect to lifetime reproductive success. For example, an allele that tends to confer larger body size might also lead to infertility, thus reducing the ability of individuals with that allele to produce offspring, limiting further response to selection, and sometimes even leading to extinction of the selected line.
Non-additive gene action refers to such situations as heterozygote advantage, where heterozygous individuals have higher (or lower) values for a trait (such as body size) than do either of the two homozygotes. In such a case, selection will tend to maintain more than one allele in the population, and a selection limit may be reached while additive-genetic variation (narrow-sense heritability) remains for the trait under directional selection.
Genotype-environment interaction occurs when the phenotype produced by a particular set of alleles (at one or more loci) confers relatively higher or lower values of a trait depending on the environmental circumstances in which an individual is born or raised, or under which the trait is measured. For instance, somewhat different genes (a term that can refer to alleles or loci) tend to give the highest value of a trait depending on the season. If this occurs, then directional selection will act to favor some genes in winter and others in summer, for example. Again, the result may be that a selection plateau is attained while the population retains some additive-genetic variance for the trait under directional selection.
Some traits have a natural physical limit beyond which a trait cannot possibly go. For example, replicated selection for the building of small thermoregulatory nests in mice reached a limit at or near zero (i.e., none of the provided cotton was being used to make nests). Similarly, lines of maize selected for low oil or protein content in the kernels reached limits near to zero percent.
Aside from absolute physical limits, and whatever their cause, limits or plateaus have often been observed in artificial selection experiments with animals, including: bristle number in fruit flies (Drosophila); avoidance behavior in laboratory rats; and large body size, large litter size, large nest size, and high voluntary wheel-running behavior in laboratory house mice.
Experiments to identify causes of selection limits
Experimental approaches to probe the causes of selection are of two general types, quantitative genetic and functional. The former asks general questions about the genetic architecture of the trait when a limit has been attained (e.g., has narrow-sense heritability gone to zero?), whereas the latter attempts to determine what aspect of physiological or other function might have reached a limit or constraint. Experimental studies may involve attempts to break an apparent selection limit. As an example of a genetic approach, two replicate lines of mice at a limit for large nest size were crossed and selection was continued on this new population, resulting in further increase in nest size. From a functional perspective, in lines of mice at a selection limit for high wheel running, administration of an erythropoietin analog increased the maximal rate of oxygen consumption during forced exercise, but did not increase wheel running, a result suggesting that motivation for exercise may be limiting the behavior, rather than inherent ability to run on wheels.
See also
Bill Hill (geneticist)
I. Michael Lerner
Kenneth Mather
Douglas Scott Falconer
Experimental evolution
Plant breeding
References
Evolutionary biology
Genetics | Selection limits | [
"Biology"
] | 1,142 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Genetics"
] |
77,222,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Delivery%20Specification | Information Delivery Specification (IDS) is a description format in the construction industry for specifying information for BIM building model and checking it automatically.
IDS (like IFC) is defined by buildingSMART; version 1.0 was published in June 2024.
Description
An IDS file is a machine-readable document that specifies requirements for a building model. It requires attributes to be supplied, or which attribute values are accepted. For example, it can require that the thermal transmittance of all windows in the building must be within a prescribed range, or that all room names must follow a regular expression such as "Office001".
A typical workflow is:
Requirements are described on the client side using an IDS editor (also available free of charge).
Requirements are taken into account during planning; BIM software can support the planner.
Requirements are checked automatically with the IDS file and the building model as an IFC file.
References
External links
Information Delivery Specification IDS on buildingSMART
V1.0 Final buildingSMART Standard on GitHub
Industrial computing
Building
Building information modeling | Information Delivery Specification | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 221 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building",
"Industrial engineering",
"Automation",
"Building information modeling",
"Construction",
"Industrial computing"
] |
75,590,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghanic%20event | The Taghanic event (Taghanic unconformity, Taghanic crisis or Taghanic onlap) was an extinction event that occurred about 386 million years ago during the Givetian faunal stage of the Middle Devonian geologic period in the Paleozoic era. It was caused by hypoxia from an anoxic event. The event had a period in which dissolved oxygen in the Earth's oceans was depleted. The Taghanic event caused a very high death rate of corals. The loss of the coral reefs caused a high loss of animals that lived in and around the reefs. The extinction rate has been placed between 28.5 and 36%, making the event the 8th largest extinction event recorded. The reduced oxygen levels resulted from a period of global warming caused by Milankovitch cycles. In the Taghanic event sea levels were higher. After the Taghanic Event, sea life recovered in the Frasnian faunal stage starting 382.7 million years ago. Two other events near this period were the Kellwasser event (372 ma) and the Hangenberg event (359 ma).
Extinctions
The Taghanic event at the Givetian/Frasnian boundary caused many extinctions, including the disappearance of about 50% of coral genera. Brachiopods Mollusca lost about six families of species. About 47% Stromatoporoid sea sponges genera disappeared. Many Bryozoa were also lost. The population of Ammonoids, Tabulata, Trilobites, and Rugosa were reduced.
Thamnopora boloniensis, a tabulate coral, became extinct.
Sediments
Old Red Sandstone continent sediments have been studied to evaluate the Taghanic extinction event. The Taghanic event was discovered by studying sudden sedimentary layer changes, faunal changes, and palaeobiogeographic events. The Taghanic event is found in the Tully Formation and Marcellus Formation in New York and Pennsylvania, including the Windom shale there. The Mahantango Formation in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland also record the Taghanic event. The Taghanic event has been found in Tafilalt, Morocco in the eastern Anti-Atlas mountain range. The Orcadian Basin in Scotland has exposed rocks from the Taghanic event.
Taghanic onlap
The period of global warming that caused the Taghanic event melted ice caps causing sea levels to rise. This caused the Taghanic onlap, the submergence of land by the advancing sea. The advancing sea laid down strata deposits on the seafloor. The flooding of what is now the southwestern United States created a shallow marine environment.
Gallery
See also
Late Devonian extinction
Kacak Event
Emsian
References
Late Devonian extinctions
Devonian events
Extinction events
History of climate variability and change | Taghanic event | [
"Biology"
] | 586 | [
"Evolution of the biosphere",
"Extinction events"
] |
75,591,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Pluchino | Stefano Pluchino (born May 31, 1971) is Professor of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, within the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, at the University of Cambridge.
His research studies whether the accumulation of neurological disability observed in patients with chronic inflammatory neurological conditions can be slowed down using next generation molecular therapies.
The overarching aim is to understand the basic mechanisms that allow exogenously delivered stem cells, gene therapy vectors and/or exosomes to create an environment that preserves damaged axons or prevents neurons from dying. Such mechanisms are being harnessed and used to modulate disease states to repair and/or regenerate critical components of the nervous system.
He is best known for having provided compelling evidence in support of the feasibility and efficacy of advanced stem cell therapies in rodent and non-human primate models of inflammatory neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis. His work has contributed to reshape the classical view that advanced cell therapeutics (ACTs), including cellular grafts, may exert their therapeutic effects not only through structural cell replacement, but also through modulation of mitochondrial function and neuroinflammatory pathways, and has inspired the first-in-kind clinical trials of allogeneic somatic neural stem cells in patients with progressive MS.
His most recent research has also elucidated the role of mitochondrial complex I activity in microglia, showcasing its pivotal role in sustaining neuroinflammation. This finding, as reported in a study published in Nature, unveils a novel avenue for understanding the mechanisms underlying progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). The implications of this discovery are profound, as it suggests a new target for disease-modifying therapies. By targeting mitochondrial complex I activity in microglia, researchers may be able to intervene in the neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to disease progression in MS. This not only enhances our understanding of the pathophysiology of progressive MS but also opens avenues for the development of innovative treatments that could potentially halt or slow down disease progression.
His combined efforts towards the identification of new druggable targets, as well as the development of advanced regenerative therapies, underscore the importance of continued research into the intricate mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and the development of targeted therapies that can address these mechanisms.
Education
Born in 1971, Pluchino grew up in Ragusa, Italy. He attended liceo classico Umberto I in Ragusa. He earned an M.D., a full residency in Neurology and a Ph.D. in Experimental Neurosciences from the University of Siena, Italy (joint with San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan), under the mentorship of Gianvito Martino in 2004. The title of his PhD thesis was ‘Development of a neural stem cell-based therapy for experimental multiple sclerosis in mice’.
He then completed his post-doctoral research at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan. He was also an instructor in Experimental Neurosciences at University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan until 2010.
In 2010, Pluchino joined the faculty at the University of Cambridge – School of Clinical Medicine, with a laboratory at the Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, on the Forvie site of the Cambridge Biomedical Campus. He became University Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Neurology, as well as principal investigator at the Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute. He was promoted to University Reader in Regenerative Neuroimmunology in 2016. In 2021, Pluchino was further promoted to Professor of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences.
Research and career
Pluchino's research studies whether the accumulation of neurological disability observed in patients with chronic inflammatory neurological conditions can be slowed down using next generation molecular therapies. The overarching aim is to understand the basic mechanisms that allow exogenously delivered stem cells, gene therapy vectors and/or exosomes to create an environment that preserves damaged axons or prevents neurons from dying. Such mechanisms may be harnessed and used to modulate disease states to repair and/or regenerate critical components of the nervous system.
In addition to his positions in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge, Pluchino serves as Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board at ReNeuron lcc.
Awards and honors
2003 AINI Award
2003 European Charcot Foundation (ECF) Award
2004 SIICA Award
2006 Serono Foundation Multiple Sclerosis Award;
2007 FISM Rita Levi-Montalcini Award;
2008 Regional Agency for Instruction, Formation and Work (ARIFL) Research and Internationalization Award;
2010 Royan International Research Award;
References
External links
Stefano Pluchino - Top Italian Scientist in Neurosciences & Psychology
Cambridge Immunology Network
PluchinoLab website
Preserving the Brain | Forum on neurodegenerative diseases
Stefano Pluchino's lecture at "Premio Rita Levi Montalcini". FISM Congress 2022
Italian neuroscientists
Living people
Stem cell researchers
Professors of the University of Cambridge
1971 births
University of Siena alumni
People from Ragusa, Sicily | Stefano Pluchino | [
"Biology"
] | 1,068 | [
"Stem cell researchers",
"Stem cell research"
] |
75,592,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20Act%2C%202023 | The Telecommunications Act, 2023 is an act of the Parliament of India to replace the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. It aims to consolidate laws relating to development, expansion and operation of telecommunication services and networks.
Background and timeline
On 20 December 2023, the Telecommunications bill, 2023 was passed by Lok Sabha.
On 21 December 2023, the Telecommunications bill, 2023 was passed in Rajya Sabha.
The Bill replaces the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 with a comprehensive framework for the telecom sector.
The Key Provisions of the Bill are:
1. Regulation of OTT Services: The bill proposes to bring over-the-top (OTT) services under the definition of telecommunications. This would subject them to similar regulations as traditional telecom services, potentially raising concerns about privacy and freedom of expression.
2. Government powers: The bill grants the government wide-ranging powers, including the ability to:
Suspend or prohibit use of telecom equipment from countries or individuals for national security reasons.
Take over, manage, or suspend any or all telecommunication services or networks in the interest of national security.
Waive entry fees, license fees, penalties, etc., to promote consumer interests, market competition, or national security.
3. Spectrum allocation: The bill introduces a new system for allocating spectrum for satellite broadband services. This could potentially benefit rural areas and bridge the digital divide.
4. Other provisions: The bill also includes provisions for:
Promoting research and development in the telecom sector.
Protecting consumer rights and ensuring data privacy.
Facilitating the deployment of new technologies like 5G.
Reactions
Concerns have been raised about the potential for government overreach and content censorship, as the bill grants broad powers to regulate online content.
The bill's provisions granting wide-ranging powers to the government, including suspension of services and equipment bans, have been criticized as giving excessive control and potentially jeopardizing fundamental rights like freedom of expression and privacy. Critics argue that the drafting and consultation process for the bill has been opaque and lacked sufficient involvement of key stakeholders, leading to concerns about its effectiveness and fairness.
The bill's data localization requirements, which mandate storing user data within India, raise concerns about potential misuse and surveillance by the government or third parties.
Provisions for interception and decryption of communications further add to worries about the protection of personal information and online privacy.
References
Government of India
Parliamentary procedure
Telecommunications billing systems | Telecommunications Act, 2023 | [
"Technology"
] | 481 | [
"Telecommunications systems",
"Telecommunications billing systems"
] |
75,593,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Alexandrovich%20Koptsik | Vladimir Alexandrovich Koptsik (; 26February 1924 – 2April 2005) was a Soviet crystallographer and physicist. In 1966 Koptsik was the first to publish the complete atlas of all 1651 antisymmetry space groups. In 1972 he published Symmetry in science and art with extensive coverage of dichromatic and polychromatic symmetry.
Life
Career
Koptsik was born on 26 February 1924 in Ivanovo. In 1941-1944 he worked as a turner in a defence plant in Moscow. Koptsik graduated from Moscow State University in 1949. He then began post-graduate work under the supervision of A.V. Shubnikov and submitted his candidate's dissertation in 1953.
In 1953 Koptsik was hired as an assistant to Shubnikov in the new department of Crystallography and Crystal Physics at MSU. He progressed through various positions, earning his doctorate in 1963, becoming full professor in 1967, and head of department from 1968 to 1974 succeeding Shubnikov.
Koptsik is known for his contributions to the physics of electrically and magnetically ordered crystals, the tensor representation of anisotropic media, the theory of crystal symmetry, and the symmetry aspects of structural phase transitions.
From 1966 Koptsik was a member of the Committee on International Crystallographic Tables of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr); in 1983 he became a member of the subcommittee on nomenclature of n-dimensional crystallography.
Works
The majority of Koptsik's works were published in Russian. Books published by Koptsik:
Shubnikov groups: handbook on the symmetry and physical properties of crystal structures (1966)
Symmetry in Science and Art (1972); English translation (1974)
Problem exercises for crystal physics (1982 and 1988)
Koptsik published 300 academic papers. Selected papers available in English:
Polymorphic phase transitions and symmetry (1957)
A general sketch of the development of the theory of symmetry and its applications in physical crystallography over the last 50 years (1968)
Views of Aleksei Vasil'evich Shubnikov on crystallography and crystal physics (on the ninetieth anniversary of his birth) (1977)
Symmetry principle in physics (1983)
Generalized symmetry in crystal physics (1988)
Symmetry bases. The contemporary symmetry theory in solids (1994)
Honours and awards
E. S. Fedorov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his contributions to the theory of symmetry (1973)
Honoured Professor of Moscow State University (1996)
Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation (1999)
References
1924 births
2005 deaths
Soviet physicists
Crystallographers | Vladimir Alexandrovich Koptsik | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 540 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
75,593,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Bosh | Amanda Bosh is an American planetary scientist and observational astronomer best known for her work on small solar system objects. She is the Executive Director of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona and is involved which the Lowell Observatory Native American Outreach program, which she co-founded.
Education
In 1987, Bosh earned a bachelor degree from MIT where she double majored in Earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences (EAPS) and materials science and engineering. She continued her education at MIT where she was advised by James L. Elliot, earning a PhD in EAPS in 1994. Bosh's PhD thesis was titled "Stellar Occultation Studies of Saturn's Rings with the Hubble Space Telescope" and she used stellar occultations to investigate the structure and dynamics of Saturn's rings. She constructed a geometric model for the ring-pole position and feature parameters (semi-major axis, eccentricity, longitude of periapse, precession rate or pattern speed, and azimuthal symmetry number). After earning a PhD, she became a postdoctoral fellow at Lowell Observatory.
Career
Bosh is an observational astronomer who primarily studies small, icy objects in the outer solar system. She has held positions in the Department of Physics at Hofstra University, Boston University, MIT, and Lowell Observatory. Bosh became a lecturer in EAPS at MIT in 2009 and was promoted in a senior lecturer in 2015. From 2020 to 2024, Bosh was the chief operating officer at Lowell Observatory. In November 2024, Bosh was appointed Executive Director of Lowell Observatory.
Research
Bosh has been heavily involved in observing stellar occultations of outer solar system objects. Stellar occultations are an astronomical phenomena where a solar system objects passes in front of a background star, causing a dip in its brightness. Careful analysis of this change in brightness can reveal many features of the solar system object, such as its atmospheric profile, ring structure, and diameter. Stellar occultations are often the most accurate way of measuring these features and can provide spatial resolutions of a few kilometers, which is several orders of magnitude better than other ground-based approaches. Thus, they were used to make several important discoveries, such as the discovery of Uranus's rings and the discovery of Pluto's atmosphere. Despite their utility, stellar occultations can be challenging to observe and require careful planning. Both the position of the star and planetary object must be known to high accuracy to determine whether or not an occultation will occur. Further, occultations can only be observed from specific locations on Earth, depending on where the shadow path is. Finally, occultations usually only last a few minutes, so observers must be in exactly the right place at the right time to see them.
Bosh was on the team of scientists that made the first direct measurement of Pluto's atmosphere and flew on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). She was also part of the team that observed a stellar occultation of Pluto on the SOFIA aircraft in 2014, which occurred about two weeks before the New Horizons spacecraft's closest approach to Pluto. SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy is a Boeing 747SP aircraft which carries a 2.7 meter telescope. Astronomical observations are made when the aircraft is in flight, allowing astronomers a mobile observatory which can be brought anywhere in the world. Bosh and her colleagues were able to observe the occultation's central flash, which Bosh described as the "Holy Grail for occultation observers" because it probes the lowest levels of Pluto's atmosphere that are not otherwise observable. In order to observe the central flash, astronomers must be at the exact geometric center of the shadow path. Bosh played a critical role in determining where on Earth the geometric center would be, finding that it would be 227 kilometers north of the previous prediction. This allowed for changes to SOFIA's planned flight plan and put it in the center of the shadow path. Observations from SOFIA were in visible and infrared wavelengths and could be combined with nearly contemporary UV and radio wavelength observations from New Horizons. Combining these results allowed for very nearly complete temperature and pressure profiles of Pluto's atmosphere that spanned closer to Pluto's surface and farther up in the atmosphere than previously measured. Since Pluto's atmosphere was first discovered in 1988, it has been theorized that it would shrink and collapse as Pluto moved further away from the Sun. When the atmosphere was discovered, Pluto was near the perihelion of its highly eccentric, 250 year orbit. The measurements made by Bosh and her colleagues showed that Pluto's atmosphere had not collapsed and demonstrated that further investigation into its dynamics is required.
Bosh was also involved in the discovery of rings around the centaur Chiron in 2011, again using stellar occultations. No centaurs were not thought to possess rings, but Chiron is the second centaur with detected rings. Further observations in 2022, which Bosh contributed to, have revealed that the properties of the ring materiel have evolved between 2011 and 2022.
Teaching and outreach
Bosh taught three astronomy courses at MIT. She won MIT's Teaching with Digital Technology Award in 2020 for digital teaching excellence in extraordinary circumstances.
She co-founded the Lowell Observatory Native American Outreach Program in 1996. The goals of this program are to "use astronomy to help teachers get Native American children excited about astronomy and science in general, encouraging an interest in STEM careers". The program pairs astronomers with teachers to create an engaging STEM focused curriculum with hands-on activities.
Personal life
Bosh is married to Stephen Levine, who is also an astronomer at Lowell Observatory.
References
Astronomers
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Amanda Bosh | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,172 | [
"Astronomers",
"People associated with astronomy"
] |
75,594,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20coffeicolor | Tremella coffeicolor is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces brown, lobed to foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Bermuda, where it was collected as part of the Challenger expedition.
Taxonomy
Tremella coffeicolor was first published, as Hirneola coffeicolor, in 1876 by British mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley based on a collection made in Bermuda. In 2004, British mycologist Peter Roberts re-examined the type specimen and transferred the species to the genus Tremella. Roberts considered Tremella auricularia, described from Brazil in 1895, to be a later synonym.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, pale to mid-brown, several centimetres across, and lobed to foliaceous, the lobes sometimes ear-like. Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 18 to 26 by 12 to 17 μm. The basidiospores are ellipsoid to oblong, smooth, 10 to 12.5 by 8 to 9 μm.
Similar species
Fruit bodies of Phaeotremella frondosa and P. foliacea are similarly coloured, but are typically more frondose and, microscopically, have smaller basidia and basidiospores.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella coffeicolor is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, but its host is unknown. It was originally described from bark of Coffea.
The species was originally collected in Bermuda and has been recorded from the Azores, Cuba, Trinidad, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and (as Tremella auricularia) from Brazil.
References
coffeicolor
Fungi of the Caribbean
Fungi of South America
Fungi of Macaronesia
Fungi described in 1876
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
Parasitic fungi
Fungus species | Tremella coffeicolor | [
"Biology"
] | 421 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,595,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminylene | Aluminylenes are a sub-class of aluminium(I) compounds that feature singly-coordinated aluminium atoms with a lone pair of electrons. As aluminylenes exhibit two unoccupied orbitals, they are not strictly aluminium analogues of carbenes until stabilized by a Lewis base to form aluminium(I) nucleophiles. The lone pair and two empty orbitals on the aluminium allow for ambiphilic bonding where the aluminylene can act as both an electrophile and a nucleophile. Aluminylenes have also been reported under the names alumylenes and alanediyl.
The +1 oxidation state for aluminium is less stable than heavier group 13 elements, but the lower stability and higher reactivity of aluminium(I) compounds make for interesting chemistry. The first aluminium(I) compound to be isolated was Dohmeier's (AlCp*)4 which existed as a tetrameric solid but dissociated in solution to the monomer. This was followed by Roesky's synthesis of a doubly coordinated aluminium(I) and nitrogen heterocycle analogous to an aluminium Arduengo carbene. Despite some rich aluminium(I) chemistry following those discoveries, it wasn't until 2020 that a free (not Lewis base stabilized) aluminylene was synthesized.
Free aluminylenes
Simple aluminylenes have been studied but are highly reactive and only exist in the gas phase under extreme conditions. The first free aluminylene came from Tuononen and Power, who used bulky terphenyl ligands to stabilize the reduction of the aluminium(III) diiodide. The isolated arylaluminylene formed thermally stable yellow-orange crystals that were characterized via X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The aluminylene demonstrated more reactivity than its gallium analogue and quickly formed an aluminium hydride upon reaction with hydrogen gas.
Soon after, Liu and coworkers as well as Hinz and coworkers separately synthesized a free nitrogen bound aluminylenes that was stabilized with the use of bulky carbazolyl ligands. While also thermally stable, the N-aluminylene was extremely sensitive to air and water. Part of the stability of the N-aluminylene is based on slight pi-donation from the nitrogen atom, facilitated by the planar nature of the molecule. This conclusion is supported by electronic structure calculations and a slightly shorter N-Al bond distance than would be expected for a N-Al single bond. Both free aluminylenes largely depend on the steric bulk of their ligands for kinetic protection, a common motif in stabilizing reactive main group complexes.
Reactivity
The ambiphilic nature of aluminylenes, as well as the reactivity of aluminium(I) complexes more generally, allows for aluminylenes to participate in a diverse range of reactions. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations showed that the frontier orbitals of these aluminylenes matched expectations with the aluminium lone pair as the HOMO and a largely aluminium p-orbital based LUMO.
Redox reactions
Power's aluminylene was shown to react with organic azides to create aluminium(III) imides. In a reaction with ArMe6N3, the terphenyl aluminylene was able to form an Al-N triple bond, a conclusion supported by the shortest reported Al-N bond distances (1.625Å). This aluminylene also reacted with less bulky azides, but the lack of steric protection meant that a second equivalent of azide reacted to give a multiply coordinated aluminium(III) compound.
The N-aluminylene reported by Liu and coworkers was shown to undergo an oxidative insertion reaction when mixed with IDippCuCl (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) to form a terminal copper-alumanyl complex.
Liu also demonstrated that the N-aluminylene could act as an important precursor to organoaluminium compounds. In these reactions, the aluminylene performs cycloaddition with unsaturated hydrocarbons to create aluminium heterocycles. Subsequently, the Al-N bond can be cleaved using a nucleophilic salt to free the newly formed organoaluminium compound.
In 2023, Liu and coworkers published further examples of the reactivity of their N-aluminylene as they attempted to react the compound with various boron based Lewis acids. Upon reaction with Ph2BOBPh2, the aluminylene formed a tricoordinate species featuring new aluminium-boron and aluminium-oxygen bonds. This free alumaborane was characterized via 11B NMR and showed two three-coordinate boron atoms, an observation further supported by x-ray crystallography data. The formation of Lewis adducts was also observed when the aluminylene was mixed with strong Lewis acids such as BCF (Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane) and Piers’ borane (HB(C6F5)2).
Lewis base stabilized aluminylenes
In addition to free aluminylenes, there have been several attempts to further stabilize these reactive species through the coordination of another Lewis base. Transient versions of these compounds have been reported on the way to other products via coordination with N-heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) and amidophosphines. However, in 2022 Liu and coworkers were able to form an adduct between their N-aluminylene and an NHC, a combination that demonstrated increased reactivity compared to the free aluminylene. They explained this with Density Functional Theory calculations at the M06-2X/def2-SVP level showing that the NHC coordination narrowed of the HOMO-LUMO gap by raising the energy of the aluminium lone pair (HOMO). This aluminylene-NHC adduct was then shown to activate otherwise unreactive arene species to initiate ring expansions.
Aluminylene coordination chemistry
Aluminylenes have also demonstrated the ability to act as ligands and coordinate to transition metal centers. Tokitoh demonstrated multiple methods for using dialumene starting materials to create an arylaluminylene platinum complexes. NBO calculations showed that the Al-Pt bond showed a large degree of electrostatic interaction, supplemented by sigma donation from the aluminium and pi-backbonding from the platinum.
The N-aluminylene reported by Liu, also demonstrated an ability to coordinate to metal atoms. UV irradiation of tungsten hexacarbonyl in the presence of the N-aluminylene created an aluminylene-W(CO)5 compound. Furthermore, treatment of the N-aluminylene with W(CO)6 and Cr(CO)6 in coordinating solvents such as THF and DMAP also formed the aluminylene-transition metal complexes. In these cases, the aluminylene was stabilized by having a THF molecule or two DMAP molecules donate their lone pairs into the aluminylenes empty orbitals. Intrinsic Bond Orbital calculations showed a significant degree of pi-backbonding from the aluminylene in the tungsten and chromium complexes, which added further stabilization.
References
Aluminium(I) compounds
Organoaluminium compounds
Coordination complexes | Aluminylene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,588 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Functional groups",
"Octet-deficient functional groups",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
75,596,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20for%20Biosecurity | The Minister for Biosecurity is a minister in the New Zealand Government with the responsibility of managing biosecurity.
The current Minister for Biosecurity is Andrew Hoggard.
History
The portfolio was created after the 1996 general election. Previously, biosecurity matters had been under the purview of the Minister of Agriculture; it was John Falloon, acting in that portfolio, who had been responsible for the passage of the Biosecurity Act 1993. Briefly from 1998 to 1999 and again from 2011 to 2017, the portfolio was consolidated with other primary industries portfolios, first as the Minister for Food, Fibre, Biosecurity and Border Control and latterly as the Minister for Primary Industries.
List of ministers for biosecurity
The following ministers have held the office of Minister for Biosecurity.
Notes
References
Lists of government ministers of New Zealand
Biosecurity | Minister for Biosecurity | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 183 | [
"Toxicology",
"Biosecurity"
] |
75,596,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C14H14N4O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C14H14N4O3}}
The molecular formula C14H14N4O3 may refer to:
Avadomide
Obidoxime | C14H14N4O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 40 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,596,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H18F3N3O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H18F3N3O3}}
The molecular formula C21H18F3N3O3 may refer to:
Inaxaplin
Temafloxacin | C21H18F3N3O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 46 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
75,597,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2010390 | HD 10390 (HR 490; 51 H. Trinaguli) is a solitary star located in the northern constellation Triangulum. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a bluish-white hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.64. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 292 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements and it is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 10390's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of only five-hundredths of a magnitude and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.00.
HD 10390 has a stellar classification of B9 IV-V, indicating that it is a slightly evolved B-type star with a luminosity class intermediate between a subgiant and a main sequence star. Osawa (1959) gave a class of B9 V, instead indicating that it is an ordinary B-type main-sequence star that is generating energy via hydrogen fusion at its core. It has 2.62 times the mass of the Sun and 2.14 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 51.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 10390 is metal defecient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.2 or 63.1% of the Sun's and it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of , well below its breakup velocity of 355 km/s. Despite the first classification, HD 10390 has only completed 16.8% of its main sequence lifetime at the age of approximately 50 million years.
References
B-type main-sequence stars
Triangulum
BD+34 00297
010390
07943
0490
00061524043 | HD 10390 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 382 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
75,599,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20computational%20chemistry | Quantum computational chemistry is an emerging field that exploits quantum computing to simulate chemical systems. Despite quantum mechanics' foundational role in understanding chemical behaviors, traditional computational approaches face significant challenges, largely due to the complexity and computational intensity of quantum mechanical equations. This complexity arises from the exponential growth of a quantum system's wave function with each added particle, making exact simulations on classical computers inefficient.
Efficient quantum algorithms for chemistry problems are expected to have run-times and resource requirements that scale polynomially with system size and desired accuracy. Experimental efforts have validated proof-of-principle chemistry calculations, though currently limited to small systems.
Brief History of Quantum Computational Chemistry
1929: Dirac noted the inherent complexity of quantum mechanical equations, underscoring the difficulties in solving these equations using classical computation.
1982: Feynman proposed using quantum hardware for simulations, addressing the inefficiency of classical computers in simulating quantum systems.
Common Methods in Quantum Computational Chemistry
While there are several common methods in quantum chemistry, the section below lists only a few examples.
Qubitization
Qubitization is a mathematical and algorithmic concept in quantum computing for the simulation of quantum systems via Hamiltonian dynamics. The core idea of qubitization is to encode the problem of Hamiltonian simulation in a way that is more efficiently processable by quantum algorithms.
Qubitization involves a transformation of the Hamiltonian operator, a central object in quantum mechanics representing the total energy of a system. In classical computational terms, a Hamiltonian can be thought of as a matrix describing the energy interactions within a quantum system. The goal of qubitization is to embed this Hamiltonian into a larger, unitary operator, which is a type of operator in quantum mechanics that preserves the norm of vectors upon which it acts.
Mathematically, the process of qubitization constructs a unitary operator such that a specific projection of is proportional to the Hamiltonian of interest. This relationship can often be represented as , where is a specific quantum state and is its conjugate transpose. The efficiency of this method comes from the fact that the unitary operator can be implemented on a quantum computer with fewer resources (like qubits and quantum gates) than would be required for directly simulating
A key feature of qubitization is in simulating Hamiltonian dynamics with high precision while reducing the quantum resource overhead. This efficiency is especially beneficial in quantum algorithms where the simulation of complex quantum systems is necessary, such as in quantum chemistry and materials science simulations. Qubitization also develops quantum algorithms for solving certain types of problems more efficiently than classical algorithms. For instance, it has implications for the Quantum Phase Estimation algorithm, which is fundamental in various quantum computing applications, including factoring and solving linear systems of equations.
Applications of qubitization in chemistry
Gaussian orbital basis sets
In Gaussian orbital basis sets, phase estimation algorithms have been optimized empirically from to where is the number of basis sets. Advanced Hamiltonian simulation algorithms have further reduced the scaling, with the introduction of techniques like Taylor series methods and qubitization, providing more efficient algorithms with reduced computational requirements.
Plane wave basis sets
Plane wave basis sets, suitable for periodic systems, have also seen advancements in algorithm efficiency, with improvements in product formula-based approaches and Taylor series methods.
Quantum phase estimation in chemistry
Overview
Phase estimation, as proposed by Kitaev in 1996, identifies the lowest energy eigenstate ( ) and excited states ( ) of a physical Hamiltonian, as detailed by Abrams and Lloyd in 1999. In quantum computational chemistry, this technique is employed to encode fermionic Hamiltonians into a qubit framework.
Brief methodology
Initialization
The qubit register is initialized in a state, which has a nonzero overlap with the Full Configuration Interaction (FCI) target eigenstate of the system. This state is expressed as a sum over the energy eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, , where represents complex coefficients.
Application of Hadamard gates
Each ancilla qubit undergoes a Hadamard gate application, placing the ancilla register in a superposed state. Subsequently, controlled gates, as shown above, modify this state.
Inverse quantum fourier transform
This transform is applied to the ancilla qubits, revealing the phase information that encodes the energy eigenvalues.
Measurement
The ancilla qubits are measured in the Z basis, collapsing the main register into the corresponding energy eigenstate based on the probability .
Requirements
The algorithm requires ancilla qubits, with their number determined by the desired precision and success probability of the energy estimate. Obtaining a binary energy estimate precise to n bits with a success probability necessitates. ancilla qubits. This phase estimation has been validated experimentally across various quantum architectures.
Applications of QPEs in chemistry
Time evolution and error analysis
The total coherent time evolution required for the algorithm is approximately . The total evolution time is related to the binary precision , with an expected repeat of the procedure for accurate ground state estimation. Errors in the algorithm include errors in energy eigenvalue estimation (), unitary evolutions (), and circuit synthesis errors (), which can be quantified using techniques like the Solovay-Kitaev theorem.
The phase estimation algorithm can be enhanced or altered in several ways, such as using a single ancilla qubit for sequential measurements, increasing efficiency, parallelization, or enhancing noise resilience in analytical chemistry. The algorithm can also be scaled using classically obtained knowledge about energy gaps between states.
Limitations
Effective state preparation is needed, as a randomly chosen state would exponentially decrease the probability of collapsing to the desired ground state. Various methods for state preparation have been proposed, including classical approaches and quantum techniques like adiabatic state preparation.
Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE)
Overview
The variational quantum eigensolver is an algorithm in quantum computing, crucial for near-term quantum hardware. Initially proposed by Peruzzo et al. in 2014 and further developed by McClean et al. in 2016, VQE finds the lowest eigenvalue of Hamiltonians, particularly those in chemical systems. It employs the variational method (quantum mechanics), which guarantees that the expectation value of the Hamiltonian for any parameterized trial wave function is at least the lowest energy eigenvalue of that Hamiltonian. VQE is a hybrid algorithm that utilizes both quantum and classical computers. The quantum computer prepares and measures the quantum state, while the classical computer processes these measurements and updates the system. This synergy allows VQE to overcome some limitations of purely quantum methods.
Applications of VQEs in chemistry
1-RDM and 2-RDM calculations
The reduced density matrices (1-RDM and 2-RDM) can be used to extrapolate the electronic structure of a system.
Ground state energy extrapolation
In the Hamiltonian variational ansatz, the initial state is prepared to represent the ground state of the molecular Hamiltonian without electron correlations. The evolution of this state under the Hamiltonian, split into commuting segments , is given by the equation below.
where are variational parameters optimized to minimize the energy, providing insights into the electronic structure of the molecule.
Measurement scaling
McClean et al. (2016) and Romero et al. (2019) proposed a formula to estimate the number of measurements ( ) required for energy precision. The formula is given by , where are coefficients of each Pauli string in the Hamiltonian. This leads to a scaling of in a Gaussian orbital basis and in a plane wave dual basis. Note that is the number of basis functions in the chosen basis set.
Fermionic level grouping
A method by Bonet-Monroig, Babbush, and O'Brien (2019) focuses on grouping terms at a fermionic level rather than a qubit level, leading to a measurement requirement of only circuits with an additional gate depth of .
Limitations of VQE
While VQE's application in solving the electronic Schrödinger equation for small molecules has shown success, its scalability is hindered by two main challenges: the complexity of the quantum circuits required and the intricacies involved in the classical optimization process. These challenges are significantly influenced by the choice of the variational ansatz, which is used to construct the trial wave function. Modern quantum computers face limitations in running deep quantum circuits, especially when using the existing ansatzes for problems that exceed several qubits.
Jordan-Wigner encoding
Jordan-Wigner encoding is a method in quantum computing used for simulating fermionic systems like molecular orbitals and electron interactions in quantum chemistry.
Overview
In quantum chemistry, electrons are modeled as fermions with antisymmetric wave functions. The Jordan-Wigner encoding maps these fermionic orbitals to qubits, preserving their antisymmetric nature. Mathematically, this is achieved by associating each fermionic creation and annihilation operator with corresponding qubit operators through the Jordan-Wigner transformation:
Where , , and are Pauli matrices acting on the qubit.
Applications of Jordan-Wigner encoding in chemistry
Electron hopping
Electron hopping between orbitals, central to chemical bonding and reactions, is represented by terms like . Under Jordan-Wigner encoding, these transform as follows:This transformation captures the quantum mechanical behavior of electron movement and interaction within molecules.
Computational complexity in molecular systems
The complexity of simulating a molecular system using Jordan-Wigner encoding is influenced by the structure of the molecule and the nature of electron interactions. For a molecular system with orbitals, the number of required qubits scales linearly with , but the complexity of gate operations depends on the specific interactions being modeled.
Limitations of Jordan–Wigner encoding
The Jordan-Wigner transformation encodes fermionic operators into qubit operators, but it introduces non-local string operators that can make simulations inefficient. The FSWAP gate is used to mitigate this inefficiency by rearranging the ordering of fermions (or their qubit representations), thus simplifying the implementation of fermionic operations.
Fermionic SWAP (FSWAP) network
FSWAP networks rearrange qubits to efficiently simulate electron dynamics in molecules. These networks are essential for reducing the gate complexity in simulations, especially for non-neighboring electron interactions.
When two fermionic modes (represented as qubits after the Jordan-Wigner transformation) are swapped, the FSWAP gate not only exchanges their states but also correctly updates the phase of the wavefunction to maintain fermionic antisymmetry. This is in contrast to the standard SWAP gate, which does not account for the phase change required in the antisymmetric wavefunctions of fermions.
The use of FSWAP gates can significantly reduce the complexity of quantum circuits for simulating fermionic systems. By intelligently rearranging the fermions, the number of gates required to simulate certain fermionic operations can be reduced, leading to more efficient simulations. This is particularly useful in simulations where fermions need to be moved across large distances within the system, as it can avoid the need for long chains of operations that would otherwise be required.
References
Quantum chemistry
Further reading | Quantum computational chemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,316 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
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75,601,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Flood%20Management | Integrated Flood Management (IFM) (also Integrated Flood Risk Management) is an approach to managing floods that emphasizes collaboration among various stakeholders, disciplines, and sectors concerned with floods, i.e. integrating them. IFM is a component of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and was developed as more holistic approach compared to the concept of flood control. While flood control aims mainly on reducing or preventing the negative effects of floods, IFM aims on reducing the overall risk by means of land and water resources management with the goal of maximizing the benefits from the use of flood plains and minimizing the damage and loss of life due to flooding in a sustainable manner.
The concept of Integrated Flood Management has been developed by the Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM). Initiated in 2001 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Global Water Partnership (GWP), APFM aims to promote the concept of Integrated Flood Management globally.
Key principles
Collaboration: IFM encourages collaboration among government agencies, local communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, and other stakeholders. The coordination of efforts across different sectors is essential for developing effective flood management strategies. It builds on a whole-of-society approach which a focus on the most vulnerable to floods like refugees, poor, women, disabled, minorities and others.
Sustainability: IFM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic considerations. Sustainable flood management practices seek to minimize the negative impact of flood events on the environment and communities while promoting long-term resilience.
Adaptive Management: IFM recognizes the dynamic nature of flood risk and the need for adaptive strategies. Flexibility and the ability to adjust management approaches based on changing conditions are crucial for effective flood management.
Components
Risk Assessment and Mapping: Risk assessments and floodplain mapping help to identify vulnerable areas, evaluate potential impacts, and guide the development of targeted risk mitigation measures.
Land Use Planning: land use planning which considers different hydrological characteristics of land cover can reduce vulnerability to flooding. Zoning, urban planning, and the preservation of natural floodplains contribute to lowering flood risk.
Infrastructure Development: Structural measures as traditionally used by flood control, such as dams, levees, and flood barriers, play an important role in IFM as well by reducing the physical impact of floods. For IFM, these measures are implemented often through Nature-based solutions, considering also ecological considerations and potential downstream impacts.
Ecosystem-Based Approaches/ Nature-based Solutions: IFM recognizes the importance of ecosystems in regulating water flow and reducing the impacts of floods. Preserving and restoring wetlands, forests, and other natural features can contribute to sustainable flood management
Early Warning Systems: Flood warnings are issued when there is an immanent risk of disastrous flooding based on meteorological or hydrological forecasting so the damage can be reduced and people can be evacuated. These Early Warning Systems are an essential component of IFM, reducing the risk by allowing stakeholders to prepare for a flood event to reduce or mitigate their impact.
Community-based management: Including knowledge on local conditions can help to understand and mitigate the flood risk. In addition, can the engagement of local communities help to increase the acceptance of measures as well as increase their effectiveness.
Managing Residual Risks: In most cases, it is not possible to remove flood risk completely. Therefore managing the residual flood risk is part of IDM. It includes contingency planning and emergency response as well as recovery plans by building back better.
Examples of countries where IFM is applied
Netherlands: The Netherlands is known for its integrated approach to water management, including flood protection. The country employs a combination of dikes, polders, floodplains, and adaptive strategies to manage flood risk. Initially, polders had primarily agricultural function, contributing to agricultural production. Currently their function vary, including: flood control, agricultural, industrial, recreational, landscape and geodiversity and biodiversity protection functions."
Bangladesh: Bangladesh has implemented community-based approaches to flood management, involving local residents in the construction and maintenance of embankments, early warning systems, and other protective measures.
References
Flood control | Integrated Flood Management | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 830 | [
"Flood control",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
75,602,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverstock%20ware | Laverstock ware is a type of pottery produced from the 11th to the 14th centuries near the settlement of Laverstock in Wiltshire, England. The products were distributed widely throughout southern England, including London. In modern archaeology the unique characteristics of recovered pieces allow for secure identification, thus providing dating evidence for the sites under investigation and insights into trade and transport patterns of the era. The Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum considers its collection to be of outstanding importance.
History and production
Although archaeomagnetic dating of pottery fragments found still in situ at Laverstock show dates of firing over the comparatively short period of 1230–1275, early fragments with very coarse composition have been found at Old Sarum in stratified layers dated to the middle of the 11th century. Demand for Laverstock ware was particularly high when Old Sarum was relocated to Salisbury in the 13th century and dateable examples from Salisbury, with fine-grained composition, show that production continued until the end of the 13th century, or later.
The earliest remains at the site are coarseware from the 11th century. A progressive development in technique has been identified, with more refined pieces being produced by about 1240. The tableware was lead- and tin-glazed, using galena and stannic oxide. The colouration was obtained from iron oxides. The use of tin compounds in the glaze was specific to Laverstock ware and, using modern techniques of analysis, their presence serves to distinguish these artefacts from items produced elsewhere.
In the 13th and 14th centuries Laverstock was the centre of a prosperous ceramic industry, with baluster jugs (polychrome-glazed tall jugs) and aquamaniles being supplied to the nearby Clarendon Palace. They were also distributed all over the south of England, including London. Other, less sophisticated, products included money boxes, cookware, finials and ridge tiles (but not plain tiles), curfews (large, dished cover-plates to close off hearths at night), chimney pots and drainpipes.
Location
The workshops and kilns were situated on a west-facing slope above the River Bourne, about east of Salisbury. The enterprise was probably started to cater for the requirements of the adjacent Clarendon Palace, to the east. Nine kilns have been identified, either dug into the marl of the lower slope, or excavated into the chalk higher up. The pits dug into the chalk were lined with marl, as this forms a hard lining when fired. Workshops and buildings for drying the pieces before firing were situated nearby. The marl was not suitable for pottery manufacture and the clay was carried from Alderbury, about to the south-east, or from Cockey Down, about to the north-east. Fuel came from managed woodland on the Clarendon estate. The site had easy access to the road between Salisbury and Winchester and by this means the products were distributed to Salisbury and beyond.
Discovery
Concentrations of pottery sherds were first noticed in a field near Laverstock in 1940 and when groundworks were undertaken between 1955 and 1963 for allotments and roadbuilding, formal archeological excavations were made. In all, remains of nine kilns were found. Two had walls still standing, at heights of and respectively. The ovens were oval in plan, at about in length, with hearths or stokeholes at each end connected to the ovens by arches. The overall length was about . Foundations of a nearby building were recorded, possibly the potters' workshop.
Gallery
References
External links
Photographs of Laverstock ware by Craig Rycroft on Flickr: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
13th century in England
Medieval pottery
Kilns | Laverstock ware | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 766 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Kilns"
] |
75,602,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20continuum%20hypothesis | The second continuum hypothesis, also called Luzin's hypothesis or Luzin's second continuum hypothesis, is the hypothesis that . It is the negation of a weakened form, , of the Continuum Hypothesis (CH). It was discussed by Nikolai Luzin in 1935, although he did not claim to be the first to postulate it. The statement may also be called Luzin's hypothesis.
The second continuum hypothesis is independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Choice (ZFC): its truth is consistent with ZFC since it is true in Cohen's model of ZFC with the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis; its falsity is also consistent since it is contradicted by the Continuum Hypothesis, which follows from V=L. It is implied by Martin's Axiom together with the negation of the CH.
Notes
References
Infinity
Hypotheses
Cardinal numbers | Second continuum hypothesis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 190 | [
"Cardinal numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Infinity"
] |
75,603,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20continuum%20hypothesis | The term weak continuum hypothesis can be used to refer to the hypothesis that , which is the negation of the second continuum hypothesis. It is equivalent to a weak form of ◊ on . F. Burton Jones proved that if it is true, then every separable normal Moore space is metrizable.
Weak continuum hypothesis may also refer to the assertion that every uncountable set of real numbers can be placed in bijective correspondence with the set of all reals. This second assertion was Cantor's original form of the Continuum Hypothesis (CH). Given the Axiom of Choice, it is equivalent to the usual form of CH, that .
References
Infinity
Hypotheses
Cardinal numbers | Weak continuum hypothesis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 141 | [
"Numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Cardinal numbers",
"Infinity"
] |
75,604,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhegalkin%20algebra | In mathematics, Zhegalkin algebra is a set of Boolean functions defined by the nullary operation taking the value , use of the binary operation of conjunction , and use of the binary sum operation for modulo 2 . The constant is introduced as . The negation operation is introduced by the relation . The disjunction operation follows from the identity .
Using Zhegalkin Algebra, any perfect disjunctive normal form can be uniquely converted into a Zhegalkin polynomial (via the Zhegalkin Theorem).
Basic identities
,
,
Thus, the basis of Boolean functions is functionally complete.
Its inverse logical basis is also functionally complete, where is the inverse of the XOR operation (via equivalence). For the inverse basis, the identities are inverse as well: is the output of a constant, is the output of the negation operation, and is the conjunction operation.
The functional completeness of the these two bases follows from completeness of the basis .
See also
Zhegalkin polynomial
References
Notes
Further reading
https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Zhegalkin_algebra
Boolean algebra | Zhegalkin algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 236 | [
"Boolean algebra",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical logic"
] |
75,604,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth%20organometallic%20chemistry | The stabilization of bismuth's +3 oxidation state due to the inert pair effect yields a plethora of organometallic bismuth-transition metal compounds and clusters with interesting electronics and 3D structures.
Catalysts
Due to the inert pair effect of the heavy, organometallic compounds of Bi (III) show Lewis acid properties given the lower ability of the 6s electron pair to mix with molecular orbitals and form σ-bonds. The search for non-toxic equivalents of boronic acids in advancing the Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon coupling reactions and expand the scope of carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen coupling ones turned chemists' attention to organometallic bismuth chemistry. Two catalytic mechanisms were proposed in the C-C bond formation catalyzed by bismuth organometallic compounds. The major difference arises from the rate of the oxidative addition to Pd(0) into a C-Bi bond or C-O one, yielding cycles A and B, respectively (see image).
Compounds with a metal-Bi σ-bond
Among the first representatives of the organometallic bismuth chemistry are a series of iron cyclopentadienyl compounds synthesized by Cullen et al. Characteristic to these is a σ Fe-Bi bond, the iron center bound to 1 cyclopentadienyl and to carbon monoxide ligands only having 17 electron in its coordination sphere in the absence of the Bi bond.
Adding to this, Huttner et al. described the synthesis of mixed Mn-Bi compounds. Most of the synthetic routes use bismuth trichloride as the bismuth metal source. The first proposed route relied on manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl as the starting material. A better yielding route employed [Cp(CO)2Mn(SiPh3)] anionic species as the manganese metal source. The synthesized [{Cp(CO)2Mn}2BiCl] adduct dimerizes in the solid-state.
Bismuth compounds derived from transition metal carbonyl complexes
Compounds derived from various transition metal carbonyl complexes are organometallic representatives with somewhat unusual cyclic structure and electronics. Such a representative is given in the form of the paramagnetic, ten-electron, tetrahedral [Cp2Co][Bi{Co(CO)4}4] complex.
Additionally, clusters like closo-[Bi3Cr2(CO)6]3- and [Bi3Mo2(CO)6]3- have been reported to stabilize the ozone-like structure of [Bi3]3-. The [Bi3]3- species, isostructural and isoelectronic with ozone, can be analyzed independently as a moiety bound to the metal carbonyl complexes. The reported Bi-Bi distance falls in between the single and double bond region and is elongated compared to Bi=Bi bond in the [Bi4]2- cluster, the later displaying a bond order of 1.25. This experimental observation is being rationalized by some amount of π-donation to the metal carbonyl center and simultaneously π* back-bonding to the bismuth cluster from the metallocene complex.
In 2009, Pearl et al. described the synthesis and isomerization of heterometallic complexes containing bismuth and rhenium. The precursors used in synthesis were an alkene-coordinated carbonyl rhenium complex and BiPh3. The reaction yields two types of heteronuclear bismuth-rhenium complexes and a homodinuclear rhenium one as a side product. Upon heating, the hexametallic tribismuth-trirhenium heteronuclear complex undergoes isomerization to cis- and trans-clusters containing the bicyclo [3.3.0] core (see scheme below). Under subsequent irradiation both stereoisomers convert to a common spiro [4.3] cluster compound.
Dibismuth transition metal-clusters
Adding to the transition metal-bismuth carbonyl clusters, the dibismuth clusters with transition metals have also been explored by synthetic chemists. The core of such compounds is represented in the form of dibismuthene or dibismithyne unit, in which the Bi atoms contain the inert 6s lone pair and through π-bond-donation are able to coordinate to carbonyl moieties of transition metals .
The common synthetic precursor is the trimethylsilylmethyl-cyclobismuthane. Upon reaction with tungsten pentacarbonyl, the resulting side-on adduct preserved the dibismuthene unit, while reaction with diiron noncarbonyl yields the a tetracylic heteronuclear iron-bismuth carbonyl compound (see scheme to the right).
The complexity of the dibismuthene complexes ranges from incorporation of cobalt ions to generate a prismatic cobalto carbonyl dicapped structure in the [(CO)11Co4Bi2]− structure to iron incorporation to yield diiron dibismuth tetracyclic moiety side-on capped with cobaltocarbonyl unit. A similar structure was synthesized with tungsten replacing the iron units and this time capped with a bismuth-iron carbonyl-Cp'' unit. Finally, another example comes in the form of a side-on coordinated zirconium dicyclopentadienyl unit to the dibismuth mesitylene moiety (see figure).
Bismuth-containing clusters
Multiple bismuth-containing clusters were reported, some of them synthesized through carbon monoxide ligand loss from the previously reported bismuth complexes. Strained cluster complexes with monodentate as well as bridging carbon monoxide units have also been isolated, such as [{Cp(μ2-CO)Fe}3(μ3-Bi)] and [(μ3-Bi)Co3(CO)6(μ-CO)3].
Spiro-like clusters such as [{Ru2(CO)8}(μ4-Bi){(μ-H)Ru3(CO)10} and cubane-like ones as [Bi4Co*4] are representatives as well. The former displays a tetracoordinate bismuth metallic center along with a dicoordinated hydride ligand. The structure of the latter is cubic with the edges alternating bismuth and cobalt metallic centers.
"Paddlewheel" complexes
Inspired from the dirhodium tetraacetate bimetallic salt, synthetic chemists decided to explore the synthesis of paddlewheel mixed heteronuclear bismuth-rhodium salts. The synthesis involves treatment of the [Rh2(O2CR)4] salt with the dibusmuth tetrafluoroacetate [Bi2(O2CCF3)4] equivalent. Depending on the nature and sterics of the R ligand, the resulting mixed salt has either two tBu R-substituents resulting in the cis mixed salt or a single Me R-substituent provenient from the dirhodium precursor (see scheme to the right). The mixed salts display increased air and moisture compared to the parental dimetallic salts and show Lewis acidity at the rhodium center.
See also
Organobismuth chemistry
Bismuth compounds
References
Bismuth compounds
Organometallic chemistry | Bismuth organometallic chemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,568 | [
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
75,604,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20coordinate%20systems | In solar observation and imaging, coordinate systems are used to identify and communicate locations on and around the Sun. The Sun is made of plasma, so there are no permanent demarcated points that can be referenced.
Background
The Sun is a rotating sphere of plasma at the center of the Solar System. It lacks a solid or liquid surface, so the interface separating its interior and its exterior is usually defined as the boundary where plasma becomes opaque to visible light, the photosphere. Since plasma is gaseous in nature, this surface has no permanent demarcated points that can be used for reference. Furthermore, its rate of rotation varies with latitude, rotating faster at the equator than at the poles.
Cardinal directions
In observations of the solar disk, cardinal directions are typically defined so that the Sun's northern and southern hemispheres point toward Earth's northern and southern celestial poles, respectively, and the Sun's eastern and western hemispheres point toward Earth's eastern and western horizons, respectively. In this scheme, clockwise from north at 90° intervals one encounters west, south, and east, and the direction of solar rotation is from east to west.
Heliographic
Heliographic coordinate systems are used to identify locations on the Sun's surface. The two most commonly used systems are the Stonyhurst and Carrington systems. They both define latitude as the angular distance from the solar equator, but differ in how they define longitude. In Stonyhurst coordinates, the longitude is fixed for an observer on Earth, and, in Carrington coordinates, the longitude is fixed for the Sun's rotation.
Stonyhurst system
The Stonyhurst heliographic coordinate system, developed at Stonyhurst College in the 1800s, has its origin (where longitude and latitude are both 0°) at the point where the solar equator intersects the central solar meridian as seen from Earth. Longitude in this system is therefore fixed for observers on Earth.
Carrington system
The Carrington heliographic coordinate system, established by Richard C. Carrington in 1863, rotates with the Sun at a fixed rate based on the observed rotation of low-latitude sunspots. It rotates with a sidereal period of exactly 25.38 days, which corresponds to a mean synodic period of 27.2753 days.
Whenever the Carrington prime meridian (the line of 0° Carrington longitude) passes the Sun's central meridian as seen from Earth, a new Carrington rotation begins. These rotations are numbered sequentially, with Carrington rotation number 1 starting on 9 November 1853.
Heliocentric
Heliocentric coordinate systems measure spatial positions relative to an origin at the Sun's center. There are four systems in use: the heliocentric inertial (HCI) system, the heliocentric Aries ecliptic (HAE) system, the heliocentric Earth ecliptic (HEE) system, and the heliocentric Earth equatorial (HEEQ) system. They are summarized in the following table. The third axis not presented in the table completes a right-handed Cartesian triad.
See also
Astronomical coordinate system
Ecliptic coordinate system
References
External links
, a sub-package of SunPy used to handle solar coordinates
MTOF/PM Data by Carrington Rotation, a table of Carrington rotation start and stop times
Sun
Astronomical coordinate systems | Solar coordinate systems | [
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 672 | [
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
75,604,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WT-4 | WT-4 (adopted as ВТ-4 in the USSR) is a Polish telephone plug used to connect telephone sets to the network. Introduced in the second half of the 20th century and adopted in several Eastern Bloc countries as a standard. It has since been replaced by the RJ-11 standard. Sockets are labelled with the text GTN-4 (РТШ-4 in the USSR).
WT-4 plugs consist of 4 metal pins with an additional plastic pin at the bottom to prevent inserting the plug the wrong way round. When the plug is inserted into a socket, the plastic pin also disconnects a 1μF capacitor built into the socket. When connected, the capacitor simulates a telephone set with the handset hung up. This allows for the testing of the line even when the subscriber doesn't have a telephone connected to the network. In the mid-1990s, installations of WT-4 plugs began to be phased out, and the standardized shape of the socket was used to install RJ-11 connectors instead.
A rare 6-pin version also existed, called WT-6. Extra pins (numbered with the missing 1 and 2) were located between the existing pins 3 and 5, and 4 and 6, respectively. These extra pins were used for powering telephone sets with illuminated rotary dials, as well as some more advanced telephone installations.
See also
Telephone jack and plug
References
Biuletyn Informacyjny Teleelektroniki, nr 2 / 1974
Schemat telefonu Aster (prod. Radomska Wytwórnia Telefoniczna)
Schemat telefonu CB-662 z podświetlaną tarczą
Notes
Telecommunications
Signal connectors
Telephone connectors | WT-4 | [
"Technology"
] | 373 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications"
] |
75,605,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen%20complexes%20of%20main-group%20elements | While the first dinitrogen complex was discovered in 1965, reports of dinitrogen complexes of main group elements have been significantly limited relative to their transition metal complex analogues. Examples span both the s- and p- blocks, with particular breakthroughs in Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, and 15 in the periodic table. These complexes tend to involve somewhat weak interactions between N2 and the main group atoms it binds. The formation of such compounds is of interest to chemists who seek to extend transition metal reactivity into the main group elements and especially those interested in using main group-mediated N2 activation.
Examples
One quintessential dinitrogen complex of a main group element is Gernot Frenking’s triphenylphosphinazine, first reported in 2013 in Angewandte Communications. This compound was notable for demonstrating the double Lewis acid behavior of dinitrogen, as the publication describes the N2 moiety in the doubly excited 1Γg state with four lone pairs on N—N fragment. The authors concluded that this electronic configuration renders dinitrogen a very strong Lewis acid given its electronic sextet as well as its relative electronegativity. Thus, the Lewis acidity of the N2 fragment strengthens Ph3P→N2←PPh3 attraction, making triphenylphosphinazine kinetically stable despite its thermodynamic instability. Indeed, Frenking et al. calculated the energy for the dissociation of N2(PPh3)2 to N2+2 PPh3 at RI-BP86/def2-TZVPP and found, with corrections for thermal and entropic contributions, a Gibbs free energy of −74.5 kcal mol−1. Meanwhile, Wilson et al.’s MP2/TZVP//B3LYP/TZVP value was slightly larger in magnitude at −87.8 kcal mol−1, but in either computation method, triphenylphosphinazine is thermodynamically unstable, with a strongly exergonic dissociation reaction. Thus, the kinetic contributions of the electronic structure of this compound are striking. Its isolation demonstrates that compounds whose dissociations would otherwise be strongly exergonic become isolable provided sufficient stabilization of their electronic structures. In other words, very strong donor-acceptor interactions may be sufficiently stabilizing to enable the isolation of compounds with very large heats of formation. The authors of this paper performed an EDA-NOCV analysis (Energy Decomposition Analysis-Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence) to gain further information on the electrostatic interactions in this complex and found that, coupled with NBO analysis, this technique revealed that the P-N bonding in triphenylphosphinazine is more a function of P → N σ donation than it is N → P π back-donation. As such, the authors proposed a representation of this molecule consisting of dative P-N bonding. This is consistent with the partial charge of -1.73 on the N2 fragment calculated by NBO analysis, which also identified two lone pairs at each N atom and a single bond between the N atoms, supporting the Ph3P→N←PPh3 representation.
p-block
Complexes of dinitrogen in the p-block tend to be rather weakly coordinated. One such notable example in the realm of dinitrogen complexes of main group elements are those formed with main group radicals. In 2011, it was reported that paramagnetic main group compounds can form complexes with dinitrogen; the Sn(Hyp)3 radical (where Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) was found to form a complex with weak van der Waals interactions with N2 detectable via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE). The van der Waals complex features transfer of unpaired electron spin density from Sn to N2 and is among the first examples of a dinitrogen complex to a large radical species in solution.
Another useful example of a dinitrogen complex to a p-block main group element is Ga-N2. Himmel et al. used matrix isolation experiments to spectroscopically probe the interactions between Ga and N2 in this species. The authors found that the bond between Ga and N relies on donation from the filled p orbital on the N atom into the empty p orbital on Ga; this was consistent with indications in the UV/Vis and Raman spectra that the complex's 2S excited state features a stronger Ga-N2 bond than its 2P ground state, as the excited state has a stronger σ interaction due to the removal of the unpaired electron from the p orbital. Spectroscopic data also allowed the authors to calculate a bond energy of 79 kJ mol−1 for the Ga-N2 complex. In terms of Group 13 dinitrogen complexes more generally, Himmel et al. found that the interactions between Group 13 metals and N2 are likely to be weak, as various experiments have demonstrated that N2 dissociates from the adduct at high temperatures. Interestingly, variations in pressure at constant temperature do not impact the decomposition rate with respect to N2.
s-block
Dinitrogen complexes have also been reported with main group elements in the s-block. In 1971, Andrews et al. reported the synthesis of two lithium dinitrogen complexes via simultaneous deposition of samples of nitrogen gas and lithium atomic beams onto a cesium iodide window at 15K. The N-enriched matrices were recovered via recondensation in liquid helium. The deposited samples were monitored via infrared spectroscopy, allowing the authors to observe two new absorptions in the matrix of lithium and nitrogen atoms. The resulting IR spectra also showed shifts at 1800 and 1535 cm−1, corresponding to nitrogen-nitrogen vibrations. Two new dinitrogen complexes of lithium were thus reported: LiN2 and LiN2N2, lithium supernitride and lithium disupernitride, respectively.
Further work with lithium involved reaction of metallic lithium with ethylene and N2 under an inert atmosphere yielding the Li(C2H4)(N2) complex, in which N2 is only weakly coordinated, as well as Li+N2−, whose formation ethylene catalyzes. In 1986, Andrews et al. synthesized and characterized both kinds of products spectroscopically.
While most main group complexes of dinitrogen involve end-on binding, in 2020, a collaboration between Mingfei Zhou and Gernot Frenking saw the first reported covalently bonded side-on N2 adducts of a main group element, with NNBe(η2-N2) and (NN)2Be(η2-N2). Pulsed laser evaporated beryllium atoms were allowed to react with N2 in neon at 4 K, allowing these collaborators to identify various beryllium dinitrogen products via infrared absorption spectroscopy. They further investigated isomers of Be(NN)n with n=2 or 3 using computational studies involving DFT at the M06-2X-D3/cc-pVTZ level and calculations at the CCSD(T)-Full/aug-cc-pVQZ, which identified the NNBe(η2-N2) and (NN)2Be(η2-N2) as the most energetically favorable isomers. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) was used to confirm the characterization of these species as side-on N2 adducts as opposed to cyclic metalladiazirines governed by (NN)nBe→ η2-N2 π back-donation, a determination which was further supported by the authors’ QTAIM analysis. The reported Laplacian contour maps of these species displayed bond critical points and regions of local charge concentration pointing from the Be atoms to the η2-N2 ligands, hence the classification of these species as π-bonded.
Subsequent computational work by Rovaletti and coworkers highlighted the relevance of side-on bonding of dinitrogen to alkaline earth metals in that Ca(I) can bind dinitrogen in a side-on manner, but Mg(I) cannot bind dinitrogen because the N2 would be inserted end-on in the most stable conformation, which would have a triplet ground state. Molecular orbital analysis confirmed the energetic favorability of N2 binding to Ca(I) over Mg(I), the latter of which has not yet been experimentally reported to have any activity toward N2.
Later alkaline earth metals have received growing attention for their potential to mimic transition metal reactivity with respect to dinitrogen in an effort to study the N2 analogues of eight-coordinate metal carbonyl complexes of calcium, strontium, and barium. A 2020 paper reported DFT calculations indicating that cubic alkaline earth complexes of N2 and CO may share similar activation ligand activation capabilities, though such reactivity remains to be demonstrated experimentally.
References
Nitrogen compounds
Coordination complexes
1965 in science | Dinitrogen complexes of main-group elements | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,906 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
75,605,748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA%20Prize%20Competitions | Over the years, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has conducted a number of prize competitions to spur innovations. A prize competition allows DARPA to establish an ambitious goal, which makes public way for novel approaches from the public that might otherwise appear too risky to undertake by experts in a particular discipline.
Statutory authorities
In 1999, Congress provided prize competition authority to DARPA in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106–65), 10 U.S.C. § 4025, formerly 10 U.S.C. §2374a. DARPA also conducts prize competitions under the America COMPETES Act. 15 U.S.C. § 3719.
Recent prize competitions
DARPA Grand Challenge (2004 and 2005) was a prize competition to spur the development of autonomous vehicle technologies. The $1 million prize went unclaimed as no vehicles could complete the difficult desert route from Barstow, CA, to Primm, NV, on March 13, 2004. A year later, on October 8, 2005, the Stanford Racing Team won the $2 million prize during the second competition of the Grand Challenge in the desert Southwest near the California/Nevada state line.
DARPA Urban Challenge (2007) required the competitors to build an autonomous vehicle capable of driving in traffic and performing complex maneuvers such as merging, passing, parking, and negotiating intersections. On November 3, 2007, the Carnegie Mellon Team won the $2 million prize, and its vehicle became the first autonomous vehicle that interacted with both manned and unmanned vehicle traffic in an urban environment.
DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge) (2009) explored the roles that the Internet and social networking play in solving broad-scope, time-critical problems. On December 5, 2009, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology team won $40,000 by locating the ten moored, eight-foot, red weather balloons at ten places in the United States within seven hours.
DARPA Digital Manufacturing Analysis, Correlation and Estimation Challenge (DMACE) (2010) was a three-month contest to showcase the potential of digital manufacturing of advanced materials. The University of California at Santa Barbara team won a $50,000 prize for crushing 180 digitally manufactured (DM) titanium mesh spheres with the most accurate predictive model of the components’ properties.
DARPA Shredder Challenge (2011) was to identify and assess potential capabilities and vulnerabilities to sensitive information in the national security community. Participating teams must download the images of the documents shredded into more than 10,000 pieces from the Challenge website, reconstruct the documents, and solve the five puzzles. Of almost 9,000 teams, the San Francisco-based All Your Shreds Are Belong to U.S.’ team won the $50,000 prize.
DARPA UAVForge Challenge (2011-2012) was to build and test a user-intuitive, backpack-portable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that could quietly fly in and out of critical environments to conduct sustained surveillance for up to three hours. The $100,000 prize was not claimed because none of the 140 teams met the technical matrix.
DARPA Cash for Locating & Identifying Quick Response Codes (CLIQR) Quest Challenge (2012) explored the role the Internet and social media played in the timely communication, wide-area team-building, and urgent mobilization required to solve broad scope, time-critical problems. The challenge offered $40,000 to the first individual or team that could locate seven posters appearing in U.S. cities bearing the DARPA logo and a quick response code (QR) within 15 days. No team found and submitted all seven codes.
DARPA Fast Adaptable Next-Generation Ground Vehicle (FANG) Challenge (2012-2013) was to use three competitions for the design of an infantry fighting vehicle, culminating in prototypes. In April 2013, DARPA awarded US$1 million to a three-man team during the first competition. DARPA decided not to proceed with the second and third competitions as originally planned and transitioned the technologies to the defense and commercial industry through the Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute (DMDII).
DARPA Spectrum Challenge (2013-2014) sought to demonstrate how a software-defined radio can use a given communication channel in the presence of other users and interfering signals. Three teams emerged as the overall winners, winning a total of $150,000 in prizes.
DARPA Chikungunya (CHIKV) Challenge (2014-2015) was a health-related effort to develop the most accurate predictions of CHIKV cases for all Western Hemisphere countries and territories between September 2014 and March 2015. On May 12, 2015, DARPA awarded $500,000 in prizes to the 11 winners of the competition during a scientific review
DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) (2013-2015) aimed to develop semi-autonomous ground robots that could do "complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments." A South Korean team won the first prize of $2 million, and two U.S. teams won $1 million and $500,000 as second and third winners.
DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC) (2014 - 2016) was to “create automatic defensive systems capable of reasoning about flaws, formulating patches and deploying them on a network in real time.” The top three winners were awarded prizes of $2 million, $1 million, and $750,000, respectively.
DARPA Spectrum Collaboration Challenge (SC2) (2016-2019) aimed to encourage the development of AI-enabled wireless networks to “ensure that the exponentially growing number of military and civilian wireless devices would have full access to the increasingly crowded electromagnetic spectrum.” A team from the University of Florida won the overall top prize of US$2 million at the final SC2 competition.
DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge (2017-2021) was to develop robotic technologies to map, navigate, search and exploit complex underground environments. The first-place winners of the system final competition and of the virtual final competition were awarded $2 million and $750,000, respectively, with multiple prizes awarded to the second and third-place winners.
DARPA Launch Challenge (2018-2020) was a $12 million satellite launch challenge to demonstrate responsive and flexible space launch capabilities from the small launch providers and was to culminate in two separate launch competitions where the competitors must launch a satellite to low Earth orbit (LEO) within days of each other at different locations in the United States. The competition ended without a winner.
DARPA Forecasting Floats in Turbulence (FFT) Challenge (2021) was to spur technologies that could predict the location of sea drifters or floats in a prospect of 10 days. DARPA awarded $25,000 for first place, with prizes of $15,000 and $10,000 for second place and third place.
DARPA Triage Challenge (2023 – present) is to spur the development of novel physiological features for medical triage, with a total prize money of $7 million. In October 2024, the Challenge Event 1 was held in Perry, Georgia, featuring to-scale replicas of disaster sites such as an airplane crash and Hurricane Katrina, and teams competed based on how closely their data aligned with the agency’s official data and how quickly and accurately their autonomous systems could identify individuals most urgently in need of medical care.
DARPA Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) (2023–present) is a two-year challenge and asks competitors to design novel AI systems to secure critical software code on which Americans rely. The total prize money is $29.5 million. In March 2024, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) partnered with DARPA, contributing an additional $20 million to the competition's prize pool to address software vulnerabilities in medical devices, hospital IT, and biotech equipment. AIxCC collaborates with Google, Microsoft, OpenAI, Anthropic, Linux Foundation, Open Source Security Foundation, Black Hat USA, and DEF CON, all of which provide AIxCC with access to large language models. In August 2024, AIxCC held the semifinal at DEF CON in Las Vegas. DARPA and ARPA-H tested all 42 submissions by running them through various open-source coding projects with deliberately injected vulnerabilities and scored the tools based on their effectiveness in identifying and fixing security flaws. Seven teams, each winning $2 million in the semifinals, will compete in the final round of the AIxCC at next year's DEF CON conference.
See also
DARPA
DARPA Grand Challenge
Adaptive Vehicle Make
DARPA Network Challenge (Red Balloon Challenge)
DARPA Shredder Challenge
DARPA Spectrum Challenge
DARPA Robotics Challenge
DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge
References
External links
Federal Prize Competitions by Congressional Research Service (April 6, 2020)
Challenge.Gov, the official hub for prize competitions of the U.S. government and managed by the General Services Administration
DARPA
Engineering competitions
Science competitions
Crowdsourcing
Computer science competitions
Artificial intelligence competitions
Robotics competitions
Science and technology awards | DARPA Prize Competitions | [
"Technology"
] | 1,856 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Engineering competitions",
"Science competitions"
] |
69,690,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA%20All%20Access | NWA All Access was a professional wrestling streaming package offered by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) distributed by FITE TV. Launched in January 2022, as part an expanded partnership between the NWA and FITE, All Access includes past and upcoming pay-per-view events, premiere episodes of NWA Power, and the Lightning One-era library of NWA television and documentary series. As of the January 3, 2023 the NWA started to phase out the All Access streaming service on FITE with the return of weekly airings of NWA Powerrr to YouTube on Tuesday nights.
Programming
All NWA pay-per-view events.
Premiere episodes NWA Powerrr, the promotion's flagship show.
All episodes of NWA television series, including NWA USA.
Ten Pounds of Gold, a documentary series chronicling the journey and career of the current NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion as well as others in the division.
See also
List of professional wrestling streaming services
References
National Wrestling Alliance
2022 establishments in the United States
Internet properties established in 2022
Internet television channels
Subscription video streaming services
Professional wrestling streaming services
Streaming media systems | NWA All Access | [
"Technology"
] | 218 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
69,693,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCIR%20System%20C | CCIR System C (originally known as the Belgian 625-line system) is an analog broadcast television system used between 1953 and 1978 in Belgium, Italy, Netherlands and Luxembourg as a compromise between Systems B and L. Used on VHF only.
Specifications
Some of the important specifications for System C are listed below:
Frame rate: 25 Hz
Interlace: 2/1
Field rate: 50 Hz
Lines/frame: 625
Line rate: 15.625 kHz
Visual bandwidth: 5 MHz
Vision modulation: Positive
Preemphasis: 50 μs
Sound modulation: AM
Sound offset: +5.5 MHz
Channel bandwidth: 7 MHz
Assumed display device gamma: 2.0
Television channels were arranged as follows:
See also
CCIR System B
CCIR System L
Broadcast television systems
Television transmitter
Transposer
Notes and references
External links
World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms
Fernsehnormen aller Staaten und Gebiete der Welt
ITU-R recommendations
Television technology
Video formats
Broadcast engineering
CCIR System | CCIR System C | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 200 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Television technology"
] |
69,694,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishbunyaviridae | Leishbunyaviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the Bunyavirales order, which infect protozoans. It only contains one recognized genus Shilevirus. But another genus Leishbunyavirus has also been proposed.
References
Bunyavirales
Virus families | Leishbunyaviridae | [
"Biology"
] | 63 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
69,694,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulli%20Bai%20case | The Bulli Bai case related to an online mock auction of Muslim women in India. Photos of prominent Muslim journalists and activists were uploaded on the Bulli Bai app without their permission where they were auctioned virtually. Like Sulli Deals, the app did not actually sell anyone, but harassed and humiliated these women. The app has been removed from the Internet platform GitHub, where it was hosted, following outrage over the app.
The police investigating the case, have found that the creators of the app identify as "Trads" (stands for "traditionalists”), who promote genocide against minorities.
Background
On 4 July 2021, several Muslim women pictures were posted on Twitter as "deal of the day", after which several accounts started speaking against the Sulli Deals app which was hosted on GitHub as an "open-source project." After multiple complaints, GitHub took the app down and suspended the "Sulli Deals" account which hosted the app. Delhi Police investigated the matter and did not make any arrests in the Sulli Deals case until end of 2021. In January 2022, the Delhi police claimed to have arrested the creator of Sulli Deals from Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
Incident
Reportedly on 1 January 2022, a GitHub Pages site was launched in the subdomain "bullibai.github.io" that contained allegedly doctored pictures of numerous Indian women that includes journalists, social workers, students and famous personalities, accompanied by derogatory content. These pictures were reportedly taken from their respective Social Media accounts before being edited and uploaded to the website for an auction without their consent. All of these women were Muslims. The GitHub page and the user account that launched it has since been removed by GitHub following complaints about objectionable content.
Accused
According to the police investigating the case, all the four accused were reported. The police have linked the creators of the app to alt-right groups inspired by Neo-Nazism. The members of these groups call themselves "Trads", short for traditionalists. These groups promote rhetoric for genocide of Muslims and other Indian minorities. The creators of the app had used Sikh religion names to mislead people. According to Mumbai Police, this could have caused religious enmity and violence. On 9 March 2022, the Delhi Police filed a charge sheet, charging the accused persons with offenses including Section 153A (Promoting enmity between groups), Section 153B (causing disharmony), 354A(3) (Sexual harassment), and 509 (insulting the modesty of a woman) of the Indian Penal Code.
On 29 March, the court granted bail to two men accused of creating the apps, on humanitarian grounds adding that the accused was the "first-time offender".
Reactions
The journalist body, Editors Guild of India released a statement taking note of the incident and stated, "Though law enforcement agencies have arrested those supposedly behind such apps, there is a need for further investigation to ensure that all those behind such despicable acts, even beyond those arrested, are brought to justice."
On 11 January 2022, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues, Fernand de Varennes, said, "Minority Muslim women in India are harassed and ‘sold’ in social media apps, #SulliDeals, a form of hate speech, must be condemned and prosecuted as soon as they occur. All Human Rights of minorities need to be fully and equally protected".
Notes
References
2022 in India
January 2022 crimes in Asia
2022 controversies
Misogyny
Sexual harassment in India
Cybercrime in India
Cyberbullying
2022 in Internet culture
Islamophobia in India
Indian websites
Internet properties established in 2022
Internet properties disestablished in 2022
Internet trolling
Online obscenity controversies
Internet forums
Internet-related controversies
Stalking
Delisted applications
Hindutva
Online sex crimes
Sexism in India | Bulli Bai case | [
"Biology"
] | 796 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Stalking"
] |
69,694,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Petroleum%20and%20Minerals%20%28East%20Timor%29 | The Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals (MPM; , ) is the government department of East Timor accountable for energy policy, management of mineral resources, and related matters.
Functions
The Ministry is responsible for the design and implementation of policies for the following areas:
energy;
management of mineral resources, including oil and other strategic ores;
and for the licensing and regulation of extractive activity and industrial activity to benefit petroleum and minerals, including petrochemicals and refining.
Minister
The incumbent Minister of Petroleum and Minerals is Francisco da Costa Monteiro.
See also
List of petroleum ministries
Politics of East Timor
References
External links
– official site
Government ministries of Timor-Leste
Energy ministries
Mining ministries
Ministries established in 2001
2001 establishments in East Timor | Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals (East Timor) | [
"Engineering"
] | 145 | [
"Energy organizations",
"Energy ministries"
] |
69,695,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope%20house | Slope house or Souterrain house is a house with soil or rock completely covering the bottom floor on one side and partly two of the walls on the bottom floor. The house has two entries depending on the ground level.
The main reason for building a slope house is due to the landscape, for example the land where the house should be built is placed on a hill or a slope on a mountain. Opposite to earth shelter the primary reason is not to use the thermal mass from the surrounding to insulate the house. Sometimes the soil is excavated to make the floor area the same on both upper and lower floor, the soil can also be partly excavated making the area for the lower floor smaller. When a house is built in a slope the advantage in an open country is the view, mountain, lake or meadow.
See also
Earth shelter
References
Building engineering
House types | Slope house | [
"Engineering"
] | 173 | [
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
69,695,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20hole%20greybody%20factors | Black hole greybody factors are functions of frequency and angular momentum that characterizes the deviation of the emission-spectrum of a black hole from a pure black-body spectrum. As a result of quantum effects, an isolated black hole emits radiation that, at the black-hole horizon, matches the radiation from a perfect black body. However, this radiation is scattered by the geometry of the black hole itself. Stated more intuitively, the particles emitted by the black hole are subject to the gravitational attraction of the black hole and so some of them fall back into the black hole. As a result, the actual spectrum measured by an asymptotic observer deviates from a black-body spectrum. This deviation is captured by the greybody factors. The name "greybody" is simply meant to indicate the difference of the spectrum of a black hole from a pure black body.
The greybody factors can be computed by a classical scattering computation of a wave-packet off the black hole.
Mathematical definition
The rate at which a black hole emits particles with energy between and and with angular momentum quantum numbers is given by
where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the Hawking temperature of the black hole. The constant in the denominator is 1 for Bosons and -1 for Fermions. The factors are called the greybody factors of the black hole. For a charged black hole, these factors may also depend on the charge of the emitted particles.
References
Black holes
Astrophysics | Black hole greybody factors | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 301 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Density",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical ... |
69,696,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20thread | In computer programming, a virtual thread is a thread that is managed by a runtime library or virtual machine (VM) and made to resemble "real" operating system thread to code executing on it, while requiring substantially fewer resources than the latter.
Virtual threads allows for tens of millions of preemptive tasks and events on a 2021 consumer-grade computer, compared to low thousands of operating system threads. Preemptive execution is important to performance gains through parallelism and fast preemptive response times for tens of millions of events.
Earlier constructs that are not or not always preemptive, such as coroutines, green threads or the largely single-threaded Node.js, introduce delays in responding to asynchronous events such as every incoming request in a server application.
Definition
Virtual threads were commercialized with Google's Chrome browser in 2008 where virtual threads may hop physical threads. Virtual threads are truly virtual, created in user-space software.
Virtual threads are preemptive
This is important for response performance, that the virtual thread can react to events without programmer intervention or before concluding a current task
Preemption requires knowledge of multi-threaded programming to avoid torn writes, data races, and invisible writes by other threads
Virtual threads can hop over the execution units of all processors and cores
This allows utilisation of all available hardware, a 10x increase on today's computers
In the go1.18 implementation, there are virtual thread queues per execution unit. There are additional virtual threads not allocated to an execution unit and an execution unit can steal virtual threads from another execution unit
Virtual threads require no yield or similar interventions by the programmer
Virtual threads appear to execute continuously until they return or stop at a synchronization lock
Unlike coroutines, if a virtual thread is in an infinite loop, it does not block the program. Execution continues at a higher cpu load, even if there are more looping threads than available execution units
Virtual threads can number in the tens of millions by featuring small often managed stacks
This allows for several magnitudes more threads than from using OS threads
Go 1.18 can launch 15 million virtual threads on a 2021 consumer-grade computer, i.e. about 350,000 per gigabyte of main memory. This is enabled by goroutines having a resizable, less than 3 KiB stack
A consumer grade computer typically supports 3,000 OS threads and through system configuration can offer maybe 15,000
Virtual threads can be allocated quickly, similar to the rate of memory allocations
Because allocation of a virtual thread is akin to allocating memory structures, they can be allocated very quickly, perhaps 600,000 per second. This is not possible for OS threads that would crash the host far below this rate
The quicker ramp-up lessens the need for thread-pools of pre-launched threads to cater for sudden increases in traffic
In Go, a virtual thread is allocated using a function call preceded by the keyword "go". The function call provides a closure of variable values guaranteed to be visible to the new goroutine. goroutines have no return value, so a goroutine that returns just disappears
Virtual threads share memory map like OS threads
Like OS threads, virtual threads share the memory across the process and can therefore freely share and access memory objects subject to synchronization
Some single-threaded architectures, such as the V8 ECMAScript engine used by Node.js, do not readily accept data that the particular thread did not allocate, requiring special zero-copy data types to be used when sharing data between threads
Virtual threads offer parallelism like OS threads
Parallelism means that multiple instructions are executed truly at the same time which typically leads to a magnitude of faster performance
This is different from the simpler concurrency, in which a single execution unit executes multiple threads shared in small time increments. The time-slicing makes each thread appear to be continuously executing. While concurrency is easier to implement and program, it does not offer any gains in performance
Underlying reasons
Java servers have featured extensive and memory consuming software constructs allowing dozens of pooled operating system threads to preemptively execute thousands of requests per second without the use of virtual threads. Key to performance here is to reduce the initial latency in thread processing and minimize the time operating system threads are blocked.
Virtual threads increase possible concurrency by many orders of magnitudes while the actual parallelism achieved is limited by available execution units and pipelining offered by present processors and processor cores. In 2021, a consumer grade computers typically offer a parallelism of tens of concurrent execution units. For increased performance through parallelism, the language runtime need to use all present hardware, not be single-threaded or feature global synchronization such as global interpreter lock.
The many magnitudes of increase in possible preemptive items offered by virtual threads is achieved by the language runtime managing resizable thread stacks. Those stacks are smaller in size than those of operating system threads. The maximum number of threads possible without swapping is proportional to the amount of main memory.
In order to support virtual threads efficiently, the language runtime has to be largely rewritten to prevent blocking calls from holding up an operating system thread assigned to execute a virtual thread and to manage thread stacks. An example of a retrofit of virtual threads is Java Loom. An example of a new language designed for virtual threads is Go.
Complexity
Because virtual threads offer parallelism, the programmer needs to be skilled in multi-threaded programming and synchronization.
Because a blocked virtual thread would block the OS thread it occupies at the moment, much effort must be taken in the runtime to handle blocking system calls. Typically, a thread from a pool of spare OS threads is used to execute the blocking call for the virtual thread so that the initially executing OS thread is not blocked.
Management of the virtual thread stack requires care in the linker and short predictions of additional stack space requirements.
Implementations
Google Chrome Browser
Virtual threads are used to serialize singleton input/output activities. When a virtual thread is executing, it can hop on different OS thread. The Chrome browser first appeared in 2008. Chrome's virtual threads are available to developers extending the browser.
Go
Go's goroutines became preemptive with Go 1.4 in 2014 and are a prominent application of virtual threads.
Java
Java introduced virtual threads in 2023 with JDK 21, with the limitation that any code running on a virtual thread which uses synchronised blocks or native calls will become pinned to its carrier OS thread.
Other uses of the term
Intel in 2007 referred to an Intel compiler specific optimization technique as virtual threads.
See also
Async/await
Light-weight process
Coroutine
Global interpreter lock
Fiber (computer science)
GNU Portable Threads
Protothreads
References
External links
massivevirtualparallelism Go program testing limits on virtual threads
Threads (computing)
Virtualization | Virtual thread | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,404 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Virtualization"
] |
69,696,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellbee | Wellbee was an American cartoon character and public health mascot that first appeared in 1962. He was an anthropomorphic bumblebee created by Hollywood artist Harold M. Walker at the request of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) public information officer George M. Stenhouse. The character became CDC's national symbol of public health at the time, and was widely used to promote immunization and other public health campaigns in the United States following the Vaccination Assistance Act of 1962.
Origin
Wellbee, a standing cartoon character bumblebee with a smiling round face representing "well-being", was created by the Hollywood artist Harold M. Walker, at the request of CDC's public information officer George M. Stenhouse. Referred to by the CDC as "he", Wellbee was first revealed in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution newspaper on March 11, 1962, following a press release that described the character as "a pleasant-faced, bright–eyed, happy cartoon character, who is the personification of good health."
The purpose of the character was the promotion of preventive health measures and the importance of vaccination. At the time, the US government had substantially increased funding and new programs in public health, and with the support of the Vaccination Assistance Act of 1962, sponsored the CDC in its educational efforts, the symbol of which became Wellbee.
Campaigns
The marketing campaign by the CDC planned appearances of Wellbee at public health events and in leaflets, newspapers and posters, and on radio and television, beginning with promoting Sabin's oral polio vaccine in Atlanta and across the United States. Local health departments used the character Wellbee. In Atlanta and Tampa, a smiling Wellbee appeared on posters encouraging children to "drink the free polio vaccine", stating it "tastes good, works fast, prevents polio". In Chicago, its image appeared on pin-back buttons and billboards. A person dressed as Wellbee posed with baseball players Bill Monbouquette, Dick Radatz and Eddie Bressoud of the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. Also in Boston, Wellbee stood alongside mayor John F. Collins, who had been affected by polio.
The bee visited schools in Honolulu, appeared on a dog sled in Anchorage, and in Dallas it cautioned against being "Illbee". Subsequent immunization campaigns included promoting vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, and the character was used to emphasize the benefits of hand-washing, exercise, oral health, and injury prevention, becoming familiar to children and the national symbol of public health. In 1964 posters encouraged the vaccinated to get boosted.
Effect
Within a year, Stenhouse noted "Wellbee, the 'health educator's friend', had a busy year. He was particularly active in promoting community polio programs. He spoke Spanish in New Mexico; he came to life in costume in Hawaii and led a parade."
As a result of the Vaccination Assistance Act, 50 million people were vaccinated against polio between 1962 and 1964 and seven million children received the vaccine that prevents diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough, resulting in a fall in cases of polio and diphtheria. In 1965 the Vaccination Assistance Act was extended.
Several vaccine mascots have been created since Wellbee. According to the director of the Vaccine Confidence Project at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Heidi Larson, vaccine mascots are "humorous, playful", and it "makes it seem less clinical, less government-driven, less 'You have to take this, thereby engaging young and older groups.
Gallery
Public health posters featuring Wellbee:
See also
Zé Gotinha
References
Advertising campaigns
1962 in the United States
Public health in the United States
American advertising slogans
Public health education
Health promotion
Health campaigns
Cartoon mascots
American mascots
Fictional bees
Insect mascots
Mascots introduced in 1962
Vaccination advocates
Anthropomorphic insects | Wellbee | [
"Biology"
] | 816 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccination advocates"
] |
69,697,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespoke%20Gene%20Therapy%20Consortium | The Bespoke Gene Therapy Consortium (BGTC) is a research initiative of the US Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. The consortium consists of the FDA, NIH, five non-profit organizations, and 10 pharmaceutical companies.
References
Research in the United States
Gene therapy
Consortia in the United States
Technology consortia
2021 establishments in the United States
Genetic engineering in the United States
Food and Drug Administration
National Institutes of Health | Bespoke Gene Therapy Consortium | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 87 | [
"Gene therapy",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
69,698,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20M.%20Walker | Harold M. Walker (1904–1994), was an American animator, who early in his career worked on Mutt and Jeff and Felix the Cat and then on Willard Bowsky's unit with Popeye. In 1962 he created Wellbee, a cartoon character that represented well-being and was used in public health campaigns in the United States.
Biography
Harold Mitchell Walker was born in April 21st, 1904 in Ossining, New York, to George Walker. At the age of five, he was injured in a hit and run accident; the incident was reported in The New York Times.
One of the early members and a founder of the PRPS was Harold Mitchell Walker, who was born in Ossining, N.Y., in 1904. He was a silent screen actor, served in the Navy during WWI, and became a famous animator of Betty Boop, Felix the Cat, Mutt & Jeff, and Popeye. A life long boating enthusiast and USPS member, Mr. Walker helped found and organize many Southeastern US Power Squadrons. He moved to Charlotte County from Atlanta, Georgia, in 1972, and continued his work with the USPS. He taught all courses and promoted the Officer's Training Program which he chaired for many years. At the D/22 Spring Conference, he received his 50" year membership plaque and was awarded his 50" merit mark at the 1993 Annual USPS Meeting where he was named “man for all seasons.” Harold Walker died in 1994.
Early in his career he worked on Mutt and Jeff and Felix the Cat and then on Willard Bowsky's unit with Beware of Barnacle Bill and then Popeye. After the release of Walt Disney's sound synchronized Steamboat Willie in 1928, Walker noted "Disney put us out of business with his sound".
In 1962 he created Wellbee, a cartoon character that represented well-being and was used in public health campaigns in the United States.
Gallery
References
1904 births
1994 deaths
People from Ossining, New York
Vaccination advocates | Harold M. Walker | [
"Biology"
] | 414 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccination advocates"
] |
69,698,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20ion%20products | Negative ion products are products which claim to release negative ions and create positive health effects, although these claims are unsupported. Many also claim to protect users from 5G radiation. These claims are likewise unsubstantiated. A market has developed for these products due to conspiracy theories about 5G. Many of these contain radioactive substances. In a test of these bracelets by the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, samples were found to have a yearly dose of up to 1.22 millisieverts a year, well in excess of the 1 millisievert limit recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. As a result, they were banned in the Netherlands.
References
Radioactivity | Negative ion products | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 147 | [
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
69,699,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentinus%20flexipes | Lentinus flexipes is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Lentinus flexipes | [
"Biology"
] | 25 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
69,700,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Forges | Françoise Forges (born 3 July 1958) is a Belgian and French economist known for her work in game theory. She is professor of economics at Paris Dauphine University.
Education and career
Forges was born on 3 July 1958 in Brussels, but is a French citizen. She studied mathematics at the Université catholique de Louvain, earning a licenciate in 1980 and completing her doctorate there in 1984, advised by Jean-François Mertens. She earned a habilitation at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University in 1992.
She became a researcher for the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) from 1981 until 1985. After postdoctoral research for the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California from 1985 to 1986, she returned to research at the FNRS and the Université catholique de Louvain until 1994, when she became a professor of economics at Cergy-Pontoise University in France. In 2003 she moved to her position as a professor at Paris Dauphine University, where she was named as an "exceptional class" professor in 2006 and "second echelon" in 2009.
Recognition
Forges was named a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France for 1997–2002, and a full member for 2011–2016. She has been a Fellow of the Econometric Society since 1997, and in 2020 was named as an international member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 2009 she won the CNRS Silver Medal.
References
External links
Home page
1958 births
Living people
Belgian economists
Belgian women economists
French economists
French women economists
Game theorists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | Françoise Forges | [
"Mathematics"
] | 338 | [
"Game theorists",
"Game theory"
] |
69,700,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propargylamine | Propargylamine is an organic compound with the formula HC≡CCH2NH2. It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is used as a precursor to other compounds. Propargyl amines are produced by reactions of amines with propargyl halides.
The behavior of propargyl amine is illustrated by its acylation benzoyl chloride to the amide. A Sonogashira coupling of the terminal alkyne end with another equivalent of benzoylchloride gives the dicarbonyl, a precursor to an oxazole.
Drugs
Propargylamine is used in the synthesis of:
Etintidine [69539-53-3]
2-PAT
HDAC1/MAO-B-IN-1 [2759855-37-1]
References
Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
Amines
Human drug metabolites
Propargyl compounds | Propargylamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 194 | [
"Functional groups",
"Human drug metabolites",
"Amines",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
69,700,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resacralization%20of%20nature | Resacralization of nature is a term used in environmental philosophy to describe the process of restoring the sacred quality of nature. The primary assumption is that nature has a sanctified aspect that has become lost in modern times as a result of the secularization of contemporary worldviews. These secular worldviews are said to be directly responsible for the spiritual crisis in "modern man", which has ultimately resulted in the current environmental degradation. This perspective emphasizes the significance of changing human perceptions of nature through the incorporation of various religious principles and values that connect nature with the divine. The Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr first conceptualized the theme of resacralization of nature in contemporary language, which was later expounded upon by a number of theologians and philosophers including Alister McGrath, Sallie McFague and Rosemary Radford Ruether.
Historical development
According to Tarik M. Quadir, Seyyed Hossein Nasr is "the first person ever to write extensively about the philosophical and religious dimension of the [environmental] crisis." Quadir comes to this conclusion "based on [his] inability to find any comparable scholarly work prior to Nasr's The Encounter of Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968) dealing with the religious and philosophical roots of the contemporary environmental crisis at length." Nasr first presented his insight in a 1965 essay, expanding it in a series of lectures given at the University of Chicago the following year, in May 1966, several months before Lynn White, Jr. gave his famous lecture before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on December 26, 1966 (published in Science in 1967 as The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis). Nasr's lectures were later published as The Encounter of Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man in 1968 in which he argued, in a detailed manner, "for the revival of a sacred view of the universe in order to combat the contemporary environmental crisis". The theme of resacralization of nature later became an important issue in the writings of many theologians and philosophers.
Background
Almut Beringer, commenting on Nasr's work, states that several historical processes, most notably the emergence of secular humanism during and after the Renaissance, contributed to the "absolutization of earthly man" and the formation of a secular reductionist science within the Christian civilisation. Nasr believes that the environmental catastrophe is the result of a spiritual crisis in "modern man," which was sparked by the reduction and trivialization of religious ideas about nature, the universe, and humanity. Nasr is opposed to scientific reasoning that compares the human body with a machine and the world with a collection of resources that humans may manipulate. He calls into question the alleged conceptual limits of science in a secular framework, which preclude interpretations that are not governed by physical principles.
For Nasr, the environmental crisis is a "crisis of the soul" that "technologized science" cannot cure alone since "modern man" is in need of a spiritual rebirth. According to Nasr, "modern man" has lost sight of who he is in respect to God and nature. This forgetfulness implies a disregard for the sacred foundation of the human body and the body of nature. The environmental catastrophe is portrayed as an outward representation of an inner malaise that resides within the souls of men and women who have abandoned heaven for earth and are now on the verge of destroying it. Thus, for Nasr, spiritual imbalance is the primary source of environmental problems. To resolve this problem, he investigates the perspectives of various religions on the order of nature and urges "modern" individuals to perceive nature through a sacralized perspective.
According to Alister McGrath, "the decline of modernist antipathy to religion" has contributed to substantial debate of religion's significance in human culture and intellectual life. Through the resacralization of nature, which has generated renewed interest in "religious readings of nature," the significance of religion in environmental concerns is becoming more generally recognized in the contemporary age. For McGrath, religion is a natural, unavoidable component of human existence and culture, notwithstanding modernist social engineering initiatives aiming at its extinction in many places. According to Almut Beringer, a cursory examination of history reveals that living without awareness of a sacred cosmos is a cultural misunderstanding and historical anomaly that Western civilization should reconsider.
Concept
In Man and Nature (1968), Nasr draws attention to the spiritual crisis that underpins the ecological issue. According to Ian S. Mevorach, Nasr does not offer a particular Islamic environmental theology in this treatise. Rather, he contended that traditional Islamic theology engages in what he refers to as the symbolist spirit, which sees nature's spiritual quality as well as its physical quantity. This spirit connects people with nature and binds the natural with the supernatural, and regards nature as a sacred source of revelation as stated in the Qur'an.
According to Nasr, resacralization of nature does not imply bestowing sacredness on nature because this is beyond man's capacity. It just entails removing the veils of ignorance and pride that have obscured the sacredness of nature from the sight of humanity. According to Nasr, preserving the sanctity of life necessitates the rediscovery of nature's sacred quality.
According to Nasr, nature is forever sacred because it has been sacralized by the divine, despite human ignorance of its sacredness. Resacralization occurs when individuals become aware of the divinity in nature. He refers to inner transformation through a shift in perspective; thus, resacralizing nature means reorienting people towards the divine in everything, including the functioning of nature. As stated by Almut Beringer, "resacralizing nature is not so much a task of intervening and 'doing' in nature but much more a task of self-transformation, a way of 'being' relying on humility." According to Reza Shah-Kazemi, the sacrilege committed by men's hands on land and at sea can only be remedied through re-sacralization, which can only be accomplished by individual spiritual effort on the one hand, and God's mercy on the other. Farzin Vahdat quotes Nasr as saying that it is only conceivable if metaphysical knowledge pertaining to nature is revived.
Themes
Reenchantment of nature
In his book The Reenchantment of Nature, Alister McGrath seeks to analyze the contemporary environmental crisis and its alleged roots in Western history, stating that "The roots of our ecological crisis lie in the rise of a self-centered view of reality that has come into possession of the hardware it needs to achieve its goals." He refers to the "secular creed of twentieth-century Western culture" as "the most self-centered religion in history", with roots in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, and the underlying premise that "humanity is the arbiter of all ideas and values". For McGrath, "a right attitude to nature rests on the revival of our capacity for wonder, resting on our appreciation of the nature of reality itself". If nature has been disenchanted, the remedy, according to Mcgrath, is to reenchant it. According to him, "to re-enchant nature is not merely to gain a new respect for the integrity and well-being; it is to throw open the doors to a deeper level of existence". He advocates for restoring the concept of nature as God's creation and acting appropriately, aligning attitudes and actions with beliefs. John Hart compares McGrath's and Nasr's ideas on nature, pointing out similarities in both. According to him, both of these thinkers "call for a religious recovery of traditional attitudes toward and actions upon Earth, so that Nature might be 'resacralized' (Nasr) and 'reenchanted' (McGrath)".
God as al Muhit
In Islam and the Environmental Crisis (1992), Nasr offers an Islamic doctrine of God in which he highlights the Quran's portrayal of God as the All Encompassing (Muhit), as stated in the verse, "But to God belong all things in the heavens and on earth: and He it is who encompasseth (muhit) all things" (4: 126). He points out that the term muhit also refers to the environment. According to him, "humans are immersed in the Divine Muhit and are only unaware of it because of their own forgetfulness and negligence (ghaflah)", which he considers to be the "underlying sin of the soul" that must be overcome by remembrance (dhikr). Thus, remembering God is seeing Him everywhere and experiencing His reality as al Muhit. According to Nasr, the environmental crisis may be attributed to humanity's failure to recognize God as the true "environment" that surrounds and sustains everything. The contemporary endeavor to regard the natural environment as an "ontologically independent order of reality", detached from the Divine Environment, without whose liberating grace it gets suffocated and dies, culminates in environmental calamity. According to Nasr, remembering God as al Muhit means being aware of nature's sacred quality and viewing nature as signs of God which is permeated by the Divine Presence of His Reality. According to Ian S. Mevorach, Nasr seeks to resacralize nature "by lifting up the divine name al‐Muhit" and recognizing nature's intimate relationship with God.
The world as God's body
Sallie McFague proposes a new model of the God–world relationship in place of dominant Christian theological model of God as king of the world. According to this new model, both God's immanence and God's transcendence are connected to the universe. For McFague, "if God is the inspirited body of the whole universe, then both God's transcendent dimension—the Spirit—and God's immanent dimension—the body—are intimately connected to the natural world in which we live." According to McFague, when people perceive God as being above and away from the universe, they tend to imagine themselves as being disconnected from the world and having dominion over it. McFague believes that bringing God closer to the world will cause us to identify with and love the world.
Ecofeminist theology
Ecofeminists question representations of nature and women as passive resources for exploitation, with a particular emphasis on the traditions of Western science and religion. According to Rosemary Radford Ruether, global ecofeminism reveals how these tendencies of environmental degradation and emaciation are interconnected in a global economic system biased in favor of the richer beneficiaries of the market economy. According to Ruether, ecofeminism integrates the studies of ecology with feminism by demonstrating the ideological and social-structural links between forces that wish to dominate nature and women. According to Melissa Raphael, a feminist conception of the sacred would, in some ways, render all things sacramental in its efforts to resacralize nature; but only to a certain point. Although, in terms of the divine's immanence in creation, all things are deemed sacred in their created state.
Eco-ascetic practices
Nasr advocates for asceticism in Western societies in order to address environmental crisis. He rejects the notion that asceticism implies anti-nature sentiment, reiterating a traditional Muslim warning against greed as a highly destructive force for religiosity and injurious to the environment. Nasr extols St. Francis' worldview of connection with nature while criticizing people who dismiss ascetic knowledge in a world marketplace tainted with greed that commercializes and destroys nature. According to Nasr, the modern world must accept asceticism as a means of controlling one's desires and slaying the monster inside, without which the greed that is driving the current degradation of nature cannot be addressed.
Similarly, Rosemary Radford Ruether contemplates on the "contrasts" within the Christian asceticism and how they relate to environmental and anti-exploitative ethics. For her, "Christian anti-materiality" shows "[P]atterns of neglect of and flight from the earth". However, "asceticism can also be understood, not as rejection of the body and the earth, but rather as a rejection of exploitation and excess, and thus as a return to egalitarian simple living in harmony with other humans and nature".
See also
Scientia sacra
Pontifical and Promethean man
References
Sources
Further reading
Environmentalism and religion
Ecotheology
Environmental philosophy
Environmental movements
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | Resacralization of nature | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,642 | [
"Environmental philosophy",
"Environmental social science"
] |
69,700,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omidenepag | Omidenepag, sold under the brand name Eybelis among others, is a medication used for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Omidenepag was approved for medical use in Japan in 2018, and in the United States in September 2022.
Medical uses
Omidenepag is indicated for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects of omidenepag are conjunctival hyperemia and macular edema, including cystoid macular edema.
Pharmacology
Omidenepag isopropyl is a prodrug that is converted by hydrolysis of its isopropyl ester to the active metabolite omidenepag. Omidenepag is a selective prostaglandin E2 receptor agonist.
History
Omidenepag was developed by Ube Industries and Santen Pharmaceutical.
References
External links
Cosmetics chemicals
Hair loss medications
Ophthalmology drugs
Prodrugs
Pyrazoles
Isopropyl esters
2-Aminopyridines
Sulfonamides
Acetic acids
Alpha-Amino acids | Omidenepag | [
"Chemistry"
] | 246 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
69,701,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platais%208 | Platais 8, also known as the a Carinae cluster or HIP 45080 Cluster is a small and faint open cluster located in the southern constellation Carina. It is estimated to be 440 light years distant based on parallax measurements.
The cluster was first noticed by astronomer Imants Platais in 1998. A 2005 paper suggests that Platais 8 might have formed near the area where the Scorpius-Centaurus association is located. The SIMBAD database lists the cluster having 28,185 members but the majority of the stars are field stars. In fact, there are only 32 members physically associated with the cluster. The cluster has a combined mass of and a radius of 37.2 light years. Platais 8 is rather young, with an age of only 60 million years.
Members
These are the members of the cluster as identified by Canat-Gaudin et al. (2018)
The cluster also has one potential stream star located in Volans and was considered to be a background object prior to 2020.
References
Carina (constellation)
Open clusters
Stellar associations
Star clusters | Platais 8 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 219 | [
"Carina (constellation)",
"Astronomical objects",
"Star clusters",
"Constellations"
] |
69,702,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidawn | Antidawn is an EP by British electronic musician Burial, released 6 January 2022 via Hyperdub.
Composition
Antidawn is a collection of beatless ambient music, cementing the direction that Burial had taken since his late 2010s work, and was his most ambient work yet. The tracks have unconventional structures and focus on distorted vocal samples and crackles, combining into a "loose, amorphous soundscape". Tom Kingsley of Clash Music wrote that Burial's only previous track "that comes close" to Antidawn was the 2021 B-side "Dolphinz". Resident Advisor reviewer Emeka Okonkwo described it as a release of "spectral, wintery ambient sound-collages" and compared it to previous Burial tracks "Rival Dealer" and "Beachfires". For Loud and Quiet critic Luke Cartledge, the EP is a "familiar blend of rainy, minor-key textures and forlorn-sounding field recordings". "New Love" is the only track to contain percussive elements, although they are vague and distant.
Kingsley compared the music to the KLF's Chill Out (1990) due to their use of collage "as a way to convey a sense of movement, not only through space ("all the way down the East Coast") but through time" and for their use of musique concrète, "piecing together functional, everyday sounds – the strike of a lighter, coughs and muffled voices, metallic clangs – to create something totally otherworldly."
Reception
John Wohlmacher of Beats Per Minute wrote, "At almost 44 minutes and rich in complex structures, these five sound collages are state of the art electronic compositions that unite the elements present on his LPs with the vapor-like ambience of his 12 inch output." In Crack, Jasmine Kent-Smith described Anitidawn as "a loosely-stitched patchwork of hums, crackles and clicks, plus organic sounds such as the clearing of a throat". While noting that some Burial fans may find it disappointing on comparison to Untrue (2007), the writer deemed it an impressive release that would grow on listeners, who would come to enjoy Burial's fixation on his "ambient inclinations". Tom Kinsley of Clash similarly described it as "delicate, complex music that demands relistening". He said that while listeners expecting "another dubstep masterpiece" would initially find the EP frustrating, it would grow on open-minded listeners. "Love it or hate it," he concluded, "Antidawn is one of the most unique releases you’re likely to hear in 2022."
Year-end lists
Track listing
References
2022 EPs
Burial (musician) EPs
Hyperdub EPs
Ambient albums by English artists
Ambient EPs
Sound collage albums
Field recording | Antidawn | [
"Engineering"
] | 582 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Field recording"
] |
71,273,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2089571 | HD 89571 (HR 4062) is a binary star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent magnitude of 5.51 and is estimated to be 142 light years away from the Solar System. However, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
The primary has a stellar classification of A9 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. David S. Evans gave it a slightly warmer class of A6 V while Cowley et al. classified it as F0 IV, indicating a F-type subgiant. Nevertheless, the two components take roughly 2 years to orbit each other at a mean separation of .
The components have masses of and , with the latter being a probable M-type star. HD 89571 has a radius of and a luminosity of . This yields an effective temperature of , giving a white hue. It is estimated to be 710 million years old and spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of ; it has a near solar metallicity, equating to an iron abundance 110% that of the Sun.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars
Camelopardalis
K-type main-sequence stars
BD+84 00234
089571
051384
4062 | HD 89571 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 279 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
71,274,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenopeltella%20coppinsii | Lichenopeltella coppinsii is a species of lichenicolous fungus belonging to the class Dothideomycetes. It was described in 1999. It is known to infect Verrucaria muralis and has been reported from the British Isles, Ukraine, and Moshchny Island in the Baltic sea.
References
Dothideomycetes
Fungi described in 1999
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of Russia
Fungi of the United Kingdom
Lichenicolous fungi
Fungus species | Lichenopeltella coppinsii | [
"Biology"
] | 97 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,274,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20de%20F%C3%A1tima%20Montemor | Maria de Fátima Montemor is a Portuguese researcher known for her work in coatings for surface protection and functionality, and materials for electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices. She is a full professor at Instituto Superior Técnico.
Education and career
Montemor graduated from the Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lisbon) in 1989. She went on to complete her PhD in chemical engineering in 1995. In 2003 she started her research career at the Department of Chemical Engineering as an assistant researcher. In 2011, Montemor became an assistant professor and reached the position of associate professor in 2015. In 2017 she got her "Agregação" title in Chemical Engineering and started her teaching activity as a full professor in 2018. As of 2021 she is a full professor Department of Chemical Engineering and a researcher at Centro de Química Estrutural.
Research
Montemore is known for her work in the field of surface functionalization strategies and development of coatings, including smart self-healing coatings for improved performance of metallic parts (steels, Mg, Zn and Al alloys).
Selected publications
Awards and honors
She was awarded the BES innovation prize in 2013, and the European Corrosion Medal 2019 for her work in coatings for corrosion protection and corrosion science. In 2021, she received the degree of Doctor "Honoris Causa" from the University of Mons for her work in the domain of coatings for surface protection and functionalization.
References
External links
Living people
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Lisbon
Materials scientists and engineers
Year of birth missing (living people) | Maria de Fátima Montemor | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 326 | [
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials science"
] |
71,274,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocaulon%20intermedium | Stereocaulon intermedium is a species of snow lichen belonging to the family Stereocaulaceae.
Ecology
Stereocaulon intermedium is a known host to the lichenicolous fungus species:
Arthonia stereocaulina
Catillaria stereocaulorum
Cercidospora stereocaulorum
Lasiosphaeriopsis stereocaulicola
Polycoccum trypethelioides
Taeniolella christiansenii
References
Stereocaulaceae
Taxa named by Vsevolod Savich
Taxa described in 1923
Fungus species | Stereocaulon intermedium | [
"Biology"
] | 114 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,275,203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb%27s%20First%20Deep%20Field | Webb's First Deep Field is the first operational image taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The deep-field photograph, which covers a tiny area of sky visible from the Southern Hemisphere, is centered on SMACS 0723, a galaxy cluster in the constellation of Volans. Thousands of galaxies are visible in the image, some as old as 13 billion years. It is the highest-resolution image of the early universe ever taken. Captured by the telescope's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), the image was revealed to the public by NASA on 11 July 2022.
Background
The James Webb Space Telescope is a space telescope operated by NASA and designed primarily to conduct infrared astronomy. Launched in December 2021, the spacecraft has been in a halo orbit around the second Sun–Earth Lagrange point (L2), about from Earth, since January 2022. At L2, the gravitational pull of the Sun combines with the gravitational pull of the Earth to produce an orbital period that matches Earth's, and the Earth and Sun remain co-aligned (as seen from that point) as the Earth and the spacecraft orbit the Sun together.
Webb's First Deep Field was taken by the telescope's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and is a composite produced from images at different wavelengths, totalling 12.5 hours of exposure time.
SMACS 0723 is a galaxy cluster visible from Earth's Southern Hemisphere, and has often been examined by Hubble and other telescopes in search of the deep past.
Scientific results
The image shows the galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 as it appeared 4.6 billion years ago, covering an area of sky with an angular size approximately equal to a grain of sand held at arm's length. Many of the objects in the image have undergone notable redshift due to the expansion of space over the extreme distance traveled by the light radiating from them. The redshifts of nearly 200 of these objects have been measured to date, with the highest redshift measured at 8.498.
The combined mass of the galaxy cluster acts as a gravitational lens, magnifying and distorting the images of much more distant galaxies behind it. Webb's NIRCam brought the distant galaxies into sharp focus, revealing tiny, faint structures that had never been seen before, including star clusters and diffuse features.
Diffraction spikes in the photo
The six bright and two fainter spikes around the point sources of light in the photo are an artifact created by the physical limitations of the telescope. The six bright spikes are a result of diffraction from the mirror's edges. The mirror is composed of 18 individual units, each having the shape of a regular hexagon. The hexagonal rim of the units that make up the telescope's large mirror give rise to the six spikes. Telescopes with circular mirrors/lenses don't have such spikes (in lieu of spikes, diffraction from circular rims creates a pattern of concentric rings called Airy discs).
The two additional spikes are a result of diffraction from the struts holding the telescope's secondary mirror in front of the main mirror. As shown in the figure on the right, diffraction from the three struts creates six spikes, but four of these are designed to co-align with the spikes created from the diffraction caused by the rim. This leaves the two faint horizontal spikes visible in the photo.
Significance
Deepest image of the Universe
On 11 July 2022, JWST delivered the deepest sharp infrared image of the universe to date. Webb's First Deep Field is the first full false-color image from the JWST, and the highest-resolution infrared view of the universe yet captured. The image reveals thousands of galaxies in a tiny sliver of the universe, with Webb's sharp near-infrared view bringing out faint structures in extremely distant galaxies, offering the most detailed view of the early universe to date. Thousands of galaxies, which include the faintest objects ever observed in the infrared, have appeared in Webb's view for the first time.
It was first revealed to the public during an event on 11 July 2022 by U.S. President Joe Biden.
Comparison with the Hubble Space Telescope
The following images are a comparison with the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and the image taken by Webb of the same galaxy cluster.
See also
List of deep fields
References
James Webb Space Telescope
Physical cosmology
Sky regions
Astronomy image articles
2022 in spaceflight
2020s photographs
Color photographs
2022 works | Webb's First Deep Field | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 938 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"James Webb Space Telescope",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomy image articles",
"Space telescopes",
"Sky regions",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
71,275,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenopeltella%20stereocaulorum | Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum is a species of lichenicolous fungus belonging to the class Dothideomycetes. It was described in 2010 from an infected specimen of Stereocaulon botryosum.
It has a similar appearance to Lichenopeltella cladoniarum but L. stereocaulorum has smaller spores and infects Stereocaulon species, while L. cladoniarum typically infects species of the Cladoniaceae and Physciaceae families.
Distribution and habitat
Lichenipeltella stereocaulorum has a Holarctic distribution in the tundra biome, although it has also been reported from Arctic desert and taiga. It is known from Russia and Canada.
Pathogenicity and host species
Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum infects the stems of Stereocaulon lichens, most commonly at the base of the stem. The following species are known hosts to Lichenopeltella sterecaulorum:
Stereocaulon alpinum
Stereocaulon botryosum
Stereocaulon depressum
Stereocaulon groenlandicum
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon rivulorum
It causes no known symptoms of infection in the host.
References
Dothideomycetes
Fungi described in 2010
Fungi of Canada
Fungi of Asia
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa named by Mikhail Petrovich Zhurbenko
Fungus species | Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum | [
"Biology"
] | 298 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,276,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMACS%200723 | SMACS J0723.3–7327, commonly referred to as SMACS 0723, is a galaxy cluster about 4 billion light years from Earth, within the southern constellation of Volans (RA/Dec = 110.8375, −73.4391667). It is a patch of sky visible from the Southern Hemisphere on Earth and often observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and other telescopes in search of the deep past. It was the target of the first full-color image to be unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), imaged using NIRCam, with spectra included, showing objects lensed by the cluster with redshifts implying they are 13.1 billion years old. The cluster has been previously observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as part of the Southern MAssive Cluster Survey (SMACS), as well as Planck and Chandra.
In 2022, in the field gravitationally lensed by SMAC 0723, some of the then most ancient massive star clusters were discovered in a lensed galaxy called the "Sparkler Galaxy".
References
External links
SMACS J0723.3-7327 STScI. Hubble Legacy Archive website
NASA’s Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet NASA Press release
Galaxy clusters
Volans | SMACS 0723 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 275 | [
"Galaxy clusters",
"Volans",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
71,277,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Pohl | Ludwig Maria Pohl (28 September 1932 – 24 October 2020) was an organic chemist, who was instrumental in developing new liquid crystal substance classes and compounds which made liquid crystal displays (LCDs) widely used. His team at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, developed liquid crystal mixtures optimized for various applications. Over years, the Merck Group became a leading supplier of liquid crystal compounds worldwide.
Education and career
Pohl was born and raised in Liebau, Lower Silesia. After World War II, his family moved out of Poland to Northern Germany. Starting in 1954, he studied chemistry at the Technische Universität Hannover and at the University of Würzburg. In 1962, he obtained his PhD in physical chemistry at the University of Hanover. The following two years, he acted as assistant at this university. Then, he moved to Würzburg again and worked there as postdoc until 1966. That year, he accepted a research position at Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, where he worked on the analysis of the structure of pharmaceutical drugs.
Liquid crystals
On a trip to the United States in 1968, Pohl became aware of the potential of liquid crystals for display applications, which were still largely unknown at the time. Initially, liquid crystals were not considered to be a business opportunity for the Merck Group. Pohl and his colleagues repeatedly had to overcome internal resistance. They sought outside financing for their research, which was granted by German federal agencies. The resilience of Pohl paid off after years of efforts to find better-suited liquid crystals when he, Rudolf Eidenschink and colleagues successfully synthesized and tested the new class of cyanophenylcyclohexanes based on 4-pentylphenol.
Together with other developments in this field, this enable a profitable industrial production and the Merck Group became the leading supplier of liquid crystal substances for various types of LCDs.
Later, the Merck Group bought patents from former competitors and attracted senior professionals such as in 1990 George William Gray to work with Pohl's team.
Honors
2014: Ludwig Pohl was inducted into the Hall of Fame of German Research honoring him for his unwavering scientific curiosity and recognizing him with a special distinction for his life's work. He received this honor together with Stefan Hell, who a few weeks later received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2014.
Publications
Ludwig Pohl: Publications after 2006. researchgate.net. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
Ludwig Pohl, D. Demus, G. Pelzl, Heino Finkelmann, Karl Hiltrop: Liquid Crystals. (englisch), Stegemeyer Steinkopff, 2012, ISBN 3662083957
Patents
Pohl was named as inventor or co-inventor of over 100 patents.
Private life
Pohl was married to Hannelore Pohl, had two daughters and a son who is professor at Stanford University.
References
Further reading
David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011): Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals. Oxford University Press
Hirohisa Kawamoto (2002): The history of liquid-crystal displays. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 90, No. 4, April 2002
1932 births
2020 deaths
Liquid crystals
German organic chemists
People from Lubawka
People from the Province of Lower Silesia | Ludwig Pohl | [
"Chemistry"
] | 688 | [
"Organic chemists",
"German organic chemists"
] |
71,277,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-96 | WASP-96 is a G8-type star, located approximately 1140 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Phoenix.
It is known to host at least one exoplanet, WASP-96b. It was discovered in 2013 by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP), utilising the transit method.
In July 2022, NASA announced that a spectrum of the planet would be featured in the initial science release from the James Webb Space Telescope.
Planetary system
Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope show that WASP-96b displays a distinct signature of water, along with evidence for clouds and haze in its spectrum, in contrast to what was previously believed to be an entirely cloudless atmosphere.
See also
List of stars in Phoenix
References
Phoenix (constellation)
G-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
J00041112-4721382
247
160148385
96 | WASP-96 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 188 | [
"Constellations",
"Phoenix (constellation)",
"Astronomy organizations",
"Wide Angle Search for Planets"
] |
71,278,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus%20hamelinensis | Halococcus hamelinensis is a halophilic archaeon isolated from the stromatolites in Australia. These living stromatolites are exposed to extreme conditions of salinity, desiccation and UV radiation. H. hamelinensis is able to survive high UVC radiation doses due to the presence of the bacteria-like nucleotide excision repair genes uvrA, uvrB and uvrC (that encode the UvrABC endonuclease) as well as the photolyase phr2 gene. The uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes are upregulated upon UVC irradiation.
References
Archaea genera
Archaea described in 2006 | Halococcus hamelinensis | [
"Biology"
] | 146 | [
"Archaea",
"Archaea stubs"
] |
71,278,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus%20qingdaonensis | Halococcus qingdaonensis is a halophilic archaeon in the family Halococcaceae.
References
Euryarchaeota
Archaea described in 2007 | Halococcus qingdaonensis | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Archaea",
"Archaea stubs"
] |
71,279,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov%20Levine | Dov I. Levine (דב לוין, born July 19, 1958) is an American-Israeli physicist, known for his research on quasicrystals, soft condensed matter physics (including granular materials, emulsions, and foams), and statistical mechanics out of equilibrium.
Education and career
The son of a professor of physical chemistry, Dov Levine grew up in New York. He graduated in 1979 with a B.S. from Stony Brook University and in 1986 with a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pennsylvania. His Ph.D. thesis Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structure was supervised by Paul Steinhardt.
In 1981, Levine and Steinhardt began developing their theory of a hypothetical new form of matter with icosahedral symmetry (or other forbidden symmetries) that violated the century-old laws of crystallography. The idea, motivated by their study of Penrose tilings, was to consider atomic arrangements that are quasiperiodic rather than periodic. They introduced the term quasicrystals, short for quasiperiodic crystal, to describe the idea. Independently, in April 1982, while studying an aluminum-manganese alloy, A6Mn, Dan Shechtman made a scientific observation, published in 1984, of "a metallic solid which diffracts electrons like a single crystal but has a point group symmetry (icosahedral) that is inconsistent with lattice translations." When Levine and Steinhardt were shown a preprint, they recognized the diffraction pattern as matching their prediction for an icosahedral quasicrystal and, hence, published their theory and proposed that explanation.
According to Steinhardt:
Levine was from 1986 to 1988 a postdoctoral member of UCSB's ITP (now known as KIPT) and from 1988 to 1989 a visiting scientist at the Weizmann Institute. He was from 1988 to 1991 an assistant professor at the University of Florida. In 1990 he joined the physics department of the Technion, where he is now a professor of physics. For the academic year 1997–1998 he was a visiting member of UCSB's ITP.
In 2020 he published, with Shankar Ghosh and five other colleagues, research on the development of rechargeable N95 masks.
Awards and honors
National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award
Alon Fellowship at Tel Aviv University
Minoru and Ethel Tsutsui Distinguished Graduate Research Award from the New York Academy of Sciences.
With Paul Steinhardt and Alan Mackay, the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize
2021 Fellow of the American Physical Society.
Selected publications
(over 850 citations)
(over 1050 citations)
(over 350 citations)
(over 1050 citations)
(See Rudin–Shapiro sequence.)
See also
Biham–Middleton–Levine traffic model
References
1958 births
Living people
Stony Brook University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Florida faculty
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Condensed matter physicists
Israeli materials scientists
Israeli physicists
Jewish American physicists
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Quasicrystals
Scientists from New York City
American physicists | Dov Levine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 643 | [
"Tessellation",
"Crystallography",
"Quasicrystals",
"Symmetry"
] |
71,279,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercidospora%20stereocaulorum | Cercidospora stereocaulorum is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the genus Cercidospora but it has not been assigned to a family. It is known to parasitise lichens of the genus Stereocaulon.
Similar species
Cercidospora stereocaulorum is very similar to Cercidospora punctillata and Cercidospora decolorella but they can be told apart from their spore biology and their host species. Cercidospora punctillata grows on various lichens, most commonly Solorina crocea and species of Peltigera. while Cercidospora decolorella grows on mosses. Cercidospora alpina also grows on species of Stereocaulon and can therefore be confused with Cercidospora stereocaulorum.
Distribution
Cercidospora stereocaulorum has been reported from Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Russia, including Wrangel Island and Svalbard.
Host species and symptoms
It grows on phyllocladia, stems and occasionally cephalodia and old apothecia of its host species. It can induce gall-like swellings up to 1.5 mm in diamerter and the infected host tissues can become pinkish or slightly bleached. Infection does not induce any other known symptoms.
Host species include:
Stereocaulon alpinum
Stereocaulon botryosum
Stereocaulon depressum
Stereocaulon glareosum
Stereocaulon groenlandicum
Stereocaulon intermedium
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon rivulorum
Stereocaulon saxatile
Stereocaulon subcoralloides
Stereocaulon symphycheilum
Stereocaulon vesuvianum
References
Dothideomycetes
Fungi described in 1987
Fungi of Canada
Fungi of the United States
Fungi of Russia
Fungi of Svalbard
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa named by Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold
Fungus species | Cercidospora stereocaulorum | [
"Biology"
] | 426 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,279,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retbleed | Retbleed is a speculative execution attack on x86-64 and ARM processors, including some recent Intel and AMD chips. First made public in 2022, it is a variant of the Spectre vulnerability which exploits retpoline, which was a mitigation for speculative execution attacks.
According to the researchers, Retbleed mitigations require extensive changes to the system which results in up to 14% and 39% performance loss on Linux for affected AMD and Intel CPU respectively. The PoC works against Intel Core 6th, 7th and 8th generation microarchitectures and AMD Zen 1, Zen 1+, and Zen 2 microarchitectures.
An official document from ARM informs that all ARM CPUs affected by Spectre are also affected by Retbleed.
Windows is not vulnerable because the existing mitigations already tackle it. Linux kernels 5.18.14 and 5.19 contain the fixes. The 32-bit Linux kernel, which is vulnerable, will not receive updates to fix the issue.
References
External links
Retbleed: Arbitrary Speculative Code Execution with Return Instructions
Original Retbleed proof of concept on GitHub
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities
Hacking in the 2020s | Retbleed | [
"Technology"
] | 255 | [
"Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
71,279,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerellothecium%20araneosum | Sphaerellothecium araneosum is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Phyllachoraceae.
Distribution
Sphaerellothecium araneosum has been reported from the highlands of Iceland and the Arctic desert of Severnaya Zemlya in Russia.
Host species and symptoms
Sphaerellothecium araneosum commonly grows on species of Ochrolechia, such as Ochrolechia frigida but it also grows on Stereocaulon rivulorum and Stereocaulon vesuvianum, on which it causes no known symptoms. It is common in Cladonia pocillum and Cladonia symphycarpia, and less common but present in Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia macroceras, Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia subcervicornis. The population infecting Cladonia is considered a separate variety from other Sphaerellothecium araneosum.
References
Sordariomycetes
Fungi described in 1897
Fungi of Russia
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa named by Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold
Fungus species | Sphaerellothecium araneosum | [
"Biology"
] | 233 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,280,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerellothecium%20stereocaulorum | Sphaerellothecium stereocaulorum is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the Phyllachoraceae family.
Distribution
Sphaerellothecium stereocaulorum has been found in Alaska, Canada and Greenland.
Host species and symptoms
Sphaerellothecium stereocaulorum is known to infect the naked stems of Stereocaulon groenlandicum and Stereocaulon rivulorum.
References
Sordariomycetes
Fungi described in 2008
Fungi of Canada
Fungi of Greenland
Fungi of the United States
Lichenicolous fungi
Taxa named by Mikhail Petrovich Zhurbenko
Taxa named by Dagmar Triebel
Fungus species | Sphaerellothecium stereocaulorum | [
"Biology"
] | 142 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,281,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28III%29%20chromate | Europium(III) chromate is a chemical compound composed of europium, chromium and oxygen with europium in the +3 oxidation state, chromium in the +5 oxidation state and oxygen in the −2 oxidation state. It has the chemical formula of .
Preparation
To obtain europium(III) chromate, an equimolar solution of europium(III) acetate and chromium(IV) oxide is dried in a vacuum at 70 °C and then heated to 400 °C in air. Another way to obtain europium(III) chromate is by reacting stoichiometric amounts of europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate and chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate for 30 minutes at , 30 minutes at and then 1 hour at . A constant stream of oxygen is passed over the reaction mixture. An oxygen flow is used to stabilise the +5 oxidation state of chromium.
Properties
Europium(III) chromate crystallizes tetragonally with space group I41/amd (No. 141) with lattice parameters a = 722.134(1) and c = 632.896(1) pm with four formula units per unit cell.
The Néel temperature of europium(III) chromate is . Above 700 °C, europium(III) chromate begins to decompose into europium chromite ().
References
Europium(III) compounds
Chromates | Europium(III) chromate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 323 | [
"Chromates",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts"
] |
71,282,129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycoccum%20laursenii | Polycoccum laursenii is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Polycoccaceae. It was first described as a new species in 2004 by Russian mycologist Mikhail Petrovich Zhurbenko. It is found in Alaska and in Russia.
It is similar to Polycoccum cladoniae but differs from it in having smaller spores.
Ecology
Polycoccum laursenii is a lichenicolous fungus, meaning that it infects lichens. Its only documented host species is Cladonia pocillum.
References
Dothideomycetes
Fungi described in 2004
Fungi of North America
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Russia
Fungi of the United States
Taxa named by Mikhail Petrovich Zhurbenko
Lichenicolous fungi
Fungus species | Polycoccum laursenii | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,282,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20Women%20Have%20Better%20Sex%20Under%20Socialism | Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism is a 2018 book by anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee.
In the book, Ghodsee argues that social safety nets create a fairer and better society for women. She argues that under unregulated free markets, the primary burden of childrearing, elder-care and care for the sick falls on women who end up providing the labor for free. She uses case studies drawn from Eastern Europe to illustrate her argument.
She rejects a return to 20th-century state socialism, arguing instead that some of the social safety nets found in Eastern Europe, as well as Scandinavia and Western Europe, would improve the lives of women.
Publication
Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism: And Other Arguments for Economic Independence is a 2018 book by anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee, and published by Vintage Books. Ghodsee is a professor of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. The book has also been translated into multiple foreign languages, including Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Indonesian, Thai, Korean, and Japanese.
Synopsis
In the book, Ghodsee argues that socialist societies are better for women. She presents the reader with a view of motherhood from an economic and political perspective. She is critical of the sexualised images that frequently appear in western magazines and television, which she describes as capitalism commodifying women. She presents a series of case studies from Eastern Europe and claims that compared to capitalist societies, women are more liberated and have more control of their lives in socialist societies. She points out how women tend to earn less than men in capitalist societies, thus making women more dependent on men, and receiving more pressure to get married.
Two chapters of the book are about sexual economics, and are critical of puritanical tendencies in western societies while praising what she contends is the normalisation of sex in socialist societies. The book quotes studies purporting to show greater sexual satisfaction among women in East Germany compared to those in West Germany.
Ghodsee advocates for a Universal Basic Income which she argues would balance inequity resulting from unpaid labour that women undertake.
Critical reception
Rebecca Mead, writing in The New Yorker describes the book as smart and accessible.
Suzanne Moore writing in The Guardian called it a "joyous read."
Amber Edwards writing in Philosophy Now described the book as enjoyable, short, and snappy and credits Ghodsee for her nuance, and recognition of the flaws in every example she presents. Edwards also lamented the lack of intersectionality in the book.
See also
Do Communists Have Better Sex?, a 2006 German documentary
Socialist feminism
Marxist feminism
Gender roles in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe
References
External links
Official website
2017 New York Times opinion piece by Kristen Ghodsee: Why Women Had Better Sex Under Socialism
2021 interview with the author on France24
2018 non-fiction books
Works about sex
Books about sexism
Works about sexual repression
Books about socialism
Vintage Books books | Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism | [
"Biology"
] | 611 | [
"Works about sex",
"Behavior",
"Sexuality"
] |
71,284,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenHarmony | OpenHarmony (OHOS, OH) is a family of open-source distributed operating systems based on HarmonyOS derived from LiteOS, donated the L0-L2 branch source code by Huawei to the OpenAtom Foundation. Similar to HarmonyOS, the open-source distributed operating system is designed with a layered architecture, consisting of four layers from the bottom to the top: the kernel layer, system service layer, framework layer, and application layer. It is also an extensive collection of free software, which can be used as an operating system or in parts with other operating systems via Kernel Abstraction Layer subsystems.
OpenHarmony supports various devices running a mini system, such as printers, speakers, smartwatches, and other smart device with memory as small as 128 KB, or running a standard system with memory greater than 128 MB.
The system contains the basic and some advanced capabilities of HarmonyOS such as DSoftBus technology with distributed device virtualization platform, that is a departure from traditional virtualised guest OS for connected devices.
The operating system is oriented towards the Internet of things (IoT) and embedded devices market with a diverse range of device support, including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, smart watches, personal computers and other smart devices.
History
The first version of OpenHarmony was launched by the OpenAtom Foundation on September 10, 2020, after receiving a donation of the open-source code from Huawei.
In December 2020, the OpenAtom Foundation and Runhe Software officially launched OpenHarmony open source project with seven units including Huawei and Software Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The OpenHarmony 2.0 (Canary version) was launched in June 2021, supporting a variety of smart terminal devices.
Based on its earlier version, OpenAtom Foundation launched OpenHarmony 3.0 on September 30, 2021, and brought substantial improvements over the past version to optimize the operating system, including supports for file security access (the ability to convert files into URIs and resolve URIs to open files) and support for basic capabilities of relational databases and distributed data management.
A release of OpenHarmony supporting devices with up to 4 GB RAM was made available in April 2021.
OpenAtom Foundation added a UniProton kernel, a hardware-based Microkernel real-time operating system, into its repo as part of the Kernel subsystem of the OpenHarmony operating system as an add-on on August 10, 2022.
Development
The primary IDE known as DevEco Studio to build OpenHarmony applications with OpenHarmony SDK full development kit that includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger, tester system via DevEco Testing, a repository with software libraries for software development, an embedded device emulator, previewer, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.
Applications for OpenHarmony are mostly built using components of ArkUI, a Declarative User Interface framework. ArkUI elements are adaptable to various custom open-source hardware and industry hardware devices and include new interface rules with automatic updates along with HarmonyOS updates.
Hardware development is developed using DevEco Studio via DevEco Device tool for building on OpenHarmony, also creating distros with operating system development with toolchains provided, including verification certification processes for the platform, as well as customising the operating system as an open source variant compared to original closed distro variant HarmonyOS that primarily focus on HarmonyOS Connect partners with Huawei.
OpenHarmony Application Binary Interface (ABI) ensures compatibility across various OpenHarmony powered devices with diverse set of chipset instruction set platforms.
HDC (OpenHarmony Device Connector) is a command-line tool tailored for developers working with OpenHarmony devices. The BM command tool component of HDC tool is used to facilitate debugging by developers. After entering in the HDC shell command, the BM tool can be utilised.
Like HarmonyOS, OpenHarmony uses App Pack files suffixed with .app, also known as APP files on AppGallery and third party distribution application stores on OpenHarmony-based and non-OpenHarmony operating systems such as Linux-based Unity Operating System which is beneficial for interoperability and compatibility. Each App Pack has one or more HarmonyOS Ability Packages (HAP) containing code for their abilities, resources, libraries, and a JSON file with configuration information.
While incorporating the OpenHarmony layer for running the APP files developed based on HarmonyOS APIs, the operating system utilizes the main Linux kernel for bigger memory devices, as well as the RTOS-based LiteOS kernel for smaller memory-constrained devices, as well as add-ons, custom kernels in distros in the Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) subsystem that is not kernel dependent nor instruction set dependent. For webview applications, it incorporates ArkWeb software engine as of API 11 release at system level for security enhancing Chromium Embedded Framework nweb software engine that facilitated Blink-based Chromium in API 5.
Unlike with open-source Android operating system with countless third-party dependency packages repeatedly built into the apps at a disadvantage when it comes to fragmentation. The OpenHarmony central repositories with the Special Interest Group at OpenAtom governance provides commonly used third-party public repositories for developers in the open-source environment which brings greater interoperability and compatibility with OpenHarmony-based operating systems. Apps does not require repeated built-in third-party dependencies, such as Chromium, Unity and Unreal Engine. This can greatly reduce the system ROM volume.
Harmony Distributed File System (HMDFS) is a distributed file system designed for large-scale data storage and processing that is also used in openEuler. It is inspired by the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The file system suitable for scenarios where large-scale data storage and processing are essential, such as IoT applications, edge computing, and cloud services. On Orange Pi OS (OHOS), the native file system shows LOCAL and shared_disk via OpenHarmony's Distributed File System (HMDFS)
File path/root folder for the file system uses ">" instead of traditional "/" in Unix/Linux/Unix-like and "\" on Windows with its DLL (Dynamic-link library) system.
Access token manager is an essential component in OpenHarmony-based distributed operating systems, responsible for unified app permission management based on access tokens. Access tokens serve as identifiers for apps, containing information such as app ID, user ID, app privilege level (APL), and app permissions. By default, apps can access limited system resources. ATM ensures controlled access to sensitive functionalities which combines both RBAC and CBAC models as a hybrid ACL model.
OpenHarmony kernel abstract layer employs the third-party musl libc library and native APIs, providing support for the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) for Linux syscalls within the Linux kernel side and LiteOS kernel that is the inherent part of the original LiteOS design in POSIX API compatibility within multi-kernel Kernel Abstract Layer architecture. Developers and vendors can create components and applications that work on the kernel based on POSIX standards.
OpenHarmony NDK is a toolset that enables developers to incorporate C and C++ code into their applications. Specifically, in the case of OpenHarmony, the NDK serves as a bridge between the native world (C/C++) and the OpenHarmony ecosystem.
This NAPI method is a vital importance of open source community of individual developers, companies and non-profit organisations of stakeholders in manufacturers creating third party libraries for interoperability and compatibility on the operating system native open source and commercial applications development from third-party developers between southbound and northbound interface development of richer APIs, e.g. third party Node.js, Simple DirectMedia Layer, Qt framework, LLVM compiler, FFmpeg etc.
Timeline
September 10, 2020 – Initial release of OpenHarmony with support for devices with 128 KB – 128 MB RAM
April 2021 – OpenHarmony release with support for smartphones and other devices with 128 MB – 4 GB RAM
October 2021 – OpenHarmony release with support for additional devices with 4+ GB RAM.
Hardware
OpenHarmony can be deployed on various hardware devices of ARM, RISC-V and x86 architectures with memory volumes ranging from as small as 128 KB up to more than 1 MB. It supports hardware devices with three types of system as follows:
Mini system – running on such devices as connection modules, sensors, and wearables, with memory equal to or larger than 128 KB and equipped with processors including ARM Cortex-M and 32-bit RISC-V.
Small system – running on such devices as IP cameras, routers, event data recorders, with memory equal to or larger than 1 MB and equipped with processors including ARM Cortex-A.
Standard system – running on devices with enhanced interaction, 3D GPU, rich animations and diverse components, with memory equal to or larger than 128 MB and equipped with processors including ARM Cortex-A.
Compatibility certification
To ensure OpenHarmony-based devices are compatible and interoperable in the ecosystem, the OpenAtom Foundation has set up product compatibility specifications, with a Compatibility Working Group to evaluate and certify the products that are compatible with OpenHarmony.
The following two types of certifications were published for the partners supporting the compatibility work, with the right to use the OpenHarmony Compatibility Logo on their certified products, packaging, and marketing materials.
Development boards, modules, and software distributions
Equipment
On April 25, 2022, 44 products have obtained the compatibility certificates, and more than 80 software and hardware products are in the process of evaluation for OpenHarmony compatibility.
Software development
Since OpenHarmony was open source in September 2020 to December 2021, more than 1,200 developers and 40 organizations have participated in the open source project and contributed code. At present, OpenHarmony has developed to 4.x version.
Software distributions
OpenHarmony is the most active open source project hosted on the Gitee platform. As of September 2023, it has over 30 open-source software distributions compatible with OpenHarmony for various sectors such as education, finance, smart home, transportation, digital government and other industries.
MineHarmony OS
On 14, September 2021, Huawei announced the launch of commercial proprietary MineHarmony OS, a customized operating system by Huawei based on its in-house HarmonyOS distro based on OpenHarmony for industrial use. MineHarmony is compatible with about 400 types of underground coal mining equipment, providing the equipment with a single interface to transmit and collect data for analysis. Wang Chenglu, President of Huawei's consumer business AI and smart full-scenario business department, indicated that the launch of MineHarmony OS signified that the HarmonyOS ecology had taken a step further from B2C to B2B.
Midea IoT OS
Midea, a Chinese electrical appliance manufacturer launched Midea IoT operating system 1.0. An IoT centric operating system based on OpenHarmony 2.0 officially launched in October 2021. After, the company used HarmonyOS operating system with Huawei partnership for its smart devices compatibility since June 2, 2021 launch of HarmonyOS 2.0.
OpenHarmony in Space
On January 6, 2022, OpenHarmony in Space (OHIS) by OHIS Working Group and Dalian University of Technology led by Yu Xiaozhou was reported to be a vital play in the future from a scientific and engineering point of view, expecting to open up opportunities for development in China's satellite systems, and surpass SpaceX’s Star Chain plan with the idea of micro-nano satellite technology.
SwanLinkOS
Based on OpenHarmony, SwanLinkOS was released in June 2022 by Honghu Wanlian (Jiangsu) Technology Development, a subsidiary of iSoftStone, for the transportation industry. The operating system supports mainstream chipsets, such as Rockchip RK3399 and RK3568, and can be applied in transportation and shipping equipment for monitoring road conditions, big data analysis, maritime search and rescue.
It was awarded the OpenHarmony Ecological Product Compatibility Certificate by the OpenAtom Foundation.
ArcherMind HongZOS
On November 7, 2022, ArcherMind Cooperation that deals with operating systems, interconnection solutions, smart innovations, and R&D aspects launched the HongZOS system that supports OpenHarmony and HiSilicon chips, solution mainly focuses on AIoT in industrial sectors.
Orange Pi OS (OHOS)
On November 28, 2022, Orange Pi launched the Orange Pi OS based on the open-source OpenHarmony version. In October 2023, they released the Orange Pi 3B board with the Orange Pi OHOS version for hobbyists and developers based on the OpenHarmony 4.0 Beta1 version.
RobanTrust OS
On December 23, 2022, the integrated software and hardware solution together with the self-developed hardware products of Youbo Terminal runs RobanTrust OS, based on OpenHarmony that was launched as version 1.0 with 3.1.1 compatibility release.
KaihongOS
On January 14, 2023, Red Flag smart supercharger, first launched on OpenHarmony-based KaihongOS with OpenHarmony 3.1 support that supports the distributed soft bus that allows interconnection with other electronic devices and electrical facilities.
On January 17, 2023, an electronic class card with 21.5-inch screen developed by Chinasoft and New Cape Electronics.
On November 17, 2023, Kaihong Technology and Leju Robot collaborated to release the world's first humanoid robot powered by the open-source OpenHarmony distro KaihongOS with Rockchip SoC hardware using RTOS kernel technology for industrial robotic machines with predictable response times in determinism.
USmartOS
On April 15, 2023, Tongxin Software became OpenAtom's OpenHarmony Ecological Partner. An intelligent terminal operating system for enterprises in China by Tongxin Software was passed for compatibility certification on June 7, 2023. Tongxin intelligent terminal operating system supports ARM, X86, and other architectures that is supported. Tongxin has established cooperative relations with major domestic mobile chip manufacturers and has completed adaptations using the Linux kernel. Together with the desktop operating system and the server operating system, it constitutes the Tongxin operating system family.
PolyOS Mobile
PolyOS Mobile is an AI IoT open-source operating system tailored for RISC-V intelligent terminal devices by the PolyOS Project based on OpenHarmony, which was released on August 30, 2023, and is available for QEMU virtualisation on Windows 10 and 11 desktop machines.
LightBeeOS
LightBeeOS launched on September 28, 2023, is an OpenHarmony-based distro that supports financial level security, with distribution bus by Shenzhen Zhengtong Company used for industrial public banking solutions of systems, tested on ATM machines with UnionPay in Chinese domestic market. The operating system has been launched with OpenHarmony 3.2 support and up.
Oniro
On September 28, 2021, the Eclipse Foundation and the OpenAtom Foundation announced their intention to form a partnership to collaborate on OpenHarmony European distro which is a global family of operating systems under it and a family of the OpenHarmony operating system. Like OpenHarmony, it is one OS kit for all paradigm, enables a collection of free software, which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems via Kernel Abstraction Layer subsystems on Oniro OS distros.
Oniro OS or simply Oniro, also known as Eclipse Oniro Core Platform, is a distributed operating system for AIoT embedded systems launched on October 26, 2021, as Oniro OS 1.0, which is implemented to be compatible with HarmonyOS based on OpenHarmony L0-L2 branch source code, was later launched by the Eclipse Foundation for the global market with the founding members including Huawei, Linaro and Seco among others joined later on. Oniro is designed on the basis of open source and aims to be transparent, vendor-neutral, and independent system in the era of IoT with globalisation and localisation strategies resolving a fragmentated IoT and Embedded devices market.
The operating system featured a Yocto system of Linux kernel for developments of OpenEmbedded build system with BitBake and Poky which is now part of Oniro blueprints that aims to be platform agnostic, however it is now aligned with OpenAtom development of OpenHarmony. The goal is to increase the distro with partners that create their own OpenHarmony-Oniro compatible distros that increase interoperability which reduces fragmentation of diverse platforms with diverse set of hardwares with enhancements from derived project back to original project in Upstream development of OpenHarmony source code branch to improve global industrial standards compatibilities customised for global markets. It is also used for Downstream development for enhancing OpenHarmony base in global and western markets for compatibility and interoperability with connected IoT systems as well as custom third-party support on-device AI features on custom frameworks such as Tensorflow, CUDA and others, alongside native Huawei MindSpore solutions across the entire OpenHarmony ecosystem. Oniro platform which is both compatible with OpenHarmony systems in China and Huawei's own HarmonyOS platform globally, including western markets in connectivity and apps.
Development tools
Rust in a framework alongside the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) IP Pipeline and profiling, React Native and Kanto in Applications development system on top of OpenHarmony, Servo and Linaro tools in system services, Matter opеn-sourcе, royalty-frее connеctivity standard that aims to unify smart homе dеvicеs and incrеasе thеir compatibility with various platforms and OSGi in driver subsystem, IoTex in swappable kernel development, and Eclipse Theia in integrated development environment to build Oniro OS apps that has interoperability with OpenHarmony based operating systems. Data can be transmitted directly rather than being shared via cloud online, enabling low latency architectures in more secure methods and privacy functions suitable for AIoT and smart home devices integration.
In September 2023, Open Mobile Hub (OMH) led by Linux Foundation was formed, as an open-source platform ecosystem that aims to simplify and enhance the development of mobile applications for various platforms, including iOS, Android, and OpenHarmony based global Oniro OS alongside, HarmonyOS (NEXT) with greater cross platform and open interoperability in mobile with OMH plugins such as Google APIs, Google Drive, OpenStreetMap alongside Bing Maps, Mapbox, Microsoft, Facebook, Dropbox, LinkedIn, X and more. Open Mobile Hub platform aims to provide a set of tools and resources to streamline the mobile app development process.
Upstream and downstream software releases
The Oniro project is focused on being a horizontal platform for application processors and microcontrollers. it is an embedded OS, using the Yocto build system, with a choice of either the Linux kernel, Zephyr, or FreeRTOS. It includes an IP toolchain, maintenance, OTA, and OpenHarmony. It provides example combinations of components for various use cases, called "Blueprints". Oniro OS 2.0 was released in 2022 and Oniro OS 3.0 based on OpenHarmony 3.2 LTS in October 2023, alongside latest 4.0 version as of December 6, 2023 on the main branch.
HarmonyOS
Huawei officially announced the commercial distro of proprietary HarmonyOS NEXT, microkernel-based core distributed operating system for HarmonyOS at Huawei Developer Conference 2023 (HDC) on August 4, 2023, which supports only native APP apps via Ark Compiler with Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) Core support. Proprietary system built on OpenHarmony, HarmonyOS NEXT has the HarmonyOS microkernel at its core and it has no apk compatibility support built exclusively for Huawei devices ecosystem.
In the long term, as the company builds up the software root in downstream development for both domestic Chinese and global markets, the closed HarmonyOS NEXT customised L0-L2 full branch source code of the OpenHarmony operating system is aimed to replace the current closed-source L3-L5 branch since OpenHarmony 2.2 fork branch with 8GB worth of code up to 4.x with 60% codebase designed with a dual-frame architecture that is compatible with Android with EMUI userland in the multi-kernel architecture of HarmonyOS from current Linux kernel on phones and tablets, cars, TVs and advanced wearables, alongside lightweight LiteOS kernel on basic wearables and various IoT smart devices. On the same day at HDC 2023, the developer preview version of HarmonyOS NEXT was opened for cooperating enterprise developers to build and test native mobile apps. It will be open to all developers in the first quarter of 2024 according to the official announcement.
On 18 January 2024, Huawei announced HarmonyOS NEXT Galaxy stable rollout will begin in Q4 2024 based on OpenHarmony 5.0 (API 12) version after OpenHarmony 4.1 (API 11) based Q2 Developer Beta after release of public developer access of HarmonyOS NEXT Developer Preview 1 that has been in the hands of closed cooperative developers partners since August 2023 debut. The new system of HarmonyOS 5 version will replace previous HarmonyOS 4.2 system for commercial Huawei consumer devices that can only run native HarmonyOS apps built for HarmonyOS and OpenHarmony as well as localisation using Oniro OS for downstream development at global level customised to global markets and standards enhancing OpenHarmony development.
On June 21, 2024, Huawei announced via HDC 2024 conference and released Developer Beta milestone of HarmonyOS NEXT based on OpenHarmony 5.0 beta1 version for registered public developers with HMS Core library embedded in native NEXT-specific API Developer Kit alongside supported compatible OpenHarmony APIs for native OpenHarmony-based HarmonyOS apps. The company officially confirmed the operating system is OpenHarmony compatible with the new boot image system.
On October 22, 2024, Huawei launched HarmonyOS 5.0.0 at its launch event, upgrading the HarmonyOS Next developer internal and public software versions, completing the transitioning and replacing dual-framework of previous mainline HarmonyOS versions with full OpenHarmony base with custom HarmonyOS kernel on the original L0-L2 codebase branch, marking officially as an independent commercial operating system and ecosystem from Android fork dependencies with 15,000+ native apps launched on the platform. As a result, OpenHarmony-based systems, including Oniro-based systems are aimed to be compatible with HarmonyOS native HAP apps, NearLink wireless connectivity stack and cross-device with upgraded DSoftBus connectivity.
Relationship with OpenEuler
In terms of architecture, OpenHarmony alongside HarmonyOS has close relationship with server-based multi-kernel operating system OpenEuler, which is a community edition of EulerOS, as they have implemented the sharing of kernel technology as revealed by Deng Taihua, President of Huawei's Computing Product Line. The sharing is reportedly to be strengthened in the future in the areas of the distributed software bus, app framework, system security, device driver framework and new programming language on the server side.
Harmony Distributed File System (HMDFS) is a distributed file system designed for large-scale data storage and processing that is also used in openEuler server operating system.
Developer Kit Devices
Hi3861 based HiSpark WiFi IoT development board released in October 2020 with OpenHarmony support alongside LiteOS.
Raspberry Pi ported to OpenHarmony 3.0 in November 2021
Zilong development board with MIPS ARCH and 1c300B chip December 2021 powered by OpenHarmony 3.0.
HiHope HH-SCDAYU200 released in May 2022 by HopeRun Software using Runhe Software, HiHope OS based on OpenHarmony with Rockchip's RK3568 processor. Also ported to OpenHarmony-based Oniro OS.
HopeRun's HiHope development board with HiSilicon Hi3861V100 32-bit RISC-V microcontroller that is compatible with OpenHarmony launched in September 2022.
Niobe U4 development board kit by Kaihong Zhigu, in October 2022.
Shenzhen Kaihong KHDVK-3566B smart screen development board running OpenHarmony-based KaihongOS embedded operating system in October 2022
Xianji Semiconductor Technology HPM6700 processor development November 2022 built for OpenHarmony
ChinaSoft development board released December 2022.
Unionpi Lion board based on an SV823 chip launched in February 2023. It includes a self-developed NPU and is capable of high-quality image processing, encoding, and decoding running OpenHarmony.
HH-SCDAYU210 board launched in May 2023, powered by OpenHarmony with RockChip RK3588.
Shenzhen Qianhai New Silk Road Technology Co., Ltd releases a Developer Phone powered by OpenHarmony in October 2023.
Raspberry Pi 4B development board comes with OpenHarmony port in February 2024.
MILOS_Standard0 with NXP i.MX8M Mini powered by OpenHarmony.
Yangfan development board
Huawei's HiSilicon, Hispark_Taurus
BearPi-HM MicroB
Multi-modal V200Z-R
Langguo LANGO200
Goodix GR5515-STARTER-KIT
Niobe407
B91 Generic Starter Kit
cst85_wblink
Neptune100 released in May 2022.
RK2206
Purple Pi OH alongside Purple Pi OH Pro, Rockchip RK3566 chip powered by OpenHarmony in March 2024.
See also
HarmonyOS NEXT
EulerOS
BlueOS
References
External links
2020 software
Embedded operating systems
Huawei products
Internet of things
Mobile operating systems
Tablet operating systems
Linux distributions
Wearable computers
Smartwatches
Free software operating systems
Operating system families
HarmonyOS
ARM operating systems
IA-32 operating systems
X86-64 operating systems | OpenHarmony | [
"Technology"
] | 5,478 | [
"Smartwatches"
] |
71,284,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate%20School%20of%20Engineering%20and%20Faculty%20of%20Engineering%2C%20Kyoto%20University | Graduate School of Engineering and Faculty of Engineering (京都大学大学院工学研究科・工学部) is one of schools at the Kyoto University. The Faculty (Undergraduate) and the Graduate School operate as one.
According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2020 in the field of Engineering & Technology, KU is ranked third in Japan after University of Tokyo and TokyoTech.
History
In 1897, College of Science and Engineering (理工科大学) was established with the establishment of Imperial University of Kyoto. It was divided into College of Engineering (工科大学) and College of Science in 1914.
College of Engineering was reorganized into Faculty of Engineering (工学部) in 1919.
In 1953, Graduate School of Engineering (工学研究科) was established.
In the 1990s, A four-year plan to emphasize graduate school education was implemented and some departments were converted into independent graduate schools; Graduate School of Energy Science was established in 1996 and Graduate School of Informatics in 1998.
Divisions
It consists of the undergraduate schools, departments and centers.
Undergraduate Schools
The Faculty of Engineering has 6 Undergraduate Schools, some of which have more specialized courses.
Civil, Environmental and Resources Engineering
Civil Engineering course
Environmental Engineering course - connected to the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Earth Resources and Energy Engineering course - connected to the Graduate School of Energy Science
Architecture
Engineering Science
Mechanical and Systems Engineering course
Aeronautics and Astronautics course
Materials Science course
Nuclear Engineering course
Applied Energy Science and Engineering course
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Informatics and Mathematical Science - connected to the Graduate School of Informatics
Applied Mathematics and Physics course
Computer Science course
Chemical Science and Technology
Frontier Chemistry course
Advanced Chemistry course
Chemical Process Engineering course
Departments
Graduate School of Engineering has 17 departments for research and graduate education.
Civil and Earth Resources Engineering
Urban Management
Environmental Engineering
Architecture and Architectural Engineering
Mechanical Engineering and Science
Micro Engineering
Aeronautics and Astronautics
Nuclear Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronic Science and Engineering
Material Chemistry
Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
Molecular Engineering
Polymer Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Centers and Facilities
Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center
Research Center for Environmental Quality Management
Quantum Science and Engineering Center
Katsura Int'tech Center
Center for Information Technology
Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental Management Center
Engineering Education Research Center
Research Administration Center
The Unit for Enhancement of Engineering Higher Education in Myanmar
Technical Office
Radioisotope Research Laboratory
Libraries
References
External links
Engineering
Kyoto | Graduate School of Engineering and Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University | [
"Engineering"
] | 480 | [
"Engineering universities and colleges"
] |
71,284,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating%20in%20Heaven | "Floating in Heaven" is a song by astrophysicist and guitarist Brian May (of Queen), and singer and bassist Graham Gouldman (of 10cc). It was released on 12 July 2022 on digital streaming platforms including a music video on the official Queen YouTube channel, the full song and instrumental released under the Graham Gouldman - Topic channel.
Background
The song was created in response to photos from the James Webb Space Telescope being released, showing the first photos of space that it sent to Earth. May, who is also an astrophysicist, said "There is nothing more exciting in a world of exploration than going to a place about which you know nothing,” and “The sky's the limit for what we could find out." The song's release coincided with the showing of the first images of space being sent to Earth.
A short video of May and Gouldman had been released in March 2022 on May's social media, teasing a collaboration.
The song was written by Gouldman, with May contributing guitars and vocals. The song features descriptive and astronomical lyrics, the first verse features It’s time for me to say goodbye and search for past is new / Our future lies above the clouds, above the sky so blue / I’ve never seen the moon so white / I’ve never seen the sun so bright / I’m floating in heaven / I’m so high.”
Music video
The music video was directed by Jake McBride and features a sample of a NASA countdown while showing archival footage of various space rockets being launched before the music starts, the rest of the music video features videos of the James Webb Space Telescope with videos and pictures of May and Gouldman being overlaid on the video.
An alternative video was uploaded by the Space Telescope Science Institute channel. The video consists of pictures taken by the telescope.
Personnel
Per YouTube descriptions
Song credits
Graham Gouldman – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar, drum programming, guitar, Gizmotron, production
Brian May – guitar, backing vocals, production
Graeme Pleeth – Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer, production, engineer
Justin Shirley-Smith – mixer
Kris Fredriksson – additional engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering engineer
Music video credits
Jake McBride – director
Simon Lupton – producer
Duck Productions Ltd. – production company
References
2022 songs
2022 singles
Brian May songs
Songs about outer space
James Webb Space Telescope
Song recordings produced by Graeme Pleeth | Floating in Heaven | [
"Astronomy"
] | 499 | [
"Space telescopes",
"James Webb Space Telescope"
] |
71,285,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi%2010%205G | The Redmi 10 5G is a 5G Android-based smartphone developed by Redmi, a sub-brand of Xiaomi Inc, and was introduced March 29, 2022 alongside the Redmi Note 11S 5G and global version of Redmi Note 11 Pro+ 5G. Earlier in China, the Redmi 10 5G was released alongside Redmi Note 11E Pro as the Redmi Note 11E, and later it was released in India alongside the Redmi 11 Prime and Redmi A1 as the Redmi 11 Prime 5G with different front camera.
The Redmi 10 5G was launched under the POCO brand as the Poco M4 5G (stylized and marketed as the POCO M4 5G) with different designs and a primary camera. The Indian variant of the Poco M4 5G has more advanced cameras. In China, the global Poco M4 5G was sold as the Redmi Note 11R with an Ice Crystal Galaxy color option instead of POCO Yellow and a bigger memory configuration.
Design
The front is made of Gorilla Glass 3, while the back is made of plastic with a wavy texture.
The design of the Redmi 10 5G/Note 11E and Redmi 11 Prime 5G back is similar to Oppo smartphones, when in the Poco M4 5G/Note 11R it is similar to the Pixel 6. Also, all models have IP53 dust and splash protection.
On the bottom of smartphones, the user can find USB-C port, speaker, and microphone. On the top, there is an IR blaster and 3.5mm audio jack. On the left, there is a dual SIM tray with microSD slot. On the right, are the volume rocker and the power button with a mounted fingerprint scanner.
The phones are sold in the following color options:
Specifications
Hardware
Platform
The smartphones have, like Redmi Note 10 5G, the MediaTek Dimensity 700 with 5G support and the Mali-G57 MC2 GPU.
Battery
The devices feature a non-removable battery with 5000 mAh capacity and 18 W fast charging.
Camera
All models have dual rear camera with a 50 MP, wide camera on the Redmi 10 5G/Note 11E, Redmi 11 Prime 5G and Indian Poco M4 5G, and 13 MP wide camera on the global Poco M4 5G/Note 11R, and an additional 2 MP, depth sensor. The Redmi 10 5G/Note 11E and Poco M4 5G have a 5 MP, front camera, the Indian Poco M4 5G has a 8 MP, front camera and the Redmi 11 Prime 5G has a 8 MP, front camera. Both the rear and front camera can record video in 1080p@30fps.
Display
The phones feature a 6.58-inch display with IPS LCD technology at Full HD+ (2408 × 1080; ~401 ppi) image resolution, a 90 Hz refresh rate, and a waterdrop notch.
Memory
The Redmi 10 5G is sold in 4/64 GB, 4/128 GB and 6/128 GB memory configurations, the Redmi Note 11E ― 4/128 and 6/128 GB configurations, the Redmi 11 Prime 5G and Poco M4 5G ― 4/64 and 6/128 GB configurations, and the Redmi Note 11R ― 4/128, 6/128 and 8/128 GB configurations.
All models have LPDDR4X type RAM and UFS 2.2 type storage, which could be extended by microSD up to 1 TB in the global Poco M4 5G and Redmi Note 11R, and up to 512 GB in the other models.
Software
Initially, the Redmi 10 5G/Note 11E, Redmi 11 Prime 5G, and Redmi Note 11R were released with MIUI 13 custom skin, and the Poco M4 5G was released with MIUI 13 for POCO. Both interfaces are based on Android 12. Later all models were updated to HyperOS 1 based on Android 14.
See also
Redmi 10
Redmi Note 10
Redmi Note 11
References
External links
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
10 5G
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Mobile phones introduced in 2022 | Redmi 10 5G | [
"Technology"
] | 898 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
71,285,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20extraterrestrial%20life | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to extraterrestrial life:
Extraterrestrial life – is any type of lifeform, from prokaryotes to intelligent beings, that is neither native of Earth or transplanted from it. So far, no extraterrestrial life has ever been found.
Search
Astrobiology
Mars
Viking lander biological experiments
Meteorites
Allan Hills 77005
Allan Hills 84001
Murchison meteorite
Nakhla meteorite
Shergotty meteorite
Yamato 000593
Biosignatures
Red edge
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Active SETI
Allen Telescope Array
Pioneer plaque
Project Phoenix (SETI)
SERENDIP
Technosignature
Xenoarchaeology
Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
Arecibo message
Astrolinguistics
Wow! signal
Likely requirements
Circumstellar habitable zone
Extraterrestrial liquid water
Planetary habitability
Potential locations
Colonization of Europa
Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
Habitability of natural satellites
Habitability of red dwarf systems
Habitable exoplanet
Earth analog
Superhabitable planet
Life on Mars
Life on Titan
Life on Venus
Life origination beyond planets
Catalogs
Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
Possible traits
Extraterrestrial intelligence
Alien language
Hypothetical types of biochemistry
Carbon-based life
CHON
Extremophile
Ideas
Anthropocentrism
Carbon chauvinism
Copernican principle
Cosmic pluralism
Drake equation
Fermi paradox
Aestivation hypothesis
Great Filter
Rare Earth hypothesis
Zoo hypothesis
Fine-tuned universe
Kardashev scale
Dyson sphere
Mediocrity principle
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
Exotheology
Post-detection policy
Fringe and conspiracy theories
Ufology
Alien abduction
Close encounter
Contactee
Extraterrestrial hypothesis
UFO religion
Ancient astronauts
Extraterrestrial life media
Note: Only nonfiction works in this section
Books
Alien Oceans
Cosmos (Sagan book)
Evolving the Alien
Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth
Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe
Documentaries
Cosmos: Possible Worlds
Persons influential in extraterrestrial life
Giordano Bruno
Frank Drake
Enrico Fermi
Michael H. Hart
Stephen Hawking
Avi Loeb
Carl Sagan
Peter Ward
Extraterrestrial life in fiction
Extraterrestrials in fiction
Alien language in science fiction
Ancient astronauts in popular culture
List of fictional extraterrestrials
List of alien races in DC Comics
List of alien races in Marvel Comics
List of Star Trek aliens
List of Star Wars creatures
Archetypes
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Space warfare in science fiction
Space travel in science fiction
References
Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial life | Outline of extraterrestrial life | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 558 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Extraterrestrial life",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Hypothetical life forms"
] |
68,405,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20jetiae | Lactifluus jetiae is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was described by Luke Vaughan, Lachlan Tegart, James K. Douch, and Teresa Lebel in 2021. The specific epithet is a Latinisation of the initials JET, in honour of Jennifer E. Tonkin, who had collected and preliminarily analysed many Australian members of the Russulaceae. The type locality is near the Cann River, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
jetiae
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Taxa named by Teresa Lebel
Fungus species | Lactifluus jetiae | [
"Biology"
] | 136 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20pagodicystidiatus | Lactifluus pagodicystidiatus is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It was described by Luke Vaughan, Lachlan Tegart, and James K. Douch in 2021. The specific epithet refers to the presence of some cystidia with shapes resembling a pagoda. The type locality is near the summit of Mount Jersey, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Lactifluus
Fungus species | Lactifluus pagodicystidiatus | [
"Biology"
] | 108 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20rugulostipitatus | Lactifluus rugulostipitatus is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It was described by James K. Douch, Lachlan Tegart, Luke Vaughan, and Teresa Lebel in 2021. The specific epithet refers to the longitudinally wrinkled stipe that is characteristic of this species. The type locality is near Mount Bundey, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Lactifluus
Taxa named by Teresa Lebel
Fungus species | Lactifluus rugulostipitatus | [
"Biology"
] | 116 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20albens | Lactifluus albens is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It was described by Teresa Lebel, James K. Douch, and Luke Vaughan in 2021. The specific epithet is Latin (bleached), named for the pale cream to buff colouration of basidiomata. The type locality is Dwellingup, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Lactifluus
Taxa named by Teresa Lebel
Fungus species | Lactifluus albens | [
"Biology"
] | 113 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20aurantioruber | Lactifluus aurantioruber is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It originally described by McNabb as Lactifluus clarkeae var. aurantioruber in 1971, named for its reddish-orange colour. Jerry A. Cooper raised this variety to species-rank in 2021, thus acquiring the name Lactifluus aurantioruber. The type locality is Tongariro National Park, New Zealand.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of New Zealand
Lactifluus
Fungus species | Lactifluus aurantioruber | [
"Biology"
] | 124 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20psammophilus | Lactifluus psammophilus is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It was described by Teresa Lebel, James K. Douch, and Luke Vaughan in 2021. The specific epithet is Latin (sand-loving), referring to this species' habitat. The type locality is Bunyip State Park, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Lactifluus
Taxa named by Teresa Lebel
Fungus species | Lactifluus psammophilus | [
"Biology"
] | 110 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,405,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactifluus%20pseudoflocktoniae | Lactifluus pseudoflocktoniae is a species of mushroom in the family Russulaceae. It was described by Teresa Lebel, James K. Douch, Lachlan Tegart, and Luke Vaughan in 2021. The specific epithet refers to Lactifluus flocktoniae, to which this species has a strong resemblance. The type locality is near Cann River, Australia.
See also
List of Lactifluus species
Fungi of Australia
References
External links
Fungi described in 2021
Fungi of Australia
Lactifluus
Taxa named by Teresa Lebel
Fungus species | Lactifluus pseudoflocktoniae | [
"Biology"
] | 120 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
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