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71,302,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto%20Furutani-Seiki	Makoto Furutani-Seiki is a Japanese molecular biologist who is a Professor of Systems Biochemistry in the School of Medicine at Yamaguchi University, Japan. Education Furutani-Seiki was educated at the Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan where he was awarded Doctor of Medicine (M.D) in 1985. He completed his postgraduate study at the Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan where he was awarded a Ph.D in Immunology supervised by Tomio Tada in 1989. Career and research Furutani-Seiki started his career in 1989, as an assistant professor in Tomio Tada's lab in the Department of Immunology at the University of Tokyo where he investigated the complement factor B for HIV infection. In1992, he participated in the first large-scale mutagenesis screen for mutations affecting embryonic development as a postdoc in Janni Nusslein-Volhard's lab at Max-Planck-Institute in Tübingen. In 1997, he moved to Freiburg University as a group leader to analyze anterior posterior patterning of zebrafish nervous system and envisaged that a mutagenesis screening in medaka fish could identify new phenotypes that could not be identified in the zebrafish mutant screeing. In 2000, he started the first genome-wide mutagenesis screen using medaka fish as a group leader of the Kondoh Differentiation Signalling ERATO project in Kyoto, Japan. A third of the phenotype identified in the Kyoto medaka screening were not seen in the zebrafish Tübingen screening. In 2007, he moved to University of Bath, UK, Centre for Regenerative Medicine as a Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellow and continues his research at Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan. Furutani-Seiki research study investigates the molecular mechanisms of mechono-homeostasis in which extracellular mechanical cues are integrated with cell differentiation and proliferation to maintain tissue, organ and body form. As part of his contribution to the field of Science, Furutani-Seiki discovered a single gene whose product is essential for the body and organs to keep their 3D shape and withstand external forces such as gravity. The gene was discovered through the analysis of a medaka fish mutant with a unique flattened phenotype which was identified by the combination of the mutagenesis screen in zebrafish with another screen in medaka fish. His work further investigates the single cell lineage and regionalisation of cell populations during medaka neurulation. Furutani-Seiki led an international team of researchers from the University of Bath, UK Centre for Regenerative Medicine that identified a gene that helps the body resist gravity and demonstrated what happens when the system goes wrong. , he held a visiting professorship in Bath's Department of Biology and Biochemistry. Awards and honours Furutani-Seiki is an alumnus of Kavli Frontiers of Science and a member of the editorial board of Regenerative Medicine. He's also a Senior Research Fellow UK of the Medical Research Council (MRC). He's also a professional member of the American Association of Cancer Research and the Molecular Biology Society of Japan. Selected publications References External links http://www.med.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/medicine/chair/basic_04.html Living people Academics of the University of Bath Cancer researchers Japanese expatriates in England Kumamoto University Max Planck Institutes researchers Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) people Regenerative medicine journals University of Freiburg alumni University of Tokyo alumni Year of birth missing (living people)	Makoto Furutani-Seiki	[ "Biology" ]	748	[ "Regenerative medicine journals", "Stem cell research" ]
71,303,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinus%20calyptratus	Coprinus calyptratus is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is commonly known as the star-capped coprinus. Taxonomy Coprinus calyptratus was classified by the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1895. Description Coprinus calyptratus is a small inkcap mushroom with white flesh and a distinctive star shaped veil remnant on the cap. Cap: 4-6cm. Starts egg shaped and covered in a veil before expanding to become campanulate which may flatten or curl upwards with age. Gills: Free and crowded soon turning black. Stem: 5-15cm tall. 0.5-1cm in thickness. Lacks a ring and roots in the ground ending in a small basal bulb. Spores: Subellipsoid or subovoid with a large pore. 17-20 x 10-12 μm. Taste: Indistinct. Smell: Indistinct. Etymology Coprinus is derived from the Greek kóprinos meaning full of dung. Calyptratus derives from the Latin calyptra meaning covered seed capsules. This in reference to remnants of the universal veil which remain on the cap as scales which Peck described as calyptra. Habitat and distribution Coprinus calyptratus is found primarily on the West Coast of the United States. It is found on sandy soil which has been disturbed in which the bulbous base of the deep rooting stem may be hidden. It is slightly smaller than the well known Coprinus comatus and has a star shaped patch of universal veil remnant in the centre of the cap. References Agaricaceae Fungi of North America Species described in 1895 Fungus species	Coprinus calyptratus	[ "Biology" ]	350	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
75,618,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Germans%20relocated%20to%20the%20US%20via%20the%20Operation%20Paperclip	Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the Nazi Party. Key recruits Aeronautics and rocketry Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group. Hans Amtmann Herbert Axster Erich Ball Oscar Bauschinger Hermann Beduerftig Rudi Beichel Anton Beier Herbert Bergeler Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development Magnus von Braun Wernher von Braun Ernst Czerlinsky Walter Burose Adolf Busemann GN Constan Werner Dahm Konrad Dannenberg Kurt H. Debus Gerd De Beek Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme Gerhard Drawe Friedrich Duerr Ernst R. G. Eckert Otto Eisenhardt Krafft Arnold Ehricke Alfred Finzel Edward Fischel Karl Fleischer Anton Flettner Anselm Franz Herbert Fuhrmann Ernst Geissler Werner Gengelbach Dieter Grau Hans Gruene Herbert Guendel Fritz Haber Heinz Haber Karl Hager Guenther Haukohl Walter Häussermann Karl Heimburg Emil Hellebrand Gerhard B. Heller Bruno Helm Rudolf Hermann Bruno Heusinger Hans Hueter Guenther Hintze Sighard F. Hoerner Kurt Hohenemser Oscar Holderer Helmut Horn , Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center Dieter Huzel Walter Jacobi Erich Kaschig Ernst Klauss Theodore Knacke Siegfried Knemeyer Heinz-Hermann Koelle Gustav Kroll Willi Kuberg Werner Kuers Hermann Kurzweg Hermann Lange Hans Lindenberg Hans Lindenmayer Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer Robert Lusser Hans Maus Helmut Merk Joseph Michel Hans Milde Heinz Millinger Rudolf Minning William Mrazek Erich W. Neubert Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines) Robert Paetz Hans Palaoro Kurt Patt Hans Paul Fritz Pauli Arnold Peter Helmuth Pfaff Theodor Poppel Werner Rosinski Ludwig Roth Heinrich Rothe Martin Schilling Helmut Schlitt Albert Schuler Walter Schwidetzky Ernst Steinhoff Wolfgang Steurer Heinrich Struck Ernst Stuhlinger Bernhard Tessmann Adolf Thiel Georg von Tiesenhausen Werner Tiller JG Tschinkel Arthur Urbanski Fritz Vandersee Richard Vogt Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101 Werner Voss Theodor Vowe Herbert A. Wagner Hermann Rudolf Wagner Hermann Weidner Walter Fritz Wiesemann Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Architecture Heinz Hilten Hannes Luehrsen Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites Josef Boehm Hans Fichtner Hans Friedrich Eduard Gerber Walter Haeussermann Otto Hoberg Rudolf Hoelker Hans Hollmann Helmut Hölzer Helmut Horn Wilhelm Jungert Horst Kedesdy Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger Heinz-Hermann Koelle Max Kramer Hubert E. Kroh Hermann H. Kurzweg Kurt Lehovec Kurt Lindner Alexander Martin Lippisch JW Muehlner Fritz Mueller William Mrazek Hans R. Palaoro Johannes Plendl Fritz Karl Preikschat Eberhard Rees Gerhard Reisig Georg Rickhey Werner Rosinski Ludwig Roth Arthur Rudolph Walter Schwidetzky Harry Ruppe Friedrich von Saurma William August Schulze Heinz Schlicke Werner Sieber Othmar Stuetzer Albin Wittmann Hugo Woerdemann Albert Zeiler Hans K. Ziegler Helmut Zoike Material Science (high temperature) Werner Osenberg Klaus Scheufelen Rudolf Schlidt Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine Kurt Blome Rudolf Brill Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner Paul Anton Cibis Fritz Laves Richard Lindenberg Walter Schreiber Hubertus Strughold Hans Georg Clamann Erich Traub Physics Gunter Guttein Willibald Jentschke Gerhard Schwesinger Gottfried Wehner Helmut Weickmann Friedwardt Winterberg Chemistry and Chemical engineering Helmut Pichler Leonard Alberts Ernst Donath Josef Guymer Hans Schappert Max Josenhaus Kurt Bretschneider Erich Frese See also Allied plans for German industry after World War II German influence on the Soviet space program Operation Osoaviakhim, USSR operation on German specialists List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim Further reading References Operation Paperclip Brain drain Aftermath of World War II in the United States Allied occupation of Germany Cold War history of the United States German-American history German technology-related lists Office of Strategic Services Science and technology during World War II Science in Nazi Germany United States intelligence operations World War II operations and battles of Europe Wernher von Braun American secret government programs German rocket scientists in the United States ! Marshall Space Flight Center NASA people	List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip	[ "Technology" ]	1,107	[ "Science and technology during World War II", "Science and technology by war" ]
75,619,304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Benner	Peter Benner (born May 25, 1967) is a German mathematician specialized in dynamical systems and numerical analysis. He was managing director at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems in Magdeburg, Germany. Education and career Benner was born in Kirchen (Sieg). After graduating from high school in 1986 at the Freiherr vom Stein Gymnasium in Betzdorf, Benner studied mathematics with a minor in economics/operations research at the RWTH Aachen University from 1987. In 1993 he received the Springorum commemorative coin from RWTH Aachen for his diploma thesis. He received his doctorate in 1997 in the field of mathematics from the Chemnitz University of Technology under the supervision of Volker Mehrmann. From 1997 to 2001 he worked as a research assistant at the Center for Technomathematics at the University of Bremen. He completed his habilitation there in 2001. From 2001 to 2003, Benner taught as a senior assistant at the Institute for Mathematics at Technische Universität Berlin. In the meantime he worked as a visiting professor at the Hamburg University of Technology. In 2003 he accepted a professorship for mathematics in industry and technology at Chemnitz University of Technology. Benner was a visiting scientist and professor at the University of Kansas, the Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University, Virginia Tech, the Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale in Calais and Shanghai University employed. In 2018 he was a J. Tinsley Oden Faculty Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2010, Benner was appointed director and scientific member at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems. He began research there with his specialist group Computational Methods in Systems and Control Theory at the Max Planck Institute on May 1, 2010. In the same year he was a visiting professor at the Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale in Calais, France. At the beginning of 2011 he was appointed honorary professor of mathematics at the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. In 2015, he was Distinguished Professor at Shanghai University. Since 2017 he has been a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) since 2017. Benner is co-editor of various publications and mathematical journals, including the SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications and co-author of various software packages. He is involved in mathematical societies, including SIAM and the Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM). He has also been a member of the Niconet e.V. association since 2006. V., who develops and maintains the software library “Subroutine Library in Systems and Control” (SLICOT). Bibliography References 1967 births Living people People from Kirchen German mathematicians RWTH Aachen University alumni Chemnitz University of Technology alumni Academic staff of Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin Max Planck Institute directors Numerical analysts Dynamical systems theorists German systems scientists Academic staff of the Chemnitz University of Technology	Peter Benner	[ "Mathematics" ]	640	[ "Dynamical systems theorists", "Dynamical systems" ]
75,619,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodone/guaifenesin	Hydrocodone/guaifenesin, sold under the brand name Obredon among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of cough. It contains hydrocodone, as the bitartrate, an opioid agonist; and guaifenesin, an expectorant. It is taken by mouth. Hydrocodone/guaifenesin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2014. Adverse effects In the US, the label for hydrocodone/guaifenesin contains a black box warning about addiction, abuse, and misuse. References Combination drugs Expectorants	Hydrocodone/guaifenesin	[ "Chemistry" ]	137	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
75,620,299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20astonii	Caloplaca astonii is a rare species of crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Described in 2007, is known for its distinct appearance and very limited distribution in Australia. The lichen has a thin thallus measuring 3–8 mm wide, with confluent spots that are thicker and cracked in the centre, showing a dull rose-orange or dull brown-orange colour, and apothecia that transition from being immersed in the thallus to raised above it, revealing a bright reddish-brown . Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type material was found in Northwest New South Wales about south-southwest of Kayrunners and roughly west of White Cliffs. In this location, a glaring white quartz stone plain, it is common on stones. This species is akin to Caloplaca montisfracti, but is distinguished by its apothecia with a very thin hymenium and small with attenuated tips. Among Australian Caloplaca species, Caloplaca astonii is unique due to its thin hypothallus, a dull pink thallus, and lecanorine apothecia with a bright red or pink-red . It is further characterised by a large , a lax palisade cortex, and a loose medulla. The species is named in honour of Helen Aston, who collected the type material in 1966. Description Caloplaca astonii features a thallus with a width of 3–8 mm, consisting of confluent spots. It is crustose, very thin, and closely adheres to the substrate, especially at the periphery. The thallus is thicker and cracked in the central part and has a dull rose-orange or dull brown-orange colour. The lecanorine apothecia are initially immersed in the thallus and become raised as they mature, revealing a bright reddish-brown disc. The is extremely thin in the peripheral zone, expanding to 0.5–1.5 mm wide and up to 100 μm thick. The central part of the thallus features areoles measuring 0.6–1.3 mm wide and 0.3–0.4 mm thick, with cracks that are not the naked rock surface, ranging from 25 to 50 (up to 75) μm wide. In section, areoles are 220–350 μm thick, with numerous vertical, lax bundles of hyphae. The is 30–35 μm thick, composed of large, rounded cells, and the is dispersed and discontinuous. The medulla, consisting of loose short hyphae, reaches a thickness of 70–100 μm. Apothecia are 0.3–1.0 mm in diameter, initially immersed and then raised as they mature, with a flat, , and bright reddish-brown . Each areole typically contains 1–5 apothecia. The thalline margin is quite thick, and the disc has an uneven surface. The is 30–35 μm thick, with elongated hyphae. The hymenium is 40–45 μm high, and the is 60–100 μm thick. Ascospores are very small, distinctly widened at the septum, and attenuated towards the tips, typically measuring 8–9 by 4.5–6 μm with a septum thickness of 2.5–3 μm. Habitat and distribution Caloplaca astonii occurs on quartzite rocks and is considered a very rare inland species. At the time of its original publication, it had only been recorded from the type collection in New South Wales, Australia. See also List of Caloplaca species References astonii Lichen species Lichens described in 2007 Lichens of Australia Taxa named by Sergey Kondratyuk Taxa named by Ingvar Kärnefelt Species known from a single specimen	Caloplaca astonii	[ "Biology" ]	814	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,620,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20letrouitioides	Caloplaca letrouitioides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is known to occur in Victoria, Australia. The species was named for its superficial resemblance to species in the genus Letrouitia. The anatomical characteristics of Caloplaca letrouitioides, particularly the well-developed and the unexpanded tips, along with the absence of algae in the apothecia, set it apart from other species in the genus. Taxonomy Caloplaca letrouitioides was identified and described in 2011 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, John Elix, and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected by Rex Filson in 1976 from Gunnamatta Beach in Victoria, Australia. Its specific epithet, letrouitioides, alludes to its resemblance to species in the genus Letrouitia. Description The thallus of Caloplaca letrouitioides can spread several centimetres wide, characterised by a grey to whitish-grey colour. It is thin and smooth, with a flat to slightly uneven surface. Some parts of the thallus may have blackish edges. The is not visible in this species. Apothecia are common, measuring 0.4–0.9 mm in width. They are , with a distinct yellow to orange margin that is significantly thick and elevated above the . The disc is brown to brownish-orange and can be flat to slightly concave. The of the apothecia is thick, consisting of radiating hyphae, and has a brownish-orange outer layer. The hymenium is hyaline, and the has a brownish-orange hue. The asci typically contain 2–4 spores, with being elongated to cylindrical ellipsoid in shape with a broad septum. are dark reddish, but conidia were not observed in the type specimen. Chemical analysis of Caloplaca letrouitioides shows that the and outer portions of the true exciple react to potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) by turning reddish-purple. Similar species Caloplaca kiewkaensis is similar to C. letrouitioides, with both species featuring a very thin, smooth, greyish or greyish-white thallus without isidia and soredia, and a thick proper margin above the disc level with medium-sized ascospores with a broad septum. However, C. kiewkaensis is distinguished by its thicker, apothecia (as opposed to the biatorine type in C. letrouitioides), a true exciple, eight-spored asci with oil droplets (compared to 2–4 spored in C. letrouitioides), somewhat wider ascospores, and a narrower ascospore septum. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Caloplaca letrouitioides was known only from the type collection made in Victoria, Australia. The species grows on the bark of thin twigs. See also List of Caloplaca species References letrouitioides Lichen species Lichens described in 2011 Lichens of Australia Taxa named by John Alan Elix Taxa named by Ingvar Kärnefelt Taxa named by Sergey Kondratyuk Species known from a single specimen	Caloplaca letrouitioides	[ "Biology" ]	700	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,620,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrotrema%20papillatum	Gyrotrema papillatum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Harpidiaceae. It is known from a single collection in a lowland rainforest region of Costa Rica. Taxonomy Gyrotrema papillatum was described as new to science in 2011 by the German lichenologist Robert Lücking. The type specimen of this lichen was collected by the author in Costa Rica, in the Los Patos section of Corcovado National Park (Puntarenas Province). This location is part of the Osa Conservation Area on the Osa Peninsula, situated approximately southeast of San José and west-southwest of Golfito; there, in a lowland rainforest zone, at an elevation between , it was found growing on the bark of a partially shaded lower tree trunk. At the time of its original publication, the lichen was only known from the type locality. It species epithet alludes to the nature of its thallus (i.e., covered with papillae, which are small, conically rounded growths). Description Gyrotrema papillatum has a grey-green to olive-green thallus adorned with numerous white . The cortex is –made of a dense, tightly interwoven layer of fungal hyphae. The and the medulla beneath often contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The apothecia of G. papillatum are prominent, with a rounded to shape, measuring 1–1.5 mm in diameter. The exposed of the apothecia is a cinnabar-red colour. Around this disc, the margin is to and fused, sharing the same cinnabar-red hue on the inside. This species lacks a , but instead has concentric rings of tissue that separate rings of old hymenia. The youngest hymenium ring is situated closest to the margin. The excipulum is prosoplectenchymatous and , and lacks . The hymenium stands 80–100 μm high, and the are unbranched. Each ascus contains eight that have between 5 and 9 septa (internal partitions), measuring 25–30 by 6–8 μm. These ellipsoid spores have thick septa and lens-shaped , are colourless, and has a violet-blue reaction when treated with iodine (amyloid reaction). The apothecial disc contains an unidentified type of anthraquinone substance. References Graphidaceae Lichen species Lichens described in 2011 Lichens of Central America Taxa named by Robert Lücking Species known from a single specimen	Gyrotrema papillatum	[ "Biology" ]	554	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,620,883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotrachyna%20constictovexans	Hypotrachyna constictovexans is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Known only from a single specimen collected in 1976, it is found in the highlands of Peru. Its thallus can grow over 5 cm wide, featuring long, straight, and separate that are highly convex and tube-like, with a pale grey, slightly shiny upper surface adorned with cylindrical isidia. Taxonomy The lichen was described as new to science in 2011 by the Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, who classified it in the genus Everniastrum. The type specimen was collected in 1976 along the Cusco-Pilcopata-Paucartambo Road in Cusco Province, Peru. The species epithet combines consticto, which refers to the presence of the substance constictic acid, and vexans, which alludes to the lichen's resemblances to Everniastrum vexans. It was transferred to the genus Hypotrachyna in 2013 by Pradeep Divakar and colleagues. Description Hypotrachyna constictovexans has a foliose to somewhat fruticose thallus that is typically over 5 cm wide and is not (leathery). Its are long, straight, and separate, measuring 0.6–1.5 mm in width. These lobes are characteristically very convex, almost tube-like in shape over most of their length. The upper surface of the thallus is pale grey, slightly shiny, without a powdery coating (), and shows weak spotting. It is covered with cylindrical isidia, which are the same colour as the thallus but may have a brown cap when young and often develop an erect, black bristle-like structure () at the top when older. The thallus lacks soredia, , finger-like projections (), or small lobes (). The interior medulla of the thallus is white, whereas the lower surface is black, turning to brown towards the tips of the lobes. Black, slender cilia measuring 1–4 mm in length are present on the lower surface; these can be or occasionally once branched. Apothecia (spore-producing structures) and (-producing structures) have not been observed to occur in this species. In terms of chemical reactions, the upper cortex of Hypotrachyna constictovexans is K+ (yellow), while the medulla is K+ (orange) and Pd+ (orange-red). The lichen does not show any colour change with C or KC reagents and shows no fluorescence under UV light. The thallus contains atranorin in the upper cortex and constictic and protolichesterinic acids in the medulla, as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Distribution At the time of its original publication, the lichen was known only from a single specimen collected at the type locality. References constictovexans Lichens described in 2011 Lichens of Peru Lichen species Taxa named by Harrie Sipman Species known from a single specimen	Hypotrachyna constictovexans	[ "Biology" ]	648	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,621,038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vx-underground	vx-underground, also known as VXUG, is an educational website about malware and cybersecurity. It claims to have the largest online repository of malware. The site was launched in May, 2019 and has grown to host over 35 million pieces of malware samples. On their account on Twitter, VXUG reports on and verifies cybersecurity breaches. Reception Kim Crawley compared the site to VirusTotal and states that vx-underground is more susceptible to suspicion for law enforcement. Data breach reports In May 2024, the International Baccalaureate organizations faced allegations over supposed breaches in their IT infrastructure after an incident of examination leaks. Upon inspecting leaked data, VXUG were the first to report that the breach seemed legitimate on the morning of May 6. References External links Computing websites Computer security	Vx-underground	[ "Technology" ]	170	[ "Computer security stubs", "Computing stubs", "Computing websites" ]
75,621,626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantraraja	Yantrarāja is the Sanskrit name for the ancient astronomical instrument called astrolabe. It is also the title of a Sanskrit treatise on the construction and working of the astrolabe composed by a Jain astronomer Mahendra Sūri in around 1370 CE. Yantrarāja: The instrument The ideas leading to the construction of the astrolabe originated in the Hellenistic world. The earliest crude forms of the instrument are believed to have been constructed during second century BCE in Greece. The first person to give a description of the astrolabe was Theon of Alexandria (c.335 - 405 CE). Astrolabes were further developed in the medieval Islamic world where it was widely used as an aid for navigation and as an aid for finding the direction of Mecca. The earliest Arabic treatise on astrolabes was composed sometime around 815 CE. It is not known when exactly the astrolabe reached India. al-Biruni (973 – after 1050) has claimed in his Indica that he has composed a manual on astrolabes in Sanskrit. Probably he brought the astrolabe with him to Multan and taught its working principles to the Hindu astronomers there. With the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, many Muslim scholars migrated to Delhi and they might have popularized the instrument among the astronomers there. It was Fīrūz Shah Tughlaq, the third Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty who ruled over the Delhi Sultanate during 1351 - 1388, who took an active interest in promoting the study and use of the astrolabe in India. This was the most important contribution of Fīrūz Shah Tughlaq in the field of astronomy. Mahendra Sūri, the astronomer who wrote the first ever Sanskrit manual on astrolabes was a court astronomer of Fīrūz Shah Tughlaq. The earliest extant astrolabe constructed in India, now in a private collection in Brussels, is dated 1 February 1601. It was manufactured in Ahmedabad during the reign of Jahangir (1569 – 1627), the fourth Mughal emperor. Yantrarāja: The manual With the support and patronage of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Mahendra Sūri, a Jain astronomer composed the first ever Sanskrit manual on astrolabes. It was Sūri who coined the Sanskrit name "Yantrarāja" ("the king of astronomical instruments") for the astrolabe and he also titled his manual on astrolabes as Yantrarāja. Sūri composed the manual in 1370 CE. Mahendra Sūri's student Malayendu Sūri composed a commentary on Yantrarāja in 1382. Two other commentaries on Yantrarāja are known, one by Gopirāja written in 1540 and other by Yajñeśvara in 1842. The Yantrarāja manual in 128 verses is divided into five chapters. The first chapter Gaṇitādhyāya discusses the theory behind the astrolabe. The second chapter Yantraghatanādhyāya is devoted to descriptions of the various components of the astrolabe. The third chapter Yantraracanādhyāya describes the details of the construction of the astrolabe. The fourth chapter Yantrasodhanādhyāya discusses method for ascertaining whether the astrolabe has been properly constructed. It is in the fifth and final chapter Yantravicāraṇādhyāya one can see descriptions on how to use the instrument for observational and computational purposes. This chapter also dwells on the different types of astronomical and trigonometrical problems that can be solved using the astrolabe. While Mahendra Sūri's manual is in 128 verses and contains no data in the form of tables, Malayendu Sūri's commentary is interspersed with neatly prepared tables. Other Sanskrit works on astrolabe Over the centuries since the publication of Mahendra Sūri's Yantrarāja in 1370, several other Sanskrit manuals on the astrolabe have been composed. These include the following: Yantra-rāja-adhikāra (Chapter 1 of Yantrakiraṇāvalī) by Padmanābha in 1423 Turya-yantra-prakāśa by Bhūdhara in 1572 Yantrarāja-vicāra-vimśādhyāyī by Nayanasukhopādhyāya in 1730 Yantrarāja-racanā by Savāī Jaya Siṃha (1688 - 1743) yantrarāja-kalpa by Mathurānātha Śukla (1782) Additional reading For a scanned copy of a manuscript of the treatise Yantrarāja published by S. Dvivedi and Lattara Sarma, Benaras, 1883: Yantraraja (Internet Archive) (Retrieved on 21 December 2023.) For a detailed description of an astrolabe constructed in India in 1664 CE and now preserved in Edinburgh Museum: (In proceedings of the 13th World Sanskrit Conference, held in Edinburgh, 10–14 July 2006, pages 77 – 110) This paper includes the full text and English translation of a treatise titled Yantrarāja-adhikāra composed by Padmanābha in 1423 CE. Part III of the book containing five articles on astrolabe provides an exhaustive account of the history, construction, distribution and descriptions of the astrolabes in India. For a critical assessment of the correctness or otherwise of the statements in Yantrarāja: References Hindu astronomy Astronomy in India Astronomical instruments	Yantraraja	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,114	[ "Astronomical instruments" ]
75,622,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%20Against%20Animal%20Experiments	Doctors Against Animal Experiments (DAAE; Ärzte gegen Tierversuche) is an animal rights organization based in Cologne, which campaigns for the complete abolition of animal testing under the motto "Medical progress is important - animal testing is the wrong way". Foundation and mode of operation The organization was founded in 1979 by the neurologist couple Margot and Herbert Stiller along with other doctors in Hamburg. Two years earlier, Mr. and Mrs. Stiller had already published the book "Animal Experiment and Animal Experimenters". They were among the first to question animal experiments from a scientific point of view and to shed light on the harm that animal experiments cause to humans. Educating the public about the methodological fallacy of animal testing has been the focus of the association from the very beginning. In the pre-digital era, the board members and active members mainly shared publications, wrote letters to decision-makers, gave lectures both in Germany and abroad, published books and articles, and answered questions from the media. In 1990, the first edition of the book "The Myth of Animal Testing" by Dr. Bernhard Rambeck was published. The author dispels and refutes the ten most common reasons repeatedly put forward for animal experiments. The core of the association’s work raising awareness for animal testing and educating the public on the multiple fallacies of the system. Their publications, campaigns, and projects are based on in-depth research by a team of scientists. In addition to educating the public, DAAE also organizes its own congresses, gives lectures to interested specialist audiences, connects with political decision-makers, and takes legal action on behalf of animals in laboratories. Their numerous nationwide working groups propagate the association’s standpoints and research by regularly organising information stalls, action days, and demonstrations. Members According to its own information, the association has around 3,750 members and sustaining members. Just under a quarter are members (doctors, veterinarians, dentists, psychologists, and scientists working in the medical field) and around three quarters are sustaining members. The association works independently of the interests of the pharmaceutical industry and universities and is financed exclusively by donations and membership fees. Goals The organization rejects all animal experiments on ethical and scientific grounds. They argue that animal experiments are not suitable for investigating human diseases and that, from a scientific point of view, it is not possible to transfer the results from animal experiments to humans. As an alternative, the association propagates the use of non-animal research methods such as human cell cultures, mini-organs generated from human cells (organoids), multi-organ chips, computer simulations, and clinical studies, which are superior to animal experiments in terms of informative value and transferability. Campaigns and projects Database on animal experiments Since 1998, the association has been operating a database that documents examples of animal experiments in Germany. For this purpose, articles published in scientific journals are evaluated and the animal experiments described therein are summarized in a language that is understandable for laypersons. The aim of the database is to give the public an insight into the reality of animal experiments. NAT Database In order to avoid animal testing and promote animal-free research, the association published the NAT (Non-Animal-Technologies) database on animal-free research methods on July 29, 2020 with 250 entries at the time. The database currently (as of December 2023) contains almost 1,900 entries. According to the association, conventional literature databases are still dominated by research that uses animals while non-animal methods are drowning in a flood of animal testing studies. The association says that the full potential of modern human-based research methods has not yet been exploited - countless animals continue to suffer and die in animal experiments, even though suitable animal-free methods exist. DAAE has created the bilingual NAT (Non Animal Technologies) database to close this gap between the enormous number of animal-free methods available on the one hand and the difficulty of finding them on the other. The freely available database includes a wide variety of non-animal methods from all over the world, ranging from modern methods based on human cells to complex computer models. The NAT database supports scientists in their search for animal-free methods for their respective research questions, but is also intended for politicians, representatives of authorities, journalists, and the interested public. The search mask allows a keyword search as well as the possibility to filter by subject area, model, country, or date of publication. The entries contain a summary of the method as well as related sources and information on the responsible researchers and institutes. Herbert-Stiller-Prize In order to encourage animal-free human medical research, particularly among younger doctors and scientists, the association has established the Herbert Stiller Prize, a research and promotional prize. The prize, named after the co-founder of the association, Herbert Stiller, is awarded for innovative scientific work that uses animal-free, human-based methods to research and treat human diseases and, thus, makes a significant contribution to medical progress. This includes in-vitro studies, but also clinical work and epidemiological investigations into the causes of diseases of civilization. The prize was first awarded in 1995 and was endowed with DM 25,000 at the time. By 2001, five scientists had received this award, and two more received the doctoral prize worth DM 10,000. In 2006-2011, three prizes of €10,000 each were awarded with a focus on animal-free cancer research. Since 2019, the Herbert Stiller Prize has been awarded every two years. Heart of Stone The association also awards a negative prize. The "Heart of Stone" stands for heartless research in which sentient beings are degraded to mere measuring instruments. Public online voting is used to draw attention to some particularly absurd and cruel animal experiments that have been carried out in Germany. The negative prize has been awarded annually since 2017. The following institutions have received the "Heart of Stone": 2017 - Max Delbrück Centre Berlin for asphyxiation experiments on naked mole rats and mice. 2018 - University of Ulm for smoking experiments on mice, in which the animals had to inhale the smoke of up to 8 cigarettes 5 days a week for 3 weeks. 2020 - University Hospital of Saarland Homburg/Saar for experiments on mice with so-called dorsal skin chambers. The dorsal skin of mice is clamped between two metal frames like a sandwich and a hole is cut in the skin so that small blood vessels can be observed in the awake animal. 2021 - Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg for experiments on songbirds in which holes are drilled into the skulls of wild-caught animals. 2022 - Polyclinic for Dental Surgery at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf for experiments in which numerous teeth are extracted from beagle dogs and implants are inserted into the holes. 2023 – Neurophysics research group at University of Marburg for brain research experiments on rhesus monkeys, in which the animals are forced by thirst to sit with their heads fixed while electrodes are inserted into the brain via boreholes in the skull. Campaign against brain research on monkeys Since 2009, the association had been campaigning against brain research on rhesus monkeys at four institutes in Tübingen. In 2014, one of them, the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, hit the headlines when recordings were published showing severe mistreatment of the monkeys. Doctors Against Animal Experiments filed a criminal complaint with the public prosecutor's office in Tübingen in January 2015. Following those revelations, Marco Wehr accused the association of a lack of proximity to players in medical research and of insufficient expertise in a guest article in the FAZ in 2017. Among others, he criticized DAAE for campaigning for replacement of animal experiments with cell cultures and computer models, as these could only inadequately reproduce complex biological processes and were therefore, in his opinion, insufficient for researching longer chains of action. In December 2018, Volkart Wildermuth announced in an interview that the trust between the Logothetis working group and the Max Planck Society had permanently been damaged. According to Wildermuth, the MGP had restricted some of Nikos Logothetis' management functions where animal experiments were concerned. The public prosecutor's office in Tübingen discontinued the proceedings against payment of a fine. In 2022, autopsy reports from the Stuttgart Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office from 2009 were published. They showed that the skulls of monkeys that had been experimented on in Tübingen had numerous drill holes and a fracture, among other things. A total of six monkey cadavers were delivered from Tübingen, three with and three without heads. According to the autopsy reports, the skull manipulations caused much more suffering to the animals than is legally permitted in animal experiments. Eastern Europe Project – Saving Animals with Computers In 2008, the association launched its Eastern Europe project and equipped an institute at Sumy University in Ukraine with animal-free teaching materials. In return, the university signed a contract to discontinue the corresponding animal experiments. In the meantime (as of June 2023), contracts have been signed with the heads of 73 institutes in 29 cities in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Doctors Against Animal Experiments provides hardware in the form of laptops and projectors as well as software such as computer simulations, films, and dummies. In return, the university lecturers commit by contract to refrain from animal experiments and animal-consuming internships. According to the association, this saves around 57,000 animals from being tested on and killed at universities every year. The association has also financed the development of Russian- and Ukrainian-language educational films and computer simulations and raises public awareness through press conferences and media reports. Botox campaign In 2007, Doctors Against Animal Experiments launched a campaign against the LD50 test which is executed on mice for batch testing botulinum toxin products. The neurotoxin, known under the trade name "Botox", is used for both medical and cosmetic purposes. Each individual production unit is tested on mice to determine at which dilution half of the animals die. Years of campaigning led to the three most important manufacturers switching to animal-free testing methods, at least for the most part, from 2011 onwards REACH Project Since 2009, the association has been campaigning for animal-free chemical testing, together with the umbrella organization European Coalition to End Animal Experiments ([ECEAE]). As part of the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), chemical companies must register their chemicals with the EU authority ECHA and submit extensive information. This may be existing data or data obtained from new animal tests. Planned animal tests must be proposed to the ECHA. The authority then gives third parties 45 days in a public consultation process to find out whether the data already exists or can be obtained by other means than animal testing. In cooperation with the ECEAE, experts from the association comment on the REACH test proposals and research existing information on the chemicals in question. Most of the substances have been on the market for more than 30 years and most have already been tested in the past. According to the association, these comments on REACH proposals alone could prevent animal testing on around 140,000 animals by May 2023. Monument for animal rights and against animal testing The memorial was erected on April 29, 2023 at the "Kreuz & Quer" church in the middle of Erlangen. It stands for the millions of animals that are exploited by humans worldwide, especially in animal experiments. The monument was initiated by Margrit Vollertsen-Diewerge, head of the association's working group in Erlangen and financed by private donations. The memorial was created by sculptor Monika Ritter with administrative authorization. The creative process was preceded by a request for proposal for an artistic work that shows the suffering of defenceless creatures, but at the same time creates a memorial to the living creature in cooperation with the association and the Erlangen Cultural Office. A six-member jury selected Monika Ritter's design out of six applications. The memorial is made of Croatian Kanfanar stone. It shows a monkey trapped by the neck in a so-called primate chair, as used in brain research, a beagle, the most common dog breed used in animal experiments, a pig behind bars, four rabbits looking out of the stone as if cramped in restraints, two guinea pigs, and a mouse, the animals that suffer and die most frequently in animal experiments. Campaigns against the construction of new animal testing laboratories The association is committed to preventing that new animal testing laboratories are built and demands that the corresponding funds flow into animal-free research. Among other things, DAAE launched campaigns against the construction of a research centre of the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim in Hanover, new animal laboratories of the Max Delbrück Centre and the Charité in Berlin, an animal testing laboratory of the University of Freiburg, the resumption of animal experiments at the Nordklinikum Nuremberg, a new animal experimentation laboratory at the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, and the establishment of an animal experimentation laboratory in the city of Augsburg, which had previously been free of animal-testing facilities. Mouse mobile From 2015 to 2018, the association operated the so-called "mouse mobile", i.e. a van with a large model of a mouse on the roof, and a painted message and a screen in the rear. The information vehicle toured a total of 144 cities in Germany in 2015/2016. In 2017/2018, the mouse mobile was still in use occasionally. Awards For the NAT database, which enables researchers to search for animal-free methods, the association was awarded the Lush Prize, endowed with £25,000 from the British cosmetics company, and the Lower Saxony Animal Welfare Prize in 2022. Memberships The association is a member of the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments based in Austria and the Eurogroup for Animals based in Brussels. Transparency The association has joined the Transparent Civil Society Initiative, an initiative for transparency of non-profit organizations by Transparency International. See also Human-Animal Studies References External links Website Nat Databank Animal rights organizations Animal testing Anti-vivisection organizations	Doctors Against Animal Experiments	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,884	[ "Animal testing" ]
75,623,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent%20Tesla	Agent Tesla is a remote access trojan (RAT) written in .NET that has been actively targeting users with Microsoft Windows OS-based systems since 2014. It is a versatile malware with a wide range of capabilities, including sensitive information stealing, keylogging and screenshot capture. Since its release, this malicious software has received regular updates. It is sold as a malware-as-a-service, with several subscription options available for purchase. Campaigns involving Agent Tesla often start with phishing emails, masquerading as legitimate messages from trusted sources. Features and functionality Agent Tesla's versatility is evident in its wide range of features. It can: Steal credentials and personal data: Agent Tesla is adept at harvesting sensitive information, including passwords, usernames, contact information, financial data, and browsing history. The malware can collect information from over 50 applications, such as mail clients and web browsers. Capture screenshots: Agent Tesla can take screenshots of the victim's computer screen, capturing sensitive information and browsing activities. Intercept communications: Agent Tesla can intercept emails, chat messages, and other forms of online communication, spying on the victim's online activities. Record keystrokes: Agent Tesla can monitor the victim's keystrokes, logging passwords, usernames, and other sensitive data entered on the keyboard. Upload and download files: Agent Tesla can upload and download files from the victim's computer, as well as to install additional modules. Spread to other systems: Agent Tesla can spread to other computers on the network through file sharing or exploiting vulnerabilities in the network infrastructure. Technical details Agent Tesla makes extensive use of obfuscation, including through code packing and various techniques, such as Base64 encoding or XOR encryption of its data. This makes it more difficult for security tools and analysts to analyze and detect the malware. It also incorporates anti-analysis functionality, allowing it to take evasive measures to prevent detection by security solutions and even kill security features, such as User Account Control (UAC). Most Agent Tesla campaigns are multi-stage, meaning that they occur in several steps. A typical execution process looks like this: The malware is delivered via a spam email attachment in the form of an Office document or a zip file containing the malicious payload. Once the attachment is opened, the first stage downloader is commonly executed with the help of VBS macros, scripts or through vulnerability exploits, including CVE-2017-11882/CVE-2018-0802. The downloader retrieves the second stage from an external source, such as the file-sharing platform Pastebin. The second stage is downloaded, saved in the Temporary folder, and decrypted. The final Agent Tesla payload is executed. The payload collects information from the victim's system and sends it to the attacker. Agent Tesla malware operators can choose among four different protocols of communication with its command and control (C2) server, HTTP, SMTP, FTP, and Telegram chat. The specific method used depends on the configuration set by the attacker. Agent Tesla employs two primary techniques to establish persistence, ensuring it remains active even after system reboots. One method involves creating a copy of itself in the startup folder, while the other is based on Agent Tesla adding registry run keys to trigger the execution during the boot process. Additionally, Agent Tesla can use Tor, an anonymizing network, to make its communication more difficult to track. Incidents Agent Tesla has been employed in many cyber attacks across different spheres over the years. It was particularly widely utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, in 2020, a campaign using a fake update to personal protection equipment was observed distributing Agent Tesla, while in 2021 one of the attacks featured a lure in the form of a COVID vaccination schedule document In October 2022, Agent Tesla was identified as one of the most widespread malware strains in the education sector, affecting 7% of organizations globally. References Malware Cybercrime Security breaches	Agent Tesla	[ "Technology" ]	834	[ "Malware", "Computer security exploits" ]
75,623,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buellia%20eldridgei	Buellia eldridgei is a rare species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae, known to occur only in Queensland, Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. The type specimen was collected from Merigol Station, Andersen Paddock (Queensland), where it was found growing on soil in open woodland on soft mulga sandplain with Eucalyptus populnea and Acacia aneura as the dominant plant vegetation. This species is named in honour of Professor David Eldridge, who collected the type specimen. Description The Buellia eldridgei lichen has a crust-like body () that can either have a cracked, tile-like appearance () or be almost scale-like (), and can grow up to 10 mm wide. The individual tile-like pieces, or , can be either closely packed or spread apart, each measuring 0.4–1 mm wide. These areoles are rounded and can be either flat or slightly raised (). The top of the thallus has a pale yellow-brown colour and a glossy finish, and it does not have a distinct border () separating it from the surface it grows on. Inside the thallus, the layer known as the is white and contains calcium oxalate crystals, as indicated by turning positive when treated with sulfuric acid, but it does not change colour when iodine is applied. The cells of the algae living in partnership with the fungus ( cells) are relatively small, with a diameter of 7–14 μm. The fruiting bodies of the lichen, known as , are quite small, ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 mm wide. These structures are , meaning they have a that lacks a . They are either embedded in the thallus or just slightly attached to it, usually one per areole. The disc of the apothecia is black, not powdery (), and can be flat or slightly sunken. The , the rim surrounding the disc, is thick at first and protrudes above the disc, but becomes thinner and levels with the disc as it matures. The outer zone of this rim is dark brown and about 25–30 μm thick, while the inner zone is a paler brown. The layer just above the spore-producing tissue () is brown and 10–12 μm thick. The supporting tissue beneath the spore-producing tissue () is brown to dark brown and quite thick, measuring 150–175 μm. The actual spore-producing layer () is 65–75 μm thick, clear, and not interspersed with particles; the layer just beneath it () is a pale brown and 20–30 μm thick. The slender, branching structures () within the hymenium are 2–2.5 μm wide, with brown-capped tips. The spore-producing sacs () are typical of the Bacidia type and usually contain eight spores. The spores themselves are of the Buellia type, brown, , and measure 11–16 by 6–9 μm. Older spores show constriction at the division, and their outer walls are wrinkled (). No (another type of reproductive structure) were observed in this species. In terms of reactions to standard chemical spot tests, the medulla is K− and Pd− but is C+ (orange) and UV+ (orange), indicating the presence of 6-O-methylarthothelin as the major chemical component and arthothelin as a minor component. Buellia eldridgei is similar to Buellia dijiana but is distinguished by having shorter , a thinner , and by its distinct chemistry. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Buellia eldridgei was known only from its type collection in the type locality in Queensland, Australia. References eldridgei Lichen species Lichens described in 2020 Lichens of Australia Taxa named by John Alan Elix Species known from a single specimen	Buellia eldridgei	[ "Biology" ]	838	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,623,777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buellia%20kowenensis	Buellia kowenensis is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is only known to occur at its original collection site in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. Taxonomy Buellia kowenensis was formally described as a new species in 2020 by the lichenologists John Elix and Patrick M. McCarthy. The type specimen of the species was collected in Australia, within the Australian Capital Territory. Specifically, it was found along Kowen Road in Kowen Forest, located about east of Canberra. This specimen was collected at an altitude of , situated on sandstone rocks beside an old road that runs adjacent to an open Eucalyptus woodland. Buellia kowenensis is named after its type locality, Kowen Forest in the Australian Capital Territory. Description The thallus of Buellia kowenensis is crustose, , and can grow up to 10 mm wide and 0.3 mm thick. The , or cracked segments, range from 0.1 to 0.7 mm wide. The upper surface is white to off-white, dull, and appears crystalline or spotted due to the incorporation of silica. It does not form and lacks a distinct bordering . The cells are 8–14 μm wide. The medulla is white, contains calcium oxalate (as indicated by a positive sulphuric acid reaction), and does not change colour when stained with iodine. The , or fruiting bodies, are 0.1–0.4 mm wide, in type, and can be separate, broadly attached, with a black, non-powdery, and either weakly concave or convex disc. The , the rim around the disc, is thin, initially raised above the disc, but becomes thinner and level with the disc in older apothecia. The outer part of the exciple is dark brown, measuring 15–25 μm thick, and the beneath the spore-producing tissue is deep red-brown, 50–60 μm thick. The is dark brown and 10–12 μm thick. The hymenium is 50–60 μm thick, colourless, and the beneath it is pale brown, 10–15 μm thick. The paraphyses are 1.5–2 μm wide, sparsely branched, with brown-capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type and contain eight spores. The ascospores are of the Buellia type, 1-septate, brown, ellipsoid, measuring 9–13 by 5–7 μm, and older spores are constricted at the septum; the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. are punctiform, immersed, with a brown . The are , measuring 8–10 by 1 μm. The medulla contains isoarthothelin as a major component and 4,5-dichloronorlichexanthone in trace amounts. Buellia kowenensis resembles Buellia halonia but is distinct due to its smaller, persistently Buellia-type and the presence of medullary calcium oxalate. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Buellia kowenensis was known only from its type collection in Kowen Forest, Australian Capital Territory. It was found on sandstone rocks in an open Eucalyptus woodland. Associated lichens in this habitat include Buellia spuria var. amblyogona, B. amandineaiformis, B. suttonensis, Lecidea sarcogynoides, L. terrena, Trapelia concentrica, and a species of Xanthoparmelia. References kowenensis Lichen species Lichens described in 2020 Lichens of Australia Species known from a single specimen Taxa named by John Alan Elix	Buellia kowenensis	[ "Biology" ]	788	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,623,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandinea%20pilbarensis	Amandinea pilbarensis is a little-known species of crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, First described in 2020, it is found in Australia. It is similar to Amandinea polyxanthonica, but can be distinguished by its smaller and the presence of calcium oxalate and thiophanic acid in the medulla. Taxonomy Amandinea pilbarensis was formally described by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. The type specimen was collected in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, southwest of the De Grey River, east of Port Hedland, on siliceous rock. The specimen was collected by Alexander Clifford Beauglehole in August 1965. The species name refers to its type locality. Description Amandinea pilbarensis is characterised by a crustose (crust-like), (cracked)- (divided into small areas) thallus, which can spread up to 15 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick. Angular to irregularly shaped individual (small, discrete patches) range from 0.1 to 0.5 mm wide, with the tendency to become weakly radiate (spreading out) at the margin. Its upper surface, white to pale cream in colour, is (not shiny) and lacks a . Containing calcium oxalate, the medulla (internal layer) appears white. Cells of the (symbiotic green algae) measure 6–12 μm in diameter. Ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm wide, the apothecia (fruiting bodies) are in form (having certain and margin characteristics), transitioning from immersed to broadly adnate (attached flatly), sometimes appearing sessile (without a stalk) and constricted at the base, dispersed, rounded. Black and (not powdery), the disc is either plane (flat) or becomes convex with age. The thin, persistent (outer rim of the apothecium) often has adhering necrotic thalline (lichen body) fragments. In a sectional view, the outer zone is dark brown, (cup-shaped) and measures 20–30 μm thick; the inner zone is pale brown to colourless. The brown (uppermost layer of the apothecium) measures 5–8 μm thick. Colourless to pale brown, the (layer beneath the hymenium) has a thickness of 40–60 μm. With a thickness of 38–48 μm, the colourless hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is not , and the (layer beneath the hymenium) shares similar characteristics, being 10–15 μm thick and colourless. Sparsely branched paraphyses (filament-like structures in the hymenium) have a width of 1.2–2 μm, with apices 3–5 μm wide and brown caps. The Bacidia-type asci typically contain eight spores. Mature (spores produced in asci) are Buellia-type, pale brown to brown, ellipsoid, measuring 8–13 by 5–7 μm, and show constriction at the septum (division); the outer spore-wall is smooth. Immersed (asexual reproductive structures) have a black ostiole (opening). Measuring 12–20 by 0.7 μm, the (asexual spores) are filiform (thread-like), curved. Amandinea santantaoensis is somewhat similar in appearance to A. pilbarensis, but differs in having a pale yellow to pale yellow-brown surface colour; longer, curved conidia measuring 22–32 by 0.7 μm; and in containing 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone instead of thiophanic acid. Chemistry The thallus surface of Amandinea pilbarensis is UV−, and the thallus medulla does not react to potassium hydroxide (K−). The pseudostroma surface is UV+ (pink to orange), and pigmented parts of pseudostroma react K+ (blood red). Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of an anthraquinone, likely parietin. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Amandinea pilbarensis was known only from the type collection in Australia. Associated lichen species include Australiaena streimannii, Buellia kimberleyana, and Caloplaca leptozona. References pilbarensis Lichen species Lichens described in 2020 Lichens of Australia Taxa named by John Alan Elix Species known from a single specimen	Amandinea pilbarensis	[ "Biology" ]	972	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,623,996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyonema%20yunnanum	Dictyonema yunnanum is a little-known species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in a tropical area in Southwestern China, this species is characterised by its filamentous, micro- thallus. A main distinguishing feature is the presence of erect with silvery or white tips. Taxonomy The species was formally described in 2018 by Dong Liu, Xin-Yu Wang, and Li-Song Wang. It was given the species epithet referring to its type locality in Yunnan, China. The type specimen, collected from Mengsuo Dragon Pond Park (in Pu'er City) was found growing on moss, which itself was growing on bark. It is differentiated from D. thelephora by its erect with silvery or white tips. It is distinguished from other Dictyonema species by various morphological traits, such as its filamentous thallus, the absence of clamp connections in the hyphae, and specific features of its filaments. Description The thallus of Dictyonema yunnanum is filamentous, ascending or erect, micro-fruticulose, and tightly interwoven. The fibrils are 1–8 mm tall and 180–248 μm thick. Its is cyanobacterial, and the lichen does not form a distinct medulla. Other characteristics of the lichen are its dark bluish-green to black filaments and the absence of a prothallus. All of the standard chemical spot tests are negative. Habitat and distribution Dictyonema yunnanum grows on mosses over bark, co-existing with species of Cladonia, Graphis, and Sticta. This lichen is little known, having been documented from a single collection at its type locality, in the tropical area of Yunnan Province (Southwestern China). References yunnanum Lichen species Basidiolichens Lichens described in 2018 Lichens of China Species known from a single specimen	Dictyonema yunnanum	[ "Biology" ]	408	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
75,624,196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2093396	HD 93396 (HIP 52733; TOI-664; KELT-11) is a solitary star located in the equatorial constellation Sextans. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.04, making it readily visible in binoculars, but not to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 326 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 93396's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.17 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +3.01. HD 93396 has a stellar classification of G8/K0 IV, indicating that it is an evolved star with the characteristics of a G8 and K0 subgiant. At the age of 3.48 billion years, it is currently in the Hertzsprung gap, meaning that the star is in the process of ceasing hydrogen fusion at its stellar core and it is evolving towards the red giant branch. It has 1.43 times the mass of the Sun and a slightly enlarged radius 2.93 times that of the Sun's. It radiates 6.01 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a yellowish-orange hue when viewed in the night sky. Like many planetary hosts, HD 93396 is metal enriched, having an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = +0.17 or 148% that of the Sun's. It spins slowly with a projected rotational velocity of . Planetary system In 2017, a sub-Saturn exoplanet was discovered transiting the star using the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope. It orbits very close to the star within a period of 4 days. Although the planet only has 17% the mass of Jupiter, it is 35% larger than the jovian planet, making it one of the most inflated and least dense exoplanets. Subsequent observations revealed that the planet's atmosphere contains water vapor and a high abundance of titanium and aluminum oxides. References G-type subgiants K-type subgiants Planetary systems with one confirmed planet Sextans BD-08 02999 093396 052733 00055092869	HD 93396	[ "Astronomy" ]	486	[ "Sextans", "Constellations" ]
75,624,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway%20tone	Airway tone, short for airway smooth muscle tone, is the degree of sustained contractile activation of airway smooth muscle. The airways have a tone baseline, and consequently a baseline level of contraction of their smooth musculature. Airway tone is a key determinant of lung function and the presence of respiratory symptoms in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, where baseline airway tone is elevated. The upper extreme of the spectrum of airway tone represents bronchoconstriction, wherein the airway smooth muscles are significantly contracted, while the lower extreme represents bronchodilatation, wherein the muscles are relatively relaxed. While airway tone is related to respiratory airflow and airway caliber insofar as an increase in airway tone decreases airflow due to the airway smooth muscle contraction, the two are not synonymous as airflow is determined by the structural and functional properties of the airways as well as the lung parenchyma in addition to airway tone. Airway tone and airway resistance are mostly correlated, but adequate upper airway tone is necessary for airflow and airway patency; insufficient upper airway tone during sleep can, for instance, result in obstructive sleep apnea. Autonomic nervous system signalling Autonomic nervous system signalling plays a pivotal role in determining airway tone. The innervation of airway smooth musculature varies between the upper and lower airways. Upper airway tone The pharynx is innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, XII, while both the pharynx and the larynx are innervated by the vagus nerve. Lower airway tone Lower airway, bronchial, or bronchus tone is mediated both by the innervation of airway smooth musculature and, possibly, also by the innervation of airway mucosal vasculature. Lower airway smooth muscles are mostly only innervated by the vagus nerve. Cholinergic signalling Airway smooth muscle is primarily innervated by cholinergic parasympathetic nerves, while its adrenergic sympathetic innervation is sparse to non-existent. Specifically, cholinergic parasympathetic signalling increases the airway tone, meaning the airway tone is proportional to the vagal tone. Despite this overall airway tone-increasing effect, the individual effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by airway muscle cells, of which there are 5 subtypes, M1 through M5, are ambivalent. M3 receptors directly lead to airway smooth muscle contraction, i.e., an increase in airway tone, while M2 receptors (also) expressed by airway neurons suppress the further release of acetylcholine in a negative feedback loop, wherein cholinergic parasympathetic signalling reduces further cholinergic parasympathetic signalling, which may explain the unexpectedly low effectivity of certain non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonists such as ipratropium bromide. M2 receptors are less functional in asthma, disrupting the negative feedback which normally reduces airway tone, which may play a role in asthmatic airway hyperresponsiveness. Adrenergic signalling As mentioned, adrenergic sympathetic innervation of airway smooth muscle is likely insignificant; however, the sympathetic innervation of the airway mucosal vasculature is significant. Airway muscular vasculature controls the flow of nutrients to the airways, the temperature of the airways, as well as the clearance of insoluble particles in the airways, which may play an important role in the activity of inhaled bronchodilators, thus affecting airway reactivity and airway tone changes in obstructive lung diseases. Dopaminergic signalling There is conflicting evidence regarding dopamine's effect on airway tone in vivo, with some studies reporting bronchoconstriction and others bronchodilatation following dopamine inhalation. In one study, dopamine attenuated the increase in airway tone caused by cholinergic signalling, but exacerbated histaminergic bronchoconstriction, while both signals were attenuated in the present study following the administration of intravenous dopamine. Thus, no conclusion can be drawn at this time. Acute activation of D2 receptors expressed by airway smooth muscle cells inhibits the adenylyl cyclase, lowering cAMP levels, leading to an increase in airway tone. However, their prolonged activation by quinpirole, a D2 and D3 receptor agonist, paradoxically enhances adenylyl cyclase activity, raising cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilatation via phospholipase C and protein kinase C. Histaminergic signalling Histamine is a direct bronchoconstrictor that increases airway tone by activating H1 receptors expressed by airway smooth muscle cells. Bitter taste receptor signalling Six type 2 (bitter) taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed by airway smooth muscle cells. In the tongue, bitter taste receptors have probably evolved for avoiding the ingestion of plant toxins. In the lungs, bitter taste receptors serve a paradoxically reversed function, causing the relaxation of airway smooth muscle, i.e., a lowering of airway tone. Thus, bitter taste receptor agonists represent promising potential novel bronchodilators. Phosphodiesterase inhibition Theophylline's non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibition has been proposed as the mechanism behind its bronchodilatating action. Phosphodiesterases degrade intracellular cAMP, which leads to muscle contraction. Inhibiting phosphodiesterases increases cAMP concentrations in airway smooth muscle cells, lowering airway tone. Adenosine receptor agonism probably does not play a major role in theophylline-induced lowering of airway tone, as inhalation of adenosine actually increases airway tone, though it is probably the cause of theophylline's arrhythmogenicity. Cysteinyl leukotriene signalling Like histamine, some cysteinyl leukotrienes, such as leukotriene D4, are direct bronchoconstrictors and increase airway tone by binding to receptors on airway smooth muscle cells. Bronchoconstrictive leukotrienes act via a common cys-LT1 receptor. Thromboxane signalling Thromboxane is a direct bronchoconstrictor that acts via the thromboxane receptor on airway smooth muscle cells. References Muscular system Respiratory system	Airway tone	[ "Biology" ]	1,391	[ "Organ systems", "Respiratory system" ]
75,624,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological%20relevance	Physiological relevance is a scientific concept that refers to the applicability or significance of a particular experimental finding or biological observation in the context of normal bodily functions. This concept is often used in biomedical research, where scientists strive to design experiments that not only yield statistically significant results but also have direct implications for understanding human health and disease. Importance in biomedical research Physiological relevance is a critical factor in biomedical research because it helps to bridge the gap between basic science and clinical application. Researchers aim to design studies that not only yield statistically significant results but also have direct implications for understanding human health and disease. For example, a study on the effects of a new drug on cancer cells in a lab dish might show promising results. However, these findings would only be considered physiologically relevant if the drug also demonstrated efficacy in animal models or clinical trials, where the complex interplay of various bodily systems and processes are taken into account. Examples A classic example of physiological relevance is the discovery of insulin. In the early 20th century, scientists found that injecting diabetic dogs with extracts from the pancreas of healthy dogs could normalize their blood sugar levels. This finding was not only statistically significant but also physiologically relevant, as it led to the development of insulin therapy for diabetes in humans. In tissue engineering, physiological relevance means that living tissue constructs in vitro are morphologically and functionally similar to native tissue. Bioengineering approaches to modify the mechanical properties of scaffolds and functionalize materials with growth factors or gene therapeutics. Challenges One of the main challenges in ensuring physiological relevance is the inherent complexity of biological systems. Many factors can influence the outcome of an experiment, from the genetic makeup of the test subjects to the specific conditions under which the experiment is conducted. Furthermore, what is physiologically relevant in one species may not be in another, making it difficult to extrapolate findings from animal models to humans. Another challenge is that physiological relevance is not always easy to quantify. Unlike statistical significance, which can be calculated using well-established mathematical formulas, physiological relevance often requires a more subjective, holistic assessment of the data. A limited number of quantitative models have been applied to improve the physiological relevance of biological systems. References Branches of biology	Physiological relevance	[ "Biology" ]	454	[ "nan", "Physiology" ]
75,625,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine/donepezil	Memantine/donepezil, sold under the brand name Namzaric among others, is a fixed dose combination medication used for the treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. It contains memantine, as the hydrochloride, a NMDA receptor antagonist; and donepezil as the hydrochloride, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is taken by mouth. Memantine/donepezil was approved for medical use in the United States in 2014. References Further reading Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Antidementia agents Combination drugs NMDA receptor antagonists Treatment of Alzheimer's disease	Memantine/donepezil	[ "Chemistry" ]	135	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
75,626,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2023%20V5%20%28Leonard%29	C/2023 V5 (Leonard) was discovered on 6 November 2023 by the Catalina Sky Survey. It came to perihelion on 13 December 2023 at , from the Sun. It is probably a Liller family comet, together with C/1988 A1 (Liller), C/1996 Q1 (Tabur), C/2015 F3 (SWAN), and C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS). Orbit JPL Horizons shows both an inbound and outbound eccentricity greater than 1. Comet C/2023 V5 is probably a secondary fragment of one of the primary fragments of C/1988 A1 (Liller). References External links Hyperbolic comets Non-periodic comets Near-Earth comets 20231106 Comets in 2023	C/2023 V5 (Leonard)	[ "Astronomy" ]	159	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Comet stubs" ]
75,626,774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Q%20System%20Two	IBM Quantum System Two is the first modular utility-scaled quantum computer system, unveiled by IBM on December 4, 2023. It is a successor to the IBM Quantum System One. It contains three IBM Quantum Heron processors, which can be scaled up due to its modularity, and later upgraded for newer QPU's, as it is fully upgradeable. For its maximum efficiency, it has to be cooled down to a temperature of a few hundredths of degrees above absolute zero (10-20 mK), using dilution technology. Current usage IBM has stated that their clients and partners are using their 100+ qubit systems to advance science. Future IBM has stated that their quantum coupling technology will allow multiple IBM Quantum System Two units to connect together, to create systems capable of running 100 million operations in a single quantum circuit, and later a billion operations, by 2033. References Quantum computing IBM	IBM Q System Two	[ "Technology" ]	182	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
75,627,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavik%20Vlado%20Jablan	Slavik Vlado Jablan (; 10June 1952 – 26February 2015) was a Serbian mathematician and crystallographer. Jablan is known for his contributions to antisymmetry, knot theory, the theory of symmetry and ornament, and ethnomathematics. Career Jablan was born on 10 June 1952 in Sarajevo. Jablan graduated in mathematics from the University of Belgrade (1977), where he also gained his M.A. degree (1981) and Ph.D. degree (1984) with the dissertation Theory of Simple and Multiple Antisymmetry in E2 and E2\{O}. He was a Fulbright scholar in 2003/4. Jablan was a professor of geometry at the University of Niš until 1999; subsequently he was a researcher at the Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Jablan established the online journal VisMath in 2005 and was its editor from its inception until 2014. He joined the editorial board of the journal Symmetry in 2009 and was editor-in-chief from 2012 until 2015. After his death the journal printed a 14-page obituary. Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications printed a special issue in his memory in 2016. Works Books published by Jablan: Theory of symmetry and ornament (1995) Symmetry, ornament and modularity (2002) LinKnot: knot theory by computer (2007) Jablan published 65 academic papers. Selected papers available in English: Antisymmetry and coloured symmetry: Groups of conformal antisymmetry and complex antisymmetry In E2\{0} (1985) A new method of generating plane groups of simple and multiple antisymmetry (1986) Enantiomorphism of antisymmetric figures (1986) Colored antisymmetry (1992) Farbgruppen and their place in the history of colored symmetry (2007) Knot theory: Nonplanar graphs derived from Gauss codes of virtual knots and links (2011) Knots in art (2012) Delta diagrams (2016) Ornament and ethnomathematics: Antisymmetry and modularity in ornamental art (2001) Elementary constructions of Persian mosaics (2006) Knots and links in architecture (2012) References 1952 births 2015 deaths Serbian mathematicians Crystallographers	Slavik Vlado Jablan	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	488	[ "Crystallographers", "Crystallography" ]
75,627,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20Ejecta%20and%20Meteorites%20Experiment	The Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment (LEAM) was a lunar science experiment that flew to the Moon on board Apollo 17 in 1972. It collected information on dust particles produced as a result of meteoroid impacts on the surface of the Moon. Background Instruments on Pioneer 8 and Pioneer 9 were believed to have detected at least two instances of interstellar dust particles. It was therefore believed that the LEAM experiment would be able to distinguish dust particles of interstellar origins from other sources of cosmic dust. Instrument The LEAM instrument was designed to ascertain a dust particle's speed, direction, kinetic energy and momentum. LEAM had three detectors: east, west, and up. The east and top sensors consist of a series of pairs of parallel film-grid arrays placed apart. The rear film-grid array was mounted to an acoustic impact plate. As high-velocity particles enter the detector, they interact with the front film sensor. Some of the particle's kinetic energy results in the creation of an ionised plasmas. Electrons are collected by a positively charged grid. Positive ions are collected on a negatively charged grid. Lower energy high-velocity particles will have all of their kinetic energy used in the creation of plasma and not interact further with the sensor. High energy high-velocity particles may not generate any plasma at the first grid array and go on to interact with the second film grid and make contact with the rear impact plate generating a second plasma pulse. If the particle's momentum is sufficient it will generate an acoustic signal on the plate. Time of flight through the sensors is recorded to establish the particle's speed. The west sensor omitted the front film array and as a result, could not measure the speed of dust particles. Control sensors were coated with an epoxy resin to isolate them from the ionization products. A control microphone was provisioned in the experiment by having a place one-third the size. Apollo 17 The LEAM experiment was deployed along with the rest of the ALSEP experiments near the Apollo 17 landing site in the Taurus-Littrow valley. The instrument was placed northeast of the ALSEP, away. The east sensor axis of the LEAM was aligned to a bearing of 025° to more readily capture interstellar dust particles. The instrument ran for 60 hours during the lunar day and 60 hours during the lunar night with the sensor covers in place to establish a baseline. After this calibration period, the covers were removed by a squib system. During the first attempt to operate the instrument for a full lunar day, the instrument experienced temperatures that far exceeded its design rating and meant the instrument had to be regularly turned off for short periods of time. An investigation by Bendix Corporation hypothesised that the instrument was absorbing a large amount of heat from the environment via the east sensor opening. The instrument continued operations with shutdown time during lunar noon (~8 Earth days) to protect its long-term functionality. As ALSEP was scheduled to be deactivated, the Principal Investigator requested for LEAM to operate through the whole lunar day. On July 8, 1976, the instrument started to overheat and by July 16, 1976, the instrument only returned static data. The instrument did not return any further data after this time. The instrument found that most of the mobile dust particles were low energy particles of lunar origin and detected no potential high energy interstellar dust particle candidates. References Lunar science Apollo 17 Physics experiments Bendix Corporation Apollo program hardware	Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment	[ "Physics" ]	707	[ "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
75,628,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20%28programmer%29	David Kirk Ginder (February 22, 1983 – June 27, 2021), better known by the pseudonyms Near and Byuu, was a programmer who specialized in emulation of video game console hardware. They developed higan, the first emulator to reach 100% compatibility with the Super Nintendo library. Near also contributed to fan translations and SNES preservation efforts. Biography Near started out in the emulation scene as an amateur programmer, translating Japanese video game ROM images at the age of 14, and one year later developed a tool for displaying resized text font in games. After that, a patching assembler called "xkas" would follow, which streamlined the ROM-translation process. The development of bsnes, later known as higan, was triggered by bugs during translation of Super Famicom game Der Langrisser that would only appear on the original hardware but not on 2004-era Super NES emulators; as such, the aim of bsnes was for accurate emulation. Near contributed to the translation of the Nintendo RPG Mother 3 and to the improvement of the emulator Snes9x. They also engaged extensively in creating faithful copies of Super NES games for preservation. They also invented the "MSU-1" mapper, which gave the Super NES 4 gigabytes of ROM space and the ability to play CD-quality audio. In 2019, Near retreated from the emulation scene, after "a series of escalating privacy intrusions and targeted Internet harassment" affected their mental health. In February 2021, Near released a new translation for the Super Famicom game Bahamut Lagoon, a passion project that they had attempted multiple times since 1998. This is also the game where Near's former pseudonym of byuu comes from. Death In a Twitter thread posted on June 27, 2021, Near claimed to be the victim of long-term harassment from Kiwi Farms users. Near, who was non-binary, said that they had endured lifelong bullying but that the abuse had recently centralized around Kiwi Farms, which had "made the harassment orders of magnitude worse". Near stated that they and their friends had been doxxed and goaded into suicide by members of the website, and that Near had been mocked for being autistic. On June 28, Hector Martin posted a link to a Google Doc which he said came from a mutual friend of his and Near's, which said that Near had died by suicide, and alleged that the harassment from Kiwi Farms amounted to murder. Martin subsequently reported on June 28 that he had spoken to police who confirmed that Near had died the previous day. USA Today reported on July 23, 2021, that it had confirmed with Near's former employer that they had died. References 20th-century births 2021 suicides 2021 deaths Free software programmers 21st-century Japanese LGBTQ people Software engineers Year of birth missing Nationality missing Non-binary scientists Autistic LGBTQ people Victims of cyberbullying LGBTQ people who died by suicide Suicides by hanging in Japan	Near (programmer)	[ "Engineering" ]	614	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineers" ]
75,628,820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20indium%20antimonide	Aluminium indium antimonide, also known as indium aluminium antimonide or AlInSb (AlxIn1-xSb), is a ternary III-V semiconductor compound. It can be considered as an alloy between aluminium antimonide and indium antimonide. The alloy can contain any ratio between aluminium and indium. AlInSb refers generally to any composition of the alloy. Preparation AlInSb films have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on gallium arsenide and gallium antimonide substrates. It is typically incorporated into layered heterostructures with other III-V compounds. Electronic Properties The bandgap and lattice constant of AlInSb alloys are between those of pure AlSb (a = 0.614 nm, Eg = 1.62 eV) and InSb (a = 0.648 nm, Eg = 0.17 eV). At an intermediate composition (approximately x = 0.72 – 0.73), the bandgap transitions from an indirect gap, like that of pure AlSb, to a direct gap, like that of pure InSb. Applications AlInSb has been employed as a barrier material and dislocation filter for InSb quantum wells and in InSb-based devices. AlInSb has been used as the active region of LEDs and photodiodes to generate and detect light at mid-infrared wavelengths. These devices can be optimized for performance around 3.3 μm, a wavelength of interest for methane gas sensing. References Antimonides Aluminium compounds Indium compounds III-V compounds	Aluminium indium antimonide	[ "Chemistry" ]	337	[ "III-V compounds", "Inorganic compounds" ]
75,628,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodone/homatropine	Hydrocodone/homatropine, sold under the brand name Tussigon among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of cough. It contains hydrocodone, as the bitartrate, an opioid agonist; and homatropine, as the methylbromide, a muscarinic antagonist. It is taken by mouth. Hydrocodone/homatropine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1943. Adverse effects In the US, the label for hydrocodone/homatropine contains a black box warning about addiction, abuse, and misuse. References Cough Combination drugs	Hydrocodone/homatropine	[ "Chemistry" ]	139	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
75,629,307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolvable%20lattice	In mathematics, a supersolvable lattice is a graded lattice that has a maximal chain of elements, each of which obeys a certain modularity relationship. The definition encapsulates many of the nice properties of lattices of subgroups of supersolvable groups. Motivation A finite group is said to be supersolvable if it admits a maximal chain (or series) of subgroups so that each subgroup in the chain is normal in . A normal subgroup has been known since the 1940s to be left and (dual) right modular as an element of the lattice of subgroups. Richard Stanley noticed in the 1970s that certain geometric lattices, such as the partition lattice, obeyed similar properties, and gave a lattice-theoretic abstraction. Definition A finite graded lattice is supersolvable if it admits a maximal chain of elements (called an M-chain or chief chain) obeying any of the following equivalent properties. For any chain of elements, the smallest sublattice of containing all the elements of and is distributive. This is the original condition of Stanley. Every element of is left modular. That is, for each in and each in , we have Every element of is rank modular, in the following sense: if is the rank function of , then for each in and each in , we have For comparison, a finite lattice is geometric if and only if it is atomistic and the elements of the antichain of atoms are all left modular. An extension of the definition is that of a left modular lattice: a not-necessarily graded lattice with a maximal chain consisting of left modular elements. Thus, a left modular lattice requires the condition of (2), but relaxes the requirement of gradedness. Examples A group is supersolvable if and only if its lattice of subgroups is supersolvable. A chief series of subgroups forms a chief chain in the lattice of subgroups. The partition lattice of a finite set is supersolvable. A partition is left modular in this lattice if and only if it has at most one non-singleton part. The noncrossing partition lattice is similarly supersolvable, although it is not geometric. The lattice of flats of the graphic matroid for a graph is supersolvable if and only if the graph is chordal. Working from the top, the chief chain is obtained by removing vertices in a perfect elimination ordering one by one. Every modular lattice is supersolvable, as every element in such a lattice is left modular and rank modular. Properties A finite matroid with a supersolvable lattice of flats (equivalently, a lattice that is both geometric and supersolvable) has a real-rooted characteristic polynomial. This is a consequence of a more general factorization theorem for characteristic polynomials over modular elements. The Orlik-Solomon algebra of an arrangement of hyperplanes with a supersolvable intersection lattice is a Koszul algebra. For more information, see Supersolvable arrangement. Any finite supersolvable lattice has an edge lexicographic labeling (or EL-labeling), hence its order complex is shellable and Cohen-Macaulay. Indeed, supersolvable lattices can be characterized in terms of edge lexicographic labelings: a finite lattice of height is supersolvable if and only if it has an edge lexicographic labeling that assigns to each maximal chain a permutation of Notes References Lattice theory Solvable groups	Supersolvable lattice	[ "Mathematics" ]	694	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Order theory", "Lattice theory" ]
77,238,550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe%20and%20Secure%20Innovation%20for%20Frontier%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Models%20Act	The Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act, or SB 1047, is a 2024 California bill intended to "mitigate the risk of catastrophic harms from AI models so advanced that they are not yet known to exist". Specifically, the bill would apply to models which cost more than $100 million to train and were trained using a quantity of computing power greater than 1026 integer or floating-point operations. SB 1047 would apply to all AI companies doing business in California—the location of the company does not matter. The bill creates protections for whistleblowers and requires developers to perform risk assessments of their models prior to release, under the supervision of the Government Operations Agency. It would also establish CalCompute, a University of California public cloud computing cluster for startups, researchers and community groups. Background The rapid increase in capabilities of AI systems in the 2020s, including the release of ChatGPT in November 2022, caused some researchers and members of the public to express concern about existential risks associated with increasingly powerful AI systems. The plausibility of this threat is widely debated. AI regulation is also sometimes advocated for in order to prevent bias and privacy violations. However, it has been criticized as possibly leading to regulatory capture by large AI companies like OpenAI, in which regulation advances the interest of larger companies at the expense of smaller competition and the public in general. In May 2023, hundreds of tech executives and AI researchers signed a statement on AI risk of extinction, which read "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." It received signatures from the two most-cited AI researchers, Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio, along with industry figures such as OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis, and Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei. Many other experts thought that existential concerns were overblown and unrealistic, as well as a distraction from the near-term harms of AI, for example discriminatory automated decision making. Famously, Sam Altman strongly requested AI regulation from Congress at a hearing the same month. Several technology companies have made voluntary commitments to conduct safety testing, for example at the AI Safety Summit and AI Seoul Summit. Governor Newsom of California and President Biden issued executive orders on artificial intelligence in 2023. State Senator Wiener said SB 1047 draws heavily on the Biden executive order, and is motivated by the absence of unified federal legislation on AI safety. California has previously legislated on tech issues, including consumer privacy and net neutrality, in the absence of action by Congress. History The bill was originally drafted by Dan Hendrycks, co-founder of the Center for AI Safety, who has previously argued that evolutionary pressures on AI could lead to "a pathway towards being supplanted as the Earth's dominant species." The center issued a statement in May 2023 co-signed by Elon Musk and hundreds of other business leaders stating that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." State Senator Wiener first proposed AI legislation for California through an intent bill called SB 294, the Safety in Artificial Intelligence Act, in September 2023. SB 1047 was introduced by Wiener on February 7, 2024. On May 21, SB 1047 passed the Senate 32-1. The bill was significantly amended by Wiener on August 15, 2024 in response to industry advice. Amendments included adding clarifications, and removing the creation of a "Frontier Model Division" and the penalty of perjury. On August 28, the bill passed the State Assembly 48-16. Then, due to the amendments, the bill was once again voted on by the Senate, passing 30-9. On September 29, Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed the bill. It is considered unlikely that the legislature will override the governor's veto with a two-thirds vote from both houses. Provisions Prior to model training, developers of covered models and derivatives are required to submit a certification, subject to auditing, of mitigation of "reasonable" risk of "critical harms" of the covered model and its derivatives, including post-training modifications. Safeguards to reduce risk include the ability to shut down the model, which has been variously described as a "kill switch" and "circuit breaker". Whistleblowing provisions protect employees who report safety problems and incidents. SB 1047 would also create a public cloud computing cluster called CalCompute, associated with the University of California, to support startups, researchers, and community groups that lack large-scale computing resources. Covered models SB 1047 covers AI models with training compute over 1026 integer or floating-point operations and a cost of over $100 million. If a covered model is fine-tuned using more than $10 million, the resulting model is also covered. Critical harms Critical harms are defined with respect to four categories: Creation or use of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapon Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure causing mass casualties or at least $500 million of damage Autonomous crimes causing mass casualties or at least $500 million of damage Other harms of comparable severity Compliance and supervision SB 1047 would require developers, beginning January 1, 2026, to annually retain a third-party auditor to perform an independent audit of compliance with the requirements of the bill, as provided. The Government Operations Agency would review the results of safety tests and incidents, and issue guidance, standards, and best practices. The bill creates a Board of Frontier Models to supervise the application of the bill by the Government Operations Agency. It is composed of 9 members. Reception Debate Proponents of the bill describe its provisions as simple and narrowly-focused, with Sen. Scott Weiner describing it as a "light-touch, basic safety bill". This has been disputed by critics of the bill, who describe the bill's language as vague and criticize it as consolidating power in the largest AI companies at the expense of smaller ones. Proponents responded that the bill only applies to models trained using more than 1026 FLOPS and with over $100 millions, or fine-tuned with more than $10 millions, and that the threshold could be increased if needed. The penalty of perjury has been a subject of debate, and was eventually removed through an amendment. The scope of the "kill switch" requirement had also been reduced, following concerns from open-source developers. Contention also happened on the usage of the term "reasonable assurance", eventually replaced after the amendment by "reasonable care". Critics argued that "reasonable care" standard imposes an excessive burden by requiring confidence that models could not be used to cause catastrophic harm, while proponents argued that the standard of "reasonable care" does not imply certainty and is a well-established legal standard that already applies to AI developers under existing law. Support and opposition Supporters of the bill include Turing Award recipients Yoshua Bengio and Geoffrey Hinton, Elon Musk, Bill de Blasio, Kevin Esvelt, Dan Hendrycks, Vitalik Buterin, OpenAI whistleblowers Daniel Kokotajlo and William Saunders, Lawrence Lessig, Sneha Revanur, Stuart Russell, Jan Leike, actors Mark Ruffalo, Sean Astin, and Rosie Perez, Scott Aaronson, and Max Tegmark. The Center for AI Safety, Economic Security California and Encode Justice are sponsors. Yoshua Bengio writes that the bill is a major step towards testing and safety measures for "AI systems beyond a certain level of capability [that] can pose meaningful risks to democracies and public safety." Max Tegmark likened the bill's focus on holding companies responsible for the harms caused by their models to the FDA requiring clinical trials before a company can release a drug to the market. He also argued that the opposition to the bill from some companies is "straight out of Big Tech's playbook." The Los Angeles Times editorial board has also written in support of the bill. The labor union SAG-AFTRA and two women's groups, the National Organization for Women and Fund Her, have sent support letters to Governor Newsom. Over 120 Hollywood celebrities, including Mark Hamill, Jane Fonda, and J. J. Abrams, signed a statement in support of the bill. Andrew Ng, Fei-Fei Li, Russell Wald, Ion Stoica, Jeremy Howard, Turing Award recipient Yann LeCun, along with U.S. Congressmembers Nancy Pelosi, Zoe Lofgren, Anna Eshoo, Ro Khanna, Scott Peters, Tony Cárdenas, Ami Bera, Nanette Barragán and Lou Correa have come out against the legislation. Andrew Ng argues specifically that there are better more targeted regulatory approaches, such as targeting deepfake pornography, watermarking generated materials, and investing in red teaming and other security measures. University of California and Caltech researchers have also written open letters in opposition. Industry The bill is opposed by industry trade associations including the California Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Progress, the Computer & Communications Industry Association and TechNet. Companies including Meta and OpenAI are opposed to or have raised concerns about the bill, while Google, Microsoft and Anthropic have proposed substantial amendments.However, Anthropic has announced its support for an amended version of California's Senate Bill 1047 while mentioning that some aspects of the bill which seem concerning or ambiguous to them. Several startup founder and venture capital organizations are opposed to the bill, for example, Y Combinator, Andreessen Horowitz, Context Fund and Alliance for the Future. After the bill was amended, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei wrote that "the new SB 1047 is substantially improved, to the point where we believe its benefits likely outweigh its costs. However, we are not certain of this, and there are still some aspects of the bill which seem concerning or ambiguous to us." Amodei also commented, "There were some companies talking about moving operations out of California. In fact, the bill applies to doing business in California or deploying models in California... Anything about 'Oh, we're moving our headquarters out of California...' That's just theater. That's just negotiating leverage. It bears no relationship to the actual content of the bill." xAI CEO Elon Musk wrote, "I think California should probably pass the SB 1047 AI safety bill. For over 20 years, I have been an advocate for AI regulation, just as we regulate any product/technology that is a potential risk to the public." On September 9, 2024, at least 113 current and former employees of AI companies OpenAI, Google DeepMind, Anthropic, Meta, and xAI signed a letter to Governor Newsom in support of SB 1047. Open source developers Critics expressed concerns about liability on open source software imposed by the bill if they use or improve existing freely available models. Yann LeCun, the Chief AI Officer of Meta, has suggested the bill would kill open source AI models. Currently (as of July 2024), there are concerns in the open-source community that due to the threat of legal liability companies like Meta may choose not to make models (for example, Llama) freely available. The AI Alliance has written in opposition to the bill, among other open-source organizations. In contrast, Creative Commons co-founder Lawrence Lessig has written that SB 1047 would make open source AI models safer and more popular with developers, since both harm and liability for that harm are less likely. Public opinion polls The Artificial Intelligence Policy Institute, a pro-regulation AI think tank, ran three polls of California respondents on whether they supported or opposed SB 1047. A YouGov poll commissioned by the Economic Security Project found that 78% of registered voters across the United States supported SB 1047, and 80% thought that Governor Newsom should sign the bill. A David Binder Research poll commissioned by the Center for AI Safety, a group focused on mitigating societal-scale risk and a sponsor of the bill, found that 77% of Californians support a proposal to require companies to test AI models for safety risks, and 86% consider it an important priority for California to develop AI safety regulations. On the other hand, the California Chamber of Commerce has conducted its own poll, showing that 28 % of respondents supported the bill, 46 % opposed, and 26 % were neutral. The framing of the question has however been described as "badly biased". SB 1047 Governor Veto Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed SB 1047 on September 29, 2024, citing concerns over the bill's regulatory framework targeting only large AI models based on their computational size, while not taking into account whether the models are deployed in high-risk environments. Newsom emphasized that this approach could create a false sense of security, overlooking smaller models that might present equally significant risks. He acknowledged the need for AI safety protocols but stressed the importance of adaptability in regulation as AI technology continues to evolve rapidly. Governor Newsom also committed to working with technology experts, federal partners, and academic institutions, including Stanford University's Human-Centered AI (HAI) Institute, led by Dr. Fei-Fei Li. He announced plans to collaborate with these entities to advance responsible AI development, aiming to protect the public while fostering innovation. See also Artificial general intelligence Regulation of AI in the United States Regulation of artificial intelligence Notes References External links Bill tracker CalMatters Supporting website Economic Security California Action, Center for AI Safety Action Fund, and Encode Justice Opposing website Andreessen Horowitz AI safety Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Regulation of artificial intelligence Whistleblower protection legislation Whistleblowing in the United States	Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,868	[ "Existential risk from artificial general intelligence", "Regulation of artificial intelligence", "Safety engineering", "AI safety", "Computing and society" ]
77,239,550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thokozani%20Majozi	Thokozani Majozi (born 3 October 1972) is a South African chemical engineer. He has been the Dean of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand since 2021. He holds the South African Research Chair in Sustainable Process Engineering at the same university. His research focuses on chemical process engineering, particularly batch chemical process integration. Majozi joined the University of the Witwatersrand's School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering as a professor in 2013. Before that he worked at the University of Pretoria from 2004 to 2013 and at the University of Pannonia from 2005 to 2009. Early life and education Majozi was born in 1972 in KwaMashu in present-day KwaZulu-Natal. His mother was a teacher and his father was a post office clerk. He attended Mqhawe High School in nearby Inanda, and he matriculated as the top achiever in the province. Although he had initially planned to become a medical doctor, he received a bursary from Anglo American to study engineering. He completed a BScEng in chemical engineering at the University of Natal in 1994. In 1994, as dictated by his bursary obligations, he began his professional career as a junior process engineer at Unilever. Thereafter he joined Dow AgroSciences as a senior process engineer in 1996, specialising in competency improvement. While at Dow he met Professor Chris Buckley of the University of Natal's Pollution Research Group, who suggested that Majozi should return to the university for postgraduate study; under Buckley's supervision, he completed an MScEng in 1998. In 1999, Majozi moved to Manchester, England to study at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology on a Commonwealth Scholarship. He completed his PhD in process integration in 2002. Later the same year he joined Sasol Technology as technical leader for optimisation and integration; he worked there until he joined academia in 2004. Academic career In 2004, Majozi was appointed as an associate professor of chemical engineering at the University of Pretoria. His research was initially supported by Water Research Commission funds given to Buckley, who transferred them to Majozi. He was tenured as a full professor at the University of Pretoria in 2008, and in parallel, from 2005 to 2009, he was an associate professor of computer science at the University of Pannonia in Veszprém, Hungary. Later, from 2009 to 2012, he was the vice-president of the Engineering Council of South Africa. After nine years at the University of Pretoria, Majozi moved to the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in 2013, becoming a professor in the Wits School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. There he took up the South African Research Chair in Sustainable Process Engineering, with the joint sponsorship of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation. In addition, he was appointed as board chairperson of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in 2015. On 23 September 2021, the Wits Council approved Majozi's appointment to a five-year term as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment. He succeeded Professor Ian Jandrell in that position. Scholarship and research Majozi's main research interest is batch chemical process integration. He has focused in particular on the minimisation of industrial wastewater in batch processing; he was the first person to apply water minimisation techniques in batch plants. The National Research Foundation rated him as a B1-level researcher. Honours and awards Majozi has received three National Science and Technology Forum awards. He also received the University of Pretoria's Leading Minds Centenary Award in 2008, the S2A3 British Association Silver Medal in 2008, the National Research Foundation's President Award in 2007 and 2009, and the South African Institution of Chemical Engineers Bill Neal-May Gold Award in 2010. In 2021 the Water Research Commission gave him a Water Research Legends Award. On 25 April 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa admitted him to the Order of Mapungubwe. He received the award in Bronze for:His outstanding contribution to science, particularly the development of a novel mathematical technique for near-zero-effluent batch chemical facilities which enables the reuse of wastewater; as a young scientist, more trailblazing is expected of him in the years ahead.Majozi is also a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa, and he is a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, the South African Academy of Engineering, the Water Institute of Southern Africa, and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He is an alumnus of the Global Young Academy. References External links Thokozani Majozi at Loop Thokozani Majozi at University of the Witwatersrand Living people 1972 births 21st-century South African engineers Academic staff of the University of Pannonia Academic staff of the University of Pretoria Academic staff of the University of the Witwatersrand Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Environmental engineers Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa People from KwaMashu South African chemical engineers University of Natal alumni	Thokozani Majozi	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,053	[ "Environmental engineers", "Environmental engineering" ]
77,241,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204310	NGC 4310 is a dwarf spiral galaxy with a dust lane and ring structure located about 54 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 11, 1785. It was rediscovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 19, 1863, and was later listed as NGC 4338. The galaxy is host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of solar masses. NGC 4310 is a member of the Coma I group and is located in a subgroup surrounding the galaxy NGC 4274. The two galaxies, NGC 4310 and NGC 4274 form a pair and are separated by a projected distance of around . See also List of NGC objects (4001–5000) Coma I External links References 4310 7440 040086 Coma Berenices Astronomical objects discovered in 1785 Dwarf spiral galaxies Coma I Group	NGC 4310	[ "Astronomy" ]	179	[ "Coma Berenices", "Constellations" ]
77,241,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESCREAL	TESCREAL is an acronym neologism proposed by computer scientist Timnit Gebru and philosopher Émile P. Torres that stands for "transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, (modern) cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism". Gebru and Torres argue that these ideologies should be treated as an "interconnected and overlapping" group with shared origins. They say this is a movement that allows its proponents to use the threat of human extinction to justify expensive or detrimental projects and consider it pervasive in social and academic circles in Silicon Valley centered around artificial intelligence. As such, the acronym is sometimes used to criticize a perceived belief system associated with Big Tech. Origin Gebru and Torres coined "TESCREAL" in 2023, first using it in a draft of a paper titled "The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence". First Monday published the paper in April 2024, though Torres and Gebru popularized the term elsewhere before the paper's publication. According to Gebru and Torres, transhumanism, extropianism, singularitarianism, (modern) cosmism, Rationalism, effective altruism, and longtermism are a "bundle" of "interconnected and overlapping ideologies" that emerged from 20th-century eugenics, with shared progenitors. They use the term "TESCREAList" to refer to people who subscribe to, or appear to endorse, most or all of the ideologies captured in the acronym. Analysis According to critics of these philosophies, TESCREAL describes overlapping movements endorsed by prominent people in the tech industry to provide intellectual backing to pursue and prioritize projects including artificial general intelligence (AGI), life extension, and space colonization. Science fiction author Charles Stross, using the example of space colonization, argued that the ideologies allow billionaires to pursue massive personal projects driven by a right-wing interpretation of science fiction by arguing that not to pursue such projects poses an existential risk to society. Gebru and Torres write that, using the threat of extinction, TESCREALists can justify "attempts to build unscoped systems which are inherently unsafe". Media scholar Ethan Zuckerman argues that by only considering goals that are valuable to the TESCREAL movement, futuristic projects with more immediate drawbacks, such as racial inequity, algorithmic bias, and environmental degradation, can be justified. Speaking at Radio New Zealand, politics writer Danyl McLauchlan said that many of these philosophies may have started off with good intentions but might have been pushed "to a point of ridiculousness." Philosopher Yogi Hale Hendlin has argued that by both ignoring the human causes of societal problems and over-engineering solutions, TESCREALists ignore the context in which many problems arise. Camille Sojit Pejcha wrote in Document Journal that TESCREAL is a tool for tech elites to concentrate power. In The Washington Spectator, Dave Troy called TESCREAL an "ends justifies the means" movement that is antithetical to "democratic, inclusive, fair, patient, and just governance". Gil Duran wrote that "TESCREAL", "authoritarian technocracy", and "techno-optimism" were phrases used in early 2024 to describe a new ideology emerging in the tech industry. Gebru, Torres, and others have likened TESCREAL to a secular religion due to its parallels to Christian theology and eschatology. Writers in Current Affairs compared these philosophies and the ensuing techno-optimism to "any other monomaniacal faith... in which doubters are seen as enemies and beliefs are accepted without evidence". They argue pursuing TESCREAL would prevent an actual equitable shared future. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Much of the discourse about existential risk from AGI occurs among supporters of the TESCREAL ideologies. TESCREALists are either considered "AI accelerationists", who consider AI the only way to pursue a utopian future where problems are solved, or "AI doomers", who consider AI likely to be unaligned to human survival and likely to cause human extinction. Despite the risk, many doomers consider the development of AGI inevitable and argue that only by developing and aligning AGI first can existential risk be averted. Gebru has likened the conflict between accelerationists and doomers to a "secular religion selling AGI enabled utopia and apocalypse". Torres and Gebru argue that both groups use hypothetical AI-driven apocalypses and utopian futures to justify unlimited research, development, and deregulation of technology. By considering only far-reaching future consequences, creating hype for unproven technology, and fear-mongering, Torres and Gebru allege TESCREALists distract from the impacts of technology that may adversely affect society, disproportionately harm minorities through algorithmic bias, and have a detrimental impact on the environment. Pharmaceuticals Neşe Devenot has used the TESCREAL acronym to refer to "global financial and tech elites" who promote new uses of psychedelic drugs as mental health treatments, not because they want to help people, but so that they can make money on the sale of these pharmaceuticals as part of a plan to increase inequality. Claimed bias against minorities Gebru and Torres claim that TESCREAL ideologies directly originate from 20th-century eugenics and that the bundle of ideologies advocates a second wave of new eugenics. Others have similarly argued that the TESCREAL ideologies developed from earlier philosophies that were used to justify mass murder and genocide. Some prominent figures who have contributed to TESCREAL ideologies have been alleged to be racist and sexist. McLauchlan has said that, while "some people in these groups want to genetically engineer superintelligent humans, or replace the entire species with a superior form of intelligence" others "like the effective altruists, for example, most of them are just in it to help very poor people ... they are kind of shocked ... that they've been lumped into this malevolent ... eugenics conspiracy". Criticism and debate Writing in Asterisk, a magazine related to effective altruism, Ozy Brennan criticized Gebru's and Torres's grouping of different philosophies as if they were a "monolithic" movement. Brennan argues Torres has misunderstood these different philosophies, and has taken philosophical thought experiments out of context. James Pethokoukis, of the American Enterprise Institute, disagrees with criticizing proponents of TESCREAL. He argues that the tech billionaires criticized in a Scientific American article for allegedly espousing TESCREAL have significantly advanced society. McLauchlan has noted that critics of the TESCREAL bundle have objected to what they see as disparate and sometimes conflicting ideologies being grouped together, but opines that TESCREAL is a good way to describe and consolidate many of the "grand bizarre ideologies in Silicon Valley". Eli Sennesh and James Hughes, publishing in the blog for the technoprogressive Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, have argued that TESCREAL is a left-wing conspiracy theory that unnecessarily groups disparate philosophies together without understanding the mutually exclusive tenets in each. According to Torres, "If advanced technologies continue to be developed at the current rate, a global-scale catastrophe is almost certainly a matter of when rather than if." Torres believes that "perhaps the only way to actually attain a state of 'existential security' is to slow down or completely halt further technological innovation", and criticized the longtermist view that technology, although dangerous, is essential for human civilization to achieve its full potential. Brennan contends that Torres's proposal to slow or halt technological development represents a more extreme position than TESCREAL ideologies, preventing many improvements in quality of life, healthcare, and poverty reduction that technological progress enables. Alleged adherents Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen has self-identified as a TESCREAList. He published the "Techno-Optimist Manifesto" in October 2023, which Jag Bhalla and Nathan J. Robinson have called a "perfect example" of the TESCREAL ideologies. In the document, he argues that more advanced artificial intelligence could save countless future potential lives, and that those working to slow or prevent its development should be condemned as murderers. Elon Musk has been described as sympathetic to some TESCREAL ideologies. In August 2022, Musk tweeted that William MacAskill's longtermist book What We Owe the Future was a "close match for my philosophy". Some writers believe Musk's Neuralink pursues TESCREAList goals. Some AI experts have complained about the focus of Musk's XAI company on existential risk, arguing that it and other AI companies have ties to TESCREAL movements. Dave Troy believes Musk's natalist views originate from TESCREAL ideals. It has also been suggested that Peter Thiel is sympathetic to TESCREAL ideas. Benjamin Svetkey wrote in The Hollywood Reporter that Thiel and other Silicon Valley CEOs who support the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign are pushing for policies that would shut down "regulators whose outdated restrictions on things like human experimentation are slowing down progress toward a technotopian paradise". Sam Altman and much of the OpenAI board has been described as supporting TESCREAL movements, especially in the context of his attempted firing in 2023. Gebru and Torres have urged Altman not to pursue TESCREAL ideals. Lorraine Redaud writing in Charlie Hebdo described Sam Altman and multiple other Silicon Valley executives as supporting TESCREAL ideals. Self-identified transhumanists Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky, both influential in discussions of existential risk from AI, have also been described as leaders of the TESCREAL movement. Redaud said Bostrom supported some ideals "in line with the TESCREALists movement". Sam Bankman-Fried, former CEO of the FTX cryptocurrency exchange, was a prominent and self-identified member of the effective altruist community. According to The Guardian, since FTX's collapse, administrators of the bankruptcy estate have been trying to recoup about $5 million that they allege was transferred to a nonprofit to help secure the purchase of a historic hotel that has been repurposed for conferences and workshops associated with longtermism, Rationalism, and effective altruism. The property hosted liberal eugenicists and other speakers the Guardian said had racist and misogynistic histories. Longtermist and effective altruist William MacAskill, who frequently collaborated with Bankman-Fried to coordinate philanthropic initiatives, has been described as a TESCREAList. See also Effective accelerationism LessWrong Utilitarianism The Californian Ideology References 2023 neologisms Acronyms Effective altruism Ethical theories Ethics of science and technology Eugenics Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Extropianism Futures studies Ideologies Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of technology Rationalism Singularitarianism Subcultures Transhumanism Political neologisms Natalism	TESCREAL	[ "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,358	[ "Effective altruism", "Behavior", "Existential risk from artificial general intelligence", "Philosophy of technology", "Altruism", "Science and technology studies", "Genetic engineering", "Transhumanism", "Ethics of science and technology" ]
77,242,334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification%20%28BDSM%29	Mummification is a form of bondage in which a person is wrapped in some form of wrap in order to restrict them on movement. Different forms of wrap include duct tape, cohesive wrap, plastic wrap, medical bandages and blankets. It is part of Bondage (BDSM), and can be related to sexual or therapeutic play. Commonly, the person being mummified is completely wrapped head to toe with just their nose being left open for breathing in a form of wrap. The person who mummifies the person is called the Dominant, or Dom for short and the person being mummified is called the sub, or submissive. Types of mummification bondage Self-bondage mummification In some cases, a person will wrap themselves, typically just their legs in a form of wrap. This is called self-bondage mummification. Some will use plastic wrap to wrap their legs and may fasten it to something so they can wrap around their entire body. Mummified by a Dom When a person is mummified by a Dom, typically more is wrapped more than just their legs. Normally, the Dom will wrap their chest and arms together and normally even their head, typically leaving their nose open or other areas of the body open. But some forms of wrap will allow everything to be wrapped, such as cohesive bandage, which is very easy to breath through for most individuals. Some may also use a Sleepsack (BDSM) for mummification. References Further reading Bondage (BDSM) Sexual acts	Mummification (BDSM)	[ "Biology" ]	319	[ "Sexual acts", "Behavior", "Sexuality", "Mating" ]
77,243,385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partula%20magistri	Partula magistri was a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Partulidae. It was endemic to the island of Raiatea in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is known from a single shell collected in 1992, and no individuals have been found since then. The International Union for Conservation of Nature officially declared this species extinct in June 2024. Like many other snails of the Society Islands, its extinction can be attributed to the introduction of the rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea). References Further reading magistri Extinct gastropods Gastropods described in 2016 Species known from a single specimen	Partula magistri	[ "Biology" ]	139	[ "Individual organisms", "Species known from a single specimen" ]
77,243,462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoungchul%20Kong	Kyoungchul Kong is a South Korean mechanical engineer, entrepreneur, academic, and author. He was selected as one of the Leader Scientists from the National Research Foundation of Korea in 2023. He serves as an associate professor at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Angel Robotics. Kong's research focuses on robust control systems, human assistive robotics, and the design and control of legged robots. He is the author of the book Intelligent Assistive Robots: Recent Advances in Assistive Robotics for Everyday Activities. Under his leadership, Angel Robotics has developed products, including the WalkON Suit for individuals with complete lower body paralysis, the Angel Suit for those with partial paralysis or weakened muscles, and the Angel Legs M, a robotic rehabilitation device used in hospitals. He won a bronze medal at the inaugural Cybathlon in 2016 and received both gold and bronze medals in the 2020 Cybathlon for his wearable robotic devices. Additionally, he received commendation awards from the Prime Minister of South Korea, including the Prime Minister's Award in 2019 for his contributions to the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Education Kong completed his B.Eng. in mechanical engineering and B.S. in physics, both from Sogang University in 2004. He earned his M.S. in mechanical engineering at Sogang University in 2006, with a thesis titled "Design and Control of Exoskeletal Robots for Patients and Elderly People," under the supervision of Doyoung Jeon. During his master's studies, he developed a wearable robot named EXPOS. In 2009, he received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, with his dissertation "Mechatronic Considerations for Human Assistive and Rehabilitation Systems," advised by Masayoshi Tomizuka. His force-mode actuation and human intention recognition research received the best student paper award of the IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligence Mechatronics 2008. Career Kong began his career as a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, from 2009 to 2011. He then joined Sogang University as an assistant orofessor, serving from 2011 to 2014, and later was appointed as an associate professor, a position he held from 2015 to 2018. In 2017, he founded Angel Robotics company, and he has been serving as the CEO there. Since 2019, he has been concurrently holding the position of associate professor at KAIST. Research Kong's research primarily focuses on robust control systems, human assistive robotics, and the design and control of legged robots, for which he holds several patents.> His work in wearable robotics has encompassed applications, including gait training for individuals with severe disabilities, treatments for patients with muscle weakness, gait assistance for those with paraplegia, and support for daily walking. He has also developed wearable robot technologies aimed at enhancing workers' capabilities. Kong's work has received media coverage and has been featured by numerous media outlets, including Physics Magazine, IEEE Spectrum, Phys.org, irobotnews, engineering.com, and ScienceAlert. Human assistive robots Kong has made contributions to the field of human assistive robotics through his research and development efforts. Together with his laboratory and company, his research has covered fundamentals and commercialization of wearable robots. Angel Legs M20, one his research outcomes, has been commercialized. Kong also proposed the design and robust control of a compact rotary series elastic actuator (cRSEA) for human assistive robots, addressing challenges such as torque amplification and friction, and validated the performance through experiments. He developed a tendon-driven exoskeletal device (EXPOS), a wearable robot designed to assist elderly individuals and patients with mobility issues by minimizing the weight and volume of wearable components by using a caster walker to carry heavy items. Kong's research on human assistive robots included designing a high-speed robotic leg that optimized tangential mobility and radial force producibility through specific actuator configurations and limb length ratios. This design was demonstrated through experimental running motions. Additionally, he introduced a new fuzzy logic-based method for continuous and smooth detection of human gait phases using ground contact force sensors in smart shoes, along with an algorithm to monitor and quantify gait abnormalities for advanced rehabilitation systems. In his book, Intelligent Assistive Robots: Recent Advances in Assistive Robotics for Everyday Activities, Kong focused on the challenges and applications of assistive robots in healthcare and wellness. The book explored topics such as elderly care, support for dependent persons, and smart environments, addressing issues in control theory, design, mechatronics, and security. He also examined the improvement of force control performance of Series Elastic Actuators (SEAs) using dynamic models and model-based control algorithms to achieve high-precision force control, robust stability, and performance despite the limitations imposed by elasticity. Furthermore, he delved into the design and control algorithms of a rotary series elastic actuator (RSEA) for precise torque generation in human-robot interactions, employing a torsional spring and disturbance observer method to compensate for motor friction and inertia. Awards and honors 2016 – Bronze Medal, Cybathlon 2019 – Prime Minister's Award, Prime Minister of Korea 2020 – Bronze Medal, Cybathlon 2020 – Gold Medal, Cybathlon 2021 – "Breakthroughs" Reader's Choice Award, KAIST 2021 – Outstanding Paper Award, The 16th Korea Robotics Society Annual Conference 2021 – Best Paper Scientist, The Korean Federation of Science & Technology Societies and The Ministry of Science and ICT 2021 – Commendation by Minister, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea 2021 – Commendation by Minister, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea 2022 – Commendation by Minister, Ministry of Science and ICT, Korea Bibliography Books Intelligent Assistive Robots: Recent Advances in Assistive Robotics for Everyday Activities (2015) ISBN 978-3319129211 Selected articles Kong, K., & Jeon, D. (2006). Design and control of an exoskeleton for the elderly and patients. IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics, 11(4), 428–432. Kong, K., Bae, J., & Tomizuka, M. (2009). Control of rotary series elastic actuator for ideal force-mode actuation in human–robot interaction applications. IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, 14(1), 105–118. Kong, K., & Tomizuka, M. (2009). A gait monitoring system based on air pressure sensors embedded in a shoe. IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics, 14(3), 358–370. Kong, K., Bae, J., & Tomizuka, M. (2011). A compact rotary series elastic actuator for human assistive systems. IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, 17(2), 288–297. Oh, S., & Kong, K. (2016). High-precision robust force control of a series elastic actuator. IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics, 22(1), 71–80. References External links Angel Robotics South Korean engineers Mechanical engineers Sogang University alumni Academic staff of KAIST South Korean chief executives Living people Year of birth missing (living people)	Kyoungchul Kong	[ "Engineering" ]	1,541	[ "Mechanical engineers", "Mechanical engineering" ]
77,244,212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SigMF	SigMF is a standard file format for storing and organizing digitized radio frequency (RF) signals and corresponding metadata, supporting time series real or complex-valued signals. A single SigMF "Recording" consists of two files: 1) a binary file containing only the time series digitized samples, and 2) a metadata file describing the contents and capture details of those samples. The metadata is encapsulated in a JSON file with a .sigmf-meta extension, situated alongside the binary data stored in a file with a .sigmf-data extension. SigMF "Extensions" enable the addition of hierarchical data to a complete dataset, a capture, or a specific region of the recording. Common applications of SigMF recordings include capturing wireless communications signals, radar, GNSS and electronic warfare. History Before the standardization of SigMF, time series data representing radio signals were commonly stored in flat binary files with external descriptors. Occasionally, researchers used Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5) containers (.hdf5), but these containers lack specificity to any data type. The VITA Radio Transport Standard VITA 49 (.vrt) was at times employed for RF data storage, although it is primarily designed as a transport format for RF signals rather than for data storage purposes. Other proprietary formats were created by industry either to hold specific metadata or encode signals into proprietary containers. In 2016 at the annual GNU Radio conference, a workshop focused on how a better open source container for RF signals could be constructed and maintained. In the following year the initial release of SigMF was created to provide a portable & annotated container for radio signals. In June 2021 the SigMF specifications and open source software was moved from GNU Radio's GitHub repository to a new SigMF-specific GitHub organization and repository; the project is no longer an effort specific to GNU Radio. The SigMF standard has since been incorporated into numerous pieces of software and academic research. Adoption References External links for the current specification. Python SigMF Module for reading, writing, and editing datasets. C++ SigMF Library Julia SigMF Library 2017 in computing Astronomy Audio file formats Data types Digital container formats Digital signal processing Telecommunication theory Radar signal processing	SigMF	[ "Astronomy" ]	469	[ "nan" ]
77,244,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide%20Lombardi	Davide Lombardi (born in Italy, 1982), is a live sound engineer who specializes and sets up audio systems in concert. For years, Davide Lombardi has contributed to rock musicians, pop artists, actors, opera performers, and musical productions. Early life and education Lombardi began his career in music during his college years, working during school breaks. By the age of 18, he was already touring with Italian artists. At 21, he relocated to London to work at Britannia Row Studios and later Capital Sound. Lombardi holds a First Class BA (Hons) in Creative and Commercial Music from the University of Suffolk. Career Throughout his career, Lombardi has contributed to numerous projects that integrate diverse musical genres and traditions. Among his notable collaborations are: Andrea Bocelli Lombardi currently leads audio production for Bocelli's public live events worldwide, including the recent stadium tour in Brazil and performances in Taormina, Sicily. He manages all aspects of audio production, working with local suppliers on seating plans, sound design, microphone selection, monitoring, and utilizing the latest DiGiCo Quantum 852 mixing desks with L-Acoustics K series. Andrea Bocelli 30th Anniversary Lombardi was hired as sound manager to celebrate three decades of performing on some of the Worlds' biggest stages, Maestro has put on a three night hometown Lajatico, with some of the best guest Artists, such as Ed Sheeran, Will Smith, Brian May, Shania Twain, Zucchero Fornaciari, Laura Pausini . For this event he used L-Acoustics speakers, with DPA microphones Kate Bush In 2014, Lombardi was involved in "Before the Dawn," a concert residency by Kate Bush at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, which consisted of 22 performances attended by nearly 80,000 people. A live recording of the same name was released in November 2016. Roxy Music In March 2022, Lombardi participated in Roxy Music's 50th anniversary tour, their first tour since 2011. The tour spanned across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom during September and October 2022. Simply Red Since 2019, Lombardi has been mixing live concerts for Simply Red, supporting their albums "Blue Eyed Soul" (2019) and "Time" (2023). At the Jazz Open Festival in Stuttgart, he successfully employed d&b Soundscape technology. He used Yamaha PM 5 and L-Acoustics K Series PA, controlled by Dolby Lake. During Jazz Open Festival in Stuttgart, used d&b soundscape new technology with very good result. Bryan Ferry Since 2016, Lombardi has served as Bryan Ferry's live sound engineer, participating in global tours including performances at the Hollywood Bowl, and venues across Europe, Australia, Asia, and Greece, such as the Odeon of Herodes Atticus In April 2021, Ferry released "Royal Albert Hall 2020," an album recorded and mixed by Lombardi during a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in March 2020, just before the COVID-19 lock-down. Sound Designer In addition to his role as a sound engineer, Lombardi has also worked as a sound designer. His expertise has been utilized in significant events, including Foo Fighters' live performance at Wembley Stadium in 2008, as well as performances by Amy Winehouse, Oasis, Peter Gabriel, and James Taylor. Achievement and Awards Lombardi has garnered significant recognition as a sound engineer, receiving notable achievements such as the Engineer of the year in 2015 for the work done on "Before the done". He has also been nominated for several prestigious awards highlighting consistent contributions and impact in the field. References 1982 births Living people Audio engineers	Davide Lombardi	[ "Engineering" ]	744	[ "Audio engineering", "Audio engineers" ]
77,245,306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B26.42	4C +26.42 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation of Boötes. It has a redshift of 0.063, estimating the galaxy to be located 863 million light-years from Earth. It has an active galactic nucleus and is the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in Abell 1795, an X-ray luminous rich cluster (LX 1045 ergs s−1), with an estimated cooling-flow rate of 300 M yr−1. Properties 4C +26.42 is one of the powerful radio galaxies inhabiting the center of the cluster. Radio-loud, low-luminous and classified as a Fanaroff-Riley class I, the galaxy contains a strong double-lobed radio source, that stretches ≈10 kpc on both sides of the nucleus region measuring P1.4 1025 W Hz−1 and found occupying inside the cluster flow. It has a radial velocity of 365 km s−1, with a complex core structure, and pole-on dispersion in diameter, indicating a marginal intrinsic dispersion. Furthermore, it is a LINEAR galaxy, with an emission spectrum characterized by broad weak ion atoms. The galaxy is known have a pair of filaments, coiled together. Known as the "SE Filament", they are estimated to have a distance of ~ 42 and 35 respectively but have unresolved widths in Hα (< 0.7 ~ 1 kpc) with thin-looking appearances, reminding of magnetic field lines. An structure has been discovered inside the envelope of 4C +26.42. Traced from a previous merger with another giant subcluster galaxy, the structure has a measurement of 400 kpc from the center which protrudes towards the north–south direction. When reached at the largest radius, a low-surface brightness region is found, with a slight angle pointing towards east direction. According to researchers, the total I-band magnitude and envelope of the galaxy is -26.6, making 4C +26.42 among the brightest galaxies known. Nebula line emission 4C +26.42 contains a nebular line emission found coruscating. With a luminosity range of L(Hα) ≈ 1042 ergs s−1, within 20 kpc from the central galaxy, the line emission is embedded inside a filament extending towards the southern nucleus region by 80 kpc. An excessive blue light is also found as well, which is probably emitted out from both young stars in globular clusters and massive star populations located inside the galaxy similar to Hydra A. Molecular outflows by radio bubbles 4C +26.42 is known to manifest robust molecular 109 M⊙ gas flows, with molecular gas positioned in a pair of filaments. With an estimated length of ~ 7 kpc, north and south from the nucleus, the filaments are jutted around the outer edges of two inflated radio bubbles, caused by evaporation of plasma through heated radio jets launched by the galaxy. Results shows North filament is found flat and increased velocity gradient that goes from the systemic velocity at the nucleus to a maximum velocity of -370 km s−1. As for the South filament, it shows the opposite by having a shallow velocity gradient, practically collapsed through starbursts. Through comparing both filaments together, they show a close bond specifying these filaments are indeed gas flows caused by the expansion of radio bubbles. Researchers concluded the total amount of molecular gas mass is 3.2 ± 0.2 × 109 M⊙. Estimated star formation The star formation in 4C +26.42 are shown to vary, based on different observations. Several studies shows, the estimated star formation rate is said to be smaller than 1–20 M⊙ yr−1 based on different data and methods. Based on ultraviolet imaging, it is said to betwixt of 5 and 20 M⊙ yr−1. Deducing the initial mass function (IMF) as top-heavy with a slope of 3.3 yields, researchers suggested the star formation in 4C +26.42 is extremely high, reaching star formation rates of 581 and 758 M⊙ yr−1. It was not until then researchers decided to calculated the actual star formation in 4C +26.42. Detecting Lyman-alpha that is emitted from the galaxy, they found it has a significant number of O-type stars within luminosity ranges of 1500 Å, L1500 = 1.9 × 1042 ergs s−1. Applying new methods like Galactic extinction law, extinction value (EB−V = 0.14) and foreground screen dust modes, they predicted the increasement of O-type stars is 5.3 x 104. Accurately, the O-type stars is 2.4 × 104 based on a modern spectroscopy method, indicating the actual star formation rate is only within the compass of 8-23 M⊙ yr−1. Finally researchers used a star formation model corresponding to far-ultraviolet colors whom they found the star production rate in 4C +26.42 is 5-10 M yr−1 over the past 5 billion years. Radio morphology According to Very Long Baseline Array observations at 1.6, 5, 8.4 and 22 GHz, 4C +26.42 has a two-sided source, with a geometrical Z-structure located from the core region by ~5 mas. The radio morphology is found on small-scale with core-power 5 GHz Log Pcore, 5 GHz = 23.70 W/Hz and radio power results at 0.4 GHz Log Ptot, 0.4 GHz. Faraday rotational measure The faraday rotational measure in 4C +26.42 is extortionate. Exceeding 2000 rad m−2 when observed in high resolution (0.6 arcsec) VLA images, the radio source is found polarized by 10% to 30%. The magnitude and the scale comparable with a boiling (108) and thick (0.03 cm−3) X-ray emitting gas. Based on the degree of ordering, the magnetic field field is within the ranges of 20 and 100 μG. References Boötes Radio galaxies Elliptical galaxies 4C objects 049005 LINER galaxies +05-33-005	4C +26.42	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,280	[ "Boötes", "Constellations" ]
72,802,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia%20hypothesis	The mafia hypothesis posits that brood parasite eggs are accepted by the host out of fear of retaliation (nest destruction) from the brood parasite, in an example of coevolution. Amotz Zahavi proposed it in 1979, and it was tested by Manuel Soler in 1995. Mathematical modeling Maria Abou Chakra, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, with others, successfully mathematically modeled the mafia hypothesis as a viable strategy, conditional on two factors: hosts are capable of learning parasites revisit nests They found that the proportion of mafia vs non mafia brood parasites and unconditionally vs conditionally accepting hosts cycled over time: if all hosts unconditionally accepted parasite eggs, then it would not be worth the effort of revisiting the nest- being 'mafia'. If sufficiently few parasites were mafia, then only accepting parasite eggs after nest destruction once would be best for the hosts. As such, the mafia proportion of parasites would increase, thereby leading to unconditional acceptance by hosts, and so on. Farmer strategy Nest destruction also occurs as a result of 'farming'- attempts to synchronize the hosts' schedule with the parasites'. It bears similarities to the mafia strategy in that both engage in depredation of nests. The farmer strategy complicates the mafia/non, un/conditional acceptance model, as in the case of farmers, rejection enters as a viable third host strategy. References Hoover, Jeffrey P.; Robinson, Scott K. (2007-03-13). "Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (11): 4479–4483. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609710104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1838626. PMID 17360549. "Cuckoos Use Mafia Tactics, And They Work". IFLScience. Retrieved 2023-01-20. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/283374 https://books.google.com/books?id=U3ZZDwAAQBAJ&dq=mafia+hypothesis&pg=PA280 https://journal.afonet.org/vol93/iss4/art4/ Biology theories Biological hypotheses	Mafia hypothesis	[ "Biology" ]	509	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Biology theories" ]
72,803,366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2023005	HD 23005, also known as HR 1124, is a solitary, yellowish-white hued star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis, the giraffe. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.78, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 173 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 23005's brightness is diminished by 0.15 magnitudes due to extinction from interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +2.07. The star has been given several stellar classifications over the years. It has been given a luminosity class of a subgiant (IV), a blend of a subgiant and main sequence star (IV/V), and a class intermediate between a bright giant and a regular giant star (II-III). Most sources generally agree that it is an early F-type star. HD 23005's newest spectral class is F1 IVnn, which indicates that it is an evolved F-type subgiant with very broad absorption features due to rapid rotation. It has 1.69 times the mass of the Sun and an enlarged radius of . It radiates 10.9 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 23005 has an iron abundance 141% that of the Sun's and is estimated to be 1.1 billion years old. Contrary to its suffix, the star spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of . A 2016 variable star survey identified HD 23005 as a candidate γ Doradus variable. References F-type subgiants Camelopardalis BD+66 00284 023005 017585 1124	HD 23005	[ "Astronomy" ]	387	[ "Camelopardalis", "Constellations" ]
72,804,541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20basal%20superasterid%20families	The basal superasterids are three orders of flowering plants – Caryophyllales, Santalales and Berberidopsidales – that belong to the superasterids. They include 47 families of woody and non-woody plants, cactuses and other succulents, and plants that grow in soil, in water and on other plants. The spinach family includes sugar beets, which account for a fifth of the world's sugar consumption. Opuntia ficus-indica, a prickly pear species, is the most common food crop of the cactuses. Carnations are cultivated for their oils and for the cut-flower trade. Sundews, Venus flytraps and the aquatic Aldrovanda all have leaves that surround, trap and digest insects and other small animals. Nepenthes catches its prey with slippery pitchers of water and digestive juices. The garden ornamental Lewisia can survive two-year droughts. Jojoba oil, widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, is similar to the oils produced by human skin glands. Glossary From the glossary of botanical terms: annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram) climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture perennial: not an annual or biennial scale: a reduced leaf or a flattened outgrowth succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In this system, the superasterids (named for the asters) account for more than a third of all flowering plant species. Caryophyllales, Santalales and Berberidopsidales are basal within the superasterids. Caryophyllales species characteristically have perisperm (a source of nutrition for the embryo), campylotropous (rotated) ovules, and roots that lack symbiotic fungal relationships. The small order Berberidopsidales (just four species) may be the earliest-diverging superasterid order. In Santalales, an order of parasitic plants, the relationships between the families are not completely understood. Families See also List of plant family names with etymologies Notes Citations References See the Creative Commons license. See their terms-of-use license. Systematic Basal superasterid Basal superasterid families basal superasterid families	List of basal superasterid families	[ "Biology" ]	568	[ "Lists of biota", "Lists of plants", "Plants" ]
72,805,574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2021%20J%202	S/2021 J 2 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard on 12 August 2021, using the 6.5-meter Magellan-Baade Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2021 J 2 is part of the Ananke group, a cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Ananke at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.1–0.4, and inclinations between 139–155°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 17.3, making it one of Jupiter's smallest known moons. References Ananke group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20210812 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2021 J 2	[ "Astronomy" ]	191	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,805,609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2021%20J%203	S/2021 J 3 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard on 12 August 2021, using the 6.5-meter Magellan-Baade Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2021 J 3 is part of the Ananke group, a cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Ananke at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.1–0.4, and inclinations between 139–155°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 17.2. References Ananke group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20210812 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2021 J 3	[ "Astronomy" ]	180	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,805,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2018%20J%203	S/2018 J 3 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard on 12 May 2018, using the 6.5-meter Magellan-Baade Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2018 J 3 is part of the Carme group, a tight cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.2–0.3, and inclinations between 163–166°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 17.3, making it one of Jupiter's smallest known moons. References Carme group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20180512 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2018 J 3	[ "Astronomy" ]	189	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,805,684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2021%20J%204	S/2021 J 4 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard on 14 August 2021, using the 6.5-meter Magellan-Baade Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2021 J 4 is part of the Carme group, a tight cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.2 and 0.3, and inclinations between 163 and 166°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 17.4, making it one of Jupiter's smallest known moons. References Carme group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20210814 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2021 J 4	[ "Astronomy" ]	189	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,805,704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2021%20J%205	S/2021 J 5 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard, David J. Tholen, and Chad Trujillo on 5 September 2021, using the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. S/2021 J 5 is part of the Carme group, a tight cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.2–0.3, and inclinations between 163–166°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 16.8. References Carme group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20210905 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2021 J 5	[ "Astronomy" ]	187	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,805,737	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2021%20J%206	S/2021 J 6 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard, David J. Tholen, and Chad Trujillo on 5 September 2021, using the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 20 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. The satellite has been found in precovery observations as early as 2 October 2010. S/2021 J 6 is part of the Carme group, a tight cluster of retrograde irregular moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme at semi-major axes between , orbital eccentricities between 0.2–0.3, and inclinations between 163–166°. It has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 17.3, making it one of Jupiter's smallest known moons. References Carme group Moons of Jupiter Irregular satellites 20210905 Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard Moons with a retrograde orbit	S/2021 J 6	[ "Astronomy" ]	215	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
72,808,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Muizzu	Mohamed Muizzu (born 15 June 1978) is a Maldivian politician and engineer who has been serving as the 8th president of the Maldives and leader of the Progressive Congress coalition since 2023. He previously served as housing minister from 2012 to 2018, making him the longest-serving housing minister in Maldivian history. Muizzu was the mayor of Malé from 2021 until his resignation in 2023. Born in Malé, Muizzu studied civil engineering in the United Kingdom and completed his PhD in 2009 at University of Leeds. He was appointed Minister of Housing in 2012 and served until 2018. He then became the Mayor of Malé. As a member of the People's National Congress, Muizzu was nominated as the presidential candidate following the imprisonment of former president Abdulla Yameen on corruption charges. Since Yameen was ineligible to stand for election, Muizzu was selected as his successor. He was the People's National Congress candidate in the 2023 presidential election, where he defeated the incumbent president Ibrahim Mohamed Solih. Muizzu has received the position of leader of the Progressive Congress coalition, as well as the Commander-in-Chief of the Maldives National Defence Force in 2023, making Muizzu the first democratic Maldivian President to hold the most positions in the modern Maldivian history. Further, He served as the Senior Vice President of the Maldives Development Alliance from 2013 to 2018, Deputy leader of Progressive Party of Maldives and Secretary General of the Adhaalath Party from 2010 to 2014. In the 2023 Maldivian presidential election, Mohamed Muizzu defeated seven candidates, receiving 101,635 votes in the first round and 129,159 votes in the second round. His campaign, branded as Dhiveheenge Raajje (The Nation of the Maldivians), emphasised national sovereignty, anti-corruption, and economic reform. The manifesto included promises to end foreign military presence and to enhance infrastructure and housing development. In the 2024 Maldivian parliamentary election, Muizzu's party secured a supermajority by winning 75 seats, surpassing the then–majority Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), which had previously held over 60 seats in the People's Majlis. During his presidency, Muizzu has overseen policies including the expelling of Indian troops from the Maldives and ending secret agreements made by previous governments with other countries that allegedly threatened the independence and sovereignty of the Maldives. Muizzu has also focused on housing and structural development as well as the Government Policy and Legislative Reforms. In June 2024, he imposed a ban on Israeli passports, following the Israel–Hamas war and started national fundraising campaigns within the Maldives to demonstrate support for Palestine. Early life Mohamed Muizzu was born on 15 June 1978 in Maafannu, Malé, Maldives. He was born to Hussain Abdul Rahman and Huna Adam Ismail Manik. Muizzu's father (1942–2015) was an attorney, lawyer and an Islamic scholar, from Haa Alif Atoll Vashafaru. Rahman received the National Award of Honour from then—president Waheed for "contribution in the area of religious awareness and religious education" in 2013. Muizzu's parents separated shortly after his birth, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother until he relocated to live with his mother to attend primary school. He later returned to live with his father. His sister, Fathimath Saudha, ran as a candidate for the People's National Congress in the 2024 Maldivian parliamentary election for the Nilandhoo constituency and won the election held on 21 April 2024. At the age of 20, he began working for the government in 1998, as a Construction and Public Works Planning Technician Trainee at the Ministry of Construction and Public Works, under the tutelage of Umar Zahir. In the 1990s, Hussain Abdul Rahman, Muizzu's father, established a daily rental hotel business. Rahman died in 2015, and the business was handed over to Muizzu, and the property became his presidential residence while the official residence, Muliaage, was undergoing renovation. Education Muizzu went to Iskandhar School and was educated there from Lower kindergarten to Grade four. He then transferred to Majeediyya School, the oldest school in the Maldives, where he studied from grade 5 to 10. In January 1995, he completed his GCE O'Level exams, achieving first place at the national level. He also attended the Science Education Centre for his Grade 11 and Grade 12 studies, where he completed his GCE A'Level exams in July 1997, securing fourth place nationally. In 2005 he obtained an ORS scholarship from the British government to study PhD in civil engineering at the University of Leeds. His PhD thesis concerned "Thermal and time-dependent effects on monolithic reinforced concrete roof slab-wall joints" and was awarded in 2009. He has also obtained the Project Management Professional (PMP) and PRINCE2 Practitioner Certification 2019. Political career Minister of Housing In 2012, Muizzu assumed the role of Minister of Housing and Environment during the administration of President Waheed as a member of the Adhaalath Party. He continued in this post after the 2013 Presidential Election under President Abdulla Yameen's administration. By this time Muizzu was a member of the Maldives Development Alliance (MDA), part of a coalition government. The Ministry of Housing and Environment was later restructured and renamed as the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure during his five-year term in office. From February 2012 to November 2018, Muizzu held the position of Minister of Housing and Infrastructure, a tenure marked by significant achievements in the execution of housing projects in the Maldives. During this period, the country witnessed the rise of its tallest buildings and the realization of major infrastructure undertakings, including extensive roadworks and land reclamation efforts. Among the prominent projects completed under his guidance were the Sinamalé Bridge, Dharumavantha Hospital, Hiya Flats, Hahdhunmathi main road, Malé Ring Road, Malé Industrial Village, and the reclamation of Hulhumalé Phase II. Moreover, the development of numerous parks and public areas under his direction brought about a substantial transformation of Malé City. Muizzu also facilitated the successful completion of various land reclamation, harbour enhancement, and water and sewerage projects throughout the atolls, contributing to the comprehensive development of the Maldives' infrastructure. Political parties In 2010, Muizzu was appointed as Secretary General of the Adhaalath Party. He remained in the position, while serving as Minister of Housing. Following the 2018 presidential election, Muizzu left the Maldives Development Alliance and joined the party of the outgoing president, the Progressive Party of Maldives. In 2019, Muizzu was appointed the vice-president and the head of the Elections Department of the then-opposition (PPM). On 5 October 2023, Muizzu was appointed as the president of People's National Congress, he assumed the role upon his victory in the presidential election. and in December 2023, Muizzu was appointed as the president of PNC's sister party, Progressive Party of Maldives following former party leader, Abdulla Yameen left the party on 23 November to create his own political party. Mayor of Malé In 2021, Mohamed Muizzu was elected as Mayor of Malé, securing 12,470 votes against the candidate from the then–ruling Maldivian Democratic Party. He was sworn into office on 17 May 2021 in a virtual ceremony conducted by High Court Chief Judge Haathif Hilmy. This election marked a significant shift, as Muizzu became the first Mayor of Malé to be directly elected by its citizens and the first to be elected for a five-year term. His victory ended 11 years of control by the Maldivian Democratic Party over the Malé City Council and saw him representing the Progressive Party of Maldives. During his tenure, Muizzu undertook house calls to gain a deeper understanding of the living conditions in Malé and advocated for decentralisation and the empowerment of local bodies. He served as Mayor from 17 May 2021 until his resignation on 17 November 2023. Notably, Muizzu was the first Mayor to resign from the position. Following his election as President, Deputy Mayor Ahmed Nareesh assumed the role of Acting Mayor. Muizzu’s resignation came after a term of 2 years and 184 days, aligning with his inauguration as president on 17 November 2023. 2023 election Mohamed Muizzu's presidential candidacy was announced in August 2023, Following the conviction of former president and opposition leader Abdulla Yameen for embezzlement. Muizzu was nominated as the presidential candidate for the People's National Congress, part of the opposition coalition, with Member of Parliament, Hussain Mohamed Latheef as his running mate. In the first round of the 2023 Maldivian presidential election, he received 46.06% of the vote (101,635 votes), a plurality, and advanced to the second round on 30 September 2023. He was elected president in the second round, winning 54.04% against the incumbent Ibrahim Mohamed Solih's 46.04%. Muizzu was sworn in as the new president on 17 November 2023. Muizzu advocated for Yameen to be held under house arrest, rather than prison, the next day he was elected as president. During the 2023 presidential election campaign, Mohamed Muizzu undertook an extensive tour of 153 inhabited islands and all major cities in the Maldives within 53 days. His campaign, themed "Dhivehinge Raajje" and endorsed by the PPM-PNC coalition, included delivering speeches at 205 separate events. Campaign As the 2023 campaign season heated up, Muizzu's campaign focused on several key issues, including national sovereignty, infrastructure development, and housing. He highlighted his commitment to reversing agreements perceived as threatening Maldives' independence and sovereignty, particularly those involving foreign military presence. Additionally, Muizzu emphasized his plans for substantial housing projects and infrastructure improvements within Malé city and other Atolls. Dr. Mohamed Muizzu In February 2024, Muizzu published Dr. Mohamed Muizzu (), a book containing his speeches during his presidential campaign. It was officially published into government institutions, schools and libraries and The President's Office. Presidency Mohamed Muizzu assumed office as the 8th President of the Republic of Maldives on 17 November 2023. He is the fourth president to be democratically elected and the sixth from Malé. His oath of office, alongside his running mate Hussain Mohamed Latheef, were administered by Ahmed Muthasim Adnan, Chief Justice of the Maldives at the Republic Square. First 100 days In the initial days of his presidency, Muizzu initiated the withdrawal of Indian troops from the Maldives. During his campaign, he promised to launch several housing projects within his first 100 days, establish a dedicated trust fund for housing, and implement a policy to cap housing loan interest rates at five percent. Muizzu began efforts to terminate secret agreements made by previous administrations with foreign nations that he claimed threatened Maldivian independence and sovereignty. He also appealed against the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea's ruling that affected part of the South Sea within the country's Exclusive Economic Zone. China and India relations On 7 January 2024, Muizzu visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping. His campaign had been focused on reducing Indian influence in Maldivian affairs, and he is considered pro-China. Upon his return, Muizzu stated that while the Maldives is a small country, it should not be subject to bullying. He outlined that China-Maldives relations are based on mutual respect, sovereign equality, territorial integrity, and non-interference in internal matters. As of February 2024, Muizzu had called for the removal of all Indian troops from the Maldives. By 10 May 2024, all Indian armed forces had departed. Israel and Palestine President Mohamed Muizzu's foreign policy strongly supports Palestine and consistently advocates for their rights on international platforms. On 23 December 2023, Muizzu commended the United Nations Security Council resolution demanding increased humanitarian assistance for the people of Gaza. He emphasized that aid delivery amidst ongoing airstrikes is impractical and urged the international community to build upon this resolution to end hostilities and ensure the rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination. Following the Security Council's resolution calling for safe and unhindered humanitarian access throughout Gaza, Muizzu highlighted the persistent brutal attacks faced by Palestinians and called for stronger, more concrete international actions. On 26 January 2024, Muizzu welcomed the International Court of Justice's order for preliminary measures calling on Israel to prevent and punish direct incitement of genocide in Gaza. He stated that Israel must cease its military actions in Gaza and implement an immediate ceasefire, stressing that peace cannot be achieved through violence and displacement. In line with his administration's support for Palestine, on 2 June 2024, Muizzu, following a Cabinet recommendation, imposed a ban on Israeli passports. This decision included amending laws to prevent entry with Israeli passports and establishing a Cabinet subcommittee to oversee these efforts. Additionally, Muizzu appointed a special envoy to assess Palestinian needs, launched a fundraising campaign with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, and organized a nationwide rally under the slogan "Falastheenaa Eku Dhivehin" to demonstrate Maldivians solidarity with Palestine. Turkey Economic policy In January 2024, Muizzu announced plans to establish a development bank and review economic policies. Following Cabinet discussions, he decided to create the Maldives International Financial Services Authority and aims to develop a creative economy. Additionally, he launched a multimillion-dollar project to upgrade Velana International Airport to increase its capacity to 25 million passengers. This project necessitated the relocation of seaplane terminals to Funadhoo. Muizzu also announced the construction of two new airports to expand transportation and bolster the economy. Personal life In an interview during Muizzu's election, Muizzu and First Lady Sajidha highlighted that they met on Ibrahim Nasir International Airport in April 2003. Muizzu married Sajidha Mohamed on 18 May 2003; they have three children, Yasmine, Umair and Zaid. Awards and recognitions On 24 December 2023, Maldives National Association of Construction Industry (MNACI) conferred the "Bodu Rasgefaanu" () title on Mohamed Muizzu, in appreciation of his contributions to the Maldives construction industry. In 2013, then-minister Muizzu was presented with the Maldives National Award by president Mohamed Waheed Hassan for "Achieving the highest academic qualification in the Maldives." Muizzu also earned his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in civil engineering and was given the "Dr" title in 2009. 22 August 2013: National Award. 24 December 2023: Bodu Rasgefaanu title. References Notes Further reading External links Official Others 1978 births Living people Muizzu family Candidates for President of the Maldives Mayors of places in the Maldives Government ministers of the Maldives Mayors of Malé Leaders of Progressive Party of Maldives Politicians from Malé Leaders of People's National Congress (Maldives) 21st-century presidents of the Maldives Candidates in the 2023 Maldivian presidential election Alumni of the University of Leeds Maldivian Muslims Civil engineers Majeediyya School alumni Maldivian engineers Adhaalath Party politicians Housing Ministers of the Maldives Cabinet of Mohamed Muizzu Progressive Party of Maldives politicians People's National Congress (Maldives) politicians Maldives Development Alliance politicians Mohamed Muizzu presidency Environment ministers of the Maldives	Mohamed Muizzu	[ "Engineering" ]	3,202	[ "Civil engineering", "Civil engineers" ]
72,808,068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized%20approximation%20algorithm	A parameterized approximation algorithm is a type of algorithm that aims to find approximate solutions to NP-hard optimization problems in polynomial time in the input size and a function of a specific parameter. These algorithms are designed to combine the best aspects of both traditional approximation algorithms and fixed-parameter tractability. In traditional approximation algorithms, the goal is to find solutions that are at most a certain factor away from the optimal solution, known as an -approximation, in polynomial time. On the other hand, parameterized algorithms are designed to find exact solutions to problems, but with the constraint that the running time of the algorithm is polynomial in the input size and a function of a specific parameter . The parameter describes some property of the input and is small in typical applications. The problem is said to be fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) if there is an algorithm that can find the optimum solution in time, where is a function independent of the input size . A parameterized approximation algorithm aims to find a balance between these two approaches by finding approximate solutions in FPT time: the algorithm computes an -approximation in time, where is a function independent of the input size . This approach aims to overcome the limitations of both traditional approaches by having stronger guarantees on the solution quality compared to traditional approximations while still having efficient running times as in FPT algorithms. An overview of the research area studying parameterized approximation algorithms can be found in the survey of Marx and the more recent survey by Feldmann et al. Obtainable approximation ratios The full potential of parameterized approximation algorithms is utilized when a given optimization problem is shown to admit an -approximation algorithm running in time, while in contrast the problem neither has a polynomial-time -approximation algorithm (under some complexity assumption, e.g., ), nor an FPT algorithm for the given parameter (i.e., it is at least W[1]-hard). For example, some problems that are APX-hard and W[1]-hard admit a parameterized approximation scheme (PAS), i.e., for any a -approximation can be computed in time for some functions and . This then circumvents the lower bounds in terms of polynomial-time approximation and fixed-parameter tractability. A PAS is similar in spirit to a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) but additionally exploits a given parameter . Since the degree of the polynomial in the runtime of a PAS depends on a function , the value of is assumed to be arbitrary but constant in order for the PAS to run in FPT time. If this assumption is unsatisfying, is treated as a parameter as well to obtain an efficient parameterized approximation scheme (EPAS), which for any computes a -approximation in time for some function . This is similar in spirit to an efficient polynomial-time approximation scheme (EPTAS). k-cut The k-cut problem has no polynomial-time -approximation algorithm for any , assuming and the small set expansion hypothesis. It is also W[1]-hard parameterized by the number of required components. However an EPAS exists, which computes a -approximation in time. Steiner Tree The Steiner Tree problem is FPT parameterized by the number of terminals. However, for the "dual" parameter consisting of the number of non-terminals contained in the optimum solution, the problem is W[2]-hard (due to a folklore reduction from the Dominating Set problem). Steiner Tree is also known to be APX-hard. However, there is an EPAS computing a -approximation in time. The more general Steiner Forest problem is NP-hard on graphs of treewidth 3. However, on graphs of treewidth an EPAS can compute a -approximation in time. Strongly-connected Steiner subgraph It is known that the Strongly Connected Steiner Subgraph problem is W[1]-hard parameterized by the number of terminals, and also does not admit an -approximation in polynomial time (under standard complexity assumptions). However a 2-approximation can be computed in time. Furthermore, this is best possible, since no -approximation can be computed in time for any function , under Gap-ETH. k-median and k-means For the well-studied metric clustering problems of k-median and k-means parameterized by the number of centers, it is known that no -approximation for k-Median and no -approximation for k-Means can be computed in time for any function , under Gap-ETH. Matching parameterized approximation algorithms exist, but it is not known whether matching approximations can be computed in polynomial time. Clustering is often considered in settings of low dimensional data, and thus a practically relevant parameterization is by the dimension of the underlying metric. In the Euclidean space, the k-Median and k-Means problems admit an EPAS parameterized by the dimension , and also an EPAS parameterized by . The former was generalized to an EPAS for the parameterization by the doubling dimension. For the loosely related highway dimension parameter, only an approximation scheme with XP runtime is known to date. k-center For the metric k-center problem a 2-approximation can be computed in polynomial time. However, when parameterizing by either the number of centers, the doubling dimension (in fact the dimension of a Manhattan metric), or the highway dimension, no parameterized -approximation algorithm exists, under standard complexity assumptions. Furthermore, the k-Center problem is W[1]-hard even on planar graphs when simultaneously parameterizing it by the number of centers, the doubling dimension, the highway dimension, and the pathwidth. However, when combining with the doubling dimension an EPAS exists, and the same is true when combining with the highway dimension. For the more general version with vertex capacities, an EPAS exists for the parameterization by k and the doubling dimension, but not when using k and the highway dimension as the parameter. Regarding the pathwidth, k-Center admits an EPAS even for the more general treewidth parameter, and also for cliquewidth. Densest subgraph An optimization variant of the k-Clique problem is the Densest k-Subgraph problem (which is a 2-ary Constraint Satisfaction problem), where the task is to find a subgraph on vertices with maximum number of edges. It is not hard to obtain a -approximation by just picking a matching of size in the given input graph, since the maximum number of edges on vertices is always at most . This is also asymptotically optimal, since under Gap-ETH no -approximation can be computed in FPT time parameterized by . Dominating set For the Dominating set problem it is W[1]-hard to compute any -approximation in time for any functions and . Approximate kernelization Kernelization is a technique used in fixed-parameter tractability to pre-process an instance of an NP-hard problem in order to remove "easy parts" and reveal the NP-hard core of the instance. A kernelization algorithm takes an instance and a parameter , and returns a new instance with parameter such that the size of and is bounded as a function of the input parameter , and the algorithm runs in polynomial time. An -approximate kernelization algorithm is a variation of this technique that is used in parameterized approximation algorithms. It returns a kernel such that any -approximation in can be converted into an -approximation to the input instance in polynomial time. This notion was introduced by Lokshtanov et al., but there are other related notions in the literature such as Turing kernels and -fidelity kernelization. As for regular (non-approximate) kernels, a problem admits an α-approximate kernelization algorithm if and only if it has a parameterized α-approximation algorithm. The proof of this fact is very similar to the one for regular kernels. However the guaranteed approximate kernel might be of exponential size (or worse) in the input parameter. Hence it becomes interesting to find problems that admit polynomial sized approximate kernels. Furthermore, a polynomial-sized approximate kernelization scheme (PSAKS) is an -approximate kernelization algorithm that computes a polynomial-sized kernel and for which can be set to for any . For example, while the Connected Vertex Cover problem is FPT parameterized by the solution size, it does not admit a (regular) polynomial sized kernel (unless ), but a PSAKS exists. Similarly, the Steiner Tree problem is FPT parameterized by the number of terminals, does not admit a polynomial sized kernel (unless ), but a PSAKS exists. When parameterizing Steiner Tree by the number of non-terminals in the optimum solution, the problem is W[2]-hard (and thus admits no exact kernel at all, unless FPT=W[2]), but still admits a PSAKS. Talks on parameterized approximations Daniel Lokshtanov: A Parameterized Approximation Scheme for k-Min Cut Tuukka Korhonen: Single-Exponential Time 2-Approximation Algorithm for Treewidth Karthik C. S.: Recent Hardness of Approximation results in Parameterized Complexity Ariel Kulik. Two-variable Recurrence Relations with Application to Parameterized Approximations Meirav Zehavi. FPT Approximation Vincent Cohen-Added: On the Parameterized Complexity of Various Clustering Problems Fahad Panolan. Parameterized Approximation for Independent Set of Rectangles Andreas Emil Feldmann. Approximate Kernelization Schemes for Steiner Networks References Algorithms Approximation algorithms Parameterized complexity	Parameterized approximation algorithm	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,952	[ "Applied mathematics", "Algorithms", "Mathematical logic", "Approximation algorithms", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations" ]
72,810,455	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Ignatz-Hoover	Frederick Ignatz-Hoover is an Eastman technology fellow and the ninth editor of Rubber Chemistry and Technology. Education Ignatz-Hoover completed his undergraduate and graduate education in chemistry and Polymer Science at the University of Akron. His doctoral advisor was Roderic Quirk and his dissertation investigated the topic of anionic polymer synthesis. He serves on several academic advisory boards: the Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds at the University of Florida, the Center for Advanced Polymer Composites Engineering at Ohio State University, and the University of Akron's Department of Chemistry. Career Ignatz-Hoover joined Monsanto in 1986, working under Aubert Y. Coran and continuing in technical roles as the business continued under the Solutia, Eastman and Flexsys brands. He is an expert in the use of sulfur and vulcanization chemistry in the rubber industry. His most cited work treated the subject of migration of chemical additives in rubber. Awards 2009 - Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award from Rubber Division of the ACS References Polymer scientists and engineers Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Tire industry people	Frederick Ignatz-Hoover	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	222	[ "Polymer scientists and engineers", "Physical chemists", "Polymer chemistry" ]
72,811,144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchwaldoboletus%20parvulus	Buchwaldoboletus parvulus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to India. It grows on dead bamboo stumps, has a convex bright yellow cap, yellow to red-brown pores, and a yellow above, reddish below stipe. Taxonomy and naming Originally described by & Purush. as Pulveroboletus parvulus in 1988, it was given its current name by Ernst Both and Beatriz Ortiz-Santana in A preliminary survey of the genus Buchwaldoboletus, published in "Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences" in 2011. Description The cap is bright yellow, convex, pulverulent, and can reach 7–13 mm in diameter. The pores are small, and tubes are adnate, concolorous with the pileus, 3–4 mm deep. The stipe is very short, excentric and concolorous with the cap, becoming olive-brown when cut. Natarajan's description doesn't mention any bluing of the flesh, characteristic for Buchwaldoboletus genus. Spores measure 5–6 by 3–4 μm. References External links Boletaceae Fungi described in 1988 Fungi of Asia Fungus species	Buchwaldoboletus parvulus	[ "Biology" ]	255	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
72,812,763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Federation%20of%20Societies%20of%20Cosmetic%20Chemists	International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC) is an international association based in New York City that promotes international cooperation in cosmetic science and technology. The Federation was founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1959 and had its headquarters in London before moving to New York in 2015. IFSCC is the world's largest association of researchers in the field of cosmetics, and as of 2023 the Federation consists of 51 societies representing 81 countries. History The initiative to establish the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC) was proposed in Paris in 1956. On April 15, 1959, the first council meeting to form the IFSCC was held in London, during which representatives from eight countries attended, including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden and the United States (the Society of Cosmetic Chemists). On September 8, 1959, IFSCC was founded in Brussels, Belgium. The first IFSCC president was Maison G. de Navarre from the United States. In 1960, the first IFSCC Congress was held in Munich, Germany with 350 delegates attending from 16 countries. IFSCC had its headquarters in London, England for over three decades, and in 2015 the organization moved its headquarters to New York, USA. As of 2023, IFSCC consists of 51 societies representing 81 countries, and the number of individual members in the Federation exceeds 16,000. Mission The role of IFSCC includes promoting international standards, funding researches, coordinating international congresses and meetings, issuing scientific publications, and sponsoring awards of cosmetic sciences. Since 1998, IFSCC publishes the journal IFSCC Magazine. The Federation also offers the database KOSMET, a comprehensive online database specializing in Cosmetic Science and Industry information. IFSCC events Before 2023, IFSCC organized an international scientific event each autumn: a Congress in even years, a Conference in odd years. Starting in 2023, only the IFSCC Congress is offered annually. The past three IFSCC Congresses were held in London (32nd Congress; 2022), in Tokyo (31st Congress; 2020), and in Munich (30th Congress; 2018). The first IFSCC Congress was held in Munich in 1960. The past three IFSCC Conferences were held in Cancún (26th Conference; 2021), in Milan (25th Conference; 2019), and in Seoul (24th Conference; 2017). The first IFSCC Conference was held in Basel in 1979. IFSCC awards All eligible papers for the IFSCC Awards are judged by a committee of qualified and experienced cosmetic scientists, according to criteria "Novelty and originality of the experimental approach", "The impact of the experimental findings for the cosmetic industry at large", and "The extent to which the results provide an answer to as yet unresolved scientific matters". Presentation of the results is also being judged. The following awards are given at an IFSCC Congress in even years: Basic Research Award (for upstream research studies) Applied Research Award (for downstream studies closed linked to final cosmetic products) Poster Award Henry Maso Award for Young Scientists The following awards were given at an IFSCC Conference (in odd years) before 2023 and are given at an IFSCC Congress since 2023 in odd years: Poster Award Johann Wiechers Award (formerly the IFSCC Conference Award) Host Society Award Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Essay Prize See also Society of Cosmetic Chemists Cosmetic industry Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology References External links IFSCC official website. KOSMET (IFSCC online database for Cosmetic Science and Industry information). Chemistry societies Scientific societies based in the United States Organizations based in New York City Organizations established in 1959	International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists	[ "Chemistry" ]	760	[ "Chemistry societies", "nan" ]
72,812,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203300	NGC 3300 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel on 19 March 1784. NGC 3300 is a LINER-type galaxy. References External links Leo (constellation) 3300 Lenticular galaxies LINER galaxies	NGC 3300	[ "Astronomy" ]	53	[ "Leo (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
72,813,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V389%20Cygni	V389 Cygni, also known as HD 201433 and HR 8094, is a star about 390 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Cygnus. It is a 5th-magnitude star, making it faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. V389 Cygni is a multiple star. One component of that system is a slowly pulsating B-type star (SPB) causing the system's brightness to vary from magnitude 5.55 to 5.71 over a period of 1.4 days. V389 Cygni is catalogued as a multiple star with four visible components. The faint companions TYC 2701-897-1 and UCAC4 602-123109 are unrelated background objects, at and respectively. A 5th-magnitude and 8th-magnitude star separated by form a common proper motion pair, generall referred to as components A and B). The brighter star, component A, is a spectroscopic binary and the system also harbours an unseen third star, making it a triple and the system as a whole then includes four stars. Both the visible stars are chemically peculiar, A being an Ap star and B an Am star. The blended spectral class of the pair is B9V, with the brighter star having a class of B9VspSi (or B9 Si Mg) and the fainter kA2.5hA7VmA9n. Component A of V389 Cygni was discovered to be a spectroscopic binary from spectra obtained in 1918. In 1921, Reynold K. Young of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory derived its orbit from 49 additional spectra obtained in 1920-1921. He found it to have a circular orbit, with a period of 3.3137 days. He noted that the star showed evidence of variability. In 1922 Kurt Bottlinger and Paul Guthnick detected variability in V389 Cygni. Between 1936 and 1942, Guthnick made extensive photoelectric observations of V389 Cygni. He found that sometimes the brightness appeared to change irregularly, and at other times two periods, 1.12912 and 1.19328 days, could be seen. Neither period was related to the orbital period of the spectroscopic binary. Guthnick postulated that the system consisted of two Cepheid variables orbiting each other, but it is now believed that only one of the stars in the close binary pair is variable, and it is an SPB star. In 1978, Frank Gieseking and Wilhelm Seggewiss refined Young's orbit determination for the spectroscopic binary (new period days), and found that V389 Cygni is a triple star. The third, unseen component, orbits the close binary pair with a period of days. They were unable to derive a nonzero eccentricity for either orbit. In 1989, David Barlow re-analyzed earlier data and found that while the orbit of the inner binary appeared to be circular, the data were best fit if the orbit of the third star had an eccentricity of . In 2017, Thomas Kallinger et al. published an extensive spectroscopic and astroseismic study of V389 Cygni. They found 29 pulsation frequencies in the BRITE satellite data for the star. They were able to derive an eccentricity value for the inner binary pair's orbit of . Their astroseismic results indicate that the outer layer of the SPB star is in the process of becoming tidally locked to its close companion, but the inner portion of the star still rotates at a significantly different speed. References Slowly pulsating B-type stars Cygnus (constellation) 104371 201433 Durchmusterung objects Cygni, V389 Am stars Ap stars 8094	V389 Cygni	[ "Astronomy" ]	784	[ "Cygnus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
72,816,186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20abrasion%20test	The Los Angeles abrasion test (LA abrasion) is the North American standard for testing toughness (resistance to abrasion and degradation) of construction aggregate or gravel and its suitability for road construction. Test methodology and equipment is defined in the ASTM International publications ASTM C131 for particle sizes smaller than 37 mm (1.5 inches) and ASTM C535 for sizes larger than 19 mm (3/4 of an inch); the overlapping range of 19 to 37 mm can be tested by either of two standards. The Los Angeles machine defined in the standard is a simple ball mill of specified size and shape The standard charge of rock is set at depending on the size of the particles. The drum of the mill has a single shelf plate that scoops test samples and steel balls from the bottom, lifts them up and then drops them, creating a crushing impact. The interaction of the drum, steel balls and the samples at the bottom of the drum causes further abrading and grinding. The complete test requires 500 drum revolutions at a speed of 30-33 revolutions per minute. Crushed sample is then separated from fine dust on a sieve, washed, dried and weighed. The test reports loss of mass to abrasion and impact, expressed as a percentage of initial sample mass. Maximum acceptable loss for the base course of the road is 45%; the more demanding surface course must be 35% or less. The test was developed by the city engineers of Los Angeles in the 1920s. The California Highway Commission found the new methodology superior to the established Deval abrasion test, and adopted the LA test in 1927. In the 1930s, national studies demonstrated the Deval test did not correlate with the service record of sampled rock altogether, while an LA loss rating of less than 40% was a reliable indicator of quality. The federal standard for LA abrasion testing was formally adopted by the ASTM in 1937. Decades later, field studies found that the LA test results do not always correlate with reality, thus engineers outside of the United States developed different national standards like the French wet micro-Deval procedure or the British Standard 812. Citations References ASTM standards Standards of the United States Construction standards Roads in the United States Construction in the United States Stone (material) Quarrying	Los Angeles abrasion test	[ "Engineering" ]	470	[ "Construction", "Construction standards" ]
78,602,994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyampholytes	Polyampholytes are polymers that contain both positively charged (cationic) and negatively charged (anionic) functional groups within the same molecule. Their unique structure allows them to exhibit amphoteric behavior, meaning they can interact with a range of substances depending on the surrounding pH, making them useful in applications like drug delivery, water treatment, and biomaterials. Polyampholytes can exist as either linear water-soluble polyelectrolytes or as cross-linked structures. Weakly cross-linked polyampholytes swell in water, forming hydrogels. The swelling properties of these hydrogels are highly dependent on the solution pH and its relation to the polyampholyte’s isoelectric point. The isoelectric point of polyampholytes is the pH at which the polymer exhibits no net charge, balancing its positive and negative charges. This point is important because it dictates the net charge of polyampholyte macromolecules at different pH levels. At a pH less than the isoelectric point, the macromolecules carry a positive charge, while at a pH greater than the isoelectric point, they acquire a negative charge. At pH equal to the isoelectric point, polyampholytes are neutral. Under these conditions, they may show minimal viscosity in solutions or lose solubility and precipitate. Proteins are a class of natural polyampholytes, as they contain both positively and negatively charged amino acid residues within their structure. These charges are influenced by the pH of the surrounding environment, which determines the overall charge of the protein. The presence of both acidic (anionic) and basic (cationic) residues allows proteins to interact with various charged species, making them versatile in biological processes. Gelatin is a well-known example of a protein-derived polyampholyte. It is derived from collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissues, and contains both acidic (anionic) and basic (cationic) amino acid residues, making it capable of exhibiting amphoteric behavior. The unique combination of these charges allows gelatin to interact with a variety of substances, depending on the pH of the surrounding environment. Applications Synthetic polyampholytes have a range of potential applications. They can adhere to mucosal surfaces, enhance drug retention and improve bioavailability by adjusting their charge at specific pH's. In water treatment, polyampholytes act as flocculants. In biomaterials, they are utilized in tissue engineering, wound dressings, and as scaffolds for cell growth, taking advantage of their biocompatibility and adjustable charge properties. Furthermore, polyampholytes serve as cryoprotectants in cryopreservation, stabilizing biological samples like cells and tissues during freezing by preventing ice crystal formation and reducing cellular damage. Polyampholytes are potential stealth coatings, creating anti-fouling surfaces that resist biofilm formation. References Polymers	Polyampholytes	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	631	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
78,603,354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20Krause	Ulrich Krause (born 2 January 1959) is a Process Safety Engineer and university professor. He is currently a full professor and the chair of Institute of Apparatus and Environmental Technology (IAUT) at Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. Additionally, Ulrich co-leads the EU GREEN – WP3 Research initiative (EU GREEN Cluster 3) Education and career After completing primary and high school, Ulrich pursued studies in fluid mechanics and technical thermodynamics at the TU Dresden from 1980 to 1985. Following his graduation, he served as a scientific assistant at the same institution from 1985 to 1989 and earned his doctorate (Dr.-Ing.) in 1989 with his dissertation on "Investigations on the one-dimensional non-equilibrium two-phase flow". From 1990 to 1991, he worked as a researcher at the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Research Center for Mechanization and Energy Application. Subsequently, he joined the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), where he served as a senior researcher and project manager from 1991 to 2005. During this tenure, he completed his Habilitation at TU Dresden on the topic of "Heat and mass transport processes in safety-related investigation procedures for dust fires and dust explosions." In 2005, Ulrich was appointed head of the working group "Combustible Bulk Materials and Dusts, Solid Fuels" at BAM, followed by his role as head of Section 7.3 "Fire Engineering" from 2006 to 2011. In 2011, he became a full professor of plant design and process safety and has since chaired the Institute of Apparatus and Environmental Technology. In addition to his academic work, Ulrich is an active process safety consultant and the editor of the textbook Fires in Silos. Research interest Process and plant safety Fire protection Explosion protection Simulation of reactive systems Thermal engineering Self-ignition of porous materials Selected publications Ulrich has author or co-author over 188 publications. Below is a selection of his most influential works: R. Zinke et al., 'Uncertainty consideration in CFD-models via response surface modeling: Application on realistic dense and light gas dispersion simulations', Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 75, p. 104710, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104710. K. O. A. Amano, S.-K. Hahn, R. Tschirschwitz, T. Rappsilber, and U. Krause, 'An Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway and Gas Release of NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch Batteries Depending on the State of Charge Level', Batteries, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 41, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/batteries8050041. E. Villacorta et al., 'Onset of smoldering fires in storage silos: Susceptibility to design, scenario, and material parameters, Fuel, vol. 284, p. 118964, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118964. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, and U. Krause, 'Experimental investigations of the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of inert and combustible dust cloud mixtures', Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 307, pp. 302–311, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.018. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, M. Kamal, and U. Krause, 'Minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixtures of combustible dusts and gases, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 102, pp. 503–512, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2016.05.005. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, and U. Krause, 'Models to estimate the minimum ignition temperature of dusts and hybrid mixtures, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 304, pp. 73–83, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.015. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, and U. Krause, 'Experimental investigation on the minimum ignition temperature of hybrid mixtures of dusts and gases or solvents, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 301, pp. 314–326, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.006. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, and U. Krause, 'Lower explosion limit of hybrid mixtures of burnable gas and dust, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 36, pp. 497–504, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2015.02.014. E. K. Addai, D. Gabel, and U. Krause, 'Explosion characteristics of three component hybrid mixtures, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 98, pp. 72–81, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2015.06.013. M. Werrel, J. H. Deubel, S. Krüger, A. Hofmann, and U. Krause, 'The calculation of the heat release rate by oxygen consumption in a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter, Fire and Materials, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 204–226, 2014, doi: 10.1002/fam.2175. U. Krause, W., Grosshandler, and L. Gritzo, 'The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on sustainability and fire safety, Fire Safety Journal, vol. 49, pp. 79–81, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.01.003. S. Krüger, A. Berger, and U. Krause, 'Chemical–analytical investigation of fire products in intermediate storages of recycling materials, Fire and Materials, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 165–175, 2012, doi: 10.1002/fam.1098. Official website Website of the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Publications by Ulrich Krause at Researchgate Website of the Forschungsportal Sachsen-Anhalt References	Ulrich Krause	[ "Engineering" ]	1,340	[ "Safety engineering", "Safety researchers" ]
78,604,135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204495	NGC4495 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Coma Berenices. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4850 ± 20km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . Additionally, 31 non-redshift measurements give a distance of . It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 March 1785. According to the SIMBAD database, NGC4495 is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms. Supernovae Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 4495: SN1994S (typeIa, mag. 14.5) was discovered by Larry Mitchell on 4 June 1994. SN2010lo (type unknown, mag. 17.3) was discovered by the La Sagra Sky Survey on 15 December 2010. SN2011ca (typeIc, mag. 17.2) was discovered by Fabrizio Ciabattari and E. Mazzoni on 26 April 2011. See also List of NGC objects (4001–5000) References External links 4495 041438 +05-30-012 07663 12289+2924 Coma Berenices 17850313 Discoveries by William Herschel Spiral galaxies LINER galaxies	NGC 4495	[ "Astronomy" ]	275	[ "Coma Berenices", "Constellations" ]
78,605,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxious-preoccupied%20attachment	Anxious-preoccupied attachment has been linked to various psychological and interpersonal difficulties. For example, research has suggested that anxious-preoccupied attachment may mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder. Characteristics Individuals with an anxious-preoccupied attachment style are characterized by a strong desire for closeness and intimacy in their relationships, but they often experience high levels of anxiety and uncertainty about the availability and responsiveness of their attachment figures. This attachment style is associated with a negative model of the self and a positive model of others, leading to a preoccupation with relationships and a fear of abandonment. Anxious-preoccupied individuals tend to have a heightened sensitivity to emotional cues and a tendency to perceive more pain intensity and unpleasantness in others. This may be due to the projection of their own "actual-self" traits onto their perception of others. They tend to be more concerned about reaching their therapeutic goals and perceive less positive outcomes from their most recent crying episode in therapy, especially when the relationship with their therapist is not strong. Individuals with this attachment style tend to have a negative self-view and a vacillating or split view of others, which can contribute to interpersonal dysfunction. Anxious-preoccupied individuals have more opportunities to reflect on their emotions, leading to a heightened ability to understand and express their feelings. They may rely on self-silencing strategies and restrict the expression of negative emotions, particularly in the context of close relationships. Causes The anxious-preoccupied attachment style has been associated with a heightened vigilance towards emotionally significant social cues, as evidenced by increased activation in the amygdala during social appraisal tasks. This may contribute to the tendency to be overly concerned about the availability and responsiveness of attachment figures. Research Parenting research has shown that preoccupied parents tend to display more hostile and less affectionate parenting attitudes compared to securely attached parents. In terms of age differences, studies have found that older adults tend to have lower levels of preoccupied attachment compared to younger adults. References Attachment theory Psychological theories Developmental psychology	Anxious-preoccupied attachment	[ "Biology" ]	407	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior", "Developmental psychology" ]
78,605,832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitrite%20Fountain	The Amphitrite Fountain (; ), also known as the Amphitrite Monument (), and the Felderhoff Fountain (; ), was a Baroque Revival fountain sculpture in the city of Szczecin, Poland (then German Empire), placed at the intersection of current Independence Avenue, Wyszyńskiego Street, and the Victory Square, in front of the Harbour Gate. Designed by Reinhold Felderhoff, it depicted Amphitrite, goddess of the sea in the Greek mythology, as a nude female figure, standing on a chariot drawn by two galloping horses. It was unveiled in 1902, and removed in 1932. It is currently considered lost art. History The fountain sculpture was carved by Reinhold Felderhoff, and unveiled in 1902, in front of the former bricked-up entrance to the Harbour Gate, at the intersection of current Independence Avenue, Wyszyńskiego Street, and the Victory Square. The sculpture, depicting a naked female figure, caused controversy and protests among some religious conservative women. In 1929, the location of the fountain and its basin was deemed to interfere with the road traffic, and it was removed on 12 October 1932. The sculpture was donated to the Pomeranian State Museum (now Szczecin National Museum), with its further whereabouts remaining unknown. Characteristics The focal point of the fountain was the sculpture of Amphitrite, goddess of the sea in Greek mythology, depicted as a nude female figure, holding a trident. She stood on a chariot, drawn by two galloping horses, faced towards the Oder river. The sculpture was most likely made from sandstone, and was inspired by the Apollo Fountain in the Palace of Versailles in France. The water flew from the chariot, and cascaded into a large shallow basin. References 1902 sculptures 1902 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1902 Statues of women in Poland Animal sculptures in Poland Sculptures of horses Outdoor sculptures in Szczecin Centrum, Szczecin 1932 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1932 Former buildings and structures in Szczecin Removed statues Sandstone sculptures Lost sculptures Fountains of deities Zoomorphic fountains Fountains in Poland Sculptures of Greek goddesses Nude sculptures Architectural controversies Obscenity controversies in sculpture 1902 controversies Controversies in Germany Controversies in Poland Baroque Revival buildings and structures	Amphitrite Fountain	[ "Engineering" ]	462	[ "Architectural controversies", "Architecture" ]
78,606,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DitchCarbon	DitchCarbon is a UK-based emissions intelligence company that provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions for measuring and managing Scope 3 carbon emissions, specifically those from suppliers, and investments (category 1, 2 &15). The company's platform supports businesses in integrating carbon emissions insights into their workflows to make data-driven sustainability decisions. History Ditchcarbon was founded in London in 2022 by Marc Munier, an environmentalist and software executive, who was later joined by Cam Pederson and Alex Rudnicki. Product and Services DitchCarbon provides emissions insights using artificial intelligence to identify, extract, and verify disclosed emissions data. The platform combines this data with established frameworks such as the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to offer clients a comprehensive view of their suppliers' carbon footprints. In 2024, DitchCarbon introduced features such as supplier-level spend-based factors for more accurate emissions reporting and a forecasting tool to predict supplier emissions over time. DitchCarbon operates as a remote-first organization, with employees located in the United Kingdom, Spain, Hungary, the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, and Bangladesh. References Companies based in London Software companies of the United Kingdom 2022 establishments in the United Kingdom Software companies established in 2022 Emissions reduction	DitchCarbon	[ "Chemistry" ]	273	[ "Greenhouse gases", "Emissions reduction" ]
78,606,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learn%20BASIC%20Now	Learn BASIC Now is a book series written by Michael Halvorson and David Rygmyr, published by Microsoft Press. The primers introduced computer programming concepts to students and self-taught learners who were interested in creating games and application programs for early personal computers, including IBM-PC compatible systems and the Apple Macintosh. Learn BASIC Now included software disks containing the Microsoft QuickBASIC Interpreter and the book’s sample programs. The books were influential in the popularization of the BASIC language and released during a significant growth phase of the personal computer industry when the installed base of BASIC programmers hit four million active users. Since the books were distributed by Microsoft and featured a robust, menu-driven programming environment, Learn BASIC Now became an important catalyst for the learn-to-program movement, a broad-based computer literacy initiative in the 1980s and 1990s that encouraged people of all ages to learn to write computer programs. History Early BASIC primers When programming languages appeared in the 1950s and 60s, most of the early learning resources or manuals assumed their readers were engineers, mathematicians, or experienced tinkerers. When John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz introduced Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) in 1963, they produced learning materials that described the language in a new way, emphasizing the language’s responsiveness and suitability for students. BASIC was quickly implemented on time-sharing services, minicomputers, and the first microcomputers, and technology enthusiasts worked to bring programming skills to people with little or no experience in computing. For example, Bob Albrecht, co-founder of the People’s Computer Company Newsletter, published a BASIC primer designed to make programming exciting and enriching. My Computer Likes Me When I Speak BASIC (1972) taught programming using step-by-step instructions and examples from everyday life. When Ted Nelson published Computer Lib/Dream Machines in 1974, he described computers as revolutionary devices that put the user in charge of their destiny. “The world is divided,” Nelson wrote, “into people who have written a program and people who have not.” Learning to program was described as a way to activate human agency and contribute to community solidarity. BASIC Computer Games, Microcomputer Edition (1978), by David Ahl, drew attention to the emerging PC platform and how BASIC could be used to create interesting games and puzzles that were exciting to build. BASIC programming instruction also appeared in popular magazines. For example, columnist Dian Crayne published program listings and design tips in PC Magazine, inviting readers to construct their own adventure-type games using BASIC and assembly language. BASIC dialects proliferated in the late-1980s, and software companies added an integrated development environment (IDE) and structured programming enhancements to their compilers and interpreters to attract more customers. Prominent examples included True BASIC (1985), Microsoft QuickBASIC (1985), Borland Turbo Basic (1987), and Microsoft BASIC Professional Development System (1989). Computer book publishers responded by publishing trade and academic books about BASIC and related products. Microsoft Press Microsoft Press, the book publishing division of Microsoft, had a history of producing books about PC programming, including The Peter Norton Programmer’s Guide to the IBM PC (1985) and Ray Duncan’s Advanced MS-DOS (1986). When Microsoft released QuickBASIC 4.5 for MS-DOS in 1988, Microsoft Press asked permission to distribute a scaled-down version of the product with a new programming primer that could speed the adoption of QuickBASIC and attract new customers to personal computing. The book-and-software product would sell for $39.95 and provide all the resources that new users would need to learn modern, structured programming techniques on a DOS-based computer. Learn BASIC Now was written by Michael Halvorson and David Rygmyr, two Microsoft Press employees with experience in PC programming and technical writing. They completed the manuscript and MS-DOS sample programs over a period of five months in early 1989. The authors were assisted by staff editors Megan Sheppard and Dail Magee, Jr., and a team of artists, proofreaders, and compositors. The cover was designed by Greg Hickman, and the original illustrations were created by Becky Geisler-Johnson. The interior design featured multiple colors, original artwork, screen shots, and step-by-step programming instructions. Each lesson in the MS-DOS edition of the book included QuickBASIC programs that the reader could type in on their own or they could load the programs from 5.25” disks included with the package. The key feature that set the book apart from language references and other tutorials was that practice sessions were presented step by step using detailed instructions, keyboarding icons, a second color for user entry, and jargon-free terminology. These innovative elements were eventually transferred to the Step by Step book series published by Microsoft Press in the 1990s and 2000s. Contents Learn BASIC Now was organized into 13 chapters and 4 appendices. Main topics included an introduction to problem solving, building algorithms, controlling program flow, creating subprograms and functions, working with arrays, string-processing techniques, using files and databases, and integrating graphics and sound into games. The text concluded with common debugging scenarios and answers to the questions and exercises presented in the text. Bill Gates wrote the Foreword to the MS-DOS version of the book, emphasizing that the continuing PC Revolution required all people to participate: “We need a diverse community of users creating tools and solving problems to fully achieve the potential of the microcomputer,” Gates wrote. Gates also described a universal BASIC-like language that would one day be built into computer applications. Microsoft’s implementation of this became Visual Basic for Applications, first launched in Microsoft Excel 5.0 in 1993. Halvorson and Rygmyr's text encouraged readers to see programming and the rise of personal computing as positive forces in society. They acknowledged that popular media had depicted computers negatively in the past, but they encouraged people to see how PCs were becoming a part of everyday life: "Hollywood and television have done a fine job of showing us how computers can take away jobs, make life more difficult, and take over the world. Despite this bad press, personal computers have entered the workplaces and homes of millions, allowing people to perform useful work that makes their lives easier and more productive. Computers have become an integral part of business, communication, entertainment, and scientific research. Because of their ease of use and increased power, people can use today’s personal computer as the tools they were designed to be." Reception Learn BASIC Now was released in November 1989 and sold over 75,000 copies in its first edition. The book’s $39.95 retail price was higher than comparable primers, but competitive because the book included the Microsoft QuickBASIC Interpreter and QBI Advisor help system on three 5.25” disks. Significant press coverage accompanied the publication of Learn BASIC Now. In its review of the book, the New York Times wrote, “For anyone who wants to learn something about programming, it would be hard to find an easier or more cost-effective source than Learn BASIC Now.” In 1990, Learn BASIC Now was runner up in the “How To” computer book category for a Computer Press Association award, the preeminent editorial award given in New York City by the computer and technology media. Related works In 1990, Halvorson and Rygmyr published the Macintosh version of Learn BASIC Now, which included the Microsoft QuickBASIC Interpreter for Macintosh Plus, SE, and II systems on 3.5” diskettes. The book-and-software package was also published by Microsoft Press, following an arrangement with the Languages division of Microsoft to distribute a scaled-down version of QuickBASIC for the Macintosh. Learn BASIC for the Apple Macintosh Now had considerable differences from the MS-DOS version, because the Macintosh was a fully graphical system and offered event-driven programming features. Byte (magazine) columnist and science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle wrote the Foreword to the book, emphasizing the value of learning programming as a gateway to future employment and personal fulfilment. In 1990, Microsoft also released a book-and-software package for MS-DOS gaming audiences entitled Microsoft Game Shop: Games and the QBasic Learning Environment. The $49.95 software package included the MS-DOS version of Learn BASIC Now, the QBasic Interpreter, and a selection of customizable arcade-style games, including versions of Tetris and Missile Command. Tony Roberts of Compute! wrote, “BASIC is an ideal first language… For learning to program, Microsoft Game Shop provides an excellent introduction with plenty of fun and useful tools. First time programmers have a chance to experience the challenge and excitement of the old days of computing, but with all the comforts afforded by today’s technology.” Windows programming In January 1996, Halvorson published Learn Visual Basic Now, a version of Learn BASIC Now for the Microsoft Windows operating system using Microsoft Visual Basic version 4.0. Like the first two Learn Now primers, the Microsoft Press book included a working version of the Visual Basic software and step-by-step instructions that presented game and application programming to new audiences, including students and self-taught learners. Learn Visual Basic Now was a significant revision, replacing older BASIC keywords with newer object-oriented techniques and advice about designing applications for the popular Windows 95 system. In 1999, Learn Visual Basic Now was revised again to introduce Visual Basic 6.0, a program included on a CD-ROM bound into the book. Halvorson continued working on Visual Basic and Windows programming primers as a professor at Pacific Lutheran University, releasing 10 editions of Microsoft Visual Basic Step by Step between 1995 and 2013. Influence Learn BASIC Now has been cited as a successful model for teaching self-taught learners programming skills in an era when computer instruction was expensive and difficult to obtain. Before the Internet changed teaching and learning methods in the late 1990s, printed books like Learn BASIC Now and Learn Visual Basic Now had considerable influence in user communities and schools, and contributed to the growth of personal computing and computer literacy. Although BASIC programming is sometimes denigrated as hobbyist or amateur in academic circles, self-taught programmers, students, and office workers used BASIC and its successors to build valuable technical skills and enter the burgeoning computer industry. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, BASIC was one of the most popular programming languages and closely related to the rise of computing as a social and cultural phenomenon. Recommended reading Bob Albrecht, My Computer Loves Me When I Speak BASIC (Portland, OR: Dilithium Press, 1972). David H. Ahl, ed., 101 BASIC Computer Games (Maynard, MA: Digital Equipment Corporation, 1973). Clive Thompson, Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World (New York, NY: Penguin Press, 2019). Thomas Haigh and Paul E. Ceruzzi, A New Modern History of Computing (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2021). Michael J. Halvorson, Code Nation: Personal Computing and the Learn to Program Movement in America (ACM Books / Morgan & Claypool, 2020). John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz, Back to BASICs: The History, Corruption, and Future of the Language (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1985). Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984; Revised edition, Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2010). Ted Nelson, Computer Lib/ Dream Machines, Second Edition (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987). Joy Lisi Rankin, A People’s History of Computing in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). Citations BASIC programming language BASIC programming language History of computing Computer literacy Learn BASIC Now Learn BASIC for the Apple Macintosh Now Microsoft Press books	Learn BASIC Now	[ "Technology" ]	2,450	[ "Computers", "History of computing" ]
78,607,422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20asparaginate	Potassium asparaginate is a potassium salt of L-asparagine amino acid. Potassium asparaginate can be considered both a salt and a coordination complex. As a salt, potassium asparaginate is formed when the potassium ion () replaces the hydrogen ion () in the carboxyl group of L-asparagine, an amino acid; in this process, the carboxyl group (COOH) in L-asparagine loses hydrogen which is replaced by potassium. As a coordination complex, in the context of coordination chemistry, the potassium ion coordinates with the L-asparagine, forming a stable structure where the central (metal) ion is surrounded by and associated with the L-asparagine, a ligand (complexing molecule), through coordinate covalent bonds. Chemical properties The composition by mass of elemental potassium () in potassium asparaginate () is approximately 23%, given that the molar mass of a potassium atom (K) is 39.1 grams per mole (g/mol), and the molar mass of a potassium asparaginate is 170.21 g/mol (39.1/170.21≈23%). The solubility of potassium asparaginate, in g/100ml of various solvents (water, ethanol, methanol), at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40 degree Celsius, is the following: Synthesis Potassium asparaginate can be obtained from L-asparagine and potassium fluoride (KF) in a chemical reaction which yields potassium asparaginate and hydrofluoric acid (HF). Applications Medicine Potassium asparaginate, along with magnesium asparaginate, is marketed in Russia and Eastern European countries to treat or prevent potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) and magnesium deficiency (hyponatremia). Potassium asparaginate and magnesium asparaginate purportedly improve metabolism in the myocardium (heart muscle), enhance the tolerance of cardiac glycosides (heart medications) and exhibit antiarrhythmic activity (help regulate heart rhythm). Still, these health claims are not backed up by reliable studies. In the United States, potassium asparaginate is not specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating any medical condition; to treat hypokalemia, potassium is instead administered as other salts, namely, gluconate, citrate, chloride or bicarbonate. Nonlinear optics In nonlinear optics, crystals of potassium asparaginate are investigated as a potential nonlinear optical material, as salts of some amino acids possess strong nonlinear optical properties. A nonlinear optics material is a substance with high optical nonlinearity. Such substances are useful in applications such as signal transmission, data storage, or optical switching. High optical nonlinearity refers to the property of materials to respond to light (e.g., a laser) in a nonlinear manner, meaning that the property doesn't scale linearly with the intensity of the light applied. References Potassium compounds Optical materials Metal-amino acid complexes	Potassium asparaginate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	647	[ "Coordination chemistry", "Materials", "Optical materials", "Metal-amino acid complexes", "Matter" ]
78,607,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi%209T	The Redmi 9T is a series of Android smartphones from Redmi. It was introduced on January 8, 2021, together with the Redmi Note 9T. In India, the 9T was introduced on December 17, 2020, as the Redmi 9 Power. Also in China, on November 26, 2020, along with the Redmi Note 9 5G and Redmi Note 9 Pro 5G, the Redmi Note 9 4G was introduced, which is identical to the Redmi 9T and 9 Power except for the lack of a macro module. Also, on November 24, 2020, the company POCO, whose global office had just separated from Xiaomi, introduced the POCO M3, which is similar to the Redmi 9T model but with a different design, the absence of NFC in all markets, and an ultrawide-angle module. Design The screen is made of Corning Gorilla Glass 3. The smartphone body is made of plastic and has a "wavy" texture on the Redmi 9T/9 Power and Redmi Note 9 4G, while the POCO M3 has a leather-like texture. The only design difference between the Redmi 9T/9 Power and the Redmi Note 9 4G is that the Redmi Note 9 4G has the inscription "AI" instead of the fourth camera module. In the POCO M3, the upper part has a black glossy insert with the brand logo, which extends almost the entire width of the back panel. At the bottom is a USB-C port, a speaker, a microphone, and a 3.5mm audio jack. At the top, there's a second microphone and an IR blaster. On the left side, you'll find a slot for two SIM cards and a microSD memory card of up to 512GB. On the right side, there are volume control buttons and the smartphone's power button, which also has a built-in fingerprint scanner. There are several color options, depending on the model: 9T: Carbon Gray, Twilight Blue, Sunrise Orange, Ocean Green 9 Power (India): Mighty Black, Fiery Red, Electric Green, Blazing Blue Note 9 4G: Gray, Green, Blue, Orange Poco M3: Cool Blue, Poco Yellow, Power Black Technical specifications Processor All smartphones are powered with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 662 processor and an Adreno 610 graphics processor. Battery The battery has a capacity of 6000mAh, supports 18W fast charging, and 2.5W reverse wired charging. Additionally, a 22.5W charging block is included in the box. Camera The Redmi 9T and 9 Power feature a quad-camera setup with a 48MP main sensor with phase detection autofocus, aperture (wide), 8MP, aperture (ultrawide), 2MP, aperture (macro), and 2MP, aperture (depth sensor). The Redmi Note 9 4G has the same cameras but lacks the macro module, while the POCO M3 doesn't have an ultrawide module. Both models feature an 8MP front-facing camera with an aperture (wide-angle). Both the main and front cameras can record video in 1080p resolution at 30 frames per second. Main camera modes Document Night Mode AI Scene Detection Google Lens AI Beautify Portrait Mode Cinematic Video Portrait Mode Background Blur Panorama RAW Mode Front camera modes Selfie Timer Cinematic Video AI Beautify Built-in Filters Palm Shutter AI Portrait Mode Panorama Selfie Display It has an IPS LCD screen, 6.53 inches, Full HD+ (2340 x 1080) with an aspect ratio of 19.5:9 and a waterdrop notch for the front camera. Sound Smartphones have received stereo speakers, located on the upper and lower ends. Storae The Redmi 9T was available in 4/64GB, 4/128GB, and 6/128GB configurations. In Ukraine, only the 4/64GB and 4/128GB versions were sold. The Redmi 9 Power was available in 4/64GB and 4/128GB configurations. The Redmi Note 9 4G was available in 4/128GB, 6/128GB, 8/128GB, and 8/256GB configurations. The POCO M3 was available in 4/64GB, 6/64GB, 4/128GB, and 6/128GB configurations. In Ukraine, only the 4/64GB and 4/128GB versions were sold. Software The Redmi 9T, 9 Power, and Note 9 4G were initially launched with MIUI 12, while the POCO M3 came with MIUI 12 for POCO. Both interfaces were based on Android 10. Subsequently, the Redmi 9T, 9 Power, and Note 9 4G were updated to MIUI 14, and the POCO M3 received MIUI 14 for POCO. These updated interfaces are based on Android 12. References External links 9T Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras Mobile phones with infrared transmitter Mobile phones introduced in 2020 Phablets Discontinued smartphones	Redmi 9T	[ "Technology" ]	1,037	[ "Crossover devices", "Phablets" ]
78,607,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C15H22ClN	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C15H22ClN}} The molecular formula C15H22ClN may refer to: Didesmethylsibutramine 1-Methyl-3-propyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)piperidine	C15H22ClN	[ "Chemistry" ]	60	[ "Isomerism", "Set index articles on molecular formulas" ]
78,608,735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW247	BW-247 is an antidepressant. BW-247 is a secondary amine, closely related in structure to the tricyclic antidepressants, which inhibits NA uptake in aortic strips and rat cerebral cortex slices. Unlike the tricyclic antidepressants, it is reported not to possess anticholinergic activity. See also Spasmolytic A29 DPH-362 References Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	BW247	[ "Chemistry" ]	101	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
78,608,930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20aspartate	Potassium aspartate is a potassium salt of L-aspartic acid. Medical application Potassium aspartate is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right (but may be approved as a component in a product covered by a group standard) in the United States or European Union or New Zealand or Australia, for treating any medical condition, but is studied as an alternative to potassium chloride to treat high blood pressure (hypertension): potassium chloride reduces blood pressure, with a more pronounced effect in patients with hypertension—averaging a reduction of 8.2 mm Hg systolic and 4.5 mm Hg diastolic; yet, potassium aspartate may have a greater impact on lowering blood pressure at lower doses. While increasing intake of potassium-rich foods like bananas, grapefruit, dried beans, peas, broccoli, spinach, pumpkins, and squash is preferable, potassium aspartate is studied as a potential adjunctive treatment for hypertension. See also Magnesium aspartate References Potassium compounds Salts of carboxylic acids Metal-amino acid complexes Aspartic acids	Potassium aspartate	[ "Chemistry" ]	228	[ "Salts of carboxylic acids", "Coordination chemistry", "Metal-amino acid complexes", "Salts" ]
78,609,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoqu%C3%ADmicas	Tecnoquímicas It is a Colombian company that manufactures pharmaceutical products, multivitamin supplements, hygiene products and home care products, founded in 1934.. Its headquarters of operations are located in Cali, Colombia. In 2023, it will represent 14% of the Colombian pharmaceutical market. History Tecnoquímicas was founded in Colombia by Francisco Barberi in 1934. Initially, they were called "Colombia Sales Company" and after a merger process with Laboratorios Fixalia the name was changed to "Tecnoquímicas" in 1957. It has two industrial plants, one in Cali for pharmaceutical products and one in Villa Rica, where diapers are manufactured. Portafolio Bonfiest Lua Colbón Content Crema No. 4 Cureband Gastrofast IbuFlash Medicamentos MK Noraver Sal de Frutas Lua Vita C MK Vitafull Winny Yodora See also Health care in Colombia List of companies of Colombia JGB (Direct competition) References External links Oficial Website Pulp and paper companies 1934 in Colombia Companies established in 1934 Chemical companies	Tecnoquímicas	[ "Chemistry" ]	227	[ "Chemical companies" ]
78,609,246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Shreve	Georgia Shreve is an American composer, writer, playwright, poet, and multimedia artist known for her interdisciplinary approach to the arts. Since the 1990s, she has created more than 100 original compositions, plays, poems, and novels. Early life and education Shreve was born in the United States and began exploring the arts at a young age, writing poetry and directing plays by the age of ten. She received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Stanford University. a master's degree in creative writing from Brown University, a master's degree in finance from Columbia University and a master's degree in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania. She is currently completing a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing at Columbia University. Career Composition Shreve's compositions span a range of genres, including orchestral works, chamber music and vocal pieces. Her works have been performed at Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center and National Sawdust. Two notable oratorios, Lavinia and Anna Komnene, premiered at Alice Tully Hall in 2022 with a 62-piece orchestra. These works explore themes of education and the role of strong women in history. Writing Shreve's literary works have been featured in The New Yorker, The New Republic, and The New Criterion. Her short story "Last Acts" was published in The New Yorker and explores themes of loss and resilience. She is also the author of the poetry collection Messages Never Sent and the recipient of the Stanford Magazine Fiction Award for her story "The Countess of M—". Multimedia art Shreve integrates music, literature, and visual imagery in her multimedia performances. One of her notable projects, Four Seasons, merges time-lapse photography with her piano concerto to evoke the passage of time and the beauty of nature. Discography Lavinia (Oratorio, 2022) Anna Komnene (Oratorio, 2022) Spirit of Christmas (album, 2024) Lives of a Woman (Recorded with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra, 2024) Personal life Shreve was married to portfolio manager Glenn Greenberg, the son of baseball player Hank Greenberg. Together, they had three sons who pursued careers in business, mathematics, and music. Shreve was one of the first female investment bankers, a role she used to support her artistic work. In 2007, Shreve sold her 1060 Fifth Avenue penthouse for $46 million, setting a record for the largest co-op deal in New York City at the time. Reception A review in The New Yorker praised her writing for its "complex emotional resonance and deft storytelling". References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American composers American women composers American poets American women poets Multimedia artists Stanford University alumni Brown University alumni Columbia University alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni Women multimedia artists	Georgia Shreve	[ "Technology" ]	574	[ "Multimedia", "Multimedia artists" ]
78,609,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20568	NGC 568, also commonly referred as IC 1709 is an unbarred lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Sculptor. The galaxy is 266 million light-years from Earth and was discovered by John Herschel on November 29, 1837, and Lewis Swift, an American astronomer who listed it and gave it the name IC 1709 on September 4, 1897. See also List of NGC objects External links NGC 568 References 0568 1709 Unbarred lenticular galaxies Galaxy stubs Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects Discoveries by John Herschel Astronomical objects discovered in 1837 Unbarred spiral galaxies Sculptor (constellation)	NGC 568	[ "Astronomy" ]	120	[ "Galaxy stubs", "Astronomy stubs", "Constellations", "Sculptor (constellation)" ]
78,609,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Saleh%20Zarepour	Mohammad Saleh Zarepour is an Iranian philosopher and senior lecturer at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Manchester. He is a winner of Philip Leverhulme Prize (2023) and is known for his works on medieval Islamic philosophy, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of logic. Zarepour is a Life Member of Clare Hall College. Books Medieval Finitism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025 Necessary Existence and Monotheism: An Avicennian Account of the Islamic Conception of Divine Unity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022 edited Logic, Soul, and World: Essays in Arabic Philosophy in Honor of Tony Street, edited with Asad Q. Ahmed and Riccardo Strobino, Leiden: Brill, 2025 Global Dialogues in the Philosophy of Religion From Religious Experience to the Afterlife, edited with Yujin Nagasawa, New York: Oxford University Press, 2024 Islamic Philosophy of Religion, New York: Routledge, 2024 Mathematics, Logic, and their Philosophies, edited with Mojtaba Mojtahedi and Shahid Rahman, Dordrecht: Springer, 2021 References External links Personal website Living people 21st-century Iranian philosophers Iranian philosophy academics Scholars of medieval philosophy Alumni of the University of Cambridge Tarbiat Modares University alumni Philosophers of religion Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of language Philosophers of logic Academics of the University of Manchester Sharif University of Technology alumni Year of birth missing (living people)	Mohammad Saleh Zarepour	[ "Mathematics" ]	303	[ "Philosophers of mathematics" ]
78,610,486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-45809	GR-45809 is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist with use in the treatment of pain. It was developed over 30 years ago. It has a structure that is similar to ZT-52656A. References Opioid receptors Kappa-opioid receptor agonists Pain management Pyrrolidines Piperidines Chloroarenes Carboxamides Dioxolanes	GR-45809	[ "Chemistry" ]	89	[ "Opioid receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
78,611,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus%20%28penguin%29	Gus is an emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) who made international headlines in 2024 as the first of his species recorded in Australia. Gus's journey of over 3,500 kilometers (2,200 miles) from Antarctica to Ocean Beach, Western Australia, captured the attention of scientists, wildlife enthusiasts, and the general public. Despite extensive speculation, the actual reasons behind Gus's incredible swim remain unknown. Discovery and rescue On November 1, 2024, Gus was found by local surfers on Ocean Beach in the town of Denmark, located in temperate southwest Australia. Initially mistaken for a large seabird, Gus surprised onlookers by waddling ashore. Weighing only 21.3 kilograms (47 pounds) and appearing malnourished, the penguin was far below the healthy weight range for an adult male emperor penguin, which can exceed 45 kilograms (100 pounds). Gus was taken into the care of Carol Biddulph, a registered wildlife rehabilitator, who named him after the Roman emperor Augustus. Biddulph and her husband, a veterinarian, provided specialized care, including fluids, a slurry diet, and whole fish, to help Gus recover. During his rehabilitation, Gus gained over 3 kilograms (7 pounds) and reached 24.7 kilograms (54 pounds) by the time of his release. A mirror was placed in his enclosure to simulate companionship, as emperor penguins are highly social animals. Release After 20 days of intensive care, Gus was deemed fit for release. On November 20, 2024, he was transported by the Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions to the Southern Ocean. Released from a boat off the coast of Albany, Gus immediately dived into the water and began swimming southward, back toward Antarctica. The release was timed to coincide with the approaching Southern Hemisphere summer, which is crucial for emperor penguins to thermoregulate. Significance Gus's presence in Australia marked the first recorded instance of an emperor penguin reaching the continent. While emperor penguins are known for long foraging trips of up to 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles), Gus's extraordinary journey was more than twice that distance. Experts speculated that he may have been searching for food and drifted off course, potentially carried by ocean currents. However, no definitive explanation exists for why Gus ended up so far from his natural habitat, making his appearance a subject of mystery for researchers. Conservation context The case of Gus brought attention to the challenges facing emperor penguins in the context of climate change. These penguins rely on stable sea ice for breeding and feeding, but warming oceans and erratic ice patterns pose threats to their survival. According to the World Wildlife Foundation, three-quarters of emperor penguin breeding colonies are vulnerable to fluctuating sea ice conditions. A 2021 study estimated that about 98 percent of emperor penguin colonies will go quasi-extinct by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced. References Animal migration Migration studies Individual penguins Migration-related organisations based in Australia IUCN Red List near threatened species Birds of Antarctica	Gus (penguin)	[ "Biology" ]	615	[ "Ethology", "Behavior", "Animal migration" ]
78,611,182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20power%20factor%20curve	The zero power factor curve (also zero power factor characteristic, ZPF, ZPFC) of a synchronous generator is a plot of the output voltage as a function of the excitation current or field using a zero power factor (purely inductive) load that corresponds to rated voltage at rated current (1 p.u.). The curve is typically plotted alongside the open-circuit characteristic. Obtained by measuring the terminal voltage when the current has a zero power factor current using a pure inductive load that could be regulated to compensate the reactive power of the generator EMF. The curve is obtained by rotating the generator at the rated RPM with the output terminals connected to the unity load, varying the excitation field and recording the output voltage. The ZPFC could be used together with the open-circuit saturation curve in Potier Triangle method. The zero power characteristic is similar to the open-circuit characteristic but shifted down by . References Electrical generators	Zero power factor curve	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	199	[ "Physical systems", "Electrical generators", "Machines" ]
78,611,227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning%20Top%20%28sculpture%29	The Spinning Top (, colloquially also ) was a modernist sculpture in Szczecin, Poland, placed at the Ludwik Zamenhof Square. It was designed by Maurycy Gomulicki, and unveiled on 22 October 2015. Due to manufacturing error, it begun quickly deteriorating, and following unsuccessful repair attempts, it was ultimately removed on 18 December 2016. The sculpture had a form of several polymer concrete rings, stacked vertically on a metal pole, alternating between red and yellow. History The Spinning Top was the first sculpture commissioned by the Dom Kultury 13 Muz community centre in Szczecin, as part of the Project Monumento, which envisioned that each year there would unveiled one modernist sculpture in the city. It was designed by artist Maurycy Gomulicki, and manufactured by company PanKreator. It cost 200,000 Polish złoties. The sculpture was unveiled on 22 October 2015, in the centre the Ludwik Zamenhof Square, then a roundabout at the intersection of Jagielońska, Księcia Bogusława X, Monte Cassino, and Rayskiego Streets. It had a form of 19 short and wide rings with sharp edges, and varying diameters. They were made from polymer concrete, and stacked vertically on a metal pole, alternating between red and yellow colour. On both of its ends were placed small red spherical rings. The sculpture was inspired by a spinning top toy. Upon its unveiling it was criticised for its design, as well as for its bright and colourful scheme clashing with dark Art Nouveau façades of surrounding it tenements. In the following weeks, due to the manufacture error, the sculpture begun to crack and fall apart, and eventually was at risk of losing its structural integrity. Following the unsuccessful attempts at its repair, it was removed on 18 December 2016. During the process, eight of it rings fell apart, and the central pole broke. It remains were stored in the warehouse owned by the Szczecin Road and Public Transport Administration. Additionally, the city has cancelled the Project Monumento as the result of the Spinning Top failure. Dom Kultury 13 Muz, who commissioned the sculpture had sued the manufacturer, PanKreator, for the money paid to them for its manufacture, and was awarded it by the court in 2022. References 2015 establishments in Poland 2015 sculptures Buildings and structures completed in 2015 2016 disestablishments in Poland Buildings and structures demolished in 2016 Concrete sculptures Centrum, Szczecin Modernist sculpture Modernist architecture in Poland Destroyed sculptures Outdoor sculptures in Szczecin Former buildings and structures in Szczecin 2015 controversies 2016 controversies Sculptures of objects Sculpture controversies Architectural controversies	Spinning Top (sculpture)	[ "Engineering" ]	547	[ "Architectural controversies", "Architecture" ]
78,611,766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar-5	Qatar-5 is a faint G-dwarf star that hosts a planet in the constellation Andromeda. With an apparent magnitude of 12.82, it is impossible to detect with the naked eye, but can be detected with a powerful telescope. Qatar-5 is currently located about 1,211 light years away based on parallax. Properties This star is a relatively young star with an age of only 5.47 billion years. At this age, it is still on the main sequence. Qatar-5 has 112.8% the mass of the Sun, and 107.6% the latter's radius. Despite all of this, it has 113% of the Sun's luminosity, which corresponds to an effective temperature of . Qatar-5 rotates at a rate of . Planetary system In 2016, the Qatar Exoplanet Survey discovered a planet around this star. Qatar-5b Qatar-5b is a Hot Jupiter orbiting the star Qatar-5 located in Andromeda constellation. It orbits its star every 2.87 days. It was discovered in 2016 by the Qatar Exoplanet Survey (QES). Discovery This planet was discovered by QES along with Qatar-3b and Qatar-4b. The light curves of the planet's respective host stars have been observed as well during the survey, along with their stellar properties Properties Orbit This planet is another typical hot Jupiter. It orbits very close to its star with a period of 2 days, 21 hours, 6 minutes, and 5.6 seconds. This corresponds with an orbital distance of 0.04127 AU, which is about 10 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. With an eccentricity of 0, this suggests that Qatar-5b is on a perfectly circular orbit. Physical properties Qatar-5b is a massive planet, with 4.32 times the mass of Jupiter, but a similar radius. With a density of 3.95 g cm−3, this is one of the densest planets discovered. With an effective temperature of 1,415 K, it is a scorching planet. See also Qatar-1 Qatar-2 Qatar-3 Qatar-4 References Andromeda (constellation) G-type main-sequence stars Planetary transit variables Planetary systems with one confirmed planet	Qatar-5	[ "Astronomy" ]	469	[ "Andromeda (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
78,612,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1848%20P1%20%28Petersen%29	Comet Petersen, also known as C/1848 P1 by modern nomenclature, is a parabolic comet that was seen during the month of August 1848. It is first of three comets discovered by German astronomer, Adolph C. Petersen. Observational history Adolph C. Petersen discovered his first of two comets of the year as a "small, bright, well-defined object" in the constellation Auriga on 7 August 1848. Further observations in the following days proved to be increasingly difficult as it dropped steadily deeper into the morning twilight. It was last observed on 27 August 1848, though it was predicted that it had reached perihelion by the next month. Recalculations of its orbit together with C/1848 U1 (another comet also discovered by Petersen) in 2014 show both comets have parabolic and hyperbolic trajectories respectively, suggesting their possible origin in the Oort cloud. References Notes Citations External links Non-periodic comets Oort cloud	C/1848 P1 (Petersen)	[ "Astronomy" ]	195	[ "Astronomical hypotheses", "Oort cloud", "Astronomy stubs", "Comet stubs" ]
78,612,304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGB%20%28company%29	JGB S.A. It is a Colombian company that manufactures pharmaceutical products, multivitamin supplements, oral hygiene products and home care products, founded in 1875.. It is one of the oldest companies in Colombia. Historia In 1875, the doctor Enrique Garcés Velasco founded the Garcés drugstore, which he ran with his wife Joaquina Borrero de Garcés. In 1899, Dr. Jorge Enrique Garcés died and his son Jorge Garcés Borrero, together with his mother, took over the management of the pharmacy. In 1925 the company formally changed its name to Laboratorios JGB (initials of its name), specialising in the production of pharmaceutical products, especially one of its most marketed products, granulated glue "Tarrito Rojo". The main plant is in the city of Cali and has two more in Cartagena and Cajicá. Until 2014 it had 1,000 employees. The company exports its products to several distributors located in the Región Andina and the Estados Unidosand maintains operations in Ecuador and Venezuela. See also Health care in Colombia List of companies of Colombia Tecnoquímicas (Direct competition) References External links JGB oficial website . Companies established in 1925 Cosmetics companies Chemical companies	JGB (company)	[ "Chemistry" ]	265	[ "Chemical companies" ]
78,612,468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipavibart	Sipavibart is an experimental medication under investigation for the prevention of COVID-19 in people who are immunocompromised. Sipavibart is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that provides passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 by binding its spike protein receptor binding domain. Society and culture Legal status In December 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Kavigale, intended for the prevention of COVID-19 in immunocompromised people aged twelve years of age and older. Kavigale was reviewed under the EMA's accelerated assessment program. The applicant for this medicinal product is AstraZeneca AB. Names Sipavibart is the international nonproprietary name. References Further reading Anti–RNA virus drugs Antiviral drugs COVID-19 drug development Experimental antiviral drugs Monoclonal antibodies	Sipavibart	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	213	[ "Antiviral drugs", "COVID-19 drug development", "Biocides", "Drug discovery" ]
78,613,250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum%28III%29%20sulfate	Lanthanum(III) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula La2(SO4)3·xH2O (0 ≥ x ≥ 9). It forms various hydrates, the most common one being the nonahydrate, which are all white solids. It is an intermediate in producing lanthanum from its ores. Preparation and reactions The nonahydrate is produced by dissolving lanthanum or lanthanum hydroxide in dilute sulfuric acid, then evaporating the solution: 2 La + 3 H2SO4 → La2(SO4)3 + 3 H2 The anhydrous compound can be produced by heating the hydrates to 300 °C. If heated further, anhydrous lanthanum(III) sulfate decomposes to La2O2SO4 at 775 °C, which in turn decomposes to lanthanum(III) oxide at 1100 °C. Structure The nonahydrate crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system, which contains the lanthanum atoms in two different environments. References Bibliography Lanthanum compounds sulfates	Lanthanum(III) sulfate	[ "Chemistry" ]	233	[ "Sulfates", "Salts" ]
78,614,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20B3	G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B3 is a protein encoded by the CCNB3 gene located on the X chromosome in humans. Cyclin B3 has features of both A type cyclins and B type cyclins and is a distinct subfamily of B type cyclins conserved across many species. However, human cyclin B3 is considerably larger than all other previously characterized invertebrate or vertebrate cyclin B3s. Unlike cyclin B1 and cyclin B2, it is solely expressed in germ cells in mammals, with a significant role in meiosis and gamete formation. Structure Cyclin B3 was originally identified in chickens from cDNA as a 403 amino acid protein. It has roughly 30% similarity to chicken and Xenopus B and A type cyclins. The cyclin box of chicken cyclin B3 has 15 residues different from the consensus sequence for B type cyclins and 22 residues different from the consensus sequence for A type cyclins. The destruction box sequence for chicken cyclin B3 also differs from the expected sequence: it contains a phenylalanine rather than a leucine. The nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of chicken cyclin B3 appears to be in the 26 C-terminal residues, consistent with A type cyclins. Human cyclin B3 is the largest cyclin, 1395 amino acids long, due to large variable domain (contained in exon 8) between the destruction box and cyclin box. There are indications of alternative splicing that alters localization to the cytoplasm. Expression Cyclin B3 is nearly entirely localized to the nucleus and cycles similarly to other B cyclins in somatic cells. In humans it is primarily expressed in germ cells in the testis, somewhat contradictory to its observed function in oocyte meiosis in other organisms. Function When it was initially characterized in HeLa cells, human cyclin B3 was found to associate with CDK2 but it did not significantly spur histone H1 kinase activity as is common with other cyclin-CDK complexes. However, further research has shown that cyclin B3 associates with CDK1 rather than CDK2 (as seen with chicken cyclin B3). In HeLa cells, cyclin B3 was observed to degrade during the metaphase-anaphase transition when it had a complete destruction box. Accumulation of cyclin B3 was also shown to induce the beginning of mitosis early and prevent exit from M phase by arresting cells in anaphase. Role in mitosis Cyclin B3 has primarily mitotic functionality in Caenorhabditis elegans where it is primarily localized to the nucleus and is necessary for chromatid separation. Cyclin B3 is especially important in early C. elegans embryos where it again governs chromatid separation as well as kinetochore and microtubule assembly. It additionally appears to drive rapid mitosis in early C. elegans embryos, roughly three times faster than mitosis in adult worms. Role in meiosis and gamete production Oogenesis Cyclin B3 has been investigated in the context of oogenesis as its initial mammalian characterization found mRNA expression in fetal ovaries but not adult ovaries. Female mice with null or severe loss of function mutations to both copies of cyclin B3 (Ccnb3-/-) are sterile: most ccnb3-/- oocytes do not form polar bodies. Cyclin B3-CDK1 complexes promote the degradation of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) substrates securin and cyclin B1, which potentially leads to the onset of anaphase I. Cyclin B3 is also degraded as the oocyte leaves meiosis I. Cyclin B3-CDK1 complexes also phosphorylate Emi2, an APC/C inhibitor, flagging it for degradation which maintains APC/C activity. Importantly, cyclin B3 is not present during meiosis II, which allows for arrest in metaphase II. This pattern of degradation, different from cyclins B1 and B2, is potentially the result of its destruction box sequence which does not match cyclins B1 and B2. Cyclin B3 seems to maintain this key function in oogenesis in other organisms like Drosophila, where Cyclin B3 acts directly on APC/C, and Caenorhabditis elegans. Interestingly, injection of frog (Xenopus laevis), zebrafish (Danio rerio), or fly (Drosophila) cyclin B3 mRNA rescued Ccnb3-/- mutant fertility in mice, suggesting that cyclin B3 is highly conserved amongst all animals. Spermatogenesis As its initial mammalian characterization found cyclin B3 is primarily expressed in human testis and implicated in meiosis. Its role in spermatogenesis has been studied in mouse models. Cyclin B3 mRNA is observed beginning in prophase I, and continues to accumulate in leptotene and zygotene stages, decreasing as sperm cells enter the pachytene stage. When cyclin B3 expression is artificially extended until the end of meiosis, spermatogenesis is negatively affected. This extended expression leads to decrease in sperm counts, cells in seminiferous tubules with abnormal morphology and increased instances of apoptosis, and resulted in no functional gametes. Interestingly, male mice and flies with null or severe loss of function mutations of cyclin B3 (Ccbn3-/Y) retain their fertility and exhibit normal spermatogenesis which shows that cyclin B3 is not necessary for spermatogenesis and has some redundant functionality in males. Cancer Despite its primary role in meiosis, cyclin B3 has been implicated in cancer, first described in bone sarcomas as a fusion of BCOR and CCNB3. Tumors with this mutation are relatively rare but more prevalent in adolescents and young adults as well and significantly more common in men than women. No reasons for this demographic breakdown have been proposed. References Proteins	Cyclin B3	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,319	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
78,615,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-extinction	Quasi-extinction refers to the state in which a species or population has declined to critically low numbers, making its recovery highly unlikely, even though a small number of individuals may still persist. This concept is often used in conservation biology to identify species at extreme risk of extinction and to guide management strategies aimed at preventing complete extinction. Quasi-extinction is typically characterized by an inability of the population to sustain itself due to genetic, demographic, or environmental factors. Extinction threshold The quasi-extinction threshold, or sometimes called the quasi-extinction risk is the population size below which a species is considered to be at extreme risk of quasi-extinction. This threshold varies by species and is influenced by several factors, including reproductive rates, habitat requirements, and genetic diversity. It is often used in population viability analyses (PVA) to model the likelihood of a species declining to levels where recovery becomes nearly impossible. References Extinction Conservation biology Environmental conservation Evolutionary biology IUCN Red List Biota by conservation status	Quasi-extinction	[ "Biology" ]	195	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Biota by conservation status", "Conservation biology", "Biodiversity" ]
78,616,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx%20and%20Crake%20%28opera%29	Oryx and Crake is an opera by the Danish-German composer Søren Nils Eichberg and German librettist that premiered in 2023. It is based on the novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood and is about a boy who is subjected to experiments in genetic engineering. The story is told in flashbacks from a post-apocalyptic future where the boy has become the last surviving human. The opera premiered on 18 February 2023 at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. It was conducted by Albert Horne, directed by Daniela Kerck, featured video projections by Astrid Steiner and starred Benjamin Russell, Samuel Levine, Joel Stambke, Anastasiya Taratorkina, Christopher Bolduc and Fleuranna Brockway. The playing time was 100 minutes. The opera was nominated in the category "World Premiere" at the 2023 International Opera Awards. References External links Wise Music Classical 2023 operas Post-apocalyptic fiction Dystopian fiction Science fiction operas Fiction about genetic engineering Operas based on novels Adaptations of works by Margaret Atwood	Oryx and Crake (opera)	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	222	[ "Genetic engineering", "Fiction about genetic engineering" ]
74,292,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207678	NGC 7678 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. It is located at a distance of about 130 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7678 is about 95,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 15, 1784. Characteristics NGC 7678 is a grand design spiral galaxy with two arms, from which the south arm is more prominent, and as a result the galaxy is asymmetrical. It was initially considered to that the asymmetry was the caused by a different galaxy interacting with NGC 7678 but further observations reveal that this is not the case. The galaxy is featured in Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as number 28, in the category "One heavy arm". The galaxy has a small nucleus and a weak bar. The galaxy had been identified based on the spectral emission as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy, but the ratio of [NII]λ 6583/H-alpha indicates it is an HII region or a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region, with the HII region classification being supported by the λ6584/Hα and λ5007/Hβ ratios. Many large HII regions are visible at the southern arm. Ten giant HII regions have been detected in NGC 7678, with the largest having a mass of . These regions are places of active star formation and contain star clusters. The largest HII region in the southern arm could be the relic of a satellite galaxy that merged with NGC 7678 and caused the starburst activity. The total star formation rate of the galaxy is estimated to be 3.8 per year based on corrected Paα emission or 7.4 per year based on infrared emission. Nearby galaxies NGC 7678 is an isolated galaxy in the kiloparsec scale. A. M. Garcia listed the galaxy as the namesake of the NGC 7678 galaxy group (also known as LGG 474). Other members of the group include NGC 7673, NGC 7677, and NGC 7664. Supernovae Four supernovae have been observed in NGC 7678: SN 1997dc (type Ib, mag. 18.3) was discovered by the BAO Supernova Survey on 5 August 1997. SN 2002dp (type Ia, mag. 15.1) was discovered by Alain Klotz on 18 June 2002. SN 2009ga (type II-P, mag. 16.2) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 9 June 2009. SN 2021qvr (type II, mag. 17.7) was discovered by ATLAS on 22 June 2021. See also List of NGC objects (7001–7840) References External links NGC 7678 on SIMBAD Intermediate spiral galaxies Pegasus (constellation) 7678 12614 028 71534 Discoveries by William Herschel Astronomical objects discovered in 1784 Starburst galaxies 23259+2208	NGC 7678	[ "Astronomy" ]	618	[ "Pegasus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
74,293,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian%20orca%20attacks	Beginning in 2020, a subpopulation of orcas (Orcinus orca) began ramming boats and attacking their rudders in waters off the Iberian Peninsula. The behaviour has generally been directed towards slow-moving, medium-sized sailboats in the Strait of Gibraltar and off the Portuguese, Moroccan and Galician coasts. The novel behaviour is thought to have spread between different pods, with over 500 reported interactions from 2020 to 2023 attributed to fifteen different individual orcas (the exact number is still debated between certain scientists). Background The Iberian orca subpopulation lives in the coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula and is genetically distinct from other orca populations in the Northeast Atlantic. The orcas follow the seasonal migration of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), their primary food source, gathering in the early spring in the Strait of Gibraltar. Through the summer, they remain in the Strait before travelling north along the coast of Portugal and Spain's Galicia, then head to deeper waters in the fall. While orcas typically engage in persistence hunting, two of the residential orca pods have been seen taking fish from Moroccan and Spanish fishery droplines. A complete census of the Iberian orca subpopulation was undertaken in 2011, finding 39 members divided into five pods. The subpopulation was listed as endangered by the Spanish National Catalogue of Endangered Species the same year and as critically endangered in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List in 2019. The Gladises Fifteen individual Iberian orcas involved in the interactions have been identified through photography and witness descriptions. Each of the orcas involved in incidents and having contact with vessels was given the designation Gladis. Iberian orcas are given the designation Gladis to indicate that they have been involved in interactions with ships. The name "Gladis" is a reference to the old scientific name for orcas, Orcinus gladiator, which means "whale-fighter" in Latin. In a 2022 journal article analysing photographic evidence and testimonies from the incidents, 31 distinct orcas were identified, nine of which had direct contact with vessels and were given the designation Gladis. Two pods of orcas were identified, one including the adult Gladis Blanca (White Gladis), her offspring, Gladis Filabres (b. 2021), and her sisters, Gladis Dalila and Gladis Clara. Gladis Blanca's mother, Gladis Lamari, was also observed but never approached the vessel. The second residential pod consists of three juveniles, Gladis Gris (Grey Gladis) and the siblings Gladis Peque and Gladis Negra (Black Gladis), as well as their mother Gladis Herbille, who was also occasionally observed during the interactions but did not participate. By 2023, the number of Gladises had increased to 15. Method of attack In interactions where orcas have come in physical contact with vessels, the pod typically approaches stealthily from the stern. Contact with the vessels includes ramming, nudging, and biting, usually focusing on the rudder. Orcas have been observed using their heads to push the rudder or using their bodies to make lever movements, causing the rotation of the rudder and "in some cases pivoting the boat almost 360°". Inspection of vessels reporting physical contact revealed that orcas had raked their teeth against the bow, keel, and rudders. More seriously damaged rudders were split in half, completely detached, or bent at their stocks. At least one orca has been observed tearing off a boat rudder with its teeth. Monohulled sailing vessels are the most frequent targets of the orcas, with yachts, catamarans, and vessels with spade rudders being the types most often attacked and damaged. The vessels reporting interactions have been an average of 12 metres in length and were travelling, on average, at 5.93 knots, a speed easily matched by orcas. Interactions between the orcas and vessels have occurred most frequently during the day, peaking around midday, and usually last for less than half an hour, though engagements up to two hours have been reported. Attempts by crews to control the wheel or increase the speed of their vessel have often resulted in more frequent and forceful pushes from the orcas. The orcas usually lose interest after the human crews slow or stop their vessels. History of interactions Since 2020, there have been around 500 recorded interactions between orcas and vessels. Over 250 boats have been damaged by the orcas and four vessels have sunk. The frequency of attacks has increased over time. From July until November 2020, 52 orca interactions were reported. The behaviour continued into 2021, with another 197 interactions recorded, and into 2022, with 207 interactions. Researchers from the Atlantic Orca Working Group reported that only 20 percent of vessels having physical interactions with the orcas had been severely damaged. No humans have been harmed during any of the interactions. The first reported orca-boat interaction occurred in the Strait of Gibraltar in May 2020. Other incidents were reported in July of that year, both in the Strait and off the coast of Portugal. Later in mid-August, interactions between orcas and vessels were observed in northern Spain, off of Galicia. Sunken vessels A sailboat with five passengers sank following an orca encounter in July 2022. Another sailboat with four people aboard sank in November 2022. During an incident in the Strait of Gibraltar on 4 May 2023, the Swiss sailing yacht Champagne was running under engine when it was set upon by three orcas. The larger orca rammed the vessel from the side, while two smaller orcas shook the rudder. The rudder was pierced and had two holes and the quadrant was broken off. A crewmember reported that the two smaller orcas were copying the behaviour of the larger one, ramming into the rudder and the keel. The crew was rescued by the Spanish coast guard and the vessel was towed to the port of Barbate, where it capsized at the entrance. On 31 October 2023, the yacht Grazie Mamma II had an encounter with a pod of orcas. The orcas interacted with the yacht for 45 minutes, bumping against the blade of the rudder, causing damage and leaks. No humans were harmed and the vessel sank near the entrance to the port of Tanger-Med. On 12 May 2024, the Spanish yacht Alboran Cognac was attacked by orcas and holed. Both people on board were rescued by a tanker. The yacht consequently sank in the Strait of Gibraltar. In a similar incident, orcas attacked and sank the British sailing yacht Bonhomie William in the Strait of Gibraltar on 26 July, 2024. All three people onboard were rescued by Spanish coastguards. North Sea incident An incident involving an orca ramming a yacht in the North Sea near Shetland occurred in June 2023. The interaction led to speculation that the Iberian orca behaviour was "leapfrogging through the various pods/communities". Possible motivations An article in Marine Mammal Science published in 2022 suggested various possible motivations for the orca behaviour. The interactions may be playful, and a result of the marine mammals' natural curiosity. Researcher Deborah Giles said that orcas are "incredibly curious and playful animals and so this might be more of a play thing as opposed to an aggressive thing." Gibraltar-based marine biologist Eric Shaw argued that the orcas were displaying protective behaviours and were intentionally targeting the rudder with the understanding that it would immobilize the vessel, just as attacking the tail of a prey animal would immobilize it, a documented predation behaviour. The behaviour could also be the result of a combination of factors including disturbances created by vessels, depletion of the orcas' prey and interaction with fisheries. A third possibility is that the behaviour was triggered by a "punctual aversive incident", such as one of the orcas colliding with a vessel and sustaining injuries. Researchers have also suggested that the behaviour could be a fad. Other such cultural phenomena among orcas have been short-lived, such as in 1987 when southern resident orcas from Puget Sound carried dead salmon around on their heads. CIRCE Conservación Information and Research coordinator Renaud de Stephanis suggested that the orcas break the rudder out of frustration, preferring the sensation of the propeller when a sailboat is running its engine. Human response The rate of orca-boat interactions and their dispersal prompted the formation in August 2020 of a working group for the issue, the Atlantic Orca Working Group (Grupo de Trabajo Orca Atlántica; GTOA). A Facebook group, Orca Attack Reports, was created to facilitate the sharing of information about the interactions. Radio warnings have been issued alerting vessels to the orcas' presence and suggesting keeping a distance. In 2020 and 2021, authorities from the Spanish Maritime Traffic Security briefly prohibited sailing vessels under 15 metres from navigation along the coast where interactions had occurred. The development and testing of acoustic deterrents to dissuade the orcas was announced by the Portuguese National Association of Cruise Ships (Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros) in 2023. Media outlets have sensationalised the incidents, often providing anthropomorphic rationales for the orca behaviour. Many have attributed the incidents to being revenge for some kind of wrong inflicted on one of the orcas, usually White Gladis. Social media reactions have included the generation of memes related to an "orca-uprising" or "orca wars", with some observers calling the behaviour "an act of anti-capitalist solidarity from 'orca comrades' and 'orca saboteurs'". In 2023, the Spanish government planned to satellite tag six orcas involved in these attacks, in order to track their movements and minimize further interactions. See also Killer whales of Eden, New South Wales Orca attacks, a list of attacks by captive orcas References External links Orca Attack Reports Facebook group Atlantic Orca Working Group FriendShip Project of the Atlantic Orca Working Group CIRCE - (Conservación, Información y Estudio sobre Cetáceos) - Research of Orca Iberica ORCINUS APP - App for reporting and tracking of Orcas - Portos de Galicia orcas.pt - Website for reporting / tracking of orcas sightings / attacks Recommendations for boaters if orcas interact with the boat Yachting Ships sunk with no fatalities Orca attacks Maritime incidents in 2020 Maritime incidents in 2021 Maritime incidents in 2022 Maritime incidents in 2023 Whale collisions with ships Sailing in Spain Maritime incidents in Spain Sailing in Portugal Maritime incidents in Portugal History of the Iberian Peninsula Abnormal behaviour in animals	Iberian orca attacks	[ "Biology" ]	2,186	[ "Ethology", "Behavior", "Abnormal behaviour in animals" ]
74,294,082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splooting	Splooting is lying in a spread-eagled, prone posture. It is typically performed by four-legged mammals such as dogs and squirrels when they wish to relax or cool down. It may also be known as frogging or pancaking. Dogs Dogs may adopt this position to relax, stretch and relieve pressure on the spine. It is especially easy and natural for young, flexible dogs and dogs with short legs such as corgis. Because dogs cannot cool themselves efficiently by sweating, they may use this position to cool their bodies by hugging a cold surface such as stone or tile. Squirrels Many squirrels have been noticed splooting on hot days. Such observations have increased as a result of global warming and as it has become easier to share pictures on social media. Other animals Other animals which have been observed splooting include bears, cats, rabbits and marmots. See also Proning Catloaf References Mammal behavior 2012 neologisms	Splooting	[ "Biology" ]	193	[ "Behavior by type of animal", "Behavior", "Mammal behavior" ]
74,296,425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystobasidium	Cystobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cystobasidiales. The type species is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on various ascomycetous fungi (including Lasiobolus and Thelebolus spp) on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. Other species are known only from their yeast states. The yeasts Cystobasidium minutum and C. calyptogenae are rare but known human pathogens. Taxonomy The genus was originally described in 1898 by Swedish mycologist Gustaf Lagerheim as a subgenus of Jola and later (1924) raised to a full genus by the German mycologist Walther Neuhoff. Its main distinguishing feature (microscopically) was the swollen, cyst-like probasidia from which the basidia emerge. Only one species, Cystobasidium lasioboli, was originally described, but two further species with probasidia were added by subsequent authors. In 1999, British mycologist Peter Roberts noted that Tremella fimetaria Schum. (1803) was an earlier name for Cystobasidium lasioboli and proposed the new combination Cystobasidium fimetarium. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Cystobasidium (based on the type species) is a monophyletic (natural) genus. An additional 20 or so yeast species have been added to the genus, most of which were formerly placed in Rhodotorula. Species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 21 species of Cystobasidium: Cystobasidium alpinum Cystobasidium benthicum Cystobasidium calyptogenae Cystobasidium cunninghamiae Cystobasidium fimetarium Cystobasidium halotolerans Cystobasidium iriomotense Cystobasidium iriomotense Cystobasidium keelungense Cystobasidium laryngis Cystobasidium lysinophilum Cystobasidium minutum Cystobasidium ongulense Cystobasidium onofrii Cystobasidium pinicola Cystobasidium portillonense Cystobasidium proliferans Cystobasidium psychroaquaticum Cystobasidium raffinophilum Cystobasidium ritchiei Cystobasidium sebaceum Cystobasidium slooffiae Cystobasidium terricola Cystobasidium tubakii References Pucciniomycotina Basidiomycota genera Taxa described in 1924 Fungal diseases	Cystobasidium	[ "Biology" ]	574	[ "Fungi", "Fungal diseases" ]
74,296,485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken%20Cornflower%20badge	The Broken Cornflower badge () is a badge given by the Estonian Minister of Justice to persons repressed by the occupying regimes or persons equated a repressed person, in particular the ones repressed during the Soviet occupation of Estonia. It was introduced by President Lennart Meri in 2001 and the procedure of issuing the badges was formalized in 2004. The badge gives no additional preferences or benefits. History The badge was designed by Heinz Valk. The cornflower is one of the national symbols of Estonia and the broken cornflower symbolizes the repression of Estonians. After the June coup of 1940 many patriots wore a cornflower, because it became dangerous to wear badges or ribbons in national colors. The public association of the cornflower with mass deportations was made even before Estonia restoring its independence. On June 14, 1990 (the anniversary of the June deportation) the memorial "Cornflower" was unveiled by the society in the center of Tartu, based on the design of , "Cornflower on Siberian Rocks". In 2001, during the events commemorating the Soviet occupation, Lennart Meri gave away several thousand badges and three thousand more eligible people who were unable to take part in the events, received the badge from municipal leaders. Description The badge is made of silver-plated copper, circular, 14 mm in diameter with a pin on the back. It displays a cornflower flower with three blue petals on a broken stem in metallic color. It is attached to a blue-black-white polyester fiber ribbon of length 11 cm in length and width 1 cm. References Badges Culture of Estonia Society of Estonia Flowers in culture Occupation of the Baltic states	Broken Cornflower badge	[ "Mathematics" ]	337	[ "Symbols", "Badges" ]
74,309,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold%20of%20toxilogical%20concern	The threshold of toxilogical concern (or TTC) is a method for determining the level of exposure to chemicals above which would be considered toxic, in cases where data about such chemicals is scarce or non-existent. References Toxicology	Threshold of toxilogical concern	[ "Environmental_science" ]	49	[ "Toxicology", "Toxicology stubs" ]
74,310,950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid3	Liquid 3 (also known as Liquid Trees) is a clean energy photobioreactor project designed to replace the function of trees in heavily polluted urban areas where planting and growing real vegetation is not viable. The project was designed by the Institute for Multidisciplinary Research at the University of Belgrade. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) selected Liquid 3 as an "innovative" solution for "Climate Smart Urban Development," a project produced in partnership with Serbia's Ministry of Environmental Protection and the municipality of Stari Grad. Overview The Liquid3 algal photobioreactor is powered by solar panels. The glass tank is embedded into a structure that acts as a bench and is outfitted with other utilities such as charging ports. Similar to other photobioreactors, air is sucked through a pressure pump and fed to the microalgae, with oxygen released as a byproduct. Additionally, the Liquid 3 bioreactor can filter out heavy metal contaminants in the air and contains a temperature regulation system in case external climate conditions become too extreme for the microalgae. The creator of the Liquid 3, Dr. Ivan Spasojevic, was motivated to install it in Belgrade due to the city's struggle with pollution. See also CityTrees Smog tower References External links Belgrade Bioreactors	Liquid3	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	273	[ "Bioreactors", "Biological engineering", "Chemical reactors", "Biochemical engineering", "Microbiology equipment" ]
74,311,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium%28II%29%20chloride	Einsteinium(II) chloride is a binary inorganic chemical compound of einsteinium and chlorine with the chemical formula . Synthesis The compound can be prepared via a reaction of and . Physical properties The compound forms a solid. References Einsteinium compounds Chlorides Actinide halides	Einsteinium(II) chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	57	[ "Salts", "Chlorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
74,312,761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20DeVoe%20%28academic%29	Donald Lad DeVoe is an engineer recognized for his contributions to the fields of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microfluidics. He is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he serves as Associate Chair of Research and Administration in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He is a Fischell Institute Fellow within the Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, and holds affiliate faculty appointments in the Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Maryland. Education and career DeVoe received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park, in 1991 and 1993, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 under the guidance of Albert Pisano. He joined the faculty in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland as an Assistant Professor in 1997, and received tenure in 2002. He was promoted to Full Professor in 2008, and has served the department as Associate Chair of Research and Administration since 2013. DeVoe co-founded the Center for Micro Engineering at the University of Maryland in 1998, and served as Director of the center from 2001 to 2014. In 2000 he co-founded Calibrant Biosystems Inc., a biotechnology company focused on cancer biomarker discovery, and served the company as President until 2007. He was as an Associate Editor (2006-2012) and Senior Editor (2012-2023) for the IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems (J. MEMS), and has served as a Board Member (2016-2022) and Treasurer (2020-2022) for the Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society. Research DeVoe's research lies at the intersection of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and bioengineering, with an emphasis on the application of microfabrication and nanofabrication techniques to the development of novel bioanalytical technologies. His research interests include microfluidic platform development for applications in cancer immunology, nanomedicine synthesis, and aerovirology. Awards DeVoe was recognized with the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the National Science Foundation in 1999 for advances in microsystems technology development and education. He was named a Kavli Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, and was awarded the title of Wilson H. Elkins Professor by the University System of Maryland in 2020. He is a recipient of the 2023 University of Maryland Distinguished Scholar-Teacher Award, and the 2013 University System of Maryland Regents Award for Research. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering References External links DeVoe University of Maryland lab homepage UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni University of Maryland, College Park faculty Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Mechanical engineers	Don DeVoe (academic)	[ "Engineering" ]	611	[ "Mechanical engineers", "Mechanical engineering" ]
74,312,779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN-MEDICIS	CERN-MEDical Isotopes Collected from ISOLDE (MEDICIS) is a facility located in the Isotope Separator Online DEvice (ISOLDE) facility at CERN, designed to produce high-purity isotopes for developing the practice of patient diagnosis and treatment. The facility was initiated in 2010, with its first radioisotopes (terbium-155) produced on 12 December 2017. The target used to produce radioactive nuclei at the ISOLDE facility only absorbs 10% of the proton beam. MEDICIS positions a second target behind the first, which is irradiated by the leftover 90% of the proton beam. The target is then moved to an off-line mass separation system and isotopes are extracted from the target. These isotopes are implanted in metallic foil and can be delivered to research facilities and hospitals. MEDICIS is a nuclear class A laboratory and takes into account various radioprotection procedures to prevent irradiation and contamination. Background An isotope of an element contains the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different mass number than the element found on the periodic table. Isotopes with a large variation in nucleon number will decay into more stable nuclei, and are known as radionuclides or radioisotopes. The field of nuclear medicine uses radioisotopes to diagnose and treat patients. The radiation and particles emitted by these radioisotopes can be used to weaken or destroy target cells, for example in the case of cancer. For diagnosis, a radioactive dose is given to a patient and its activity can be tracked to study the functionality of a target organ. The tracers used within this process are generally short-lived isotopes. Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals are used to examine organ functionality, blood flow, bone growth and other diagnostic procedures. Radioisotopes needed for this procedure must emit gamma radiation with a high energy and short half-life, in order for it to escape the body and decay quickly. There is currently a trend to use cyclotron-produced isotopes as they are becoming more widely available. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique, using radioisotopes also most often produced with a cyclotron. They are injected into the patient, accumulating in the target tissue, and decays through positron emission. The positron annihilates with an electron nearby which results in the emission to two gamma rays (photons) in opposite directions. A PET camera detects these rays and can determine quantitative information about the target tissue. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are used to destroy or weaken malfunctioning cells, using a radioisotope localised to a specific organ. This process is called radionuclide therapy (RNT), and uses heavy proton radioisotopes (located on the North-West area of the nuclide chart) that decay through beta or alpha emission. Facility and process The MEDICIS facility is located in the extension of building 179 at the CERN Meyrin site, next to the ISOLDE building. The facility was established by CERN in 2010, along with contributions from the CERN Knowledge Transfer Fund, as well as receiving a European Commission Marie-Skłodowska-Curie training grant under the title MEDICIS-PROMED. The construction of the facility started in September 2013 and was completed in 2017. ISOLDE directs a 1.4 GeV proton beam from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) onto a thick target, the material dependent on the desired produced isotopes. Only 10% of the proton beam used in the ISOLDE facility is absorbed by the target, with the rest otherwise hitting the beam dump. MEDICIS uses these wasted protons to irradiate a second target, which produces specific isotopes, placed behind each of ISOLDE's target stations, the High Resolution Separator (HRS) and the General Purpose Separator (GPS). Alternatively, the facility uses pre-irradiated targets that are provided by external institutions. MEDICIS was one of the few facilities operating throughout the Long Shutdown 2, due to it being provided with 34 externally irradiated target materials. Due to the high levels of radiation, the targets are transferred from the irradiation station to the radioisotope mass-separation beamline using an automated rail conveyer system (RCS). A KUKA robot is used to transport the target to the station, where the isotope of interest can be collected and radiochemically purified. This is done by heating the target up to very high temperatures, often more than 2000 °C, which causes the specified isotopes to diffuse. The isotopes are then ionised and accelerated by an ion source to be sent through a mass separator. The mass separator extracts the isotope of interest so that it can be implanted onto thin gold foils with a one-sided metallic or salt coating. In 2019, the MEDICIS Laser Ion Source Setup At CERN (MELISSA) became fully operational, containing the individual lasers, auxiliary and control systems, and optical beam transport. The MELISSA laser laboratory has helped to successfully increase the separation efficiency and the yield of the isotopes. The laser excites only isotopes of the desired element, allowing an element-selective isotope separation for a given atomic mass from other isobars by the mass separator. A shielded trolley is used to retrieve the samples after the radioisotopes have been collected, in order to avoid risk of contamination. Once the target is finished being used, it is sent to a hot cell in order to be safely dismantled and put in waste bins. Once collected, the samples can be sent to hospitals and research facilities with the purpose of developing patient imaging and treatment, and therapy protocols. Additionally next to the MEDICIS facility, there is a nanolab laboratory designed for the development and assembly of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials are sealed in a glovebox, meaning there is no contact with the outside environment. It builds up on the development of the first nanostructured targets used for isotope production, and further exploits developments initiated in MEDICIS-Promed under the guidance of Prof. "Kostya" Novozelov. Projects and results Targeted therapy Several lanthanides produced at CERN-MEDICIS, samarium and terbium, are of interest for targeted therapy alike lutetium already used in the clinics. Lutetium emits low energy β particles with a short range, used for irradiation of smaller volume tumor targets. Terbium-149 emits short-range alpha particles, gamma-rays and positrons, in its decay scheme, which makes it suitable for targeted alpha therapy. The particular study of 149Tb produced by ISOLDE has been in folate receptor therapy, prominent in ovarian and lung cancer. 153Sm, produced in the BR2 reactor at SCK CEN, followed by the subsequent mass separation by MEDICIS to increase its molar activity, was found to be suitable for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) in a proof-of-concept research project. It emits low energy β particles and gamma peaks, and presents acceptable half-life for logistics and ambulatory care, making it a candidate of choice for theranostics approaches. Theranostics Theranostics, a treatment that combines therapy and diagnosis, is a new trend in precision medicine where the radioisotopes produced at MEDICIS already triggered research projects. The strategy the facility uses is to find an element that has two radioisotopes, used for imaging and therapy separately. A promising element for use in theranostics is terbium as it has four different radioisotopes for use in therapy and PET or SPECT imaging. In 2021, Tb radioisotope production was successfully performed with the MELISSA laser ion source, with a 53% ionisation efficiency obtained by MEDICIS-Promed students. Since 2021, three other non-conventional isotopes of interest for PET imaging or therapeutic applications have been produced. Exploration of mass separated 153Sm at MEDICIS using in vitro biological studies showed that the ability for tumors to absorb (uptake) and retain substances (retention) was improved compared to normal tissues. Animal SPECT-CT scans of mice were obtained post-injection and showed cleared activity after twenty-four hours. Involvement with PRISMAP The PRoduction of high purity Isotopes by mass Separation for Medical APplication (PRISMAP) is the European medical radionuclide programme, with the goal to provide a sustainable source of high-purity radioisotopes for medicine. The programme brings together 23 beneficiaries from 13 countries, to create a single entry point for the medical isotope user community. The MEDICIS facility provides mass separation of isotopes, which can then be transported to nearby research facilities hosting external researchers to limit long haul transport of the samples. References External links MEDICIS page within CERN website CERN facilities Isotopes	CERN-MEDICIS	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,859	[ "Isotopes", "Nuclear physics" ]
68,426,741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coated%20fabrics	Coated fabrics are those that have undergone a coating procedure to become more functional and hold the added properties, such as cotton fabrics becoming impermeable or waterproof. Coated textiles are used in a variety of applications, including blackout curtains and the development of waterproof fabrics for raincoats. Coating The coating is an application of chemical substances on the surface of fabric that is to be made functional or decorative. Coatings use less material than other types of applications, such as exhaust or padding on stenter. History The earliest known coated fabric is Oilcloth. Oilcloth is produced by the application of boiled linseed oil. The use of boiled oils can be traced back to 200 AD. Types Coated fabrics can be made in a variety of ways, depending on the coating ingredients used, such as chemical and particles. Rubber, plastic, and vinyl coatings are just a few examples. Nanofabrics are coated with a wide range of nanoparticles to make the fabrics capable of enhanced properties such as ultrahydrophobicity, medical textiles (antimicrobial resistance), Ultraviolet protection, and elasticity. Use The applications and uses of coated fabrics are numerous. In manufacturing of pristine clothes. Self cleaning fabrics with lotus effect. PPE kits, aprons, coverall and gowns for healthcare workers usable in viral diseases such as COVID-19, medical textiles with protecting properties, body fluid resistance and antimicrobial surface. Coated fabrics also contribute to fire-retardant fabrics. In distinctive areas, coated fabrics are used for transportation, industrial application, geotextile, and military use. See also Adhesive tape Coated paper Plastic-coated paper Plasma treatment (textiles) References Textiles Textile techniques Industrial processes Chemical processes	Coated fabrics	[ "Chemistry" ]	354	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical processes", "nan" ]
68,426,974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2075116	HD 75116, also known as HR 3491, is a solitary, orange hued star in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans, the flying fish. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.31, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility. Parallax measurements from the Gaia spacecraft place the star relatively far at a distance of 930 light years. It appears to be approaching the Solar System, having a heliocentric radial velocity of . This is a red giant with a spectral classification of K3 III:, but there is uncertainty behind the class. Gaia Data Release 3 stellar evolution models place it on the red giant branch. It has 2.29 times the Sun’s mass but has expanded to 52.2 times its girth. HD 75116 radiates 431 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of . It rotates slowly like many giant stars, having a projected rotational velocity . References K-type giants 075116 3491 042850 CD-67 00666 Volans Volantis, 40	HD 75116	[ "Astronomy" ]	231	[ "Volans", "Constellations" ]
68,427,617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penril	Penril DataComm Networks, Inc. was a computer telecommunications hardware company that made some acquisitions and was eventually split into two parts: one was acquired by Bay Networks and the other was a newly formed company named Access Beyond. The focus of both company's products was end-to-end data transfer. By the mid-1990s, with the popularization of the internet, this was no longer of wide interest. History Penril, whose earnings reports and other financials were followed by The New York Times in the 1990s, made several acquisitions but also grew internally. Following its Datability acquisition it renamed itself Penril Datability Networks. By the time the 1968-founded Penril was acquired by Bay their name was Penril DataComm Networks. The company, which as of 1985 "had made 14 acquisitions in 12 years," also had done extensive work regarding quality control, and leveraged their product line by what The Washington Post called clever packaging: "software, cables, instructions and telephone support" sold to those less technically skilled as "Network in a Box." Datability Datability Software Systems Inc. was the initial name of what by 1991 became 'Datability, Inc.', "a manufacturer of hardware that links computer networks." The 1977-founded firm began as a software consulting company, especially in the area of databases. To speed up project development they built a program generator, which they marketed as Control 10/20 (targeted at users of Digital Equipment Corporation's DECsystem-10 and DECSYSTEM-20). After trying their hand at time-sharing they built hardware to enhance bridging these computers to DEC's VAX product line. In particular they focused on Digital's LAT protocol, selling "boxes" that reimplemented the protocol, at a lower price than DEC's. They later expanded into other areas of telecommunications hardware The firm relocated to a larger manufacturing plant in 1991 and was acquired by Penril in 1993. Access Beyond Access Beyond was initially housed by Penril, from which it was spun off. A securities analyst noted that Access began operations with no debt. They subsequently merged with Hayes Corporation. Some of the funds brought to the merger came from a sale by Penril of two of its divisions, each bringing about $4 million. Ron Howard Ron Howard, founder of Datability, became part of Penril when the latter acquired the former, and was CEO of Access Beyond when it was spun off by Penril. Access merged with Hayes Microcomputer Products and was renamed Hayes Corp, at which time Howard became executive VP of business development and corporate vice chairman of Hayes. People In the matter of hiring immigrants, in an industry where recent arrivals came from a culture of six day work weeks, and subcontracting was then common, these assembly line workers at Penril comprised about 25%, compared to double in other firms. Placement was overseen by government agencies. Controversy Penril had a joint development agreement, beginning in 1990, with a Standard Microsystems Corporation (SMSC) subsidiary. A dispute arose, and the matter was brought to court. Penril was awarded $3.5 million in 1996. References 1968 establishments in Maryland 1996 disestablishments in Maryland American companies established in 1968 American companies disestablished in 1996 Communication software Computer companies established in 1968 Computer companies disestablished in 1996 Data management Defunct software companies of the United States Defunct computer companies of the United States Defunct computer hardware companies	Penril	[ "Technology" ]	707	[ "Data management", "Data" ]
68,429,550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium%28III%29%20iodide	Samarium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound, a salt of samarium and hydroiodic acid with the chemical formula . Synthesis Samarium(III) iodide is prepared by the reaction of metallic samarium and iodine: 2Sm + 3I2 -> 2SmI3 Properties Samarium(III) iodide is a yellow powder that is unstable in air and decomposes in water (hydrolysis). When heated with metallic samarium, it forms samarium diiodide: 2SmI3 + Sm ->[\Delta] 3SmI2 Reduction by hydrogen also affords samarium diiodide: 2SmI3 + H2 ->[\Delta] 2SmI2 + 2HI Applications The compound is commercially available and used in organic reactions as a catalyst. References Iodides Inorganic compounds Lanthanide halides Samarium(III) compounds	Samarium(III) iodide	[ "Chemistry" ]	190	[ "Inorganic compounds" ]
68,429,957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-fit%20bin%20packing	Next-fit is an online algorithm for bin packing. Its input is a list of items of different sizes. Its output is a packing - a partition of the items into bins of fixed capacity, such that the sum of sizes of items in each bin is at most the capacity. Ideally, we would like to use as few bins as possible, but minimizing the number of bins is an NP-hard problem. The next-fit algorithm uses the following heuristic: It keeps a current bin, which is initially empty. When an item arrives, it checks whether the item fits into the current bin. If it fits, it is placed inside it. Otherwise, the current bin is closed, a new bin is opened and the coming item is placed inside this new bin. Next-Fit is a bounded space algorithm - it requires only one partially-filled bin to be open at any time. The algorithm was studied by David S. Johnson in his doctoral thesis in 1973. Run time The running time of NextFit can be bounded by , where is the number of items in the list. Approximation ratio Denote by NF(L) the number of bins used by NextFit, and by OPT(L) the optimal number of bins possible for the list L. Upper bound Then, for each list , . The intuition to the proof s the following. The number of bins used by this algorithm is no more than twice the optimal number of bins. In other words, it is impossible for 2 bins to be at most half full because such a possibility implies that at some point, exactly one bin was at most half full and a new one was opened to accommodate an item of size at most . But since the first one has at least a space of , the algorithm will not open a new bin for any item whose size is at most . Only after the bin fills with more than or if an item with a size larger than arrives, the algorithm may open a new bin. Thus if we have bins, at least bins are more than half full. Therefore, . Because is a lower bound of the optimum value , we get that and therefore . Lower bound For each , there exists a list such that and . The family of lists for which it holds that is given by with . The optimal solution for this list has bins containing two items with size and one bin with items with size (i.e., bins total), while the solution generated by NF has bins with one item of size and one item with size . Bounded item size If the maximum size of an item is , then the asymptotic approximation ratio ratio satisfies: for all ; for all . Other properties Next-Fit packs a list and its inverse into the same number of bins. Next-k-Fit (NkF) Next-k-Fit is a variant of Next-Fit, but instead of keeping only one bin open, the algorithm keeps the last bins open and chooses the first bin in which the item fits. For , NkF delivers results that are improved compared to the results of NF, however, increasing to constant values larger than improves the algorithm no further in its worst-case behavior. If algorithm is an AlmostAnyFit-algorithm and then . See also Next-fit-decreasing (NFD) is the offline variant of Next-Fit: it accepts all input items, orders them by descending size, and calls Next-Fit. Its asymptotic approximation ratio is much better: less than 1.7, instead of 2. References Bin packing	Next-fit bin packing	[ "Mathematics" ]	740	[ "Bin packing", "Mathematical problems", "Packing problems" ]
68,430,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-fit%20bin%20packing	Best-fit is an online algorithm for bin packing. Its input is a list of items of different sizes. Its output is a packing - a partition of the items into bins of fixed capacity, such that the sum of sizes of items in each bin is at most the capacity. Ideally, we would like to use as few bins as possible, but minimizing the number of bins is an NP-hard problem. The best-fit algorithm uses the following heuristic: It keeps a list of open bins, which is initially empty. When an item arrives, it finds the bin with the maximum load into which the item can fit, if any. The load of a bin is defined as the sum of sizes of existing items in the bin before placing the new item. If such a bin is found, the new item is placed inside it. Otherwise, a new bin is opened and the coming item is placed inside it. Approximation ratio Denote by BF(L) the number of bins used by Best-Fit, and by OPT(L) the optimal number of bins possible for the list L. The analysis of BF(L) was done in several steps. The first upper bound of was proven by Ullman in 1971. An improved upper bound was proved by Garey, Graham and Ullman, Johnson and Demers. Afterward, it was improved by Garey, Graham, Johnson, Ullman, Yao and Chi-Chih to . Finally this bound was improved to by Dósa and Sgall. They also present an example input list , for that matches this bound. Worst-fit Worst-Fit is a "dual" algorithm to best-fit: it tries to put the next item in the bin with minimum load. This algorithm can behave as badly as Next-Fit, and will do so on the worst-case list for that . Furthermore, it holds that . Since Worst-Fit is an AnyFit-algorithm, there exists an AnyFit-algorithm such that . References Bin packing	Best-fit bin packing	[ "Mathematics" ]	414	[ "Bin packing", "Mathematical problems", "Packing problems" ]

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