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68,448,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus%20pocket | Fungus pockets are any of various convergently evolved inoculum-retention and -cultivation organs in a wide range of insect taxa. They are generally divided into mycangia (or "mycetangia") and infrabuccal pockets.
Fungus pockets are found in ambrosia beetles, bark beetles, termites and attine ants.
References
Insect morphology
Mycology
Symbiosis | Fungus pocket | [
"Biology"
] | 82 | [
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis",
"Fungi",
"Biological interactions",
"Fungus stubs",
"Mycology"
] |
68,449,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine%20resistance | Vaccine resistance is the evolutionary adaptation of pathogens to infect and spread through vaccinated individuals, analogous to antimicrobial resistance. It concerns both human and animal vaccines. Although the emergence of a number of vaccine resistant pathogens has been well documented, this phenomenon is nevertheless much more rare and less of a concern than antimicrobial resistance.
Vaccine resistance may be considered a special case of immune evasion, from the immunity conferred by the vaccine. Since the immunity conferred by a vaccine may be different from that induced by infection by the pathogen, the immune evasion may also be easier (in case of an inefficient vaccine) or more difficult (would be the case of the universal flu vaccine). We speak of vaccine resistance only if the immune evasion is a result of evolutionary adaptation of the pathogen (and not a feature of the pathogen that it had before any evolutionary adaptation to the vaccine) and the adaptation is driven by the selective pressure induced by the vaccine (this would not be the case of an immune evasion that is the result of genetic drift that would be present even without vaccinating the population).
Some of the causes advanced for less frequent emergence of resistance are that
vaccines are mostly used for prophylaxis, that is before infection occurs, and usually act to suppress the pathogen before the host becomes infectious
most vaccines target multiple antigenic sites of the pathogen
different hosts may produce different immune responses to the same pathogen
For diseases that confer long lasting immunity after exposure, typically childhood diseases, it was argued that a vaccine may provide the same immune response as natural infection, so it is expected that there should be no vaccine resistance.
If vaccine resistance emerges the vaccine may retain some level of protection against serious infection, possibly by modifying the immune response of the host away from immunopathology.
The best known cases of vaccine resistance are for the following diseases
animal diseases
Marek's disease where actually more virulent strains emerged after vaccination because the vaccine did not protect against infection and transmission, only against serious forms of the disease
Yersinia ruckeri because a single mutation was sufficient to generate vaccine resistance
avian metapneumovirus
human diseases
Streptococcus pneumoniae because recombination with another serotype not targeted by the vaccine
hepatitis B virus because the vaccine targeted a single site formed by 9 amino acids
Bordetella pertussis because not all serotypes were targeted and later because acellular vaccines targeted only a few antigens
Other less documented cases are for avian influenza, avian reovirus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, feline calicivirus, H. influenzae, infectious bursal disease virus, Neisseria meningitidis, Newcastle disease virus, and porcine circovirus type 2.
References
Vaccination
Parasitology
Immunology
Immune system
Evolutionary biology
Pharmaceuticals policy | Vaccine resistance | [
"Biology"
] | 590 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Immune system",
"Organ systems",
"Immunology",
"Vaccination"
] |
68,450,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20MIX%204 | The Xiaomi MIX 4 is an Android smartphone launched on 10 August 2021 by Xiaomi. As of 2021, it is the latest successor to the Xiaomi Mi MIX product line and follows its immediate predecessor the Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 which launched in 2018. The MIX 4 is the first device from Xiaomi to offer an under-display selfie camera, following the Axon 20 5G and Axon 30 from ZTE; Oppo also previewed the technology a week before the MIX 4's release.
Design
Front panel made from Corning Gorilla Glass Victus. The back is made up of ceramic.
The camera unit design is similar to Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra.
On the bottom side there is a USB-C port, speaker, microphone and dual SIM tray. On the top side, there is an additional microphone, IR blaster and second speaker. On the right side, there is a volume rocker and power button.
Xiaomi MIX 4 is available in 3 colors: Ceramic Black, Ceramic White and Ceramic Gray.
Hardware
Chipset
The MIX 4 is the first phone to use the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888+ SoC. It has an overclocked Kryo 680 Prime (Cortex-X1) performance core which runs at 2.99 GHz compared to 2.84 GHz on the 888.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 8K video recording
Phablets
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Xiaomi smartphones | Xiaomi MIX 4 | [
"Technology"
] | 313 | [
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Flagship smartphones",
"Crossover devices",
"Mobile phone stubs",
"Phablets",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones"
] |
68,450,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20centaurs%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20bodies%29 | The following is a list of centaurs, a group of non-resonant small Solar System bodies whose orbit around the Sun lie typically between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune (5 to 30 AU). Centaurs are minor planets with characteristics of comets, and often classified as such. The dynamical group is formed due to Neptune's eroding effect on the Kuiper belt by means of gravitational scattering, sending objects inward to become centaurs, or outward to become scattered-disc objects, or removing them from the Solar System entirely. Centaurs themselves have unstable orbits with short lifetimes, transitioning from the inactive population of Kuiper belt objects to the active group of Jupiter-family comets within a few million years.
List
The list of centaurs is compiled from MPC's MPCORB data file based on criteria defined by the JPL-SBDB, and completed with objects from the List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects and The Deep Ecliptic Survey Object Classifications. by William Johnston and Marc Buie, respectively. , this table contains 928 objects. A dedicated column for each of these sources inidcates whether an object is considered to be a centaur () or not (). The table highlights red and grey centaurs with a distinct background color (see legend).
Legend
See also
List of trans-Neptunian objects
List of damocloids
Unusual minor planet
Notes
References
External links
The Dynamics of Known Centaurs, Matthew S. Tiscareno and Renu Malhotra
The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search For Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs, J. L. Elliot
Centaurs
Centaurs
Centaurs
Solar System | List of centaurs (small Solar System bodies) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 359 | [
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
68,450,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Malawi | Time in Malawi is given by a single time zone, officially denoted as Central Africa Time (CAT; UTC+02:00). Malawi does not observe daylight saving time.
IANA time zone database
In the IANA time zone database, Malawi is given one zone in the file zone.tab – Africa/Blantyre. "MW" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Malawi directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
See also
List of time zones by country
List of UTC time offsets
References
External links
Current time in Malawi at Time.is
Time in Malawi at TimeAndDate.com
Time by country
Geography of Malawi
Time in Africa | Time in Malawi | [
"Physics"
] | 161 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
68,452,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daazvirus | Daazvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Daazvirus cynopis.
Host
The Chinese fire belly newt (Cynops orientalis) serves as its host.
References
Virus genera
Monotypic genera | Daazvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 54 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagazvirus | Dagazvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dagazvirus schedorhinotermitis. It is the only species within its realm known to be hosted by an invertebrate animal; the termite Schedorhinotermes intermedius.
References
Virus genera | Dagazvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daletvirus | Daletvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Daletvirus boae.
Host
The boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) and the Savu python (Liasis mackloti savuensis) serve as its hosts.
References
Virus genera | Daletvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 68 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvirus | Dalvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dalvirus anatis.
Hosts
The grey teal (Anas gracilis), chestnut teal (A. castanea), and Pacific black duck (A. superciliosa) serve as its hosts.
References
Virus genera | Dalvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 71 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deevirus | Deevirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Deevirus actinopterygii. Various ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) serve as its hosts.
References
Virus genera | Deevirus | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrovirus | Dobrovirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dobrovirus bufonis.
Host
The Chusan Island toad (Bufo gargarizans) serves as its host.
References
Virus genera | Dobrovirus | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurisazvirus | Thurisazvirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Thurisazvirus myis. Tome's spiny rat (Proechimys semispinosus) serves as its host.
References
Virus genera | Thurisazvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
68,452,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weebit%20Nano | Weebit Nano is a public semiconductor IP company founded in Israel in 2015 and headquartered in Hod HaSharon, Israel. The company develops Resistive Random-Access Memory (ReRAM or RRAM) technologies. Resistive Random-Access Memory is a specialized form of non-volatile memory (NVM) for the semiconductor industry. The company's products are targeted at a broad range of NVM markets where persistence, performance, and endurance are all required. ReRAM technology can be integrated in electronic devices like wearables, Internet of Things (IoT) endpoints, smartphones, robotics, autonomous vehicles, and 5G cellular communications, among other products. Weebit Nano's IP can be licensed to semiconductor companies and semiconductor fabs.
Initial productization began with embedded ReRAM products (memory arrays embedded in Systems-on-Chips (SoCs) and will eventually be expanded to include discrete ReRAM products built into individual chip packages.
History
The company began as a startup in Israel in 2015, founded on the roots of research and patents developed by Professor James Tour of Rice University, with a primary goal of productizing this ReRAM technology.
In 2016 the company successfully merged with Radar Iron of Australia, giving the merged entity the Weebit Nano name trading on the Australian Securities Exchange under the symbol WBT.
In 2016 Weebit Nano and CEA-Leti signed a memory development partnership agreement for the development of ReRAM technologies. Since then, Weebit Nano has been working closely with CEA-Leti on further developments and enhancements to its base ReRAM technologies, where Weebit Nano has commercialization rights to their joint developments. In November 2020 the Weebit/Leti partnership was extended to include further enhancements to Weebit's ReRAM technology, further development of its embedded memory module, and development of a selector for the stand-alone memory market.
David “Dadi” Perlmutter became Chairman of the Board of Directors of Weebit in May 2016.
In October 2017 Coby Hanoch joined the company as the CEO.
In November 2018, Weebit announced it was working with the NonVolatile Memory Research Group of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) on a project to research the use of Weebit's ReRAM technology for certain types of neuromorphic applications – used for artificial intelligence.
In January 2019, Weebit announced its collaboration with a team at the Polytechnic University of Milan, to test, characterize and implement its developed algorithms using Weebit's ReRAM. The goal of the project is to demonstrate the capability of ReRAM-based hardware in neuromorphic and artificial intelligence applications.
In February 2019, Weebit and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology announced a collaboration to examine the possible use of ReRAM devices in a novel computing architecture that could speed up processing, memory transfer rate and memory bandwidth and decrease processing latency – while using less power.
In December 2019, XTX Technology and Weebit, verified the technical parameters of Weebit's ReRAM array in XTX's own labs. XTX successfully confirmed measurements on Weebit's NVM that were previously achieved at French research institute Leti.
In February 2020, Weebit signed a Letter of intent with SiEn (QingDao) Integrated Circuits Co., Ltd. (SiEn) to jointly investigate ways in which Weebit's technology can be used in SiEn's products.
In October 2020, Weebit, together with Leti, completed its technology stabilization process so that its technology is now ready for transfer to a production fab.
In September 2021, Weebit and SkyWater Technology announced an agreement to take Weebit's ReRAM to volume production. As part of the agreement, SkyWater has licensed Weebit's ReRAM technology to use as embedded Non-Volatile Memory in customer designs.
In September 2021, Weebit, together with Leti, produced, tested and characterized fully functional 1 Mb ReRAM arrays in a 28 nm FDSOI process on 300mm wafers.
Weebit demonstrated its ReRAM IP module publicly for the first time in June 2022.
Also in June, Weebit taped out demo chips integrating its embedded ReRAM module to SkyWater Technology's foundry. This was followed in November 2022 with Weebit receiving from SkyWater the first production wafers incorporating its embedded ReRAM technology from Skywater -- the first time silicon wafers of Weebit ReRAM have been received from a production fab.
In March 2023, Weebit and SkyWater announced availability of Weebit's first commercially available ReRAM IP product. The IP in SkyWater's S130 process targets applications in automotive, defense and beyond.
Weebit and SkyWater confirmed in June 2023 that Weebit ReRAM IP has been fully qualified for industrial temperatures employing SkyWater's 130nm CMOS (S130) process.
In October 2023, foundry DB HiTek licensed Weebit ReRAM for use in its customers' designs. Weebit ReRAM will be available in DB HiTek's 130nm BCD process.
Weebit and Efabless Corp. announced a collaboration in May 2024 giving Efabless chipIgnite customers access to Weebit's ReRAM to incorporate into design prototypes manufactured using SkyWater Technology's 130nm CMOS (S130) process.
Weebit licensed its ReRAM technology to tier-1 semiconductor supplier onsemi in January 2025. The Weebit ReRAM IP will be integrated into the onsemi Treo platform to provide embedded NVM.
Management
Weebit Nano is led by CEO Coby Hanoch. Hanoch has held roles as VP of Worldwide Sales and member of the Board of Directors of processor company Codasip, VP of Worldwide Sales at the EDA company Jasper Design Automation and CEO of PacketLight, a developer of DWDN and OTN equipment for data transport. He was also a member of the founding team and VP at the EDA company Verisity. He previously held engineering management roles with National Semiconductor.
In addition to CEO Coby Hanoch, the Weebit Nano board of directors includes:
David “Dadi” Perlmutter (chairman), who is also chairman of the board for Teramount and the Israel Innovation Institute and was previously EVP, Chief Product Officer and GM of the Intel Architecture Group.
Yoav Nissan Cohen, (non-executive director), who is also the CEO and founder of Zullavision and was previously President, Co-CEO, Chairman of Tower Semiconductor.
Atiq Raza, (non-executive director), who is also executive chairman of Virsec Systems and previously held C-level positions at AMD and Raza Microelectronics.
Ashley Krongold (non-executive director), CEO of the Krongold Group and previously a founding member of Investec Bank Australia.
Naomi Simson (non-executive director), founder of RedBallon and co-founder of Big Red Group, who also sits on boards including Big Red Group, Australian Payments Plus, Colonial First State, University of Melbourne Economics and Business Faculty, and Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation.
Ann Templeman-Jones (non-executive director), who also currently sits on the boards of New South Wales Treasury Corporation (TCorp), Trifork AG and Erilyan Pty Ltd.
Technology
Weebit Nano produces resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) which is a specialized type of random-access memory that maintains its state (and data) even if the device loses power. ReRAM is used in specialized environments where data must be preserved despite environmental challenges, such as aerospace, transportation and medical environments. There are two primary types of ReRAM, Conductive Bridge ReRAM (CBRAM) and Oxygen Vacancy ReRAM (OxRAM). Weebit Nano has productized OxRAM in its designs, and OxRAM is generally viewed to have better retention properties compared to CBRAM.
When fabricating the semiconductor wafers, memory technologies can be integrated during the ‘front-end-of-line' (FEOL) process which happens in the early phase or later in the later phases during the back-end-of-line (BEOL) process. Weebit Nano's ReRAM can be more easily integrated into fabrication flows because it happens during the later BEOL layers instead of the earlier FEOL layers. There are two primary technologies that are used to fabricate transistors onto wafers, bulk CMOS and FD-SOI. Weebit Nano utilizes the CMOS-compatible process where the materials enable rapid development and integrating into any fab through the most common deposition techniques and tools.
Since 2016, Weebit Nano has collaborated on developing ReRAM technologies with CEA-Leti of France, one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in Europe. The two organizations have collaborated on the 40 nm and 130 nm technology nodes.
Weebit and Leti have also shown a neuromorphic demo for Artificial Intelligence (AI) inference tasks where memory circuits are meant to mimic the actions of a human brain. The areas of focus for CEA-Leti and Weebit Nano as of November 2020 are around further enhancements to Weebit's ReRAM technology.
Other key technical milestones include:
November 2017 production of working 40 nm SiOx RRAM cell samples, with measurements performed on those cells on various wafers verifying the ability of its memory cells to maintain their memory behavior.
June 2018 demonstration of a working 1Mbit ReRAM array manufactured using a 40 nm process technology
August 2018 production of the first packaged units containing memory arrays based on Weebit's ReRAM technology
February 2020 demonstration of Spiking Neural Network using ReRAM
October 2020 completion of the technology stabilization process so that Weebit's technology is ready for transfer to a production fabrication plant
September 2021 production, testing and characterization of fully functional 1 Mb ReRAM arrays in a 28 nm FDSOI process on 300mm wafers
December 2021 silicon demonstration wafers integrating Weebit's embedded ReRAM module
January 2022 demonstration of Weebit's first crossbar ReRAM arrays
March 2022 working with CEA-Leti to design an IP memory module integrating a multi-megabit ReRAM block targeting 22nm FD-SOI process
October 2022 completed full technology qualification of its ReRAM module manufactured by its R&D partner CEA-Leti
January 2023 worked with CEA-Leti and CEA-List to tape out a demo chip in a 22nm FD-SOI process
March 2023 shared initial results of irradiation studies done with the Nino Research Group (NRG) in the University of Florida's Department of Materials Science and Engineering, demonstrating Weebit ReRAM maintains data integrity and memory functionality after being subjected to high doses of gamma irradiation
March 2023 announced availability of its first ReRAM IP product in SkyWater Technology's 130nm CMOS manufacturing process, and demonstrated the module at the Embedded World industry conference
July 2023 qualified its ReRAM up to 125 degrees Celsius, the temperature specified for automotive grade 1 NVMs
November 2023 received the first wafers integrating its embedded ReRAM manufactured in GlobalFoundries' 22FDX process. In March 2024, Weebit announced it would be doing a live demo of its demo chip in 22FDX at Embedded World 2024.
Weebit and SkyWater announced they have fully qualified Weebit's ReRAM module at temperatures up to 125 degrees Celsius on SkyWater's S130 platform
Weebit announced it demonstrating the high endurance and reliability of its ReRAM in extended automotive conditions, including high temperatures of 150 degrees Celsius and extended program cycles.
DB HiTek and Weebit announced tape-out of Weebit's ReRAM module in DB HiTek's 130nm BCD process.
References
Israeli companies established in 2015
Computer hardware companies
Semiconductor companies of Israel
Publicly traded companies
Computer memory companies
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange | Weebit Nano | [
"Technology"
] | 2,472 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
68,453,203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avy%20B.V. | Avy B.V. is a Dutch technology company that develops and operates drones and aerial networks for long-range missions. Avy's B.V.'s drones can take off and land vertically like a helicopter and fly longer distances than a quadcopter because of their fixed-wing configuration. Its second drone, the Avy Aera, is a VTOL fixed-wing drone and was released at Amsterdam Drone Week in 2019 (Dec 4th - 6th).
History
Avy B.V. was founded in 2016 by Patrique Zaman in Amsterdam, Netherlands
2015–2017: European Space Agency (ESA) Incubator
2017: UAE Drones For Good Award. Avy in Dubai as one of the ten finalists.
2017: Avy exhibited in the Stedelijk Museum as part of the Design for Refugees exhibition.
2017: First BVLOS missions in three national parks in South Africa (Hluhluwe, Adventures with elephants, Leshiba)
2018: Move to new HQ in Amsterdam.
2018: Seed investment from Orange Wings.
2019: Release of the Avy Aera at Amsterdam Drone Week.
2019: Foundation Medical Drone Service consortium.
2020: Avy receives 1.4 million euros in subsidy grant from EU horizon 2020.
2020: Avy takes part in Lake Kivu challenge, a VTOL drone competition hosted by African Drone Forum in Rwanda. The company competed in the "Emergency Delivery category" and won a safety award.
2020: The company wins a Blue Tulip Award in the category of "Best Mobility Innovation".
2021: Launch "Drones for health" project in partnership with Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness.
2021: Won an Airwards in the "Emergency Response and SAR" category.
Products
Avy Aera
Avy Aera was launched on Dec 4th, 2019 at the Amsterdam Drone Week in the RAI. Aera has an external dimension of 2400mm x 1300mm X 500mm, and carries a maximum payload of up to 1.5 kg. A VTOL drone is a combination between a helicopter and a plane, as it can take-off and land vertically. It has wings to enlarge the flight endurance. This drone can cover up to 85 km and has one hour of flight time.
The long-range drone can fly beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) missions, and it has a modular payload, making it suitable for different applications. It can be equipped with a stabilized gimbal that has RGB and a thermal camera for wildfire detection and monitoring. For medical deliveries, this model can transport a medical (cooled) cargo box, which is able to keep medical commodities such as blood, samples and vaccines in a temperature controlled state between 2-8 °C. Avy Area is certified to fly BVLOS in compliance with the new EU drone regulations.
Docking station
The Avy Aera can be remotely and autonomously operated from the docking station, a locally placed and secured drone station where the drone can autonomously take off and land for check and charge. The drone and the station are connected through software and are remotely operated from the network control center. This center can be separate or integrated inside the control room of emergency services. This whole system forms the infrastructure for an aerial drone network.
Projects
Healthcare Logistics
The Medical Drones Service consortium was launched in late 2019. This consists of ANWB MAA (flights operator), PostNL (logistic provider), Erasmus MC (hospital), Isala (hospitals), Sanquin (blood bank), KPN (telecom), Certe (Lab), and Avy, that collaboratively joined a three year pilot to research and test how drones can contribute to deliver healthcare in the Netherlands and keep healthcare accessible in the future. The medical partners are important to develop the right kind of emergency service. Avy and KPN are the two technology partners. Halfway through the project, the first BVLOS flights have been performed by the ANWB MAA on different routes between hospitals & blood bank in the Netherlands.
Emergency Services
With climate change, rapid detection of wildfires becomes important with the increasing risk of wildfires. Avy partnered up with CHC Helicopters and Safety Region of North Holland to research the use of drones for detection of early-stage wildfires.
In February 2021, the Avy Area (equipped with a stabilized gimbal camera with RGB and thermal functionality) performed several test flights in National Park the Hoge Veluwe for the Security Regions VNOG and Gelderland Midden. In September 2021 phase 2 & 3 of this project will start with more test flights above the Veluwe.
Last-mile Medical Delivery
In April 2021, Avy partnered with the Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), UNFPA and Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness to start the Drones for Health project. This aims to reduce the numbers of maternal deaths by using drones to deliver health supplies and emergency commodities. The Avy Aera was 65% faster than common road transport to reach certain communities. The Drones for Health project was officially launched on May 7, 2021 as it was initiated by BIUST, UNFPA, and the Ministry of Health & Wellness of Botswana.
Drone Specifications
Avy Aera
Dimensions:
Wingspan: 2400mm
Length: 1300mm
Height: 500mm
Transport case: 2000 x 600 x 600mm
Weight: 12 kg
Payloads:
Maximum payload weight: 1.5 kg
Payload volume: 200 x 275 x 135mm (L x W x H)
Cargo module: Default
Medical payload: Insulated for cooled transport
First response payload: Nighthawk 2
Flight Performance:
Flight time: 55 minutes
Range: 60 km
Cruise speed: 40 kt (74 km/h)
Awards
In 2020, Avy won a Blue Tulip Award (organized by Accenture) for Best Mobility Innovation category. In 2021, the company in partnership with the Dutch fire brigade won an Airwards, the global award to recognize positive drone use cases, in the "Emergency Response and SAR" category. The project aims to build early wildfire warning systems with daily drone flights.
References
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Companies based in Amsterdam
Sustainable transport
2016 establishments in the Netherlands
Technology companies of the Netherlands
Companies of the Netherlands
Privately held companies of the Netherlands
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
Dutch brands | Avy B.V. | [
"Physics"
] | 1,312 | [
"Sustainable transport",
"Transport",
"Physical systems"
] |
68,453,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnidiol | Arnidiol is a cytotoxic triterpene with the molecular formula C30H50O2. Arnidiol has been first isolated from the bloom of the plant Arnica montana. Arnidiol has also been isolated from the plant Taraxacum officinale.
References
Further reading
Triterpenes
Diols
Vinylidene compounds
Pentacyclic compounds | Arnidiol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 84 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
68,453,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsing%20can | Collapsing can or can crusher experiment is a demonstration of an aluminum can being crushed by atmospheric pressure. Due to the low pressure inside a can as compared to the pressure outside, the pressure outside exerts a force on the can causing the can to collapse.
Explanation
The demonstration starts with boiling water inside the can. As the water is boiled, water vapor is created and fills the space inside the can which then pushes the air out.
H2O → H2O
Then, inverting a water vapor-filled can into a water bath causes the water vapor to rapidly condense back to liquid water. The condensation of water reduces pressure inside the can, so the higher pressure outside the can makes the can collapse.
H2O → H2O
Limitation
Since the can is open when immersed, this demonstration only works with aluminum cans. Aluminum cools quickly when immersed, causing almost instantaneous condensation of the steam, leading the weak aluminum to collapse. With steel cans the water in the cooling bath condenses the interior steam by contact through the opening in the can. Then the cooling water is drawn inside the can by the reduced pressure preventing the collapse of the can. The steam condenses before the steel cools.
A variation where the opening in the can is sealed air-tight can make even a strong a steel drum collapse. After the water inside the drum boils and forces the air out, the opening is sealed air tight. When the steam condenses the can, or drum, will be crushed by the pressure differential between the internal partial pressure of water, and the external atmosphere.
Alternatives
Addition of sodium hydroxide to a can filled with carbon dioxide can produce a similar result.
Gallery
References
External links
Can Crush Demonstration
Physics education
Chemistry classroom experiments
Articles containing video clips
Atmospheric pressure | Collapsing can | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 365 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Physics education",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Atmospheric pressure",
"Chemistry classroom experiments"
] |
68,453,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Mernild | Jacob Sebastian Haugaard Mernild (born 20 October 1972) is a Danish professor in climate change, glaciology and hydrology, who is the pro-vice-chancellor of the University of Southern Denmark. Mernild has been an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) author for the United Nations since 2010. Initially a contributing author on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, he was lead author on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.
Mernild is one of the world's leading climate scientists in the fields of glaciology and hydrology, specializing in the impacts of climate change in the Arctic and on the cryosphere, especially the ice sheets (glacier mass balance) and water levels. He has contributed to a number of international scientific reports, including the annual Arctic Report Card from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Melting Snow and Ice: A Call for Action report, which Vice President Al Gore presented at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in 2015.
Mernild has worked as a senior research scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States, and as research director of the Climate Change and Glaciology Laboratory at the Center for Scientific Studies in Valdivia, Chile. He has on several occasions been a visiting professor at Colorado State University, University of Colorado Boulder, New York University, Hokkaido University, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology.
In 2016, he became the managing director of the 'Nansen Center' (part of Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research) in Bergen, Norway, a renowned climate research centre in Europe. He was elected pro-vice-chancellor () of the University of Southern Denmark in 2020.
Early life and education
Jacob Sebastian Haugaard Mernild was born in 1972 in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark. He grew up in Hjallese, a suburb of Odense. Mernild graduated from in 1993. He was admitted to the 'Teknikum' (College of Engineering), where he was to study engineering. Mernild soon dropped out, however, and instead became a captain in the Royal Danish Army, serving in Kosovo and the Afghan War.
After serving in the Danish army, Mernild completed a Bachelor of Science degree in high-latitude climatology and glaciology from the Department of Geology of the University of Copenhagen in 1999. In 2001, he completed a Master of Science degree in mid-latitude climatology and hydrology, also from the University of Copenhagen. Mernild obtained a PhD degree in high-latitude climatology, glaciology, and hydrology, in 2006. In June 2016, Mernild successfully defended his doctoral thesis, Water balance from mountain glacier scale to ice sheet scale with focus on Mittvakkat Glacier, Southeast Greenland and the Greenland Ice Sheet and thereby obtained a Doctor of Science degree from the Faculty of Science (University of Copenhagen).
Career
In between his PhD degree and D.Sc. degree, he worked at the International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, until 2009. He then worked as a scientific researcher at the COSIM (Climate, Ocean and Sea Ice Modeling) Project of the , within the United States Department of Energy and the Department of Computational Physics and Methods at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, US until 2013, followed by three years as the research director of the Climate Change and Glaciology Laboratory at the Center for Scientific Studies in Valdivia, Chile until 2016.
In 2004, and again between 2009 and 2010, he was a visiting professor at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University, and from 2007 to 2008 (and again in 2015), he was a visiting professor at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. In 2008, he was a visiting professor at the Institute for Low Temperature Sciences at Hokkaido University, Japan. Between 2011 and 2012, he was a visiting professor at the Center for Atmospheric Ocean Science at New York University, whereafter he was a visiting professor at the Center for Sea Level Change at New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE.
In 2016, he became a full professor at the Faculty of Engineering and Science at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, but shortly afterwards he was appointed managing director of the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC) in Bergen. He was elected pro-vice-chancellor () of the University of Southern Denmark in 2020. He is also the director (Program Chair) of the newly established Climate Centre of the University of Southern Denmark. Mernild is also partly a professor of climate change and glaciology at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Bergen in Norway.
Scientific research
Mernild's scientific research focuses on local, regional and global climate modelling, using various atmospheric and terrestrial models and observations, with a particular focus on understanding and simulating climate change interactions related to snow, glacier ice mass-balance (for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Antarctic Ice Sheet, and mountain glaciers), and freshwater run-off (the water balance components) in the Arctic, Antarctic, Patagonia, and the Andes.
Mernild has also conducted extensive field research in cold and high mountain regions, leading and participating in glaciological, snow, and hydrological research expeditions throughout the Arctic and Andes.
Mernild's scientific research and findings on glaciers and climate change impacts on them, in particular, have received considerable attention in climate science forums, and the general public. Mernild's studies of Greenlandic glaciers have received particular attention because they combine different disciplines and detailed observations and modelling tools, enabling Mernild to use the glaciers to understand similar patterns elsewhere in the Arctic and around the world. Mernild did so by examining factors ranging from snow composition, glacier area and volume changes to meltwater runoff from Greenland.
In his doctoral thesis defence, Mernild correlated the analyses of the Greenland glacier with his studies of glacier, ice sheet and climate conditions in the northern North Atlantic region, to the ice sheet and to other glaciers and ice sheets on the globe.
Memberships in committees and commissions
Mernild has been a member of a number of organizations and committees. List:
2016-2020: Board member of Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research.
2010–present: Member of the International Commission on Snow and Ice Hydrology (ICSIH), under International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).
2015-2029: Vice President of the International Commission on Snow and Ice Hydrology (ICSIH), under International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).
2014-2018: Member of the Climate and Cryosphere (CLiC) Scientific Steering Group, under the World Climate Research Programme at World Meteorological Organization, United Nations.
Awards
In 2018, he was awarded the Danish Broadcast Corporation's prestigious dissemination award, the Rosenkjær Prize, which since 1963 has been awarded to prominent scientists and cultural figures who have succeeded in communicating complex scientific topics.
In 2002, he won the University of Copenhagen's silver medal for his Price Dissertation on hydrology.
Personal life
Mernild is married to educational psychologist Birgitte Therkildsen, and together they have two children.
Selected works and publications
IPCC duties
Mernild has been an IPCC author for the United Nations since 2010. Initially a contributing author on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, he was most recently lead author on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.
International reports
Lead Participant:
Lead author:
Contributing author:
Author:
Author:
Lead author:
Journals
References
1972 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Southern Denmark
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Glaciologists
Hydrologists
Danish climatologists
University of Copenhagen alumni
People from Odense
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change contributing authors
Danish scientists | Sebastian Mernild | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,635 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
68,454,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Z%20Flip%203 | The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Flip3, sold as Samsung Galaxy Flip 3 in certain territories) is a foldable smartphone that is part of the Samsung Galaxy Z series. It was revealed by Samsung Electronics on August 11, 2021 at the Samsung Unpacked event alongside the Z Fold 3. It is the successor to the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip, although it is branded as the Flip 3 to align with the branding of the accompanying Fold model.
Specifications
Design
The Z Flip 3 uses the same clamshell design as the first Z Flip with an aluminum frame, it has 6.7-in display protected by ultra-thin glass made by Samsung that can be folded into a space of 4.2-in. Once it is folded, the Samsung logo shows up by the center of the hinge. This logo design and placement is identical to its previous model Samsung Galaxy Z Flip. It also adopts 1.9 inch cover screen, which is a most notable change from 1.1 inches in the previous model. This change in cover screen enables users to download widgets such as music, weather, alarm, timer, voice recorder, today's schedule, Samsung Health, and bluetooth.
The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 is available in four colors: Cream, Phantom Black, Green, and Lavender.
There are also colors exclusive to the Bespoke Edition: Grey, White, Pink, Blue, and Yellow. This edition is a collaboration with Samsung's Bespoke refrigerator that enables customers to freely customize the colors of the fridge doors. Following the same concept, Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 Bespoke Edition also provides color customizing services. Customers get to mix and match the five colors for top and bottom part of the phone. Unlike the official edition, which the color of hinge changes based on the color of the phone, the color of hinge from the Bespoke edition is limited to silver and black.
Hardware
The Z Flip 3 features a 6.7-in 22:9 AMOLED display now with support for 120 Hz refresh rate and also features support for HDR10+. The screen features a hole punch camera cutout for the front facing camera. The back of the phone has a small 1.9-in cover screen, an improvement in size over the 1.1-in cover screen on the original Z Flip, which you can use to display the time, date and battery status, interact with notifications, answer phone calls and act as a viewfinder. The phone is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888, with 8 GB of LPDDR5 RAM and 128 or 256 GB options of non-expandable UFS 3.1 storage. The Z Flip 3 features the same 3300 mAh dual battery that can fast charge using USB-C at up to 15 W or wirelessly via Qi at up to 10 W. The power button is embedded in the frame and doubles as the fingerprint sensor as well as a method to bring down the notification panel and launch Samsung Pay, with the volume rocker located above. The phone features three cameras, with dual rear cameras, a 12MP Wide-angle Camera and a 12MP Ultra Wide Camera to go along with a 10MP Front Camera. The Z Flip 3 introduces an IPX8 water resistant rating, which Samsung claims can survive being submerged 5 feet of water for up to 30 minutes.
Critical reception
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip3 earned 83/100 from the tech reviewing site Techspot Metascore. Techspot also published 9.2/10.0 for the product's user score. According to Techspot, reviewers gave positive comments on pricing of the phone, water resistance, 1.9 inch cover screen with widgets, and high quality main screen. They also left positive reviews on the design and color of the product. On the other hand, reviewers left negative comments on the quality of the camera, thickness of the phone when folded, and relatively small battery. They also questioned long-term screen durability and potential 'crease' issues. Crease issue concerned many of the users because it was the biggest downside of a flip phone. According to Segan from PCMag, having a foldable phone is very innovative, but seeing crease is not appealing. The tech website Expertreviews commented that the foldable phone market finally got a foldable phone that is worth buying. They gave 5/5 score to the device.
Negative viewpoints criticizes that they do not find the need of getting a foldable phone. Alex Perry of Mashable says that Samsung Galaxy Z Flip3 may be the best foldable phone in the market, but, regardless of its quality, "cannot for the life of me imagine buying one."
References
External links
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Foldable smartphones
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Samsung Galaxy
Flip phones
Discontinued Samsung Galaxy smartphones
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Samsung smartphones | Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,024 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Foldable smartphones",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
68,454,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei%20P50 | The Huawei P50 and P50 Pro are HarmonyOS-based high-end smartphones manufactured by Huawei. Unveiled on 21 July 2021, they succeed the Huawei P40 in the P series. In March 2023 Huawei released their successor Huawei P60 Series phones in China, and in May 2023 it released the Huawei P60 Pro in Europe.
Specifications
Hardware
Unlike the Huawei P40 hardware, the P50 uses the Qualcomm Snapdragon SM8325 888 4G processor. The P50 operates on Octa-core (1x2.84 GHz Kryo 680 & 3x2.42 GHz Kryo 680 & 4x1.80 GHz Kryo 680) which is an upgrade from the previous version on the P40.
The P50 operates on the Adreno 660 GPU. The phone has 8 GB RAM and has 128 GB or 256 GB storage space which allows for more storage and smooth run of the device. Expansion is supported up to 256 GB via Huawei's proprietary Nano Memory card. The P50 display was upgraded by 0.4 from the previous P40 which had 6.1 for display. The new 6.5 inches (101.6 cm) 88.0% screen-to-body ratio with a resolution of 2700 × 1224 pixels OLED with a 1B color and 90 Hz refresh rate. The P50 model has an optical (under-screen) fingerprint sensor.
The P50 uses a 4100 mAh non-removable battery, an upgrade from its previous 3800 mAh on P40.
Camera
The Huawei P50 series features Leica optics. The wide lens on P50 and P50 Pro is a new "True-Form" 50 MP IMX766 sensor. Unlike the P40, whose wide lens uses an "Ultra SuperSpectrum" image sensor, P50 uses traditional RGGB sensor instead.
The P50's rear camera array consists of a 50 MP wide lens, a 13 MP 16 mm ultrawide lens and an 12 MP telephoto lens with 5x optical zoom.
For P50 Pro, 50 MP wide lens now has optical image stabilization. The 13 MP ultrawide is now wider in 13 mm, the periscope telephoto now has a 64 MP sensor at 3.5x and an additional 40 MP monochrome sensor to capture more light.
The software is also improved with a new Golden Snap feature that takes a burst of HDR+ photos and automatically picks the best shots. A Profoto studio light will be available as an accessory as well.
Software
The device was originally shipped with HarmonyOS 2.0 (China) or EMUI 12 (international). In June 2023, the phone was upgraded to EMUI 13 internationally, and in September 2023 it received an upgrade to HarmonyOS 4 in China. In July 2024, the P50 Pro received an upgrade to EMUI 14.2 internationally. The P50 series supports Huawei Mobile Services and uses Huawei AppGallery as its main app store.
References
Huawei smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Discontinued flagship smartphones | Huawei P50 | [
"Technology"
] | 670 | [
"Phablets",
"Crossover devices",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
68,455,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELT-6b | KELT-6b is an exoplanet orbiting the F-type subgiant KELT-6 approximately 791 light years away in the northern constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, and was announced in 2014.
Discovery
In 2014, the planet's parameters were observed. The paper states that KELT-6 has just entered the subgiant phase, and is no longer on the main sequence. In 2015, an additional planet, c, was discovered using the radial velocity method.
Properties
KELT-6b is a hot Saturn with 44.2% Jupiter's mass, but has been bloated to 1.3 times Jupiter's radius. Its density is half of Saturn's, and it has an equilibrium temperature of 1,313 K, but a hotter dayside temperature of 1,531 K.
References
Coma Berenices
Exoplanets discovered in 2013
Exoplanets discovered by KELT | KELT-6b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 201 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
68,455,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%203%20connector | The IEC 62196 Type 3 connector (often referred to as Scame for the company that designed it) is used for charging battery electric vehicles, mainly within France and Italy, as it was one of three AC plug standards described in IEC 62196-2. The Type 3 connector comes in two physical formats, Type 3A for single-phase (230V) and Type 3C for single- and three-phase (400V) alternating current (AC) power. Both have since been superseded by the Type 2 connector (aka Mennekes), the latter adopted as sole connector in 2013 by the European Union. The Type 1 connector (aka Yazaki) is the corresponding AC connector standard used in North America, Japan, and South Korea.
Type 3A and 3C connectors are derived from the popular industrial blue IEC 60309 single- and three-phase AC connectors, which come in different diameters according to maximum current, most commonly 16 A and 32 A. The battery management system on the electric vehicle negotiates the maximum current with the electric vehicle supply equipment via dedicated pins in the Type 3C connector. The Type 3 (3A/3C) connectors are generally oval in shape, with circular top and bottom edges and flat right and left edges; the maximum power carried is 24 kW. Type 3C plugs have a mechanical shutter to protect the pins from being touched inadvertently; mechanical shutter protection have since been added as an option for Type 2 connectors.
History, overview, and peer connectors
In 1999, the (Italian electric vehicles association, CIVES) approached Scame to design an interface specifically for charging electric vehicles, which led to a system that delivered single-phase AC line voltage through what is now called a Type 3A female socket via an adaptor that plugged into a standard 230 V AC outlet. These were derived from the existing IEC 60309 standard for pin-and-socket connectors and endorsed in the provisional ENV 50275 family of IEC standards in accordance with (CEI) standard 69–6. Two versions are available: one for the CEI 23-50 (Type L) 16A socket used in Italy, and the other for the CEE 7 (Types E/F) socket used in France and Germany. In addition to the AC power contacts and protective earth, there is a single control pilot communication pin in the Type 3A interface, which verifies the continuity of the protective earth circuit. The maximum rated current and voltage are 16 A and 200–250 V, respectively. This is defined as Mode 2 charging under IEC 61851.
The Type 3C interface was developed approximately ten years later for the transmission of power at more than 3 kW; the EV Plug Alliance was formed in March 2010 to promote the use of the Type 3C connector as "a high safety plug and socket solution" in Mode 3 (3–22 kW) AC charging. The EV Plug Alliance was a bi-national organization whose founding members were Schneider Electric (France), Legrand (France), and Scame (Italy). Schneider considered the Type 3C connector to be most suited for the EVSE socket outlet / cord plug pairing, as the cord would be supplied by the EV manufacturer with a connection specific to the EV. This concept was analogous to the implementation of USB, where the computer is equipped with a universal connector (USB-A) that is physically different from the peripheral connector (USB-B, mini USB, micro USB, etc.), and it is incumbent on the peripheral supplier to include a connecting cable.
In January 2013, the IEC 62196-2 Type 2 connector was selected by the European Commission as the official AC charging plug within the European Union. It has since been adopted as the recommended connector in most countries worldwide, including New Zealand. The Type 2 connector has a maximum power output for 43 kW and can handle both single-, dual- and three-phase AC power.
The IEC 62196-2 Type 1 connector (codified under SAE J1772) is the corresponding standard for single-phase AC charging in the United States, Canada, and South Korea. J1772 has a maximum output of 19.2 kW.
Description
As specified by IEC 62196, cars are fitted with a male vehicle inlet, whilst charging stations are fitted with a female socket outlet, either directly on the outside of the charging station, or via a flexible cable with permanently attached connector on the end. A separate male-to-female cable is used to connect the vehicle using a male plug connecting to the female socket outlet of the charging station; this last connection was proposed to use the Type 3C connector, while the vehicle-to-cable connection would be made using a connector of the EV manufacturer's choice (Type 1, 2, or 3).
The Type 3C connector can be provided with a logic-controlled latching system to prevent theft of the cable. In this system, a pin is driven up from below the socket, mating with a matching cutout on the shroud of the plug. This also serves to lock the cover of the socket when not in use, making the system resistant to vandals.
With the adoption of de facto regional standards for AC vehicle inlet connectors (Type 1 in North America and Japan, Type 2 in Europe and the rest of the world), the Type 3C connector has been obsoleted and is not commonly encountered. Some home and public AC charging stations are "untethered", meaning they do not have permanently attached cables, so the EV owner is responsible for supplying the connecting cable. In most cases those untethered stations use a female Type 2 socket outlet. A law in France requires mechanical protection for the infrastructure interface, so there are still some (generally older) untethered charging stations in that country which are equipped with Type 3C socket outlets.
Pins
The connectors contain seven contact places: two small and five larger. The top row consists of two smaller contacts for signalling, the middle two rows each contain two AC power pins, and the bottom row, with one centred pin, is used for Earthing. Three pins are always used for the same purposes:
Proximity pilot (PP): pre-insertion signalling
Control pilot (CP): post-insertion signalling
Protective earth (PE): full-current protective earthing system
Communication takes place over the CP/PP signalling pins between the charger, cable, and vehicle to ensure that the highest common denominator of voltage and current is selected. The signalling protocol is identical to that of Type 1 connectors as described in the SAE J1772 standard.
See also
IEC 62196, for information about the specification
CHAdeMO and CCS Combo, for rapid charging.
SAE J1772, or Type 1 connector, the equivalent AC connector used in North America, South Korea and Japan
Type 2 connector, the superseding AC connector used in Europe
OpenEVSE
References
External links
Type 3A
Type 3C
International Electrotechnical Commission
Electrical power connectors
Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry
Charging stations
Automotive standards | Type 3 connector | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,448 | [
"Electrical engineering organizations",
"International Electrotechnical Commission"
] |
68,456,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Mistlberger | Bernhard Mistlberger (born 1987) is an Austrian theoretical particle physicist known for his significant work in the area of quantum field theory. He is known for multi-loop calculations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), including the first high-precision theoretical predictions of Higgs and vector boson production at the Large Hadron Collider.
Career
Since 2020, Mistlberger has been a faculty member in the SLAC Theory Group at Stanford University. He was previously a Pappalardo Fellow in the Center for Theoretical Physics at MIT, and a research fellow at CERN.
In 2020, he was awarded the Wu-Ki Tung Award for Early-Career Research on QCD, for "pioneering theoretical computations of multi-loop radiative contributions for precision Higgs and electroweak physics at hadron colliders".
In 2021, he was awarded the European Physical Society’s Gribov Medal, for "groundbreaking contributions to multi-loop computations in QCD and to high-precision predictions of Higgs and vector boson production at hadron colliders".
In 2022, he won the American Physical Society's Henry Primakoff Award for Early-Career Particle Physics, for "groundbreaking contributions to high-precision quantum field theory, including the next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production of Higgs and electroweak vector bosons at hadron colliders." In the same year, he also won the Guido Altarelli Award for "advancing the frontier of perturbative calculations in QCD to N3LO".
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
21st-century Austrian physicists
Theoretical physicists
Austrian expatriates in the United States
Stanford University faculty
ETH Zurich alumni
Particle physicists
People associated with CERN | Bernhard Mistlberger | [
"Physics"
] | 374 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
68,456,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%2BHummel | MANN+HUMMEL Gruppe is a family-owned manufacturer of liquid and air filter systems, intake systems and cabin air filters headquartered in Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
History
Adolf Mann and Erich Hummel were the heads of the Stuttgart clothing company Bleyle, which during the Second World War became a supplier to the fellow-citizen company Mahle. They thus founded Filterwerk MANN+HUMMEL GmbH in 1941 and employees produced fabric filters for the automotive industry. Customers include Maybach-Motorenbau with the HL230 engine, used on Panzer tanks such as Panther and Tiger. After the end of the war, in 1945, a branch was opened in Ludwigsburg, followed by Bösperde (1946) and Marklkofen (1962).
From the late 1940s onwards, MANN+HUMMEL was also active in the textile industry under the name Mann Pamina Moden, before this line of business was sold to Schiesser in 1974. Since 1948, there is further diversification beyond filter production through the equipment manufacturing division, particularly for the plastics industry. Mann died in 1971 followed by Hummel in 1984.
In 2016, MANN+HUMMEL acquired the filter business of the American auto parts company Affinia Group, and with it almost all of the company. Kurk Wilks has been MANN+HUMMEL's CEO since January 2020.
Brands
Purolator Filters
MANN-FILTER
WIX
Senzit
Microdyn-Nadir
Pamlico Air
Tridim Hardy
Qlair
Seccua
i2m
Tridim Filter Corporation
Helsatech Molecular Filtration
FILTRON
Purar
References
External links
www.mann-hummel.com
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Auto parts suppliers of Germany
German brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1941
German companies established in 1941
Filter manufacturers | Mann+Hummel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 370 | [
"Filter manufacturers",
"Filters"
] |
68,456,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick-Deering%20W%20series%20tractors | The McCormick-Deering W series tractors were a range of standard-tread farming and industrial tractors produced by International Harvester that were derived from the Farmall letter series row-crop tractors of the 1940s and 1950s. Branded by International Harvester as McCormick-Deering products, with the same styling and red paint as the Farmall line, the W series had fixed wheel widths, lower height and wide front axles. Starting in 1956 the W series was integrated into the International Harvester numbering series and the McCormick-Deering branding was dropped.
Description
In contrast to the letter series row-crop tractors, which were intended to straddle one or more rows in a field with high clearances and adjustable axles, the W tractors had fixed wheel widths and a generally lower profile with smaller rear wheels and wide front axles, since they were meant for plowing, orchards, wheatfields and other applications that did not require the row-crop features. The McCormick-Deering W series was closely aligned with the International Harvester industrial tractor series. Industrial tractors had different gearing and a foot-operated throttle. The W series retained the same Raymond Loewy styling as the letter series tractors.
McCormick-Deering W-4
The McCormick-Deering W-4 was based on the Farmall H and used the same International Harvester C152 displacement gasoline engine, with options for kerosene and distillate fuels. A five-speed sliding-gear transmission was standard, with fifth gear disabled on tractors that were delivered with steel wheels. Overall weight for single rear wheel tractors was about . The W-4 was first produced in 1940.
The industrial version was the International Harvester I-4. A McCormick-Deering O-4 was intended for vineyards and orchards, and had fenders and fairings designed to avoid snags on branches, with the exhaust routed underneath instead of overhead. The OS-4 version only had the underslung exhaust, without the sheet metal guards.
In 1953 the Super W-4 was introduced, with an International C164 engine with displacement. A total of 35,868 W-4s of all versions were produced from 1940 to 1954.
International Harvester 300
In 1955 the Super W-4 was replaced by the International 300 Utility or W-300, with a engine, giving the 300 utility a three-plow rating. McCormick-Deering branding was dropped. The W-300 was produced in 1955 and 1956. The W-300 was followed by the International 350 Utility pr W-350 in 1957–58.
McCormick-Deering W-6
The McCormick-Deering W-6 was the W-series version of the Farmall M, using the M's C248 engine, again in gasoline, distillate or kerosene versions. The remainder of the W-6 drivetrain was similar to the W-4's, but the tractor was heavier at . A diesel version was also offered, the WD-6. The WD-6 was rated for three or four plows. As with the W-4, versions were made in W-6, WD-6, O-6, I-6 and ID-6 models. OS-6 and ODS-6 models omitted the sheet metal guards, but kept the rearranged exhausts.
The immediate predecessor to the W-6 was the International W-30, a version of the Farmall F-30, which had a wide front axle in comparison to the F-30's narrowly-space front wheels. The W-30 was produced from 1932 to 1940.
Super versions were introduced in 1952, using an IH C264 engine. A Super W6-TA and WD6-TA line was produced in 1954, with torque amplifier transmissions. Production of all models of the W-6 totaled 56,482 from 1940 to 1954. Australian models, designated AW-6, were produced from 1949 to 1953. The AW-7 followed in Australia, as a counterpart to the Farmall 400, from 1957 to 1960.
International Harvester 400
In 1955 the Super W-6 was replaced by the International 400 Utility or W-400, with a engine. McCormick-Deering branding was dropped. The W-400 was produced in 1955 and 1956. The W-400 was followed by the International 450 Utility or W-450 in 1956–58.
McCormick-Deering W-9
The McCormick-Deering W-9 departed from the letter series parallel, using much more powerful engines from International Harvester's crawler tractors, and heavier drivetrains. The W-9 was first produced in 1940 with the C335 engine used in the T-9 crawler. Running on gasoline, distillate or kerosene, it produced . Operating weight was over . A WD-9 diesel version of the same displacement was available. Industrial tractors were the International I-9 and ID-9, and a special steel-wheeled rice field variant was the WR-9 and WDR-9. The Super W-9/WD-9 was produced in 1953 with greater torque.
The predecessor to the W-9 was the McCormick-Deering W-40, a bigger version of the International W-30 with a six-cylinder engine, which was itself a wide-front-axle version of the Farmall F-30. A diesel-engine version was available, the WD-40. Both tractors were also sold as industrial tractors, the I-30 and ID-30. Production ran from 1934 to 1940.
International Harvester 600
The International Harvester 600 was a re-badged version of the Super W-9, with few changes, following the Farmall 100/200/300/400 numbering scheme, and dropping McCormick-Deering branding in favor of "International." 1,516 600s were produced in 1956 and 1957. The International Harvester 650 was the successor to the 600, with a few more changes. 4,933 650s were produced in 1956 and 1957. The 650 was succeeded by the restyled International Harvester 660 in 1959.
References
External links
W-4 series
NTTL Test #342 - McCormick-Deering W-4 (Distillate) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #353 - McCormick-Deering W-4 (Gasoline) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #491 - McCormick Super W-4 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
W-6 series
NTTL Test #354 - McCormick-Deering W-6 (Distillate) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #355 - McCormick-Deering W-6 (Gasoline) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #356 - McCormick-Deering WD-6 (Diesel) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #459 - McCormick WD-6 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #476 - McCormick Super W-6 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL TEst #485 - McCormick Super W-6 LPG at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #478 - McCormick Super WD-6 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #533 = International Model W-400 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #535 - International Model W-400 (Diesel) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
W-9 series
NTTL TEst #369 - McCormick-Deering W-9 (Gasoline) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #371 - MCCormick-Deering W-9 (Distillate) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #370 - McCormick-Deering WD-9 (Diesel) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #441 - McCormick-Deering WD-9 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #518 - McCormick Super WD-9 at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #571 - McCormick Farmall Model 400 (Diesel) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #572 - International Model W-400 LPG at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
W-40 series
NTTL Test #246 - McCormick-Deering WD-40 (Diesel) at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #618 - International 650 Gasoline at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
NTTL Test #621 International 650 LPG at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory archive
Tractors
International Harvester vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 1940 | McCormick-Deering W series tractors | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,767 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Tractors"
] |
68,458,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charopinesta%20sema | Charopinesta sema, also known as the Blackburn Island pinhead snail, is a species of land snail that is endemic to Australia's Lord Howe Island group in the Tasman Sea.
Description
The depressedly turbinate to discoidal shell of the mature snail is 1.1 mm in height, with a diameter of 1.8 mm, and a low, stepped spire. It is pale golden in colour. The whorls are rounded, with deeply impressed sutures and moderately spaced radial ribs. It has a roundedly lunate aperture and widely open umbilicus.
Distribution and habitat
This extremely rare snail is known from a single empty shell from Blackburn Island. It may be extinct.
References
sema
Gastropods of Lord Howe Island
Taxa named by Tom Iredale
Gastropods described in 1944
Species known from a single specimen | Charopinesta sema | [
"Biology"
] | 169 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
68,458,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Cyclone | Project Cyclone was a 20-year initiative of the US Office of Naval Research that lasted from 1946 to the mid-1960s. It was one of a series of projects whose purpose was to develop a computer laboratory with a company in the private sector that would do research and development on missile systems, as well as on classified problems in navigation, ballistics, engine control, electrical circuit analysis, and other fields. A secondary motivation was to strengthen the US's connections with civilian scientists and technology companies that had developed during WWII.
Project Cyclone was a partnership with Reeves Instrument Corporation. There were two sister projects: Project Whirlwind, which was a partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to build a digital computer (resulting in the Whirlwind I), and Project Typhoon, which was a partnership to build an analog computer with RCA.
The project led to the development of the original Reeves Electronic Analog Computer (or "REAC"), as well as subsequent models. Under the auspices of Project Cyclone, Reeves personnel would also be responsible for operating competitors' hardware in the lab, such as the ELECOM 100, produced by Electronic Computer Corporation. This was generally done to test the results of the Reeves-built machines in the lab.
The offices of the project were originally located on the premises of Reeves Instrument Corporation in New York, but by the 1950s the project had expanded such that it required three separate computer laboratories. The largest Project Cyclone lab contained 13 full REAC machines.
Project Cyclone, jointly with Reeves, was the organizer of multiple symposiums on analog computers. The first one was held in March 1951 in NYC, and was attended by 141 visitors from elite engineering organizations all over the world, such as the Applied Physics Laboratory and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The proceedings of these symposia were published under the title "Project Cyclone Symposium on REAC Techniques".
References
Military projects of the United States
Military research of the United States | Project Cyclone | [
"Engineering"
] | 391 | [
"Military projects of the United States",
"Military projects"
] |
68,458,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockmodeling | Blockmodeling is a set or a coherent framework, that is used for analyzing social structure and also for setting procedure(s) for partitioning (clustering) social network's units (nodes, vertices, actors), based on specific patterns, which form a distinctive structure through interconnectivity. It is primarily used in statistics, machine learning and network science.
As an empirical procedure, blockmodeling assumes that all the units in a specific network can be grouped together to such extent to which they are equivalent. Regarding equivalency, it can be structural, regular or generalized. Using blockmodeling, a network can be analyzed using newly created blockmodels, which transforms large and complex network into a smaller and more comprehensible one. At the same time, the blockmodeling is used to operationalize social roles.
While some contend that the blockmodeling is just clustering methods, Bonacich and McConaghy state that "it is a theoretically grounded and algebraic approach to the analysis of the structure of relations". Blockmodeling's unique ability lies in the fact that it considers the structure not just as a set of direct relations, but also takes into account all other possible compound relations that are based on the direct ones.
The principles of blockmodeling were first introduced by Francois Lorrain and Harrison C. White in 1971. Blockmodeling is considered as "an important set of network analytic tools" as it deals with delineation of role structures (the well-defined places in social structures, also known as positions) and the discerning the fundamental structure of social networks. According to Batagelj, the primary "goal of blockmodeling is to reduce a large, potentially incoherent network to a smaller comprehensible structure that can be interpreted more readily". Blockmodeling was at first used for analysis in sociometry and psychometrics, but has now spread also to other sciences.
Definition
A network as a system is composed of (or defined by) two different sets: one set of units (nodes, vertices, actors) and one set of links between the units. Using both sets, it is possible to create a graph, describing the structure of the network.
During blockmodeling, the researcher is faced with two problems: how to partition the units (e.g., how to determine the clusters (or classes), that then form vertices in a blockmodel) and then how to determine the links in the blockmodel (and at the same time the values of these links).
In the social sciences, the networks are usually social networks, composed of several individuals (units) and selected social relationships among them (links). Real-world networks can be large and complex; blockmodeling is used to simplify them into smaller structures that can be easier to interpret. Specifically, blockmodeling partitions the units into clusters and then determines the ties among the clusters. At the same time, blockmodeling can be used to explain the social roles existing in the network, as it is assumed that the created cluster of units mimics (or is closely associated with) the units' social roles.
Blockmodeling can thus be defined as a set of approaches for partitioning units into clusters (also known as positions) and links into blocks, which are further defined by the newly obtained clusters. A block (also blockmodel) is defined as a submatrix, that shows interconnectivity (links) between nodes, present in the same or different clusters. Each of these positions in the cluster is defined by a set of (in)direct ties to and from other social positions. These links (connections) can be directed or undirected; there can be multiple links between the same pair of objects or they can have weights on them. If there are not any multiple links in a network, it is called a simple network.
A matrix representation of a graph is composed of ordered units, in rows and columns, based on their names. The ordered units with similar patterns of links are partitioned together in the same clusters. Clusters are then arranged together so that units from the same clusters are placed next to each other, thus preserving interconnectivity. In the next step, the units (from the same clusters) are transformed into a blockmodel. With this, several blockmodels are usually formed, one being core cluster and others being cohesive; a core cluster is always connected to cohesive ones, while cohesive ones cannot be linked together. Clustering of nodes is based on the equivalence, such as structural and regular. The primary objective of the matrix form is to visually present relations between the persons included in the cluster. These ties are coded dichotomously (as present or absent), and the rows in the matrix form indicate the source of the ties, while the columns represent the destination of the ties.
Equivalence can have two basic approaches: the equivalent units have the same connection pattern to the same neighbors or these units have same or similar connection pattern to different neighbors. If the units are connected to the rest of network in identical ways, then they are structurally equivalent. Units can also be regularly equivalent, when they are equivalently connected to equivalent others.
With blockmodeling, it is necessary to consider the issue of results being affected by measurement errors in the initial stage of acquiring the data.
Different approaches
Regarding what kind of network is undergoing blockmodeling, a different approach is necessary. Networks can be one–mode or two–mode. In the former all units can be connected to any other unit and where units are of the same type, while in the latter the units are connected only to the unit(s) of a different type. Regarding relationships between units, they can be single–relational or multi–relational networks. Further more, the networks can be temporal or multilevel and also binary (only 0 and 1) or signed (allowing negative ties)/values (other values are possible) networks.
Different approaches to blockmodeling can be grouped into two main classes: deterministic blockmodeling and stochastic blockmodeling approaches. Deterministic blockmodeling is then further divided into direct and indirect blockmodeling approaches.
Among direct blockmodeling approaches are: structural equivalence and regular equivalence. Structural equivalence is a state, when units are connected to the rest of the network in an identical way(s), while regular equivalence occurs when units are equally related to equivalent others (units are not necessarily sharing neighbors, but have neighbour that are themselves similar).
Indirect blockmodeling approaches, where partitioning is dealt with as a traditional cluster analysis problem (measuring (dis)similarity results in a (dis)similarity matrix), are:
conventional blockmodeling,
generalized blockmodeling:
generalized blockmodeling of binary networks,
generalized blockmodeling of valued networks and
generalized homogeneity blockmodeling,
prespecified blockmodeling.
According to Brusco and Steinley (2011), the blockmodeling can be categorized (using a number of dimensions):
deterministic or stochastic blockmodeling,
one–mode or two–mode networks,
signed or unsigned networks,
exploratory or confirmatory blockmodeling.
Blockmodels
Blockmodels (sometimes also block models) are structures in which:
vertices (e.g., units, nodes) are assembled within a cluster, with each cluster identified as a vertex; from such vertices a graph can be constructed;
combinations of all the links (ties), represented in a block as a single link between positions, while at the same time constructing one tie for each block. In a case, when there are no ties in a block, there will be no ties between the two positions that define the block.
Computer programs can partition the social network according to pre-set conditions. When empirical blocks can be reasonably approximated in terms of ideal blocks, such blockmodels can be reduced to a blockimage, which is a representation of the original network, capturing its underlying 'functional anatomy'. Thus, blockmodels can "permit the data to characterize their own structure", and at the same time not seek to manifest a preconceived structure imposed by the researcher.
Blockmodels can be created indirectly or directly, based on the construction of the criterion function. Indirect construction refers to a function, based on "compatible (dis)similarity measure between paris of units", while the direct construction is "a function measuring the fit of real blocks induced by a given clustering to the corresponding ideal blocks with perfect relations within each cluster and between clusters according to the considered types of connections (equivalence)".
Types
Blockmodels can be specified regarding the intuition, substance or the insight into the nature of the studied network; this can result in such models as follows:
parent-child role systems,
organizational hierarchies,
systems of ranked clusters,...
Specialized programs
Blockmodeling is done with specialized computer programs, dedicated to the analysis of networks or blockmodeling in particular, as:
BLOCKS (Tom Snijders),
CONCOR,
Model (Vladimir Batagelj),
Model2 (Vladimir Batagelj),
Pajek (Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar),
R–package Blockmodeling (Aleš Žiberna),
StOCNET (Tom Snijders),...
See also
Stochastic block model
Mathematical sociology
Role assignment
multiobjective blockmodeling
blockmodeling linked networks
References
Network science | Blockmodeling | [
"Technology"
] | 2,010 | [
"Network science",
"Computer science"
] |
74,330,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Waters | Jennifer Waters is an American scientist who is a Lecturer on Cell Biology, the Director of the Core for Imaging Technology & Education(CITE; formally the NIC) and the Director of the Cell Biology Microscopy Facility at Harvard Medical School. She is an imaging expert and educator whose efforts to educate life scientists about microscopy and to systemize the education of microscopists in microscopy facilities serve as a blueprint for similar efforts worldwide.
Education
Waters studied Biology at University at Albany, SUNY and graduated with a B.Sc. in 1992. In 1998, she earned her Ph.D. in Biology. During her Ph.D., she used quantitative fluorescence live cell imaging to study the mechanisms and regulation of mitosis in vertebrate tissue culture cells. After completing her thesis, supervised by Edward D. Salmon, she moved to Wake Forest University, where she taught light microscopy courses in their graduate program.
Career
In 2001, she began her position as Director of the Nikon Imaging Center and the Director of the Cell Biology Microscopy Facility at Harvard Medical School. In 2024, the NIC@HMS contract terminated and the core was renamed the Director of the Core for Imaging Technology & Education. Waters and her staff advise and train users in a wide range of light microscopy techniques. Furthermore, she teaches light microscopy courses for graduate students at Harvard Medical School.
Over the years, Waters recognized the need for systematic training of technical imaging experts and implemented such training in the form of a new well-structured postdoctoral fellowship that other facilities have started to implement as well improving technical microscopy expertise worldwide.
Waters has also been involved in several microscopy courses outside of Harvard over the years, including the Analytical and Quantitative Light Microscopy course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.
Since 2011, Waters has organized an annual two-week course on Quantitative Imaging at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Laurel Hollow, New York. Waters and her team created this course with a dense and comprehensive curriculum. It has become one of the top microscopy courses in the world.
In 2019, Waters was named Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Imaging Scientist. As part of this recognition, Waters has intensified her microscopy outreach activities, including the YouTube channel Microcourses and the searchable database Microlist.
Waters is on the editorial board of BioTechniques, has authored multiple educational articles and reviews on quantitative microscopy, and edited the book “Quantitative Imaging in Cell Biology” with Torsten Wittmann (UCSF).
Awards and honors
2019–2024, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Imaging Scientist Award
2021–2022, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative napari Plugin Foundation Award
References
External links
The Microscopists interviews Jennifer Waters
Microcourses
Living people
Women in optics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Microscopists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University at Albany, SUNY alumni | Jennifer Waters | [
"Chemistry"
] | 573 | [
"Microscopists",
"Microscopy"
] |
74,330,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20band%20centrifugation | Analytical band centrifugation (ABC) (also known as analytical band ultracentrifugation, or band sedimentation-velocity), is a specialized ultracentrifugation procedure, where unlike the typical use of (boundary) sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) wherein a homogenous bulk solution is centrifuged, in ABC a thin (~15 μL, ~500 μm) sample is layered on top of a bulk solvent and then centrifuged. The method is distinguished from zone-sedimentation in that a stabilizing density gradient is self-generated during centrifugation, through the use of a higher density (than the sample) bulk "binary solvent", containing both a solvent (i.e. H2O), and a second component (small molecules, i.e. CsCl) that will sediment to form a stabilizing density gradient for the sample.
ABC also requires specially designed analytical ultracentrifuge cells, as the sample is not manually applied by pipette but instead automatically delivered via capillary under low g-forces at the beginning of a run from a reservoir within the cell. It was first demonstrated in 1963, and was not commonly used for many decades, but recently has become more widely used due to its applicability to quality control measurements on therapeutic viruses such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). The profiles resulting from ABC analyses are similar in their interpretation to the profiles from electrophoretic separations ("electropherograms"), and thus have been dubbed "centrifugrams".
See also
Svedberg
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation
References
Laboratory techniques
Centrifugation | Analytical band centrifugation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 362 | [
"Centrifugation",
"Separation processes",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"nan",
"Biochemistry"
] |
74,331,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20materials | Energy materials are used for energy harvesting, storage, and conversion. Applications of energy materials include photovoltaics, as well as piezoelectronics. The study of energy materials is usually interdisciplinary, uniting materials scientists, chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers.
References
External links
Energy Materials (journal by Taylor & Francis)
Energy | Energy materials | [
"Physics"
] | 73 | [
"Energy (physics)",
"Energy",
"Physical quantities"
] |
74,331,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20arenicola | Amanita arenicola, commonly known as the beach-loving ringless amanita, is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its gray cap, white stipe with wart-like protrusions, and affinity for sandy shores. Similar to A. vaginata, it lacks a ring on its stem. It can be found on America's Atlantic coastlines.
Taxonomy
Amanita arenicola was first described by mycologists Orson K. Miller Jr. and Jean D. Lodge in 2000, based on a series of specimens found along the coast of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. They were placed in the Amanita sect. Vaginatae due to the absence of a partial veil and the plicate-striate margin present along the cap.
The specific epithet arenicola means 'beach' and 'dweller'. A. arenicola is commonly known as the 'beach-loving ringless amanita', due to its distinctive lack of a ring and its presence in coastal areas.
Description
The cap is initially convex, similarly to many other species of Amanita, and grows flatter until it eventually becomes strongly depressed or completely infundibuliform. One source describes fully grown specimens as "moist to sticky, sand covered, smooth, [and] [d]rab [g]ray".
The basidiospores are described as 9-12.5 by 7-10 μm in size and "subglobose to broadly elliptic" in shape
Distribution and habitat
It is distributed along the Atlantic coastlines of the Americas. More recently, specimens have been confirmed throughout Southern Florida and Mexico.
As a mycorrhizal species, A. arenicola can usually be found growing around species of Coccoloba uvifera, particularly near the tropics.
Conservation
A. arenicola has been suggested to be an endangered species due to increases in sea level threatening its ecosystem.
See also
List of Amanita species
References
arenicola
Fungi of the Caribbean
Fungi described in 2000
Fungus species | Amanita arenicola | [
"Biology"
] | 439 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,336,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium%20Database | The Kalium Database is a manually curated biomedical database on K+ channel ligands found in the venom of scorpions, spiders, sea anemones, cone snails, snakes, centipedes, bees, and more. The first release of the Kalium Database was dedicated to scorpion toxins only, while its second release (Kalium 2.0) included toxins from other living organisms. The most recent update (Kalium 3.0) added information on their artificial derivatives. The Kalium Database is meant to assist structural biologists, toxinologists, pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, and other researchers in their pursuit to develop new drugs for cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
References
Biochemistry databases
Toxicology | Kalium Database | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 145 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemistry databases",
"Toxicology",
"Toxicology stubs"
] |
74,336,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde-stabilized%20cryopreservation | Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation is a new technique for cryopreservation first demonstrated in 2016 by Robert L. McIntyre and Gregory Fahy at the cryobiology research company 21st Century Medicine, Inc. This technique uses a particular implementation of fixation and vitrification that can successfully preserve a rabbit brain in "near perfect" condition at −135 °C, with the cell membranes, synapses, and intracellular structures intact in electron micrographs. In 2016, McIntire and Fahy were awarded the first portion of the Brain Preservation Technology Prize, the Small Animal Brain Preservation Prize, by the Brain Preservation Foundation for the successful cryopreservation of a whole mouse brain. The cryopreserved brain was rewarmed and no serious degradation was found to have occurred; the brain structure under electron microscopic evaluation after rewarming remained well-preserved. Although this technique has not yet lead to a successful revival of a cryopreserved brain, some researchers see this technique as providing promising directions for future research.
See also
Cryonics
References
Cryonics | Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation | [
"Biology"
] | 223 | [
"Biotechnology stubs"
] |
74,337,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena%20Declaration | The Jena Declaration is a scientific statement that questions and refutes the concept of human "races in a biological sense". It was published in September 2019 at the 112th Annual Meeting of the German Zoological Society (Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft) in Jena. The statement was written by leading scientists from the fields of evolutionary research, genetics and zoology, and was instrumental in influencing the legislative amendment to remove the term "Rasse" (roughly "race in a biological sense") from the German constitution. With this statement, the Institute for Zoology and Evolutionary Research at Friedrich Schiller University Jena explicitly distances itself from its 20th century predecessors, especially from the controversial scholar and evolutionary biologist Ernst Haeckel, who was closely associated with the University of Jena and whose ideas of racism and eugenics are today considered scientifically untenable and morally reprehensible.
Content
The authors of the statement, Martin S. Fischer, Uwe Hoßfeld, Johannes Krause and Stefan Richter examined the issue of alleged human "races" from a biological perspective. They clarified that this concept has no scientific justification. Scientific studies of genetic variation within and between human populations showed that the biological concept of "race" was a typological construct based on arbitrarily selected physical characteristics and did not reflect the actual genetic diversity of the human species.
The Jena Declaration affirms that there are no "races" in the biological sense in humans, since the genetic variation within human populations is often greater than the genetic variation between these populations. Only in domestic animals the genetic similarity within a breed is actually greater than between breeds. Moreover, genetic differences between populations are continuous, as humans travelled long before major explorations and voyages of conquest by Europeans, creating links between populations that were geographically distant from each other. External characteristics such as skin colour, used for typological classifications or in everyday racism, are very superficial and rapidly changing biological adaptations to local conditions. In the human genome, for example, there is not a single difference among the 3.2 billion base pairs that separates Africans from non-Africans. So not only is there not a single gene that accounts for "racial" differences, there is not even a single base pair.
The authors conclude that the concept of human "races" is the result of racism and not its precondition. Its use in scientific literature and social discourse often leads to misunderstandings and reinforces prejudice and discrimination. They therefore call for the term "race" to be discontinued in relation to people, except in historical or socio-political contexts where it should be understood as a social construction rather than a biological reality. They argue that the use of the term in relation to people creates a false idea of genetically separate groups and that it is important to debunk this myth in order to combat racism.
They conclude the statement with an appeal to educational institutions, media, authorities and all citizens to reconsider the German term "Rasse" and emphasise genetic diversity and humanity instead of artificial and harmful categorisations.
Impact
In Germany, the Declaration had a considerable impact on public debate and legislation, especially on the discussion about removing the term "Rasse" from the German constitution.
The Jena Declaration also led to a number of publications in the field of education and learning. In the book "Den Begriff 'Rasse' überwinden: die 'Jenaer Erklärung' in der (Hoch-)Schulbildung" (Overcoming the Concept of Race: The Jena Declaration in (Higher) School Education), a variety of ideas and concepts for overcoming the concept of "race" are offered. In this publication, the Jena Declaration serves as an impulse for a nationwide reorientation of (high) school education. Another example is the publication "Die Jenaer Erklärung gegen Rassismus' und ihre Anwendung im Unterricht" (The Jena Declaration against Racism and its Application in the Classroom), which presents concrete examples of the application of the Jena Declaration in the classroom.
IQWiG (The independent Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care) also backs the "Jena Declaration" by ceasing to translate the term "race" as "Rasse" in its evaluations.
The Institute no longer translates the term "race" as "Rasse" in its assessments.
References
External links
Jena Declaration
The Jena Declaration: Jena, Haeckel and the Question of Human Races, or, Racism Creates Races
Anti-racism
Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Ethics
2019 in science
Jena | Jena Declaration | [
"Biology"
] | 920 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Genetics"
] |
74,337,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20802.11bb | IEEE 802.11bb is a line-of-sight light-based wireless networking standard that is part of the 802.11 suite of standards, which defines an interoperable communications protocol for Li-Fi devices. Its proponents state that it will allow for very high speed communication that is faster than Wi-Fi.
Li-Fi is intended to provide better bandwidth compared to microwave. To achieve faster speeds the standard will likely need to adopt some of the technologies used with optical fiber based networking. Multiple channels can reach extremely high speeds.
The 802.11bb standard describes the use of light in the near-infrared 800 to 1000 nm waveband to implement data rates between 10 Mbit/s and 9.6 Gbit/s, with interoperability between devices with different capabilities.
Development of 802.11bb was carried out by the IEEE 802.11 Light Communications Task Group. Companies participating in the standardization effort included pureLiFi and Fraunhofer HHI.
See also
ITU-T G.9991, an ITU standard for line of sight optical networking approved in 2019
IrDA, an early low-speed infrared communication protocol
References
External links
802.11 Light Communications Task Group website
Networking standards
Wireless communication systems
IEEE 802.11
Optical communications | IEEE 802.11bb | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 255 | [
"Optical communications",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer network stubs",
"Computer standards",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Wireless communication systems",
"Networking standards",
"Computing stubs"
] |
74,338,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoko%20Shinohara | Satoko Shinohara (born September 3, 1958) is a Japanese architect, architectural educator, and architectural researcher. She became the president of Japan Women's University in 2020. She presides over Spatial Design Studio and is a published author and editor. In a career that has addressed daily life, housing, and relationships, one of Shinohara's key design tenets is that housing is inherently a social space—one that can cultivate relationships among people, place, and the environment.
Biography and career
Shinohara was born in Togane City, Chiba Prefecture. In 1977 she graduated from the Chiba Prefectural Togane High School. She then studied at the Japan Women’s University, graduating in 1981 with a Bachelor’s degree from the Faculty of Home Economics. Shinohara studied in the Department of Dwelling Studies, a program that had considerable influence over Japan’s women architects, and one described as “a curriculum on ‘clothing, food, and housing’… centered upon daily living and relationships among people.” In 1983 she completed her master’s degree at the same university, writing her thesis on teahouse architecture, and studying under architect Kimiko Takahashi, who specialized in residential architecture. While completing her master’s degree, she worked part time at Amorphe Takeyama. From 1983 to 1985 she worked at Kohyama Atelier in Tokyo, where she was both the only woman and the only young architect in the office. In 1986 she co-founded Spatial Design Studio with her husband, Kengo Kuma. While Kuma left to form his own studio in 1990, Shinohara continues to operate SDS, a small firm with 6 employees. The couple has a son, Taichi, who is also an architect and works in his father’s studio.
Educator
In 1997, Shinohara became a full-time lecturer in the Department of Housing under the Faculty of Home Economics at Japan Women’s University, eventually becoming professor in the same department in 2010. She became the president of the University in May 2020, when she was appointed for a four-year term. A core value of her presidency has been the restructuring and rebranding of faculties; the Faculty of Home Economics has since been renamed and reconfigured as the “Faculty of Human Sciences and Design.” Additionally, under her leadership the university has decided to admit trans women beginning in 2024. She oversees the award-winning “Shinohara Lab” for architectural design students through the Department of Housing.
Work
Shinohara’s area of research is housing innovation in response to complex and changing household structures in modern Japan. She has co-authored at least six survey-style housing studies, published in The AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, in addition to numerous books and articles on the subject.
Small Bath House in Izu
A notable early work is her collaboration with Kuma from 1988 “Small Bath House in Izu.” It is considered Kuma’s first project and is highly regarded amongst retrospectives of his work, and frequently referenced. Kuma scholar Botond Bognar describes it as such:... the Small Bath House in Izu ... remains one of his early remarkable designs, and whose many features, including the use of natural materials such as wood and bamboo, would return in some of his later buildings. Although not as refined as his more recent works, this project ... is an unpretentious construction with a spatial and formal composition that is as light and refreshing as it is non-monumental.Bognar also describes its "unmistakeably fragmentary composition,” alluding to the “architecture of fragmentation” that he would continue to explore in later work. The model for the bath house, made of corrugated cardboard, was showcased in the exhibition “The Japanese House: Architecture and Life after 1945,” at the National Museum of Modern Art Tokyo.
Corte M Renovation
According to Shinohara, the Corte M Apartment building project in 1994 was “the starting point for [her] current work.” This renovation project in Chiba added common spaces to the ground floor level of two buildings of studio apartments, activating the courtyard in between, and enabling interaction between the residents and the local community. This ethos of “building relationships between people” exemplified the focus of Shinohara’s research work.
Share Buildings
In the early 2010s, Shinohara began garnering attention for her research and work designing “share” houses, a response to the growing percentage of single-person households in Tokyo (in 2012, 50 percent of Tokyo-ites lived alone), the lack of available space, and the potentially unnecessary repetition of services across private studio apartments. Along with practical concerns, the style of living these buildings addresses diminishing socialization, as well as sustainability.
SHAREyaraicho, co-designed with Ayano Uchimura of A Studio in 2012, is considered “the first purpose-built share house in [Tokyo],”[27] creating “an alternative to the dominant single-dweller housing typology.”[28] The three-storey footprint building, with interiors finished simply with plywood and polycarbonate, features 7 private bedrooms with communal living, kitchen, and bath. As in the Corte M renovation, SHAREyaraicho intends to reach out into the neighbourhood:The idea of communal living and nurturing connections extends beyond Share Yaraicho’s residents themselves to the local community. At Share Yaraicho there is no door; instead, a soft plastic membrane that zips and unzips mediates the inside and outside worlds. 'I think the facade and ground floor of buildings are very important because it is through these that the buildings come into contact with the outside, neighbours and society,' Shinohara says. Step through the membrane and enter the building’s entrance hall – an airy 10-metre-high transition zone that operates as an accessible space to both “invite and unite” neighbours and friends. Functioning as a flexible event space and activity venue for both Share Yaraicho residents and the surrounding neighbourhood, the hall has hosted everything from local bi-monthly urban design talks by residents to Halloween parties for the wider community.The work, in its unique approach to collective housing, is highlighted in many magazine features and is showcased in the book Future Living, Collective Housing in Japan. In her analysis of the rediscovery of traditional Japanese forms of collective living, Claudia Hildner describes SHAREyaraicho, in terms of its many common zones and shared ethos, as "a vision of urban living that is at once autonomous and rooted in community."
The impulse of linking architecture with the broader community is also found in SHAREtenjincho, a 9-story reinforced concrete building built in 2021 in Kagurazaka, that represents a collaboration between Shinohara, Uchimura, and Shinohara’s son Taichi, under his company Tailand. It is described by the architects as:a mixed-use building ... whose main concept is ‘sharing’. The first floor consists of a restaurant; The second floor consists of office space; above these more public-facing levels, the third to ninth floors are composed of residencies. These three types of programs are shared by everyone. For example, the restaurant is used by different chefs who specialize in different types of cuisine and the office is shared by multiple workers with free-address desks. The residencies themselves consist of nine private rooms with shared living, kitchen, shower, and working areas. To vitalize the façade, the sharing concept is emphasized via external stairs that connect the terraces of every floor.
Taichi specifies that the restaurant intends to be a community generating space, catalyzing the kind of vibrant dining life that can be found in a European town square.
Taichi’s website also describes five other projects he has worked on under the SHARE umbrella, from offices, to residential renovations, and restaurants.
Spatial Design Studio list of work
Authored books
Reading the Boundaries of Housing: Field Notes on People, Places, and Architecture. Shokokusha, October 2007.
Asian Commons: Connections and Designs of Collective Housing. Heibonsha, October 2021.
Ohitoro House. Heibonsha, 2015.
Co-authored books
Satoko Shinohara, Kei Sasai, and Fumiko Iida. Life Culture Theory. Asakura Shoten, Series "Life Science," April 2002.
Satoko Shinohara, Sumiko Ohashi, Masao Koizumi, and Lifestyle Study Group. Changing Families and Changing Homes. Shokokusha, August 2002.
Satoko Shinohara Laboratory, Japan Women's University. Share House Encyclopedia. Shokokusha, December 2017.
Satoko Shinohara, Izumi Kuroishi, Toshio Otsuki, and Osamu Tsukihashi. Encyclopedia for Living. Shokokusha, April 2020.
Partial list of awards
Footnotes
References
“Announcement of the appointment of the president and chairman of Japan Women’s University.” Japan Women’s University. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://www.jwu.ac.jp/grp/news/2020/20200603_1.html
“Board Members: Satoko Shinohara.” nomura-re-hd.co.jp. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://www.nomura-re-hd.co.jp/english/company/officer/officer063231.html
Bognar, Botond. Kengo Kuma: Selected Works. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.
Bognar, Botond. Material Immaterial: the New Work of Kengo Kuma. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.
Ciorra, Pippo and Florence Ostende. The Japanese House: Architecture and Life After 1945. Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 2016.
Gugliotta, Francesca. “Biennale 2023: the exhibition on onomatopoeic architecture by Kengo Kuma, explained.” internimagazine.com, May 11, 2023. https://www.internimagazine.com/agenda/shows/biennale-architettura-2023-mostra-kengo-kuma/.
Hildner, Claudia and Steven LIndberg. “Share Yaraicho.” In Future Living, Collective Housing in Japan. Walter de Gruyter, 2013.
Kajima, Momoyo. “Introduction: Dwelling Studies and Japan’s Women Architects.” Architecture and Urbanism, no. 1 (616) (2022): 32 - 43.
“Japan Women’s University English Academy Information.” Japan Women’s University. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://www3.jwu.ac.jp/fc/public/unvfile/JWUguide_english/?cNo=140251¶m=MV8wXzc=&pNo=1
Liotta, Salvator-John A. “Share Yaraicho, shared living,” domus, Jan 21, 2013, https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2013/01/21/share-yaraicho-shared-living.html
“New President inauguration interview plan.” jyukyo.net. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://jyukyo.net/news/6528/.
“News.” Japan Women’s University – Sinohara Lab. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://mcm-www.jwu.ac.jp/~sinohara/news.html
“Portrait of an Architect.” Architect’s Magazine. July 29, 2022. https://www.arc-agency.jp/magazine/7582/2
“Profile.” Japan Women’s University. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://mcm-www.jwu.ac.jp/~sinohara/profile.html.
“Profile.” Spatial Design Studio. Accessed July 15, 2023. www.s-d-s.net/profile.
Rubenach, Tom and Byera Hadley. “Compact Living: Benchmarking the Liveability of Micro-Housing for the Sydney Market.” NSW Architects Registration Board: Travelling Scholarships Journal Series 2017. https://www.architects.nsw.gov.au/download/BHTS/Rubenach_Tom_Compact%20Living_BHTS_2017.pdf
Japanese women architects
Japan Women's University alumni
1958 births
Living people
Japanese writers
Architectural theory | Satoko Shinohara | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,619 | [
"Architectural theory",
"Architecture"
] |
74,340,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20fusion | Commercial Fusion is a term used to refer to privately owned companies whose aim is to sell electricity produced by nuclear fusion. The industry now consists of over 40 companies who have attracted a combined total of more than $6 billion in investment.
Commercial fusion companies
First fusion electricity to the grid
For decades researchers have famously said that fusion power is always 30, or even 50, years away. The advent of commercial fusion has changed that, and now fusion power is typically predicted to be around 10 years away, with most companies predicting that the first fusion plant will deliver electricity to the grid before 2035. Although the majority of the companies have only existed for a few years, some have already failed to deliver on their predictions. General Fusion first predicted that it would deliver electricity to the grid by 2009.
References
Fusion power
Nuclear technology companies | Commercial fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 164 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Nuclear technology companies",
"Fusion power",
"Engineering companies",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
74,340,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystobasidium%20fimetarium | Cystobasidium fimetarium is a species of fungus in the order Cystobasidiales. It is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on various ascomycetous fungi (including Lasiobolus and Thelebolus spp) on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. The species is known from Europe and North America.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described in 1803 on cow dung by Danish biologist Heinrich Schumacher who assigned it to Tremella, a genus then used for almost any fungus with gelatinous fruit bodies. In 1887 French mycologist Émile Boudier refound the species on goat dung in France and, discovering that it had auricularioid basidia (unlike Tremella species), transferred it to the auricularioid genus Helicobasidium.
In 1889, German mycologist Joseph Schröter described Platygloea fimicola as a new auricularioid species on rabbit dung from modern-day Poland. In 1898 Swedish mycologist Gustaf Lagerheim described Jola lasioboli as a new auricularioid species on cow dung from Norway. In 1924, German mycologist Walther Neuhoff transferred the latter species to his new genus Cystobasidium, based on the swollen, cyst-like probasidia from which the basidia emerge.
In 1999, British mycologist Peter Roberts noted that all these appeared to represent the same species and that Tremella fimetaria was the earliest name. Accordingly, he proposed the new combination Cystobasidium fimetarium for the species.
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that the species is distinct and not closely related to other auricularioid fungi.
Description
Basidiocarps are waxy-gelatinous, disc-shaped to irregularly pustular, pale pinkish lilac, 1–4 mm in diameter. Microscopically, the hyphae are occasionally clamped, 1.5 to 3 μm wide, producing occasional haustorial cells that attach to host hyphae. Basidia emerge from swollen probasidia; they are tubular, often recurved, 25-55 x 3-4 μm long, and laterally septate, forming four cells. Basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, and ellipsoid to slightly fusoid, measuring 6–11.5 x 3-5 μm; they germinate by budding off subglobose to ovoid yeast cells that form pinkish colonies in culture.
Habitat and distribution
Cystobasidium fimetarium is a parasite of ascomycetous fungi on dung, including species of Lasiobolus and Thelebolus. It is known from Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, and Sweden) and North America (Canada) but has rarely been encountered. The only known British collection is on Thelebolus crustaceus from grouse dung in Scotland.
References
Pucciniomycotina
Fungi described in 1803
Fungus species | Cystobasidium fimetarium | [
"Biology"
] | 683 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,341,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadel%20vanishing%20theorem | In mathematics, the Nadel vanishing theorem is a global vanishing theorem for multiplier ideals, introduced by A. M. Nadel in 1989. It generalizes the Kodaira vanishing theorem using singular metrics with (strictly) positive curvature, and also it can be seen as an analytical analogue of the Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem.
Statement
The theorem can be stated as follows. Let X be a smooth complex projective variety, D an effective -divisor and L a line bundle on X, and is a multiplier ideal sheaves. Assume that is big and nef. Then
Nadel vanishing theorem in the analytic setting: Let be a Kähler manifold (X be a reduced complex space (complex analytic variety) with a Kähler metric) such that weakly pseudoconvex, and let F be a holomorphic line bundle over X equipped with a singular hermitian metric of weight . Assume that for some continuous positive function on X. Then
Let arbitrary plurisubharmonic function on , then a multiplier ideal sheaf is a coherent on , and therefore its zero variety is an analytic set.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Theorems in algebraic geometry
Theorems in complex geometry | Nadel vanishing theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 251 | [
"Theorems in algebraic geometry",
"Theorems in complex geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
74,342,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20monsoon | The Australian monsoon (AUM), also known as the Australian summer monsoon (ASM), and the Australian-Indonesian monsoon (AIM), is a monsoon system that increases thunderstorms and rainfall over many areas of Indonesia and northern Australia, from the far northern tropics of the region to the semi-arid zone of Australia, typically between November and mid-March, which is the wet season of many parts of northern Australia and Indonesia.
The origin of the Australian monsoon (AUM) is comparable the North African monsoon, since both develop from the seasonal motion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the connected meridional shift in the overturning Hadley circulation, which lead to a pronounced rainfall seasonality. From the end of the 19th century, the force of the Australian monsoon has been measured by the summer precipitation at Darwin.
Mechanism
In northern Australia, the predominant wind is from the east or southeast in most occasions, which usually bring dry conditions. Though during monsoon periods (between November to April), the winds change to northwesterly, where atmospheric pressure decreases over an area extending to Java, Sumatra, Timor Sea and eastward to Papua New Guinea. When the Australian continent heats up much rapid than the surrounding ocean (the Timor, Banda Sea, and Arafura Sea), low pressure systems may form, which efficaciously draw in the monsoon trough (which is an area of low pressure and rising air) above the hot and dry areas of northern Australia, thereby increasing humidity prior to the rains (this is known as the “build-up”). The trough attracts moist air from the encompassing oceans and this inflow of moist air is referred to as the monsoon.
During the "active" phase or "bursts", large regions of cloud and rain are formed, where there is a constant northwesterly wind on the north area of the trough, alongside heavy rainfall on the land, which last from about four to eight weeks. An inactive phase or "breaks" is when the monsoon trough diminishes and withdraws to the north of Australia, although light winds, sporadic showers and thunderstorm activity may occur. Later than normal monsoon arrivals, and drier ones, are generally associated with El Niño conditions in the Pacific, while La Niña is mostly associated with an early monsoon season and wetter ones as well. The monsoon's thickness is normally less than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) over the sea and 2,000–2,500 metres (6,600–8,200 feet) over the land.
Although the northern Australian monsoonal bursts peak between mid-November and mid-December, they can extend well into March. The Australian monsoon rainfall variability (AUMRV) has a similar ratio in rainfall over much of the country, going as far south as the southern Murray–Darling Basin. About 28% of inter-annual AUMRV is linked with oceanic irregularity in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Moreover, compared to the Asian, African and North American monsoonal regions, the AUM seems to possess the highest variation, as it is linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, especially over northeastern Australia.
Effects
The monsoon seasons are generally associated with overcast conditions, extended periods of heavy rain, episodic thunderstorms and fresh to strong squally winds, which frequently lead to flooding in affected areas in the Northern Territory, northern Western Australia and northern Queensland. Most of the fresh water for the sparsely populated northern Australia comes from the Australian monsoonal rains.
The Australian monsoon can also have a high influence on rainfall on the southeastern seaboard during the warmer months, such as in southeast Queensland and as well as the northern half of New South Wales (Northern Rivers to metropolitan Sydney), where summer is the wettest season and winter is the driest (the precipitation contrast between the two seasons decrease farther to the south as the effect of the Australian monsoon lessens).
See also
Climate of Australia
Climate of Indonesia
Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia
References
Climate of Australia
Winds
Regional climate effects
Environmental science
Weather events in Australia
Climate oscillations
Climate of Indonesia | Australian monsoon | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 844 | [
"nan"
] |
74,343,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20azureoviride | Entoloma azureoviride is a species in the genus Entoloma. It was originally described by Egon Horak in 1982.
Description
Entoloma azureoviride has a conical or conico-convex cap, ranging from 24 to 38 mm in diameter. The cap can be deep blue or covered with ochre-green or olive-brown fibrils. The gills are deep blue, becoming vinaceous pink as the spores mature. The stem is cylindrical, deep blue, and often covered with fibrils. The spores are cuboid and slightly pinkish yellow-brown.
Range & Habitat
Entoloma azureoviride exists in the Amazon basin and the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil. Its habitat is characterized by the ground of a mature and stable tropical forest. The forest is of the type known as "terra-firme," which means it is not affected by seasonal flooding. The forest is located on plateaus and has clay-like soils. The forest floor has a thin layer of scattered leaves. Recent observation through crowdsourcing efforts confirm the range.
References
Fungi of Suriname
Entolomataceae
Fungus species | Entoloma azureoviride | [
"Biology"
] | 237 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,344,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20named%20heat%20waves | Named heat waves are warm weather events that have been designated with a nickname due to their historical significance. Extreme heat is recognized as a natural phenomenon that poses severe risks to human health, and the likelihood of such incidents has increased due to the effects of climate change. The decision to start naming such events was first officially adopted in June of 2022 by the city of Seville, Spain with Heatwave Zoe. While Seville elected to designate five names for 2022 in reverse alphabetical order, unlike the relatively standardized conventions for naming Tropical cyclone naming, there is currently no regional consensus for the naming of heat waves. Several countries have their own schemes.
List of Named Heat Waves
2017
Heatwave Lucifer
2022
Heatwave Zoe
Heatwave Yago
2023
Heatwave Cerberus
Heatwave Charon
References
Named
Named | List of named heat waves | [
"Physics"
] | 161 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather-related lists"
] |
74,344,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium%20oxychloride | Einsteinium oxychloride is an inorganic chemical compound of einsteinium, oxygen, and chlorine with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
Einsteinium oxychloride can be prepared by heating einsteinium oxide in a gaseous mixture of HCl and at 500 °C for 20 minutes.
References
Einsteinium compounds
Oxychlorides | Einsteinium oxychloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 67 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
69,753,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerospongia | Sphaerospongia is an extinct genus of organism found in marine beds of Devonian age. Its classification is enigmatic, but it is typically placed among the sponges or the receptaculites. The organism has a surface covered with hexagonal plates, and some early taxonomists placed it among the echinoderms. It is found in close association with the horn coral Tabulophyllum traversensis in the Onate Formation of New Mexico, US, where it provides a substrate for the coral.
References
Paleozoic life
Sponges | Sphaerospongia | [
"Biology"
] | 115 | [
"Sponges",
"Animals"
] |
69,753,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-1708b | Kepler-1708b (previously known as KIC 7906827.01) is a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1708, located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 5,600 light years away from Earth. It was first detected in 2011 by NASA's Kepler mission using the transit method, but was not identified as a candidate planet until 2019. In 2021, a candidate Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit around Kepler-1708b was found by astronomer David Kipping and colleagues in an analysis using Kepler transit data. However, subsequent research has raised discrepancies about the possible existence of an exomoon, similar to that of Kepler-1625b, but even more recent research still find the existence of an exomoon likely.
Characteristics
Mass and radius
Kepler-1708b is a gas giant planet slightly smaller than Jupiter in size, with a radius of 0.89 Jupiter radii. The mass of the planet remains yet to be measured; precise analysis of its transit timings place a 2-sigma upper limit of <4.6 Jupiter masses. This mass upper limit predicts a maximum radial velocity amplitude of <—although within reach of the most precise spectrographs available, the faintness of Kepler-1708b's host star would make observations difficult.
Orbit and temperature
Kepler-1708b orbits about 1.64 astronomical units from its host star and completes one revolution every , comparable to the orbit of Mars in the Solar System. At this distance, Kepler-1708b lies within the habitable zone of its host star, where it receives an insolation flux times that of Earth at a relatively cool equilibrium temperature of . The eccentricity of its orbit is unmeasured and is given a 2-sigma upper limit of <0.40.
Host star
Kepler-1708b orbits around the Sun-like star Kepler-1708, located in the constellation of Cygnus light years away from Earth. At an apparent magnitude of 16, this star is too faint to be seen by the naked eye. The star's celestial coordinates based on the J2000 epoch are: RA , Dec . The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite has measured a stellar parallax of milliarcseconds (mas) and directional proper motion components of RA , Dec . Kepler-1708 is known by other designations from various star catalogues including: UCAC4 669-077544, KIC 7906827, TIC 272716898, 2MASS J19471778+4337295, WISE J194717.78+433729.2, and Gaia DR2 2078801971283008128.
Kepler-1708 is slightly larger and more massive than the Sun, with a mass of and radius of . It is also hotter and more luminous than the Sun, with an effective temperature of and a bolometric luminosity of . Based on these properties, Kepler-1708 is likely an F-type main sequence star with a Sun-like metallicity of [Fe/H] = and an age of billion years.
Potential exomoon
In 2021, David Kipping and colleagues performed a search for exomoons around cool, long-period gas giant exoplanets using Kepler photometric data. Out of a sample of 70 exoplanets analyzed, only Kepler-1708b exhibited signs of an orbiting exomoon manifesting as faint, secondary transits accompanying the planet's transits. This possible exomoon, designated Kepler-1708b I, appears to measure below the size of Neptune at 2.6 times Earth's radius. It likely orbits coplanar to its host planet from a distance up to 12 planetary radii—comparable to the distance between Jupiter and its moon Europa, or twice the Earth–Moon distance. The extraordinarily large size of Kepler-1708b I is reminiscent of Kepler-1625b I, another Neptune-sized exomoon candidate previously reported by Kipping et al. in 2017.
Additional observations are necessary to confirm or refute the exomoon's existence—only two transits by Kepler-1708b and its possible exomoon have been observed, and no transit timing variations can be determined as of yet. Kipping et al. determine that the probability of detecting one false positive exomoon in the studied sample of 70 exoplanets was <50%. A follow-up study suggested Kepler-1708b I is likely undetectable with the Hubble Space Telescope, but the James Webb Space Telescope should be able to confirm or refute its existence.
In 2024, a paper was published disputing both 1625b I and 1708b I’s existences, but a reply to this paper refute most claims given, and conclude that the existence of an exomoon is likely but need additional observations.
See also
Kepler-1625b
2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB
PDS 70
V1400 Centauri
Notes
References
External links
Astronomers Find Evidence for a Second Supermoon Beyond Our Solar System, Kim Martineau, Columbia News, Columbia University, 13 January 2022
KIC 7906827 – Kepler Time Series Visualizer NASA Exoplanet Archive, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
Planet Kepler-1708 b, The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, last updated 14 January 2022
Exoplanets discovered in 2022
Exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope
Transiting exoplanets
Cygnus (constellation) | Kepler-1708b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,156 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
69,754,802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoxolutamide | Acetoxolutamide is a nonsteroidal androgen and selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) which was described in 2000 and was never developed or marketed for medical use. It was derived from structural modification of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide and the nonsteroidal SARM acetothiolutamide. Acetoxolutamide shows greatly improved pharmacokinetic properties and anabolic and androgenic potency relative to acetothiolutamide in animals. It is the (2R) enantiomer of andarine (also known as acetamidoxolutamide or androxolutamide).
References
Abandoned drugs
Acetamides
Selective androgen receptor modulators
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Nitrobenzene derivatives
Tertiary alcohols | Acetoxolutamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 175 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
69,766,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Owens%20%28Arizona%20politician%29 | Stephen Alan Owens (born August 19, 1955) is an American attorney and politician. Originally from Memphis, Tennessee, he served as chief counsel and state director for U.S. Senator Al Gore before moving to the Phoenix, Arizona area during Gore's unsuccessful presidential run in 1988. He was a fundraiser for the Clinton-Gore campaign in 1992, and, from 1993 to 1995, was chair of the Arizona Democratic Party. He was the Democratic nominee for Arizona's 6th congressional district in 1996 and 1998, losing both times to incumbent J. D. Hayworth.
Owens served as director of the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality from 2003 to 2009 under Governor Janet Napolitano, after which he was appointed by President Barack Obama to be Assistant Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. After two years in Washington, he joined Squire Sanders (now Squire Patton Boggs) as a partner in their Phoenix office. Since February 2022, he has served as a member of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board by appointment of President Joe Biden.
Early life and family
Childhood and education
Owens was born on August 19, 1955, in Memphis, Tennessee to Milburne (1924–1995), a truck driver, and Maxine Neal Owens (1932–2019), who worked at Sears. He attended Messick High School, where he was elected by his peers as president of the class of 1973. Later, he was accepted into Brown University on an academic scholarship. While there, was an active member of the Undergraduate Council of Students, the school's student government. He won election as vice president in 1976 and as president the following year.
After five years at Brown, Owens graduated with honors with a degree in public policy in 1978. He then attended Vanderbilt University Law School, where he was editor-in-chief of the school's law review, graduating in 1981. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar later that year and spent a year as a law clerk to Judge Thomas A. Wiseman Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.
Marriage
Owens married Karen Lynn Carter on November 12, 1988, at the Customs House in Nashville. The two knew each other at Vanderbilt Law and reconnected when Owens moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where Carter was practicing law with Janet Napolitano at Lewis & Roca. They went on to have two sons.
Career
Gore staffer
Owens first met then-U.S. Representative Al Gore as a law student. In 1982, he moved to Washington, D.C. after Gore named him counsel to the House Science and Technology Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, which Gore chaired. During the 1984 U.S. Senate election, in which Gore handily defeated Republican state senator Victor Ashe, Owens served as his Shelby County campaign manager. In the Senate, he was Gore's chief counsel and later his state director.
In 1987, Gore kicked off his campaign for the following year's Democratic presidential nomination. Despite a relatively successful Super Tuesday, by April 1988, he was trailing far behind Michael Dukakis and Jesse Jackson. Owens, the campaign's Southern director, was dispatched to Phoenix to round up delegates ahead of the April 16 Arizona caucus and ended up staying in the state. He took an active role in state politics, working in 1992 as a fundraiser for the Clinton-Gore campaign, and, on January 16, 1993, he was elected chair of the Arizona Democratic Party, after incumbent Bill Minette declined to run for a second term. He won reelection in early 1995 but resigned in July of that year, in part to focus on a 1996 congressional run. He was succeeded by former congressman Sam Coppersmith.
Congressional campaigns
Environmental lawyer
After moving to Phoenix, Owens entered private practice, joining the law firm Brown & Bain as a regulatory attorney and registered lobbyist. Later, he joined Beshears Muchmore Wallwork. In 2003, when friend Janet Napolitano was sworn in as Governor of Arizona, she appointed Owens to serve as director of the state Department of Environmental Quality. Six years later, Napolitano and Owens were both tapped for jobs in the Obama administration: Napolitano as Secretary of Homeland Security and Owens as Assistant Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency for the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Owens left in 2011 to return to Arizona and become a partner with Squire Sanders (now Squire Patton Boggs).
In 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Owens to serve on the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Owens' nomination was confirmed by the Senate in December 2021, and he began service on February 2, 2022. Following the resignation of Katherine Lemos in July 2022, President Biden appointed Owens as interim executive authority, and nominated him as chair of the board. On November 17, 2022, the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works held hearings on his nomination. On December 13, 2022, the United States Senate discharged the committee from further consideration of the nomination by unanimous consent agreement, and confirmed the nomination by voice vote.
References
External links
Candidate Profile from Congressional Quarterly
1955 births
Living people
Arizona Democratic Party chairs
Arizona Democrats
Arizona lawyers
Brown University alumni
Vanderbilt University Law School alumni
United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board | Steve Owens (Arizona politician) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,083 | [
"United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board"
] |
69,777,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricularia%20scissa | Auricularia scissa is a species of jelly-fungus belonging to the Auricularia genus. It has been found in Florida and the Dominican Republic.
References
Auriculariales
Fungi of Florida
Fungi of the Caribbean
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Auricularia scissa | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
69,777,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunslinger%20effect | The gunslinger effect, also sometimes called Bohr's law or the gunfighter's dilemma, is a psychophysical theory which says that an intentional or willed movement is slower than an automatic or reaction movement. The concept is named after physicist Niels Bohr, who first deduced that the person who draws second in a gunfight will actually win the shoot-out.
Bohr's experiment
Danish physicist Niels Henrik David Bohr came up with the hypothesis after watching Western films, which frequently depicted the protagonist drawing after his opponent in a gunfight and winning. He hypothesized that a person reacting might move faster than their opponent, who moved deliberately. Bohr and his students staged mock gunfights using toy guns to test this hypothesis, with apparently uncertain results. Bohr suggested that, to the extent the hypothesis is true, the logical alternative to a gunfight would be a peaceful settlement, since neither gunslinger would want to draw first knowing that they would lose.
Experimental evidence
Later research confirmed the basic hypothesis, showing that intentional movements and reaction movements were controlled by two separate systems, and that it was not confined merely to hand or arm movements. The gunslinger effect applies to the initial reaction, not later limb control, but there is no trade-off between that early reaction and later targeting accuracy.
One study conducted at the University of Birmingham found that subjects moved 10% faster when reacting rather than acting with intention. However, the study also found that reactive movements were less accurate than intentional ones, and that the increased movement speed did not make up for the initial delay. Because of this, the authors of the study felt that the increased speed would not confer much advantage in a gunfight, although it may be advantageous in other situations.
Some later studies found that although volunteers' reactions were faster than deliberate actions during simple one-step tasks, this advantage was not present in more complex, multi-step actions. Furthermore, the effect was reversed when volunteers were presented with a choice of action, with reacting volunteers moving more slowly.
A 2020 study did find that Bohr's law held true during full-body actions, and was not confined to simple one-handed tasks.
Applications
The comparison between reaction times and deliberate movement speed has applications for sports and dueling. A 2014 study conducted with two groups, karate practitioners and people without karate training, found that reactions were faster than intentional movements, regardless of training.
See also
References
Hypotheses
Experiments
Psychophysics
Motor control
Neurophysiology | Gunslinger effect | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 507 | [
"Behavior",
"Psychophysics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Motor control"
] |
69,778,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20poultry%20breeds | List of chicken breeds
List of German chicken breeds
List of French chicken breeds
List of Italian chicken breeds
List of Spanish chicken breeds
Chicken breeds recognized by the American Poultry Association
List of true bantam chicken breeds
List of duck breeds
List of turkey breeds
List of goose breeds
List of pigeon breeds
By country
Australia - List of breeds in the Australian Poultry Standards
Italy - List of Italian poultry breeds
Slovenia - List of Slovenian domestic animal breeds
UK - List of breeds in the British Poultry Standards
Shetland - Shetland animal breeds
USA - Chicken breeds recognized by the American Poultry Association
Poultry breeds
Agriculture-related lists
Lists of animals | Lists of poultry breeds | [
"Biology"
] | 118 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Animals"
] |
69,778,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radenka%20Maric | Radenka Marić (née Đekić; born ) is an American engineer and academic who became the 17th president of the University of Connecticut (UConn) on September 28, 2022. She was the first internal candidate to be named president since Harry J. Hartley in 1990 and is the institution’s second female president. She had been interim president of the University of Connecticut since February 1, 2022, and previously was UConn's vice president for research and innovation.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Derventa, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then part of Yugoslavia, Marić earned her B.S. from the University of Belgrade in Serbia and her M.S. and Ph.D. in materials science and energy from Kyoto University in Japan. Marić is Jewish.
She worked as a Researcher for the Serbian Academy of Science and Art from November 1989 to October 1991.
Academic career
After spending 12 years in Japan, she moved to the United States in 2001 to work at a clean-energy startup in Atlanta. Three years later, she began leading the Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation at the National Research Council Canada. She joined UConn in 2010 as a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering. In 2016, she received a Fulbright U.S. Scholar Award to accept a visiting chair professor appointment at the Polytechnic University of Milan in Italy. Her Fulbright award supported research into High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), a clean energy technology.
A Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor, Marić holds the faculty appointment of Connecticut Clean Energy Fund Professor of Sustainable Energy in UConn's Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Over the course of her career, she has received more than $40 million in research funding, published more than 300 articles in refereed journals and conference proceedings, and registered six patents.
Marić became vice president for Research, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in July 2017. In this role, she oversaw the $375 million research enterprise at UConn and UConn Health, including the Technology Incubation Program and the Innovation Partnership Building at UConn Tech Park. She was appointed interim president of UConn on February 1, 2022, succeeding former interim president Andrew Agwunobi, who had resigned to take an executive-level role with Humana.
Marić was named a Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2019. She is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering. She is lead author of the book Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020).
President of the University of Connecticut
As President of the University of Connecticut, Marić oversees the university's $3.3 billion budget, which supports seven campuses, including its flagship campus in Storrs and an academic medical center and hospital in Farmington, over 30,000 students, and an extensive network of research and service initiatives. Marić also has oversaw large-scale construction projects and fundraising campaigns.
Marić, with the support of the UConn Board of Trustees, has committed UConn to becoming carbon neutral by 2030 and carbon zero by 2040. In October 2023, UConn hosted a national Sustainable Clean Energy Summit, with former White House National Climate Advisor Gina McCarthy giving the keynote. Marić is applying her scientific background in clean energy technologies to support UConn's transition to clean and renewable energy.
References
Living people
Presidents of the University of Connecticut
University of Belgrade alumni
Kyoto University alumni
21st-century American engineers
American women engineers
American materials scientists
University of Connecticut faculty
Women materials scientists and engineers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Date of birth missing (living people)
American people of Croatian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women heads of universities and colleges
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
People from Derventa | Radenka Maric | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 801 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
69,779,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent%20beam%20electron%20diffraction | Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used to study materials.
History
CBED was first introduced in 1939 by Kossel and Möllenstedt. The development of the Field Emission Gun (FEG) in the 1970s, the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), energy filtering devices and so on, made possible smaller probe diameters and larger convergence angles, and all this made CBED more popular. In the seventies, CBED was being used for the determination of the point group and space group symmetries by Goodman and Lehmpfuh, and Buxton, and starting in 1985, CBED was used by Tanaka et al. for studying crystals structure.
Applications
By using CBED, the following information can be obtained:
parameters of the crystal lattice, sample thickness
strain distribution
defects such as stacking faults, dislocations, grain boundaries, three-dimensional deformations, lattice displacements
crystal symmetry information - by looking at the symmetries that appear in the CBED disks, point group and space group determination are performed.
Diagnosis of aberrations in the electron probe that limit resolution, through analysis of CBED patterns (i.e. Ronchigrams) acquired on amorphous specimens.
Parameters
Positions of the CBED disks are the same as the positions of the Bragg peaks and are given approximately by the relation:
where is the distance between the crystallographic planes , is the Bragg angle, is an integer, and is the wavelength of the probing electrons.
The beam convergence semi-angle - is controlled by the C2 aperture. The probing beam convergence semi-angle, , is of the order of milliradians, ranging from 0.1˚ to 1˚. For small convergence semi-angle, the CBED disks do not overlap with each other, whereas for larger semi-convergence angles, the disks overlap.
The diameter of a CBED disk is given by the beam convergence semi-angle :
Defocus : The distance between the crossover of the probing beam and the position of the specimen is called the defocus distance . The sample can be moved along the axis. At a defocus distance, both the direct space and reciprocal space information are visible in the CBED pattern.
Related techniques
Conventional (C)TEM-CBED: In CTEM-CBED different shape condenser apertures are used to obtain the intensity distribution over the entire Brillouin zone.
Large Angle (LA)CBED: (LA)CBED is performed with a large incident angle, ranging from 1˚ to 10˚. LACBED makes it possible to obtain non-overlapping disks with a larger diameter than the one determined by the Bragg angle. With LACBED I one can obtain one selected CBED disk at a time on a detector. In LACBED II, with a slight change in the focusing conditions of the intermediate lens, bright field patterns and dark field patterns can be obtained simultaneously, without overlapping each other on the fluorescent screen. A disadvantage of LACBED is that it requires a large, flat specimen.
4D-STEM: In 4D-STEM a convergent probing beam is raster-scanned on a specimen in a 2D array and in each position of the array, a 2D diffraction pattern is obtained, thus generating a 4D data set. After acquisition, by using different phase techniques such as ptychography, one can recover the transmittion function and the induced phase shift. In some applications, 4D-STEM is called STEM-CBED.
Beam Rocking (BR)-CBED: With this technique, by rocking the incident beam with a rocking coil placed above the specimen, a virtual convergent beam is produced. Given that the diameter of the beam on the specimen is a few micrometers, this method has made CBED possible for materials that are susceptible to strong convergent beams. Furthermore, the large size of the illuminated specimen area and the low density current of the beam make specimen contamination insignificant.
BR-LACBED: In this technique, in addition to the rocking coil above the specimen, there is a rocking coil placed under the projector lens, which is used to bring the preferred beam to the STEM detector. Every time the incident beam is rocked, the second coil is simultaneously driven so that the beam always falls on the STEM detector.
Signal processing and BR-CBED: In order to enhance contrast in BR-CBED, a band-pass filter can be used that filters a certain frequency band in the CBED pattern. The combination of these two techniques makes the symmetries appearing in the patterns more clear.
CB-LEED (Low Energy Electron Diffraction): Rocking curves are analyzed at a single energy using a convergent probe. Advantages of this method are: mapping of LEED diffraction spots into CBLEED disks, the diffraction patterns originate from a localized region of the specimen which enables the extraction of localized structural information, mapping out of the surfaces, sensitivity enhancement of small atomic displacements etc.
Ptychography is a technique for recovering the phase of the exit electron wave. The reconstruction is done by applying an iterative phase retrieval algorithm which returns a real-space image with both phase and amplitude information. By using electron ptychography, in 2018, images of MoS2 with an atomic resolution of 0.39 Å were reported by Jiang et al. which set the new world record for the highest resolution microscope.
Microdiffraction, nanodiffraction: In the literature, there are several terms used to refer to electron diffraction patterns that are acquired with a convergent beam. Such terms are CBED, microdiffraction, nanodiffraction etc. When the CBED technique is used for the acquisition of conventional diffraction information like lattice structure and interplanar spacing from very small areas, then the term microdiffraction is used. On the other hand, the term nanodiffraction is used when very small probes (< 1 nm or less in diameter) are used.
Advantages and disadvantages of CBED
Since the diameter of the probing convergent beam is smaller than in the case of a parallel beam, most of the information in the CBED pattern is obtained from very small regions, which other methods cannot reach. For example, in Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), where a parallel beam illumination is used, the smallest area that can be selected is 0.5 μm at 100 kV, whereas in CBED, it is possible to go to areas smaller than 100 nm. Also, the amount of information that is obtained from a CBED pattern is larger than that from a SAED pattern.
Nonetheless, CBED also has its disadvantages. The focused probe may generate contamination, which can cause localized stresses. But this was more of a problem in the past, and now, with the high vacuum conditions, one should be able to probe a clean region of the specimen in minutes to hours. Another disadvantage is that the convergent beam may heat or damage the chosen region of the specimen.
Since 1939, CBED has been mainly used to study thicker materials.
CBED on 2D crystals
Recently, CBED was applied to study graphene and other 2D monolayer crystals and van der Waals structures. For 2D crystals, the analysis of CBED patterns is simplified, because the intensity distribution in a CBED disk is directly related to the atomic arrangement in the crystal. The deformations at a nanometer resolution have been retrieved, the interlayer distance of a bilayer crystal has been reconstructed, and so on, by using CBED.
References
Measurement
Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics
Crystallography
Diffraction | Convergent beam electron diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,576 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantity",
"Materials science",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
69,779,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breyite | Breyite is a high pressure calcium silicate mineral (CaSiO3) found in diamond inclusions. It is the second most abundant inclusion after ferropericlase, for diamonds with a deep Earth origin. Its occurrence can also indicate the host diamond's super-deep origin. This mineral is named after German mineralogist, petrologist and geochemist Gerhard P. Brey.
References
Silicate minerals
Calcium minerals
High pressure science
Diamond | Breyite | [
"Physics"
] | 93 | [
"High pressure science",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
69,780,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended%20structure | A suspended structure is a structure which is supported by cables coming from beams or trusses which sit atop a concrete center column or core. The design allows the walls, roof and cantilevered floors to be supported entirely by cables and a center column.
Another type of suspended structure, suspended catenary, uses outer-wall concrete columns angled away from the center with a cable system strung between them suspending a roof and outer wall structure. In this example there are no supports or visual obstructions inside the structure.
Background
Some of the first suspension structures were bridges. The first iron chain suspension bridge in the Western world was the Jacob's Creek Bridge (1801) in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, designed by inventor James Finley. The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, is another example of a suspension structure. Much like the suspended building structure, towers hold the weight and cables support the bridge deck. In the case of suspension bridges, there is "tensional force" transferred to the columns.
Design
Minimal interior visual obstruction is a feature of all suspended structure buildings. The architectural method creates a visually striking open space in the interior of the structure. The load for the suspended structure is either a suspended catenary or is supported by truss-work carrying the weight of the building through a building core.
Engineering
Suspended structures of the center column type utilize high-strength cable to suspend or support the floors. In some cases beams are cantilevered out from the concrete column at the center of the building. From the top of the center column, cables are used to support the roof system and the walls. Cables run down from the top of the tower to support floors. The external skeleton of the structure is a type of curtain wall which also is supported by cables. Suspended structures often allow much light to enter, because of the unobstructed interior.
An example of a catenary-shaped suspended structure is the Eero Saarinen designed Dulles International Airport. The roof of the structure is made up of suspension cable which stretches across angled concrete columns. In the design of Dulles airport, the floor, the columns and the roof all work together to allow the walls and ceiling to float. This leaves a large open space for the building.
The Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo is an example of a cable suspended structure. The roof system is a large span and the structure has been called "one of the most beautiful buildings in the 20th century", largely due to the suspended roof system.
Examples of suspended structure buildings
BP Building (Antwerp) (1963)
HSBC Building (Hong Kong) (1985)
Central Plaza (Dublin)
Riverplace Tower (1966)
Yoyogi National Gymnasium (1964)
State Theatre (Hong Kong) (1952)
Atrium Link (1997) and Atrium Link Extension (2009), Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong
See also
Catenary arch
Tensile structure
Gallery
References
External links
Buildings with suspended structures in seismic areas
Earthquake resistance of buildings with suspended structures
Further reading
Architectural styles
Building engineering | Suspended structure | [
"Engineering"
] | 607 | [
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
77,273,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphoetesis | Metaphoetesis is an ecological term coined by G. E. Hutchinson, to denote a change in diet with a changing stage of the life cycle of an animal. This characteristic, exhibited by many species such as insects and fishes, is important in determining the length of a food chain, particularly in aquatic and amphibious environments. Smaller, i.e., younger specimens belong to foodchain links below the larger -older- specimens. The concept has been described by other authors using various terms such as "life history omnivory".
For instance, lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum, 1792 Salmonidae, a Holoarctic freshwater fish species, exhibit different growth patterns within a single lake at a given time and among ensembles of similar lake types. These growth patterns are related to the species' food habits, and have consequences in growth rate, age at maturity, etc. Small, fast-growing, precocious adult trouts are planktivores, and inhabit lakes that are devoid of fish prey, while large, slow-growing, delayed maturation trouts are piscivores and inhabit lakes where fish prey is abundant (Kerr, 1979).
A more recent article, not related to metaphoetesis per se, associates the reduction of lake trout populations in North American and European lakes to acid rain which wiped out the populations of Mysis species (Mysis relicta and Mysis salemaai in Europe and Mysis diluviana in North America). These are rather large (ca. 2.5 cm long) benthopelagic crustaceans that thrive in oligotrophic, well-oxygenated waters, precisely the habitat of lake trout. No reference is made to whether these trout populations are intermediate in size and maturation age between the planktivore and the piscivore.
References
Ecological processes
Population ecology | Metaphoetesis | [
"Physics"
] | 386 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Ecological processes",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
77,274,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20Operators%20%28book%29 | Linear Operators is a three-volume textbook on the theory of linear operators, written by Nelson Dunford and Jacob T. Schwartz. The three volumes are (I) General Theory; (II) Spectral Theory, Self Adjoint Operators in Hilbert Space; and (III) Spectral Operators. The first volume was published in 1958, the second in 1963, and the third in 1971. All three volumes were reprinted by Wiley in 1988. Canonically cited as Dunford and Schwartz, the textbook has been referred to as "the definitive work" on linear operators.
The work began as a written set of solutions to the problems for Dunford's graduate course in linear operators at Yale. Schwartz, a prodigy, had taken his undergraduate degree at Yale in 1948, age 18. In 1949 he began his graduate studies and enrolled in his course. Dunford recognised Schwartz's intelligence and they began a long collaboration, with Dunford acting as Schwartz's advisor for his dissertation Linear Elliptic Differential Operators. One fruit of their collaboration was the Dunford-Schwartz theorem. The work was originally intended to be a short introduction to functional analysis (the original material comprising what was published as Chapters 2, 4, 7 and part of 10 in Volume I) but the material ballooned. The work enjoyed funding from the Office of Naval Research and a popular joke at the time was that every nuclear submarine had a copy. William G. Bade and Robert G. Bartle were brought on as research assistants. Dunford retired shortly after finishing the final volume. Schwartz, however, went on to write similarly pathbreaking books in various other areas of mathematics.
The book met with acclaim when published. It won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1981, awarded by the American Mathematical Society. In the citation for this prize, the committee observed "This monumental work of 2,592 pages must be the most comprehensive of its kind in mathematics ... A whole generation of analysts has been trained from it." Peter Lax remarked that it "contained everything known, and many things not yet known, on linear functional analysis." Béla Sz.-Nagy wrote in a review of the first volume: "the authors have created an extraordinarily important and valuable work that is distinguished in particular by its monumental completeness, clear organization, and attractive exposition". Gian-Carlo Rota, who was involved in checking the exercises, wrote that "the contrast between the uncompromising abstraction of the text and the incredible variety of the concrete examples in the exercises is immensely beneficial to any student learning mathematical analysis."
Every chapter of the book ends with a section entitled "Notes and Remarks", giving historical background on the topic and informal discussion of related topics. The book contains more than a thousand exercises, wide-ranging and often difficult. One particularly difficult exercise was not solved until Dunford assigned it to a young Robert Langlands.
Notes
References
Linear operators
Mathematics textbooks | Linear Operators (book) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 594 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Linear operators"
] |
77,275,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202648 | NGC 2648 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cancer. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 2,451 ± 19 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 36.2 ± 2.6 Mpc (∼118 million ly). NGC 2648 was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1784.
The galaxies PGC 24469 and NGC 2648 are designated in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 89.
The luminosity class of NGC 2648 is I and it has a broad HI line.
NGC 2648 is a retired galaxy, which is a galaxy in which star formation has practically ceased is said to be passive. However, some passive galaxies may still show faint emission lines similar to those of LINER galaxies. This is what a team of French and Brazilian astronomers discovered. It is from them that the name retired galaxy comes.
To date, three non-redshift measurements give a distance of 34.333 ± 0.231 Mpc (∼112 million ly), which is within the Hubble distance values.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
External links
NGC 2648 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 2648 at SIMBAD
NGC 2648 at LEDA
References
Discoveries by William Herschel
24464
4541
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Cancer (constellation)
2648
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784 | NGC 2648 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 288 | [
"Cancer (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,275,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk%20tuah | Hawk tuah ( ) is an internet meme originating from a viral YouTube video posted in 2024. During a street interview, Haliey Welch used the catchphrase hawk tuah, an onomatopoeia for spitting or expectoration on a penis as a form of oral sex, specifically fellatio.
History
On June 11, 2024, a vox pop YouTube channel, Tim & Dee TV owned by Tim Dickerson and DeArius Marlow, released a video featuring an interview with Haliey Welch in the Broadway district of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Welch and another woman approached Dickerson and Marlow and asked to be interviewed. The interview began with what Dickerson and Marlow considered tamer questions, such as, "What makes you material?" Eventually, Dickerson and Marlow stated, Welch encouraged Marlow to "spice up the questions". Marlow responded by asking, "What's one move in bed that makes a man go crazy every time?" Welch's reply, in a strong Southern accent was, "You gotta give 'em that 'hawk tuah' and spit on that ", referring to spitting on someone's penis as a form of fellatio, for lubricatory purposes.
Popularity
The next day, Marlow uploaded the clip to TikTok and almost immediately other accounts across social media began reposting the video after scrubbing off the "Tim and Dee TV" watermark. Dickerson and Marlow estimated that they filed at least fifty copyright claims in the days after they first published the clip. The original video had gone viral, receiving millions of views across TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube, spawning remixes and remakes of the original audio, and gaining Welch the nickname Hawk Tuah Girl. The video and the phrase turned into a meme. Welch, who had been a minimum-wage worker at a factory, subsequently created an Instagram account and gained a sizable social media followership and media attention. She also founded a company under which she registered various trademarks, gained representation by an agent, and began selling merchandise themed on the phrase and making paid appearances. On August 15, 2024, she threw the ceremonial first pitch of a New York Mets game, and launched a podcast, Talk Tuah, under the Betr media company co-founded by Jake Paul. Dickerson and Marlow indicated they were happy for Welch but were upset for not receiving credit for Welch's fame.
See also
List of viral videos
Notes
References
2020s fads and trends
2024 quotations
Fellatio
Generation Z
Internet memes introduced from the United States
Internet memes introduced in 2024
Onomatopoeia
Oral sex
Viral videos
Women-related neologisms
Sexual slang | Hawk tuah | [
"Biology"
] | 562 | [
"Excretion",
"Spitting"
] |
77,275,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Chijimma%20Ezema | Grace Chijimma Ezema (née Ezekoka) (June 30, 1942 – May 8, 2024) was a Nigerian electrical engineer, recognized as the first female graduate of electrical engineering in Nigeria. She had a notable career with the National Electricity Power Authority (NEPA) and later founded Guftane Engineering Nigeria Limited.
Early life and education
Grace Chijimma Ezema was born on June 30, 1942, in Isiokpo, Ideato L.G.A., Imo State, Nigeria, to Chief Isaac N. Ezekoka and Mrs. Angelina Ezekoka. She began her education at Township School in Port Harcourt and attended Queen's School, Enugu, from 1956 to 1962. After graduating with a Grade I from the W.A.S.C. (Sciences), she studied pure mathematics and applied physics at the Federal Science School in Lagos for her A Levels.
In 1963, Ezema enrolled in electrical engineering at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, and graduated in 1966, becoming Nigeria's first female graduate in the field. She earned a certificate in management from the Nigerian Institute of Management in 1973.
Career
Ezema began her career in 1966 with the National Electricity Power Authority (NEPA) as a communications engineer in Lagos until 1967. She held various positions within NEPA, including research engineer at Afam Power Station in 1967, commercial engineer in Lagos in 1971, and mains engineer in Kaduna in 1972.
In 1974, Ezema was subsequently transferred to NEPA's Enugu offices, where she served as a planning and construction engineer until 1978.
Entrepreneurial ventures and academia
In 1978, Ezema resigned from NEPA to establish Guftane Engineering Nigeria Limited, focusing on rural electrification projects. She also founded Pisces Integrated Farms Limited, contributing to Enugu State's agricultural output.
Ezema joined academia in 1998 as a senior lecturer in the Electrical & Electronics Department at the Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu. She served as head of department from 2004 to 2006 before retiring.
Personal life and death
Ezema married Dr. Paul O. Ezema, a lecturer at the University of Nigeria in 1974. They had four children.
Ezema died on May 8, 2024, in Enugu.
Recognitions
Ezema was a registered member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) and the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). She played a role in establishing the Association of Professional Women Engineers in Nigeria (APWEN) and participated in international engineering conferences.
The Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering at IMT, Enugu, formally recognized her contributions to engineering and education in a ceremony attended by engineers and academics from her alma mater, ABU.
References
1942 births
2024 deaths
Nigerian engineers
Electrical engineers
Women engineers
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
People from Imo State | Grace Chijimma Ezema | [
"Engineering"
] | 606 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
77,276,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20ecology | Transport ecology is the science of the human-transport-environment system. There are two chairs of transport ecology in Germany, in Dresden and Karlsruhe.
Vocabulary
Mobility is about satisfying the need to travel. To achieve mobility, means of transport are needed. Mobility corresponds to the human need to travel - recognised by article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - while transport is a means of achieving mobility.
In public debate, mobility is often confused with transport. The "Dresden Declaration" calls for people's mobility needs to be met in a cost-effective and environmental-friendly way.
Suggested measures
Then the proposed measures (whether they involve transport modes, the concept of "traffic avoidance, change of transport mode, technical improvements", the tautology of transport ecology or the "4 E", i.e. Enforcement, Education, Engineering, Economy/Encouragement) are scrutinised for transparency, fairness (polluters pay), unwanted side-effects and the application of the measure ("are there other examples of application elsewhere? ").
Traffic avoidance, modal shift and finally technical improvements
The concept of « traffic avoidance, modal shift and technical improvements » involves firstly reducing the volume of transport, then promoting intermodality and finally making technical improvements to vehicles and making the energy they consume sustainable.
This means in fact implementing the Kaya identity applied to transport (see below).
Enforcement, Education, Engineering, Economy/Encouragement
These methods are also known as "4E". Enforcement refers to measures of order, whether obligations or prohibitions. Education refers to training, communication. Engineering is of a purely technical nature, whereas Economy/Encouragement re incentive systems, which may well be financial.
Tautology of transport ecology
As long as pollution is proportional to the distance travelled, Udo Becker defines tautology of transport ecology (in German « verkehrsökologische Tautologie ») as follows :
with :
: pollution ;
: Transportation demand (in passenger-km) ;
: vehicle traffic (in vehicle-km) :
: inverse of vehicle occupancy (in vehicle-km per passenger-km) ;
is pollution per vehicle-km.
Demand can be decomposed according to:
with :
: population ;
: number of journeys per person;
: mean distance of a journey.
Pollution can therefore be expressed as the sum of pollution according to the modes of transport :
with :
: Modal shift (dimensionless quantity) ;
: inverse of occupancy according to the mode of transport (in vehicle-km per passenger-km) ;
is the pollution per vehicle-km according to the mode of transport.
Kaya identity applied to transport
The general formulation takes on a more specific form when it comes to decarbonising transport, following Kaya identity.
Pollution being identified to CO2 is replaced by
with :
: inverse of efficiency according to the mode of transport (for instance in kWh/100 km per vehicle) ;
: carbon intensity of the energy acoording to the mode of transport (for instance in g CO2 eq./kWh).
CO2 emissions can be decomposed according:
See also
Green transport hierarchy
Health and environmental impact of transport
References
External links
Chair of transport ecology, Dresden University of Technology
Institute for Transport Systems & Infrastructure, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
Sustainable transport | Transport ecology | [
"Physics"
] | 675 | [
"Sustainable transport",
"Transport",
"Physical systems"
] |
77,277,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature-positive | Nature-positive is a concept and goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, and to achieve full nature recovery by 2050. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the aim is to achieve this through "measurable gains in the health, abundance, diversity, and resilience of species, ecosystems, and natural processes." Progress towards this goal is generally measured from a biodiversity baseline of 2020 levels.
The nature-positive goal aligns with the 2030 mission and 2050 vision of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). However, the GBF does not explicitly mention nature positive. The goal is designed to integrate with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement's climate goals. It is distinct from other policy approaches for biodiversity loss, such as "no net loss" or "net positive impact".
Governments have committed to the nature positive goal, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan. Over 90 world leaders have signed the Leaders' Pledge for Nature, which calls for a nature-positive future by 2030. A commitment to nature positive was also signed by the members of the G7 at the 47th summit in 2021 and a G7 Alliance on Nature Positive Economies has since been launched.
Definition
In 2023, the Nature Positive Initiative (NPI) defined nature positive as a global societal goal to "Halt and Reverse Nature Loss by 2030 on a 2020 baseline, and achieve full recovery by 2050." This reflects the definition used by Harvey Locke et al. in a 2021 paper – "halting and reversing nature loss by 2030, measured from a baseline of 2020." The term "nature" within the NPI definition of nature positive refers to "the natural world, with an emphasis on its living components", according to the IPBES definition.
A broad range of definitions have been used by institutions and governments since the term was introduced. This led to criticism of nature positive as vague and open to variable interpretation. Concerns have also been raised over the vulnerability of nature positive to greenwashing, the "net" approach to biodiversity, and over the "financialization of nature".
Distinction from existing policy approaches
Nature positive differs from previous biodiversity strategies, including "no net loss" (NNL) policy and "net positive impact (NPI)" approaches. No net loss refers to biodiversity policy that aims to neutralise the loss of biodiversity, relative to an appropriately determined reference scenario. Net positive impact refers to a goal for project outcomes, where the project's impact on biodiversity is outweighed by actions to reduce, rehabilitate, and offset these impacts. NNL and NPI differ because NNL focuses on preventing losses, while NPI focuses on aiming for a net gain in biodiversity. Metrics are required to quantify these losses and gains.
NNL and NPI generally focus on applying the mitigation hierarchy, a tool commonly used in environmental impact assessment to manage risk to biodiversity that uses a hierarchy of steps (avoidance, minimisation, rehabilitation, restoration, and offsetting), to the direct impacts of an organisation. However, direct impacts are only a small fraction of the biodiversity impacts of an organisation. The scope of nature positive extends beyond direct impacts, to the whole value chain of a company (all activities needed to deliver goods or services to customers) of a company and to sector-wide for transformative improvements in sustainability practices. Frameworks for nature positive that extend beyond the classical mitigation hierarchy have been proposed, such as the Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy and the SBTN's AR3T framework.
Nature positive also emphasises review and transformation to align all the decisions within a business with the goal of achieving nature positive. This involves embedding nature in decision-making, governance, strategy, and management of risks – a process described as mainstreaming. Mainstreaming distinguishes nature positive from NNL and NPI approaches, where biodiversity considerations are generally dealt with by ecological managers at project sites. In addition to mainstreaming, nature positive aims to integrate natural and social issues, rather than addressing these issues separately. It also aims to scale against global or regional societal goals to achieve absolute gains for biodiversity, instead of relative gains. By contrast, the ambition of NNL and NPI has historically been at the project level, comparing to a baseline of declining baseline and not to overall targets.
Overall, nature positive, NNL, and NPI policies differ through their scope, mainstreaming (embedding biodiversity considerations across a business or organisation), integration, and ambition.
Background
Nature is essential for economic and societal function. However, biodiversity loss is occurring rapidly on a global scale – since 1970, wildlife populations declined by 69%, on average, between 1970 and 2018. Biodiversity loss and its potential implications on ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services, the global economy, and wider society have gained increasing attention.
This has led to international environmental agreements (such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets), national plans (such as National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans), corporate commitments, and local action. However, these have largely failed to fulfil their targets - for example, only 6 of 67 sub-targets of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets were achieved by its target year, 2020.
By 2020, proponents of nature positive argued that there was no concise headline goal to address biodiversity loss – while the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development proposes equitable human development, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change puts forward a carbon-neutral goal of net zero emissions for 2050, and the Paris Climate Change Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, there was no equivalent for biodiversity loss. Nature positive was therefore proposed as a "global goal for nature" to integrate with climate and development goals and direct future global agreements to an "Equitable, Nature-Positive, Carbon Neutral world."
Support for the term and concept
Nature-positive is increasingly being discussed by businesses, governments, and NGOs. For example, the United Nations, World Economic Forum, the G7, and the European Union have all discussed the nature positive goal, both within and beyond published reports. In addition, the Nature Positive Initiative (NPI) was launched in September 2023 to promote awareness of the nature-positive goal and align the definition used for the term.
Governments have committed to the nature positive goal, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan. Within the United Kingdom, the devolved government in Scotland has committed to nature positive by 2030. Over 90 world leaders have signed the Leaders' Pledge for Nature, which calls for a nature-positive future by 2030. A commitment to nature positive was also signed by the members of the G7 at the 47th summit in 2021 and a G7 Alliance on Nature Positive Economies has since been launched.
The United Nations
The term nature-positive has been used by the United Nations (UN) in several reports published by its programmes and agencies. For example, the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) published a 'Financial Sector Guide for the Convention on Biological Diversity' in June 2021. It described this report as "nature-positive finance guidance" with the aim of mobilising "financial institutions to engage positively with nature." The UNEP FI also published a report entitled 'Adapt to Survive: Business transformation in a time of uncertainty' in 2021, which states that "shifting towards a Nature Positive approach is the best way for business to transform" and defines a Nature Positive economy as "an economy that is regenerative, collaborative and where growth is only valued where it contributes to social progress and environmental protection." Nature is a key theme for the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), described as "accelerating nature-positive action in the finance industry."
In November 2021, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), and the Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD) published a report entitled 'Creating a Nature Positive Future: The Contribution of Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures'. This report defined nature positive as "actions that increase resilience of the planet and biodiversity, as well as societies, with the aim of creating a paradigm shift to reduce the loss of nature, secure nature's contributions critical for humanity, and enhance sustainable socio-economic development."
Following COP15 in December 2022, the Nature Positive Tourism Partnership was launched by the UN World Tourism Organisation with the World Travel & Tourism Council and the Sustainable Hospitality Alliance. On April 22, 2024, the 'Nature Positive Travel & Tourism' report was published.
Nature-positive has been used by the UN beyond its published reports. For example, nature positive food systems were the focus of a Global Summit Dialogue in 2021, as part of the UN Food Systems Summit. The nature-positive goal has been discussed by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which uses the NPI definition of the term. Also, as part of its Decade on Restoration, UNEP partnered with the University of Oxford to launch Nature Positive Universities (NPU). The aim of NPU is to help universities achieve the nature positive goal and encourages them to make a 'Nature Positive Pledge'.
Critique
Nature-positive has been criticised as vague and vulnerable to greenwashing. This is partly because different definitions have been used to describe the term across institutions since its emergence. To align the definition of nature-positive and ensure the integrity of its use, the Nature Positive Initiative was launched in September 2023 and published a definition that has subsequently been used widely.
Fears were expressed that increased use of the term had introduced a danger of diluting its meaning, where used too freely to refer to any action that benefits nature. In a 2022 paper, E.J. Milner-Gulland proposed that, to avoid greenwashing, the nature-positive goal requires a measured biodiversity baseline, a timeframe, a target, a clear set of actions, an analysis of how these actions will add up to reach net gain, regular monitoring, and disclosure of progress. Furthermore, in a 2024 paper, Maron and colleagues argued the need to implement the mitigation hierarchy as essential to prevent greenwashing and enable achievement of the nature-positive goal.
The concept of a nature-positive economy was criticised in an open letter by the think-tank Green Finance Observatory in November 2022. The letter raised concerns about the concept of a nature positive economy as promoting the "financialization of nature's destruction" and diverting focus from ongoing biodiversity loss. Similarly, nature-positive was criticised by Greenpeace in 2022 as focusing on "saving a failed economic model" over the protection of biodiversity, promoting the "financialization of nature", and described the measures it uses (a 2020 nature baseline, net positive nature improvements by 2030, and full nature recovery by 2050) as vague. Response to these criticisms came from E.J. Milner-Gulland, who said that "there is no solution without business – painting business as the enemy is an own goal."
Further criticisms have resulted from the application of a net approach as part of the nature-positive concept. This implies that loss and degradation of biodiversity will continue. However, Friends of the Earth have argued that the net approach fails to account for loss of ecosystem function, assumes like-for-like compensation is possible, and sets unrealistic expectations for offsetting. The conservationists that proposed nature-positive argue that this is an "inevitable result of humanity's ongoing demand [...] and differing stages of development."
Nature positive commitments made by governments have received criticism. For example, in the UK, the British Government has been called on by the Wildlife Trusts to raise its ambition for nature positive development through the Biodiversity Net Gain policy and the devolved government in Wales was called on by Climate Cymru, RSPB Cymru, and Wales Environment Link to draft a Nature Positive Bill. In Australia, the definition of nature positive used by the government was criticised, including by Megan Evans at the University of New South Wales, who described it as "a pathetic definition."
By country
Australia
In recent years, Australia has included the nature-positive goal in its environmental policy. For example, the Australian government's Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment, and Water released a Nature Positive Plan (NPP) in 2022. In this plan, the government set out proposed legal reforms, including to establish Environment Protection Australia and Environment Information Australia. The plan also made commitments to protect 30% of the country's land and sea by 2030 and to work towards zero new extinctions. This commitment aligns with the 30 by 30 target set out by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. To fund the continued implementation of the NPP, the government announced $40.9 million between 2024 and 2026, as part of the 2024 Federal Budget. The budget has been criticised by environmental groups and academics, including because of the allocation of more funds to carbon capture and storage than to addressing biodiversity loss.
As part of the legal reforms proposed by the NPP, Minister for the Environment and Water, Tanya Plibersek, proposed The Nature Positive (Environment Information Australia) Bill 2024 to establish Environment Information Australia. The bill defines nature-positive as "an improvement in the diversity, abundance, resilience and integrity of ecosystems from a baseline." This definition of nature-positive has received criticism because it does not include a 2020 baseline for measurable improvement, and instead leaves this to be determined by the Head of Environment Information Australia. Senior Lecturer in environmental policy at the University of New South Wales, Megan Evans, described this as "absolutely greenwashing" and said that "it is a pathetic definition". An amendment to the definition set out in the bill was proposed by Crossbench MP, Zoe Daniel, that instead defines nature-positive as "halting and reversing the decline in diversity, abundance, resilience and integrity of ecosystems and native species populations by 2030 (measured against a 2021 baseline), and achieving recovery by 2050."
Australia hosted the Global Nature Positive Summit at Sydney's International Convention Centre from 8–10 October 2024. The aim of the summit was to "inform the design of nature positive activities" and boost private sector investment by bringing together ministers, private sector leaders, First Nations peoples, scientists, academics, and community leaders.
European Union
The European Union (EU) has expressed support for the nature-positive goal. In September 2020, President of the European Commission at the time, Ursula von der Leyen endorsed the Leaders' Pledge for Nature. Later, at the 47th G7 Summit, the EU was among member states that made a commitment to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. The EU is also a member of the G7 Alliance on Nature Positive Economies (G7ANPE), established in April 2023. The French, Italian, and German governments are members of the G7ANPE too.
The European Commission has published a number of reports that discuss transition to nature positive economies. For example, the European Commission Directorate-General for Research & Innovation released a report from independent experts about the role of nature-based solutions for a nature-positive economy. In June 2024, a mid-term review of the EU's 8th Environmental Action Programme reiterated a call to member states to "mainstream an ecosystem approach" and to work towards nature-positive economies and societies.
Japan
The nature-positive goal has been discussed by the Japanese government since at least 2022. The Study Group on Nature Positive Economies was established by the Ministry of the Environment in March 2022, leading to the publication of 'Transition Strategies toward Nature Positive Economy' in March 2024 by the Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The aim of the strategy is to work towards implementing the 'National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan' (NBSAP), announced in March 2023. The NBSAP includes Basic Strategy 3, the aim to achieve a nature-positive economy. This is part of Japan's commitment to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
The Japan Conference for the 2030 Global Biodiversity Framework (J-GBF) was established in 2021 to achieve the 30 by 30 target and the post-2020 biodiversity framework. The first J-GBF assembly, held in February 2023, announced the 'J-GBF Nature-Positive Declaration'. In October 2023, Nagoya City became the first designated city to make a nature-positive declaration. By March 2024, 28 organisations had made nature-positive declarations. At the second general assembly of the J-GBF, held in September 2023, a Nature-Positive Action Plan was announced. In October 2023, the J-GBF issued a press release calling on companies, local governments, NGOs, and other actors to issue and register nature-positive declarations that state an aim to achieve nature positivity.
To promote the nature-positive goal, the Ministry of the Environment announced daidaraposie, a cartoon character. Daidaraposie was created by Kiyokazu Motoyama and is based on Daidarabotchi, a figure in Japanese mythology. It was announced in October 2023 on the same day as the call for nature-positive declarations was made by the J-GBF and followed a call for public submissions earlier that year. The aim is for the character to be used to promote the nature-positive goal, with the government allowing free use "on posters, flyers, pamphlets, pop advertisements, business cards, websites, and other media that contribute to the dissemination and awareness of nature positivity, and are created to publicize the efforts being made by all local governments, companies, organizations, and individuals that aim to be nature positive."
The Japanese government is also a member of the G7 Alliance on Nature Positive Economies, along with other Japanese environmental initiatives and businesses: Keidanren Nature Conservation Council, Japanese Business Initiative for Biodiversity, Syneco, Sumitomo Chemical, Karatsu Farm & Food, Taisei Corporation, and the IUCN Japan National Committee.
United Kingdom
In June 2021, the government of the United Kingdom committed to a nature-positive future in response to the findings of the Dasgupta Review on The Economics of Biodiversity and as part of the wider commitment made by G7 member states at the 47th summit in Carbis Bay, Cornwall. The UK government later joined the G7 Alliance on Nature Positive Economies. when it was established after the 49th G7 summit. Since then, the nature-positive goal has been discussed in Parliament, including in both the House of Commons and House of Lords in 2024, as well as in the Environmental Audit Committee as part of an inquiry into the role of natural capital in the green economy. However, the UK is yet to make a legally-binding commitment to achieving the nature-positive goal.
Targets for achieving the nature-positive goal were set in the 2023 'Environmental Improvement Plan', published by the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. This includes objectives for a nature positive food system and determining investment pathways for key sectors to make the transition to a nature positive economy. However, the Office for Environmental Protection, a regulatory body for environmental protection, said that the government was "largely off track" to meet the targets this plan set out in a progress report published in January 2024.
In September 2021, Nature Positive 2030 was published by the five statutory nature conservation bodies of the UK: the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, NatureScot and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. This includes two reports, a summary and an evidence report. Nature Positive 2030 sets out priority actions to achieve the nature positive goal, such as deploying nature-based solutions, improving management of protected areas, and developing a market for green finance to support nature recovery. The report was praised by Edwin Poots, Environment Minister at the time. It received support from almost 100 companies.
The UK government has also been called on by the Wildlife Trusts to raise its ambition for nature positive development through the Biodiversity Net Gain policy. The RSPB, a charity dedicated to the conservation of birds in the UK, has called for a nature-positive economy. Climate Cymru, RSPB Cymru, and Wales Environment Link have called for a Nature Positive Bill in Wales. In January 2024, a white paper was issued by the Welsh government. The paper set out proposals to introduce a bill to the Senedd (Wales' devolved parliament) that would introduce a statutory nature positive target for biodiversity.
Scotland
The devolved Scottish Government made a commitment to be nature positive by 2030 in its 'Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045', published in December 2022 and later updated in September 2023. The Strategy sets out priority actions to achieve the nature positive goal and is part of Scotland's Biodiversity Delivery Framework (BDF). The BDF includes the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy to 2045 and 4 other elements: a Natural Environment Bill, delivery plans, an investment plan, and a reporting framework.
See also
Biodiversity loss
Convention on Biological Diversity
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
No net loss environmental policy
References
Environmental policy
Biodiversity
Sustainability | Nature-positive | [
"Biology"
] | 4,372 | [
"Biodiversity"
] |
77,277,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202937 | NGC 2937 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. Its velocity relative to the cosmic microwave background is 105.1 ± 7.4 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 105.1 ± 7.4 Mpc (∼343 million ly). NGC 2937 was discovered by German astronomer Albert Marth in 1864.
NGC 2937 is in a strong gravitational interaction with its neighbor NGC 2936, a peculiar spiral galaxy . This interaction has given the latter an appearance that is far from that of a spiral galaxy. The shape of NGC 2936 has earned it the nickname of the "porpoise galaxy".
Together, these two galaxies appear in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies under the code Arp 142. Halton Arp uses them as an example from an elliptical galaxy. This pair of galaxies also appears in the Catalog of Collisional Ring Galaxies by Madore, Nelson and Petrillo.
Image gallery
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
External links
NGC 2937 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 2937 at SIMBAD
NGC 2937 at LEDA
References
Sources
Discoveries by Albert Marth
Elliptical galaxies
Hydra (constellation)
2937
Interacting galaxies
027423
5131 | NGC 2937 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 252 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,279,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plants%20endemic%20to%20the%20Appalachian%20Mountains | This is a list of plants that are endemic to the Appalachian Mountains of North America.
Significance
The Appalachian Mountains of Eastern North America are a biodiversity hotspot. Like other mountains, the Appalachians have high rates of endemism because they create isolated "islands" of unique habitat conditions distant from other, similar habitats. The high elevations of the Appalachians functioned as refugia at the end of the last ice age, and house many relict taxa that were more widespread in Southeastern North America when the climate was cooler. Together with the rugged, heterogenous topography and mild, wet climate, these factors make the Appalachians one of the most biodiverse temperate regions in the world.
List
Abies fraseri - Fraser fir.Endemic to high elevations of the Appalachian mountains.
Aconitum reclinatum - trailing white monkshood.
Actaea podocarpa - mountain bugbane.
Ageratina luciae-brauniae - endemic to sandstone rockhouses in Tennessee and Kentucky.
Ageratina roanensis
Allium allegheniense
Allium keeverae
Allium oxyphilum
Ambrosia porcheri- exists only in Pickens County and Greenville County of South Carolina.
Amorpha glabra - Appalachian indigo-bush. It grows in the mountains of western North Carolina.
Anemone minima - tiny anemone.
Angelica triquinata
Astilbe crenatiloba
Blephilia subnuda
Borodinia serotina- shale-barrens rockcress. It is found only in Virginia and West Virginia.
Boykinia aconitifolia
Bryodesma tortipilum - twisted-hair spikemoss, found only in a narrow range from western North Carolina to north Georgia.
Buckleya distichophylla- piratebush. It is a hemiparasitic shrub that is only found in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
Calamagrostis cainii
Campanula divaricata- small bonny bellflower.
Cardamine clematitis
Cardamine flagellifera
Cardamine micranthera- small-anther bittercress, found only in Virginia and North Carolina.
Cardamine rotundifolia
Carex aestivalis
Carex austrocaroliniana
Carex austrolucorum
Carex biltmoreana
Carex fraseriana
Carex fumosimontana
Carex manhartii
Carex misera
Carex radfordi
Carex roanensis
Carex ruthii
Clematis addisoni
Clematis albicoma
Clematis coactilis
Clematis morefieldii
Clematis terminalis
Clematis vinacea
Clematis viticaulis - Millboro leather flower. It is found only in Bath, Augusta, and Rockbridge counties of the U.S. state of Virginia.
Clethra acuminata- mountain pepperbush.
Clinopodium talladeganum
Clintonia umbellulata- white clintonia. It is found in the Appalachian mountains, from as far south as Georgia to as far north as New York.
Conradina verticillata
Convallaria pseudomajalis - American lily-of-the-valley. It is found in the Southern Appalachians, in mountain forests at elevations between 700 and 1,500 feet.
Convolvulus sericatus
Corallorhiza bentleyi -Bentley's coralroot. It is found only in the mountains of West Virginia and Virginia.
Coreopsis latifolia
Crataegus austromontana
Crataegus buckleyi
Crataegus pallens
Cuscuta rostrata
Dicentra eximia
Dichanthelium appalachiense
Diervilla rivularis
Diervilla sessilifolia
Diphylleia cymosa
Draba ramosissima- branched draba or rocktwist. It is found in the central area of the southern Appalachian mountains, mainly on rocky outcrops of limestone or mafic rocks.
Eriogonum alleni
Eubotrys recurva- mountain fetterbush. It is common at higher elevations of the southern Appalachian mountains.
Eutrochium steelei - Appalachian Joe Pye weed.
Eurybia chlorolepis - Mountain wood aster. It is found in the red spruce-Fraser fir forests of the high elevation Appalachian mountains.
Eurybia saxicastelli- Rockcastle aster. It is found only in Tennessee and Kentucky.
Eurybia surculosa
Galium latifolium
Gaylussacia orocola
Gaylussacia ursina
Gentiana austromontana- Appalachian gentian. It is found only in mountainous areas of West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, with populations in Roan Mountain State Park and Cherokee National Forest.
Gentiana decora
Gentiana latidens
Geocarpon cumberlandensis
Geum geniculatum
Geum radiatum
Glyceria nubigena
Gymnocarpium appalachianum - Appalachian oakfern.
Helianthus glaucophyllus
Heuchera aceroides
Heuchera alba
Heuchera villosa
Hexastylis chueyi
Hexastylis contracta
Hexastylis heterophylla
Hexastylis rhombiformis
Hexastylis ruthii
Hexastylis shuttleworthii
Houstonia montana
Houstonia serpyllifolia
Hudsonia montana
Hydrangea radiata
Hydrophyllum atranthum
Hymenophyllum tayloriae
Hypericum buckleyi
Hypericum graveolens
Hypericum mitchelianum
Ilex collina- Hill Holly or longstalk holly. It is found at high elevations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia.
Ilex montana
Iliamna corei
Isoetes tennesseensis
Isotrema macrophyllum
Krigia montana
Leptogramma burksiorum
Leucothoe fontanesiana
Liatris helleri- Heller's blazing star. It grows only on high rocky cliffs and grassy balls of the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina.
Lilium grayi- Gray's lily.
Magnolia fraseri
Marshallia grandiflora (Presumed extinct)
Marshallia mohrii
Marshallia pulchra
Meehania cordata
Melanthium parviflorum
Micranthes careyana
Micranthes caroliniana
Micranthes micranthidifolia
Monarda austroappalachiana
Monarda brevis
Nabalus cylindricus
Nabalus roanensis
Narthecium montanum (believed extinct)
Neottia smalli
Oenothera argillicola
Oenothera glauca
Oenothera hybrida
Orbexilum macrophyllum (possibly extinct)
Packera antennarifolia
Packera millefolium
Packera serpenticola
Packera schweinitziana
Paronychia argyrocoma
Paxistima canbyi
Penstemon kralii
Penstemon smallii
Phacelia fimbriata - fringed phacelia. It is found only in the southern Appalachian mountains, at elevations above 3,500 feet.
Phlox buckleyi
Phlox stolonifera
Pieris floribunda
Pityopsis ruthii
Pinus pungens
Platanthera shriveri
Polymnia johnbeckii
Pycnanthemum beadlei - Beadle's mountainmint, found only in the Southern Appalachian mountains.
Pycnanthemum montanum
Pyrularia pubera
Ranunculus allegheniensis
Rhododendron carolinianum
Rhododendron catawbiense
Rhododendron cumberlandense
Rhododendron pilosum
Rhododendron smokianum
Rhododendron vaseyi
Ribes rotundifolium
Rudbeckia truncata
Rugelia nudicaulis
Sagittaria fasciculata
Sagittaria secundifolia
Sarracenia jonesii
Sarracenia oreophila
Scirpus ancistrochaetus
Scutellaria montana
Sedum glaucophyllum
Sedum nevii
Shortia brevistyla
Shortia galacifolia
Silphium wasiotense
Sisyrinchium dichotomum
Spiraea corymbosa
Spiraea virginiana
Solidago albopilosa
Solidago arenicola
Solidago faucibus
Solidago curtissii
Solidago glomerata
Solidago harrisii
Solidago lancifolia
Solidago roanensis
Solidago simulans
Solidago spithamaea
Stachys appalachiana
Stachys clingmanii
Stachys eplingii
Stachys glandulosissima
Stachys latidens
Stachys nelsonii
Stachys subcordata - Blue Ridge hedgenettle.
Steironema gramineum
Stenanthium diffusum
Synandra hispidula
Symphyotrichum retroflexum
Symphyotrichum rhiannon
Symphyotrichum schistosum
Taenidia montana - mountain parsley. It is found only in the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland.
Thalictrum clavatum
Thalictrum coriaceum
Thalictrum hepaticum
Thermopsis fraxinifolia
Thermopsis villosa
Tiarella austrina
Tiarella nautila
Trautvetteria fonticalcarea
Trillium georgianum
Trillium persistens
Trillium simile
Trillium tennesseense
Tsuga caroliniana
Vaccinium altomontanum- Blue Ridge blueberry. It is found strictly in the high elevations of the Appalachian mountains in a narrow range.
Vaccinium erythrocarpum
Vaccinium hirsutum
Vaccinium simulatum
Viburnum alabamense
Viola appalachiensis - Appalachian violet.
Viola monacanora
Viola tenuisecta
Vittaria appalachiana
Xyris spathifolia
Notes
References
Appalachian Mountains
Lists of biota of North America
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the Eastern United States | List of plants endemic to the Appalachian Mountains | [
"Biology"
] | 2,086 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of plants",
"Plants"
] |
77,280,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nava%20Setter | Nava Setter (, born 1949) is a retired Israeli and Swiss materials scientist focusing on electroceramics including ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, thin films and thick films of ceramics, and microsensors and microactuators. She is a professor emeritus at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland and a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
Education and career
Setter earned a master's degree in civil engineering in 1976, at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. She earned a Ph.D. in 1980 at Pennsylvania State University in the US, with a dissertation involving solid-state physics.
Next, she became a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford in England and the University of Geneva in Switzerland. After working as a researcher in Haifa, she moved in 1989 to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. There, she became director of the Ceramics Laboratory, and in 1992 a full professor. She retired as a professor emeritus in 2016, and continues her research as a visiting professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tel Aviv University.
Recognition
Setter was appointed to the World Academy of Ceramics in 2006. She was named as an IEEE Fellow in 2007, "for contributions to field of ferroelectric materials, microsystems and microelectronics applications". She is a member of the .
She is the 2011 recipient of the W. R. Buessem Award of the Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics at North Carolina State University, and of the 2011 achievement award of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society, "for her outstanding research on the fundamentals of ferroelectric and dielectric materials, and their applications in novel devices". She was the 2013 Robert B. Sosman Award recipient and lecturer of the American Ceramic Society. In 2013 she also received the Excellence in Leadership Recognition award of the American Vacuum Society.
Personal life
Setter is a double citizen of Switzerland and Israel.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Israeli materials scientists
Israeli women engineers
Swiss engineers
Swiss women engineers
Women materials scientists and engineers
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Fellows of the IEEE | Nava Setter | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 474 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
77,281,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybe%20maluti | Psilocybe maluti is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described from South Africa in 2024 by Breyten van der Merwe, Alan Rockefeller & Karin Jacobs, Psilocybe maluti is named after the Maluti Mountains where it occurs. It is in the section Cubensae of the genus Psilocybe, other members of this section include Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe chuxgionensis, Psilocybe niveotropicalis, Psilocybe wayanadensis, Psilocybe thaiaerugineomaculans, Psilocybe thaiduplicatocystidiata and Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata.
See also
List of Psilocybin mushrooms
Psilocybin mushrooms
Psilocybe
References
Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
maluti
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Fungi of Africa
Fungus species | Psilocybe maluti | [
"Biology"
] | 197 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,282,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201373 | NGC 1373 is a dwarf elliptical galaxy located 61 million light years away in constellation of Fornax. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on November 29, 1837, and is a member of the Fornax Cluster. NGC 1373 is a host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 4.6 million solar masses.
63 known globular clusters have been observed surrounding NGC 1373, along with 13 observed planetary nebulae.
Physical characteristics
NGC 1373 is one of the most compact and faint elliptical galaxies in the Fornax Cluster. As NGC 1373 is a compact ellpitical galaxy, in the Fornax Cluster, it is expected to have older and more metal-rich populations of stars than similar compact elliptical galaxies of lower masses. It is thought that NGC 1373 originated as a more extended galaxy that transformed into a compact dwarf as it fell falling through the cluster.
NGC 1373 appears to be interacting with the galaxy NGC 1374 and is separated from the galaxy by a distance of around . This is evident as observations using the VLT Survey Telescope reveal the presence of a faint filament of matter connecting the two galaxies.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
Messier 32
Messier 110
External links
References
1373
013252
Fornax
Astronomical objects discovered in 1837
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
Fornax Cluster | NGC 1373 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 280 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
77,283,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Computer%20Genealogy | The Association for Computer Genealogy (, abbreviated CompGen) is a German non-profit organization, founded in 1989 in Dortmund, Germany. Initially called the Association for the Promotion of Computer-Aided Genealogical Research, the aim of the association is to "promote scientific research in genealogical related fields". The official webpage is only in German.
As of 2022, CompGen has a global membership of over 4,200 people in cooperation with other German genealogical research organizations.
CompGen operates its own web services, including a database, forums and mailing lists. They also work with other genealogical projects such as GenWiki. Members can publish their results through the association without advertising.
CompGen uses a "Historical Place Directory", a project that creates a location database, useful for family researchers, historians and sociologists.
With the data-entry-system (DES) for historical personal data, the association has created a technical basis for historical crowdsourcing projects. Users can record digitalized printed or handwritten sources into the database.
After an initial recording project during the 100th anniversary of the First World War from 2014 to 2018, CompGen was able to record around 8 million personal data records from official casualty and death listings of German soldiers during the First World War (1914–1918).
The association is now expanding in recording historical address directories, police reports and church registers.
All data and information provided can be used online free of charge, even by non-members.
The association publishes a quarterly magazine, Computergenealogie (CG), subscription to which is included in the membership fee.
In addition, a 200-page booklet "Familienforschung (Ancestry research made easy - computer genealogy for everyone)" is published at irregular intervals.
References
External links
1989 establishments in West Germany
Genealogy databases
Genealogy | Association for Computer Genealogy | [
"Biology"
] | 373 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Genealogy"
] |
77,284,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavin%E2%80%93Garcia%20equation | Clavin–Garcia equation or Clavin–Garcia dispersion relation provides the relation between the growth rate and the wave number of the perturbation superposed on a planar premixed flame, named after Paul Clavin and Pedro Luis Garcia Ybarra, who derived the dispersion relation in 1983. The dispersion relation accounts for Darrieus–Landau instability, Rayleigh–Taylor instability and diffusive–thermal instability and also accounts for the temperature dependence of transport coefficients.
Dispersion relation
Let and be the wavenumber (measured in units of planar laminar flame thickness ) and the growth rate (measured in units of the residence time of the planar laminar flame) of the perturbations to the planar premixed flame. Then the Clavin–Garcia dispersion relation is given by
where
and
Here
The function , in most cases, is simply given by , where , in which case, we have ,
In the constant transport coefficient assumption, , in which case, we have
See also
Clavin–Williams formula
References
Fluid dynamics
Combustion
Fluid dynamic instabilities | Clavin–Garcia equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 236 | [
"Fluid dynamic instabilities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Combustion",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
77,286,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov%20Prize | The Andronov Prize is a Soviet and Russian mathematics prize, awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory. It is named after the Soviet physicist and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences
Alexander Alexandrovich Andronov.
Between 1971 and 1990 the prize was awarded by the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was re-established by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993 and was awarded till 2024. It is generally awarded to a single scientist or a team of up to three scientists once every three years. The first prize in 1971 was awarded to Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.V. Petrov for a series of works on control theory and the principles of constructing nonlinear systems and servomechanisms, the last prize in 2024 was awarded to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.V. Kuznetsov for a series of works on the theory of hidden oscillations and stability of control systems. In total, the prize was awarded 17 times (7 times to one laureate and 10 times to groups) and 32 scientists became laureates of the prize. Since 2024, the prize is no longer awarded due to reforms in the Russian Academy of Sciences.
References
Awards of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Mathematics awards
Control theory
USSR Academy of Sciences
Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union | Andronov Prize | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 273 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Science award stubs",
"Mathematics awards",
"Science and technology awards",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
77,286,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerellothecium%20gowardii | Sphaerellothecium gowardii is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Phyllachoraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1998 by Vagn Alstrup and Mariette Cole. The type specimen was collected by Alstrup from the Valleyview silt cliffs in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada at an elevation of , where it was found growing on Acarospora schleicheri. The fungus is parasymbiotic (a specific type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits from the interaction while the other organism is neither significantly harmed nor benefited) or weakly symbiotic on its lichen host. The species epithet honours the Canadian lichenologist Trevor Goward, who helped organise the August 1994 excursion in which this and several other lichenicolous fungi were discovered.
References
Phyllachorales
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1998
Fungi of Canada
Lichenicolous fungi | Sphaerellothecium gowardii | [
"Biology"
] | 206 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,851,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence%20for%20the%20spherical%20shape%20of%20Earth | The roughly spherical shape of Earth can be empirically evidenced by many different types of observation, ranging from ground level, flight, or orbit. The spherical shape causes a number of effects and phenomena that when combined disprove flat Earth beliefs.
These include the visibility of distant objects on Earth's surface; lunar eclipses; appearance of the Moon; observation of the sky from a certain altitude; observation of certain fixed stars from different locations; observing the Sun; surface navigation; grid distortion on a spherical surface; weather systems; gravity; and modern technology.
Visibility of distant objects on Earth's surface
On a completely flat Earth without obstructions (mountains, hills, valleys or volcanos), the ground itself would never obscure distant objects. A spherical surface has a horizon which is closer when viewed from a lower altitude. In theory, a person standing on the surface with eyes above the ground can see the ground up to about away, but a person at the top of the Eiffel Tower at can see the ground up to about away.
This phenomenon permits a way of confirming that Earth's surface is locally convex: If the degree of curvature is determined to be the same everywhere on Earth's surface, and that surface was determined to be large enough, the constant curvature would show that Earth is spherical. In practice, this method is not reliable because of variations in atmospheric refraction, which is how much the atmosphere bends light traveling through it. Refraction can give the impression that Earth's surface is flat, curved more convexly than it is, or even that it is concave (this is what happened in various trials of the Bedford Level experiment).
The phenomenon of variable atmospheric bending can be seen when distant objects appear to be broken into pieces or even turned upside down. This is often seen at sunset, when the Sun's shape is distorted, but has also been photographed happening to ships, and has caused the city of Chicago to appear normally, upside down, and broken into pieces from across Lake Michigan (from where it is normally below the horizon).
When the atmosphere is relatively well-mixed, the visual effects generally expected of a spherical Earth can be observed. For example, ships travelling on large bodies of water (such as the ocean) disappear over the horizon progressively, such that the highest part of the ship can still be seen even when lower parts cannot, proportional to distance from the observer. Likewise, in the days of sailing ships, a sailor would climb up a mast to see farther. The same is true of the coastline or mountain when viewed from a ship or from across a large lake or flat terrain. In certain places, the curvature is visible via fixed objects. This includes the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway visible from a Metairie hotel, and the 85 pylons carrying of powerlines over Lake Pontchartrain, visible from I-10 Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge.
Lunar eclipses
The shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is always a dark circle that moves from one side of the Moon to the other (partially grazing it during a partial eclipse). The only shape that casts a round shadow no matter which direction it is pointed is a sphere, and the ancient Greeks deduced that this must mean Earth is spherical.
The effect could be produced by a disk that always faces the Moon head-on during the eclipse, but this is inconsistent with the fact that the Moon is only rarely directly overhead during an eclipse. For each eclipse, the local surface of Earth is pointed in a different direction. The shadow of a disk held at an angle is an oval, not a circle as is seen during the eclipse. The idea of Earth being a disk is also inconsistent with the fact that a given lunar eclipse is only visible from half of Earth at a time.
Appearance of the Moon
The Moon's tidal lock to Earth results in the Moon's always showing only one side to Earth (see animated image). If Earth were flat, with the Moon hovering above it, then the portion of the Moon's surface visible to people on Earth would vary according to location on Earth, rather than showing an identical "face side" to everyone. If Earth were flat, with the Moon revolving around it tidally locked, then the Moon would be seen simultaneously at all places on Earth at once, but its apparent size, the portion facing the viewer, and facing side's orientation would gradually change for each viewer as its position moved across the sky over the course of the night.
Observation of the sky from altitude with the aid of a diagram
On a perfectly spherical Earth, not considering obstructions and atmospheric refraction, its surface blocks almost half the sky for an observer close against the surface (see horizon). Moving away from the surface of Earth means that the ground blocks less and less of the sky. For example, when viewed from the Moon, Earth blocks only a small portion of the sky because it is so distant. This effect of geometry means that, when viewed from a high mountain, flat ground or ocean blocks less than a hemisphere of the sky. With the presumption of a spherical Earth, an expedition commissioned by caliph al-Ma'mun used this fact to calculate Earth's circumference to within of the correct value of around , and possibly as accurately as .
The rate of change in the angle blocked by Earth as altitude increases would be different for a disk than for a sphere. The amount of surface blocked would be different for a mountain close to the edge of a flat Earth compared to a mountain in the middle of a flat Earth, but this is not observed. Surveys from all over Earth show that its shape is everywhere locally convex, confirming that it is very close to spherical.
Observation of fixed stars from different locations
The fixed stars, for example the Pole Star (Polaris), can be demonstrated to be very far away by diurnal parallax measurements. Such measurements show no shifts in the stars' positions. Unlike the Sun, Moon, and planets, they do not change position with respect to one another over human lifetimes; the shapes of the constellations are constant. This makes them a convenient reference background for determining the shape of Earth. Adding distance measurements on the ground allows calculation of Earth's size.
The fact that different stars are visible from different locations on Earth was noticed in ancient times. Aristotle wrote that some stars are visible from Egypt which are not visible from Europe. This would not be possible if Earth was flat.
A star has an altitude above the horizon for an observer if the star is visible. Observing the same star at the same time from two different latitudes gives two different altitudes. Using geometry, the two altitudes along with the distance between the two locations allows for a calculation of Earth's size. Using observations of the star Canopus at Rhodes (in Greece) and Alexandria (in Egypt) and the distance between them, the Ancient Greek philosopher Posidonius used this technique to calculate the circumference of the planet to within perhaps 4% of the correct value. Modern equivalents of his units of measure are not precisely known, so it is not clear how accurate his measurement was.
The Spanish Muslim astronomer Ibn Rushd went to Marrakesh (in Morocco) to observe the same star in 1153, as it was invisible in his native Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He used the different visibility in different latitudes to argue that the Earth is round, following Aristotle's argument.
Observation of constellations on North and South hemispheres at different seasons
The North Pole is in continuous night for six months of the year. The star Polaris (the "North Star") is almost directly overhead and therefore at the center of this rotation. Some of the 88 modern constellations visible are Ursa Major (including the Big Dipper), Cassiopeia, and Andromeda. The other six months of the year, the North Pole is in continuous daylight, with light from the Sun blotting out the stars. This phenomenon, and its analogous effects at the South Pole, are what defines the two poles. More than 24 hours of continuous daylight can only occur north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.)
At the South Pole, a completely different set of constellations are visible during the six months of continuous night, including Crux, and Centaurus. This 180° hemisphere of stars rotates clockwise once every 24 hours around a point directly overhead.
From any point on the equator, all of the stars visible anywhere on Earth on that day are visible at some time during the year as the sky rotates around a line drawn from due north to due south. When facing east, the stars visible from the north pole are on the left, and the stars visible from the south pole are on the right.
The direction any intermediate spot on Earth is facing can also be calculated by measuring the angles of the fixed stars and determining how much of the sky is visible. For example, New York City is about 40° north of the equator. The apparent motion of the Sun blots out slightly different parts of the sky from day to day, but over the course of the entire year it sees a dome of 280° (360° - 80°). So for example, both Orion and the Big Dipper are visible during at least part of the year.
Making stellar observations from a representative set of points across Earth, combined with knowing the shortest on-the-ground distance between any two given points, makes an approximate sphere the only possible shape for Earth.
Observing the Sun
On a flat Earth, a Sun that shines in all directions would illuminate the entire surface at the same time, and all places would experience sunrise and sunset at the horizon at about the same time. With a spherical Earth, half the planet is in daylight at any given time and the other half experiences nighttime. When a given location on the spherical Earth is in sunlight, its antipodethe location exactly on the opposite side of Earthis in darkness. The spherical shape of Earth causes the Sun to rise and set at different times in different places, and different locations get different amounts of sunlight each day.
In order to explain day and night, time zones, and the seasons, some flat Earth conjecturists propose that the Sun does not emit light in all directions, but acts more like a spotlight, only illuminating part of the flat Earth at a time. This conjecture is not consistent with observation: At sunrise and sunset, a spotlight Sun would be up in the sky at least a little bit, rather than at the horizon where it is always actually observed. A spotlight Sun would also appear at different angles in the sky with respect to a flat ground than it does with respect to a curved ground. Assuming light travels in straight lines, actual measurements of the Sun's angle in the sky from locations very distant from each other are only consistent with a geometry where the Sun is very far away and is being seen from the daylight half of a spherical Earth. These two phenomena are related: A low-altitude spotlight Sun would spend most of the day near the horizon for most locations on Earth, which is not observed, but rise and set fairly close to the horizon. A high-altitude Sun would spend more of the day away from the horizon, but rise and set fairly far from the horizon, which is also not observed.
Changing length of the day
On a flat Earth with an omnidirectional Sun, all places would experience the same amount of daylight every day, and all places would get daylight at the same time. Actual day length varies considerably, with places closer to the poles getting very long days in the summer and very short days in the winter, with northerly summer happening at the same time as southerly winter, and vice versa. Places north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle get no sunlight for at least one day a year, and get 24-hour sunlight for at least one day a year. Both the poles experience sunlight for 6 months and darkness for 6 months, at opposite times.
The movement of daylight between the northern and southern hemispheres happens because of the axial tilt of Earth. The imaginary line around which Earth spins, which goes between the North Pole and South Pole, is tilted about 23° from the oval that describes its orbit around the Sun. Earth always points in the same direction as it moves around the Sun, so for half the year (summer in the Northern Hemisphere), the North Pole is pointed slightly toward the Sun, keeping it in daylight all the time because the Sun lights up the half of Earth that is facing it (and the North Pole is always in that half due to the tilt). For the other half of the orbit, the South Pole is tilted slightly toward the Sun, and it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere. This means that at the equator, the Sun is not directly overhead at noon, except around the March and September equinoxes, when one spot on the equator is pointed directly at the Sun.
Length of the day beyond polar circles
The length of the day varies because as Earth rotates, some places (near the poles) pass through only a short curve near the top or bottom of the sunlight half; other places (near the equator) travel along much longer curves through the middle. In locations just outside the polar circles, there are so-called "white nights" in the middle of summer, in which the sun is never more than a few degrees below the horizon in June such that a bright twilight persists from sunset to sunrise. In Russia, Saint Petersburg uses this phenomenon in its tourist marketing.
Length of the twilight
Longer twilights are observed at higher latitudes (near the poles) due to a shallower angle of the Sun's apparent movement compared to the horizon. On a flat Earth, the Sun's shadow would reach the upper atmosphere very quickly, except near the closest edge of Earth, and would always set at the same angle to the ground (which is not what is observed).
The length of twilight would be very different on a flat Earth. On a round Earth, the atmosphere above the ground is lit for a while before sunrise and after sunset are observed at ground level, because the Sun is still visible from higher altitudes.
The "spotlight Sun" conjecture is also not consistent with this observation, since the air cannot be lit without the ground below it also being lit (except for shadows of mountains, hi-rises and other surface obstacles).
Observing sunlight before or after seeing Sun
It is possible to see sun-lit windows of nearby high-rise buildings from ground level a few minutes before seeing the sun rise or after seeing the sun set. On a non-curved, flat landmass it would only take seconds, due to minuscule ratio (compare ~45 meters / 150 feet of a 14-story building to intercontinental distances). If such a phenomenon were caused by a prismatic property of atmosphere in a flat world, with a relatively small source of light revolving around Earth (as in later, 1800's-dated, maps of Flat Earth), it would contradict with one's ability to see a proper panorama of starry sky at a time at night, rather than a small yet distorted, "stretched" patch of it.
Likewise, the top of a mountain is illuminated before sunrise and after sunset, as are clouds.
Watching the sun set twice
On level ground, the difference in the distance to the horizon between lying down and standing up is large enough to watch the Sun set twice by quickly standing up immediately after seeing it set for the first time while lying down. This also can be done with an aerial work platform or with a fast elevator. On a flat Earth or a significantly large flat segment, it would not be possible to see the Sun again (unless standing near the edge closest to the Sun) due to a much faster-moving Sun shadow.
Local solar time and time zones
Ancient timekeeping reckoned "noon" as the time of day when the Sun is highest in the sky, with the rest of the hours in the day measured against that. During the day, the apparent solar time can be measured directly with a sundial. In ancient Egypt, the first known sundials divided the day into 12 hours, though because the length of the day changed with the season, the length of the hours also changed. Sundials that defined hours as always being the same duration appeared in the Renaissance. In Western Europe, clock towers and striking clocks were used in the Middle Ages to keep people nearby appraised of the local time, though compared to modern times this was less important in a largely agrarian society.
Because the Sun reaches its highest point at different times for different longitudes (about four minutes of time for every degree of longitude difference east or west), the local solar noon in each city is different except for those directly north or south of each other. This means that the clocks in different cities could be offset from each other by minutes or hours. As clocks became more precise and industrialization made timekeeping more important, cities switched to mean solar time, which ignores minor variations in the timing of local solar noon over the year, due to the elliptical nature of Earth's orbit, and its tilt.
The differences in clock time between cities was not generally a problem until the advent of railroad travel in the 1800s, which both made travel between distant cities much faster than by walking or horse, and also required passengers to show up at specific times to meet their desired trains. In the United Kingdom, railroads gradually switched to Greenwich Mean Time (set from local time at the Greenwich observatory in London), followed by public clocks across the country generally, forming a single time zone. In the United States, railroads published schedules based on local time, then later based on standard time for that railroad (typically the local time at the railroad's headquarters), and then finally based on four standard time zones shared across all railroads, where neighboring zones differed by exactly one hour. At first railroad time was synchronized by portable chronometers, and then later by telegraph and radio signals.
San Francisco is at 122.41°W longitude and Richmond, Virginia, is at 77.46°W longitude. They are both at about 37.6°N latitude (±.2°). The approximately 45° of longitude difference translates into about 180 minutes, or 3 hours, of time between sunsets in the two cities, for example. San Francisco is in the Pacific Time zone, and Richmond is in the Eastern Time zone, which are three hours apart, so the local clocks in each city show that the Sun sets at about the same time when using the local time zone. But a phone call from Richmond to San Francisco at sunset will reveal that there are still three hours of daylight left in California.
Determining the size of Earth by Eratosthenes
Under the assumption that the Sun is very far away, the ancient Greek geographer Eratosthenes performed an experiment using the differences in the observed angle of the Sun from two different locations to calculate the circumference of Earth. Though modern telecommunications and timekeeping were not available, he was able to make sure the measurements happened at the same time by having them taken when the Sun was highest in the sky (local noon) at both locations. Using slightly inaccurate assumptions about the locations of two cities, he came to a result within 15% of the correct value. While his results could theoretically also be compatible with a Flat Earth if the light rays from the Sun are assumed not to be parallel, many people have repeated the experiment with three or more data points and found results unambiguously supporting the globe model.
Angle to the Sun at different locations
On a given day, if many different cities measure the angle of the Sun at local noon, the resulting data, when combined with the known distances between cities, shows that Earth has 180 degrees of north-south curvature. (A full range of angles will be observed if the north and south poles are included, and the day chosen is either the autumnal or spring equinox.) This is consistent with many rounded shapes, including a sphere, and is inconsistent with a flat shape.
Some claim that this experiment assumes a very distant Sun, such that the incoming rays are essentially parallel, and if a flat Earth is assumed, that the measured angles can allow one to calculate the distance to the Sun, which must be small enough that its incoming rays are not very parallel. However, if more than two relatively well-separated cities are included in the experiment, the calculation will make clear whether the Sun is distant or nearby. For example, on the equinox, the 0-degree angle from the North Pole and the 90-degree angle from the equator predict a Sun which would have to be located essentially next to the surface of a flat Earth, but the difference in angle between the equator and New York City would predict a Sun much further away if Earth is flat. Because these results are contradictory, the surface of Earth cannot be flat; the data are, instead, consistent with a nearly spherical Earth and a Sun which is very far away compared with the diameter of Earth.
Surface navigation
The first circumnavigation of the Earth by the Magellan expedition lost a day, confirmed by subsequent circumnavigations, which eventually led to the creation of the International Date Line.
The shortest way to travel between two distant points is by great circle navigation, as known by ocean navigators for some time. This route shows as curved on any map except for one using a gnomonic projection. Radio waves also follow a great circle, so navies have produced maps using gnomonic projection for use in radio direction finding to locate enemy warships.
Since the 1500s, many people have sailed or flown completely around Earth in all directions, and none have discovered an edge or impenetrable barrier. (See Arctic exploration and History of Antarctica.)
Some flat Earth conjectures that propose that Earth is a north-pole-centered disk conceive of Antarctica as an impenetrable ice wall that encircles the planet and hides any edges. This disk model explains east-west circumnavigation as simply moving around the disk in a circle. (East-west paths form a circle in both disk and spherical geometry.) It is possible in this model to traverse the North Pole, but it would not be possible to perform a circumnavigation that includes the South Pole (which it posits does not exist).
The Arctic Circle is roughly long, as is the Antarctic Circle. A "true circumnavigation" of Earth is defined, in order to account for the shape of Earth, to be about 2.5 times as long, including a crossing of the equator, at about . On the flat Earth model, the ratios would require the Antarctic Circle to be 2.5 times the length of the circumnavigation, or 2.5 × 2.5 = 6.25 times the length of the Arctic Circle.
Explorers, government researchers, commercial pilots, and tourists have been to Antarctica and found that it is not a large ring that encircles the entirety of Earth, but actually a roughly disk-shaped continent smaller than South America but larger than Australia, with an interior that can in fact be traversed in order to take a shorter path from, for example, the tip of South America to Australia than would be possible on a disk.
The first land crossing of the entirety of Antarctica was the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1955–1958, and many exploratory airplanes have since passed over the continent in various directions.
Grid distortion on a spherical surface
A meridian of longitude is a line where local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. These lines define "north" and "south". These are perpendicular to lines of latitude that define "east" and "west", where the Sun is at the same angle at local noon on the same day. If the Sun were travelling from east to west over a flat Earth, meridian lines would always be the same distance apartthey would form a square grid when combined with lines of latitude. In reality, meridian lines get farther apart as one travels toward the equator, which is only possible on a round Earth. In places where land is plotted on a grid system, this causes discontinuities in the grid. For example, in areas of the Midwestern United States that use the Public Land Survey System, the northernmost and westernmost sections of a survey township deviate from what would otherwise be an exact square mile. The resulting discontinuities are sometimes reflected directly in local roads, which have kinks where the grid cannot follow completely straight lines. This distortion also affects how aerial photographs taken over large areas can be stitched together.
The Mercator projection has examples of size distortions.
Spherical versus flat triangles
Because Earth is spherical, long-distance travel sometimes requires heading in different directions than one would head on a flat Earth. An example would be an airplane travelling in a straight line, taking a 90-degree right turn, travelling another , taking another 90-degree right turn, and travelling a third time. On a flat Earth, the aircraft would have travelled along three sides of a square, and arrive at a spot about from where it started. But because Earth is spherical, in reality it will have travelled along three sides of a triangle, and arrive back very close to its starting point. If the starting point is the North Pole, it would have travelled due south from the North Pole to the equator, then west for a quarter of the way around Earth, and then due north back to the North Pole.
In spherical geometry, the sum of angles inside a triangle is greater than 180° (in this example 270°, having arrived back at the north pole a 90° angle to the departure path) unlike on a flat surface, where it is always exactly 180°.
Weather systems
Low-pressure weather systems with inward winds (such as a hurricane) spin counterclockwise north of the equator, but clockwise south of the equator. This is due to the Coriolis force, and requires that (assuming they are attached to each other and rotating in the same direction) the north and southern halves of Earth are angled in opposite directions (as in, the north is facing toward Polaris and the south is facing away from it).
Gravity
The laws of gravity, chemistry, and physics that explain the formation and rounding of Earth are well-tested through experiment, and applied successfully to many engineering tasks.
From these laws, the amount of mass Earth contains is known, as is the fact that a non-spherical planet the size of Earth would not be able to support itself against its own gravity. A disk the size of Earth, for example, would likely crack, heat up, liquefy, and re-form into a roughly spherical shape. On a disk strong enough to maintain its shape, gravity would not pull downward with respect to the surface, but would pull toward the center of the disk, contrary to what is observed on level terrain (and which would cause major problems with oceans flowing toward the center of the disk).
Ignoring the other concerns, some flat Earth conjecturists explain the observed surface "gravity" by proposing that the flat Earth is constantly accelerating upwards. Such a conjecture would also leave open for explanation the tides seen in Earth's oceans, which are conventionally explained by the gravity exerted by the Sun and Moon. The Earth would also quickly approach light-speed in this scenario because the pull of gravity would increase by -9.8m/s, each second (as the formula for gravitational acceleration is measured in m/s2).
Modern technology
Observations of Foucault pendulums, popular in science museums around the world, demonstrate both that the world is spherical and that it rotates (not that the stars are rotating around it).
The mathematics of navigation using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites assumes that they are moving in known orbits around an approximately spherical surface. The accuracy of GPS navigation in determining latitude and longitude and the way these numbers map onto locations on the ground show that these assumptions are correct. The same is true for the operational GLONASS system run by Russia, the in-development European Galileo, the Chinese BeiDou, and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System.
Satellites, including communications satellites used for television, telephone, and Internet connections, would not stay in orbit unless the modern theory of gravitation were correct. The details of which satellites are visible from which places on the ground at which times prove an approximately spherical shape of Earth.
Radio transmitters are mounted on tall towers because they generally rely on line-of-sight propagation. The distance to the horizon is further at higher altitude, so mounting them higher significantly increases the area they can serve. Some signals can be transmitted at much longer distances, but only if they are at frequencies where they can use groundwave propagation, tropospheric propagation, tropospheric scatter, or ionospheric propagation to reflect or refract signals around the curve of Earth.
Equatorial mounts allow astronomers to point telescopes at the same celestial object for longer times while compensating for Earth's rotation in an easy way. The axis of an equatorial mount is parallel to Earth's surface when observing stars at Earth's equatorbut perpendicular to it when observing from one of Earth's poles. Equatorial mounts were specifically developed for a spherical and rotating Earth. If Earth were flat, an equatorial mount would not make sense.
Building engineering
The design of some large structures needs to take the shape of Earth into account. For example, the towers of the Humber Bridge, although both vertical with respect to gravity, are farther apart at the top than the bottom due to Earth's curvature.
Aircraft and spacecraft
People in high-flying aircraft or skydiving from high-altitude balloons can plainly see the curvature of Earth. Low-flying planes and commercial airliners do not necessarily fly high enough to make this obvious, especially when passenger windows narrow the field of view or clouds or terrain reduce the effective height from the visible surface. Trying to measure the curvature of the horizon by taking a picture is complicated by the fact that both windows and camera lenses can produce distorted images depending on the angle used. An extreme version of this effect can be seen in the fisheye lens. Scientific measurements would require a carefully calibrated lens.
Photos of the ground taken from airplanes over a large enough area also do not fit seamlessly together on a flat surface, but do fit on a roughly spherical surface. Aerial photographs of large areas must be corrected to account for curvature.
Many pictures have been taken of the entirety of Earth by satellites launched by a variety of governments and private organizations. From high orbits, where half the planet can be seen at once, it is plainly spherical. The only way to piece together all the pictures taken of the ground from lower orbits so that all the surface features line up seamlessly and without distortion is to put them on an approximately spherical surface.
Astronauts in low Earth orbit can personally see the curvature of the planet, and travel all the way around several times a day. The astronauts who travelled to the Moon have seen the entire Moon-facing half at once, and can watch the sphere rotate once a day (approximately; the Moon is also moving with respect to Earth).
When the supersonic aircraft Concorde took off not long after sunset from London and flew westward to New York, it outran the Sun's apparent motion westwardand therefore passengers aboard observed the Sun rising in the west as they travelled. After landing in New York, passengers watched a second sunset in the west.
Because the speed of the Sun's shadow is slower in polar regions (due to the steeper angle), even a subsonic aircraft can overtake the sunset when flying at high latitudes. One photographer used a roughly circular route around the North Pole to take pictures of 24 sunsets in the same 24-hour period, pausing westward progress in each time zone to let the shadow of the Sun catch up. The surface of Earth rotates at at 80° north or south, and at the equator.
Ring-laser gyroscope
In the documentary Behind the Curve, Bob Knodel uses a ring-laser gyroscope to attempt to prove that the earth does not rotate. The results instead showed a 15 degree per hour drift, due to the earth's rotation.
References
Geodesy
Earth | Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,627 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Geodesy"
] |
72,852,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BharOS | BharOS (formerly IndOS) is a closed source mobile operating system designed by IIT Madras. It is an Indian government-funded project to develop an operating system (OS) for use in government and public systems.
History
Google is facing a crackdown from the Competition Commission of India (CCI) for its practices pertaining to Android. There have been several demands for the need for an Indian app store that does not levy exorbitant fees for sales. BharOS aims to reduce India's dependence on foreign-made operating systems in smartphones and promote the use of India-made technology. It was developed by JandK Operations Private Limited (JandKops), which was incubated at IIT Madras. The minister for telecommunications and information technology Ashwini Vaishnaw and education minister Dharmendra Pradhan launched the operating system in a public event.
Features
BharOS targets security-conscious groups. BharOS does not come with any preinstalled services or apps. This approach gives the user more freedom and control over the permissions that are available to apps on their device. Users can choose to grant permissions only to apps that they require to access certain features or data on their device. The software can be installed on commercially available handsets, providing users with a secure environment, the company stated in a statement. The new operating system will provide access to trusted apps via organisation-specific Private App Store Services (PASS), which is a list of curated apps that meet security and privacy standards.
At a panel discussion, Karthik Ayyar, the Director of JandKops, indicated that only applicable security updates will be applied to BharOS devices in closed group networks
Criticism
Divya Bhati writing for India Today noted that instructions on downloading, installing BharOS on compatible devices, or plans for new devices, or its support for security and software updates were scant.
In September 2023, a fork of GrapheneOS containing references to BharOS was made public on GitHub. Although the Github Profile of Sadhasiva, which hosted the code has since been deleted, it can be viewed through unofficial forks by archival websites. Through a tweet, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation identified the code to have originated from Megam Solutions, a Chennai-based software company which was not connected with JandKops. However, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation is a client of Megam Solutions. In a subsequent tweet, the organization highlighted communications with the CEO of Megam Solutions, that the name BharOS was unintentionally used.
Ayyar, stated that the operating system would remain closed source software due to "organizational reasons". Ayyar indicated that he did not have the authority to make decisions regarding whether BharOS's source code would be open or closed.
External links
https://jandkops.in/, JandKops website
References
State-sponsored Linux distributions
2023 software
Mobile Linux
Android (operating system) software
ARM operating systems
Computing platforms
Custom Android firmware
Embedded Linux distributions
Linux distributions
Linux distributions without systemd
Mobile software
Operating system families
Software using the Apache license | BharOS | [
"Technology"
] | 661 | [
"Computing platforms"
] |
72,853,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28II%29%20laurate | Copper(II) laurate is an metal-organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a light blue solid that does not dissolve in water. It is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid. It is structurally related to copper(II) acetate.
Copper(II) laurate can be obtained by treating sodium laurate and copper sulfate in a warm aqueous solution.
Additional reading
*
References
Laurates
Copper(II) compounds | Copper(II) laurate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 100 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
72,853,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt%20laurate | Cobalt laurate is an metal-organic compound with the chemical formula . It is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid (lauric acid).
Synthesis
Cobalt laurate can be prepared by the reaction of aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2) with sodium laurate.
Physical properties
Cobalt laurate forms dark violet crystals.
It does not dissolve in water, but is soluble in alcohol.
References
Laurates
Cobalt(II) compounds | Cobalt laurate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 103 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
72,853,999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20reactor | The Anna reactor was a Polish research nuclear reactor of graphite-water design. Construction began in 1961 in a dedicated building in the Institute for Nuclear Research in Otwock near Warsaw. The Anna reactor was commissioned on June 12, 1963, thus becoming the second and eventually the third most powerful nuclear reactor in Poland (after Maria and Ewa).
The Anna reactor, was constructed of 14 by 14 cm graphite blocks, 245 cm long, which were arranged in an octagon with a diameter of 270 cm. The fuel was concentric tubes containing uranium enriched to 20%. According to the design assumptions, there could be a maximum of 25 fuel elements, however, most often 16 were worked on. The core was additionally surrounded by a reflector and had an external neutron source used for start-up. The purpose of the Anna reactor was scientific and research work, and for a certain period also small-scale production of radioisotopes.
Between 1964 and 1971, the Anna reactor was included in an international research program co-financed by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The purpose of the program was research in reactor physics, including studies of changes in neutron flux over time, operator training and exchange of operational experience.
In March 1972, the Anna reactor was extensively modified. In particular, the central part of the core was replaced, which was filled with natural uranium without a moderator (and thus becoming fast-neutron reactor). The outer part was a ring with a layout from the previous version. Modified reactor was named P-ANNA (short for Prędka Anna, meaning Fast Anna in Polish) and was used for research on fast neutrons.
The Anna reactor had a power of 10 kWthermal, its own control room and a separate reactor building, shared with the Agata reactor and the Helena subcritical reactor. The Anna reactor was a unit completely designed and built in Poland by Polish engineers and nuclear physicists. It operated on EK-10 nuclear fuel manufactured by the USSR. The reactor was decommissioned in the 1980s. The reactor hall, along with many pieces of equipment, is still located at the National Center for Nuclear Research in Otwock. The entire reactor body still exists, along with the control room and mostly dismantled auxiliary systems. After fuel removal and decontamination, further work with the Anna reactor was discontinued.
Further reading
See also
Ewa reactor
Maria reactor
Nuclear research reactors
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in Poland
Neutron facilities | Anna reactor | [
"Engineering"
] | 493 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
72,854,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20laurate | Nickel(II) laurate is an metal-organic compound with the chemical formula . It is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid (lauric acid).
Preparation
Reaction of acqueos solutions of nickel salt and soluble laurate. Nickel(II) laurate forms green precipitate.
References
Laurates
Nickel compounds | Nickel(II) laurate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 77 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
72,856,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20large%20carnivores%20known%20to%20prey%20on%20humans | This is a list of large carnivores known to prey on humans.
The order Carnivora consists of numerous mammal species specialized in eating flesh. This list does not include animal attacks on humans by domesticated species (dogs), or animals held in zoos, aquaria, circuses, private homes or other non-natural settings. Prey is defined as "to be hunted and killed by" or "to be vulnerable to or overcome by." An idiomatic (rather than ecological) definition is preferred here because although, statistically, attacks on humans by wild carnivores are an extremely rare cause of death—even in regions with high levels of human-wildlife interaction and relatively high absolute numbers of attacks—the topic remains one of great fascination to contemporary humans unused to or uncomfortable with being vulnerable to the larger food web.
Documented carnivore attacks on humans do appear to be increasing in frequency for a variety of reasons including human population growth, animal habitat loss, and declining populations of traditional prey species.
List
See also
List of largest land carnivorans
List of deadliest animals to humans
Largest wild canids
List of largest cats
Man-eating animal
List of dangerous snakes
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
External links
How to Survive a Cheetah Attack
Mammals and humans
Lists of animals | List of large carnivores known to prey on humans | [
"Biology"
] | 269 | [
"Behavior",
"Animals",
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Aggression",
"Animal attacks",
"Ethology"
] |
72,857,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ForeFlight | ForeFlight is an electronic flight bag for iOS and iPadOS devices designed to assist pilots and corporate flight departments with flight planning. It includes information about facilities such as airports, NAVAIDs, and air traffic control facilities. It also aids pilots in tasks including flight planning, weather monitoring, and document management, as well as an electronic logbook to help pilots record flight time. The United States, Canada, and Europe are supported regions. The company was founded in 2007 and has since been purchased by Boeing.
Overview
The app provides airport information such as chart supplement entries, taxi diagrams, instrument approach plates, departure and arrival procedures, and both temporary and permanent NOTAMs. It also provides weather reports and forecasts for the airport or, if no reports are available, nearby airports. It also makes it possible to search for airports, procedure diagrams, or regulatory aspects of these procedures.
The app also supports a wide range of general and business aviation aircraft to allow pilots to assess performance in both hypothetical and real-time conditions. Examples include calculating weight and balance figures and runway performance. ForeFlight Runway Analysis, a subfeature of the app, allows pilots to judge runway length and weather conditions to determine necessary takeoff and landing distances.
ForeFlight provides access to maps and navigation charts. The app supports flight planning features including letting pilots select routes based on IFR waypoints or using waypoints, checkpoints, or geographic features for VFR flight.
Pilots can factor instrument departure, arrival, and approach procedures into their route as well as traffic pattern entries to airports. ForeFlight will calculate metrics such as distance, time en route and to each waypoint, true and magnetic courses, and fuel burn considering current weather conditions and aircraft profiles entered by the user. ForeFlight also makes it possible to receive pre-departure clearances through the app.
Enroute weather is also available in the app. Official current reports and forecast information from the National Weather Service is provided in both textual and graphical formats. The app provides approved weather briefings. The briefings include information relative to a pilot's flight and are timestamped and stored. The aircraft tail number is also recorded to ensure that the briefing is considered legally valid.
ForeFlight also displays information about airspace and special use airspace. It displays information about the locations, operating hours, dimensions, and more of uncontrolled and controlled airspaces, airspaces designated for airports, and special airspaces such as Temporary Flight Restrictions.
History
In 2016, the app helped to develop a self-service flight planning system for drones to allow schedulers, dispatchers, and flight crews to plan each aspect of flight.
The app began offering to Jeppesen Charts in 2017 during a partnership with Boeing, who purchased ForeFlight in 2019.
In the 2020s, ForeFlight began rapidly expanding its business aviation offerings, adding new supported aircraft and trying to convince flight departments to change to their software. The company also manages a service called ForeFlight Dispatch to encourage collaborative flight planning.
In November 2022, the app faced a "cyber incident" that caused the outage of its NOTAM system. The app was unable to add new NOTAMs to its system.
ForeFlight is partnered with flight tracking service FlightAware to provide real-time flight tracking and automatically display the filed routes of aircraft on IFR flight plans. This service is provided over Wi-Fi, and pilots in-flight need external ADS-B receivers to see traffic.
In 2024, ForeFlight developed an app for the Apple Vision Pro to allow users to explore airports in three dimensions.
See also
Index of aviation articles
Moving map display
References
Boeing
Avionics
Flight planning | ForeFlight | [
"Technology"
] | 737 | [
"Avionics",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
72,858,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana%20Jovanovic%20Dolecek | Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek is an electronics engineer specializing in digital filters. Originally from Yugoslavia, she works in Mexico as a professor and researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE) in Puebla.
Education and career
Dolecek earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Sarajevo in 1969. After a master's degree from the University of Belgrade in 1975, she returned to the University of Sarajevo for her Ph.D., completed in 1981.
She worked as a research assistant at Energoinvest in 1969 and 1971 became a teaching and research assistant at the University of Sarajevo. She became an assistant professor there in 1977, one of the founding members of the Department of Telecommunications. She was promoted to associate professor in 1985 and full professor in 1991. She alternately chaired the telecommunications and communications systems departments from 1980 to 1993.
In 1993 she moved to the Mihajlo Pupin Institute of the University of Belgrade, and in 1995 she took her present position in Mexico at INAOE.
Books
Dolecek is the author of the book Random Signals and Processes Primer with MATLAB (Springer, 2012). Her edited volumes include Multirate Systems: Design and Applications (Idea Group, 2002) and Advances in Multirate Systems (Springer, 2017).
Recognition
Dolecek is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, elected in 2005.
Personal life
Dolecek was married to mechanical engineering professor Vlatko Doleček. Their daughter, coding theorist Lara Dolecek, is a professor in California at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.
References
External links
Home page
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Sarajevo alumni
University of Belgrade alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo
Yugoslav engineers
Mexican engineers
Mexican women engineers
Electronics engineers
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences | Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek | [
"Engineering"
] | 380 | [
"Electronics engineers",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
72,859,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20hatsudake | Lactarius hatsudake, also known as red milk mushroom, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae native to Asia, first described by in 1890. It is a sought-after choice edible in several Asian countries, with attempts of cultivation in mycorrhizal symbiosis being made.
Distribution and ecology
Lactarius hatsudake is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, including China, Japan, Bonin Islands, eastern Russia and Korea. It is ectomycorrhizal with Pinus species, such as Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus luchuensis, Pinus yunnanensis, and Pinus kesiya.
References
External links
hatsudake
Fungi of Asia
Fungi described in 1890
Fungus species | Lactarius hatsudake | [
"Biology"
] | 163 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,860,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20awards%20and%20honors%20received%20by%20Katalin%20Karik%C3%B3 | Katalin Karikó is a Hungarian–American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines and received numerous awards, honors, degrees and other distinctions, including the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Katalin Karikó who works at the University of Pennsylvania is credited with one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 21st century. Her development of Messenger RNA-based technology and the two most effective vaccines based on it, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, paved the way for the effective fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Her discovery also holds promise for future cures for many other diseases.
In both 2021 and 2022, she was considered a potential Nobel laureate in the scientific world.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced on 2 October 2023 that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of mRNA technology. The Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to 227 scientists since 1901, with Katalin Karikó being the thirteenth woman to receive the prize. Together with her, and Ferenc Krausz, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics the next day, the number of Hungarian Nobel laureates born in Hungary rose to twelve.
Number of born in Hungary is 15, Austro-Hungary 18 (including Fried, Robert Bárány & Richard Zsigmondy) and as citizens 27:List of Hungarian Nobel laureates.
She is the 6th born as hungarian citizen in medicine category and the very first hungarian woman in any.
Awards and honors before 2020
Jermy Gusztáv Prize | Móricz Zsigmond Gimnázium, Kisújszállás | 1973 |
Népköztársasági ösztöndíj | Government of the Hungarian People's Republic | 1975–1978 |
Akadémiai ösztöndíj | Hungarian Academy of Sciences | 1978–1980 |
Kisújszállás városának Tiszteletbeli Polgára | Kisújszállás Önkormányzata | 2009 |
Awards and honors in 2020
Kisújszállás díszpolgára | Kisújszállás Önkormányzata |
Közmédia Év Embere Díj | MTVA |
Research!America – Outstanding Achievement in Public Health Awards | Drew Weissman |
Rosenstiel Award 2020 | Brandeis University | Drew Weissman |
Volkswagen Kék Innovációs Különdíj | Menedzserek Országos Szövetsége |
Awards and honors in 2021
100 People Transforming Business | Insider |
Albany Medical Center Prize | Albany Medical | Barney Graham, Drew Weissman |
Princess of Asturias Award | Princess of Asturias Foundation | Drew Weissman, Philip Felgner, Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Derrick Rossi, Sarah Gilbert |
BIAL Award in Biomedicine | BIAL Foundation | Drew Weissman |
Bill Foege Award | MAP International | Anthony Fauci, Carlos del Rio |
Bolyai János alkotói díj | Bolyai-díj Alapítvány |
Csongrád-Csanád megye díszpolgára | Csongrád-Csanád Megyei Önkormányzat |
Debrecen Díj a Molekuláris Orvostudományért | University of Debrecen |
Dr. Paul Janssen Award | Johnson & Johnson | Drew Weissman |
Fodor József-díj | Hungarian Society of Hygiene |
Forbes No.1 (entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists, creators; 50+) | Forbes |
Frontiers Awards | BBVA Foundation, Bilbao | Drew Weissman and Robert Langer |
German Future Prize | Federal President for Technology and Innovation | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Christoph Huber |
Golden Goose | National Institutes of Health, Tennessee | Drew Weissman |
Golden Plate Award | Academy of Achievement |
Grande Médaille | French Academy of Sciences |
Great Immigrant Great American Award 2021 | Carnegie Corporation of New York |
Harvey Prize | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology | Drew Weissman, Pieter Cullis |
Human Dignity Award | Council of Human Dignity |
Inventor of the Year IPOEF | Intellectual Property Owners Education Foundation | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Drew Weissman |
Inventors of the Year PCI | Penn Center of Innovation | Drew Weissman |
Jedlik Ányos-díj | Hungarian Intellectual Property Office | Imre Dékány, Andrea Fekete, András Kotschy, András Szecskay |
John J. Carlin Service Award | USRowing |
John Scott Award | Philadelphia University | Drew Weissman |
Keio Medical Science Prize 2021 | Keio University | Osamu Nureki |
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award | Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation | Drew Weissman |
L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award | UNESCO | Maria Guadalupe Guzmán Tirado, Hailan Hu, Agnès Binagwaho, María Ángela Nieto Toledano |
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize | Columbia University | Drew Weissman |
Magyar Lélek Díj | Hungarian Magyar Club of Chicago |
New York Academy of Medicine | New York Academy of Medicine | Drew Weissman |
Novo Nordisk Prize | Novo Nordisk Foundation | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Drew Weissman |
Pioneer Award | Precision Medicine World Conference (PMWC) 2021 |
Prima Díj | Vállalkozók és Munkáltatók Országos Szövetsége Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Szervezete |
Prince Mahidol Award | Prince Mahidol Award Foundation under the Royal Patronage, Bangkok | Drew Weissman, Pieter Cullis |
Princess Marina Sturdza Award | Emerging Europe Council | Sir Suma Chakrabarti |
Reichstein Medal | Swiss Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SAPhS) |
Semmelweis-díj | EMMI |
Stem Cell Hero NYSCF | The New York Stem Cell Foundation | Derrick Rossi, Kizzmekia Corbett, Barney Graham, Drew Weissman |
Straub-plakett | Biological Research Centre (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Szeged |
Széchenyi Prize | Government of Hungary |
Szeged Város Díszpolgára | Szeged Megyei Jogú Város Önkormányzata |
Theodor Boveri Award | University of Würzburg |
Time 100 – The 100 Most Influential People of 2021 | Time magazine |
Time – 2021 Heroes of the Year | Time magazine | Kizzmekia Corbett, Barney Graham and Drew Weissman |
Tudományos Prima különdíj | Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megye |
VinFuture Grand Prize | VinFuture Foundation | Drew Weissman, Pieter Cullis |
Wilhelm Exner Medal | Austrian Industrial Association | Luisa Torsi |
William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Basic and Tumor Immunology | Cancer Research Institute | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Drew Weissman |
Women of the Year | Glamour Magazine |
Awards and honors in 2022
Beacon Award of Trustees' Council of Penn Women | PennAlumni of University of Pennsylvania |
Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science | The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia | Drew Weissman |
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences 2022 | Breakthrough Prize Foundation | Drew Weissman |
Camurus Lipid Science Prize | Camurus Lipid Research Foundation |
Canada Gairdner International Awards | Drew Weissman and Pieter Cullis |
German Immunology Prize | German Society for Immunology | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Emilia Chiancone Medal | Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze, Roma |
Empowering Research and Discovery Award | National Disease Research Interchange (NDRI) | Drew Weissman |
European Inventor Award for Lifetime achievement | European Patent Office |
Golden Arrow | Vienna Congress com.sult 2022 | Anna Kiesenhofer |
Harold Berger Award | Penn Engineering, University of Pennsylvania | Drew Weissman |
Helmholtz Medal 2022 | Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities |
Japan Prize | Japan Prize Foundation | Drew Weissman |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megye Díszpolgára Díj | Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Közgyűlés |
Jeantet-Collen Prize for Medicine | Louis-Jeantet Alapítvány, Genf | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal | National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Washington | Drew Weissman |
Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine | Louis-Jeantet Foundation, Geneva | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Lindhal Lecture | Neurovations |
Matis Family Investigator Award | Drs. Louis and Lyn Matis – Penn Institute for Immunology | Drew Weissman |
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Award | Dubai Culture and Arts Authority | Zhang Yongzhen, Drew Weissman |
National Inventors Hall of Fame | The United States Patent and Trademark Office & The National Inventors Hall of Fame | Drew Weissman |
Park MahnHoon Award | International Vaccine Institute & SK bioscience | Tore Godal, Drew Weissman |
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize | The Paul Ehrlich Foundation | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Pearl Meister Greengard Prize | Rockefeller University |
Peter Speiser Award | Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of ETH Zurich |
Philadelphia-Israel Chamber of Commerce Award | Philadelphia-Israel Chamber of Commerce | Drew Weissman |
Ross Prize in Molecular Medicine | Feinstein Institute | Drew Weissman |
SBMT Award | Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics |
Semmelweis Budapest Award | Semmelweis Egyetem |
Solvay Prize | Solvay S.A. |
Stanford University Drug Discovery Lifetime Achievement Award | Stanford University |
Status List 2022 | STAT – Editor's Pick |
Szegedért Alapítvány – Fődíj | Szegedért Alapítvány |
Szent-Gizella-díj | Civil Szeretet Kurázsi Társaság |
Tang Prize | Academia Sinica, Taiwan | Drew Weissman and Pieter Cullis |
Vilcek Prize for Excellence in Biotechnology | Vilcek Foundation |
Warren Alpert Prize | Harvard Medical School | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Drew Weissman, Eric Huang |
Werner von Siemens Ring | The Werner von Siemens Ring Foundation | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Christoph Huber |
Awards and honors in 2023
2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | Drew Weissman |
Katalin Karikó donated the more than half a million dollars she received from her Nobel Prize to her former alma mater, the University of Szeged on 2 April 2024
Cameron Award | University of Edinburgh | Drew Weissman |
Dawson Award in Genetics | Smurfit Institute of Genetics in Trinity |
Dean’s Distinguished Award | Drew Weissman |University of Pennsylvania | Drew Weissman |
Faces of American Innovation | Bayh-Dole Coalition | Yan Wang, Peter Stern, Dennis Liotta, Carol Mimuras |
Fries Prize for Improving Health | The CDC Foundation | Anne Schuchat |
FT's 25 most influential women of 2023 | Financial Times Magazine |
Genius Award | New Jersey City University | John C. Mather, Uma Valeti |
Harvey Prize | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology | Drew Weissman, Helen Quinn, Pieter R. Cullis|
Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen | Katalin Novák President of the Republic of Hungary |
Jonathan E. Rhoads Medal for Distinguished Achievement in Medicine | American Philosophical Society | Drew Weissman |
LIV Jiménez Díaz Commemorative Lecture | Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) |
Meyenburg Prize | Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Neumann János Prize | Budapest University of Technology and Economics and John von Neumann Computer Society |
Awards and honors in 2024
Award for Global Health | Drew Weissman | World Health Organization (WHO) |
Distinguished Daughters of Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro | Andrea M. Baldeck, Susan L. Brantley, Gemma Del Duca, Susan Peikes Gantman, Kathy Wilson Humphrey, Sharmain Matlock-Turner, Carla McCabe, Karen Murphy, Geovette E. Washington, Doris Carson Williams
Distinguished Medical Science Award | Friends of the National Library of Medicine | Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci |
Double Helix Medal | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | Daniel Doctoroff, Alisa Doctoroff |
Helen Dean King Award | The Wistar Institute |
Harvey Prize | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology | Drew Weissman |
Hungarian Corvin Chain | Hungary | Ferenc Krausz |
Libri-díj | Libri Kiadó |
Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest | Scripps Institution of Oceanography |
Paul Karrer Medal | Zurich University |
Honorary degrees
Honorary degrees in 2021
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the University of Szeged |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Duke University | Drew Weissman, Ken Jeong, Mary Schmidt Campbell |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from of the Humanitas University of Milan |
Honorary degrees 2022
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Eötvös Loránd University Budapest |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Radboud University |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Rockefeller University | Anthony Fauci, Lulu C. Wang |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Tel Aviv University | Cornelia Bargmann, Sir Michael Victor Berry, Barbara Engelking, Eric J. Gertler, James S. Gertler, Bernd Friedrich Huber, Jodi Kantor, Solomon Lew, Jehuda Reinharz, Jürgen Renn |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Université libre de Bruxelles |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the University of Geneva | Susan M. Gasser, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Ananya Roy |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Yale University| Caroline Shaw, Krista Tippett, Madeleine Albright, James Clyburn, Jill Lepore, Myron Thompson, Jean Bennett, Drew Weissman, Orlando Patterson |
Honorary degrees 2023
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Brandeis University |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork (UCC) |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Harvard University | David Levering Lewis, Michael Mullen, Jennifer Doudna, Hugo Noé Morales Rosas, Tom Hanks |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Princeton University | Lynn A. Conway, Arcadio Díaz-Quiñones, Rhiannon Giddens, Suzan Shown Harjo |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the Rutgers University |
Honorary Doctor of Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) |
Honorary degrees 2024
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the New York University (NYU) |
Received Doctor of Science as an honorary degree from the State University of New York |
Academic Memberships and fellowships
2020
Member | Academia Europea |
2021
Member | AAAS Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
Foreign Member | French Académie des sciences | William Timothy Gowers, Martin Hairer, Anne L'Huillier, Wolfgang Wernesdorfer, Annalisa Buffa, Yann Le Cun, Susan Brantley, Frank Eisenhauer, Sason Shaik, Nicola Spaldin, Nicole King, Alberto R. Kornblihtt , Angela Nieto, Eva H. Stukenbrock, Cédric Blanpain |
Hawking Fellow | Cambridge Union |
2022
Member | German National Academy of Sciences | German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina |
Member | Hungarian Academy of Sciences |
Member | National Academy of Inventors |
Member | National Academy of Medicine – Washington |
2023
Member | European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) |
2024
Member | The American Philosophical Society |
Ordinary member | Pontifical Academy for Life |
References
External links
Awards to Katalin Karikó in Hungary
Lists of awards received by person
Lists of science and technology awards | List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó | [
"Technology"
] | 3,479 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Lists of science and technology awards"
] |
72,860,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nuclear%20waste%20storage%20facilities%20in%20Canada | Nuclear waste is stored in Canada at the following locations:
See also
List of nuclear fuel storage facilities in Canada
Nuclear power in Canada
References
Nuclear energy in Canada
Radioactive waste | List of nuclear waste storage facilities in Canada | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 34 | [
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactive waste",
"Hazardous waste",
"Radioactivity"
] |
72,862,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroferrate | Tetrachloroferrate is the polyatomic ion having chemical formula . The metallate can be formed when ferric chloride () abstracts a chloride ion from various other chloride salts. The resulting tetrachloroferrate salts are typically soluble in non-polar solvents. The tetrachloroferrate anion, with iron(III) in the center, has tetrahedral geometry. It is useful as a non-coordinating anion comparable to perchlorate. Several organoammonium salts have been studied for their novel material properties. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate is one of several ionic liquids that are magnetic. Trimethylchloromethylammonium tetrachloroferrate is a plastic crystal that can behave as a molecular switch in response to several different types of inputs.
References
External links
Chlorometallates
Ferrates
Iron(III) compounds
Iron complexes | Tetrachloroferrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 202 | [
"Ferrates",
"Salts"
] |
72,862,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daohugouthallus | Daohugouthallus is a monotypic genus of lichen, known from fossils found in the Jurassic Haifanggou Formation near Daohugou village, Ningcheng County, China. The genus contains a single species, D. ciliiferus. Although Daohugouthallus shows some relationships to the family Parmeliaceae, it is distinct enough for scientists to suggest its classification into its own family, Daohugouthallaceae. Dated at approximately 165 million years ago, this macrolichen is thought to be the earliest fossil example of an epiphytic macrolichen, indicating it likely grew on gymnosperm plants.
Discovery
Five specimens of Daohugouthallus ciliiferus have been found so far. These were collected from the fossiliferous beds of the Jurassic Haifanggou Formation in China (Callovian–Oxfordian boundary interval, Middle Jurassic), a formation which has been dated at between 168 and 152 Ma based on isotopic analyses. More specifically, the site of discovery can be found about 80 km to the south of Chifeng City, within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (lat.119°14.318′E, long. 41°18.979′N).
On first discovery, it was thought that the D. ciliiferus was a “lichen-like” organism. It was considered to be affiliated with either thallose liverworts, alga, or lichens. Due to a lack of diagnostic features which would ally the species with liverworts or alga, D. ciliiferus was determined to be most closely affiliated with lichens. This is based primarily on the fossil thalli and ruptured branch tips, making this species the earliest known example of a macrolichen with morphology comparable to that of extant lichen species. The species has been listed under the 2022 in paleontology events overview and as a floristic component of the Daohugou flora.
D. ciliiferus fossil specimens are currently kept in Beijing, at the Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Changes within the College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies at Capital Normal University.
Preservation
Daohugouthallus ciliiferus specimens are preserved as lichen adpression fossils left on a yellowish tuffaceous mudstone matrix. In total, five specimens containing D. ciliiferus lichen have been recorded, with some fossils also containing remains of an unidentified gymnosperm with associated seed cones.
Etymology
Daohugouthallus ciliiferus fossil specimens were found near Daohugou village in Ningcheng County. The village lends its name to the first part of the genus “Daohugou” while the second part “thallus” is a Latin term which refers to a plant-like body without typical differentiation into parts such as roots, stems and leaves. “Ciliiferus” comes from the Latin for bearing cilia, referring to the presence of cilia present in this macrolichen.
Description
The thalli of Daohugouthallus ciliiferus are approximately 5 cm high and 3 cm wide and foliose to subfruticose. The slender lobes have tapering tips and are approximately 5 mm long and between 0.5 and 1.5 mm wide. Their branching pattern is irregular, and in some places lateral cilia and lobules are present. Aggregated, punctiform black spots are regularly visible on the surface of the lichen remnants, and the upper cortex is approximately 1 μm thick and described as conglutinate, i.e. stuck together.
The photobiont component of the D. ciliiferus specimens is comparable to extant green algae species. These cells are globose with a diameter of between 1.5 and 2.5 μm. The mycobiont-photobiont attachment is via wall-to-wall interface, allowing nutrient exchange between the fungal and algal components. The fungal hyphae of the mycobiont component are filamentous and septate with a diameter of less than 1.25 μm. Both the photobiont cells and fungal hyphae are narrower than those of extant macrolichen species which could be due to drying during the fossilisation process which caused shrinkage. Alternatively, the photobiont algae species could have been naturally smaller in size in this lichen species. No alternative explanation has been proposed as to why the fungal hyphae are smaller than those in comparable extant macrolichens.
With an estimated age of around 165 Ma, Daohugouthallaceae could be the oldest known macrolichen family aside from Icmadophilaceae. It has been confirmed that D. ciliiferus was an gymnosperm epiphyte due to the more recent specimens being found attached to an unidentified gymnosperm branch. However, the key identification features for determining the way in which the macrolichen attached itself to the branch or bark, such as rhizines, tomentum, or an umbilicus, are missing.
Classification
When compared to extant lichen genera, it has been found that the thallus morphology is most similar to foliose Parmeliaceae. However, the resemblance is not morphologically close enough to include D. ciliiferus in the Parmeliaceae family. For this reason, a monogeneric family has been proposed for this fossil – Daohugouthallaceae –with the unique genus Daohugouthallus. The consensus is that D. ciliiferus could be described within the class Lecanoromycetes but the Phylum is currently Fungi incertae sedis, i.e. uncertain placement. The external morphology could be closely correlated to the extant lichen species Everniastrum cirrhatum. However, several key diagnostic features which would allow for a more accurate classification are missing including hamathecia, asci, and ascospore structures.
Phylogeny
A simplified cladogram for D. ciliiferus, following the phylogeny of Wang, Krings & Taylor (2010); Yang et al. (2023).
Palaeoenvironment
The Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment of the Daohuguo area can be visualised as temperate, humid and seasonal, with variations in precipitation. The landscape was composed of gymnosperm-dominated forests interspersed with lakes and freshwater streams. This environment may have been affected by large volcanic eruptions which spread thick layers of ash across the landscape.
Palaeoecology
The climate and conditions prior to the discovery of D. ciliiferus may support its epiphytic habit. Lecanoromycetes are estimated to have diverged between 300 and 250 Mya following the end-Permian mass extinction. This period is partially characterised by diverse gymnosperm forests which may have provided the ideal environment for the adaptation of epiphytic macrolichens. Forest ecosystems similar to these recovered again following the end-Triassic mass extinction (200 Mya). This makes it possible for the existence of gymnosperm epiphytic lichens during the middle-Jurassic from which D. ciliiferus is dated. However, there is no empiric fossil evidence to support this evolutionary path nor the potential transition of epiphytic lichens from gymnosperm to angiosperm substrates.
Insect-lichen mimesis
A moth lacewing genera – Lichenipolystoechotes – may have been associated with D. ciliiferus via a mimetic relationship. Two new species of moth lacewing were described from fossils found at Daohugou 1 (near Daohugou Village, China) at the Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation, close to the site in which D. ciliiferus fossils were found. They were given the genus Lichenipolystoechotes (family Ithonidae) to indicate their possible association with D. ciliiferus lichen.
Structural similarities between the branching patterns on the wings of the insect fossil specimens of Lichenipolystoechotes and thalli of D. ciliiferus could indicate the earliest known example of insect-lichen mimesis. Additionally, black spots present on the wings of one fossil species, Lichenipolystoechotes ramimaculatus, resemble the black spots found on D. ciliiferus specimens. It has been hypothesised that these moth lacewings could have camouflaged themselves effectively against a backdrop of D. ciliiferus lichen, providing them with a survival advantage. However, evidence of the evolution of insect-lichen mimesis is largely missing in the fossil record and this potential lichen-insect mimesis requires further investigation.
References
External links
Geological information for the Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou Village
Earliest fossil evidence of an insect lichen mimic
Lecanoromycetes
Prehistoric fungi
Lichen genera
Taxa described in 2010 | Daohugouthallus | [
"Biology"
] | 1,877 | [
"Fungi",
"Prehistoric fungi"
] |
72,864,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie%20M.%20Weaver | Valerie M. Weaver is a professor and the director of the Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration in the department of surgery and co-director Bay Area Center for Physical Sciences and Oncology at the University of California San Francisco (USA). She has been working and leading oncology research for more than 20 years. Her scientific contributions have been recognised by different awards. She was the first woman to receive the Shu Chien Award from the Biomedical Engineering Society in 2022, which honours contributions in the cellular and molecular bioengineering field.
Career
Weaver has two bachelor's degrees - one in chemistry from the University of Waterloo and one in biochemistry from the University of Ottawa. She also earned her PhD degree in biochemistry from the University of Ottawa in 1992. After that, she did postdoctoral training at the National Research Council of Canada for two years, followed by another 5-year postdoctoral at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California Berkeley with Mina J Bissell in cancer cell biology.
In 1999, Weaver became an assistant professor in the department of pathology at the University of Pennsylvania, where she continued studying breast cancer and tissue architecture using organotypic models. During this period and in collaboration with scientists from the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Weaver published a breakthrough discovery on breast tumour behaviour induction by demonstrating how integrin signalling modification by tissue tension disrupts the morphogenesis of breast tissue.
In 2006, she moved to University of California San Francisco to assume the position of associate professor in the department of surgery with a joint appointment in anatomy and director of the Centre for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, where she became a full professor in 2010. She is also a member of two other institutions: the Helen Diller Cancer Center and the Eli and Broad Stem Cell Center.
Weaver and her research team's interdisciplinary research are focused on exploring cell and tissue level force in gliomas and breast and pancreatic cancers. Recently, they have been studying how these forces can regulate early development.
Awards
Breast Cancer Scholar Award in 2005 and Scholar Expansion award in 2013 with the Department of Defense
American Association for Cancer Research Pancreatic Action Network Award in 2013
American Society for Cell Biology's Women in Cell Biology Midcareer award in 2014
Fellow to the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2014
Fellow of the American Society for Cell Biology in 2017
Shu Chien Award from the Biomedical Engineering Society in 2022
Selected publications
Wu, B, et al., 2023. Stiff matrix induces exosome secretion to promote tumour growth. Nat Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-023-01092-1
Northey, JJ & Weaver, VM, 2023. Extracellular Matrix Glycation and Crosslinking in Mammary Tumor Progression. Methods in Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_15
Paszek, MJ, et al., 2005. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010
Frantz, C, Stewart, KM, Weaver, VM, 2010. The extracellular matrix at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.023820
Levental, KR, et al., 2009. Matrix Crosslinking Forces Tumor Progression by Enhancing Integrin Signaling. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027
Lu, P, Weaver, VM, Werb, Z, 2012. The extracellular matrix: A dynamic niche in cancer progression. Journal of Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201102147
Yeung, T, et al., 2004. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.20041
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women biochemists
Cancer researchers
21st-century women scientists
UCSF School of Medicine faculty
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Ottawa alumni
University of Waterloo alumni | Valerie M. Weaver | [
"Chemistry"
] | 922 | [
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
72,866,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20coefficient%20%28biochemistry%29 | Control coefficients measure the response of a biochemical pathway to changes in enzyme activity. The response coefficient, as originally defined by Kacser and Burns, is a measure of how external factors such as inhibitors, pharmaceutical drugs, or boundary species affect the steady-state fluxes and species concentrations. The flux response coefficient is defined by:
where is the steady-state pathway flux. Similarly, the concentration response coefficient is defined by the expression:
where in both cases is the concentration of the external factor. The response coefficient measures how sensitive a pathway is to changes in external factors other than enzyme activities.
The flux response coefficient is related to control coefficients and elasticities through the following relationship:
Likewise, the concentration response coefficient is related by the following expression:
The summation in both cases accounts for cases where a given external factor, , can act at multiple sites. For example, a given drug might act on multiple protein sites. The overall response is the sum of the individual responses.
These results show that the action of an external factor, such as a drug, has two components:
The elasticity indicates how potent the drug is at affecting the activity of the target site itself.
The control coefficient indicates how any perturbation at the target site will propagate to the rest of the system and thereby affect the phenotype.
When designing drugs for therapeutic action, both aspects must therefore be considered.
Proof of Response Theorem
There are various ways to prove the response theorems:
Proof by perturbation
The perturbation proof by Kacser and Burns is given as follows.
Given the simple linear pathway catalyzed by two enzymes and :
where is the fixed boundary species. Let us increase the concentration of enzyme by an amount . This will cause the steady state flux and concentration of , and all downstream species
beyond to increase. The concentration of is now decreased such that the flux and steady-state concentration of is restored back to their original values. These changes allow one to write down the following local and systems equations for the changes that occurred:
There is no term in either equation because the concentration of is unchanged. Both right-hand sides of the equations are guaranteed to be zero by construction. The term can be eliminated by combining both equations. If we also assume that the reaction rate for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the enzyme concentration, then , therefore:
Since
this yields:
.
This proof can be generalized to the case where may act at multiple sites.
Pure algebraic proof
The pure algebraic proof is more complex and requires consideration of the system equation:
where is the stoichiometry matrix and the rate vector. In this derivation, we assume there are no conserved moieties in the network, but this doesn't invalidate the proof. Using the chain rule and differentiating with respect to yields, after rearrangement:
The inverted term is the unscaled control coefficient so that after scaling, it is possible to write:
To derive the flux response coefficient theorem, we must use the additional equation:
See also
Control coefficient (biochemistry)
Elasticity coefficient
Metabolic control analysis
References
Biochemistry methods
Metabolism
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Systems biology | Response coefficient (biochemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 631 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Systems biology"
] |
72,867,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngeles%20Mantilla | María de los Ángeles Mantilla Ramírez is a Mexican chemical engineer whose research involves photochemistry, photocatalysis, and nanomaterials, particularly for water treatment applications. She is a professor and researcher in CICATA Querétaro, the Research Center for Applied Science and Advance Technology of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional.
Education and career
Mantilla studied chemical engineering at the Universidad Veracruzana, earning a degree in 1990. She went to the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) for graduate study, earning a master's degree in industrial administration in 1996. in 2005 she earned a second master's degree in materials science through UAM Azcapotzalco. She completed her Ph.D. in 2010, at CICATA.
After working as a researcher for the Mexican Petroleum Institute from 1991 to 2004, and as a visiting professor at UAM Azcapotzalco in 2007–2008, she took her present position at CICATA in 2011.
Recognition
Mantilla is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mexican chemical engineers
Mexican women engineers
Women chemical engineers
Universidad Veracruzana alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Academic staff of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences | Ángeles Mantilla | [
"Chemistry"
] | 266 | [
"Women chemical engineers",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
72,867,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Now | Nuclear Now is a 2022 American documentary film, directed and co-written by Oliver Stone. The movie argues that nuclear energy is a solution needed to fight climate change because other renewable energies by themselves will not be sufficient in time for the planet to obtain carbon neutrality before climate change becomes irreversible.
The movie is based on the book A Bright Future: How Some Countries Have Solved Climate Change and the Rest Can Follow written by the US scientists Joshua S. Goldstein and Staffan A. Qvist. Goldstein co-authored the screenplay together with Oliver Stone. Producers include: Stefano Buono, Isabelle Boemeke, and Jon Kilik.
The documentary premiered out of competition at the 79th edition of the Venice Film Festival. Stone and Goldstein later also pledged for their propositions at the 53rd World Economic Forum 2023 in Davos, Switzerland. It features one of the final film scores of Vangelis.
Plot
As the narrator of the movie, Stone advocates nuclear power as a safe source of energy that can replace fossil fuels and thereby help to fight climate change. He predicts a doubling or quadrupling of the demand for electricity worldwide in the coming 30 years. In order to ensure sufficient backing with low-carbon power, Stone suggests a mass-production of nuclear power plants.
Stone argues that recycling, electric cars and consumption of environmentally friendly products are just attempts of middle class citizens to feel good but will not make a real difference for the climate. The script writers accuse the anti-nuclear movement of equating nuclear power with nuclear weapons and thus creating a primal fear against this form of energy. The writers furthermore imply that the oil and gas industry has been funding the campaigns.
Reception
Positive
A review in Variety points out that two sides debating pros and cons of nuclear power have been entrenched for a long time. The reviewer recommends an open-minded look at the movie, however, and speculates that it may have an impact similar to An Inconvenient Truth. At the 2022 Venice International Film Festival, the International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication (CICT ICFT) awarded Nuclear Now with the Enrico Fulchignoni prize. The jury stated that the movie adds new and bold scientific insights to the discussion of a controversial topic. Damon Wise of Deadline reviewed the film, calling it "a hard watch", but stating that it "puts forward a lot of unexpected proposals about nuclear energy, debunking powerful myths along the way."
Negative
See also
Nuclear power debate
References
External links
2022 films
2022 documentary films
Films directed by Oliver Stone
Films scored by Vangelis
Films with screenplays by Oliver Stone
Nuclear power
Climate change
Documentary films about nuclear technology | Nuclear Now | [
"Physics"
] | 549 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Physical quantities",
"Nuclear power"
] |
72,867,491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibutyl%20squarate | Dibutyl squarate (also known as squaric acid dibutyl ester or SADBE) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C12H18O4. It is the dibutyl derivative of squaric acid.
Medically, it is used for the treatment of warts and for treating alopecia areata or alopecia totalis (autoimmune hair loss) through topical immunotherapy involving the production of an allergic rash. Dibutyl squarate is currently undergoing trials for use in treating herpes labialis (cold sores).
References
Butyl esters
Diketones | Dibutyl squarate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
72,867,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20systems%20equation | The biochemical systems equation is a compact equation of nonlinear differential equations for describing a kinetic model for any network of coupled biochemical reactions and transport processes.
The equation is expressed in the following form:
The notation for the dependent variable x varies among authors. For example, some authors use s, indicating species. x is used here to match the state space notation used in control theory but either notation is acceptable.
is the stoichiometry matrix which is an by matrix of stoichiometry coefficient. is the number of species and the number of biochemical reactions. The notation for is also variable. In constraint-based modeling the symbol tends to be used to indicate 'stoichiometry'. However in biochemical dynamic modeling and sensitivity analysis, tends to be in more common use to indicate 'number'. In the chemistry domain, the symbol used for the stoichiometry matrix is highly variable though the symbols S and N have been used in the past.
is an n-dimensional column vector of reaction rates, and is a p-dimensional column vector of parameters.
Example
Given the biochemical network:
where and are fixed species to ensure the system is open. The system equation can be written as:
So that:
The elements of the rate vector will be rate equations that are functions of one or more species and parameters, p. In the example, these might be simple mass-action rate laws such as where is the rate constant parameter. The particular laws chosen will depend on the specific system under study. Assuming mass-action kinetics, the above equation can be written in complete form as:
Analysis
The system equation can be analyzed by looking at the linear response of the equation around the steady-state with respect to the parameter . At steady-state, the system equation is set to zero and given by:
Differentiating the equation with respect to and rearranging gives:
This derivation assumes that the stoichiometry matrix has full rank. If this is not the case, then the inverse won't exist.
Example
For example, consider the same problem from the previous section of a linear chain. The matrix is the unscaled elasticity matrix:
In this specific problem there are 3 species () and 4 reaction steps (), the elasticity matrix is therefore a matrix. However, a number of entries in the matrix will be zero. For example will be zero since has no effect on . The matrix, therefore, will contain the following entries:
The parameter matrix depends on which parameters are considered. In Metabolic control analysis, a common set of parameters are the enzyme activities. For the sake of argument, we can equate the rate constants with the enzyme activity parameters. We also assume that each enzyme, , only can affect its own step and no other. The matrix is the unscaled elasticity matrix with respect to the parameters. Since there are 4 reaction steps and 4 corresponding parameters, the matrix will be a 4 by 4 matrix. Since each parameter only affects one reaction, the matrix will be a diagonal matrix:
Since there are 3 species and 4 reactions, the resulting matrix will be a 3 by 4 matrix
Each expression in the matrix describes how a given parameter influences the steady-state concentration of a given species. Note that this is the unscaled derivative. It is often the case that the derivative is scaled by the parameter and concentration to eliminate units as well as turn the measure into a relative change.
Assumptions
The biochemical systems equation makes two key assumptions:
Species exist in a well-stirred reactor, so there are no spatial gradients.
Species concentrations are high enough so that stochastic effects are negligible
See also
Stoichiometry matrix
Chemical reaction network theory
List of systems biology modeling software
References
Biochemistry methods
Metabolism
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Systems biology | Biochemical systems equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 770 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Systems biology"
] |
78,646,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcanadea | is a Japanese series of heavily customizable plastic model kit girls created and produced by Kotobukiya, released since December 2021, with necömi as the character designer. An anime television series adaptation has been announced.
Characters
Other media
Anime
An anime television series adaptation was announced during a livestream event for the plastic model series on December 20, 2024. It is set to premiere on TV Asahi.
See also
Frame Arms Girl, another plastic model series created by Kotobukiya
Busou Shinki
Little Battlers Experience
Alice Gear Aegis
References
External links
Official website
Scale modeling
Science fantasy anime and manga
TV Asahi original programming
Upcoming anime television series | Arcanadea | [
"Physics"
] | 133 | [
"Scale modeling"
] |
78,646,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203977 | NGC3977 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is , which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 April 1784. It was also observed by Lewis Swift on 16 April 1885, causing this galaxy to be listed twice in the New General Catalogue, as both NGC 3977 and NGC 3980.
NGC 3977 along with NGC 3972 are listed together as Holm304 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937. This grouping is purely optical, as NGC 3977 is about four times farther away than NGC 3972.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC3977 as a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 3977:
SN1946A (type unknown, mag. 18) was discovered by Edwin Hubble in May 1946.
SN2006gs (typeII, mag. 17.0) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 22 September 2006.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
3977
037497
06909
+03-23-010
Ursa Major
17840413
Discoveries by William Herschel
Unbarred spiral galaxies
LINER galaxies | NGC 3977 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 315 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
78,647,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium%28IV%29%20sulfate | Hafnium(IV) sulfate is describes the inorganic chemical compounds with the formula Hf(SO4)2·nH2O, where n can range from 0 to 7. It commonly forms the anhydrous and tetrahydrate forms, which are both white solids.
Structure
Anhydrous hafnium(IV) sulfate consists of a polymeric network of sulfate-bridged hafnium atoms. It is isomorphous with zirconium(IV) sulfate.
Hafnium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate is isomorphous with zirconium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate and consists of repeated sheets of Hf(SO4)2(H2O)4, where the sulfate ligands are bidentate.
Preparation and properties
The tetrahydrate is produced by the reaction of hafnium metal or hafnium(IV) oxide with concentrated sulfuric acid followed by evaporation of the solution:
Hf + 2 H2SO4 → Hf(SO4)2 + 2 H2
The anhydrous form can be produced by heating the tetrahydrate to 350 °C. If the anhydrous is heated to 820 °C, it decomposes to hafnium(IV) oxide, sulfur oxides, and oxygen. The mechanism of decomposition has not been fully elucidated.
Various hydrolyzed derivatives of hafnium(IV) oxide, such as are known.
References
Hafnium compounds
Sulfates | Hafnium(IV) sulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 321 | [
"Sulfates",
"Salts"
] |
78,648,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entyloma%20ficariae | Entyloma ficariae is a smut fungus which infects the leaves of Ficaria verna.
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Plant pathogens and diseases | Entyloma ficariae | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Plant pathogens and diseases",
"Plants"
] |
78,648,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabattement%20%28drafting%29 | Rabattement (also rabatment) is a rotation of a planar object around a folding line (using the line like a hinge) in order to align the object with another plane. Rabattement is used in technical drawings to produce developments (patterns, templates). In these drawings the object is "unfolded" to lay flat on a plane so it can be represented in entirety. Term comes from (an act of lowering), due to the typical alignment plane being the horizontal one ("rabatment in the plan", sometimes, a vertical plane is used, "in elevation").
Technique of rabattement is very old: the archaic paintings that predate the Antiquity used similar methods to achieve "intellectual realism" (as opposed to "visual realism" of later times) by unfolding the object to represent its hidden sides.
Rabattement was extensively used by stonemasons in the construction drawings, and, together with projection plane, evolved into a method of descriptive geometry. Descriptive geometry manuals sometimes use the term "rotation" when discussing moving points and lines, reserving rabattement for shapes and planes, but in practice both operations are identical.
The goal of the rabattement operation is to represent the true shape and size of a face of an object (this is impossible to do with orthographic projection if the shape of interest is inclined with respect to all planes of projection).
References
Sources
Descriptive geometry | Rabattement (drafting) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 301 | [
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs"
] |
78,648,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remestemcel | Remestemcel, sold under the brand name Ryoncil, is an allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell therapy used for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. Remestemcel contains mesenchymal stromal cells, which are a type of cell that can have various roles in the body and can differentiate into multiple other types of cells. These mesenchymal stromal cell are isolated from the bone marrow of healthy adult human donors.
The most common adverse reactions include viral infectious disorders, bacterial infectious disorders, infection – pathogen unspecified, pyrexia, hemorrhage, edema, abdominal pain, and hypertension.
Remestemcel was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024. Remestemcel is the first mesenchymal stromal cell therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Medical uses
Remestemcel is indicated for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease.
History
The safety and effectiveness of remestemcel were evaluated in a multicenter, single-arm study in 54 pediatric study participants with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplantation. Study participants received intravenous infusion of remestemcel twice weekly for four consecutive weeks, for a total of eight infusions. Each study participant's condition at baseline was analyzed using the international blood and marrow transplantation registry severity index criteria (IBMTR) to evaluate which organs have been affected and the overall severity of the disease. The effectiveness of remestemcel was based primarily on the rate and duration of response to treatment 28 days after initiating remestemcel. Study participants who had a partial or mixed response to treatment—meaning that there was improved condition in one organ with either no change (partial) or worsening condition (mixed) in another organ—received additional infusions once weekly for an additional four weeks. Sixteen study participants (30%) had a complete response to treatment 28 days after receiving remestemcel, while 22 study participants (41%) had a partial response.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for remestemcel fast track, orphan drug, and priority review designations. The FDA granted approval of Ryoncil to Mesoblast, Inc.
Society and culture
Legal status
Remestemcel was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024.
Names
Remestemcel is the international nonproprietary name.
Remestemcel-L is the United States Adopted Name.
References
Further reading
External links
</ref>
Biotechnology
Medical treatments
Stem cells | Remestemcel | [
"Biology"
] | 572 | [
"Cell therapies"
] |
78,649,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensartinib | Ensartinib, sold under the brand name Ensacove, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Ensartinib is an Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor used as the salt ensartinib hydrochloride. It is taken by mouth.
The most common adverse reactions include rash, musculoskeletal pain, constipation, cough, pruritis, nausea, edema, pyrexia, and fatigue.
Ensartinib was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024.
Medical uses
Ensartinib is indicated for the treatment of adults with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who have not previously received an ALK-inhibitor.
History
Efficacy was evaluated in eXALT3 (NCT02767804), an open-label, randomized, active-controlled, multicenter trial in 290 participants with locally advanced or metastatic ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer who had not previously received an ALK-targeted therapy. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive ensartinib or crizotinib.
Society and culture
Legal status
Ensartinib was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024.
Names
Ensartinib is the international nonproprietary name.
Ensartinib is sold under the brand name Ensacove.
References
External links
Kinase inhibitors
Benzamides
Chlorobenzenes
Ethers
Fluorobenzenes
Piperazines
Pyridazines
Antineoplastic drugs | Ensartinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 353 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
78,649,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanic%20acid | Grayanic acid is an organic compound found in certain lichens, particularly Cladonia grayi, where it serves as a secondary metabolite with notable taxonomic importance. Identified in the 1930s, it is now recognised as a chemotaxonomic marker that helps distinguish closely related species within the Cladonia chlorophaea species group. Grayanic acid crystallises as colourless, needle-like structures, melts at approximately , and displays distinctive fluorescence under ultraviolet light, aiding in its detection and study.
Chemically, grayanic acid is a depsidone, featuring two aromatic rings linked by ester and ether bonds. Its biosynthesis occurs in the fungal partner of the lichen and does not require the presence of the algal symbiont. Genetic research has identified a key biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for its formation, highlighting biochemical pathways and enzymes that convert precursor compounds into grayanic acid and related metabolites such as sphaerophorin.
Beyond its chemical characteristics, grayanic acid has proven invaluable in refining lichen taxonomy, as variations in its presence and concentration underpin subtle species distinctions. By comparing grayanic acid profiles across different populations and geographic regions, researchers have gained insights into evolutionary relationships, species distribution patterns, and the ecological roles that these fungal–algal partnerships play in diverse environments.
History
Grayanic acid was first isolated in the 1930s by Yasuhiko Asahina and Zyozi Simosato from the lichen species Cladonia grayi. In their initial study, they determined it to be a crystalline acid with a melting point of 185 °C and proposed a molecular formula of C21H24O7. However, further investigation was limited at the time due to a shortage of material.
By 1943, Alexander W. Evans highlighted the utility of Asahina's microchemical methods, including microcrystallisation, in identifying grayanic acid. Evans described its needle-like crystals, which often formed radiating clusters under specific conditions, and noted a melting point near , consistent with Asahina's findings.
In 1963, Shoji Shibata and Hsiich-Ching Chiang revised the molecular formula to C23H26O7 and refined the melting point to 186–189 °C, aligning it with subsequent modern analyses. Their work also supported Asahina's classification of the Cladonia chlorophaea complex into distinct species based on chemical markers, such as grayanic acid, cryptochlorophaeic acid, and merochlorophaeic acid. However, Elke Mackenzie suggested that such differences were better explained as chemical strains (chemotypes) within a single species. Later synthetic studies in 1976 determined a slightly lower range of 181.5–182.5 °C for synthetic grayanic acid, highlighting minor variations attributable to synthetic purity.
Structure
The molecular structure of grayanic acid consists of a depside skeleton with two benzene rings connected by both ester (-CO-O-) and ether (-O-) linkages, forming a depsidone. The molecule contains one methoxy group (H3CO-), one free hydroxyl group (-OH), and a chelated carboxyl group (-COOH). Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed the presence of alkyl side chains, specifically determined to be either (1) CH3 and C7H15 or (2) C2H5 and C6H13. The complete systematic name for the compound is 6-heptyl-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-methyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-7-carboxylic acid.
While the initial structural assignment was based primarily on spectroscopic evidence, some uncertainty remained regarding the precise positions of the alkyl groups. This ambiguity was definitively resolved through total synthesis in 1976, which confirmed the original structural proposal. The compound's structure is notably similar to sphaerophorin, another lichen metabolite found in the genus Sphaerophorus.
Properties
Physical properties
Grayanic acid forms radiating clusters of colourless needles upon crystallisation, and has a melting point of 186–189°C. It dissolves readily in ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, ethanol, and chloroform, is sparingly solubility in benzene, and is insoluble in hexane and petroleum ether. These solubility characteristics facilitate its extraction and crystallisation from lichen material. Synthetic material provided a more precise melting point, measured at 181.5–182.5°C.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies signals at δ 0.89 (deformed triplet, methyl), 1.26 (broad signal, five methylene groups), 2.50 (singlet, methyl), 3.24 (broad signal, ArCH₂), 3.83 (singlet, methoxy), and 6.62–6.72 (aromatic protons). Mass spectrometry detects a molecular ion peak at m/z 414 (M+, C23H26O7), with characteristic fragmentation patterns including peaks at m/z 396 (M+-H₂O), 370 (M+-CO₂), and 165 (A-ring fragment). High-resolution mass spectrometry verifies the molecular formula, providing an exact 414.1679. The compound has identical Rf values across multiple solvent systems when compared with authentic natural samples.
The compound fluoresces blue under ultraviolet light, a distinctive property. This fluorescence aids in studying its accumulation in laboratory cultures of the fungal partner. When the fungus is grown in culture, grayanic acid forms visible extracellular deposits on aerial fungal filaments (hyphae). These deposits appear as patches or bands along the hyphae, accumulating more densely in older regions farther from the growing tips. The deposits dissolve readily in acetone or methanol, leaving only the fungal cell walls' natural fluorescence.
Chemical properties
The chemical behaviour of grayanic acid includes several distinctive reactions and spectroscopic characteristics. In ethanolic solution, it forms a violet colour with 1% ferric chloride, and a pale yellow colour with diazonium reagent. Its ultraviolet absorption spectrum shows two peaks (λmax): one at 258 nm (log ε 4.10), and another at 300–310 nm (log ε of 3.5). Infrared spectroscopy identifies structural features such as a chelated carboxyl group at 1650 cm⁻¹, a lactonic linkage at 1750 cm⁻¹, and benzenoid rings with bands at 1570 and 1610 cm⁻¹. The compound remains stable under methanolysis, showing no changes after boiling in methanol for 18 hours.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of grayanic acid in chloroform show proton signals at τ = 9.10 (terminal methyl groups of long alkyl chains), τ = 8.63 (intermediate methylenes), and τ = 6.75 (end methylenes attached to the benzene ring). These signals, compared with those of similar compounds, helped identify the positions of functional groups in the molecule. In acetone, benzene ring protons exhibit chemical shifts at 6.13, 6.66, and 6.80 ppm, matching the pattern of related compounds like sphaerophorin.
Thin-layer chromatography shows grayanic acid as a UV+ pale blue spot before heating, which becomes pale pinkish-brown with a UV+ purple hue after acid spray and heating. This chromatographic behaviour aids in identifying grayanic acid in complex lichen extracts, especially in chemotaxonomic studies distinguishing species like Neophyllis melacarpa and N. pachyphylla by their metabolite profiles.
Grayanic acid displays characteristic behaviour in solvents and chemical tests. During bicarbonate solution tests, it forms an oily layer between ether and aqueous phases, in addition to its standard solubility properties. It fluoresces green when treated with potassium hydroxide and chloral hydrate but gives a negative result in the homofluorescein reaction. These chemical properties helped classify grayanic acid as an orcinol-type depsidone rather than a simple depside.
Reactivity
Grayanic acid undergoes chemical transformations that aid in understanding its structure and reactivity. It readily forms a mono-acetate derivative (melting point 155–157°C) and can be converted to a methyl ether methyl ester (melting point 88–90°C). Acetylgrayanic acid is prepared by treating grayanic acid with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid. The resulting crystals melt at 57–59°C after recrystallisation from benzene and n-hexane.
Under ice-cooling, potassium hydroxide converts grayanic acid into grayanoldicarboxylic acid, while barium hydroxide treatment yields grayanolic acid. These reactions illustrate the compound's reactivity with bases and its capacity to form structurally distinct derivatives.
Grayanic acid also shows characteristic solubility behaviour in chemical tests. For example, when shaken with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, it forms an oily layer between the ethereal and aqueous phases, a property that facilitates its separation during analysis.
Occurrence
Grayanic acid was first discovered and isolated from Cladonia grayi. Initial extractions yielded about 0.7% grayanic acid from raw lichen material, producing 350 milligrams of pure crystals from 50 grams of lichen. Ethanol and chloroform facilitated this yield, aiding the purification process.
Although initially identified only in C. grayi, later research detected grayanic acid in other Cladonia species. One example is Cladonia anitae, an endemic species discovered in 1982 along the Atlantic Coast of southeastern North Carolina. In this species, grayanic acid is a major metabolite, found with usnic acid and rhodocladonic acid. Grayanic acid is also a major secondary metabolite in Jarmania tristis, a byssoid lichen endemic to Tasmania's cool temperate rainforests. In J. tristis, it co-occurs with usnic acid and 4-O-demethylgrayanic acid, shaping the species' distinctive chemistry.
Grayanic acid production varies geographically among C. grayi populations. Caribbean specimens exhibit chemical variants, with some populations producing grayanic acid alongside related compounds like stenosporonic and divaronic acids. This variation appears geographically influenced, with West Indian specimens showing different proportions of these compounds compared to North American ones. For example, Jamaican specimens typically contain grayanic acid and stenosporonic acid as major constituents, while other populations often produce grayanic acid alone.
Laboratory cultivation has revealed the conditions required for grayanic acid production by the fungal partner (mycobiont) of C. grayi. Isolated from its algal partner, the fungus produces substantial grayanic acid, particularly on solid media under dry conditions. Production starts days after transferring the fungus from liquid to solid growth medium and increases as aerial fungal filaments develop. Under optimal conditions, the cultured fungus can achieve production rates comparable to those of some non-lichen fungi producing similar compounds. The fungus's ability to synthesise grayanic acid in pure culture shows that the compound, while characteristic of the intact lichen, does not require the algal partner.
Taxonomic significance
Grayanic acid is integral to lichen taxonomy, particularly for distinguishing species in the Cladonia chlorophaea complex. Initially used with taste tests to separate species, detailed studies in the 1970s revealed more nuanced relationships between chemical composition and morphology.
Studies of North Carolina populations showed a correlation between grayanic acid and specific morphological traits. C. grayi, which contains grayanic acid, consistently exhibits smaller granules (soredia) in its podetial cups than C. cryptochlorophaea. These differences, unaffected by fumarprotocetraric acid content, indicate grayanic acid's taxonomic relevance. Similarly, in the Australasian genus Neophyllis, grayanic acid is a key chemotaxonomic marker distinguishing N. melacarpa from N. pachyphylla. N. melacarpa consistently produces grayanic acid with melacarpic acid and sometimes fumarprotocetraric acid, whereas N. pachyphylla contains only melacarpic acid. These chemical distinctions help resolve taxonomic ambiguities between the two species.
Taxonomic interpretations of chemical variation in these lichens have changed over time. Early classifications focused on the presence or absence of fumarprotocetraric acid (a bitter compound), but later studies suggested this variation reflects different genotypes of the same species rather than separate species. This pattern mirrors chemical variation seen in other lichens, such as the Cetraria islandica complex.
North American distribution studies reveal that specimens with both grayanic acid and fumarprotocetraric acid are more common in mountainous regions, while coastal populations primarily contain grayanic acid alone. Despite these chemical differences, the variants seem to belong to the same species, sharing consistent morphology aside from fumarprotocetraric acid presence.
Synthesis
The first total synthesis of grayanic acid was accomplished by Peter Djura and Melvyn Sargent in 1976 at the University of Western Australia. The key step in their synthetic route was an Ullmann reaction to construct the diaryl ether linkage. Their successful synthesis not only provided access to the compound but also definitively confirmed its structural assignment.
The synthetic pathway proceeded through several key intermediates. Initially, the researchers constructed the two aromatic rings separately. The first ring component was prepared from methyl acetoacetate and (E)-methyl dec-2-enoate through a series of transformations. The second ring was synthesised starting from a benzyl-protected hydroxybenzoate.
The crucial Ullmann coupling reaction joined these two components with a 73% yield, forming the diaryl ether intermediate. Following this step, hydrogenolysis produced a hydroxy acid which was then converted to methyl O-methylgrayanate through lactonisation with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The final stages of the synthesis involved careful manipulation of protecting groups to yield grayanic acid, which was identical in all respects to the natural product isolated from lichens.
Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of grayanic acid involves fungal polyketide synthases and subsequent modifications, following a pathway similar to other lichen depsidones. Grayanic acid shares biosynthetic origins with sphaerophorin, a known lichen depside. Structural similarities and chemical transformation studies led Shibata and Chiang to propose sphaerophorin as a biosynthetic precursor to grayanic acid. The relationship is supported by shared structural features, such as similar methoxy and hydroxyl group arrangements on their benzenoid rings.
These foundational insights have been refined through genetic and biochemical studies. A 1985 study showed that grayanic acid biosynthesis depends entirely on the fungal genetics of C. grayi. Resynthesised lichens, formed by pairing fungal spores from grayanic acid-producing chemotypes with algal symbionts from unrelated lichens, consistently produced grayanic acid. This finding confirmed that the algal partner does not influence the chemotype, establishing the fungal component as the sole regulator of secondary metabolite production.
A 1992 study demonstrated that the fungal partner (mycobiont) of Cladonia grayi produces grayanic acid independently of its algal partner. Biosynthesis was linked to the development of aerial hyphae—thread-like fungal filaments that develop blue-fluorescent patches of grayanic acid under ultraviolet light. Production increased significantly under conditions of water stress and air exposure.
Genetic studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of grayanic acid biosynthesis. A biosynthetic gene cluster in C. grayi, including CgrPKS16 (a polyketide synthase that assembles the depside precursor 4-O-demethylsphaerophorin), drives the process. The pathway includes CYP682BG1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase for oxidative coupling, and an O-methyltransferase that adds a methyl group to complete the synthesis.
Grayanic acid belongs to a broader family of orcinol-type depsidones produced by lichens in the Cladonia chlorophaea group. These compounds form via biosequential patterns, with simpler depsides converting into more complex depsidones. This dynamic biosynthetic network produces related compounds, such as stenosporonic and divaronic acids, which exhibit variations in their carbon side-chain lengths across populations. This variation highlights the ecological and taxonomic relevance of grayanic acid in lichen communities.
The biosynthetic process shows distinct patterns during laboratory cultivation. Under suitable growing conditions, fungi first produce simpler depsides like 4-O-demethylsphaerophorin, followed by more complex depsidones like grayanic acid. This sequential process reflects the gene-driven enzymatic pathway and demonstrates the metabolic flexibility of lichen fungi.
Related compounds
Grayanic acid shares key structural features with sphaerophorin, a depside found in Sphaerophorus lichens. Cryptochlorophaeic acid and merochlorophaeic acid, structurally related to grayanic acid, were first identified in the Cladonia chlorophaea complex. These compounds, described in detail by Shibata and Chiang, share structural similarities with grayanic acid, including benzenoid and ester group arrangements.
In 1985, two additional related depsidones were reported: stenosporonic acid (C23H26O7) and divaronic acid (C21H22O7). These compounds are lower homologs in the same chemical series as grayanic acid, sharing its basic structure but differing in carbon side-chain lengths. Both compounds were first identified in Caribbean populations of C. grayi, where they occur alongside grayanic acid in varying proportions. Mass spectrometry confirmed their structures, with stenosporonic acid displaying a characteristic molecular ion at m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) 414 and divaronic acid at m/z 386.
Discovered in 1982, 4-O-demethylgrayanic acid (C22H24O7) naturally co-occurs with grayanic acid in several lichen species. This compound is present in all studied grayanic acid-producing lichens, including Cladonia and Gymnoderma melacarpum. Congrayanic acid, another related compound, may result from the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of grayanic acid, though it usually appears in trace amounts and is challenging to detect in unmanipulated extracts.
In 1980, congrayanic acid (C23H28O8) was first synthesised by treating grayanic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide, cleaving the ester linkage. It crystallises as colorless prisms with a melting point of 183–183.5°C. This process confirmed structural aspects of grayanic acid, as congrayanic acid retained key spectroscopic features of the parent compound.
Researchers have prepared several derivatives of grayanic acid, including:
Methyl O-methylgrayanate, which forms needles with a melting point of 86.5–87.5°C
Benzyl grayanate, crystallising as prisms with a melting point of 101.5–102°C
Grayanoldicarboxylic acid, produced by treatment with potassium hydroxide
Grayanic acid belongs to the broader depsidone class, presumably formed through the oxidative cyclisation of p-depsides. This relationship is supported by the occasional, though rare, co-occurrence of depside-depsidone pairs in lichens.
References
Lichen products
Benzoic acids
Phenols
O-methylated natural phenols
Heptyl compounds
Benzodioxepines
Methoxy compounds
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings | Grayanic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,305 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
78,649,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204496 | NGC4496 is a pair of galaxies in the constellation of Virgo. Individually, the larger, northern galaxy is designated NGC 4496A, and the smaller, southern galaxy as NGC 4496B. They were discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 23 February 1784. Herschel described his observation as a double-nucleus galaxy or as two nebulae. Herschel observed them again on 11 March 1784, not realizing he had already seen them. This resulted in two New General Catalogue entries for this galaxy group: NGC 4496 and NGC 4505.
The velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background for NGC 4496A is , which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . However, 47 non-redshift measurements give a much closer distance of .
The velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background for NGC 4496B is , which corresponds to a Hubble distance of .
NGC 4496A along with NGC 4496B are listed together as Holm415 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937. They are also listed as VV 76 in the Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov Interacting Galaxies catalogue. This grouping is purely optical, as NGC 4496B is much more distant than NGC 4496A.
Morphology
Eskridge, Frogel, and Pogge published a paper in 2002 describing the morphology of 205 closely spaced spiral or lenticular galaxies. The observations were made in the H-band of the infrared and in the B-band (blue). Eskridge and colleagues described NGC 4136 as follows:
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 4496:
SN1960F (typeIa, mag. 11.6) was discovered by Milton Hummason on 17 April 1960.
SN1988M (typeII) was discovered by Alex Filippenko and Wallace L. W. Sargent on 7 April 1988.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
References
External links
4496
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
07668
+01-32-090
Virgo (constellation)
17840413
Discoveries by William Herschel
Virgo Cluster
12291+0412 | NGC 4496 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 474 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,653,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205857 | NGC5857 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Boötes. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background for is , which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . In addition, 20 non-redshift measurements give a distance of . It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 27 April 1788.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC5857 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.
NGC 5859 Group
According to A. M. Garcia, NGC 5857 is a member of the NGC 5859 galaxy group (also known as LGG 394). This group has six members, including NGC 5859, UGC 9620, UGC 9622, UGC 9672, and UGC 9777.
Abraham Mahtessian mentions that NGC 5857 and NGC 5859 form a pair of galaxies and they are in gravitational interaction.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 5857:
SN1950H (type unknown, mag. 17.6) was discovered by Fritz Zwicky on 17 March 1950.
SN1955M (type unknown, mag. 14.5) was discovered by Fritz Zwicky on 14 May 1955.
See also
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
5857
053995
09724
+03-39-004
Boötes
17880427
Discoveries by William Herschel
Barred spiral galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Interacting galaxies | NGC 5857 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 347 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
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