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The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. | The first law of thermodynamics |
Our formal study of physics begins with kinematics which is defined as the study of motion without considering its causes. | kinematics |
Whereas children in the concrete operational stage are able to think logically only about concrete events, children in the formal operational stage can also deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. | the concrete operational stage the formal operational stage |
Interaural level difference refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head. | Interaural level difference |
Each retinex forms an image that is compared with the others, and the eye - brain system thus can compare a candle - illuminated white table cloth with its generally reddish surroundings and determine that it is actually white. | retinex |
Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood, which is discussed later. | Adolescence |
The response to the original, unconditioned stimulus is called the unconditioned response. | the unconditioned response |
The smooth muscles of the esophagus undergo a series of wave like movements called peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach, as illustrated in. | peristalsis |
In macroeconomics, the connection from inputs to outputs for the entire economy is called an aggregate production function. | an aggregate production function |
He advanced the idea of a concurrent majority, a majority of a separate region( that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority. | a concurrent majority |
Stanley Milgram was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. | Stanley Milgram |
A lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. | basal taxon |
A third very interesting group of bacteria synthesize sugars, not by using sunlight ’s energy, but by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds ; hence, they are referred to as chemoautotrophs. | chemoautotrophs |
These chemical reactions are called endergonic reactions, and they are non - spontaneous. | endergonic reactions |
Writing another person ’s words as if they are one ’s own has a name — plagiarism. | plagiarism |
An agent of political socialization is a source of political information intended to help citizens understand how to act in their political system and how to make decisions on political matters. | An agent of political socialization |
Thus, a standard recommendation from financial investors is diversification, which means buying stocks or bonds from a wide range of companies. | diversification |
Deindustrialization, a related issue, occurs as a consequence of capital flight, as no new companies open to replace jobs lost to foreign nations. | Deindustrialization |
Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time. | Memory |
These crown - sanctioned tribunals, which settled disputes that occurred at sea, operated without juries. | These crown - sanctioned tribunals |
In effect, command - and - control regulation requires that firms increase their costs by installing anti - pollution equipment ; firms are thus required to take the social costs of pollution into account. | command - and - control regulation |
After the 1819 Adams - Onís Treaty defined the U.S. - Mexico boundary, the Spanish Mexican government began actively encouraging Americans to settle their northern province. | the 1819 Adams - Onís Treaty |
The middle ear holds three small bones called the ossicles, which transfer energy from the moving tympanum to the inner ear. | the ossicles |
When new firms enter the industry in response to increased industry profits it is called entry. | entry |
There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs( correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. | opioids |
In addition to these expressed powers, the national government was given implied powers that, while not clearly stated, are inferred. | implied powers |
The region that a particular transcription factor binds to is called the transcription factor binding site. | the transcription factor binding site |
Stamens are composed of a thin stalk called a filament and a sac - like structure called the anther. | Stamens |
Often called “ food stamps, ” Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program( SNAP) is a federally funded program, started in 1964, in which each month poor people receive a card like a debit card that they can use to buy food. | food stamps Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) |
The situation in which Choice A is preferred by a majority over Choice B, Choice B is preferred by a majority over Choice C, and Choice C is preferred by a majority over Choice A is called a voting cycle. | a voting cycle |
This is called pseudostratified, columnar epithelia. | pseudostratified , columnar epithelia |
Kübler - Ross ’s work is generally considered a major contribution to thanatology : the systematic study of death and dying. | thanatology |
Introduced earlier in GUTS : The Unification of Forces Superstring theory is an attempt to unify gravity with the other three forces and, thus, must contain quantum gravity. | Superstring theory |
The other is legal monopoly, where laws prohibit( or severely limit) competition. | legal monopoly |
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. | Cognitive psychology |
The exine contains sporopollenin, a complex waterproofing substance supplied by the tapetal cells. | sporopollenin |
The Enola Gay, a B-29 bomber named after its pilot ’s mother, dropped an atomic bomb known as “ Little Boy ” on Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. Monday morning, August 6, 1945. | The Enola Gay “ Little Boy ” |
However, the country ’s many bureaucrats or civil servants, the individuals who work in the bureaucracy, fill necessary and even instrumental roles in every area of government : from high - level positions in foreign affairs and intelligence collection agencies to clerks and staff in the smallest regulatory agencies. | bureaucrats civil servants |
A bill of attainder is a law that convicts or punishes someone for a crime without a trial, a tactic used fairly frequently in England against the king ’s enemies. | A bill of attainder |
The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV asserts that states are prohibited from discriminating against out - of - staters by denying them such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, property rights, and travel rights. | The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV |
When one firm purchases another, it is called an acquisition. | an acquisition |
The movement of the economy from peak to trough and trough to peak is called the business cycle. | the business cycle |
Newton ’s first law says that a net external force causes a change in motion ; thus, we see that a net external force causes acceleration. | Newton ’s first law |
Moreover, the theory of comparative advantage suggests that each economy should specialize to a degree in certain products, and then exchange those products. | the theory of comparative advantage |
In larger organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions. | tissues |
The third and innermost layer is the renal capsule. | the renal capsule |
Sutural bones are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones. | Sutural bones |
A mutation is a sudden, permanent change in a gene. | A mutation |
The most prized piece of European weaponry to obtain was a musket, or light, long - barreled European gun. | a musket |
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring, while extrinsically motivated behaviors are performed in order to receive something from others. | Intrinsically motivated behaviors extrinsically motivated behaviors |
Renin acts on angiotensinogen, which is made in the liver and converts it to angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme( ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. | Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE |
A substance or object that emits nuclear radiation is said to be radioactive. | radioactive |
While republicanism offered an alternative to monarchy, it was also an alternative to democracy, a system of government characterized by majority rule, where the majority of citizens have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole. | democracy |
A neutrophil is also a phagocytic leukocyte that engulfs and digests pathogens. | A neutrophil |
Thus, meiosis I is the first round of meiotic division and consists of prophase I, prometaphase I, and so on. | meiosis I |
A plasma cell is an immune cell that secrets antibodies ; these cells arise from B cells that were stimulated by antigens. | A plasma cell |
We have already identified protons as the particles that carry positive charge in the nuclei. | protons |
Communication between cells is called intercellular signaling, and communication within a cell is called intracellular signaling. | intercellular signaling intracellular signaling |
The first cytokines to be produced are pro - inflammatory ; that is, they encourage inflammation, the localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain that result from the movement of leukocytes and fluid through increasingly permeable capillaries to a site of infection. | pro - inflammatory inflammation |
One goal of behavioral biology is to dissect out the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning. | the innate behaviors the learned behaviors |
The final entry under assets is reserves, which is money that the bank keeps on hand, and that is not loaned out or invested in bonds — and thus does not lead to interest payments. | reserves |
An elastic demand or elastic supply is one in which the elasticity is greater than one, indicating a high responsiveness to changes in price. | An elastic demand elastic supply |
Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology( i.e., their causes), and treatment. | Psychopathology |
Three of the most important components that affect the issues above are fertility, mortality, and migration. The fertility rate of a society is a measure noting the number of children born. | The fertility rate |
The reverse, when a woman is married to more than one man at the same time, is called polyandry. | polyandry |
The dermal tissue of the stem consists primarily of epidermis, a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue. | epidermis |
Economists call this inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded the law of demand. | the law of demand |
However, because he did not win the majority( more than half) of the available electoral votes, the election was decided by the House of Representatives, as required by the Twelfth Amendment. | the majority |
To obtain a view of an individual ’s karyotype, cytologists photograph the chromosomes and then cut and paste each chromosome into a chart, or karyogram, also known as an ideogram. | karyogram an ideogram |
Douglas McGregor( 1960) combined scientific management( a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity) and human relations into the notion of leadership behavior. | scientific management |
Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the individual ’s inherited physical characteristics, which are a combination of genetic and environmental influences. | Phenotype |
A Bank ’s Balance SheetA balance sheet is an accounting tool that lists assets and liabilities. | SheetA balance sheet |
Also, the transaction may be characterized by asymmetric information, in which one party has more information than the other regarding the economic transaction. | asymmetric information |
This law prohibited American ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France stopped seizing them on the high seas. | This law |
In order to describe the motion of an object, you must first be able to describe its position — where it is at any particular time. | position |
A megachurch is a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services. | A megachurch |
Microglia scavenge and degrade dead cells and protect the brain from invading microorganisms. | Microglia |
When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain, it is called sensorineural hearing loss. | sensorineural hearing loss |
Sociologist William F. Ogburn coined the term culture lag to refer to this time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture( Ogburn 1957). | culture lag |
Festinger ’s theory of cognitive dissonance states that when we experience a conflict in our behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to our positive self - perceptions, we experience psychological discomfort( dissonance). | Festinger ’s theory of cognitive dissonance |
Kirchhoff ’s rules for circuit analysis are applications of conservation laws to circuits. | Kirchhoff ’s rules for circuit analysis |
Gaseous nitrogen is transformed, or “ fixed ” into more readily available forms such as ammonia through the process of nitrogen fixation. | nitrogen fixation |
Lymph is a watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs with protective white blood cells and does not contain erythrocytes. | Lymph |
Holography is the process of producing holograms and, although they are recorded on photographic film, the process is quite different from normal photography. | Holography |
One proposed group of WIMPs would have masses several orders of magnitude greater than nucleons and are sometimes called neutralinos. | neutralinos |
A sample is a subset of individuals selected from a population, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in. | A sample |
The situation was made worse in October 1973, when Syria and Egypt jointly attacked Israel to recover territory that had been lost in 1967, starting the Yom Kippur War. | the Yom Kippur War |
In research, independent variables are the cause of the change. | independent variables |
Assimilation is the biomass( energy content generated per unit area) of the present trophic level after accounting for the energy lost due to incomplete ingestion of food, energy used for respiration, and energy lost as waste. | Assimilation |
Because we often feel a strong sense of belonging and emotional connection to our in - groups, we develop in - group bias : a preference for our own group over other groups. | in - group bias |
Gene variants that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes are called alleles. | alleles |
The acceleration of free - falling objects is therefore called the acceleration due to gravity. | the acceleration due to gravity |
All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type. | variants |
Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics( the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity. | Sex |
These powers are known as reserved powers. | reserved |
There are three types of unilateral descent : patrilineal, which follows the father ’s line only ; matrilineal, which follows the mother ’s side only ; and ambilineal, which follows either the father ’s only or the mother ’s side only, depending on the situation. | patrilineal matrilineal ambilineal |
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really was n’t. | Hindsight bias |
A cranium is a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bones. | A cranium |
In partial reinforcement, also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior. | partial reinforcement intermittent reinforcement |
In late 1941, the program received its code name : the Manhattan Project. | the Manhattan Project |
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