id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
5,200 | Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankince... | [
{
"answer": "halva",
"question": "What is another term for xalwo?"
},
{
"answer": "Eid celebrations",
"question": "Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?"
},
{
"answer": "lubaan",
"question": "What do the Somalis call frankincense?"
},
{
"answer": "incen... |
5,201 | Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclai... | [
{
"answer": "1972",
"question": "When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?"
},
{
"answer": "Nuruddin Farah",
"question": "Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?"
},
{
"answer": "1998",
"question": "In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neus... |
5,202 | Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call Xeer. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted. | [
{
"answer": "Xeer",
"question": "What is the Somali system of customary law?"
}
] |
5,203 | The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign langua... | [
{
"answer": "7th",
"question": "In what century did the Xeer system begin?"
},
{
"answer": "the Horn of Africa",
"question": "In what region did the Xeer system develop?"
},
{
"answer": "devoid of loan words",
"question": "What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer develope... |
5,204 | The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law. | [
{
"answer": "odayal",
"question": "In the Xeer system, what are judges called?"
},
{
"answer": "jurists",
"question": "What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "garxajiyaal",
"question": "What does the Xeer system call attorneys?"
},
{
"answer": "murkhaatiyal... |
5,205 | Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures... | [
{
"answer": "Western designs",
"question": "Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "medieval",
"question": "Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?"
},
{
"answer": "stone",
... |
5,206 | In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s... | [
{
"answer": "taalo",
"question": "What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?"
},
{
"answer": "burial",
"question": "What were taalo used for?"
},
{
"answer": "dressed stone",
"question": "What were ancient Somali houses made out of?"
},
{
"answer": "Egypt",
"question": ... |
5,207 | The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ... | [
{
"answer": "early medieval",
"question": "During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?"
},
{
"answer": "Persia",
"question": "Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?"
},
{
"answer": "mosques",
"question": ... |
5,208 | The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and... | [
{
"answer": "Somali Studies",
"question": "What is the academic study of the Somali people called?"
},
{
"answer": "anthropology",
"question": "Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?"
},
{
"answer": "oral literature",
... |
5,209 | In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieva... | [
{
"answer": "5th",
"question": "In what century did the Middle Ages begin?"
},
{
"answer": "15th",
"question": "What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "the collapse of the Western Roman Empire",
"question": "What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?"
... |
5,212 | The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil... | [
{
"answer": "1350",
"question": "When did the Black Death end?"
},
{
"answer": "Late",
"question": "In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?"
},
{
"answer": "a third",
"question": "What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?"
},
{
"ans... |
5,213 | The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period. | [
{
"answer": "the Modern Period",
"question": "Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many major periods is European history divided into?"
},
{
"answer": "classical civilisation",
"ques... |
5,216 | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | [
{
"answer": "the 2nd century AD",
"question": "In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?"
},
{
"answer": "3rd century",
"question": "In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?"
},
{
"answer": "doubled",
"question": "How much did the s... |
5,219 | By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The E... | [
{
"answer": "Romulus Augustus",
"question": "Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?"
},
{
"answer": "476",
"question": "When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine Empire",
"question": "What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?"
},... |
5,222 | The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett... | [
{
"answer": "Slavic",
"question": "People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?"
},
{
"answer": "north-east",
"question": "In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?"
},
{
"answer": "Romance languages",
"question": "What is the collective name for... |
5,224 | In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba... | [
{
"answer": "Slavic tribes",
"question": "Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?"
},
{
"answer": "the Avars",
"question": "What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?"
},
{
"answer": "the Danube",
"question": "Near what river... |
5,225 | In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ... | [
{
"answer": "Cicero",
"question": "What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?"
},
{
"answer": "420",
"question": "In what year did Jerome die?"
},
{
"answer": "6th",
"question": "In what century did Gregory of Tours live?"
},
{
"answer": "music",
"question": "Al... |
5,226 | Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi... | [
{
"answer": "great feasts",
"question": "What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "jewels",
"question": "Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?"
},
{
"answer": "courage",
"question": "Along with loyalty and honor, w... |
5,227 | Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the... | [
{
"answer": "700",
"question": "How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?"
},
{
"answer": "military service",
"question": "What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?"
},
{
"answer": "9th",
"question": "In what century did written records of pea... |
5,228 | Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc... | [
{
"answer": "30,000",
"question": "About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian churches",
"question": "What new use was found for Roman temples?"
},
{
"answer": "Jews",
"question": "What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire co... |
5,229 | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | [
{
"answer": "Arab",
"question": "What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?"
},
{
"answer": "Zoroastrianism",
"question": "What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?"
},
{
"answer": "632",
"question": "In what yer did Muhammad die?"
},
{
... |
5,230 | The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d... | [
{
"answer": "732",
"question": "In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Abbasid",
"question": "What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?"
},
{
"answer": "Baghdad",
"question": "What was the capital of the Abbasid state?"
},
{
"answer": "Tulunids"... |
5,231 | The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of... | [
{
"answer": "Rome",
"question": "Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim conquests",
"question": "What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?"
},
{
"answer": "luxury go... |
5,232 | The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From... | [
{
"answer": "7th",
"question": "During what century did gold coinage cease?"
},
{
"answer": "silver",
"question": "Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?"
},
{
"answer": "penny",
"question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?"
},
{
"answer": "denier",
"... |
5,233 | Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek... | [
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language was used by the eastern church?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language did the western church use?"
},
{
"answer": "1054",
"question": "When did the eastern and western churches split?"
},
{
"answer": "papal suprema... |
5,234 | The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair... | [
{
"answer": "590",
"question": "When did Gregory the Great become pope?"
},
{
"answer": "850",
"question": "About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?"
},
{
"answer": "Britain",
"question": "In what region of Western Europe did the pope have infl... |
5,238 | The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B... | [
{
"answer": "Christmas Day 800",
"question": "On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?"
},
{
"answer": "peasants",
"question": "Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "300",
"question": "About how many counts existed in the Carol... |
5,241 | A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald re... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?"
},
{
"answer": "the Rhine and Rhone",
"question": "Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "In what modern country were L... |
5,242 | The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from th... | [
{
"answer": "the Vikings",
"question": "What group settled in Iceland during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles the Simple",
"question": "Who was king of the Franks in 899?"
},
{
"answer": "Normandy",
"question": "In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?"
},
... |
5,244 | Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the set... | [
{
"answer": "Denmark",
"question": "Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "907",
"question": "Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?"
},
{
"answer": "Asturias",
"q... |
5,246 | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | [
{
"answer": "4th century",
"question": "When were the Constantinian basilicas built?"
},
{
"answer": "the west end",
"question": "In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?"
},
{
"answer": "the basilica",
"question": "What type of architecture did the Ca... |
5,247 | During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman militar... | [
{
"answer": "infantry",
"question": "What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?"
},
{
"answer": "cavalry",
"question": "What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?"
},
{
"answer": "composite bow",
"question": "What Scythian weapon was used during this er... |
5,249 | The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during ... | [
{
"answer": "heavy cavalry",
"question": "The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?"
},
{
"answer": "Anglo-Saxon England",
"question": "What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?"
},
{
"answer": "the crossbow",
"question": "What Roman weapon be... |
5,250 | The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all ... | [
{
"answer": "80 million",
"question": "What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?"
},
{
"answer": "35",
"question": "About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?"
},
{
"answer": "90",
"question": "During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the ... |
5,252 | The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular clergy were drawn fr... | [
{
"answer": "the secular clergy",
"question": "What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?"
},
{
"answer": "regular clergy",
"question": "What type of clergy were monks?"
},
{
"answer": "less than one per cent",
"question": "What percentage of the European popula... |
5,253 | Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they we... | [
{
"answer": "cities",
"question": "In what type of settlement did most Jews live?"
},
{
"answer": "the 11th and 12th",
"question": "In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?"
},
{
"answer": "Christianity",
"question": "What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into... |
5,254 | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | [
{
"answer": "taking care of the household",
"question": "Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?"
},
{
"answer": "brewing",
"question": "Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?"
},
{
"answer": "h... |
5,256 | The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. The Magyars ... | [
{
"answer": "Hungary",
"question": "Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "Árpád",
"question": "Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?"
},
{
"answer": "1198",
"question": "When did the papacy of Innocent II... |
5,259 | In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portuga... | [
{
"answer": "the Reconquista",
"question": "What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?"
},
{
"answer": "Navarre",
"question": "Along with León, Portuga... |
5,260 | In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Turks were then free t... | [
{
"answer": "1060s",
"question": "During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?"
},
{
"answer": "1071",
"question": "In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV",
"question": "Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manziker... |
5,261 | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | [
{
"answer": "Urban II",
"question": "What pope launched the First crusade?"
},
{
"answer": "the Council of Clermont",
"question": "At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?"
},
{
"answer": "1095",
"question": "In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?"
},
{
"answ... |
5,262 | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | [
{
"answer": "to regain Jerusalem",
"question": "What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?"
},
{
"answer": "Saladin",
"question": "Who took Jerusalem in 1187?"
},
{
"answer": "1203",
"question": "In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin Empire of Cons... |
5,263 | Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders ... | [
{
"answer": "southern France",
"question": "Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?"
},
{
"answer": "Marienburg",
"question": "Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?"
},
{
"answer": "the Order of the Sword Brothers",
"question": "What military... |
5,264 | During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scho... | [
{
"answer": "realists",
"question": "What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?"
},
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "1164",
"question": "When did Peter Lombard d... |
5,265 | Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "... | [
{
"answer": "songs of great deeds",
"question": "What does chansons de geste mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "The Song of Hildebrand",
"question": "Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?"
},
{
"answer": "Geoffrey of Monmouth",
"question": "Who wrote Histo... |
5,266 | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | [
{
"answer": "ecclesiastical law",
"question": "What is another name for canon law?"
},
{
"answer": "Secular law",
"question": "What is another name for Roman law?"
},
{
"answer": "Bologna",
"question": "Where could one study Roman law in 1100?"
},
{
"answer": "11th",
"que... |
5,267 | Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek int... | [
{
"answer": "algebra",
"question": "What invention led to advances in mathematics?"
},
{
"answer": "Almagest",
"question": "What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "In what language was Almagest originally written?"
},
{
"answe... |
5,268 | In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by ... | [
{
"answer": "mechanical clocks",
"question": "Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "Concave spectacles",
"question": "What was invented in approximately 1286?"
},
{
"answer":... |
5,269 | The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more effi... | [
{
"answer": "one half",
"question": "What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?"
},
{
"answer": "two-thirds",
"question": "What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?"
},
{
"answer": "the horse collar",
"question": "What invent... |
5,270 | The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and ten... | [
{
"answer": "houses",
"question": "Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "mortise and tenon",
"question": "What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?"
},
{
"answer": "ri... |
5,271 | In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege wa... | [
{
"answer": "13th",
"question": "In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?"
},
{
"answer": "the English",
"question": "Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?"
},
{
"answer": "the Scots",
"question": "Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?"
},
{
"answer"... |
5,272 | In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as t... | [
{
"answer": "10th",
"question": "In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?"
},
{
"answer": "arched stone vaults",
"question": "What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?"
},
{
"answer": "C. R. Dodwell",
"question": "Who noted the prevale... |
5,273 | Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Glo... | [
{
"answer": "Nicholas of Verdun",
"question": "Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?"
},
{
"answer": "1205",
"question": "What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?"
},
{
"answer": "west",
"question": "On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?"
},
{
... |
5,274 | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | [
{
"answer": "12th",
"question": "In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?"
},
{
"answer": "16th",
"question": "In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?"
},
{
"answer": "Chartres",
"question": "Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France l... |
5,275 | During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious... | [
{
"answer": "Janetta Benton",
"question": "Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?"
},
{
"answer": "Metalwork",
"question": "What form of art had the most prestige in this era?"
},
{
"answer": "1337",
"question": "When did Giotto die?"
},
{
"answer": "ivory",... |
5,276 | Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform... | [
{
"answer": "11th",
"question": "In what century was thought given to monastic reform?"
},
{
"answer": "909",
"question": "In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Mâcon",
"question": "In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?"
},
{
"answer": "austerity",
... |
5,277 | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | [
{
"answer": "11th",
"question": "During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?"
},
{
"answer": "1049",
"question": "When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Gregory VII",
"question": "What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?"
},
{
... |
5,278 | The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the g... | [
{
"answer": "Cistercians",
"question": "What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "1153",
"question": "When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?"
},
{
"answer": "Monte Gargano",
"question": "Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?"
... |
5,279 | In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centu... | [
{
"answer": "Franciscans",
"question": "Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?"
},
{
"answer": "poverty",
"question": "What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?"
},
{
"answer": "begging",
"question": "How did the mendicant orders ma... |
5,280 | The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The years 1313–14 and 1317–... | [
{
"answer": "1315–17",
"question": "In what years did the Great Famine occur?"
},
{
"answer": "the Little Ice Age",
"question": "What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?"
},
{
"answer": "the Medieval Warm Period",
"question": "What period preceded the Little... |
5,282 | Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those... | [
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?"
},
{
"answer": "90",
"question": "At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern",
"question": "In what part of E... |
5,283 | Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of bankin... | [
{
"answer": "1290",
"question": "In what year were the Jews expelled from England?"
},
{
"answer": "1306",
"question": "What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?"
},
{
"answer": "Poland",
"question": "Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate ... |
5,284 | Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantr... | [
{
"answer": "Portugal",
"question": "Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?"
},
{
"answer": "Paying for the wars",
"question": "Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?"
},
{
"answer": "Parliament",
"question": "What... |
5,287 | Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea a... | [
{
"answer": "Palaeologi",
"question": "Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?"
},
{
"answer": "Venice",
"question": "Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?"
},
{
"answer": "Ottoman... |
5,288 | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | [
{
"answer": "1305–78",
"question": "During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy",
"question": "What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?"
},
{
"answer": "1418",
"question": "When did the Great Schism end?"
},
{
"answe... |
5,289 | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | [
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?"
},
{
"answer": "1415",
"question": "In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?"
},
{
"answer": "the laity",
"question": "Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?"
},
{
"answer": "Hussitism",... |
5,290 | The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the... | [
{
"answer": "the clergy",
"question": "In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?"
},
{
"answer": "1471",
"question": "When did Thomas à Kempis die?"
},
{
"answer": "1484",
"question": "In what year did the Church condemn witches?"
},
{
"answer": "1486",
... |
5,291 | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | [
{
"answer": "scholasticism",
"question": "What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?"
},
{
"answer": "customary law",
"question": "Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?"
},
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "What country did not see the... |
5,292 | Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial sec... | [
{
"answer": "training of future clergy",
"question": "What was the main purpose of education in this period?"
},
{
"answer": "grammar",
"question": "Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium?"
},
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "About what percentage of European men ... |
5,294 | In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Ba... | [
{
"answer": "Portugal",
"question": "Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?"
},
{
"answer": "Prince Henry the Navigator",
"question": "What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?"
},
{
"answer": "Vasco da Gama",
"question": "What Portuguese... |
5,295 | One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of cros... | [
{
"answer": "infantry",
"question": "Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "longbowmen",
"question": "What troops were uniquely successful in English service?"
},
{
"answer": "the increasing power of crossb... |
5,296 | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | [
{
"answer": "the traditional distaff",
"question": "What was replaced by the spinning wheel?"
},
{
"answer": "buttons",
"question": "What invention replaced laces on clothing?"
},
{
"answer": "the tower mill",
"question": "What new type of windmill was invented in this period?"
},
... |
5,297 | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | [
{
"answer": "1400",
"question": "Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?"
},
{
"answer": "the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry",
"question": "What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?"
},
{
"answer": "Early Renaissance",
"question": "Alo... |
5,299 | The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the med... | [
{
"answer": "Enlightenment",
"question": "Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?"
},
{
"answer": "the Classical world",
"question": "What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?"
},
{
"answer": "as a time of ignorance a... |
5,300 | Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most im... | [
{
"answer": "Science",
"question": "What is Edward Grant a historian of?"
},
{
"answer": "David Lindberg",
"question": "Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?"
},
{
"answer": "18th",
"question": "According to Grant, the medieval use of reason w... |
5,301 | The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence sho... | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?"
},
{
"answer": "dissections",
"question": "Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?"
},
{
"answer": "ancie... |
5,302 | Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis eit... | [
{
"answer": "linguistics",
"question": "What is phonology a branch of?"
},
{
"answer": "phonemes",
"question": "What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? "
},
{
"answer": "Phonology",
"question": "The study of sign language is a part of what?"
}
] |
5,303 | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | [
{
"answer": "the phonological system",
"question": "What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?"
},
{
"answer": "sound system",
"question": "What is another term for phonological system?"
},
{
"answer": "vocabulary",
"question": "Aside from syntax and the phonologi... |
5,304 | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | [
{
"answer": "phonetics",
"question": "What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?"
},
{
"answer": "descriptive",
"question": "What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "linguistics",
"question": "Phonology is generally considere... |
5,305 | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | [
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language does phonology as a word come from?"
},
{
"answer": "lógos",
"question": "What Greek word is -logy derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "Nikolai Trubetzkoy",
"question": "Who in 1939 defined phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "speech",
"qu... |
5,306 | The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that i... | [
{
"answer": "Sanskrit",
"question": "What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Ashtadhyayi",
"question": "What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?"
},
{
"answer": "Pāṇini",
"question": "Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?"
},
{
"answer": "4th c... |
5,307 | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | [
{
"answer": "1876",
"question": "When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "Mikołaj Kruszewski",
"question": "Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish",
"question": "What nationality was de Courtenay?"
},
{
"answer": "scholar",
... |
5,308 | An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Bau... | [
{
"answer": "Principles of Phonology",
"question": "What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?"
},
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "When was Principles of Phonology published?"
},
{
"answer": "morphophonology",
"question": "What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?"
},
{
... |
5,309 | In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle.... | [
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "When was The Sound Pattern of English published?"
},
{
"answer": "Morris Halle",
"question": "Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?"
},
{
"answer": "emphasis on segments",
"question": "Besides the syllable what was downpl... |
5,310 | Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acti... | [
{
"answer": "David Stampe",
"question": "Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "a set of universal phonological processes",
"question": "According to Stampe what is phonology based on?"
},
{
"answer": "suppressed",
"question": "Aside from being a... |
5,311 | In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved... | [
{
"answer": "John Goldsmith",
"question": "Who founded autosegmental phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "1976",
"question": "When did John Goldsmith share his work?"
},
{
"answer": "feature geometry",
"question": "What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?"
}
] |
5,312 | Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages... | [
{
"answer": "the early 1980s",
"question": "When was Government phonology first seen?"
},
{
"answer": "restricted variation",
"question": "What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "Government",
"question": "Jonatha... |
5,313 | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when ... | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?"
},
{
"answer": "LSA summer institute",
"question": "Where was optimality theory created?"
},
{
"answer": "John McCarthy",
"question": "Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphol... |
5,314 | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "strict-CV phonology",
"question": "What followed government phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "the United Kingdom,",
"question": "Where is government phonology popular?"
},
{
"answer": "optimality theory",
"question": "What theory is seen more in the US?"
}
] |
5,315 | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | [
{
"answer": "phonological theory",
"question": "What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?"
},
{
"answer": "synchronic and diachronic accounts",
"question": "What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "recent years.",
"question": "Whe... |
5,316 | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | [
{
"answer": "phonemes",
"question": "What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?"
},
{
"answer": "allophones",
"question": "What is another word for variations?"
},
{
"answer": "unaspirated",
"question": "What is the opposite of aspirated?"
}
] |
5,317 | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently ... | [
{
"answer": "phonological",
"question": "What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?"
},
{
"answer": "sound inventory",
"question": "Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the l... |
5,318 | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | [
{
"answer": "historical",
"question": "What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?"
},
{
"answer": "contrasts",
"question": "With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?"
},
{
"answer": "the same phoneme",
... |
5,319 | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word ... | [
{
"answer": "complicate",
"question": "How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?"
},
{
"answer": "unrecognizable",
"question": "How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?"
},
{
"answer": "speech pe... |
5,320 | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or re... | [
{
"answer": "sounds",
"question": "What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?"
},
{
"answer": "brain",
"question": "What part of a human does language processing?"
},
{
"answer": "allophones",
"question": "The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements betwee... |
5,321 | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | [
{
"answer": "early 1960s",
"question": "When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?"
},
{
"answer": "abstract",
"question": "On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?"
},
{
"answer": "morphophonemes",
"question": "What is a name for the b... |
5,322 | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | [
{
"answer": "meaning",
"question": "What do phonemes differentiate? "
},
{
"answer": "how sounds alternate",
"question": "Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?"
},
{
"answer": "phonology",
"question": "The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?"
}
] |
5,323 | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or blee... | [
{
"answer": "prosody",
"question": "Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?"
},
{
"answer": "feeding",
"question": "Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?"
},
{
"answer": "Phonology",
"question": "Phonotactics, phonologica... |
5,324 | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | [
{
"answer": "general analytical tools",
"question": "Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?"
},
{
"answer": "sign languages",
"question": "What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applie... |
5,325 | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripher... | [
{
"answer": "central processing unit",
"question": "In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Peripheral devices",
"question": "What are the devices called that are from an external source?"
},
{
"answer": "(CPU), and some form of memory",
"question": "What are two... |
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