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in regression analysis, 679, 688 668, 676, 688, 691, 740 574-575
scatter, 615~617, 632-633, Power model for regression, 721
P 663, 667 Power of a test
Paired data pmf. See Probability mass function Neyman-Pearson theorem and,
in before/after experiments, Point estimate/estimator 473-475
511, 526 biased, 337-342 type Il error and, 446-447,
bootstrap procedure for, 538-540 bias of, 335-340 472-476, 505, 593, 749
confidence interval for, 513-515 bootstrap techniques for, Precision, 315, 344, 371, 382,
definition of, 509 345-346, 411-418 387-388, 397, 405, 417, 514,
vs. independent samples, 515 bound on the error of 516, 592, 781
in McNemar’s test, 550 estimation of, 388 Prediction interval
permutation test for, 540-541 censoring and, 343-344 Bonferroni, 659
i test for, 511-513 consistency, 304, 357, 375-377 vs. confidence interval, 406,
in Wilcoxon signed-rank test, for correlation coefficient, 65-666 658-659, 690
162-163 and Cramér-Rao inequality, in linear regression, 654, 658-659
Pairwise average, 772, 773, 775 373-377 in multiple regression, 690
Pairwise independence, 94 definition of, 26, 287, 332 for normal distribution, 404-406
Parallel connection, 55, 88, 89, 90, efficiency of, 375 Prediction level, 405, 659, 689
272, 273 Fisher information on, 371-377 _ Predictor variable, 614, 682,
Parameter(s) least squares, 626-631 693-696
Bayesian approach to, 776-782 maximum likelihood (mle), Principle of least squares, 625-636,
concentration, 779 352-359 674, 679, 683
confidence interval for, 389, 394 of a mean, 26, 287, 332-333, 366 Prior probability, 79, 758
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842 Index
Probability hyperexponential, 229 Randomized controlled
conditional, 74-81, 84-85, 200, hypergeometric, 138-141, experiment, 489
253-255, 362, 365-366 307-308 Randomized response technique, 349
continuous random variables joint, 232-283, 665-667, 732 Random variable
and, 99, 158-225, 235-242, Laplace, 315, 477-478 continuous, 158-231
253-255 of a linear combination, 259, definition of, 97
counting techniques for, 66~72 306-312 discrete, 96-157
definition of, 50 logistic, 279 jointly distributed, 232, 233-283
density function (see Probability lognormal, 205~206, 303 standardizing of, 185
density function) multinomial, 240, 724 types of, 99
of equally likely outcomes, 62-63 negative binomial, 141-144 Range
histogram, 103, 159-160, normal, 179-191, 205, 210-216, definition of, 33
188-190, 289-290 258-260, 297-303, 309, 730 in order statistics, 271-274
inferential statistics and, 6, 9, 284 parameter of a, 103-104 population, 394
Law of Large Numbers and, Pareto, 170, 178, 226 sample, 33, 271-274
303-304, 322-323 Poisson, 146-151, 199 Studentized, 565-566
law of total, 79 Rayleigh, 169, 226, 349, 360 Rank average, 785
mass function (see Probability of a sample mean, 285-294, Ratio statistic, 478
mass function) 296-304 Rayleigh distribution, 226,
of null event, 57 standard normal, 181-184 349, 360
plots, 210-218, 369, 499, 668, of a statistic, 285-304 Regression
676, 688, 691, 740 Studentized range, 565 coefficient, 640-651, 682-685,
posterior/prior, 79-81, 758, symmetric, 19, 28, 121, 168, 705-707, 711-712
777,781 174, 180 effect, 260, 636
properties of, 56-63 1, 320-323, 325, 401-403, 443, function, 614, 676, 682, 685,
relative frequency and, 58-59, 462, 511 693, 696
291-292 uniform, 161-162, 164 line, 618-620, 624-636,
sample space and, 51-55, 56-57, Weibull, 202-205 640-647, 674-677
63, 66, 95 Probability mass function linear, 617-620, 624-636,
and Venn diagrams, 54-55, 62, conditional, 253-254 640-649, 654-659
75-16 definition of, 101-109 logistic, 620-622, 650-651
Probability density function (pdf) joint, 233-236 matrices for, 705~715
conditional, 254-255, 777 marginal, 234 to the mean, 260
definition of, 161 Product rules, 66-68 multiple, 682-689
joint, 232-278, 310, 354, Proportion multiplicative exponential
363-365, 368, 470, 475 population, 30, 395, 450-454, model, 721
marginal, 236-238, 268-269 519-525 multiplicative power model
vs. pmf, 162 sample, 30, 190, 302, 338, 519, for, 721
Probability distribution 748 plots for, 676-678
Bemoulli, 98, 102-104, 113, trimming, 29, 333, 340, 342-343 polynomial, 691-693
122-123, 127, 134, 302, 304, P-value quadratic, 691-693
308, 360, 373, 375, 377, 777 for chi-squared test, 727-728 through the origin, 381-421
beta, 206-208 definition of, 456 Rejection method, 281
binomial, 128-135, 147-149, for F tests, 529-530 Rejection region
189-190, 302, 352-353, for f tests, 462-465 cutoff value for, 428-433
395-396, 428-431 type I error and, 457-459 definition of, 428
bivariate normal, 258-260, for z tests, 459-461 lower-tailed, 431, 437-438
477, 669 in Neyman-Pearson theorem,
Cauchy, 226, 231, 271, 342 Q 470-474
chi-squared, 200, 224, 315-320 Quadratic regression model, 691-693 two-tailed, 438
conditional, 253-263 Qualitative data, 19 type I error and, 429
continuous, 99, 158-231 Quartiles, 28-29 in union-intersection test, 551
discrete, 96-157 upper-tailed, 429, 437-438
exponential, 198-200, 203, 343. R Relative frequency, 13-19, 30,
extreme value, 217-218 Random effects model, 579-580, 58-59
F, 323-325 593-594, 603-606 Repeated measures designs, 591
family, 104, 213, 216-218, 558 Random interval, 384-386 Replications, 58, 291-293, 386
gamma, 194-200, 217-218 Randomized block experiment, Research hypothesis, 427
geometric, 106-107, 114, 143, 225 590-593 Residual plots, 588, 602, 676-678
--- Trang 856 ---
Index 843
Residuals Poisson distribution and, 147 Series connection, 272-273
in ANOVA, 588, 602 for population proportion, Set theory, 53-55
definition of, 556 306-398 Shape parameters, 217-218, 366
leverages and, 714-715 power and, 433, 440-441, 445, Siegel~Tukey test, 786
in linear regression, 629, 674-678 452-454, 489, 505, 523 Significance
in multiple regression, 685, 688 probability plots and, 216 practical, 468-469, 727
standard error, 674 in simple random sample, 287 statistical, 469, 489, 727
standardizing of, 675, 691 1 distribution and, 445, 505 Significance level
variance of, 675, 713 type I error and, 433, 440-441, definition of, 433
Response variable, 8, 614, 620 445, 489, 523 joint distribution and, 479