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... | context-415_14_1.mp3 | context-415_14.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. | The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. | question-415_14_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | What are Russian astronauts called? |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b69 | Russian_language | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013? | {
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5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6a | Russian_language | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | What percent of all websites are in English? | {
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"... | context-415_15_1.mp3 | context-415_15.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). | People use the Russian language on five point nine percent of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (fifty-four point seven percent). | question-415_15_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | What percent of all websites are in English? |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6b | Russian_language | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | What percent of all websites are in Russian? | {
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... | context-415_15_1.mp3 | context-415_15.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). | People use the Russian language on five point nine percent of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (fifty-four point seven percent). | question-415_15_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What percent of all websites are in Russian? |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6c | Russian_language | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian? | {
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"... | context-415_15_2.mp3 | context-415_15.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. | Russian is used not only on eighty-nine point eight percent of .ru sites, but also on eighty-eight point seven percent of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. | question-415_15_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian? |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6d | Russian_language | In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Sov... | What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian? | {
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"... | context-415_15_3.mp3 | context-415_15.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. | The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: seventy-nine point zero percent in Ukraine, eighty-six point nine percent in Belarus, eighty-four point zero percent in Kazakhstan, seventy-nine point six percent in Uzbekistan, seventy-five point nine percent in Kyrgyzstan and eighty-one poin... | question-415_15_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian? |
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb01 | Russian_language | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into? | {
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5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb02 | Russian_language | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into? | {
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"t... | context-415_16_2.mp3 | context-415_16.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. | Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. | question-415_16_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into? |
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb03 | Russian_language | Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the languag... | What distinguishes Russian dialects? | {
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5730ee8905b4da19006bcc58 | Russian_language | The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk... | What is okanye? | {
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5730ee8905b4da19006bcc59 | Russian_language | The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk... | What articles are similar to Bulgarian? | {
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"... | context-415_17_2.mp3 | context-415_17.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. | An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. | question-415_17_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | What articles are similar to Bulgarian? |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5a | Russian_language | The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk... | What do some Russian dialects do about vowels? | {
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"... | context-415_17_1.mp3 | context-415_17.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. | Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~ie/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *e and /o~uo/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. | question-415_17_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | What do some Russian dialects do about vowels? |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5b | Russian_language | The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Uk... | What region of dialects is the Volga River area in? | {
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5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb08 | Russian_language | In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye... | What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect? | {
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"unstressed /e/ ... | context-415_18_0.mp3 | context-415_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye... | In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [I] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. nesli is pronounced [nja'slji], not [njIs'lji]) - this is called yakanye... | question-415_18_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What is pronounced [I] in Moscow's dialect? |
5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb07 | Russian_language | In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye... | What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian? | {
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"... | context-415_18_3.mp3 | context-415_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum. | Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /g/, a semivowel /w~u/ and palatalized final /tj/ in third person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum. | question-415_18_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with? |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb13 | Russian_language | Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Langua... | Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary? | {
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... | context-415_19_3.mp3 | context-415_19.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work. | In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Dialektologicheskii atlas russkogo iazyka [djIa,ljekt@la'gjitcIskjIj 'atl@s 'rusk@v@ jIzi'ka]), was published in three folio volumes nineteen eighty-six-nineteen eighty-nine, after four decades of preparatory work. | question-415_19_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language? |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad6 | Russian_language | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become? | {
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5730f1c3e6313a140071cad7 | Russian_language | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become? | {
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5730f1c3e6313a140071cad8 | Russian_language | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become? | {
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} | context-415_20_0.mp3 | context-415_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include <e> , which merged to <e> (/je/ or /je/); <i> and <y> , which both merged to <i> (/i/); <f> , which merged to <f> (/f/); <o> , which merged to <u> (/u/); <io> , which merged to <iu> (/ju/ or /ju/); and <e/<ie> > , which later were graphically reshaped into <ia> and merged p... | question-415_20_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | What did the old letter <f> become? |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad9 | Russian_language | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become? | {
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5730f1c3e6313a140071cada | Russian_language | Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically... | What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become? | {
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5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1d | Russian_language | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | What is 'moroz' a transliteration of? | {
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5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1e | Russian_language | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | What is 'mysh' a transliteration of? | {
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5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb20 | Russian_language | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | What does 'moroz' mean? | {
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5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1f | Russian_language | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration? | {
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5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb21 | Russian_language | Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living ou... | What does 'mysh' mean? | {
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5730f2a1497a881900248a85 | Russian_language | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | Who created KOI8-R encoding? | {
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5730f2a1497a881900248a86 | Russian_language | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | What system used CP1251 encoding? | {
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... | context-415_22_3.mp3 | context-415_22.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of ... | Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/two (IBMeight hundred sixty-six), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC eight thousand, eight hundred fifty-nine-five) and Microsoft Windows (CPtwelve fifty-one) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-twelve fifty-one becoming a... | question-415_22_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What system used CPtwelve fifty-one encoding? |
5730f2a1497a881900248a87 | Russian_language | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | What systems used IBM866 encoding? | {
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5730f2a1497a881900248a88 | Russian_language | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | What encoding did early Macs use? | {
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5730f2a1497a881900248a89 | Russian_language | The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 88... | In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage? | {
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5730f30ce6313a140071cae0 | Russian_language | According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c... | What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of? | {
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5730f30ce6313a140071cae1 | Russian_language | According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/c... | What can optional acute accents indicate? | {
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"St. Petersburg ... | context-415_24_0.mp3 | context-415_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the saint Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. | question-415_24_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | Who says Russian has six vowels? |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc75 | Russian_language | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co... | When are Russian vowels written differently? | {
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"depending on... | context-415_24_0.mp3 | context-415_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the saint Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. | question-415_24_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | When are Russian vowels written differently? |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc76 | Russian_language | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co... | What dialect is standard Russian based on? | {
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"t... | context-415_24_3.mp3 | context-415_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. | The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. | question-415_24_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | What dialect is standard Russian based on? |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc77 | Russian_language | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co... | What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to? | {
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"t... | context-415_24_2.mp3 | context-415_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). | palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). | question-415_24_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to? |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc78 | Russian_language | The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard co... | What is done to unstressed vowels? | {
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"te... | context-415_24_4.mp3 | context-415_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. | Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. | question-415_24_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | What is done to unstressed vowels? |
5730f3cae6313a140071caea | Russian_language | Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s... | What might /kʲ/ be considered? | {
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... | context-415_25_1.mp3 | context-415_25.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this c... | While /k/, /g/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kj, gj, xj], only /kj/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kj/ to be a separate phoneme is "eto tkiot" (['et@ tkjot], 'it weaves')/"etot kot" (['et@t kot], 'this ... | question-415_25_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | What might /kj/ be considered? |
5730f3cae6313a140071caeb | Russian_language | Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s... | What is palatalization? | {
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5730f3cae6313a140071caec | Russian_language | Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a s... | How are 'dental' sounds pronounced? | {
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5730f434497a881900248a99 | Russian_language | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine? | {
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"approximately 1... | context-415_26_0.mp3 | context-415_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. | Judging by the historical records, by approximately one thousand AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. | question-415_26_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine? |
5730f434497a881900248a9a | Russian_language | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | When was Kievan Rus' formed? | {
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"t... | context-415_26_1.mp3 | context-415_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about eight hundred eighty, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | question-415_26_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | When was Kievan Rus' formed? |
5730f434497a881900248a9b | Russian_language | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | What countries did Kievan Rus' become? | {
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"... | context-415_26_1.mp3 | context-415_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about eight hundred eighty, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | question-415_26_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | What countries did Kievan Rus' become? |
5730f434497a881900248a9c | Russian_language | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | What was the main language in Kievan Rus'? | {
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... | context-415_26_1.mp3 | context-415_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about eight hundred eighty, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. | question-415_26_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | What was the main language in Kievan Rus'? |
5730f434497a881900248a9d | Russian_language | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern R... | When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity? | {
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"t... | context-415_26_2.mp3 | context-415_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. | It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in nine hundred eighty-eight and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. | question-415_26_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity? |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc88 | Russian_language | The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc... | Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from? | {
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"t... | context-415_27_1.mp3 | context-415_27.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. | Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. | question-415_27_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from? |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc89 | Russian_language | The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc... | What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? | {
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5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8a | Russian_language | The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc... | What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? | {
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5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8c | Russian_language | The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke Frenc... | What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation? | {
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5730f4ede6313a140071caf0 | Russian_language | The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ... | Who revolutionized modern Russian? | {
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5730f4ede6313a140071caf1 | Russian_language | The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ... | What did Pushkin reject from older Russian? | {
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5730f4ede6313a140071caf2 | Russian_language | The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ... | What was 'high style'? | {
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5730f4ede6313a140071caf3 | Russian_language | The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary ... | What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing? | {
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"t... | context-415_28_3.mp3 | context-415_28.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. | In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early nineteenth century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Mikhail Lermontov), Nikolai Gogol (Nikolai Gogol'), Aleksander Griboyedov (Aleksandr Griboedov), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. | question-415_28_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing? |
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5730f53c05b4da19006bcc93 | Russian_language | During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow... | When did the USSR make Russian the official language? | {
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5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb45 | Russian_language | According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20... | What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of? | {
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5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb46 | Russian_language | According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20... | Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"? | {
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5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb47 | Russian_language | According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20... | When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published? | {
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5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb48 | Russian_language | According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 20... | What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian? | {
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5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c735 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ... | What act formed the USAF? | {
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5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c736 | United_States_Air_Force | The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It ... | What is one of the functions of the USAF? | {
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5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75a | United_States_Air_Force | The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confir... | How many departments are there in the Department of Defense? | {
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"a... | context-416_1_3.mp3 | context-416_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them. | Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them. | question-416_1_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? |
5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab1 | United_States_Air_Force | Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipm... | How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? | {
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... | context-416_2_1.mp3 | context-416_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. | These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. | question-416_2_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | What do these core functions of the Air Force express? |
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5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a6 | United_States_Air_Force | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? | {
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5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a7 | United_States_Air_Force | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? | {
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"... | context-416_3_1.mp3 | context-416_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. | Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. | question-416_3_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? |
5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a9 | United_States_Air_Force | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? | {
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5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a8 | United_States_Air_Force | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? | {
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"... | context-416_3_3.mp3 | context-416_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and ... | The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and ... | question-416_3_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01540 | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of ac... | What is the definition of a nuclear strike? | {
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"the ability of ... | context-416_4_0.mp3 | context-416_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. | question-416_4_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What is the definition of a nuclear strike? |
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"tex... | context-416_4_2.mp3 | context-416_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. | Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. | question-416_4_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict? |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01543 | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of ac... | What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? | {
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"... | context-416_4_5.mp3 | context-416_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. | This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. | question-416_4_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01544 | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of ac... | What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? | {
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"... | context-416_4_4.mp3 | context-416_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. | The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the twenty-first century. | question-416_4_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? |
5730d135b54a4f140068cc8a | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? | {
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5730d135b54a4f140068cc8c | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? | {
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"t... | context-416_5_6.mp3 | context-416_5.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. | This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. | question-416_5_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? |
5730d135b54a4f140068cc8b | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? | {
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"... | context-416_5_3.mp3 | context-416_5.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). | This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). | question-416_5_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? |
5730d135b54a4f140068cc8d | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | What is one of the five functions of NDO support? | {
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5730d135b54a4f140068cc8e | United_States_Air_Force | Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against r... | What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? | {
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"t... | context-416_5_2.mp3 | context-416_5.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. | The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. | question-416_5_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? |
5730d22faca1c71400fe5aed | United_States_Air_Force | Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and m... | What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? | {
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5730d22faca1c71400fe5aef | United_States_Air_Force | Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and m... | OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? | {
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"... | context-416_6_1.mp3 | context-416_6.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. | OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. | question-416_6_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? |
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