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15,802
A Proposal for Linguistic Similarity Datasets Based on Commonality Lists
cs.CL
Similarity is a core notion that is used in psychology and two branches of linguistics: theoretical and computational. The similarity datasets that come from the two fields differ in design: psychological datasets are focused around a certain topic such as fruit names, while linguistic datasets contain words from vario...
computer science
15,803
Syntactically Guided Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We investigate the use of hierarchical phrase-based SMT lattices in end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT). Weight pushing transforms the Hiero scores for complete translation hypotheses, with the full translation grammar score and full n-gram language model score, into posteriors compatible with NMT predictive pr...
computer science
15,804
Log-linear Combinations of Monolingual and Bilingual Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing
cs.CL
This paper describes the submission of the AMU (Adam Mickiewicz University) team to the Automatic Post-Editing (APE) task of WMT 2016. We explore the application of neural translation models to the APE problem and achieve good results by treating different models as components in a log-linear model, allowing for multip...
computer science
15,805
The AMU-UEDIN Submission to the WMT16 News Translation Task: Attention-based NMT Models as Feature Functions in Phrase-based SMT
cs.CL
This paper describes the AMU-UEDIN submissions to the WMT 2016 shared task on news translation. We explore methods of decode-time integration of attention-based neural translation models with phrase-based statistical machine translation. Efficient batch-algorithms for GPU-querying are proposed and implemented. For Engl...
computer science
15,806
Recurrent Neural Network for Text Classification with Multi-Task Learning
cs.CL
Neural network based methods have obtained great progress on a variety of natural language processing tasks. However, in most previous works, the models are learned based on single-task supervised objectives, which often suffer from insufficient training data. In this paper, we use the multi-task learning framework to ...
computer science
15,807
Incorporating Loose-Structured Knowledge into Conversation Modeling via Recall-Gate LSTM
cs.CL
Modeling human conversations is the essence for building satisfying chat-bots with multi-turn dialog ability. Conversation modeling will notably benefit from domain knowledge since the relationships between sentences can be clarified due to semantic hints introduced by knowledge. In this paper, a deep neural network is...
computer science
15,808
Siamese convolutional networks based on phonetic features for cognate identification
cs.CL
In this paper, we explore the use of convolutional networks (ConvNets) for the purpose of cognate identification. We compare our architecture with binary classifiers based on string similarity measures on different language families. Our experiments show that convolutional networks achieve competitive results across co...
computer science
15,809
Leveraging Lexical Resources for Learning Entity Embeddings in Multi-Relational Data
cs.CL
Recent work in learning vector-space embeddings for multi-relational data has focused on combining relational information derived from knowledge bases with distributional information derived from large text corpora. We propose a simple approach that leverages the descriptions of entities or phrases available in lexical...
computer science
15,810
Modelling Interaction of Sentence Pair with coupled-LSTMs
cs.CL
Recently, there is rising interest in modelling the interactions of two sentences with deep neural networks. However, most of the existing methods encode two sequences with separate encoders, in which a sentence is encoded with little or no information from the other sentence. In this paper, we propose a deep architect...
computer science
15,811
Automatic TM Cleaning through MT and POS Tagging: Autodesk's Submission to the NLP4TM 2016 Shared Task
cs.CL
We describe a machine learning based method to identify incorrect entries in translation memories. It extends previous work by Barbu (2015) through incorporating recall-based machine translation and part-of-speech-tagging features. Our system ranked first in the Binary Classification (II) task for two out of three lang...
computer science
15,812
Phrase-based Machine Translation is State-of-the-Art for Automatic Grammatical Error Correction
cs.CL
In this work, we study parameter tuning towards the M^2 metric, the standard metric for automatic grammar error correction (GEC) tasks. After implementing M^2 as a scorer in the Moses tuning framework, we investigate interactions of dense and sparse features, different optimizers, and tuning strategies for the CoNLL-20...
computer science
15,813
Automatic Construction of Discourse Corpora for Dialogue Translation
cs.CL
In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to automatically construct parallel discourse corpus for dialogue machine translation. Firstly, the parallel subtitle data and its corresponding monolingual movie script data are crawled and collected from Internet. Then tags such as speaker and discourse boundary from the sc...
computer science
15,814
Combining Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks for Relation Classification
cs.CL
This paper investigates two different neural architectures for the task of relation classification: convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks. For both models, we demonstrate the effect of different architectural choices. We present a new context representation for convolutional neural networks for re...
computer science
15,815
Multi-Level Analysis and Annotation of Arabic Corpora for Text-to-Sign Language MT
cs.CL
In this paper, we present an ongoing effort in lexical semantic analysis and annotation of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) text, a semi automatic annotation tool concerned with the morphologic, syntactic, and semantic levels of description.
computer science
15,816
Experiments in Linear Template Combination using Genetic Algorithms
cs.CL
Natural Language Generation systems typically have two parts - strategic ('what to say') and tactical ('how to say'). We present our experiments in building an unsupervised corpus-driven template based tactical NLG system. We consider templates as a sequence of words containing gaps. Our idea is based on the observatio...
computer science
15,817
Neural Semantic Role Labeling with Dependency Path Embeddings
cs.CL
This paper introduces a novel model for semantic role labeling that makes use of neural sequence modeling techniques. Our approach is motivated by the observation that complex syntactic structures and related phenomena, such as nested subordinations and nominal predicates, are not handled well by existing models. Our m...
computer science
15,818
Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog
cs.CL
Traditional dialog systems used in goal-oriented applications require a lot of domain-specific handcrafting, which hinders scaling up to new domains. End-to-end dialog systems, in which all components are trained from the dialogs themselves, escape this limitation. But the encouraging success recently obtained in chit-...
computer science
15,819
Integrating Distributional Lexical Contrast into Word Embeddings for Antonym-Synonym Distinction
cs.CL
We propose a novel vector representation that integrates lexical contrast into distributional vectors and strengthens the most salient features for determining degrees of word similarity. The improved vectors significantly outperform standard models and distinguish antonyms from synonyms with an average precision of 0....
computer science
15,820
Unsupervised Word and Dependency Path Embeddings for Aspect Term Extraction
cs.CL
In this paper, we develop a novel approach to aspect term extraction based on unsupervised learning of distributed representations of words and dependency paths. The basic idea is to connect two words (w1 and w2) with the dependency path (r) between them in the embedding space. Specifically, our method optimizes the ob...
computer science
15,821
Variational Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Models of neural machine translation are often from a discriminative family of encoderdecoders that learn a conditional distribution of a target sentence given a source sentence. In this paper, we propose a variational model to learn this conditional distribution for neural machine translation: a variational encoderdec...
computer science
15,822
BattRAE: Bidimensional Attention-Based Recursive Autoencoders for Learning Bilingual Phrase Embeddings
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a bidimensional attention based recursive autoencoder (BattRAE) to integrate clues and sourcetarget interactions at multiple levels of granularity into bilingual phrase representations. We employ recursive autoencoders to generate tree structures of phrases with embeddings at different levels ...
computer science
15,823
Boosting Question Answering by Deep Entity Recognition
cs.CL
In this paper an open-domain factoid question answering system for Polish, RAFAEL, is presented. The system goes beyond finding an answering sentence; it also extracts a single string, corresponding to the required entity. Herein the focus is placed on different approaches to entity recognition, essential for retrievin...
computer science
15,824
Building an Evaluation Scale using Item Response Theory
cs.CL
Evaluation of NLP methods requires testing against a previously vetted gold-standard test set and reporting standard metrics (accuracy/precision/recall/F1). The current assumption is that all items in a given test set are equal with regards to difficulty and discriminating power. We propose Item Response Theory (IRT) f...
computer science
15,825
Aspect Level Sentiment Classification with Deep Memory Network
cs.CL
We introduce a deep memory network for aspect level sentiment classification. Unlike feature-based SVM and sequential neural models such as LSTM, this approach explicitly captures the importance of each context word when inferring the sentiment polarity of an aspect. Such importance degree and text representation are c...
computer science
15,826
Learning Natural Language Inference using Bidirectional LSTM model and Inner-Attention
cs.CL
In this paper, we proposed a sentence encoding-based model for recognizing text entailment. In our approach, the encoding of sentence is a two-stage process. Firstly, average pooling was used over word-level bidirectional LSTM (biLSTM) to generate a first-stage sentence representation. Secondly, attention mechanism was...
computer science
15,827
Diachronic Word Embeddings Reveal Statistical Laws of Semantic Change
cs.CL
Understanding how words change their meanings over time is key to models of language and cultural evolution, but historical data on meaning is scarce, making theories hard to develop and test. Word embeddings show promise as a diachronic tool, but have not been carefully evaluated. We develop a robust methodology for q...
computer science
15,828
Implementing a Reverse Dictionary, based on word definitions, using a Node-Graph Architecture
cs.CL
In this paper, we outline an approach to build graph-based reverse dictionaries using word definitions. A reverse dictionary takes a phrase as an input and outputs a list of words semantically similar to that phrase. It is a solution to the Tip-of-the-Tongue problem. We use a distance-based similarity measure, computed...
computer science
15,829
Neural Network Translation Models for Grammatical Error Correction
cs.CL
Phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) systems have previously been used for the task of grammatical error correction (GEC) to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy. The superiority of SMT systems comes from their ability to learn text transformations from erroneous to corrected text, without explicitly modelin...
computer science
15,830
Exploiting N-Best Hypotheses to Improve an SMT Approach to Grammatical Error Correction
cs.CL
Grammatical error correction (GEC) is the task of detecting and correcting grammatical errors in texts written by second language learners. The statistical machine translation (SMT) approach to GEC, in which sentences written by second language learners are translated to grammatically correct sentences, has achieved st...
computer science
15,831
Improved Parsing for Argument-Clusters Coordination
cs.CL
Syntactic parsers perform poorly in prediction of Argument-Cluster Coordination (ACC). We change the PTB representation of ACC to be more suitable for learning by a statistical PCFG parser, affecting 125 trees in the training set. Training on the modified trees yields a slight improvement in EVALB scores on sections 22...
computer science
15,832
Generalizing and Hybridizing Count-based and Neural Language Models
cs.CL
Language models (LMs) are statistical models that calculate probabilities over sequences of words or other discrete symbols. Currently two major paradigms for language modeling exist: count-based n-gram models, which have advantages of scalability and test-time speed, and neural LMs, which often achieve superior modeli...
computer science
15,833
Single-Model Encoder-Decoder with Explicit Morphological Representation for Reinflection
cs.CL
Morphological reinflection is the task of generating a target form given a source form, a source tag and a target tag. We propose a new way of modeling this task with neural encoder-decoder models. Our approach reduces the amount of required training data for this architecture and achieves state-of-the-art results, mak...
computer science
15,834
Matrix Factorization using Window Sampling and Negative Sampling for Improved Word Representations
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose LexVec, a new method for generating distributed word representations that uses low-rank, weighted factorization of the Positive Point-wise Mutual Information matrix via stochastic gradient descent, employing a weighting scheme that assigns heavier penalties for errors on frequent co-occurrence...
computer science
15,835
Using Neural Generative Models to Release Synthetic Twitter Corpora with Reduced Stylometric Identifiability of Users
cs.CL
We present a method for generating synthetic versions of Twitter data using neural generative models. The goal is to protect individuals in the source data from stylometric re-identification attacks while still releasing data that carries research value. To generate tweet corpora that maintain user-level word distribut...
computer science
15,836
Exploiting Multi-typed Treebanks for Parsing with Deep Multi-task Learning
cs.CL
Various treebanks have been released for dependency parsing. Despite that treebanks may belong to different languages or have different annotation schemes, they contain syntactic knowledge that is potential to benefit each other. This paper presents an universal framework for exploiting these multi-typed treebanks to i...
computer science
15,837
Enhancing the LexVec Distributed Word Representation Model Using Positional Contexts and External Memory
cs.CL
In this paper we take a state-of-the-art model for distributed word representation that explicitly factorizes the positive pointwise mutual information (PPMI) matrix using window sampling and negative sampling and address two of its shortcomings. We improve syntactic performance by using positional contexts, and solve ...
computer science
15,838
Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations
cs.CL
A long-standing challenge in coreference resolution has been the incorporation of entity-level information - features defined over clusters of mentions instead of mention pairs. We present a neural network based coreference system that produces high-dimensional vector representations for pairs of coreference clusters. ...
computer science
15,839
Neural Architectures for Fine-grained Entity Type Classification
cs.CL
In this work, we investigate several neural network architectures for fine-grained entity type classification. Particularly, we consider extensions to a recently proposed attentive neural architecture and make three key contributions. Previous work on attentive neural architectures do not consider hand-crafted features...
computer science
15,840
Brundlefly at SemEval-2016 Task 12: Recurrent Neural Networks vs. Joint Inference for Clinical Temporal Information Extraction
cs.CL
We submitted two systems to the SemEval-2016 Task 12: Clinical TempEval challenge, participating in Phase 1, where we identified text spans of time and event expressions in clinical notes and Phase 2, where we predicted a relation between an event and its parent document creation time. For temporal entity extraction,...
computer science
15,841
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation
cs.CL
Recent neural models of dialogue generation offer great promise for generating responses for conversational agents, but tend to be shortsighted, predicting utterances one at a time while ignoring their influence on future outcomes. Modeling the future direction of a dialogue is crucial to generating coherent, interesti...
computer science
15,842
Neural Net Models for Open-Domain Discourse Coherence
cs.CL
Discourse coherence is strongly associated with text quality, making it important to natural language generation and understanding. Yet existing models of coherence focus on measuring individual aspects of coherence (lexical overlap, rhetorical structure, entity centering) in narrow domains. In this paper, we describ...
computer science
15,843
Generating and Exploiting Large-scale Pseudo Training Data for Zero Pronoun Resolution
cs.CL
Most existing approaches for zero pronoun resolution are heavily relying on annotated data, which is often released by shared task organizers. Therefore, the lack of annotated data becomes a major obstacle in the progress of zero pronoun resolution task. Also, it is expensive to spend manpower on labeling the data for ...
computer science
15,844
Adversarial Deep Averaging Networks for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification
cs.CL
In recent years deep neural networks have achieved great success in sentiment classification for English, thanks in part to the availability of copious annotated resources. Unfortunately, most other languages do not enjoy such an abundance of annotated data for sentiment analysis. To tackle this problem, we propose the...
computer science
15,845
Gated Word-Character Recurrent Language Model
cs.CL
We introduce a recurrent neural network language model (RNN-LM) with long short-term memory (LSTM) units that utilizes both character-level and word-level inputs. Our model has a gate that adaptively finds the optimal mixture of the character-level and word-level inputs. The gate creates the final vector representation...
computer science
15,846
Neural Machine Translation with External Phrase Memory
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose phraseNet, a neural machine translator with a phrase memory which stores phrase pairs in symbolic form, mined from corpus or specified by human experts. For any given source sentence, phraseNet scans the phrase memory to determine the candidate phrase pairs and integrates tagging information i...
computer science
15,847
A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference
cs.CL
We propose a simple neural architecture for natural language inference. Our approach uses attention to decompose the problem into subproblems that can be solved separately, thus making it trivially parallelizable. On the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset, we obtain state-of-the-art results with almost ...
computer science
15,848
Neural Network Models for Implicit Discourse Relation Classification in English and Chinese without Surface Features
cs.CL
Inferring implicit discourse relations in natural language text is the most difficult subtask in discourse parsing. Surface features achieve good performance, but they are not readily applicable to other languages without semantic lexicons. Previous neural models require parses, surface features, or a small label set t...
computer science
15,849
CFO: Conditional Focused Neural Question Answering with Large-scale Knowledge Bases
cs.CL
How can we enable computers to automatically answer questions like "Who created the character Harry Potter"? Carefully built knowledge bases provide rich sources of facts. However, it remains a challenge to answer factoid questions raised in natural language due to numerous expressions of one question. In particular, w...
computer science
15,850
Memory-enhanced Decoder for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We propose to enhance the RNN decoder in a neural machine translator (NMT) with external memory, as a natural but powerful extension to the state in the decoding RNN. This memory-enhanced RNN decoder is called \textsc{MemDec}. At each time during decoding, \textsc{MemDec} will read from this memory and write to this me...
computer science
15,851
Incorporating Discrete Translation Lexicons into Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT) often makes mistakes in translating low-frequency content words that are essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence. We propose a method to alleviate this problem by augmenting NMT systems with discrete translation lexicons that efficiently encode translations of these low-f...
computer science
15,852
Can neural machine translation do simultaneous translation?
cs.CL
We investigate the potential of attention-based neural machine translation in simultaneous translation. We introduce a novel decoding algorithm, called simultaneous greedy decoding, that allows an existing neural machine translation model to begin translating before a full source sentence is received. This approach is ...
computer science
15,853
Supervised Syntax-based Alignment between English Sentences and Abstract Meaning Representation Graphs
cs.CL
As alignment links are not given between English sentences and Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs in the AMR annotation, automatic alignment becomes indispensable for training an AMR parser. Previous studies formalize it as a string-to-string problem and solve it in an unsupervised way, which suffers from dat...
computer science
15,854
Natural Language Comprehension with the EpiReader
cs.CL
We present the EpiReader, a novel model for machine comprehension of text. Machine comprehension of unstructured, real-world text is a major research goal for natural language processing. Current tests of machine comprehension pose questions whose answers can be inferred from some supporting text, and evaluate a model'...
computer science
15,855
Optimizing Spectral Learning for Parsing
cs.CL
We describe a search algorithm for optimizing the number of latent states when estimating latent-variable PCFGs with spectral methods. Our results show that contrary to the common belief that the number of latent states for each nonterminal in an L-PCFG can be decided in isolation with spectral methods, parsing results...
computer science
15,856
Learning Semantically and Additively Compositional Distributional Representations
cs.CL
This paper connects a vector-based composition model to a formal semantics, the Dependency-based Compositional Semantics (DCS). We show theoretical evidence that the vector compositions in our model conform to the logic of DCS. Experimentally, we show that vector-based composition brings a strong ability to calculate s...
computer science
15,857
DefExt: A Semi Supervised Definition Extraction Tool
cs.CL
We present DefExt, an easy to use semi supervised Definition Extraction Tool. DefExt is designed to extract from a target corpus those textual fragments where a term is explicitly mentioned together with its core features, i.e. its definition. It works on the back of a Conditional Random Fields based sequential labelin...
computer science
15,858
Coordination Annotation Extension in the Penn Tree Bank
cs.CL
Coordination is an important and common syntactic construction which is not handled well by state of the art parsers. Coordinations in the Penn Treebank are missing internal structure in many cases, do not include explicit marking of the conjuncts and contain various errors and inconsistencies. In this work, we initiat...
computer science
15,859
A Joint Model for Word Embedding and Word Morphology
cs.CL
This paper presents a joint model for performing unsupervised morphological analysis on words, and learning a character-level composition function from morphemes to word embeddings. Our model splits individual words into segments, and weights each segment according to its ability to predict context words. Our morpholog...
computer science
15,860
Addressing Limited Data for Textual Entailment Across Domains
cs.CL
We seek to address the lack of labeled data (and high cost of annotation) for textual entailment in some domains. To that end, we first create (for experimental purposes) an entailment dataset for the clinical domain, and a highly competitive supervised entailment system, ENT, that is effective (out of the box) on two ...
computer science
15,861
First Result on Arabic Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation has become a major alternative to widely used phrase-based statistical machine translation. We notice however that much of research on neural machine translation has focused on European languages despite its language agnostic nature. In this paper, we apply neural machine translation to the t...
computer science
15,862
Neural Network-Based Abstract Generation for Opinions and Arguments
cs.CL
We study the problem of generating abstractive summaries for opinionated text. We propose an attention-based neural network model that is able to absorb information from multiple text units to construct informative, concise, and fluent summaries. An importance-based sampling method is designed to allow the encoder to i...
computer science
15,863
Inducing Domain-Specific Sentiment Lexicons from Unlabeled Corpora
cs.CL
A word's sentiment depends on the domain in which it is used. Computational social science research thus requires sentiment lexicons that are specific to the domains being studied. We combine domain-specific word embeddings with a label propagation framework to induce accurate domain-specific sentiment lexicons using s...
computer science
15,864
Cultural Shift or Linguistic Drift? Comparing Two Computational Measures of Semantic Change
cs.CL
Words shift in meaning for many reasons, including cultural factors like new technologies and regular linguistic processes like subjectification. Understanding the evolution of language and culture requires disentangling these underlying causes. Here we show how two different distributional measures can be used to dete...
computer science
15,865
Edinburgh Neural Machine Translation Systems for WMT 16
cs.CL
We participated in the WMT 2016 shared news translation task by building neural translation systems for four language pairs, each trained in both directions: English<->Czech, English<->German, English<->Romanian and English<->Russian. Our systems are based on an attentional encoder-decoder, using BPE subword segmentati...
computer science
15,866
Linguistic Input Features Improve Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation has recently achieved impressive results, while using little in the way of external linguistic information. In this paper we show that the strong learning capability of neural MT models does not make linguistic features redundant; they can be easily incorporated to provide further improvement...
computer science
15,867
Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documents
cs.CL
Directly reading documents and being able to answer questions from them is an unsolved challenge. To avoid its inherent difficulty, question answering (QA) has been directed towards using Knowledge Bases (KBs) instead, which has proven effective. Unfortunately KBs often suffer from being too restrictive, as the schema ...
computer science
15,868
PerSum: Novel Systems for Document Summarization in Persian
cs.CL
In this paper we explore the problem of document summarization in Persian language from two distinct angles. In our first approach, we modify a popular and widely cited Persian document summarization framework to see how it works on a realistic corpus of news articles. Human evaluation on generated summaries shows that...
computer science
15,869
PSDVec: a Toolbox for Incremental and Scalable Word Embedding
cs.CL
PSDVec is a Python/Perl toolbox that learns word embeddings, i.e. the mapping of words in a natural language to continuous vectors which encode the semantic/syntactic regularities between the words. PSDVec implements a word embedding learning method based on a weighted low-rank positive semidefinite approximation. To s...
computer science
15,870
Simple Question Answering by Attentive Convolutional Neural Network
cs.CL
This work focuses on answering single-relation factoid questions over Freebase. Each question can acquire the answer from a single fact of form (subject, predicate, object) in Freebase. This task, simple question answering (SimpleQA), can be addressed via a two-step pipeline: entity linking and fact selection. In fact ...
computer science
15,871
Bootstrapping Distantly Supervised IE using Joint Learning and Small Well-structured Corpora
cs.CL
We propose a framework to improve performance of distantly-supervised relation extraction, by jointly learning to solve two related tasks: concept-instance extraction and relation extraction. We combine this with a novel use of document structure: in some small, well-structured corpora, sections can be identified that ...
computer science
15,872
Data Recombination for Neural Semantic Parsing
cs.CL
Modeling crisp logical regularities is crucial in semantic parsing, making it difficult for neural models with no task-specific prior knowledge to achieve good results. In this paper, we introduce data recombination, a novel framework for injecting such prior knowledge into a model. From the training data, we induce a ...
computer science
15,873
Natural Language Generation in Dialogue using Lexicalized and Delexicalized Data
cs.CL
Natural language generation plays a critical role in spoken dialogue systems. We present a new approach to natural language generation for task-oriented dialogue using recurrent neural networks in an encoder-decoder framework. In contrast to previous work, our model uses both lexicalized and delexicalized components i....
computer science
15,874
External Lexical Information for Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging
cs.CL
Morphosyntactic lexicons and word vector representations have both proven useful for improving the accuracy of statistical part-of-speech taggers. Here we compare the performances of four systems on datasets covering 16 languages, two of these systems being feature-based (MEMMs and CRFs) and two of them being neural-ba...
computer science
15,875
Learning to Generate Compositional Color Descriptions
cs.CL
The production of color language is essential for grounded language generation. Color descriptions have many challenging properties: they can be vague, compositionally complex, and denotationally rich. We present an effective approach to generating color descriptions using recurrent neural networks and a Fourier-transf...
computer science
15,876
Zero-Resource Translation with Multi-Lingual Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a novel finetuning algorithm for the recently introduced multi-way, mulitlingual neural machine translate that enables zero-resource machine translation. When used together with novel many-to-one translation strategies, we empirically show that this finetuning algorithm allows the multi-way, m...
computer science
15,877
Active Discriminative Text Representation Learning
cs.CL
We propose a new active learning (AL) method for text classification with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In AL, one selects the instances to be manually labeled with the aim of maximizing model performance with minimal effort. Neural models capitalize on word embeddings as representations (features), tuning thes...
computer science
15,878
Cross-Lingual Morphological Tagging for Low-Resource Languages
cs.CL
Morphologically rich languages often lack the annotated linguistic resources required to develop accurate natural language processing tools. We propose models suitable for training morphological taggers with rich tagsets for low-resource languages without using direct supervision. Our approach extends existing approach...
computer science
15,879
Neural Word Segmentation Learning for Chinese
cs.CL
Most previous approaches to Chinese word segmentation formalize this problem as a character-based sequence labeling task where only contextual information within fixed sized local windows and simple interactions between adjacent tags can be captured. In this paper, we propose a novel neural framework which thoroughly e...
computer science
15,880
Shallow Discourse Parsing Using Distributed Argument Representations and Bayesian Optimization
cs.CL
This paper describes the Georgia Tech team's approach to the CoNLL-2016 supplementary evaluation on discourse relation sense classification. We use long short-term memories (LSTM) to induce distributed representations of each argument, and then combine these representations with surface features in a neural network. Th...
computer science
15,881
Semi-Supervised Learning for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
While end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has made remarkable progress recently, NMT systems only rely on parallel corpora for parameter estimation. Since parallel corpora are usually limited in quantity, quality, and coverage, especially for low-resource languages, it is appealing to exploit monolingual corpor...
computer science
15,882
Agreement-based Learning of Parallel Lexicons and Phrases from Non-Parallel Corpora
cs.CL
We introduce an agreement-based approach to learning parallel lexicons and phrases from non-parallel corpora. The basic idea is to encourage two asymmetric latent-variable translation models (i.e., source-to-target and target-to-source) to agree on identifying latent phrase and word alignments. The agreement is defined...
computer science
15,883
Siamese CBOW: Optimizing Word Embeddings for Sentence Representations
cs.CL
We present the Siamese Continuous Bag of Words (Siamese CBOW) model, a neural network for efficient estimation of high-quality sentence embeddings. Averaging the embeddings of words in a sentence has proven to be a surprisingly successful and efficient way of obtaining sentence embeddings. However, word embeddings trai...
computer science
15,884
A Correlational Encoder Decoder Architecture for Pivot Based Sequence Generation
cs.CL
Interlingua based Machine Translation (MT) aims to encode multiple languages into a common linguistic representation and then decode sentences in multiple target languages from this representation. In this work we explore this idea in the context of neural encoder decoder architectures, albeit on a smaller scale and wi...
computer science
15,885
Learning Word Sense Embeddings from Word Sense Definitions
cs.CL
Word embeddings play a significant role in many modern NLP systems. Since learning one representation per word is problematic for polysemous words and homonymous words, researchers propose to use one embedding per word sense. Their approaches mainly train word sense embeddings on a corpus. In this paper, we propose to ...
computer science
15,886
Smart Reply: Automated Response Suggestion for Email
cs.CL
In this paper we propose and investigate a novel end-to-end method for automatically generating short email responses, called Smart Reply. It generates semantically diverse suggestions that can be used as complete email responses with just one tap on mobile. The system is currently used in Inbox by Gmail and is respons...
computer science
15,887
The Edit Distance Transducer in Action: The University of Cambridge English-German System at WMT16
cs.CL
This paper presents the University of Cambridge submission to WMT16. Motivated by the complementary nature of syntactical machine translation and neural machine translation (NMT), we exploit the synergies of Hiero and NMT in different combination schemes. Starting out with a simple neural lattice rescoring approach, we...
computer science
15,888
No Need to Pay Attention: Simple Recurrent Neural Networks Work! (for Answering "Simple" Questions)
cs.CL
First-order factoid question answering assumes that the question can be answered by a single fact in a knowledge base (KB). While this does not seem like a challenging task, many recent attempts that apply either complex linguistic reasoning or deep neural networks achieve 65%-76% accuracy on benchmark sets. Our approa...
computer science
15,889
SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text
cs.CL
We present the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), a new reading comprehension dataset consisting of 100,000+ questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to each question is a segment of text from the corresponding reading passage. We analyze the dataset to understand the t...
computer science
15,890
Simpler Context-Dependent Logical Forms via Model Projections
cs.CL
We consider the task of learning a context-dependent mapping from utterances to denotations. With only denotations at training time, we must search over a combinatorially large space of logical forms, which is even larger with context-dependent utterances. To cope with this challenge, we perform successive projections ...
computer science
15,891
Sense Embedding Learning for Word Sense Induction
cs.CL
Conventional word sense induction (WSI) methods usually represent each instance with discrete linguistic features or cooccurrence features, and train a model for each polysemous word individually. In this work, we propose to learn sense embeddings for the WSI task. In the training stage, our method induces several sens...
computer science
15,892
Sequence-to-Sequence Generation for Spoken Dialogue via Deep Syntax Trees and Strings
cs.CL
We present a natural language generator based on the sequence-to-sequence approach that can be trained to produce natural language strings as well as deep syntax dependency trees from input dialogue acts, and we use it to directly compare two-step generation with separate sentence planning and surface realization stage...
computer science
15,893
Universal, Unsupervised (Rule-Based), Uncovered Sentiment Analysis
cs.CL
We present a novel unsupervised approach for multilingual sentiment analysis driven by compositional syntax-based rules. On the one hand, we exploit some of the main advantages of unsupervised algorithms: (1) the interpretability of their output, in contrast with most supervised models, which behave as a black box and ...
computer science
15,894
Two Discourse Driven Language Models for Semantics
cs.CL
Natural language understanding often requires deep semantic knowledge. Expanding on previous proposals, we suggest that some important aspects of semantic knowledge can be modeled as a language model if done at an appropriate level of abstraction. We develop two distinct models that capture semantic frame chains and di...
computer science
15,895
Socially-Informed Timeline Generation for Complex Events
cs.CL
Existing timeline generation systems for complex events consider only information from traditional media, ignoring the rich social context provided by user-generated content that reveals representative public interests or insightful opinions. We instead aim to generate socially-informed timelines that contain both news...
computer science
15,896
Query-Focused Opinion Summarization for User-Generated Content
cs.CL
We present a submodular function-based framework for query-focused opinion summarization. Within our framework, relevance ordering produced by a statistical ranker, and information coverage with respect to topic distribution and diverse viewpoints are both encoded as submodular functions. Dispersion functions are utili...
computer science
15,897
A Piece of My Mind: A Sentiment Analysis Approach for Online Dispute Detection
cs.CL
We investigate the novel task of online dispute detection and propose a sentiment analysis solution to the problem: we aim to identify the sequence of sentence-level sentiments expressed during a discussion and to use them as features in a classifier that predicts the DISPUTE/NON-DISPUTE label for the discussion as a w...
computer science
15,898
Improving Agreement and Disagreement Identification in Online Discussions with A Socially-Tuned Sentiment Lexicon
cs.CL
We study the problem of agreement and disagreement detection in online discussions. An isotonic Conditional Random Fields (isotonic CRF) based sequential model is proposed to make predictions on sentence- or segment-level. We automatically construct a socially-tuned lexicon that is bootstrapped from existing general-pu...
computer science
15,899
Egyptian Arabic to English Statistical Machine Translation System for NIST OpenMT'2015
cs.CL
The paper describes the Egyptian Arabic-to-English statistical machine translation (SMT) system that the QCRI-Columbia-NYUAD (QCN) group submitted to the NIST OpenMT'2015 competition. The competition focused on informal dialectal Arabic, as used in SMS, chat, and speech. Thus, our efforts focused on processing and stan...
computer science
15,900
Generalizing to Unseen Entities and Entity Pairs with Row-less Universal Schema
cs.CL
Universal schema predicts the types of entities and relations in a knowledge base (KB) by jointly embedding the union of all available schema types---not only types from multiple structured databases (such as Freebase or Wikipedia infoboxes), but also types expressed as textual patterns from raw text. This prediction i...
computer science
15,901
Can Machine Generate Traditional Chinese Poetry? A Feigenbaum Test
cs.CL
Recent progress in neural learning demonstrated that machines can do well in regularized tasks, e.g., the game of Go. However, artistic activities such as poem generation are still widely regarded as human's special capability. In this paper, we demonstrate that a simple neural model can imitate human in some tasks of ...
computer science