instruction stringlengths 4 3.56k | input stringlengths 0 871 | output stringlengths 10 22.6k | source stringclasses 8
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 5-year-old child presents with confusion, increased salivation, lacrimation, fasciculations, miosis, tachycardia, and hypotension. Which of the following poisons can cause these manifestations? | A. Opium
B. Organophosphorus
C. Dhatura
D. Organochlorine pesticide | 正确答案: A. Opium
解释: Increased salivation, lacrimation, miosis, fasciculation, tachycardia and confusion, all are seen in organophosphate poisoning. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does alpha-tocopherol inhibit aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism? | Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) exerts a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. The effect of vitamin E has generally been attributed to its antioxidant activity and the antioxidant protection of LDL. Distinct from its effect on LDL, vitamin E is also known to inhibit platelet a... | These data indicate that platelet incorporation of alpha-tocopherol at levels attained with oral supplementation is associated with inhibition of platelet aggregation through a PKC-dependent mechanism. These observations may represent one potential mechanism for the observed beneficial effect of alpha-tocopherol in pre... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does immunosuppressant MPA modulate Tight Junction through Epigenetic Activation of MLCK/MLC-2 Pathway via p38MAPK? | Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an important immunosuppressive drug (ISD) prescribed to prevent graft rejection in the organ transplanted patients, however, its use is also associated with adverse side effects like sporadic gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. Recently, we reported the MPA induced tight junctions (TJs) dereg... | Collectively, our results highlight that MPA disrupts the structure of TJs via p38MAPK-dependent activation of MLCK/MLC-2 pathway that results in decreased integrity of Caco-2 monolayer. These results led us to suggest that p38MAPK-mediated lose integrity of epithelial monolayer could be the possible cause of GI distur... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"diarrhea",
"cre"
] |
Origin and outcome of multiple pregnancies in Bern, Switzerland, 1995-2006 and the current proposal of the Swiss parliament to revise the Swiss law of reproductive medicine: Switzerland quo vadis? | Infertility treatments are a major source of the increase in multiple pregnancies (MPs). The aims of the present study were (1.) to investigate the origin and maternal/neonatal outcomes of MP and (2.) to review the different measures that can be adopted to reduce these serious complications. The study included all wome... | After OS, more triplets are found and the outcome of MP is worse. MP is known to be associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic and social risks. To counteract these complications (1.) better training for physicians performing OS should be encouraged and (2.) the Swiss law on reproductive medicine needs to be ch... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Are anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( oxLDL ) antibody levels related to increasing circulating oxLDL concentrations during the course of pregnancy? | To address the question of whether the high levels of oxidative modified low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) in pregnancy are opposed by an appropriate humoral autoimmune response providing anti-oxLDL autoantibodies in maternal serum of healthy women throughout gestation. Blood was taken from 33 patients at four different... | The results indicate that normal pregnancy is a well-balanced state of oxidative and anti-oxidative processes. However, we could not confirm a dependence of anti-oxLDL autoantibodies on oxLDL concentration. Whether or not the humoral immune system is involved in oxidative defence remains to be elucidated.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does t-cell receptor ligation cause Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein degradation and F-actin assembly downregulation? | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) links T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. WASP is normally protected from degradation by the Ca(++)-dependent protease calpain and by the proteasome because of its interaction with the WASP-interacting protein. We investigated whether WASP is degraded after... | TCR ligation causes WASP to be degraded by calpain and to be ubiquitinated by Cbl family E3 ligases, which targets it for destruction by the proteasome. WASP degradation might provide a mechanism for regulating WASP-dependent TCR-driven assembly of F-actin.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does raloxifene modify the insulin sensitivity and lipid profile of postmenopausal insulin resistant women? | To investigate the effects of raloxifene on the insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant postmenopausal women. This placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study involved 64 postmenopausal women aged between 45 and 55 years. All subjects were screened with the insulin resist... | Raloxifene reduced insulin resistance and modified the lipid profile in insulin-resistant postmenopausal women.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance"
] |
Hirschsprung's disease is due to: | A. Loss of ganglion cells in the sympathetic chain
B. Atrophy of longitudinal muscles
C. Failure of migration of neural crest cells from cranial to caudal direction
D. Malformed taenia coli | 正确答案: B. Atrophy of longitudinal muscles
解释: The cause of Hirschsprung's disease remains incompletely understood, although current thinking suggests that the disease results from a defect in the migration of neural crest cells, which are the embryonic precursors of the intestinal ganglion cell. Under normal conditions... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does perioperative diclofenac application during video-assisted thoracic surgery pleurodesis modulate early inflammatory and fibrinolytic processes in an experimental model? | It has been substantiated that the quality of pleurodesis is reduced when non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used perioperatively. The effects of NSAID administration on the early inflammatory and fibrinolytic processes after mechanical pleurodesis were investigated in an established pig model. Left-sid... | Systemic application of diclofenac led to a local enhancement of fibrinolysis and attenuation of pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes necessary for adhesion formation in our model.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Endopelvic fascia preservation during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: does it affect urinary incontinence? | Urinary incontinence has a significant impact on the quality of life after radical prostatectomy. This study aimed to determine whether preserving the endopelvic fascia influences subsequent urinary incontinence. Consecutive patients (n = 138) who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) for p... | Endopelvic fascia preservation during RALP significantly enhances postoperative continence and is related to the speed of recovery of continence. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Fertility differences among developing countries: are they still related to family planning program efforts and social settings? | In many developing countries, fertility has declined steadily in recent decades, while the average strength of family planning programs has increased and social conditions have improved. However, it is unclear whether the synergistic effect of family planning programs and social settings on fertility, first identified ... | Policies focused on improving levels of female education, reducing infant mortality and improving family planning services can be expected to have mutually reinforcing effects on fertility decline. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Do we need new indications for ECMO in neonates pretreated with high-frequency ventilation and/or inhaled nitric oxide? | High-frequency ventilation (HFV) and/or inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has reduced ECMO in neonates. But, frequently, improvement with HFV/iNO is temporary and only prolongs lung injury without preventing ECMO. We tried to identify a threshold oxygenation index (OI) that predicts temporary or persistent improvement with HF... | For neonates pretreated with HFV/iNO, an OI>40 is an inadequate ECMO indication. Based on our data we hypothesize that an OI>or = 25 after 72 h of HFV/ iNO is a better ECMO indication that avoids prolonged barotrauma. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"candida"
] |
Is ethnic density associated with risk of child pedestrian injury? | Research on inequalities in child pedestrian injury risk has identified some puzzling trends: although, in general, living in more affluent areas protects children from injury, this is not true for those in some minority ethnic groups. This study aimed to identify whether 'group density' effects are associated with inj... | Group density appears to protect 'Black' children living in London against pedestrian injury risk. These findings suggest that future research should focus on structural properties of societies to explain the relationships between minority ethnicity and risk. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Which of the following is not seen in tubercular meningitis: | A. Evidence of old pulmonary lesions or a miliary pattern is found on chest radiography
B. Culture of CSF is diagnostic in majority of cases and remains the gold standard.
C. It is seen most often in young children but also develops in adults.
D. Cerebrospinal fluid reveals a low leukocyte count. | 正确答案: C. It is seen most often in young children but also develops in adults.
解释: Ans. (d) Cerebrospinal fluid reveals a low leukocyte count.Ref : Harrison 19th ed. / 898-99Refer to above table* Tubercular meningitis is seen most often in young children but also develops in adults, especially those infected with HIV.*... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"HIV",
"meningitis",
"culture"
] |
Is overexpression of survivin correlated with increased invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer? | The aim of this study was to investigate the association of survivin expression with metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). RT-PCR and Western blot assays were performed to detect survivin expression in CRC cells and normal intestinal epithelial cell. The expression of survivin gene was also detected in 15 CRC tissues,... | Targeting survivin will be a potential strategy to suppress metastasis of CRC.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] |
好的，我会密切关注孩子的体温情况，如果有需要的话，我会带他去看医生。谢谢医生的帮助！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生您好，我家孩子十一岁了，他不小心吃了猫吃过的面包，这有什么问题吗？
答: 您好，这种情况下可能存在一些风险。猫吃过的面包可能携带一些细菌或寄生虫，可能会对孩子的身体健康造成一定影响。您孩子目前有没有出现任何不适症状？
问: 目前没有出现明显不适症状，但我还是很担心他会有什么问题。
答: 了解。首先，您可以观察孩子有没有食欲不振、消化不良的情况，如果出现这些症状，建议及时就诊。另外，可以帮孩子多喝水，促进身体排毒。同时，补充一些富含益生菌的食物，有助于维护肠道健康。如果孩子出现任何异常症状，请尽快带孩子到医院进行综合检查。
问: 好的，我会注意观察孩子的情况，并且加强孩子的饮食调理。另外，我想问一下，猫吃过的面包... | 不客气，如果您还有其他问题，请随时向我咨询。希望您的孩子能够早日康复！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_传染病科 | [
"寄生虫",
"病毒",
"感染"
] |
A researcher evaluates healthy breast tissue from 100 women, 50 women that were pregnant at the time of the study and 50 age-matched non-pregnant women. The breast tissue in pregnant women contained an increased number of acinar glands with epithelial proliferation compared to the non-pregnant women. Which process caus... | A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia | 正确答案: A. Hyperplasia | medqa/test.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does moderate controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside improve surgical conditions or decrease blood loss in endoscopic sinus surgery? | STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine if moderate controlled hypotension can improve the dryness of the surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery. Randomized, prospective study. University-affiliated hospital. 32 ASA physical status I and II adult patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. All patients were premedicated or... | Intravenous anesthesia supplemented with N(2) is as effective as moderate controlled hypotension when blood loss, visibility in the surgical field, ACTH, AVP, and cortisol are examined.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Do joint commission primary stroke centers utilize more rt-PA in the nationwide inpatient sample? | The Joint Commission began certifying primary stroke centers (PSCs) in December 2003 and provides a standardized definition of stroke center care. It is unknown if PSCs outperform noncertified hospitals. We hypothesized that PSCs would use more recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for ischemic stroke than w... | Subjects evaluated at PSCs were more likely to receive rt-PA than those evaluated at non-PSCs. This association was significant after adjustment for patient and hospital-level variables. Systems of care are necessary to ensure stroke patients have rapid access to PSCs throughout the United States.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Does cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 promoter -658CT gene polymorphism is associate with ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients? | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a role in the downregulation of T cell activation. The present study aimed to examine an association between the CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Han Chinese in central China. One hundred seventeen patients with UC and 246 healthy controls were... | The T allele of CTLA-4 -658 polymorphism in the promoter of CTLA-4 gene was highly associated with UC in the Han Chinese in central China.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Do fundic gland polyps accurately predict a low risk of future gastric carcinogenesis? | Few reports have analyzed the clinical importance of sporadic fundic gland polyps (FGPs). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sporadic FGPs and condition of the gastric mucosa stratified by serum pepsinogen levels and Helicobacter pylori antibody level. Three hundred and seventy-five subje... | Sporadic FGPs tend to be related to the least atrophic mucosa among non-gastric atrophy subjects without H. pylori infection, and can be used as predictors of a low risk of gastric carcinogenesis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"infection",
"helicobacter pylori"
] |
Do diesel exhaust particles induce cysteine oxidation and s-glutathionylation in house dust mite induced murine asthma? | Diesel exhaust particle (DEP) exposure enhances allergic inflammation and has been linked to the incidence of asthma. Oxidative stress on the thiol molecules cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) can promote inflammatory host responses. The effect of DEP on the thiol oxidation/reduction (redox) state in the asthmatic lu... | DEP exposure promotes oxidation and S-glutathionylation of cysteine amino acids in the asthmatic airway, suggesting a novel mechanism by which DEP may enhance allergic inflammatory responses.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is ongoing monoclonal B-cell proliferation common in gastric B-cell lymphoma after combined radiochemotherapy? | Gastric marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Stable complete remission (CR) can be induced by H pylori eradication. Whether this is paralleled by cure of the lymphoma remains unclear. Persisting monoclonal bands f... | In contrast with H pylori eradication alone, radiochemotherapy results in clearing of monoclonal cells during follow-up. This may result in better elimination of residual lymphoma cells. Further study is needed to determine whether this translates into lower risk of relapse.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"uti",
"pcr"
] |
Does use of Antibiotics Among Patients With Cirrhosis and Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding be Associated With Reduced Mortality? | Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for all patients with cirrhosis hospitalized for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). We evaluated the association between use of antibiotics, outcomes of re-admissions, and mortality in these patients. We performed a retrospective study of 6451 patients with cirrhosis (mean ... | In a study of patients with cirrhosis and UGIB in the VA health care system, timely administration of antibiotics was associated with a 30% reduction in 30-day mortality. The proportion of patients with cirrhosis and UGIB receiving timely antibiotics nearly doubled from 2005 to 2013, but many patients-particularly thos... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"antibiotic"
] |
医生，我最近一直咳嗽，我怀疑是过敏引起的，请问如何进行检查呢？ | 您好！可以为您解答。对于过敏性咳嗽的检查，我们一般可以采取以下几种方式进行诊断：
1. 过敏原检查：根据您的症状和病史，我们可以进行过敏原检测。这一般包括皮肤测试、血清特异性IgE抗体检测等。
2. 呼吸功能检查：呼吸功能检查可以评估肺部的功能，检查肺活量、呼气流量峰值等指标，有助于判断是否存在气道过敏性炎症或气道阻塞。
3. 支气管刺激试验：这是一种常用的功能性检查方法，通过刺激支气管，观察咳嗽反射和气道炎症反应，以判断是否存在过敏性咳嗽。
4. 胸部X线检查：这种方法可以排除其他潜在的疾病，如肺炎、气胸等引起的咳嗽。
请问您想了解哪种检查方法？或者您还有其他问题吗？ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_内科 | [
"抗体检测",
"肺炎"
] | |
Does estrogen regulate DNA synthesis in human gingival epithelial cells displaying strong estrogen receptor β immunoreactivity? | Estrogen acts via estrogen receptor (ER) α and β. The expression pattern of ERs and their importance in gingival tissues are not fully understood. In this study, we investigate gingival ER expression and effects of estrogen on gingival epithelial cell proliferation. Gingival biopsies were obtained from both healthy and... | Human gingival epithelial cells display strong ERβ but low ERα immunoreactivity both in vivo and in culture. Estrogen attenuates gingival epithelial cell DNA synthesis at high but not low concentrations, suggesting a concentration-dependent mechanism.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"culture"
] |
谢谢医生的耐心解答和建议！我会按照您的指导去做的。再次感谢您！ | 对话历史:
问: 最近也不知道是不是吃了几次火锅，现在脸上冒出了不少痘痘，这该咋办？
答: 您好！我是仲景智能医学助手，很高兴为您解答问题。长时间食用辛辣和油腻食物可能导致痘痘的产生。针对您目前的情况，我给出以下建议：
1. 保持面部清洁：每天用温水和温和的洁面产品洗脸，注意避免过度清洁。
2. 饮食调节：多吃新鲜水果和蔬菜，少食用辛辣、油腻和甜食。
3. 护肤品选择：选择不含刺激性成分的护肤品，并且确保配合适合您肤质的护肤步骤。
4. 睡眠充足：保持良好的作息时间和充足的睡眠，有助于皮肤的修复和新陈代谢。
问: 谢谢医生的建议！我会注意调整饮食习惯和护肤方式的，但是还有其他的方法可以加速痘痘的消退吗？
答: 当然！除了以上建议，您... | 不客气！祝您早日康复！如果还有其他问题，随时来咨询。祝您身体健康，生活愉快！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_皮肤性病科 | [
"感染"
] |
Kallu a 30-year-old man, presented with subcutaneous itchy nodules over the left iliac crest. On examination, they are firm, non-tender and mobile. Skin scrapping contains microfilaria and adults worms of- | A. Loa Loa
B. Onchocerca volvulus
C. Brugia malayi
D. Mansonella persutans | 正确答案: A. Loa Loa | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
医生，我得了慢性睾丸炎，该怎么治疗呢？ | 您好，慢性睾丸炎一般是可以治愈的，不用过于担心。病原主要是大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌导致的，也有急性睾丸炎是由于流行性腮腺炎病毒引起的。对于治疗慢性睾丸炎，我们可以采取以下几种方法：
1. 抗菌消炎：使用适当的抗生素，以消除病原体，缓解炎症症状。
2. 休息卧床：在治疗期间要充分休息，卧床休息可以减轻症状。
3. 局部热敷、理疗：可以使用热敷或理疗方法，促进睾丸血液循环，减轻炎症。
4. 利多卡因精索封闭注射：对于疼痛较严重的患者，可以采取利多卡因精索封闭注射来减轻疼痛感。
请问您对这些治疗方法有没有更多疑问？ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_男科 | [
"抗生素",
"病毒",
"链球菌"
] | |
The National Health Policy 2002 target to be achieved by the year 2010 is - | A. Eradication of polio and yawsd
B. Elimination of leprosy
C. Achieve zero level growth of HIV\/AIDS
D. Reduce infant moality rate 30\/1000 live bihs | 正确答案: C. Achieve zero level growth of HIV\/AIDS
解释: National health policy goals to be achieved by the year 2010 reduce moality by 50% on account of TB ,malaria and other vector and waterborne diseases Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% Reduce IMR to 30/1000 and MMR to 100/lakh Increase utilization of public healt... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"HIV",
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Do androgens modulate male-derived endothelial cell homeostasis using androgen receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms? | Sex-related differences in the role of androgen have been reported in cardiovascular diseases and angiogenesis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) has been causally involved in the homeostasis of human prostate endothelial cells. However, levels of expression, functionality and biological role of AR in male- and female-d... | (1) Heterogeneous expression of AR in male- and female-derived HUVEC could define the presence of functionally different subpopulations of ECs that may be affected differentially by androgens, which could explain, at least in part, the pleiotropic effects of androgen on vascular biology, and (2) DHT, and metabolites of... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"pcr"
] |
Which of the following tumors would most likely be associated with either hyponatremia or diffuse pigmentation of skin? <img src=" /> | A. Renal adenocarcinoma
B. Small cell carcinoma of the lung
C. Hepatocellular carcinoma
D. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | 正确答案: A. Renal adenocarcinoma
解释: Small cell carcinomas of the lung can ectopically secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and adrenocoicotropic hormone (ACTH) or ACTH-like peptide to produce hyponatremia and Cushing syndrome, respectively. Ectopic production of hormones is one of the paraneoplastic syndromes that frequen... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Hymen in false virgin is: | A. Annular
B. Elastic
C. Imperforate
D. Semilunar | 正确答案: A. Annular
解释: Ans. (b) ElasticRef: The essentials of FSM by KS Narayan Reddy 31st ed. P 365-66* The presence of unruptured hymen is a presumption, BUT IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE PROOF OF VIRGINITY.* This makes the diagnosis of virginity difficult. With an intact hymen there are: TRUE VIRGINS and FALSE VIRGIN.* Referenc... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does differentiation of human dental stem cells reveal a role for microRNA-218? | Regeneration of lost periodontium is the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy. Advances in tissue engineering have demonstrated the multilineage potential and plasticity of adult stem cells located in periodontal apparatus. However, it remains unclear how epigenetic mechanisms controlling signals determine tissue speci... | These data reveal a miRNA-regulated pathway for the differentiation of human DSCs and a select network of human miRNAs that control DSC osteogenic differentiation.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"culture"
] |
Which of the following are stable cells: | A. The lining mucosa of the glands
B. Mesenchymal cells
C. Nerve cells
D. Stratified squamous epithelium of the oral cavity | 正确答案: A. The lining mucosa of the glands
解释: Glandular organs of the body such as liver, kidney, pancreas, mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells are examples stable cells. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does the sensory nucleus of the genitofemoral nerve have a role in testicular descent? | A role for the genitofemoral nerve (GFN) and its neurotransmitter, CGRP, in testicular descent has been well established. The exact mechanism, however, by which circulating androgens act on the GFN is not yet known. The authors studied the sensory nucleus of the GFN (L1-L2 dorsal root ganglia [DRG]) to determine whethe... | These findings show a sexual dimorphism in the number of GFN cell bodies in the DRG. Flutamide decreases the number of GFN cell bodies in the DRG of both males and females. Our results are consistent with a role for circulating androgens acting on the sensory nucleus of the GFN (DRG) instead of the motor nucleus as pre... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Can neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predict recurrence of non-valvular atrial fibrillation after cardioversion? | High neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with post-operative AF development in patients who underwent cardiac surgery. In this study, effectiveness of NLR for prediction of recurrence after electrical cardioversion (CV) in non-valvular AF was investigated. A total of 149 patients who underwent a succe... | NLR failed to predict AF recurrence after a successful electrical CV, but hs-CRP remained an inflammatory marker of AF recurrence. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Does eradication of Helicobacter pylori increase the incidence of hyperlipidaemia and obesity in peptic ulcer patients? | Eradication of Helicobacter pylori improves clinical symptoms and quality of life in patients with peptic ulcer. To investigate the effect of eradication of H. pylori on body mass index and incidence of hyperlipidaemia in patients with peptic ulcer. The study population comprised 50 patients (42 men, 8 women; mean age,... | Our findings show that eradication of H. pylori significantly increases the incidence of hyperlipidaemia and obesity in patients with peptic ulcer.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"helicobacter pylori"
] |
Is vigorous intensity physical activity related to the metabolic syndrome independent of the physical activity dose? | Current physical activity guidelines imply that, by comparison with moderate physical activity (MPA), the benefits of engaging in vigorous physical activity (VPA) are attributed to the greater energy expenditure dose per unit of time and do not relate to intensity per se. The purpose of this study was to determine whet... | These cross-sectional findings suggest that VPA per se has an important role in cardiometabolic disease prevention.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does venous bubble count decline during strenuous exercise after an open sea dive to 30 m? | The effect of post-dive exercise on bubble formation remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly reduces bubble formation in man. The o... | These results suggest that post-dive strenuous exercise after a single field dive reduces post-dive gas bubble formation in well-trained military divers. Additional findings are needed for normal sports divers.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Do glucose elevations alter bradykinin-stimulated intracellular calcium accumulation in cultured endothelial cells? | Diabetes selectively injures receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation. In this study, we investigated the effect of elevated glucose concentrations on intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) signal transduction in response to stimulants of EDRF/nitric oxide release in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. [Ca2+i] w... | Hyperglycemia may contribute to defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetes via an attenuated increase in Ca2+i signal transduction for the release of nitric oxide by endothelial cells. This defect possibly arises as a consequence of hydroxyl radicals formed intracellularly.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"culture"
] |
Gastric glands contains following cells EXCEPT | A. Parietal cells
B. Paneth- cells
C. Mucous neck cells
D. Endocrinal cells. | 正确答案: A. Parietal cells
解释: B. i.e. (Paneth cells) (97-MK3rd) (241 -IBS. Histology 5th)* PANETH-CELLS - founds only in the deeper parts of intestinal crypts **Risch in zinc and have eosinophilic granule, secreting lysozyme and antibacterial substance (AI-09)GASTRIC-CELLS1. Chief or Zymogenic or peptic cells - secretes... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre",
"bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
The cochleovestibular nerve identified during auditory brainstem implantation in patients with narrow internal auditory canals: can preoperative evaluation predict cochleovestibular nerve deficiency? | To analyze the value of preoperative diagnostic tools in predicting the status of the cochleovestibular nerve (CVN) in patients with narrow internal auditory canals (IAC). Retrospective case series at a tertiary hospital. Eight profoundly deaf patients with narrow IACs who received auditory brainstem implantation were ... | Visualization on MRI and detection of auditory responses suggested the presence of a CVN in patients with narrow IACs; however, the possibility of the presence of a CVN should be considered even when there is no clear evidence of a CVN on preoperative evaluations. Therefore, physicians should be prudent when determinin... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"candida"
] |
Cardiopulmonary bypass and renal cell carcinoma with level IV tumour thrombus: can deep hypothermic circulatory arrest limit perioperative mortality? | • To review experience with nephrectomy/thrombectomy for a renal cell carcimoma (RCC) with a level IV tumour thrombus and to evaluate the benefit of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPBP). • A multi-institutional retrospective database was created to assess the outcomes of surgery... | • Radical nephrectomy and level IV tumour thrombectomy is associated with significant mortality. • The use of DHCA does not appear to adversely affect operative characteristics and may limit perioperative mortality. • Further prospective studies should be performed to confirm the benefit of DHCA. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Is preoperative contralateral portal vein embolization before major hepatic resection a safe and efficient procedure : a large single institution experience? | The aim of this study was to report the results of preoperative contralateral portal vein embolization (PVE) performed in a single institution. Between January 1997 and March 2006, 146 patients requiring a right or extended right hepatectomy for primary or secondary liver tumors underwent contralateral PVE when the fut... | The results suggest that contralateral PVE is a safe and efficient procedure inducing adequate hypertrophy of the FRL before major liver resection.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti",
"sepsis",
"Sepsis"
] |
Is impaired renal function a major determinant of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction : assessment by stress myocardial perfusion imaging? | Relationships between myocardial scintigraphic parameters and renal function have not been fully determined. We investigated correlations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function using stress electrocardiographic (ECG)-gated myocardial single photon emission compu... | Our data suggest that impaired renal function is a significant determinant of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with suspected CAD.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Does proapoptotic protein Siva bound to the muscle protein telethonin in cardiomyocytes during coxsackieviral infection? | Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to cause a variety of human diseases including acute and chronic myocarditis as well as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the mechanisms by which CVB3 causes diseases are not well understood. Studies identifying protein-protein interactions during CVB3 infection are useful in deli... | telethonin might be involved in CVB3-mediated cell damage and in the resulting cardiac dysfunction due to the interaction with Siva. We suggest a molecular mechanism through which coxsackieviral infection contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic myocarditis and in particular of acquired forms of DCM.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"infection",
"virus"
] |
Does percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Annuloplasty ( PTMA ) with the Viking device reduce pacing-induced mitral regurgitation? | The new percutaneous mitral annuloplasty Viking device was evaluated in surviving sheep with pacing-induced mitral regurgitation. Twenty sheep were subjected to rapid ventricular pacing for one to three months, leading to cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation. Device implantation could be successfully performed in 11... | These results indicate that the septo-lateral diameter of the mitral annulus, and the degree of experimentally induced mitral regurgitation, can be significantly reduced with a percutaneous catheter technique in surviving sheep.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Do immucillins ImmA and ImmH Are Effective and Non-toxic in the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis? | Immucillins ImmA (IA), ImmH (IH) and SerMe-ImmH (SMIH) are synthetic deazapurine nucleoside analogues that inhibit Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis multiplication in vitro without macrophage toxicity. Immucillins are compared to the Glucantime standard drug in the chemotherapy of Leishma... | Immucillins IA, IH and SMIH were effective in treating leishmaniasis in mice. In hamsters, IA and IH were also effective. The highest therapeutic efficacy was obtained with IA, possibly due to its induction of a TH1 immune response. Low immucillin doses were required and showed no toxicity. Our results disclose the pot... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"parasite",
"cre",
"infection"
] |
Does rapamycin enhance the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells? | Rapamycin is a potent inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway activation and its chemotherapeutic effect against pancreatic cancer has been demonstrated. In the present study, the combined effect of rapamycin with gemcitabine was examined and a screening method for detecting sensitivity to combined effects was investigated. Four... | As a screening method for assessing the combined effects of rapamycin and gemcitabine, the decrease in expression of Akt/Ser473 and Akt/Thr 308 with rapamycin treatment was promising. Rapamycin enhances the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine. Detecting a decrease in Akt/ Ser473 and Akt/Thr308 after rapamycin treatment, b... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Placenta accreta is associated with all except : | A. Placenta pre
B. Uterine scar
C. Multipara
D. Uterine malformation | 正确答案: C. Multipara
解释: Risk factors for placenta accreta : Present placenta pre Previous H/o cesarean section Previous curettage Previous manual removal of placenta Previously treated Asherman syndrome Myomectomy Multiparity Advanced age Ref: Datta Obs 9e pg 394. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Clinical testing of the function of the long thoracic nerve is done by? | A. Adduct the arm abducted to 90 degree against resistance
B. Hold the arm in abducted position against resistance
C. Initiate abduction of the arm from the side against resistance
D. Raise the arm above the head on the affected side | 正确答案: C. Initiate abduction of the arm from the side against resistance
解释: Injury to the long thoracic nerve or nerve to serratus anterior leads to inability to raise the arm beyond 90 degree i.e. overhead abduction. Serratus anterior rotates the inferior angle of scapula laterally during abduction of the arm above t... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"resistance"
] |
Are geriatric outcomes improved by a geriatric trauma consultation service? | Traumatic injuries in older patients are complex and have significant impact on the individual, their family, and trauma centers. We hypothesized that greater attention to the timely identification and comprehensive management of comorbid conditions would improve outcomes in the care of the older injured patient. This ... | Outcomes of older patients can be improved through geriatricians' expertise by addressing new and existing medical issues and reducing hospital-acquired complications such as functional decline, falls, delirium, and death.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Is primary somatosensory cortex activation altered in patients with ventroposterior thalamic lesions : a PET study? | We know remarkably little about the mechanisms underlying cortical activation. Such mechanisms might be better understood by studying the effect of well-localized lesions on the cortical activations in simple paradigms. We used H(2)(15)O and positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at... | The fact that a lesion of the somatosensory thalamic relay nuclei alters the rCBF at rest in SM1 but not its activation by hand vibration indicates that the mechanism of cortical activation is complex, even in the case of simple sensory stimulation. In addition, a dissociation may occur between obvious neurological def... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Are postoperative complications genetically determined by TNF-beta NcoI gene polymorphism? | Postoperative infectious complications are the leading causes for postoperative sepsis. In severe sepsis, tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta) NcoI polymorphism was associated with increased mortality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the biallelic NcoI polymorphism within the TNF locus is ass... | The TNF-beta NcoI polymorphism influences the development of postoperative complications. While the genotype TNF-beta1/beta2 has a higher risk for developing complications in general, the TNF-beta2/beta2 genotype is associated with more severe complications and mortality from sepsis. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti",
"sepsis"
] |
Does 17beta-Estradiol inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 transcription via MAP kinase in fibroblasts? | Female sex and sex hormones contribute to cardiac remodelling. 17beta-estradiol (E2) is involved in the modulation of extracellular matrix composition and function. Here, we analysed the effect of E2 on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 gene expression and studied the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat cardiac fibro... | E2 inhibits MMP-2 expression via the ER and the MAPK pathway in rat cardiac fibroblasts and in a human fibroblast cell line. These mechanisms may contribute to sex-specific differences in fibrotic processes that are observed in human heart and other diseases.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is behaviour really at risk after surviving meningitis in childhood? | To examine behaviour problems, personality, self-perceived competence and academic deficits in children who had recovered from non-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterial meningitis (BM) without obvious medical sequelae. Assessments in 182 children, mean age 10 (range 5-14) years, 4-10 years after surviving menin... | Children who survived non-Hib BM without severe medical sequelae hardly differ from normal children with respect to personality and self-perceived competence. A small proportion deviates from normal in behaviour problems.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"meningitis",
"influenza",
"bacteria"
] |
Does [ New concept minimize bleeding in radical retropubic prostatectomy ]? | Radical retropubic prostatectomy is an intervention known to be associated with severe bleeding. Even experienced surgeons report a blood transfusion rate of up to 20%. The perioperative concept for this intervention underwent various modifications in January 2001. This study describes the effect of these modifications... | The new perioperative concept minimizes the intraoperative blood loss during radical open retropubic prostatectomy. Transfusions are only necessary in rare cases. The complication rate remains unaltered.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is Shift Work Associated with Lipid Disturbances and Increased Insulin Resistance? | Shift work is associated with higher risk of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular diseases. There are contradictory reports on the effect of shift work on lipid parameters in the literature. No studies have investigated any possible association between shift work and the ratio of serum triglyceride to high density... | In the present study, shift work was shown to be associated with higher TG/HDL-C ratio, higher serum TG, and lower HDL-C levels. These findings might indicate that shift work is associated with increased insulin resistance and consequently higher risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance"
] |
Does islet transplantation restore the damage of glomerulus filtration membrane in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy? | To evaluate the effects on filtration membrane of glomerulus after islet transplantation in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. The experimental case-control study was conducted at Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China from January to May 2015, and comprised male Sprague Dawley rats obtaine... | Diabetic nephropathy rats after islet transplantation can ameliorate the damage of podocytes and basement membrane by inhibiting the pathway of transforming growth factor-beta 1.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is lipopolysaccharide regulated protein expression only partly impaired in monocytes from patients with type I diabetes? | Monocytes play an important role in innate immunity and atherosclerosis. A disturbed secretion of cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated monocytes from type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients has been described and may contribute to the impaired inflammatory response in these individuals. In the present study the influ... | These data indicate that LPS-mediated protein expression is only partly disturbed in monocytes from T1D patients. Reduced secretion of IL-6 and CCL2 in activated monocytes of these patients may contribute to an impaired inflammatory response and vascular disease.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is glutamine infusion during ischemia detrimental in a murine gut ischemia/reperfusion model? | Gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) frequently occurs in clinical settings as a result of disproportionate splanchnic hypoperfusion during shock. Glutamine (GLN) supplementation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) before gut I/R improves survival after gut I/R compared with standard TPN. However, it is unknown whether GLN t... | GLN infusion during ischemia is detrimental for survival after gut I/R. A possible mechanism is excessive priming of myeloid cells caused by GLN infusion. Timing of GLN administration is critical for outcome after gut ischemic insult.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Changing trends in thyroid and parathyroid surgery over the decade: is same-day discharge feasible in the United Kingdom? | A recent British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons consensus document suggested that day-case thyroidectomy is feasible in a small proportion of patients but has to be balanced against risks. Currently, there is no large reported series of same-day discharge in thyroid and parathyroid surgery from the UK. T... | Current protocols for thyroid or parathyroid surgery make same-day discharge feasible and safe in carefully selected patients. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"infection",
"uti"
] |
Which of the following statements is true regarding basal metabolic rate: | A. Increased in starvation
B. It is not influenced by hormonal changes
C. It is not affected by dietary changes
D. Decreased by 50% in starvation | 正确答案: C. It is not affected by dietary changes
解释: D i.e. J 50% in saturation | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nA country has a population of 1000 million; bih rate is 23 and death rate is 6. In which phase of the demographic cycle does this country lie?\r\n\r\n | A. Early expanding
B. Late expanding
C. Plateau
D. Declining | 正确答案: A. Early expanding
解释: This country has a high growth rate (Crude Bih Rate-Crude Death Rate) and therefore lies in an expanding phase. The stages of a demographic cycle whether 'early' or 'late' are based on relative terms like decreasing or increasing crude bih and death rates. The question here provides us onl... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
谢谢医生，我会注意这些事项的。 | 对话历史:
问: 我病情复阳两次了，怎么办呢？
答: 复阳并不意味着病情恶化或免疫力低下，但需要进行进一步评估和治疗。我可以给你一些建议，你有哪些症状吗？
问: 我感到乏力，而且有些呼吸不畅。
答: 这些是比较常见的症状，我建议你密切关注自己的病情变化，并遵循医生的建议进行治疗。如果症状加重或出现呼吸困难等严重症状，需要及时就医。另外，你是否进行了病毒学评估呢？
问: 没有进行过评估，我该怎么办呢？
答: 病毒学评估可以帮助确定感染的严重程度和病毒变异情况，你可以联系医生，进行相应的检测。如果病毒学评估结果显示病情严重，可能需要接受更积极的治疗。此外，你需要遵守隔离规定，以减少传播给他人的风险。
问: 好的，我会尽量遵守隔离规定的。... | 不客气，希望你早日康复，有其他问题随时可以找我咨询。祝你身体健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_内科 | [
"抗病毒药",
"病毒",
"感染"
] |
Does exercise ameliorate the detrimental effect of chloroquine on skeletal muscles in mice via restoring autophagy flux? | To study the roles of autophagy in muscle establishment during long-term exercise in mice. Female ICR mice were submitted to exercise training with a wheel running regimen: 6 m/min, 15 min/time, 3 times/d (on 8:00, 14:00, and 20:00), 5 d/week for 2 months. The mice were treated with the autophagy activator trehalose (1... | Long-term regular exercise activates autophagy process associated with muscle establishment, and ameliorates the detrimental effects of chloroquine on skeletal muscles via restoring autophagy flux.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Does prevalence and correlate of anergy among drug users in Puerto Rico? | This study assessed prevalence and correlates of anergy among a cohort of drug users in communities in the San Juan metropolitan area. In all, 719 drug injectors and crack users were recruited in neighbourhoods in the San Juan metropolitan area following a stratified cluster design of 30 copping areas (places where dru... | Most studies addressing drug users' immune system dysfunction are related to HIV infection. Additional studies are needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of drug users' immune systems.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"HIV",
"infection",
"hiv"
] |
好的，我会严格遵守医生的建议，保持良好的个人卫生和饮食习惯，并让性伴侣一同进行检查和治疗。非常感谢您的指导和建议！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生，我得了包皮龟头炎，可是长期不愈，我该怎么办呢？
答: 你好，听说你的包皮龟头炎长期不愈，这可能与多种因素有关。首先，我们需要了解你的具体情况。请问你有哪些症状？是否有免疫力降低的情况？还有，你是否有包皮过长或包茎？另外，你曾与性伴侣接触，对方是否存在霉菌性阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎等情况？
问: 我有包皮龟头炎的症状，就是长期不愈。我目前没有意识到自己免疫力降低的情况，但可能有第一次感染的原因。包皮没有过长，但有时包茎的情况可能会发生。至于性伴侣方面，我没有接触过有阴道炎的人。
答: 了解了你的情况，我们可以采取以下措施来解决长期不愈的问题。首先，你需要去医院进行检查和治疗。在炎症急性期期间，建议避免进行性行为，以... | 不客气，希望你能尽快康复。如果在治疗过程中有任何问题或疑虑，随时向医生咨询。祝你身体健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_男科 | [
"抗生素",
"病毒",
"培养"
] |
Hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy: could intact parathyroid hormone be a predictive factor for transient postoperative hypocalcemia? | Hypocalcemia, the most common complication of thyroidectomy, is a transient condition in up to 27% of patients and a permanent condition approximately 1% of patients. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate reliability of postoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) assessment for predicting clinically rel... | The relative decrease in serum iPTH was greater in patients with hypocalcemia arising on the second postoperative day rather than in patients who remained normocalcemic. The relative decrease in iPTH determined 2 hours after total thyroidectomy together with the serum calcium concentration 24 hours after thyroidectomy ... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Does acetic acid improve identification of remnant islands of Barrett 's epithelium after endoscopic therapy? | Instillation of acetic acid onto the uterine cervix at colposcopy has been used for many years to highlight dysplastic areas and thereby enhance the ability to obtain targeted biopsy specimens. As part of an ongoing trial of multipolar electrocoagulation for Barrett's esophagus, we sought to develop a simple technique ... | Acetic acid instillation enhances the ability to detect small or indistinguishable remnant islands of columnar epithelium after endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus. This method is safe, rapid, and inexpensive.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] |
Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase plasma adiponectin to leptin ratio in stable coronary artery disease? | Growing evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, the exact mechanisms underlying the effects of omega-3 PUFA in humans have not yet been fully clarified. We sought to evaluate omega-3 PUFA-mediated effects on adipokines in patients with stable coronary artery dis... | In high risk stable coronary patients after PCI omega-3 PUFA supplementation improves adipokine profile in circulating blood. This might be a novel, favourable mechanism of omega-3 PUFA action.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does change in alpha1 HDL concentration predict progression in coronary artery stenosis? | We examined the effects of simvastatin-niacin and antioxidant vitamins on changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulations and alterations in coronary artery stenosis, as assessed by angiography. Lipids, lipoproteins, and HDL particles were measured on and off treatment in 123 subjects of the HDL-Atherosclerosi... | Simvastatin-niacin therapy significantly increased the large apoA-I-containing alpha1 HDL particles. This increase was significantly associated with less progression of coronary stenosis even after adjusting for traditional risk factors.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with hematuria and hemoptysis that started in the morning. He notes that he has had frequent lung infections throughout his adult life, the most recent being 2 weeks ago. He also mentions that he has had hematuria twice before but never as severe as he is having cu... | A. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
B. IgA nephropathy
C. Goodpasture syndrome
D. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | 正确答案: D. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | medqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] |
The neonatal feature of cystic fibrosis is | A. Bronchitis
B. Bronchiolitis
C. Meconeum ileus
D. Bronchiectasis | 正确答案: B. Bronchiolitis
解释: Meconium is the first stool (bowel movement) that a newborn has. This stool is very thick and sticky. Meconium ileus is a bowel obstruction that occurs when the meconium in your child&;s intestine is even thicker and stickier than normal meconium, creating a blockage in a pa of the small int... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does a Protein Preload enhance the Glucose-Lowering Efficacy of Vildagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes? | Nutrient "preloads" given before meals can attenuate postprandial glycemic excursions, at least partly by slowing gastric emptying and stimulating secretion of the incretins (i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]). This study was designed to evaluate whether a prot... | In metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, a protein preload has the capacity to enhance the efficacy of vildagliptin to slow gastric emptying, increase plasma intact incretins, and reduce postprandial glycemia.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does the type and size of Amplatzer vascular plug affect the occlusion time of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations? | Occlusion time (OT) is an important factor in the treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) since it can lead to serious complications. The purpose of our study is to calculate the OT of Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP, St Jude Medical), and correlate it to the type of the device used (AVP or AVP 2) and t... | The use of AVP 2, and increase in device oversizing were not associated with reduction in the OT of PAVMs. There was no reported difference in safety between the two devices, and no major complications were noted. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Is duloxetine both an inhibitor and a substrate of cytochrome P4502D6 in healthy volunteers? | Duloxetine, a potent dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine currently undergoing clinical investigation for treatment of depression and stress urinary incontinence, has the potential to act as both a substrate and an inhibitor of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). Our objectives were to determine the effect ... | Duloxetine 60 mg twice daily is a moderately potent CYP2D6 inhibitor, intermediate between paroxetine and sertraline. The potent CYP2D6 inhibitor paroxetine has a moderate effect on duloxetine concentrations. The results of these 2 studies suggest that caution should be used when CYP2D6 substrates and inhibitors are co... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Pandemic are caused by- | A. Hepatitis B
B. Influenza-A
C. Influenza-B
D. Influenza-C | 正确答案: A. Hepatitis B
解释: Ans. is 'b i.e., Influenza-A Pandemic --> Influenza, cholera Eltor, Acute hemorrhagic, Conjuctivitis. Epidemic --> Measles, Chickenpox, Cholera Endemic --> Hepatitis A, typhoid fever Sporadic ---> Polio, Tetanus, Herpes zoster, meningococcal meningitis. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"hepatitis b",
"meningitis",
"influenza"
] |
Are serum levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances associated with risk of coronary heart disease? | Evidence of relationships between lipid peroxidation and the incidence of coronary heart disease is limited. We therefore investigated this association in a Japanese general population. We prospectively studied 1945 individuals who were apparently healthy at the baseline. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to in... | Serum levels of TBARS are a strong and independent predictor of coronary heart disease. These findings support the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Multiple thyroid nodules in the lung: metastasis or ectopia? | Intrapulmonary thyroid tissue with no malignant history of the thyroid gland is extremely rare. Usually, it is interpreted as ectopic thyroid tissue. Here we describe a case of bilateral pulmonary thyroid nodules with a history of multinodular thyroid goiter. A 37-year-old female had recurrent multinodular thyroid goit... | This is a rare thyroid disease with malignant behavior but no pathological evidence. Careful diagnosis and postoprative follow-up should be carried out whenever such nodules are encountered in clinical practice. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
明白了，谢谢医生的解答！ | 对话历史:
问: 我想了解一下，和艾滋病人共用日常生活用品会不会传染上艾滋病呢？
答: 首先，艾滋病是一种通过血液、性接触以及母婴垂直传播等途径感染的疾病。对于日常生活用品的传播途径，实际上传播风险是较低的。但是为了安全起见，还是建议尽量避免与艾滋病患者共用日常生活用品，以免产生交叉感染的风险。
问: 那我可以今后如何预防艾滋病的传播呢？
答: 非常好的问题！预防艾滋病的传播有几个重要的方法。首先要避免性行为中的高风险情况，如不规范性行为、性伴侣不明确、多性伴侣等。其次，艾滋病患者的血液可以是传播途径之一，因此在注射毒品、打破皮肤等操作时，务必避免拥有感染源的血液进入到自己的身体内。最后，对于已经感染艾滋病的孕妇，产前、产时和产后应... | 不客气！如果您还有其他关于艾滋病的问题，随时都可以向我提问。我会尽力为您解答。保持正确的预防知识和良好的生活习惯，可以有效降低感染的风险。预祝您身体健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_传染病科 | [
"病毒",
"感染"
] |
好的，非常感谢医生的建议和解答！我会前往医院详细咨询，并根据医生的建议决定是否进行手术。 | 对话历史:
问: 医生，膨体材料隆鼻需要多少钱？效果如何呢？我鼻子有点塌，缺乏立体感，希望通过隆鼻手术改善。我是一个23岁的女性。
答: 您好！针对膨体材料隆鼻的价格因城市和医院而异，一般来说，手术费用在5000-20000元之间。具体价格需要您前往医院咨询专业医生，根据您的鼻型、改善程度以及医生经验等因素进行评估。
关于手术效果，膨体材料隆鼻可以增加鼻子的立体感，使鼻梁更为挺拔，改善塌陷的问题。效果通常是可见的，但具体效果还需要根据个人情况来定。手术后需要注意术后护理和规避某些活动，以确保手术效果和恢复。
问: 了解了，谢谢医生。我还想了解一下整个手术的过程和风险。
答: 隆鼻手术通常需要在医院内的手术室进行，会使用局部麻醉或全身... | 不客气，希望我的回答能对您有所帮助。如果还有其他问题，随时向我提问，祝您健康和美丽！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_整形美容 | [
"感染"
] |
Does puerarin improve Diabetic Aorta Injury by Inhibiting NADPH Oxidase-Derived Oxidative Stress in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats? | Puerarin is a natural flavonoid isolated from the TCM lobed kudzuvine root. This study investigated the effect and mechanisms of puerarin on diabetic aorta in rats. Streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats were administered with puerarin for 3 weeks. Levels of serum insulin (INS), PGE2, endothelin (ET), glycated he... | Puerarin demonstrated protective effect on the STZ-induced diabetic rat aorta. The protective mechanisms may include regulation of NF-κB and inhibition of NOX2 and NOX4 followed by inhibition of cell adhesion molecule expression.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"ELISA",
"PCR",
"elisa"
] |
A 24-year-old man is found to have an increased total body iron concentration. Biopsy of his liver shows large amounts of granular golden- brown pigment which stains blue with prussian blue stain. The presence of which one of the following diseases best explains these findings? | A. Systemic amylodosis
B. Chronic congestive hea failure
C. Advanced atrophy
D. Hemophilia | 正确答案: C. Advanced atrophy
解释: Hemophilia The studies indicated that this patient has an accumulation of iron-containing pigment in his liver. One of the causes of this is multiple transfusions which increases the total iron load on the body. A patient with hemophilia . typically requires multiple blood transfusions ov... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Are autopsy studies reliable in assessing gallstone prevalence in the community? | Autopsy studies have been used for many years to estimate gallstone prevalence in the population, although this has been questioned because of the risk of selection bias. Gallstone prevalence measured by ultrasonographic screening of a random population was compared with gallstone prevalence assessed by routinely colle... | Routinely collected autopsy data may be a good estimate of gallstone prevalence in the community, but this could be coincidental and due to bias acting in opposite directions, with higher true prevalence balanced by inadequate detection of gallstones in routine autopsy studies. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Does silencing of keratinocyte growth factor receptor restore 5-fluorouracil and tamoxifen efficacy on responsive cancer cells? | Keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) is a splice variant of the FGFR2 gene expressed in epithelial cells. Activation of KGFR is a key factor in the regulation of physiological processes in epithelial cells such as proliferation, differentiation and wound healing. Alterations of KGFR signaling have been linked to ... | These findings suggest that selective inhibition of the KGF/KGFR pathway may provide a useful tool to ameliorate the efficacy of the therapeutic strategies for certain epithelial tumors.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"resistance",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
非常感谢您详细的回答和建议！我会尽快就医并采取相应的措施来管理我的乙肝状况。再次感谢！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生，我乙肝表面抗原0.153，抗体399.031，e抗原0.058，e抗体1.369，核心抗体0.032，肝硬度8.2，肝功正常，也是乙肝吗？谢谢！2月份我又打了乙肝疫苗的！女性，47岁。
答: 您好！根据您提供的乙肝相关指标来看，您的乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）和乙肝e抗原（HBeAg）的阳性结果，以及乙肝核心抗体（anti-HBc IgM）和抗体（anti-HBs）的阳性结果，说明您目前已经感染了乙肝病毒。肝硬度和肝功正常则表明您的肝功能尚未出现明显异常。
问: 那么乙肝疫苗的接种会对我的乙肝状况有影响吗？
答: 乙肝疫苗是预防乙肝的有效手段，可以降低乙肝病毒传播的风险。但是对于已经感染了乙肝病毒的人来说，乙肝... | 不客气！祝您早日康复，如果有任何疑问或需要进一步的帮助，请随时向我咨询。祝您健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_传染病科 | [
"病毒",
"感染",
"乙肝病毒"
] |
Are coagulation profiles of healthy Andalusian donkeys different than those of healthy horses? | Coagulation disorders are frequently diagnosed, especially in hospitalized equidae, and result in increased morbidity and mortality. However, hemostatic reference intervals have not been established for donkeys yet. To determine whether the most common coagulation parameters used in equine practice are different betwee... | The coagulation parameters most commonly determined in equine practice are different in donkeys compared with horses. Thus, the use of normal reference ranges reported previously for healthy horses in donkeys might lead to a misdiagnosis of coagulopathy in healthy donkeys, and unnecessary treatments in sick donkeys. Th... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
明白了，非常感谢您的解答！ | 对话历史:
问: 喜欢每天泡泡脚，很舒服，请问，艾叶泡脚有哪些禁忌？
答: 您好！艾叶泡脚是一种常见的中医方法，它可以促进血液循环、舒缓疲劳和改善睡眠质量。不过，虽然艾叶泡脚有很多好处，但也有一些禁忌需要注意。
问: 那请问具体有哪些禁忌呢？
答: 首先，如果您是孕妇或者正处于月经期间，艾叶泡脚是不适宜的。因为艾叶具有一定的温热性质，容易导致血液循环加速，对于孕妇和月经期间的女性来说可能不太适宜。另外，如果您有皮肤破损、红肿或者感染的情况，也不宜进行艾叶泡脚，以免感染加重。
问: 除此之外还有其他禁忌吗？
答: 是的，还有几点需要注意。首先，如果您有高血压、心脏病或者患有其他心血管疾病的情况，艾叶泡脚也不宜经常进行，因为它可能会导致... | 不客气，如果您还有其他问题，随时可以向我咨询。保持良好的泡脚习惯对身体健康是有益的，但一定要在了解自身情况和禁忌的基础上进行。注意保持良好的卫生习惯，艾叶泡脚对预防和缓解一些亚健康状况具有一定的辅助作用，但不可以代替药物治疗。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_中医科 | [
"感染"
] |
Is increased toll-like receptor 9 expression associated with the severity of paraquat-induced lung injury in mice? | Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an important component of the innate immune system, contributes to the pathogenesis of lung injury. However, its role in paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury has not been studied. Mice were divided into PQ group (n = 24) and control group (n = 12). Mice in both groups were killed on either day... | The TLR9 expression in lung tissue is markedly elevated during PQ-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis and positively correlated with the severity of lung injury in mice.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does self-rated health predict death in adults aged 50 years and above in India? | The Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) aims to improve empirical understanding of health and well-being of adults in developing countries. We examine the role of self-rated health (SRH) in predicting mortality and assess how socio-demographic and other disability measures influence this association. In 2007... | Our findings confirm an association between bad/very bad SRH and mortality for men, independent of age, socio-demographic factors and other disability measures, in a rural Indian population. This association loses significance in women when adjusted for disability. Our study highlights the strength of nesting cross-sec... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does predicting imminent risk for fracture in patients aged 50 or older with osteoporosis using US claim data? | Patient characteristics contributing to imminent risk for fracture, defined as risk of near-term fracture within the next 12 to 24 months, have not been well defined. In patients without recent fracture, we identified factors predicting imminent risk for vertebral/nonvertebral fracture, including falls, age, comorbidit... | In patients with osteoporosis and no recent fracture, falls, older age, poorer health status, comorbidities, and other potential fall risk factors were predictive of imminent risk for fracture. Identification of factors associated with imminent risk for vertebral/nonvertebral fracture may help identify and risk stratif... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Dental students' reflective habits: is there a relation with their academic achievements? | Reflection is regarded as an important and essential component of healthcare professionals' education and practice. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the levels of reflection habits of dental students and clinical and PhD postgraduate trainees and to establish the relationship between students' reflection and... | To foster reflective thinking, tutoring should primarily be focused on younger students (≤23 years old) and those without a previous university degree. Further, a wide variety of assessment methods is suggested to stimulate different reflective constructs. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Does interleukin-7 contribute to human pro-B-cell development in a mouse stromal cell-dependent culture system? | The role of interleukin (IL)-7 in human B lymphopoiesis is still controversial. We used an in vitro culture system to verify involvement of IL-7 in development of human pro-B cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Human CD34(+) bone marrow cells were cultured for 4 weeks on MS-5 mouse stromal cells to induce pro-B cells.... | IL-7 produced by MS-5 cells is required for human pro-B-cell development from CD34(+)bone marrow cells in our culture system, and IL-7 appears to play a certain role in early human B lymphopoiesis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"culture",
"pcr"
] |
Does disruption of poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) protect against stress-evoked immunocompromise? | Chronic stress, mediated by adrenal hormones, is a major risk factor in the progression and outcome of human disease. While the secretion of adrenal hormones is known to be the primary endocrine mediator of stress-induced immunocompromise, the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunocompromise remain unspecified. Ove... | These results provide support for the involvement of PARP activation in immunological damage following physical stress. These results suggest that glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression may require the activation of PARP in order for apoptosis of immune cells to take place. Taken together, these results suggest that ... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] |
Are frequency and number of resuscitation related rib and sternum fractures higher than generally considered? | This study aimed to establish the incidence, number and location of CPR-related skeletal chest injuries (SCI) and to investigate the influence of age, gender, changes in resuscitation guidelines and technique of resuscitation. We analysed SCI in 2148 patients who had undergone resuscitation for non-traumatic cardiac ar... | It is generally considered that at least 1/3 of resuscitated patients sustain rib fractures and at least 1/5 sustains sternum fractures. However, our study showed that these injuries are much more frequent and that increased compression rate and depth cause more SCI. Since in the period 2011-2013 accompanying severe in... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] |
Does notch1 control cell chemoresistance in small cell lung carcinoma cells? | Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is characterized by a high rate of relapse and failure of chemotherapy because of the emergence of drug resistant cells. Notch signaling controls carcinogenesis in several human malignancies and could be involved in the resistance of cells to several chemotherapeutic agents. Herein, we ... | The Notch1 signaling pathway is involved in mediating the drug resistance phenotype of SCLC cells.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"drug resistance",
"cre",
"resistance"
] |
Does acute otitis media develop in the rat after intranasal challenge of Streptococcus pneumoniae? | The rat is a frequently used animal model for middle ear research. To date, acute otitis media (AOM) has been evoked after instillation of bacteria directly into the middle ear cavity or after traumatizing the tympanic membrane. The purpose of the study was to examine whether, with an intact tympanic membrane and middl... | Repeated intranasal deposition of S. pneumoniae, type 3, causes AOM in the rat. The development of AOM can be influenced by tympanic membrane stimulation.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"bacteria",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
谢谢医生的详细解答！我明白了。我会按照医生的建议进行治疗和康复锻炼的，希望能够早日康复！ | 对话历史:
问: 我最近腰部受伤了，感觉很疼，可能是l1椎体爆裂性骨折，请问应该怎么治疗呢？
答: 你的症状可能是l1椎体爆裂性骨折导致的。首先，你需要考虑手术治疗。腰椎椎体骨折是一种不稳定性骨折，可能会损伤神经并导致下肢瘫痪的风险。
问: 手术治疗的话有哪些具体的步骤和注意事项呢？
答: 手术治疗一般包括以下几个步骤：首先是腰椎X线片和CT扫描的评估，来确定骨折程度和位置。然后，在手术中，外科医生会修复或稳定骨折片段，通常使用螺钉、钢板等器械来固定骨折的位置，以促进骨折的愈合。手术后，你需要休养并进行适当的康复锻炼，以增强肌力和加速恢复。此外，术后的引流管有时会使用，但通常不超过三天。术后还需要注意休息，积极进行消炎和抗感染治疗，... | 不客气！祝你早日康复！如果有任何其他问题，随时都可以向我咨询。保持积极的心态，合理的治疗和康复锻炼一定会帮助你恢复好的。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_外科 | [
"感染"
] |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
🦠 Opensource Filtered
Filtered microbiology QA from open-source datasets (270K samples)
📊 Dataset Statistics
| Split | Samples |
|---|---|
| Train | 243,578 |
| Validation | 13,532 |
| Test | 13,533 |
| Total | 270,643 |
📝 Data Format
{
"instruction": "Question or instruction",
"input": "Optional context",
"output": "Answer or response",
"source": "Data source",
"category": "Category label"
}
📦 Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("xingqiang/microbiology-opensource-filtered")
print(f"Training samples: {len(dataset['train']):,}")
🔗 Related Datasets
- microbiology-csv-analysis-qa - From CSV reports
- microbiology-textbook-qa - From textbooks
- microbiology-opensource-filtered - From open-source
📅 Info
- Date: December 2024
- Project: DeepMicroPath
- License: Apache 2.0
- Downloads last month
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