instruction string | input string | output string | source string | category string | matched_keywords list | data_source string | sample_id string | question_type string | difficulty string | species_involved list | original_question string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Do genetic characterization of ØVC8 lytic phage for Vibrio cholerae O1? | Epidemics and pandemics of cholera, a diarrheal disease, are attributed to Vibrio cholera serogroups O1 and O139. In recent years, specific lytic phages of V. cholera have been proposed to be important factors in the cyclic occurrence of cholera in endemic areas. However, the role and potential participation of lytic p... | ØVC8 is a lytic phage with specific activity against V. cholerae O1 strains and is grouped as a member of the VP2-like phage subfamily. The encoding of an Ig domain by ØVC8 makes this phage a good candidate for use in phage therapy and an alternative tool for monitoring V. cholerae populations.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"diarrhea",
"sequencing",
"candida"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生的建议，我会注意清洁并使用药膏来处理这个问题。 | 对话历史:
问: 我最近一直感觉脚底很痒，还长了一些水疱，这是怎么回事呢？
答: 脚底长水疱又痒可能是由于多种原因引起的，可以是细菌感染、真菌感染、或者接触了强碱性物质等。
问: 那具体是哪一种情况导致的呢？
答: 细菌感染是一种常见的可能原因。当脚底长时间不透气、运动量大、出汗过多、袜子潮湿等情况下，细菌就有可能滋生并感染脚底皮肤，引起水疱和瘙痒。你有注意到你的脚底是否出现这些情况？
问: 嗯，我确实是运动量比较大，每天都会大量出汗，而且最近脚部感觉比较湿，袜子也会比较潮湿。
答: 这可能是导致细菌感染的主要原因之一。我建议你及时清洗鞋子、袜子和脚部，并涂抹适当的药膏或抗菌药物。这样可以有效减少细菌滋生和感染的可能性。
问: 还有... | 不客气，如果症状没有得到缓解，建议尽快就医。祝您早日康复！如果有其他问题，请随时咨询。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_皮肤科 | [
"真菌",
"感染",
"细菌"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does comparative genomic analysis of Streptococcus suis reveal significant genomic diversity among different serotypes? | Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent. Serotypes 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14 and 1/2 are the most prevalent serotypes of this pathogen. However, almost all studies were carried out on serotype 2 strains. Therefore, characterization of genomic features of other serotypes will be req... | There is significant genomic diversity among different strains in S. suis, and the gain and loss of large amount of genes are involved in shaping their genomes. This is indicated by (i) pairwise gene content comparisons between every pair of these strains, (ii) the open pan-genome of this species, (iii) the observed in... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does selective loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the dentate gyrus attenuate antidepressant efficacy? | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neural plasticity in the adult nervous system and has been suggested as a target gene for antidepressant treatment. The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression suggests that loss of BDNF from the hippocampus contributes to an increased vulnerability for ... | These data suggest that the loss of hippocampal BDNF per se is not sufficient to mediate depression-like behavior. However, these results support the view that BDNF in the DG might be essential in mediating the therapeutic effect of antidepressants.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"virus",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Colies fracture: | A. Fracture line is at radioulnar joint
B. Fracture line extends to the carpal joint
C. 2 cm proximal to the radiocarpal joint
D. Distal fragment is ulnar deviated | 正确答案: B. Fracture line extends to the carpal joint
解释: Ans. cRef. Maheshwari 5th edOption aFalseDoes not involve the radioulnar jointOption bFalseIt is an extra-articular fracture and does not go to the jointOption cTrueYes, correctOption dFalseNo distal fragment is lateral deviatedOption eFalseNo distal fragment is d... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does severity of spatial neglect during acute inpatient rehabilitation predict community mobility after stroke? | To examine whether stroke survivors with more severe spatial neglect during their acute inpatient rehabilitation had poorer mobility after returning to their communities. A prospective observational study. Acute inpatient rehabilitation and follow-up in the community. Thirty-one consecutive stroke survivors with right-... | Our result indicates that acute spatial neglect has a negative impact on regaining of functional mobility in the community. Specific screening and treatment of spatial neglect during acute stroke care may be necessary to improve long-term mobility recovery.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is asymptomatic diverticulosis identified by computed tomography a risk factor for enteric peritonitis? | Colonic diverticulitis is an important cause of polymicrobial peritonitis, which requires surgical treatment and cessation of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of this study was to examine whether plain abdominal computed tomography (CT) is useful for evaluating colonic diverticulosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) pa... | Our study suggests that plain CT examination is useful for detecting diverticulosis in CKD patients. Silent diverticulosis is not a risk factor for enteric diverticulosis-related peritonitis. PD may be contraindicated in cases having frequent diverticulosis with episodes of lower abdominal pain.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"candida",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is effect of thiamethoxam on cockroach locomotor activity associated with its metabolite clothianidin? | In the present study, the effect of thiamethoxam and clothianidin on the locomotor activity of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was evaluated. Because it has been proposed that thiamethoxam is metabolised to clothianidin, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to e... | The data suggest that the effect of thiamethoxam on cockroach locomotor activity is due in part to clothianidin action because (1) thiamethoxam levels remained persistent 48 h after application and (2) the amount of clothianidin in cockroach tissues was consistent with the toxicity of thiamethoxam.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is fat storage capacity in growth-selected and control mouse lines associated with line-specific gene expression and plasma hormone levels? | For a detailed understanding of the complex traits growth and fat storage, a dissection into single genetic entities is mandatory. Therefore, blood plasma concentrations of hormones and the expression of selected genes were measured in extremely differentiated mouse lines. Genes were selected as candidates which might ... | The results prove line-specific concentrations of the analyzed hormones and the transcription amounts of Gh, Igf1, GDC-1 and Lpl. The measured differences are either direct genetic effects or secondary changes, resulting from different food consumption.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"candida"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
粪类圆线虫在土壤中的两种发育途径分别是什么？有何区别？ | 粪类圆线虫第一期幼虫在土壤中有两种发育方式：直接发育和间接发育。在直接发育中，第一期杆状蚴迅速发育为第三期感染性丝状蚴，可直接侵入人体皮肤造成感染；在间接发育中，第一期幼虫先发育为自生世代的雌雄成虫，经交配后雌虫产卵，卵孵化出第一期幼虫，再进一步发育为第三期丝状蚴并感染人体。间接发育属于自由生活周期的一部分，可在土壤中完成多代，但并不常见。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md | 机制原理 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
请分析样本 7340 的微生物检测结果概况。 | 样本ID: 7340 | 根据样本 7340 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：10,766,225
- 检出物种数：497
- Shannon多样性指数：4.805
- Simpson多样性指数：0.978
**二、优势菌群**
- Bacteroides caecigallinarum (8.3%)
- Phocaeicola plebeius (7.2%)
- Blastocystis hominis (3.9%)
- Pseudoflavonifractor phocaeensis (3.3%)
- Anas platyrhynchos (3.0%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评... | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 7340 | overview | basic | [
"Bacteroides caecigallinarum (8.3%)",
"Phocaeicola plebeius (7.2%)",
"Blastocystis hominis (3.9%)"
] | null |
Are circulating biomarkers of inflammation , antioxidant activity , and platelet activation associated with primary combustion aerosols in subjects with coronary artery disease? | Biomarkers of systemic inflammation have been associated with risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to clarify associations of particulate matter (PM) air pollution with systemic inflammation using models based on size-fractionated PM mass and markers of primary and secondary aerosols. We followed a ... | Results suggest that traffic emission sources of OCpri and quasi-ultrafine particles lead to increased systemic inflammation and platelet activation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity in elderly people with CAD.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"infection",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does sterile vesicoureteral reflux decrease tubular cell apoptosis in rat kidney? | To assess the possible role of apoptosis in reflux-related renal scarring by investigating how sterile vesicoureteral reflux affects apoptosis of glomerular and tubular cells in the rat kidney. Twenty-nine rats were assigned to one of three groups: group 1, reflux (n = 10); group 2, sham surgery (n = 9); and group 3, c... | This is the first study to have shown that sterile vesicoureteral reflux decreases apoptosis in tubular cells in rat kidneys with vesicoureteral reflux.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is grip strength associated with length of stay in hospitalised older patients admitted for rehabilitation? | identification of patients at risk of prolonged hospital stay allows staff to target interventions, provide informed prognosis and manage healthcare resources. Admission grip strength is associated with discharge outcomes in acute hospital settings. to explore the relationship between grip strength and length of stay i... | this is the first prospective study to show that stronger grip strength, particularly among male in-patients, is associated with a shorter length of stay in a rehabilitation ward. This is important because it demonstrates that grip strength can be discriminatory among frailer people. Further research into the clinical ... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生详细解答！我还有其他问题会再向您咨询的。 | 对话历史:
问: 我最近在打篮球的时候，不小心受伤了，我的前交叉韧带可能断裂了，我想知道是否可以通过保守治疗来恢复？
答: 您好！很高兴能为您解答问题。前交叉韧带断裂对于保守治疗来说会比较困难，一般情况下需要通过手术治疗来恢复。手术可以在关节镜下进行微创操作，这样可以减少术后恢复时间和疤痕形成的机会。
问: 那手术具体是怎样的呢？
答: 在手术中，我们会重新建立一条韧带，将断裂的韧带清理掉。重建的韧带可以来自自身的肌腱移植，也可以来自异体的肌腱，或者是人工韧带。移植的肌腱会承担起前交叉韧带的作用，确保关节的稳定性。
问: 手术后需要注意什么呢？
答: 术后恢复期较长，需要您配合专业康复师进行康复训练，保持肌肉的力量和关节的灵活性。此... | 非常感谢您的理解和信任。如果您还有其他疑问或者需要进一步了解，请随时与我联系。祝您早日康复！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_外科 | [
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A researcher is studying the effects of a new antihypertensive medication on urine osmolality. She first measures urine osmolality in different parts of the nephron of a healthy human control. The findings are shown below:
Portion of nephron Urine osmolality (mOsmol/kg)
Proximal convoluted tubule 300
Loop of Henle, des... | A. Increased transcription of water channels
B. Impermeability to sodium
C. Increased bicarbonate reabsorption
D. Impermeability to water | 正确答案: D. Impermeability to water | medqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does pressure-overload-induced heart failure induce a selective reduction in glucose oxidation at physiological afterload? | Development of heart failure is known to be associated with changes in energy substrate metabolism. Information on the changes in energy substrate metabolism that occur in heart failure is limited and results vary depending on the methods employed. Our aim is to characterize the changes in energy substrate metabolism a... | Pressure overload-induced heart failure and I/R shift the preference of substrate oxidation from glucose and lactate to fatty acid due to a selective reduction in carbohydrate oxidation. Normalizing the balance between metabolic substrate utilization may alleviate pressure-overload-induced heart failure and ischaemia.
... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are the intracranial aneurysm susceptibility genes HSPG2 and CSPG2 associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm? | A genetic variant on chromosome 9p21 associates with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and intracranial aneurysm (IA), indicating that despite the differences in pathology there are shared genetic risk factors. We investigated whether the IA susceptibility genes heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) and chondroitin sulf... | Our findings demonstrate that, in contrast to IA, HSPG2 and CSPG2 do not associate with AAA.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"susceptibility"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following is a cause of acute laryngotracheal bronchitis? | A. H influenzae
B. Parainfluenza virus
C. Influenza virus
D. Coxsakie virus | 正确答案: A. H influenzae
解释: ANSWER: (B) Parainfluenza virusREF: Anantnarayan 8th ed p. 515* M ost s erious dis ease caused by parammyxovirus is: croup or laryngotracheobronchitis* Most common: parainfluenza type 1* Most common symptom: common cold* Most common symptom: common coldA specific diagnosis is established by d... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"ELISA",
"antiviral",
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does substance P attenuate gastric mucosal hyperemia after stimulation of sensory neurons in the rat stomach? | Sensory neurons in the stomach mucosa are closely apposed to mast cells and blood vessels. Mucosal hyperemia, after exposure to capsaicin, is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from these neurons, which also contain substance P (SP). However, the role of this peptide in blood flow regulation remains unc... | These data suggest that SP participates in regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow by activation of mast cells most likely by releasing proteases from mast cells that cleave and inactivate CGRP.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does regular walking improve plasma protein concentrations that promote blood hyperviscosity in women 65-74 yr with type 2 diabetes? | The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of regular treadmill walking on plasma factors that increase low-shear blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation in older women with type 2 diabetes. Eighteen women with type 2 diabetes (age: 69±3 yr; body mass index: 30.5±5.0 kg⋅m-2) performed 12-wk ... | Improved plasma inflammatory profile and decreased plasma fibrinogen concentration is induced by regular walking, independent of glycaemic control. These factors may mediate the improved haemorheology associated with exercise training in metabolic disorders.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does pearl extract enhance the migratory ability of fibroblasts in a wound healing model? | For 2000 years, traditional Chinese medicine has been used as a remedy for general health improvement, including the fight against aging. Pearl powder has recently been used as a health food that has antioxidant, antiaging, antiradioactive, and tonic activities for cells; it is also applied to cure aphthous ulcer, gast... | The present study found that the migration-promoting effect in PL, which could be a supplement in cell culture. These data suggest PL could be useful for enhancing the wound healing of fibroblasts.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does tumor necrosis factor-alpha -308G > A allelic variant modulates iron accumulation in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis? | In vitro and animal studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) modulates intestinal iron transport. We hypothesized that the effect of TNF-alpha might be particularly relevant if iron absorption is not effectively controlled by the HFE gene. In patients with homozygous C282Y hemochromatosis, we invest... | TNF-alpha -308G>A allelic variant modulates iron accumulation in patients with hereditary (homozygous C282Y) hemochromatosis, but the effect of the TNF-alpha -308A allele on clinical manifestations of hemochromatosis was less accentuated than expected from the increased iron load associated with this allele.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does fibroblast growth factor 21 reduce the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice? | Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as a hormonal regulator during fasting and is involved in lipid metabolism. Fgf21 gene expression is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-dependent pathways, which are enhanced during pancreatitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate FGF... | These studies suggest a novel function for Fgf21 as an immediate response gene protecting pancreatic acini from overt damage.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are physicians' recommendations to limit life support beneficial or burdensome? | Although there is a growing belief that physicians should routinely provide a recommendation to surrogates during deliberations about withdrawing life support, there is a paucity of empirical data on surrogates' perspectives on this topic. To understand the attitudes of surrogate decision-makers toward receiving a phys... | There is no consensus among surrogates about whether physicians should routinely provide a recommendation regarding life support decisions for incapacitated patients. These findings suggest that physicians should ask surrogates whether they wish to receive a recommendation regarding life support decisions and should be... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
检测到 Neisseria meningitidis，丰度为 0.44%，请评估其临床意义。 | 样本ID: LJDX-01-A039 | Neisseria meningitidis（脑膜炎奈瑟菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：0.44%
- 读数：122,217
- 致病类别：systemic
- 临床风险等级：critical
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度较低（<1%），可能为低水平定植或过路菌。若患者有相关症状，仍需警惕；若无症状，可随访观察。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 立即进行确认检测
2. 启动感染控制措施
3. 进行药敏试验
4. 考虑会诊感染科 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | LJDX-01-A039 | pathogen | intermediate | [
"Neisseria meningitidis"
] | null |
35 Year primigravida visited your clinic. USG given below: what is the diagnosis? | A. Anencephaly
B. Holoprocencephaly
C. Nuchal translucency
D. Hydrocephaly | 正确答案: B. Holoprocencephaly
解释: Ans. (c) Nuchal translucency Ref.: D.C. Dutta 8th ed. / 735 * Nuchal translucency is a fluid behind the neck of the fetus. It is an anechoic space visible and seen in all fetuses between 11-14 weeks of age * The most common cause of increased nuchal translucency(> 3 mm) is aneuploidy whe... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does genome-wide expression profiling reveal new candidate genes associated with osteoarthritis? | Although the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the functional element in articular cartilage and its degradation is central in the pathogenetic process in osteoarthritis (OA), increasing the knowledge about the cellular OA phenotype is essential. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a more complete picture of the ... | This study is the first to report a comprehensive gene expression analysis of human OA cartilage compared to control cartilage from donors lacking macroscopical and microscopical signs of OA using recently developed microarrays containing the whole human genome. Our results could broadly confirm previously published da... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"candida"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
从菌群多样性指标来看，该样本有何特征？是否出现菌群失调现象？ | 样本ID: 1632 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：3.997
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.966
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：289种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 1632 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
Which medication cannot be given in diarrhea in pregnancy - | A. Oral rehydration therapy
B. Stimulant purgative
C. Loperamide
D. Diphenoxylate-atropine | 正确答案: A. Oral rehydration therapy
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Stimulant purgatives Stimulant purgatives* They are powerful purgatives: often produce griping. They irritate intestinal mucosa and thus were thought to primarily stimulate motor activity.* Though some of them do directly increase motility by acting on myenteric ... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"diarrhea",
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are soluble TWEAK levels independently associated with coronary artery disease severity in patients with stage 2-3 kidney disease? | Patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a greater rate of cardiovascular mortality compared with the general population. The soluble form of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) plays a role in cellular proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The current study aimed to analyze whether soluble T... | Our results indicate a relationship between sTWEAK levels and CAD in CKD stages 2-3 patients.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"ELISA",
"elisa"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Ethnicity or cultural group identity of pregnant women in Sydney, Australia: Is country of birth a reliable proxy measure? | Australia has one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse maternal populations in the world. Routinely few variables are recorded in clinical data or health research to capture this diversity. This paper explores how pregnant women, Australian-born and overseas-born, respond to survey questions on ethnicity or cu... | Ethnicity and cultural group identity are complex concepts; women across and within countries of birth identified differently, indicating country of birth is not a reliable measure. To better understand the identities of the women receiving maternity care, midwives, clinicians and researchers have an ethical responsibi... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following does not progress to carcinoma | A. Bowens disease
B. Bowenoid papulosis
C. Leukoplakia
D. Erythroplakia | 正确答案: A. Bowens disease
解释: Bowenoid papulosis is a rare condition of the genital area caused by human papilloma virus. Clinically, it resembles viral wa and histopathologically Bowen's disease. We herein repo two male patients presenting with multiple flat papules on the penis and scrotum. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"virus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
检测到 Fusobacterium nucleatum，丰度为 1.92%，请评估其临床意义。 | 样本ID: JXEY07E008 | Fusobacterium nucleatum（具核梭杆菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：1.92%
- 读数：1,847,406
- 致病类别：oral
- 临床风险等级：medium
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度中等（1.9%），可能为致病原因或定植状态。需结合临床症状判断是否为病因。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 结合临床症状评估
2. 必要时进行药敏试验
3. 动态监测菌量变化 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | JXEY07E008 | pathogen | intermediate | [
"Fusobacterium nucleatum"
] | null |
31-year-old roofer comes with tenosynovitis that is result of a deep penetrated wound in the palm by a big nail. O/E he has an infection in the ulnar bursa. This infection most likely resulted in necrosis of which of the following tendons? | A. Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
B. Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
C. Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
D. Tendon of palmaris longus | 正确答案: B. Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
解释: Ulnar bursa, or common synol flexor sheath, contains the tendons of both flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles. Radial bursa envelops tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. The tendons of flexor carpi ulnaris and palmaris longus are not contained in ulnar bur... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does hIV-1 Nef protein in the nucleus influence adipogenesis as well as viral transcription through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors? | Although the HIV-1 Nef protein (27 kDa) localizes primarily in cytoplasm, there is considerable evidence suggesting its occasional localization in the nucleus. Nef is known to play an important role in transcriptional events and viral replication, but the actual target of Nef in the nucleus remains to be identified. To... | Nef may be involved in both viral replication and the wasting syndrome associated with AIDS.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"HIV",
"cre",
"hiv"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Coat's disease - | A. Has equal sex incidence
B. Caused by peripheral neovascularization
C. Is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
D. Can be treated with laser | 正确答案: C. Is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
解释: Coats' disease is a severe form of retinal telengiectasia(idiopathic congenital vascular malformation), which typically affects one eye of boys in their first decade of life. In early stages it is characterised by large areas of intra and subretinal yellowish ... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Sher's classification is done in cases of: | A. Uterine prolapse
B. Puerperal sepsis
C. Abruption
D. Placenta praevia | 正确答案: B. Puerperal sepsis
解释: Ans: C (Abruption) Ref: Practiced guide to high risk pregnancy Delivery: Fernando Arias 3rd ed. Pg 344.Explanation:Sher's Classification is for Abruptio PlacentaGrade I* Mild Retro-Placental Clot of Vol. < 150 mlGrade II* Classical features of abruption are present.* Fetus is alive.* Most... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"sepsis",
"Sepsis"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
这些结石会有寿命吗？是不是一旦形成就无法消除了？ | 对话历史:
问: 我听说肾脏结石会导致剧痛，但是所有的肾脏结石都会疼痛吗？
答: 不是所有肾脏结石都会出现疼痛。虽然大部分的肾结石不论体积大小都没有疼痛症状，但是当肾结石位于肾盂输尿管连接部或引起梗阻和肾积水时，可能会出现剧烈的腰部疼痛。
问: 那么除了腰部疼痛，还有哪些其他的症状表示可能有肾脏结石呢？
答: 当肾结石合并感染时，还可能会引起寒战和发热等全身症状。而位于肾盏内的结石可能会导致盏颈梗阻，引起肾小盏的扩张积水，出现患侧腰部的隐痛不适。
问: 如果我出现了这些症状，应该怎么办呢？
答: 如果出现肾脏结石的症状，应该及时就医并接受专业的诊断和治疗。首先，您可以去就近的医院进行CT或B超检查来确定是否有肾结石的存在。根据检查结... | 对于已经形成的肾结石，一般来说是没有寿命的，它们会一直存在于肾脏内。但是通过合理的治疗和预防措施，可以缓解症状并避免进一步的石化和复发。定期的复查和结石监测，以及生活习惯的调整，例如减少咖啡因和酒精的摄入、保持适当的运动等，都可以帮助控制肾结石的发展。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_妇产科 | [
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are cardiac explant-derived cells regulated by Notch-modulated mesenchymal transition? | Progenitor cell therapy is emerging as a novel treatment for heart failure. However the molecular mechanisms regulating the generation of cardiac progenitor cells is not fully understood. We hypothesized that cardiac progenitor cells are generated from cardiac explant via a process similar to epithelial to mesenchymal ... | Our study suggests that Notch-mediated reversible EMT process is a mechanism that regulates explant-derived c-Kit+ and c-Kit- cells.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
请描述该样本的微生物组成概况，并指出其中值得关注的观察结果。 | 样本ID: 4354 | 样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Phenylobacterium glaciei (6.2%)
- Flavobacterium psychrolimnae (4.4%)
- Flavobacterium xueshanense (4.0%)
- Flavobacterium sinopsychrotolerans (3.6%)
- Flavobacterium petrolei (3.3%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为5.198，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：1163个物种
**关键发现：**
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 4354 | overview | basic | [
"Phenylobacterium glaciei (6.2%)",
"Flavobacterium psychrolimnae (4.4%)",
"Flavobacterium xueshanense (4.0%)"
] | 该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？ |
Does targeting eIF4GI translation initiation factor afford an attractive therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma? | Deregulation of protein synthesis is integral to the malignant phenotype and translation initiation is the rate limiting stage. Therefore, eIF4F translation initiation complex components are attractive therapeutic targets. Protein lysates of myeloma cells (cell lines/patients' bone marrow samples) untreated/treated wit... | Our findings substantiate that translation initiation of particular targets in MM is contingent on the function of eIF4GI, critical to cell phenotype, and mark it as a viable target for pharmacological intervention.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"ELISA",
"PCR",
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is premorbid knee osteoarthritis characterised by diffuse thinness : the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study? | It is hypothesised that, like low bone density and fracture, thin cartilage predisposes to osteoarthritis (OA). Inferences about the effects of cartilage thickness on the development of OA can be made by evaluating the status of an unaffected non-diseased contralateral knee, in persons with unilateral OA, which we shal... | Premorbid knees do not have diffuse cartilage thinness. Rather the cartilage is normal or thicker with denuded areas suggesting that this may be the initial pathology rather than diffuse thinning.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does fat mass largely contribute to insulin mediated glucose uptake in morbidly obese subjects? | The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of body size on insulin-mediated, whole-body glucose uptake (M-value) in morbidly obese (MO) subjects, who have large amounts of fat mass. Furthermore, we aimed at verifying which surrogate insulin-sensitivity index can better substitute the euglycemic clamp values and... | In MO subjects, in which the fat mass is highly represented, fat-free mass cannot be considered the only determinant of insulin sensitivity, thus M-value should be normalized by total body weight. The best surrogates of insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp are Matsuda index and OGIS. BMI directly affects bo... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do surgical outcomes for patients who develop macular holes after pars plana vitrectomy? | To characterize outcomes for patients who develop full-thickness macular holes after pars plana vitrectomy. We retrospectively analyzed data for 47 consecutive patients (47 eyes) who developed full-thickness macular holes after initial pars plana vitrectomy for a variety of indications. All patients underwent a second ... | Macular holes may develop after pars plana vitrectomy. Although additional vitrectomy can successfully close the hole and improve vision in most patients, postsurgical outcome seems to depend on the underlying condition.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are patterns of health behavior associated with cancer screening? | This study investigates the relationship between patterns of health behaviors and the use of cancer-screening tests while controlling for sociodemographic and health system factors. Cross-sectional analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview (NHIS). Nationally representative sample. Adults 50 years and older. Use of... | These findings demonstrate relationships between patterns of multiple health behaviors and use of recommended cancer-screening tests, even when accounting for factors known to influence test use. This suggests potential for addressing cancer screening in the context of multiple behavior change interventions once barrie... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does p-Coumaric acid attenuate apoptosis in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats by inhibiting oxidative stress? | Cardiac apoptosis plays an important role in the pathology of myocardial infarction. The protective effects of p-coumaric acid on cardiac apoptosis were evaluated in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Rats were pretreated with p-coumaric acid (8 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 7 days. After pretr... | Thus, p-coumaric acid protected the myocardial infarcted rat's heart against apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Wood lamp is used to diagnose? | A. Psoriasis
B. Tinea versicolor
C. Pityriasis rosae
D. Erysipelas | 正确答案: A. Psoriasis
解释: Ans. b (Tinea versicolor). (Ref. Harrison, Internal Medicine, 15th ed., 308)DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN SKIN DISEASES# Skin biopsy# KOH preparation: To identify hyphae in dermatophytosis, e.g. fragmented hyphae with spores pseudohyphae, yeast in Candida.# Tzanck smear. Staining with Giemsa/Wright s... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection",
"candida",
"staphylococcus aureus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
从菌群多样性指标来看，该样本有何特征？是否出现菌群失调现象？ | 样本ID: 7284 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：4.778
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.979
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：703种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 7284 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
该样本中占主导地位的微生物有哪些？存在哪些值得注意的结果？ | 样本ID: 2871 | 样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Phocaeicola vulgatus (25.5%)
- Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (8.0%)
- Bacteroides fragilis (7.9%)
- Roseburia faecis (5.1%)
- Phocaeicola dorei (5.1%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为3.514，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：329个物种
**关键发现：**
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 2871 | overview | basic | [
"Phocaeicola vulgatus (25.5%)",
"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (8.0%)",
"Bacteroides fragilis (7.9%)"
] | 该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？ |
该样本的菌群多样性结果意味着什么？能否判断存在菌群紊乱？ | 样本ID: 33 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：4.206
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.971
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：420种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 33 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
Does mild hypothermia increase bacterial proliferation on implanted vascular grafts? | Mild hypothermia may offer protection against spinal cord ischemia during aortic surgery. However, hypothermia also promotes postoperative infection via two mechanisms: peripheral vasoconstriction and impairment of various immune functions. If mild hypothermia aggravates graft infections, immune function impairment wou... | Mild perioperative hypothermia does not increase proliferation of S epidermidis on aortic vascular grafts.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"bacteria",
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does chemerin suppress murine allergic asthma by inhibiting CCL2 production and subsequent airway recruitment of inflammatory dendritic cells? | Chemerin has been implicated to play opposing roles, either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, in various tissue inflammation processes primarily through the regulation of tissue recruitment of immune cells. However, the effect of chemerin in allergic asthma has not yet been explored. We sought to investigate the r... | Our study demonstrates that chemerin plays a protective role in allergic asthma by suppressing airway recruitment of inflammatory CD11c(+) CD11b(+) DCs through the inhibition of CCL2 secretion by active lung epithelial cells.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is minimally disruptive medicine needed for patients with multimorbidity : time to develop computerised medical record systems to meet this requirement? | Minimally disruptive medicine (MDM) is proposed as a method for more appropriately managing people with multiple chronic disease. Much clinical management is currently single disease focussed, with people with multimorbidity being managed according to multiple single disease guidelines. Current initiatives to improve c... | There is potential for these information systems to help reduce the management burden on patients and clinicians. However, substantial investment in research-driven CMR development is needed if we are to achieve this.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
为何某些常见的致病性皮肤真菌如絮状表皮癣菌（Epidermophyton floccosum）未被列入表100.1中？ | 某些常见的致病性皮肤真菌如絮状表皮癣菌（Epidermophyton floccosum）未被列入表100.1，是因为目前尚未观察到其有性生殖阶段（即未发现对应的有性型）。该表仅包含已报道存在有性型的皮肤真菌种类。E. floccosum至今仅以无性型形式存在并被识别，属于典型的‘不完全真菌’（deuteromycete）状态。这种情况在真菌分类中较为常见，随着分子系统发育学的发展，未来可能通过基因证据推测其潜在的有性型亲缘关系，但在实际观察到子囊果和子囊孢子之前，仍归为无性型分类。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md | 诊断治疗 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Is hepatitis B and C virus infection a risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma? | Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may be involved in the development of cholangiocarcinoma. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection was examined in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). The levels of HBV surface antigens (HBsAg... | The prevalence of HBsAg and HCV-Ab is 0.8-2.2% and 1-2%, respectively, in the Japanese population living in the Tottori area. Furthermore, HBV and HCV infection is a possible risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, the surveillance of ICC and ECC is needed in HBV and HCV carriers.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"hepatitis b",
"infection",
"virus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is prophylactic digital cryotherapy associated with decreased incidence of laminitis in horses diagnosed with colitis? | Recent research suggested that prophylactic digital cryotherapy (ICE) improved lameness scores, diminished histological changes and early laminar inflammatory signalling in horses following oligofructose administration. In clinical practice, horses at risk for sepsis-associated laminitis receive ICE. Evidence to suppor... | Laminitis occurred in more clinically compromised horses. Use of ICE reduced the incidence of clinical laminitis in the study population suggesting that digital cryotherapy is an effective prophylactic strategy for the prevention of laminitis in horses with colitis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"sepsis",
"Sepsis"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
All of the following statetments regarding Hashimoto's thyroiditis are true, EXCEPT: | A. Follicular destruction
B. Increase in lymphocytes
C. Oncocytic metaplasia
D. Orphan Annie eye nuclei | 正确答案: C. Oncocytic metaplasia
解释: Orphan Annie eye nuclei is a histological feature seen in Papillary Ca thyroid. Histologic features of Hashimotos thyroiditis includes: diffuse infiltration of the gland by small lymphocytes and plasma cells, occasional presence of well developed germinal centers. The thyroid follicle... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
从菌群多样性指标来看，该样本有何特征？是否出现菌群失调现象？ | 样本ID: JXEY01D011 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：4.058
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.954
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：891种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 急性感染状态 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | JXEY01D011 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
Do pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgeries require larger-size cuffed endotracheal tubes? | There is a controversy over using either smaller- or larger-size endotracheal tubes (ETT) in children undergoing cardiac surgery, and some anesthesiologists prefer to use ETT sizes different from the formula-based sizes. The aim of the present study was to compare proper-size cuffed ETT in children undergoing cardiac v... | Children undergoing cardiac surgeries in relation to their age and body size do require larger-size ETTs compared with the children scheduled for noncardiac surgeries. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Association of filaggrin variants with asthma and rhinitis: is eczema or allergic sensitization status an effect modifier? | Associations of variants of the filaggrin gene, i.e. FLG with asthma and rhinitis have been shown to be modulated by eczema status. However, it is unknown whether allergic sensitization status modifies this association. The aim of this study was to determine whether FLG variants need eczema and/or allergic sensitizatio... | Allergic sensitization and eczema modulated the association between FLG variants and asthma but not rhinitis. Our results imply that the mechanisms and pathways through which FLG variants predispose to an increased risk of asthma and rhinitis may be different. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Which among the following doesn't enter human body via skin? | A. Ancyclostoma
B. Strongyloides
C. Trichinella
D. Necator | 正确答案: B. Strongyloides
解释: ANSWER: (C) TrichinellaREF: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology, 24TH edition chapter 46 Table 46-4Indirect repeat in December 2011, See APPENDIX-74 below for "DISEASES DUE TO HELMINTHS""Trichinella-infected by ingestion of undercooked pork which contains encysted larvae in the... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"parasite",
"cre",
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does dietary administration of tannic acid lower plasminogen activator activity in the liver of C3H hepatoma bearing male mice? | This study was undertaken to investigate if low-dose dietary administration of tannic acid exerts its chemopreventive activity on hepatocarcinogenesis in male C3H mice through changes of plasminogen activator activity (PAA), plasminogen activator inhibition (PAI) or plasmin inhibition (Pl) in the liver of C3H hepatoma ... | The decrease of PAA in the liver of C3H hepatoma bearing male mice, might be correlated with the chemopreventive activity of tannic acid in hepatoma development.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does overexpression of BAT3 alleviate prion protein fragment PrP106-126-induced neuronal apoptosis? | Prion diseases are a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neuronal death and degeneration. Human leukocyte antigen-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) is an important apoptosis regulator. We therefore investigated the interactions between BAT3 and prion protein and the potential role of BAT3 in ... | Our present data showed a novel molecular mechanism of PrP106-126-induced apoptotic process regulation through the overexpression of BAT3, which may be important for the basic regulatory mechanism of neuron survival in prion diseases and associated neurodegenerative diseases in vivo.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is the novel adipokine C1q/TNF-related protein-3 expressed in human adipocytes and regulated by metabolic and infection-related parameters? | The growing family of C1Q/TNF-related proteins is characterized by structural homologies to the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. CTRP-3 was recently reported to function as an anti-inflammatory LPS-antagonist in vitro. Human subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes and murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for analysi... | CTRP-3 is expressed in human adipocytes and plays an important role in adipocyte physiology such as lipolysis and adipokine secretion. Both, metabolic factors and infection/inflammation-related factors regulate CTRP-3 expression.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"ELISA",
"cre",
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does metformin attenuate blood-brain barrier disruption in mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion? | Metformin, a widely used hypoglycemic drug, reduces stroke incidence and alleviates chronic inflammation in clinical trials. However, the effect of metformin in ischemic stroke is unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of metformin on ischemic stroke in mice and further explored the possible underlying mechanisms. N... | Metformin down-regulated ICAM-1 in an AMPK-dependent manner, which could effectively prevent ischemia-induced brain injury by alleviating neutrophil infiltration, suggesting that metformin is a promising therapeutic agent in stroke therapy.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
我明白了，谢谢医生的解答！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生，我听说酸奶对减肥有帮助，它的效果到底怎么样呢？饮用酸奶真的可以减肥吗？
答: 你好！饮用酸奶在减肥过程中有一定的帮助。首先，酸奶是富含蛋白质的食物，它可以增加饱腹感，减少进食量，并且有利于维持骨骼健康。同时，酸奶中的乳酸菌也可以调节肠道菌群，促进肠道健康，从而提高代谢率。但要注意的是，酸奶并不是唯一的减肥方法，还需要结合合理的饮食和适量的运动来达到减肥的效果。
问: 那么，酸奶的种类对减肥效果有影响吗？比如说低脂酸奶和普通酸奶，哪种更适合减肥呢？
答: 非常有学问的问题！对于减肥来说，低脂酸奶是更好的选择。低脂酸奶相比于普通酸奶，其脂肪含量较低，能够控制卡路里的摄入并有效控制体重。此外，在购买低脂酸奶时，还要... | 不客气，希望我的回答能对你有所帮助。如果还有其他问题，请随时向我咨询。祝你减肥成功！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_内科 | [
"肠道菌群"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
CNS effects of indomethacin: should patients be cautioned about decreased mental alertness and motor coordination? | In many European countries as well as in the USA, the leaflet, or even the packaging of indomethacin, contains a specific warning to refrain from activities requiring mental alertness and motor coordination, such as driving a car. In this placebo-controlled randomized study with a crossover design we attempted to find ... | Even though surrogate methods were used, the current study provides evidence to suggest that there might be no need to caution patients who experience CNS side effects after indomethacin use to avoid activities requiring quick and adequate reactions, such as walking under challenging circumstances and maybe also drivin... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does hormesis in Cholestatic Liver Disease ; Preconditioning with Low Bile Acid Concentrations protect against Bile Acid-Induced Toxicity? | Cholestasis is characterized by accumulation of bile acids and inflammation, causing hepatocellular damage. Still, liver damage markers are highest in acute cholestasis and drop when this condition becomes chronic, indicating that hepatocytes adapt towards the hostile environment. This may be explained by a hormetic re... | Sub-toxic concentrations of bile acids in the range that occur under normal physiological conditions protect HepG2.rNtcp cells against GCDCA-induced apoptosis, which is independent of FXR-controlled changes in bile acid transport.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does desiccating stress stimulate expression of matrix metalloproteinases by the corneal epithelium? | To determine the effects of experimental dryness on production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their physiological inhibitors (TIMPs) by the corneal epithelium. Experimental dry eye (EDE) was created in two strains of mice: BALB/c and C57BL/6. Real-time PCR was performed with MMP and TIMP probes, and the result... | Corneal dryness stimulates production of certain MMPs in a strain-dependent fashion and causes the disruption of the corneal barrier, thus increasing permeability and corneal irregularity.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
检测到 Prevotella intermedia，丰度为 0.29%，请评估其临床意义。 | 样本ID: ZYZJ03-A009 | Prevotella intermedia（中间普雷沃菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：0.29%
- 读数：199,870
- 致病类别：oral
- 临床风险等级：low
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度较低（<1%），可能为低水平定植或过路菌。若患者有相关症状，仍需警惕；若无症状，可随访观察。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 结合临床症状评估
2. 必要时进行药敏试验
3. 动态监测菌量变化 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | ZYZJ03-A009 | pathogen | intermediate | [
"Prevotella intermedia"
] | null |
Does cSL regulate AKT to mediate androgen independence in prostate cancer progression? | Aberrant signaling pathways leads to cancer initiation and progression. Both Notch and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways are believed to be involved in prostate cancer. How the interaction between the two pathways contributes to prostate cancer progression to androgen independence is still elusive. Prostate cancer cells were... | CSL-AKT-AR axis might play an important role in prostate cancer progression. Targeting CSL depleted the casodex resistant population through inhibition of the AKT, suggesting a more effective therapeutic strategy for abrogating casodex resistance in advanced prostate cancer.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"resistance",
"uti",
"penicillin"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢你的建议，我会尽量调整饮食和生活习惯，以加速康复。 | 对话历史:
问: 最近我得了气管炎，有什么办法可以快速治愈吗？
答: 气管炎是气管黏膜的炎症，常见的症状包括咳嗽、喉咙痛、胸痛、呼吸急促、发热等。以下是一些可以缓解气管炎症状的饮食建议：1.饮水多：保持身体的水分充足，有助于稀释黏液，减轻咳嗽和痰液的问题。2.多吃富含维生素C和E的食物：例如橙子、柠檬、葡萄柚、菠菜、胡萝卜、番茄、杏仁等食物，可以帮助加强免疫力，减少感染。3.多吃富含抗炎物质的食物：例如鱼油、燕麦片、蓝莓、菠菜等，能够减轻身体炎症。4.注意避免辛辣食品、油腻、烟酒等刺激性食物，以免加重炎症。5.可以使用一些草药饮品，如红枣水、枸杞子茶、蜜糖柠檬水等，可以舒缓气管炎的不适症状。需要注意的是，如果气管炎症状严重或持续时间... | 不客气，希望我的建议对你有所帮助。祝你早日康复！如果有其他问题，随时都可以来咨询。祝你身体健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_其他 | [
"抗生素",
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is obesity associated with a lower probability of achieving sustained minimal disease activity state among patients with psoriatic arthritis? | To assess whether overweight and obese patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are less likely to achieve sustained minimal disease activity (MDA) state compared to patients with normal weight. A cohort of patients was assessed at the University of Toronto PsA clinic at 6-12-month intervals according to a standard prot... | Overweight and obese patients with PsA are less likely to achieve sustained MDA compared to those of normal weight.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Intracytoplasmic inclusion body is seen in? | A. HSV
B. Polio
C. Rabies
D. Yellow fever | 正确答案: B. Polio
解释: * Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.Examples of viral inclusion bodiesIntracytoplasmicIntranuclearIn... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"rabies",
"virus",
"herpes simplex"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，谢谢您的解答。 | 对话历史:
问: 你好，我是肛周发现了硬包，而且按压有疼痛，请问这怎么办？（男，33岁）
答: 你好，根据你的描述，你可能患有肛周脓肿。肛周脓肿是一种常见的肛门疾病，通常是由于肛门细菌感染导致的。建议你尽快就诊肛肠外科医生进行进一步的诊断和治疗。
问: 那肛周脓肿会有哪些症状呢？
答: 肛周脓肿常见症状包括肛门周围的疼痛、肿胀、发红和局部温度升高。当然疼痛程度和感觉会因个体差异而有所不同。此外，可能会有排便困难和伴随感染的发热等症状。
问: 那我应该如何处理这个问题呢？
答: 对于肛周脓肿，首先我们需要确定诊断，这需要经过医生的体格检查。如果诊断成立，常见的治疗方法包括局部处理和口服抗生素。局部处理包括热敷和抗菌药物的外用等，热敷可... | 不客气，希望我的回答对你有帮助。如果你还有其他问题，随时可以问我。同时，注意保持局部卫生，避免用力排便，多饮水，多食高纤维食物，帮助恢复。祝你早日康复。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_外科 | [
"脓肿",
"抗生素",
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are putative prophages related to lytic tailless marine dsDNA phage PM2 widespread in the genomes of aquatic bacteria? | The origin and evolution of viruses is currently a heavily discussed issue. One element in this discussion is the innate viral "self" concept, which suggests that viral structures and functions can be divided into two categories. The first category consists of genetic determinants that are inherited from a viral ancest... | We show here that the previously proposed most conserved viral "self" determinants, the major coat protein and the packaging ATPase, were the only proteins that could be recognized in all detected corticoviral elements. We also argue here that the genes needed for viral genome replication, as well as for host cell lysi... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"bacteria",
"virus",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is the supraspinatus muscle atrophy truly irreversible after surgical repair of rotator cuff tears? | Atrophy of rotator cuff muscles has been considered an irreversible phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether atrophy is truly irreversible after rotator cuff repair. We measured supraspinatus muscle atrophy of 191 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears on preoperative magnetic resonance ima... | The supraspinatus muscle atrophy as measured by occupation ratio could be improved postoperatively in case of successful cuff repair. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A patient presented with thunder clap headache followed by unconsciousness with pregressive III ranial nerve palsy. Likely diagnosis is - | A. Extradural hemorrhage
B. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
C. Basilar migraine
D. Cluster headache | 正确答案: A. Extradural hemorrhage
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Thunderclap headache is an acute and severe headache that is maximum in intensity at onset and has been likened to a clap of thunder.The term TCH was initially used by Day and Raskin in reference to the pain associated with an unru... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does a binary complex of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and adenosine further define conformational flexibility? | cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), a ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic cells, is one of the simplest members of the protein kinase family. It was the first protein kinase to be crystallized and continues to serve as a biochemical and structural prototype for this family of enzymes. To further understand the conformat... | The binary complex of rC and adenosine adopts an 'intermediate' conformation relative to the previously described 'closed' and 'open' conformations of other rC complexes. Based on a comparison of these structures, the induced fit that is necessary for catalysis and closing of the active-site cleft appears to be confine... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does human serum IgE react with a Metarhizium anisopliae fungal catalase? | Previous studies have demonstrated that Metarhizium anisopliae extract can induce responses characteristic of human allergic asthma in a mouse model. The study objectives were (1) to identify and characterize the M. anisopliae mycelia extract (MYC) proteins that are recognized by mouse serum IgE, (2) to determine if hu... | Some human asthmatics have developed IgE that reacts with an M. anisopliae catalase, most likely due to cross-reactivity (minimal IgG development). The cross-reactivity among fungal catalases suggests that IgE-reactive catalase might be useful for exposure assessment. Additionally, the similarity of protein profiles vi... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"fungi",
"aspergillus",
"Fungi"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does autonomic dysfunction predict mortality in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome of different age groups? | Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the sequential failure of several organ systems after a trigger event, like sepsis or cardiogenic shock. Mortality rate is high, up to 70%. Autonomic dysfunction may substantially contribute to the development of MODS. Our study aimed to characterize a) the spectrum of auto... | Autonomic function of MODS patients is blunted, and this attenuation has prognostic implications. The extensive influence of MODS on autonomic function overwhelms and masks the well-known age dependency of autonomic function seen in healthy persons.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti",
"sepsis",
"Sepsis"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does association between limb conformation and retention of sow through the second parity? | To determine the association between limb conformation scores in gilts and retention through the second parity. 961 gilts. Gilts were monitored for 1 year. Baseline data recorded were conformation scores for the forelimbs and hind limbs and backfat thickness. Primary outcome was time to removal from a herd, and the sec... | Females with undesirable conformation were removed earlier than females with desirable conformation. This was particularly true for females with low conformation scores for the hind limbs. Selection of gilts on the basis of limb conformation may result in reduced attrition of females and improved performance of herds o... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A 23-year-old man is receiving penicillin for the treatment of a group A strep throat infection. He now returns to the clinic with new symptoms of a rash and diffuse joint discomfort. On physical examination, there are areas of urticaria on his arms and back. The joints appear normal and he has no oral lesions. A urina... | A. it usually requires corticosteroids
B. symptoms last several months
C. it may recur after apparent recovery
D. it may be transferred by leukocyte infusions | 正确答案: B. symptoms last several months
解释: The symptoms of serum sickness are usually self-limited and may recur after apparent recovery. The natural course is 1-3 weeks. Recurrence can occur rapidly (12-36 hours) if repeat exposure to the offending antigen occurs. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection",
"penicillin"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does intestinal colonization of IL-2 deficient mice with non-colitogenic B. vulgatus prevent DC maturation and T-cell polarization? | IL-2 deficient (IL-2(-/-)) mice mono-colonized with E. coli mpk develop colitis whereas IL-2(-/-)-mice mono-colonized with B. vulgatus mpk do not and are even protected from E. coli mpk induced colitis. We investigated if mono-colonization with E. coli mpk or B. vulgatus mpk differentially modulates distribution, activ... | From this data we conclude that the B. vulgatus triggered IL-6 secretion by LP DC in absence of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 or TNF-alpha induces a semi-mature LP DC phenotype, which might prevent T-cell activation and thereby the induction of colitis in IL-2(-/-)-mice. The data provide new evidence that IL-... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti",
"colonization"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does mechanical injury suppress autophagy regulators and pharmacologic activation of autophagy results in chondroprotection? | Mechanical injury induces cell death in cartilage and triggers a remodeling process that ultimately can manifest as osteoarthritis. Autophagy is a process for turnover of intracellular organelles and macromolecules that protects cells during stress responses. This study was undertaken to determine changes in and functi... | Our findings indicate that mechanical injury leads to suppression of autophagy, predominantly in the superficial zone where most of the cell death occurs. Pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC-1, at least in part by enhancement of autophagy, prevents cell and matrix damage, suggesting a novel approach for chondroprotection... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are limbic structures prone to age-related impairments in proteasome activity and neuronal ubiquitinated inclusions in SAMP10 mouse : a model of cerebral degeneration? | Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by ubiquitinated inclusions in selective brain regions. Here we investigated whether the dysfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome system might be involved in the pathogenesis and regional selectivity of neuronal ubiquitinated inclusions using the SAMP10 strain of mouse, an in... | We propose that the regional selectivity of proteasomal impairment is causally related to the selectivity of inclusion formation and associated dendritic degeneration in neurones of ageing SAMP10 mice.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Mumps is caused by: | A. Orthomyxo virus
B. Paramyxo virus
C. Rheno virus
D. EB virus | 正确答案: A. Orthomyxo virus | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"virus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does lymph flow in instrumented dogs vary with exercise intensity? | Although it is generally accepted that exercise accelerates lymph flow, no study has directly measured lymph flow as a function of exercise intensity. In this study, we have measured flow in the thoracic lymph duct of five instrumented dogs while they ran on a treadmill. Dogs were surgically instrumented with an ultras... | Lymph flow in the thoracic duct is positively correlated with exercise intensity.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Autism is characterized by all except - | A. Lack of social play in child
B. Language problems
C. Stereotped behavior
D. Depression | 正确答案: C. Stereotped behavior
解释: Ans. is 'd' i.e.. Depression AUTISMo Autism is a pervasive development disorder (PDD) which is characterized by: -Marked impairment in social interaction : - There is no social smile or eye contact. These children prefer to play alone with inanimate objects and do not like to mingle wi... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
根据该样本的菌群多样性指标，可以得出怎样的结论？是否存在微生物群落失调？ | 样本ID: 5260 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：5.354
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.985
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：608种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 5260 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
Do we live in testing times - teaching rational test ordering in general practice? | Pathology, imaging and other tests have an essential role in the diagnosis and screening for disease in medical practice. However, over-testing has recently emerged as a significant issue and has implications for the patient, doctor and health system. Vocational training is arguably the most critical period in the deve... | Teaching should take a patient-centred focus and an emphasis on fostering a greater tolerance of uncertainty. Role modelling and demonstrated use of relevant clinical guidelines is a strong influence on registrar behaviour. Specific strategies for teaching rational test ordering include random case analysis, investigat... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Barbiturate ingestion is associated with hyperophy of which cellular organelle? | A. Mitochondria
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleolus | 正确答案: A. Mitochondria
解释: Hyperophy usually refers to increase in size of cells or tissues, but sometimes a subcellular organelle may undergo selective hyperophy. Individuals treated with drugs such as barbiturates show hyperophy of the smooth endoplamic reticulum (ER) in hepatocytes, which is an adaptive response tha... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following statements is true about rabies virus - | A. It is double stranded RNA virus
B. Contains a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
C. RNA has a negative polarity
D. Affects motor neurons | 正确答案: B. Contains a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
解释: The genome of Rabies virus is an unsegmented linear negative sense RNA. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-530 | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"rabies",
"virus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is high exposure to progesterone between the end of menstruation and the day of triggering final oocyte maturation associated with a decreased probability of pregnancy in patients treated by in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection? | To investigate the association between the probability of pregnancy and hormone exposure between the end of menstruation and the day of triggering final oocyte maturation (menstruation-free interval). Prospective study. University. One hundred women (aged ≤ 39 years) stimulated with a fixed dose of recombinant follicle... | In recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone/gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles, a lower probability of pregnancy is associated with a higher exposure to progesterone during the menstruation-free interval.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does combined therapy with PPARalpha agonist and L-carnitine rescue lipotoxic cardiomyopathy due to systemic carnitine deficiency? | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and are key regulators of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the heart. Systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD) causes disorders of FAO and induces hypertrophic cardiomyopathy wit... | PPARalpha activation, in addition to l-carnitine supplementation, may rescue the detrimental lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in SCD by improving cardiac energy and lipid metabolism as well as systemic lipid metabolism.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are antinuclear antibodies associated with tumor necrosis factor receptor I gene polymorphism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? | Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a common feature of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Herein, we investigate the relationship between ANA and polymorphism in the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) genes. Serum titers of ANA at diagnosis were measured in 267 patients with RA and a single nucleo... | Our findings suggest a possible link between the production of ANA and the TNF-α/TNFR-I signalling system, which may be related to the apoptosis-inducing ability of this cytokine.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
我了解了，谢谢医生的指导！ | 对话历史:
问: 我最近髋关节积液比较严重，想知道有没有办法可以自行吸收？
答: 髋关节积液自行吸收的可能性非常小，一般需要一套综合的治疗方案来处理。您具体是什么类型的积液呢？
问: 我不确定是什么类型的积液，我只是觉得髋关节肿胀、疼痛，并且难以正常活动。
答: 根据您的症状描述，可能是髋关节内无菌性积液或者感染性积液。对于无菌性积液，我们可以采取一些措施来促进吸收。首先，要控制关节的运动，避免过度用力或者频繁活动，这样可以减少髋关节的压力。其次，使用抗炎药物可以减轻炎症反应，从而有助于积液的吸收。此外，可以考虑使用微波、理疗、烤电等物理治疗手段，加速积液的吸收。
问: 如果是感染性积液怎么处理？
答: 如果出现感染性积液，处理方式... | 不客气，祝您早日康复！如果还有其他医学问题，欢迎随时咨询。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_外科 | [
"抗生素",
"感染",
"药敏"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 3714 的微生物检测结果概况。 | 样本ID: 3714 | 根据样本 3714 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：19,235,315
- 检出物种数：322
- Shannon多样性指数：3.124
- Simpson多样性指数：0.91
**二、优势菌群**
- Bifidobacterium bifidum (18.5%)
- Bifidobacterium longum (15.2%)
- Phocaeicola vulgatus (11.9%)
- [Ruminococcus] gnavus (9.6%)
- Bacteroides uniformis (5.8%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样... | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 3714 | overview | basic | [
"Bifidobacterium bifidum (18.5%)",
"Bifidobacterium longum (15.2%)",
"Phocaeicola vulgatus (11.9%)"
] | null |
慢性乙型肝炎免疫耐受期的主要实验室特征是什么？ | 慢性乙型肝炎免疫耐受期的主要实验室特征包括：ALT水平正常，HBV DNA载量通常高于2000 IU/ml（常远高于此值），以及HBeAg阳性。此阶段患者虽有高病毒复制，但肝脏炎症和纤维化较轻，因此传统上曾认为无需立即治疗，但目前多数专家建议对存在肝硬化或肝癌风险的患者进行抗病毒治疗。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md | 概念解释 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null |
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