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（2）高锰酸钾：系氧化剂，可与各种有机物相互作用，使巴比妥、阿片镇痛药、士的宁、毒扁豆碱、奎宁及烟碱等药物失活。 | [
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"entity": "士的宁",
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"entity": "毒扁豆碱",
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"entity": "奎宁",
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"id": 5,
"entity": "烟碱",
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由于高锰酸钾对皮肤黏膜有刺激作用，使用时切勿将高锰酸钾结晶直接接触口腔及胃黏膜。 | [
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"id": 2,
"entity": "胃黏膜",
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美曲膦酯中毒不可采用本溶液，后者可使毒物毒性增强。 | [
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（4）活性炭（10%～20%）悬液：可强力吸附多种药物和化学物质，能吸附的物质范围较广，能有效地阻止药物在胃肠道中的吸收，适用于有机及无机毒物中毒，但对氟化物无效。 | [
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"id": 1,
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目前，国内外大多数提倡采用此悬液进行洗胃。 | [
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临床用于氟化物或草酸盐中毒。 | [
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（6）氧化镁溶液（4%）：为弱碱性溶液，可中和酸性物质，用于阿司匹林、强酸及草酸等中毒。 | [
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（7）米汤、稀面糊（含1%～10%淀粉）：能结合并还原碘，使之失活，用于碘中毒。 | [
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操作时应彻底洗胃，至洗出液清晰，不显蓝色为止。 | [
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（8）氯化钠1%～2%溶液：常用于毒物不明的急性中毒。 | [
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2.促进毒物排泄大多毒物由肾脏排泄，积极利尿有利于加速毒物排泄，可每天酌情给予5%葡萄糖电解质溶液500～1000ml或10～20ml/（kg•d）静滴，同时静脉注射呋塞米（速尿）每次1mg/kg。 | [
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"id": 1,
"entity": "葡萄糖电解质溶液",
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"entity": "静滴",
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"entity": "静脉注射",
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"entity": "呋塞米",
"start_offset": 83,
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"id": 5,
"entity": "速尿",
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经补液及给利尿剂后，水溶性和与蛋白结合很弱的化合物（如苯巴比妥、甲丙氨酯、苯丙胺等）较易从体内排出。 | [
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有些化合物（如巴比妥酸盐、水杨酸盐及异烟肼等）在碱性环境下离子化程度增加，处理时如在补液中适当补给碳酸氢钠以碱化尿液，可减少其在肾小管内重吸收，提高排出率。 | [
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血液透析对于水溶性较高和蛋白结合率不高的毒物排泄效果较好，如对乙酰氨基酚、水杨酸盐、非那西汀、苯巴比妥、甲丙氨酯、水合氯醛、海洛因、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、异丙醇、苯丙胺、锂盐、异烟肼、苯妥英钠、钾、铁、锌、铜、硼酸盐等。 | [
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脂溶性毒物及与蛋白质结合紧密的毒物则透析效果较差，如速效巴比妥盐类、阿米替林及地西泮等。 | [
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血液净化适应证为：①急性中毒其症状严重，无相应解毒剂，但毒物或其代谢产物能被透析出体外；②预计毒物摄入剂量很大，估计会出现严重并发症和严重不良后果；③发生急性肾衰竭。 | [
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血液净化相对禁忌证为：①严重心功能不全；②有严重贫血、血小板减少低于50×10<sup>9</sup>/L、出血倾向，或全身应用抗凝药物；③休克虽经治疗仍不能维持收缩血压在12kPa以上。 | [
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一般药物及毒物中毒的透析治疗应争取在中毒后8～16小时内进行，严重中毒者在3小时内进行效果更好，因为大多数毒物的血液浓度在此时段内浓度处于高峰阶段，透析可以达到最佳效果。 | [
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"id": 3,
"entity": "透析",
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腹膜透析具有安全、方便、对循环影响较小等特点，在儿科中较血液透析应用更广，其应用指征同血液透析。 | [
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其透析特性与血液透析相似，但小分子物质透析效果较血液透析略差。 | [
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腹膜透析的禁忌证为：①腹腔感染、肠梗阻、腹膜广泛粘连、腹壁皮肤感染；②严重呼吸衰竭；③腹腔手术后3天以内。 | [
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"id": 3,
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"id": 4,
"entity": "腹壁皮肤感染",
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"entity": "严重呼吸衰竭",
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"id": 6,
"entity": "腹腔",
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腹膜透析方法为每次注入30～40ml/kg，保留30～45分钟后排出，每天4～8次，直至病情缓解。 | [
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对于中毒严重、毒物不能通过透析等方法得到有效排除者，早期还可采用换血或多次部分换血（每次换血量10ml/kg）的处理来达到排除体内毒物的目的。 | [
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3.尽早使用有效拮抗剂这些药物目前种类很有限，仅少数有特异性拮抗剂（或解毒剂），一些常用拮抗剂见表6-6。 | [
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"entity": "拮抗剂",
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表6-21一些常见毒物的拮抗剂（三）对症处理适当镇静，避免烦躁；控制惊厥；高热者给予物理及药物退热；预防继发感染；维持水、电解质及酸碱平衡；积极防治各重要脏器功能衰竭。 | [
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"entity": "脏器",
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肾上腺皮质激素具有增强机体应激能力、改善毛细血管通透性、减少渗出、稳定细胞膜及溶酶体、减少细胞损害等作用，临床用于严重中毒伴中毒性脑病、肺水肿、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、中毒性肝肾功能损害以及化学物引起的溶血性贫血等。 | [
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{
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"entity": "细胞膜",
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{
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{
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{
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"entity": "中毒性脑病",
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"end_offset": 67,
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{
"id": 7,
"entity": "肺水肿",
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"end_offset": 71,
"label": "dis"
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{
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"entity": "急性呼吸窘迫综合征",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 81,
"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 9,
"entity": "中毒性肝肾功能损害",
"start_offset": 82,
"end_offset": 91,
"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 10,
"entity": "溶血性贫血",
"start_offset": 99,
"end_offset": 104,
"label": "dis"
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药物可选择地塞米松0.5mg/kg或琥珀酰氢化可的松5～10mg/kg，每天1～2次，静脉注射，疗程3～5天。 | [
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{
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（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则1.水杨酸盐以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K<sub>1</sub>10mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。 | [
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{
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{
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "静滴",
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2.巴比妥类及苯二氮类1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃；安钠咖6～12mg/kg，肌内注射；或贝美格1mg/kg，静注；或纳洛酮0.01mg/kg，肌内注射；4～6小时后可重复1次，直至神志转清。 | [
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{
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"entity": "贝美格",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 46,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 53,
"end_offset": 55,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "纳洛酮",
"start_offset": 57,
"end_offset": 60,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 70,
"end_offset": 74,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "神志",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 91,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "神志转清",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 93,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
注意呼吸和循环支持。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "呼吸和循环支持",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
3.颠茄类以1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃、硫酸镁导泻；用毛果芸香碱0.1～0.2mg/kg，每1～4小时皮下注射1次；或新斯的明0.02～0.04mg/kg，每3～4小时肌内注射1次。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "毛果芸香碱",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 31,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "皮下注射",
"start_offset": 50,
"end_offset": 54,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "新斯的明",
"start_offset": 58,
"end_offset": 62,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 83,
"end_offset": 87,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
直至瞳孔缩小。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "瞳孔",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "瞳孔缩小",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
4.氨茶碱反复以1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃、导泻，洗胃后胃管内注入活性炭，注意镇静止痉、纠正低血钾、休克及心律失常、补液利尿。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "胃管",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "注入活性炭",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 35,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "低血钾",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 48,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "休克",
"start_offset": 49,
"end_offset": 51,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "心律失常",
"start_offset": 52,
"end_offset": 56,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
5.麻黄碱氯丙嗪1mg/kg，肌内注射；或酚妥拉明每分钟1～3μg/kg，静脉滴注维持，血压正常后逐步撤除。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "氯丙嗪",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "酚妥拉明",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "静脉滴注",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 41,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "血压",
"start_offset": 44,
"end_offset": 46,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
6.乙醇中毒1小时内用温开水或2%NaHCO<sub>3</sub>洗胃，静注25%～50%高渗葡萄糖20～40ml/次，纠正电解质紊乱和酸中毒，并补充维生素B<sub>1</sub>及维生素B<sub>6</sub>。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 36,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 39,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "高渗葡萄糖",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 51,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "电解质紊乱",
"start_offset": 63,
"end_offset": 68,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "酸中毒",
"start_offset": 69,
"end_offset": 72,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
伴肝肾功能障碍者可考虑透析治疗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肝肾功能障碍",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "透析",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
7.氯丙嗪以1∶5000高锰酸钾反复洗胃、导泻，洗胃后可胃管内注入活性炭，保暖，减少搬动，防止直立性休克；酌情给予升压药（多巴胺或间羟胺），控制惊厥，呼吸支持。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "胃管",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "注入活性炭",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 36,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "直立性休克",
"start_offset": 47,
"end_offset": 52,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "升压药",
"start_offset": 57,
"end_offset": 60,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "多巴胺",
"start_offset": 61,
"end_offset": 64,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "间羟胺",
"start_offset": 65,
"end_offset": 68,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 74,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "呼吸支持",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 79,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
8.蟾蜍以1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃、导泻（忌用油类泻药），维生素C1～2g用葡萄糖溶液稀释后静滴，纠正心律失常（阿托品、肾上腺素），地塞米松0.25～0.5mg/kg，静注；防治心源性休克。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "泻药",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "维生素C",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 33,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "葡萄糖溶液",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 43,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "静滴",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 48,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "心律失常",
"start_offset": 51,
"end_offset": 55,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "阿托品",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 59,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "肾上腺素",
"start_offset": 60,
"end_offset": 64,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "地塞米松",
"start_offset": 66,
"end_offset": 70,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 84,
"end_offset": 86,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 11,
"entity": "心源性休克",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 94,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
毒液接触眼者用生理盐水或3%硼酸液局部冲洗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "眼",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "生理盐水",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "硼酸液",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
9.毒蕈类以1∶5000高锰酸钾或活性炭悬液反复洗胃，硫酸镁导泻；用二巯基丙磺酸钠每次5mg/kg，每天2～3次，肌内注射；阿托品0.05mg/kg，肌内注射，每15分钟1次，直至阿托品化后减量。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "硫酸镁",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "二巯基丙磺酸钠",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 41,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 57,
"end_offset": 61,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "阿托品",
"start_offset": 62,
"end_offset": 65,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 79,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "阿托品",
"start_offset": 90,
"end_offset": 93,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
10.氰化物给予吸氧及生命支持。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "吸氧",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "生命支持",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
食入者用1∶5000高锰酸钾、5%硫代硫酸钠、3%过氧化氢及0.5%活性炭悬液洗胃；立即吸入亚硝酸异戊酯0.2～0.4ml/次，吸30秒钟，5分钟可重复1次；随后静注3%亚硝酸钠6～12mg/kg，再静注25%硫代硫酸钠溶液0.25g/kg（每药均推注10～15分钟）；效果不满意时可重复使用。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 41,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "亚硝酸异戊酯",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 52,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 81,
"end_offset": 83,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "亚硝酸钠",
"start_offset": 85,
"end_offset": 89,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 100,
"end_offset": 102,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "硫代硫酸钠",
"start_offset": 105,
"end_offset": 110,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
无硫代硫酸钠时可用1%亚甲蓝1～2mg/kg缓慢静注代替。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "硫代硫酸钠",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "亚甲蓝",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
11.汞中毒（误食）立即用5%活性炭悬液或2%NaHCO<sub>3</sub>洗胃，并口服牛奶或蛋清；硫酸镁导泻。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "汞中毒",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 40,
"end_offset": 42,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 55,
"end_offset": 57,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
有全身中毒症状者可用5%二巯基丙磺酸钠0.1～0.2ml/kg肌内注射，每天一次。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "全身",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "全身中毒症状",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "二巯基丙磺酸钠",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 35,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
肾衰竭者给予透析治疗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肾衰竭",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "透析",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
12.铅中毒急性食入中毒者以1%硫酸钠溶液洗胃，并口服牛奶或蛋清；及早应用依地酸钙钠（EDTA）25～50mg/kg，稀释至500ml葡萄糖液静滴，或二巯丁二钠20～30mg/kg静脉缓注。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "铅中毒",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "急性食入中毒",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "依地酸钙钠",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "EDTA",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "葡萄糖液",
"start_offset": 67,
"end_offset": 71,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "静滴",
"start_offset": 71,
"end_offset": 73,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "二巯丁二钠",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 80,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "静脉缓注",
"start_offset": 90,
"end_offset": 94,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
13.一氧化碳中毒开窗通风或脱离中毒环境，吸氧，补充大量维生素C。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "一氧化碳中毒",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "吸氧",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "维生素C",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
伴昏迷或抽搐者提示病情较重，应及早给予高压氧治疗，并控制惊厥，提供生命支持。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "昏迷",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "抽搐",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "高压氧治疗",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "生命支持",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
甘露醇0.5g/kg静注，每天2～4次，胞磷胆碱每次0.125～0.25g，静滴。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "甘露醇",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "胞磷胆碱",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "静滴",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
14.强酸碱类皮肤、五官等接触部分用清水冲洗，去除衣物。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "皮肤",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "五官",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
若非大量毒物食入，一般禁止洗胃及；强酸中毒可口服4%氢氧化铝10～20ml或蛋清、豆浆等；强碱类则口服1%醋酸或食醋等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "强酸中毒",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "氢氧化铝",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
注意生命功能支持，症状严重者可给予地塞米松0.25～0.5mg/kg，静注。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "地塞米松",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
15.有机磷以2%碳酸氢钠溶液（DDT中毒忌用）或1∶5000高锰酸钾（马拉硫磷中毒忌用）洗胃，硫酸镁导泻。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "DDT中毒",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "马拉硫磷中毒",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "硫酸镁",
"start_offset": 48,
"end_offset": 51,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "导泻",
"start_offset": 51,
"end_offset": 53,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
皮肤接触者用清水或苏打水冲洗皮肤及五官，去除衣物。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "皮肤",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 2,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "皮肤",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "五官",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
阿托品0.05～0.1mg/kg，静注，以后改0.05mg/kg，每10分钟1次，直至瞳孔散大后改0.02～0.03mg/kg，每30分钟1次，神志恢复后减为0.01～0.02mg/kg，每小时1次，以后根据病情逐渐延长给药间隔，直至停用。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "阿托品",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "瞳孔",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "瞳孔散大",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "神志",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 74,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "神志恢复",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 76,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
治疗中应注意控制惊厥并防治呼吸衰竭。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "呼吸衰竭",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
16.鼠药（氟乙酸钠、氟化钠）用0.2～0.5%氯化钠洗胃，每天肌注乙酰胺0.1～0.3g/kg，分2～3次，疗程一周左右。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肌注",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "乙酰胺",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
控制惊厥。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
17.阿片口服中毒者可予1∶5000高锰酸钾或活性炭悬液洗胃；纳洛酮0.01mg/kg肌内注射或静注，数分钟后可重复应用；给予呼吸及生命支持；抗惊厥；防治脑水肿及肺水肿。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "纳洛酮",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "肌内注射",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 48,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "呼吸及生命支持",
"start_offset": 63,
"end_offset": 70,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 74,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "脑水肿",
"start_offset": 77,
"end_offset": 80,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "肺水肿",
"start_offset": 81,
"end_offset": 84,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
18.亚硝酸盐中毒6小时内给予洗胃、导泄，清除胃内余下毒物。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "洗胃",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "导泄",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "胃",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
1%亚甲蓝以每次0.1～0.2ml/kg，稀释后缓慢推注，或维生素C以0.5～1g用葡萄糖20ml稀释后静注；气促者给予吸氧。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "亚甲蓝",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "推注",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "维生素C",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "葡萄糖",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "静注",
"start_offset": 52,
"end_offset": 54,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
19.毒蛇咬伤中毒伤肢制动，以减慢毒素扩散；肢体伤口的近心端2～3cm处用绳或布条缚扎，每15～30分钟放松1～2分钟。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "伤肢制动",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肢体",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "缚扎",
"start_offset": 41,
"end_offset": 43,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
20.蜂、蝎及毒蜘蛛螫伤中毒拔除伤口内毒刺，以3%氨水或苏打水等碱性溶液洗敷伤口。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "洗敷",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 38,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
毒蝎、毒蜘蛛螫伤者应在缚扎伤口近心端肢体，并扩创排毒（同毒蛇咬伤）。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "缚扎",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "扩创",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
参考文献1.宋家其.11例小儿急性胰腺炎治疗体会和预后评估.临床儿科杂志，1997，15（4）：251-2512.施诚仁.儿童急性胰腺炎的概念与认识.中华小儿外科杂志，1997，18（2）：124-1243.吴曰杰，郭永年，王开荣，等.小儿及青少年钙化性胰腺炎.实用儿科临床杂志，1996，11（6）：366-3664.王志敏.青少年慢性胰腺炎.国外医学•儿科学分册，1995，22（3）：1565.萧树东.江绍基胃肠病学.上海：上海科学技术出版社，2001：4876.徐家裕.临床胰腺病学.上海：上海科学技术出版社，1990：1207.徐家裕.急性重症胰腺炎的诊断进展.临床儿科杂志，1997，15（4）：244-2448.姚希贤.临床消化病学.天津：天津科学技术出版社，1999：12789.徐家裕.急性重症胰腺炎的治疗进展.临床儿科杂志，1997，15（5）：310-31010.杨镇主译，裘法祖审阅.慢性胰腺炎.北京：人民卫生出版社，1994：2111.叶孝礼.小儿消化系统疾病学.天津：天津科学技术出版社，1992：22612.张富生，周世杰.丙戊酸治疗10年后引起坏死性胰腺炎.国外医学•儿科学分册，1996，23（3）：15513.张汝慧，王玲，陈俊仪，等.流行性腮腺炎致多脏器损害662例临床分析.临床儿科杂志，1996，14（4）：220-22014.赵惠君，王耀平，顾龙君，等.左旋门冬酰胺酶在儿童淋巴系统恶性肿瘤化疗中的严重毒副反应.临床儿科杂志，1998，16（5）：301-30115.周雪莲，欧弼悠.小儿急性坏死性胰腺炎16例诊治分析.急诊医学，1996，5（2）∶11416.BraganzaJM：Thepathogenesisofchronicpancreatitis.QJMed，1996，89：243-24317.HaddochG，CouparG，YoungsonGG，etal：Acutepancreatitisinchildren：a15yearreview.JPediatrSurg，1994，29（6）：719-71918.KeimV，IovannaJL，DagornJC：Theacutephasereactionoftheexocrinepancreas.Digestion，1994，55：65-6519.LehmanGA，ShermanS.Pancreasdivisum.GastrointestEndoscClinNorthAm，1995，5（1）：145-14520.MathewP，WyllieR，CaulfieldM，etal：Chronicpancreatitisinlatechildhoodandadolescence.ClinPediatr，1994，33：88-8821.ParentiDM，SteinbergW，KangP：Infectiouscausesofacutepancreatitis.Pancreas，1996，13（4）：356-35622.PerraultJ.Hereditarypancreatitis.GastroenterolClinNorthAm，1994，23（4）：743-74323.SteerML，WaxmanI，FreedmanS.ChronicPancreatitis.NEnglJMed，1995，332（22）：1482-1482 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 65,
"end_offset": 68,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 127,
"end_offset": 130,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 169,
"end_offset": 172,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 277,
"end_offset": 280,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 356,
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 406,
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 491,
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "胰腺炎",
"start_offset": 671,
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"label": "dis"
}
] |
第十节冠状动脉异常冠状动脉畸形种类很多，包括起源、通路和走向的异常，重者可影响心肌的供血，轻者在心脏手术时可因误伤而使手术失败。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉异常",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "冠状动脉畸形",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心肌的供血",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 44,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "心脏",
"start_offset": 48,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
（一）左冠状动脉异常畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左冠状动脉异常",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "畸形左冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "右冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
在胎儿期，由于肺动脉与主动脉的压力和氧饱和度相似，心肌的灌注与氧合正常。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "主动脉",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心肌",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
然而，出生后，随着肺动脉压力的降低，血液可自右冠状动脉经侧支进入左冠状动脉，最终进入肺动脉。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "右冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "左冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
这样就产生了少量的左向右分流，应该供应心肌的血液通过这些通道进入了肺动脉。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心肌",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "血液",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 36,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
通常影响最多的是左室的前侧壁。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左室的前侧壁",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
临床表现一般与心力衰竭有关，后者由心肌缺血甚或心肌梗死引起。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心力衰竭",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心肌",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心肌",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "心肌梗死",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
常可听到第三心音与第四心音。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "第三心音",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "第四心音",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
心电图显示前侧壁梗死图形，表现为Ⅰ、aVF及左胸导联宽深的Q波，同时伴有这些导联的持续性ST段及T波变化。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心电图",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 3,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "前侧壁梗死",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "Ⅰ、aVF及左胸导联宽深的Q波",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 31,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "持续性ST段及T波变化",
"start_offset": 41,
"end_offset": 52,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
左心室电势通常增加。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左心室电势通常增加",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
由于本病可根治，因此凡遇婴儿不明原因的左心衰竭应进行这一方面的检查。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左心衰竭",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
二维超声心动图可怀疑本病，但确诊需进行心导管及心血管造影术。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "二维超声心动图",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心导管及心血管造影术",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
（二）冠状动脉主动脉起源异常左冠状动脉偶尔也可起源于右乏氏窦，或右冠状动脉起源于左乏氏窦。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉主动脉起源异常",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "左冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 14,
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "右乏氏窦",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "右冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 32,
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "左乏氏窦",
"start_offset": 40,
"end_offset": 44,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
这种起源异常的冠状动脉走行于主肺动脉间到达其供应区域。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "主肺动脉",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
患有本畸形的患儿易于发生胸痛、晕厥、甚至猝死。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "胸痛",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "晕厥",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "猝死",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
不幸的是有些患儿的首发表现即为猝死。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "猝死",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
本畸形临床难以诊断，确诊有赖于心导管及心血管造影术或CT。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心导管及心血管造影术",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "CT",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
治疗方法为异常起源的冠状动脉重新植入到正确的乏氏窦。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "异常起源的冠状动脉重新植入到正确的乏氏窦",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
（三）冠状动静脉瘘本畸形冠状动脉的一支可直接与右心室（最常见位置）或右心房（直接或通过冠状窦）交通。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动静脉瘘",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "右心室",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "右心房",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "冠状窦",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 46,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
与左心室、左心房或肺动脉的交通比较少见。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左心室",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "左心房",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肺动脉",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
本病最显著的临床特征为在胸骨左下缘可听到连续性浅表杂音。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "胸骨左下缘可听到连续性浅表杂音",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
分流量一般不大，否则可出现心搏增强及舒张中期隆隆样杂音。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "分流量一般不大",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心搏增强及舒张中期隆隆样杂音",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
可扪及连续性震颤。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "连续性震颤",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
二维多普勒超声及造影超声可作出诊断，但特异性诊断还需借助心导管及心血管造影术。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "二维多普勒超声",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "造影超声",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心导管及心血管造影术",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 38,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
治疗方法有结扎瘘口、修补瘘口（当与右心室相交通时）或经导管封堵。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "结扎瘘口",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "修补瘘口",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "右心室",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
（四）其他的冠状动脉异常单支冠状动脉：除了如发生冠状动脉粥样化出现相应症状外，这些患儿偶可猝死，这常发生在单支血管走行于主肺动脉间。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉异常",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "单支冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "冠状动脉粥样化",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 31,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "猝死",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "单支血管",
"start_offset": 53,
"end_offset": 57,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "主肺动脉",
"start_offset": 60,
"end_offset": 64,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
本病的临床表现与诊断与冠状动脉异常起源于主动脉相同。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "主动脉",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
偶尔整个冠状动脉系统可发育不良。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "可发育不良",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
有些患儿冠状动脉与主动脉的连接正常，但开口呈裂缝样，其起始部分斜形而不是通常的垂直自主动脉发出。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "冠状动脉",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "主动脉",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "主动脉",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
这些患儿也可发生猝死。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "猝死",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
四、其他药物参见本篇第十一章支气管哮喘。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "支气管哮喘",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
第三章贫血第一节概况贫血（anemia）是指外周血液中单位容积内红细胞计数、血红蛋白含量及血细胞比容低于正常低限。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "贫血",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "贫血",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "anemia",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "血液",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "红细胞计数",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "血红蛋白含量",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 44,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "血细胞比容",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
按世界卫生组织（WHO）对海拔0米时小儿贫血血红蛋白的标准规定：6个月～6岁，＜110g/L；6～12岁，＜120g/L时称为贫血。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "小儿贫血",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "血红蛋白",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "贫血",
"start_offset": 63,
"end_offset": 65,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
海拔每升高1000米，血红蛋白低限标准应相应提高4%。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "血红蛋白",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
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