text stringlengths 4 4.87k | entities list |
|---|---|
（5）Y连锁遗传（Y-linkedinheritance）：Y连锁遗传致病基因位于Y染色体上，只有男性出现症状，由父传子，例如性别决定基因（SRY基因）突变所致的性反转等。 | [
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3.多基因遗传病（multifactorialdiseases）疾病由多对异常基因及环境因素共同作用。 | [
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每对基因作用微小，但有积累效应，致使超出阈值而发病。 | [
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这些微效基因的总和加上环境因素的影响，就决定了个体的疾病性状。 | [
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例如2型糖尿病、高血压、神经管缺陷及兔唇等都属多基因遗传病。 | [
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"entity": "兔唇",
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"entity": "多基因遗传病",
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4.线粒体病（mitochondrialdiseases）人类细胞中有一部分DNA存在于胞浆内，称为线粒体DNA，按母系遗传。 | [
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"entity": "DNA",
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"entity": "线粒体DNA",
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基因突变为一组较为独特的遗传病，目前已发现60余种疾病与线粒体基因突变或线粒体结构异常有关，例如脂肪酸氧化障碍、呼吸链酶缺陷及特殊类型的糖尿病等。 | [
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"entity": "脂肪酸氧化障碍",
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"entity": "呼吸链酶缺陷",
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"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 5,
"entity": "特殊类型的糖尿病",
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"label": "dis"
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5.基因组印记（genomicimprinting）基因根据来源亲代的不同而有不同的表达，控制某一表型的一对等位基因因亲源不同而呈差异性表达，即两条等位基因如皆来自父源或母源则有不同的表现形式。 | [
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"id": 2,
"entity": "等位基因",
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"entity": "差异性表达",
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"entity": "等位基因",
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例如，Prader-Willi综合征和Angelman综合征都是15q11-11缺失，Prader-Willi综合征是父源性15q11-11缺失（母源单亲二体），Angelman综合征为母源性15q11-11缺失（父源单亲二体）。 | [
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"entity": "Prader-Willi综合征",
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"entity": "父源性15q11-11缺失",
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"entity": "母源性15q11-11缺失",
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基因组印记还影响某些遗传病的表现度及外显率等。 | [
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参考文献1.方鹤松，段恕诚，于卫力，等.中国腹泻病诊断治疗方案.临床儿科杂志，1992，10（4）：2392.姜天安，叶瑞云，叶华英.慢性腹泻患儿肠黏液超微结构观察.中华医学杂志，1991，71：683.姜天安，叶瑞云.对腹泻患儿的小肠黏液形态、乳糖酶及乳糖水解率的研究.中华医学杂志，1987，69：4994.姜天安，叶瑞云.婴幼儿慢性腹泻时的肠道营养治疗.中华儿科杂志，1992，30：45.江米足，叶瑞云.婴幼儿腹泻时空肠黏液刷状缘肽酶和蛋白质代谢的研究.中华儿科杂志，1996，34：326.刘湘云.急性腹泻病理生理及药物治疗研究进展.中华儿科杂志，1989，22（3）：1827.BranskiD，LernerA，LebenthalE.Chronicdiarrheaandmalabsorption.PediatrClinNorthAm，1996，43：3078.CormierDaireV，BonnefontJP，RustinP，etal.MitochondrialDNArearrangementswithonsetaschronicdiarrheawithvillousatrophy.JPediatr，1994，124：639.DeBoissieuC，ChaussainM，BadoualJ，etal.Smallbowelbacterialovergrowthinchildrenwithchronicdiarrhea，abdominalpain，orboth.JPediatr，1996，128：20310.KneepkensCM，HoekstraJH.Chronicnonspecificdiarrheaofchildhood：pathophysiologyandmanagement.PediatrClinNorthAm，1996，43：375 | [
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"entity": "腹泻",
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"entity": "乳糖酶",
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"entity": "乳糖水解率",
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"entity": "慢性腹泻",
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"entity": "肠道营养治疗",
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"entity": "腹泻",
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"id": 9,
"entity": "空肠黏液刷状缘肽酶",
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"entity": "蛋白质",
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"id": 11,
"entity": "急性腹泻",
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第二节软组织肉瘤软组织肉瘤（softpartsarcoma）是发生在结缔组织的恶性肿瘤，包括皮下组织、肌肉、肌腱、血管、结缔组织间隙以及空腔器官支柱基质等。 | [
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"id": 1,
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"entity": "肌肉",
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"entity": "肌腱",
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"id": 8,
"entity": "血管",
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},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "结缔组织间隙",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "空腔器官支柱基质",
"start_offset": 68,
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"label": "bod"
}
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但发生在骨骼、网状内皮系统、神经胶质等部位的除外。 | [
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软组织肉瘤的细胞起源为原始间叶干细胞，位于非节段性中胚层，故可生长在身体不同部位。 | [
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一、纤维肉瘤纤维肉瘤（fibrosarcoma）起源于成纤维细胞，是纤维组织的恶性肿瘤，多见于5岁以下，有些患儿出生时即发现，也称“先天性及婴儿纤维肉瘤”，男孩略多于女孩。 | [
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"entity": "先天性及婴儿纤维肉瘤",
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肿块圆形或椭圆形切面灰白或黄白，大小不一，小的肿瘤大的分界不清，往往浸润组织。 | [
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"entity": "往往浸润组织",
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光镜下肿瘤由呈囊状交织排列的梭形成纤维细胞组成胞质少各束细胞间由胶原纤维分开组织学形态比较一致。 | [
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"entity": "各束细胞间由胶原纤维分开",
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"entity": "组织学形态比较一致",
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纤维肉瘤可发生于任何部位，下肢最多见约占50%。 | [
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烧伤瘢痕、视网膜母细胞瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤放疗后易生长本瘤。 | [
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肿瘤为生长迅速的无痛性肿块，可在2～3周内增长一倍，其边界常不清晰，当压迫神经如腓总神经或其分支时，可产生压迫症状。 | [
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"entity": "腓总神经",
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有同一肢体几个分开较远的肿瘤同时存在的报道。 | [
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X线检查，可见软组织块影或肢体长骨骨皮质增厚极少数可出现骨质破坏肺转移。 | [
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"id": 6,
"entity": "肺",
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切除不彻底可致复发，需再行手术，必要时考虑截肢。 | [
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}
] |
纤维肉瘤对放射敏感性低，故有主张大剂量放疗的（6Gy），特别是在多次复发或避免截肢时。 | [
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化疗的意见不一致，有人主张按横纹肌肉瘤方案，用在复发和转移病例，也有人主张术前放疗和化疗。 | [
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纤维肉瘤的预后较好，5年治愈率可达85%左右。 | [
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五、免疫抑制剂的应用目前，在儿童肾移植中使用的免疫抑制剂包括：糖皮质激素（Pred）、硫唑嘌呤（Aza）、环孢霉素（CsA）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、瑞帕霉素（sirolimusRapamycin，SRL）、他克莫司FK506（tacrolimus）、抗胸腺球蛋白（ATG）以及单克隆CD3抗体（OKT3）等。 | [
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{
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"end_offset": 130,
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{
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"entity": "ATG",
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{
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},
{
"id": 19,
"entity": "OKT3",
"start_offset": 146,
"end_offset": 150,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
儿童由于其生理、代谢特点，应用免疫抑制剂有独特性：①儿童的免疫防御较成人强，儿童肾移植术较成人更易发生急性排斥反应；②糖皮质激素用量较高，将抑制儿童的生长发育；③儿童对CsA代谢较成人快，难以达到稳定理想的CsA浓度，要兼顾移植后排斥反应及CsA肾毒性两方面的效应。 | [
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] |
（一）糖皮质激素在儿童肾移植中应用，一般认为＞0.5mg/（kg•d）可抑制生长发育，而隔日疗法对生长发育影响较小，并可减少不良反应；在保持移植肾功能良好的情况下超过2年后完全停药，但部分患儿则因排斥反应而需重新服用激素。 | [
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] |
（二）环孢霉素（CsA）在小儿体内清除率高、半衰期短，故较成人小儿需使用较大的剂量。 | [
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在移植肾功能未恢复前不宜使用CsA。 | [
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＜5岁小儿给予12mg/（kg•d）（分2～3次给予）6个月后，血药浓度宜控制在50～125ng/ml。 | [
{
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] |
近年来采用CsA的微乳制剂（新山地明或新赛斯平）具易吸收、药物浓度稳定的优点，适宜应用于儿童肾移植。 | [
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{
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"entity": "儿童肾移植",
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] |
意大利学者在临床随机对照实验中将CsA+Pred+Aza与CsA+Pred与CsA单药三种方案进行比较，发现移植后生存率与器官功能长期随访结果并无明显差异，故提出CsA单药方案在一定程度上安全有效并降低了肾外并发症的发生率。 | [
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"entity": "肾外并发症",
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] |
广州军区武汉总医院在临床中发现，肾移植患者长期将CsA与盐酸小檗碱（黄连素）联合应用能增加患者CsA血药浓度，且并不增加CsA毒性反应，可减少CsA用量。 | [
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] |
另外，澳大利亚研究者1997年提出，Pred+Aza+ATG为较常用的三联疗法。 | [
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（三）瑞帕霉素（SRL）有英国研究者在欧洲、澳大利亚和加拿大三国的临床实践中将SRL+CsA+Pred与SRL+Pred相比较，提出SRL+CsA+Pred移植后治疗3个月，继而CsA减量的方案更为安全有效，在肾功能及血压控制上效果更佳。 | [
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{
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"entity": "血压",
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（四）他克莫司FK506在肾移植患儿发生急慢性排斥反应而对大剂量激素治疗无效时，FK506（tacrolimus）是一种有效的药物。 | [
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{
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] |
美国Emory大学研究发现，许多这样的病例由于激素的抵抗，将免疫抑制剂从CsA（或MMF）换成FK506，获得了良好的疗效，未见明显的近期不良反应；但有研究显示FK506长期应用与移植后远期糖尿病的发生有关。 | [
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五、肌电描记（一）胃电图胃平滑肌始终存在电活动，控制胃平滑肌的收缩和舒张，了解胃电活动也是检查胃运动功能的主要方法。 | [
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] |
在人体应用的方法有腔内胃电记录和体表胃电记录。 | [
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前者将电极直接置于胃窦及胃体黏膜，可准确记录到胃平滑肌电活动情况，是诊断胃平滑肌异常活动的有效的方法，然而因其侵入性难以在临床普遍开展。 | [
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20世纪50年代首次报道应用体表胃电记录技术，即胃电图（electrogastrography，EGG）。 | [
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它是一种非侵入性检查方法，操作简单，因准确性强和可重复性以及与胃运动的关系不断得到认可，最近解释的EGG已从肉眼判断到光谱分析。 | [
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定量指标包括EGG的主频率，正常胃慢波所占时间百分比，胃动过速、胃动过缓及其他动力紊乱所占比例。 | [
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EGG面临的问题是如何分析所获结果，使之规范化，统一化。 | [
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应用EGG诊断具体器质性疾病尚为时过早。 | [
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（二）小肠及结肠肌电描记已有研究，但对其临床意义有相当大的争论。 | [
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（三）肛门括约肌和耻骨直肠肌电描记有助于肛门括约肌协调症的诊断。 | [
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第六篇重症监护和急救第一章儿科重症监护室的设施和组织【概述】危重症医学（criticalcaremedicine）是利用现代生物医学技术，对各种危重患者，特别是对有器官或多器官系统功能衰竭综合征（multipleorgandysfunctionsyndrome，MODS）患者的生命活动进行连续、系统的观察，并提供特殊形式的生命支持，协助患者度过生命危险期，以提高患者存活的一门科学。 | [
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重症监护病房（intensivecareunit，ICU）是指用现代医疗设备装备起来，能对各种危重患者的生命活动进行连续、系统的观察，并提供特殊生命支持的治疗单位。 | [
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儿科重症监护病房（PICU）是集中治疗儿科危重患儿，并提供特殊生命支持的治疗单位。 | [
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据记载，早在1860年，FlorenceNightingle首先在医院开辟一个病区，把重症患者集中起来观察和看护，这就是萌芽期的ICU。 | [
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ICU的优越性在第二次世界大战时得到了进一步的证明，当时战地医生将伤员集中起来治疗，发现死亡率明显降低，这使医生充分认识到建立ICU的重要性。 | [
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20世纪50年代，DwightHarken建立了第一个心脏术后ICU，随后60年代发展到为中毒、颅脑外伤、高危产妇以及婴幼儿和胎儿的监护病房相继成立，如呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）、神经外科重症监护病房（NSICU）、儿科重症监护病房（PICU）、新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）等。 | [
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近年来，随着监测、医疗护理技术的不断提高，ICU在现代化医院中的地位显得越来越重要，ICU在国际先进医疗机构中心已成为非常普遍和高度发展的重要部门。 | [
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与之相比，我国由于对专业技术的发展认识不够，且建立ICU仪器设备昂贵，投资量大，并缺乏专业人才，故ICU发展相对较慢。 | [
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对此，我国卫生部门非常重视ICU的发展，卫生部于1989年已把设立ICU列为衡量医院等级的条例内容。 | [
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1982年，卫生部妇幼司与联合国儿童基金会在我国北京、上海、重庆、沈阳等地创建了最早的10个儿童重症监护中心。 | [
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另外，随着我国国民经济的不断发展，近年来，国内各大儿童医院甚至于县级医院也相继建立了ICU。 | [
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我们既要充分认识ICU在现代医学中的作用，又要防止不顾资金、技术条件和病员来源造成的资源浪费，因而了解ICU的设施和组织，对更好地发挥ICU部门的作用，提高我国危重患儿的诊治水平十分重要。 | [
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【ICU的位置】ICU应建立在具有较好条件的大型医院里（三甲或二甲医院），其布局因地而异。 | [
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为了便于抢救危重患儿，理想的位置是接近急诊室和住院部手术室，便于实施紧急心肺复苏、气管插管和抢救手术。 | [
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另外，ICU最好和放射科、检验科、血库、供应室、急救车库比较接近，便于患儿的转运和检查。 | [
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【ICU的结构】ICU以敞开式大房间为主并配合隔离单间病房，房间涂以适于清洁消毒的光滑材料，常以淡绿色和淡黄色为主，室内必须设有空调或中央空调，保持室温24～26℃，湿度在50%～70%。 | [
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室内最好有空气过滤装置，使泵入的新鲜空气单向流动，以减少空气中的细菌和尘埃。 | [
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每个床单位设监护墙壁，内置监护仪、人工呼吸机、输液泵、抢救用具、多用电源插头（10～15个）、中央供氧、中央供空气、中央负压吸引管道和开关。 | [
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房顶装设有悬吊输液瓶用的U形滑道和隔离床帘。 | [
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病房中央设护士工作站和中央监护站，护士工作站与每个病床能直视相对，随时监测每个患儿的病情变化；中央监护站与每个床边的监护仪联网，方便护士和医生随时了解病房内所有患儿的生命指标参数。 | [
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每间病房应设有1～2个洗手池，便于医护人员检查患儿前后的消毒洗手。 | [
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此外，ICU备有充足的复苏和麻醉药品，并常规置于急救车和急救箱中。 | [
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ICU除病房外还需必要的工作用房，工作用房占总面积的30%～40%左右，其中包括：（一）医护办公室设在离病室近又能清楚观察患儿的地方，用玻璃墙隔开，设有报警记录系统。 | [
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（三）家属接待室紧邻ICU应设置家属接待室，便于医师和家属医患沟通，使他们了解患儿的病情、治疗措施、医疗费用，并在诊治中得到家属的理解和支持。 | [
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（四）专用化验室有条件的ICU内应设专用化验室，便于检测血气、电解质、渗透压、心电图等需频繁监测的项目；此外，先进的ICU还配有小型移动床旁X线机和B超，即便是机械通气的患儿也能随时检查。 | [
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（五）专用仪器室ICU内应设专用仪器室，主要放置各种人工呼吸机、监护仪和其他抢救设备。 | [
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【ICU的病床设置】ICU的床位数以全院总床数的2%～8%为宜。 | [
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一般一个敞开式病房设8～12张病床，大的重症监护中心可划分成多个监护病房，每个监护病房收治不同的监护患儿，如脑外科、胸外科、神内科、胸内科等。 | [
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一个抢救单元（床位）应配备一套基本设备，包括各种监护仪器、呼吸器、氧疗设备、吸引器、复苏囊、输液泵等。 | [
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【ICU人员结构及安排】ICU需要经专业培训、精通业务、技术熟练的医护人员；医师与病床之比为0.8～1∶1，包括科主任、主治医师及住院医师，最好由内科、外科和麻醉科的医师共同组成，医师除已掌握儿科各专业的一般知识外，还需掌握较为广泛的病理、生理、生化等基础知识，具有独立诊断及处理各器官衰竭的能力和熟练运用各种生命体征监护抢救仪器的技能。 | [
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"id": 4,
"entity": "麻醉科",
"start_offset": 79,
"end_offset": 82,
"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "儿科",
"start_offset": 96,
"end_offset": 98,
"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "器官衰竭",
"start_offset": 141,
"end_offset": 145,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
重症监护室的住院医师除在本科接受3年以上的培训外，通常应到麻醉科、普外科、心脏科、耳鼻喉科和放射科轮转进行规范化培训，在熟练掌握心肺复苏技术、气管插管技术和指征、熟练应用各种呼吸机和监护仪、能进行各种穿刺（经皮放置周围动静脉导管、胸腔穿刺、腰椎穿刺和脑室内穿刺）后，可固定在ICU长期工作。 | [
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},
{
"id": 1,
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"start_offset": 33,
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"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心脏科",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "dep"
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "耳鼻喉科",
"start_offset": 41,
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{
"id": 4,
"entity": "放射科",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 49,
"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "心肺复苏技术",
"start_offset": 64,
"end_offset": 70,
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{
"id": 6,
"entity": "气管插管",
"start_offset": 71,
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},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "指征",
"start_offset": 78,
"end_offset": 80,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "呼吸机",
"start_offset": 87,
"end_offset": 90,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "监护仪",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 94,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "穿刺",
"start_offset": 100,
"end_offset": 102,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 11,
"entity": "动静脉导管",
"start_offset": 109,
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"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 12,
"entity": "胸腔穿刺",
"start_offset": 115,
"end_offset": 119,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 13,
"entity": "腰椎穿刺",
"start_offset": 120,
"end_offset": 124,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 14,
"entity": "脑室内穿刺",
"start_offset": 125,
"end_offset": 130,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 15,
"entity": "ICU",
"start_offset": 137,
"end_offset": 140,
"label": "dep"
}
] |
ICU的护士从专科毕业后通常应经过6～12个月的ICU专业化培训。 | [
{
"id": 0,
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] |
先进的ICU还配备有固定的营养专家和心理医师，此外还配有医学生物和电子工程师，负责维修保养各种仪器设备。 | [
{
"id": 0,
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] |
【ICU及监护系统】ICU集中了各种诊疗仪器和监护系统，包括各类型人工呼吸机、电除颤起搏器、颅压监护仪、输液泵和监护系统等，此外还有气管导管、喉镜、纤维支气管镜、引流瓶及其装置、各种温控设备、吸痰器、气管切开器材和停电后的供电设备等。 | [
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{
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "护系统",
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{
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"entity": "括各类型人",
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{
"id": 4,
"entity": "呼吸机、电除",
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},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "起搏器、颅",
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{
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"entity": "监护仪",
"start_offset": 48,
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},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "输液泵和",
"start_offset": 52,
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "此外还有",
"start_offset": 62,
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},
{
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"entity": "管导",
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"label": "equ"
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{
"id": 10,
"entity": "、喉镜、纤维",
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{
"id": 11,
"entity": "气管镜",
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},
{
"id": 12,
"entity": "控设备",
"start_offset": 92,
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}
] |
ICU最基本和最重要的诊疗仪器和监护系统如下：（一）抢救复苏设备氧气源、给氧鼻导管、简易呼吸器（面罩、复苏皮囊）、气管插管导管、喉镜、中心静脉及外周静脉导管、留置针等。 | [
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"entity": "氧气源",
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{
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"entity": "给氧鼻导管",
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "简易呼吸器",
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},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "面罩",
"start_offset": 48,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "复苏皮囊",
"start_offset": 51,
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "气管插管导管",
"start_offset": 57,
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "喉镜",
"start_offset": 64,
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "静脉",
"start_offset": 69,
"end_offset": 71,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "静脉导管",
"start_offset": 74,
"end_offset": 78,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "留置针",
"start_offset": 79,
"end_offset": 82,
"label": "equ"
}
] |
（二）人工呼吸机机械通气是ICU的主要任务之一，正确使用人工呼吸机能起到挽救患儿生命的作用。 | [
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "机械通气",
"start_offset": 8,
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"label": "pro"
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{
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"entity": "ICU",
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "人工呼吸机",
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"label": "equ"
}
] |
应用人工呼吸机的目的是维持代谢所需的肺泡通气，纠正高碳酸血症；提供适合的氧浓度，纠正难治性低氧血症；改善氧输送，减少呼吸功，降低氧耗量，缓解呼吸肌疲劳。 | [
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"id": 0,
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{
"id": 1,
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "高碳酸血症",
"start_offset": 25,
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "低氧血症",
"start_offset": 45,
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "呼吸肌",
"start_offset": 70,
"end_offset": 73,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
目前，国内外常用人工呼吸机品牌众多，性能各不相同，通气理论、技术、模式也在不断更新，如西门子伺服（SIEMENSServo）系列呼吸机、熊牌（Bear）系列呼吸机、星牌婴儿（Infantstar）系列呼吸机、纽帮（Newport）系列呼吸机、Drager系列呼吸机、PB系列呼吸机等，充分了解各类呼吸机的性能十分重要（呼吸机的使用见有关章节）。 | [
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},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "呼吸机",
"start_offset": 159,
"end_offset": 162,
"label": "equ"
}
] |
（三）输液泵输液泵分为推注式注射器输液泵和蠕动式输液泵，是一种利用机械推动流体进入血管系统的一种电子机械装置，可按要求以恒定的速度输注定量的液体。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "输液泵",
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},
{
"id": 1,
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},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "推注式注射器输液泵",
"start_offset": 11,
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},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "蠕动式输液泵",
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "血管系统",
"start_offset": 41,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
推注式注射器输液泵容量小、精确度高，故多用于输注需要精确控制剂量药物或半衰期特别短、需持续滴入的药物。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "推注式注射器",
"start_offset": 0,
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}
] |
蠕动输液泵输液速度能控制于1～999ml/h的范围，为常规保证治疗时使用。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "蠕动输液泵",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "equ"
}
] |
（四）电除颤仪电击除颤仪由可调的高压直流电源（电池）、电容器及限制电流的限流线圈构成。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "电除颤仪",
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "电击除颤仪",
"start_offset": 7,
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"label": "equ"
}
] |
电除颤及电复律是让一个电压极高、时间极短、电流极小的电流通过纤维颤动的心脏，使心肌纤维同时除极，然后同时复极，从而使心肌的收缩协调。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "电除颤",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 3,
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "电复律",
"start_offset": 4,
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心脏",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "心肌纤维",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 43,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "心肌",
"start_offset": 58,
"end_offset": 60,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
（五）负压吸引装置为清除患儿口、鼻和呼吸道痰液和异物的装置，一般婴儿负压＜150mmHg，儿童负压＜200mmHg。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "负压吸引装置",
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},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "口",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 15,
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},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "鼻",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "呼吸道痰液",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
（六）监护系统ICU治疗及监护是相辅相成，缺一不可，针对不同的病种及疾病的不同病理状态给予不同的监护治疗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "ICU",
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"label": "dep"
}
] |
由基本监护和特殊监护组成，基本监护由床旁监护仪和中心监护站（包括控制系统、显示系统、记录系统）组成；特殊监护为针对不同病理状态及各系统特殊治疗要求，对特殊科室的危重患儿提供的特殊而有效监护。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "床旁监护仪",
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"label": "equ"
}
] |
1.基本监护（1）床旁监护仪：由具有心脏监护、呼吸监护、血压监护、经皮血氧饱和度监测（TcSO<sub>2</sub>）和体温监护的多功能监护仪组成：①心脏监护：主要用于持续监测心电活动，荧光屏上连续显示心电波形和心率数值。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "床旁监护仪",
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心脏",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "bod"
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "呼吸",
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "血压",
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"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "血氧饱和度",
"start_offset": 35,
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"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "TcSO",
"start_offset": 43,
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"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "体温",
"start_offset": 61,
"end_offset": 63,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "监护仪",
"start_offset": 69,
"end_offset": 72,
"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "心脏监护",
"start_offset": 76,
"end_offset": 80,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "心电",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 91,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "心电",
"start_offset": 102,
"end_offset": 104,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 11,
"entity": "心率",
"start_offset": 107,
"end_offset": 109,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
通过振幅调节键调节所需振幅，并可设置报警上下限，当心率超过预设范围时，仪器发出声响报警。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心率",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
有的仪器可在报警时自动记录心率或心电波形，或有趋向显示储存前24小时内心率情况。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心率",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心电",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心率",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
荧光屏上显示的心电波形，主要为了解心率和心律变化，不能作为分析S-T段和各波形的依据。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心电",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心率",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心律",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
因此，当心电波出现异常时需结合临床，必要时作常规心电图检查，以判断监测结果。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心电波",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心电图",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "ite"
}
] |
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