question stringlengths 12 11.9k | answer stringlengths 10 11.3k | tokenized_question stringlengths 7 10.4k | tokenized_answer stringlengths 2 13k | score float64 0 1 |
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is it possible that in the distant future, an organism that exists right now on earth, will evolve to the point that it can be considered intelligent life? which animal comes the closest? | > is it possible that in the distant future, an organism that exists right now on earth, will evolve to the point that it can be considered intelligent life?yes, it's possible, but by no means is it a sure thing. evolution doesn't have a goal in mind, nor does it have specific end points that are inherently better th... | ['possible', 'distant', 'future', 'organism', 'exists', 'right', 'earth', 'evolve', 'point', 'considered', 'intelligent', 'life', 'animal', 'comes', 'closest', ' '] | [' ', '>', 'possible', 'distant', 'future', 'organism', 'exists', 'right', 'earth', 'evolve', 'point', 'considered', 'intelligent', 'life?yes', 'possible', 'means', 'sure', 'thing', ' ', 'evolution', 'goal', 'mind', 'specific', 'end', 'points', 'inherently', 'better', ' ', 'evolution', 'adapts', 'environment', 'works',... | 1 |
is it possible that in the distant future, an organism that exists right now on earth, will evolve to the point that it can be considered intelligent life? which animal comes the closest? | evolution is not directed.we can't answer this without speculation. | ['possible', 'distant', 'future', 'organism', 'exists', 'right', 'earth', 'evolve', 'point', 'considered', 'intelligent', 'life', 'animal', 'comes', 'closest', ' '] | ['evolution', 'directed.we', 'answer', 'speculation'] | 0.666667 |
how much can you learn from someone's genome? i've heard you can learn id someone by looking at their dna, but what else can you learn if you know what to look for? | well this is fun, we literally just covered this kind of stuff in my advanced molecular biology course.your genome will contain variation depending on genetics that has been passed down from your parents. you may be homozygous for 11 copies of a short-tandem repeat (str, 2-3 'letters' repeated over and over again in t... | ['learn', 'genome', 'heard', 'learn', 'd', 'looking', 'dna', 'learn', 'know', 'look'] | ['fun', 'literally', 'covered', 'kind', 'stuff', 'advanced', 'molecular', 'biology', 'course.your', 'genome', 'contain', 'variation', 'depending', 'genetics', 'passed', 'parents', ' ', 'homozygous', '11', 'copies', 'short', 'tandem', 'repeat', 'str', '2', '3', 'letters', 'repeated', 'sequence', 'heterozygous', '13', '8... | 1 |
why can a person safely receive platelets donated by anyone, but can only receive a particular type of whole blood? | platelets don't have antigens (the things antibodies recognize) on them. what might be a good way to remember this is that they're not made from red blood cells where the abo blood group antigens are, they're shed from cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. that's not to say platelets are just floating bits of... | ['person', 'safely', 'receive', 'platelets', 'donated', 'receive', 'particular', 'type', 'blood'] | ['platelets', 'antigens', 'things', 'antibodies', 'recognize', 'good', 'way', 'remember', 'red', 'blood', 'cells', 'abo', 'blood', 'group', 'antigens', 'shed', 'cells', 'bone', 'marrow', 'called', 'megakaryocytes', 'platelets', 'floating', 'bits', 'cytoplasm', 'got', 'glycoproteins', 'outside', 'recognize', 'signals', ... | 1 |
why do the russian scientists have to wait till december to study the water they took from lake vostok? (lake under antartica) | vostok station is one of the most [inhospitable places for humans to work](_url_0_). december is the antarctic summer, so the weather will be better, temperatures warmer, and up to 24 hours of daylight. | ['russian', 'scientists', 'wait', 'till', 'december', 'study', 'water', 'took', 'lake', 'vostok', 'lake', 'antartica'] | ['vostok', 'station', 'inhospitable', 'places', 'humans', 'work](_url_0', ' ', 'december', 'antarctic', 'summer', 'weather', 'better', 'temperatures', 'warmer', '24', 'hours', 'daylight'] | 1 |
do different types of wood have different specific heats? [deleted] | wood in general is a very complicated material. the specific heat of any particular piece of wood is going to be dominated by the amount of water in that wood. so it can vary significantly not only from species to species but also within species according to what treatment, if any, the wood has undergone. | ['different', 'types', 'wood', 'different', 'specific', 'heats', 'deleted'] | ['wood', 'general', 'complicated', 'material', ' ', 'specific', 'heat', 'particular', 'piece', 'wood', 'going', 'dominated', 'water', 'wood', ' ', 'vary', 'significantly', 'species', 'species', 'species', 'according', 'treatment', 'wood', 'undergone'] | 1 |
can you transmit the flu through semen? what about sweat? got into an interesting discussion with the wife about whether she could get my flu from a little whoopee. then i went to play hoops with friends and was wondering if my sweat could transmit it as well? | it is primarily an infection involving the upper respiratory tract. the virus is primarily shed through coughing/sneezing. the likelihood of semen or sweat containing the virus is low and unless those fluids are inhaled it wouldn't cause an infection. | ['transmit', 'flu', 'semen', 'sweat', 'got', 'interesting', 'discussion', 'wife', 'flu', 'little', 'whoopee', ' ', 'went', 'play', 'hoops', 'friends', 'wondering', 'sweat', 'transmit'] | ['primarily', 'infection', 'involving', 'upper', 'respiratory', 'tract', 'virus', 'primarily', 'shed', 'coughing', 'sneezing', 'likelihood', 'semen', 'sweat', 'containing', 'virus', 'low', 'fluids', 'inhaled', 'cause', 'infection'] | 1 |
why is there so much carbon-14 in these fossils? i searched this sub for similar posts. there were some close matches but nothing regarding fossils with such a high concentration of c14.here is the article: _url_0_this topic was discussed over in /r/debateachristian, and i was asked to pose this question to the expert... | that's quite a lot to read over for so little potential gain. could you be more specific? | ['carbon-14', 'fossils', 'searched', 'sub', 'similar', 'posts', ' ', 'close', 'matches', 'fossils', 'high', 'concentration', 'c14.here', 'article', 'url_0_this', 'topic', 'discussed', '/r', 'debateachristian', 'asked', 'pose', 'question', 'experts.thanks', 'advance'] | ['lot', 'read', 'little', 'potential', 'gain', 'specific'] | 0.5 |
why is there so much carbon-14 in these fossils? i searched this sub for similar posts. there were some close matches but nothing regarding fossils with such a high concentration of c14.here is the article: _url_0_this topic was discussed over in /r/debateachristian, and i was asked to pose this question to the expert... | there's a lot of crap on that page.first, carbon dating doesn't work for things like dinosaur fossils. they're too old.the number 22,380 has no reference next to it so i'm not sure which reference at the bottom they're referring to.the premise of the article is that in 2005 a fossil was dated to 20-30k years. none of... | ['carbon-14', 'fossils', 'searched', 'sub', 'similar', 'posts', ' ', 'close', 'matches', 'fossils', 'high', 'concentration', 'c14.here', 'article', 'url_0_this', 'topic', 'discussed', '/r', 'debateachristian', 'asked', 'pose', 'question', 'experts.thanks', 'advance'] | ['lot', 'crap', 'page.first', 'carbon', 'dating', 'work', 'things', 'like', 'dinosaur', 'fossils', ' ', 'old.the', 'number', '22,380', 'reference', 'sure', 'reference', 'referring', 'to.the', 'premise', 'article', '2005', 'fossil', 'dated', '20', '30k', 'years', ' ', 'references', 'point', 'event', 'google', 'come', 'b... | 1 |
as the needle approaches the centre of a record, its speed increases, right? are the grooves cut differently towards the middle of a record to account for this? is it magic or is it science?edit: [6], in case you were wondering | the grooves aren't intentionally cut differently, but the wavelength representation is longer near the edge compared to the center because the speed of the track increases from the center to the edge. since the grooves are cut directly into the recording material, no external adjustment is necessary, since it's always ... | ['needle', 'approaches', 'centre', 'record', 'speed', 'increases', 'right', 'grooves', 'cut', 'differently', 'middle', 'record', 'account', 'magic', 'science?edit', '6', 'case', 'wondering'] | ['grooves', 'intentionally', 'cut', 'differently', 'wavelength', 'representation', 'longer', 'near', 'edge', 'compared', 'center', 'speed', 'track', 'increases', 'center', 'edge', 'grooves', 'cut', 'directly', 'recording', 'material', 'external', 'adjustment', 'necessary', 'going', '1', '1', 'correspondence', 'played',... | 1 |
as the needle approaches the centre of a record, its speed increases, right? are the grooves cut differently towards the middle of a record to account for this? is it magic or is it science?edit: [6], in case you were wondering | early floppy-drive computers included some models which varied the speed of the disc drive, as the head moved across the radial distance. this is constant linear velocity, as opposed to constant angular velocity.lp cutting heads are often linear track. the cutting needle is on a screwshaft. lp reading heads are typical... | ['needle', 'approaches', 'centre', 'record', 'speed', 'increases', 'right', 'grooves', 'cut', 'differently', 'middle', 'record', 'account', 'magic', 'science?edit', '6', 'case', 'wondering'] | ['early', 'floppy', 'drive', 'computers', 'included', 'models', 'varied', 'speed', 'disc', 'drive', 'head', 'moved', 'radial', 'distance', 'constant', 'linear', 'velocity', 'opposed', 'constant', 'angular', 'velocity.lp', 'cutting', 'heads', 'linear', 'track', 'cutting', 'needle', 'screwshaft', 'lp', 'reading', 'heads'... | 0.25 |
as the needle approaches the centre of a record, its speed increases, right? are the grooves cut differently towards the middle of a record to account for this? is it magic or is it science?edit: [6], in case you were wondering | > as the needle approaches the centre of a record, its speed increases, right? incorrect.the record always spins at, say, 33-1/3 rpm. the diameter of a standard lp is 30 cm, so when the needle is at the outer edge, it passes along about 90 cm of groove for each revolution, or about 52 cm per second. if the diameter o... | ['needle', 'approaches', 'centre', 'record', 'speed', 'increases', 'right', 'grooves', 'cut', 'differently', 'middle', 'record', 'account', 'magic', 'science?edit', '6', 'case', 'wondering'] | [' ', '>', ' ', 'needle', 'approaches', 'centre', 'record', 'speed', 'increases', 'right', 'incorrect.the', 'record', 'spins', '33', '1/3', 'rpm', 'diameter', 'standard', 'lp', '30', 'cm', 'needle', 'outer', 'edge', 'passes', '90', 'cm', 'groove', 'revolution', '52', 'cm', 'second', 'diameter', 'label', '10', 'cm', 'ne... | 0.416667 |
in a chemical reaction, if the product has a lower energy than the reactant, why doesn't all reactant convert to product? if there is a reaction: a-- > b and b is more stable or has a lower energy than a, then the equilibrium position will typically be more b than a. but, why doesn't all a convert to b if b has lower e... | reactions have an [activation energy](_url_0_) associated that acts as a barrier from all reactants rapidly and spontaneously turning into products. that is, there requires some extra energy put into the reaction before it can proceed. commonly this is heat energy - hence reactions occurring faster at higher temperatur... | ['chemical', 'reaction', 'product', 'lower', 'energy', 'reactant', 'reactant', 'convert', 'product', 'reaction', 'a--', '>', 'b', 'b', 'stable', 'lower', 'energy', 'equilibrium', 'position', 'typically', 'b', 'a.', 'convert', 'b', 'b', 'lower', 'energy'] | ['reactions', 'activation', 'energy](_url_0', 'associated', 'acts', 'barrier', 'reactants', 'rapidly', 'spontaneously', 'turning', 'products', 'requires', 'extra', 'energy', 'reaction', 'proceed', 'commonly', 'heat', 'energy', 'reactions', 'occurring', 'faster', 'higher', 'temperatures'] | 1 |
why is there such a thing as "critical mass" for a radioactive material? why couldn't the chain reaction sustain itself with less mass than the critical amount? how is this mass calculated? | the reason for the chain reaction in the first place, is a chance for a neutron emitted by an atom to hit another atom. this event in turn emits even more neutrons. if those manage to hit an atom, the chain will continue.critical mass ensures that emitted neutrons do not just miss everything and fly away, but they keep... | ['thing', 'critical', 'mass', 'radioactive', 'material', 'chain', 'reaction', 'sustain', 'mass', 'critical', 'mass', 'calculated'] | ['reason', 'chain', 'reaction', 'place', 'chance', 'neutron', 'emitted', 'atom', 'hit', 'atom', 'event', 'turn', 'emits', 'neutrons', 'manage', 'hit', 'atom', 'chain', 'continue.critical', 'mass', 'ensures', 'emitted', 'neutrons', 'miss', 'fly', 'away', 'hitting', 'atoms', 'atoms', 'gives', 'sustainable', 'chain', 'rea... | 0.16 |
why is there such a thing as "critical mass" for a radioactive material? why couldn't the chain reaction sustain itself with less mass than the critical amount? how is this mass calculated? | fission results in the release of 2 to 3 free neutrons. to sustain a critical chain reaction, on average, one of these neutrons should be captured by a fissile nucleus and cause it to fission.so what you need to understand is the parameters that affect how likely it is for a free neutron to be captured in this way.one ... | ['thing', 'critical', 'mass', 'radioactive', 'material', 'chain', 'reaction', 'sustain', 'mass', 'critical', 'mass', 'calculated'] | ['fission', 'results', 'release', '2', '3', 'free', 'neutrons', 'sustain', 'critical', 'chain', 'reaction', 'average', 'neutrons', 'captured', 'fissile', 'nucleus', 'cause', 'fission.so', 'need', 'understand', 'parameters', 'affect', 'likely', 'free', 'neutron', 'captured', 'way.one', 'important', 'parameter', 'shape',... | 1 |
will solar energy ever surpass the efficiency of fossil fuels and will it be a viable source of energy for the future? i read [here](_url_0_) that photovoltaic cells are ~13-16% efficient (not sure how accurate that is). it got me thinking because i watched [this](_url_1_) and i was put under the impression that fossi... | you're comparing apples to oranges. you can't/shouldn't compare efficiency across different methods of extracting energy. what you should care about is dollar pr watt hour. | ['solar', 'energy', 'surpass', 'efficiency', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'viable', 'source', 'energy', 'future', ' ', 'read', 'here](_url_0', 'photovoltaic', 'cells', '~13', '16', 'efficient', 'sure', 'accurate', 'got', 'thinking', 'watched', 'this](_url_1', 'impression', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'extremely', 'efficient', 'efficiency... | ['comparing', 'apples', 'oranges', "can't", "shouldn't", 'compare', 'efficiency', 'different', 'methods', 'extracting', 'energy', 'care', 'dollar', 'pr', 'watt', 'hour'] | 1 |
will solar energy ever surpass the efficiency of fossil fuels and will it be a viable source of energy for the future? i read [here](_url_0_) that photovoltaic cells are ~13-16% efficient (not sure how accurate that is). it got me thinking because i watched [this](_url_1_) and i was put under the impression that fossi... | the major problem with solar is it only works about 8-12 hours a day. then not at all during the night. so, if you wanted 100 % solar 100 % of the time, then you have to design a system for the extremes of weather patterns. i live in alabama, and over the summer we went 5 straight days with thick overcast. that is some... | ['solar', 'energy', 'surpass', 'efficiency', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'viable', 'source', 'energy', 'future', ' ', 'read', 'here](_url_0', 'photovoltaic', 'cells', '~13', '16', 'efficient', 'sure', 'accurate', 'got', 'thinking', 'watched', 'this](_url_1', 'impression', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'extremely', 'efficient', 'efficiency... | ['major', 'problem', 'solar', 'works', '8', '12', 'hours', 'day', 'night', 'wanted', '100', 'solar', '100', 'time', 'design', 'system', 'extremes', 'weather', 'patterns', 'live', 'alabama', 'summer', 'went', '5', 'straight', 'days', 'thick', 'overcast', 'huge', 'batteries', 'main', 'reason', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'winning... | 0.8 |
will solar energy ever surpass the efficiency of fossil fuels and will it be a viable source of energy for the future? i read [here](_url_0_) that photovoltaic cells are ~13-16% efficient (not sure how accurate that is). it got me thinking because i watched [this](_url_1_) and i was put under the impression that fossi... | i'm certaily not qualified to give a definite answer for your overlying question, but i can give a couple details/points of clarifiation:current photovoltaic (pv) cells (made of mostly silicon) have an efficiency of ~22 %. the upper limit for singly layered silicon pv cells is ~33 %. this is considering three phenome... | ['solar', 'energy', 'surpass', 'efficiency', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'viable', 'source', 'energy', 'future', ' ', 'read', 'here](_url_0', 'photovoltaic', 'cells', '~13', '16', 'efficient', 'sure', 'accurate', 'got', 'thinking', 'watched', 'this](_url_1', 'impression', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'extremely', 'efficient', 'efficiency... | ['certaily', 'qualified', 'definite', 'answer', 'overlying', 'question', 'couple', 'details', 'points', 'clarifiation', 'current', 'photovoltaic', 'pv', 'cells', 'silicon', 'efficiency', '~22', ' ', 'upper', 'limit', 'singly', 'layered', 'silicon', 'pv', 'cells', '~33', ' ', 'considering', 'phenomena', 'silicon', 'pret... | 0.6 |
how is the primality of extremely large numbers tested/proven? there are know primes with few million digits. how do we actually know this numbers are indeed prime? | this probably isn't exactly how they do it computationally, but intuitively you could do this:every number can be uniquely factored into primes, i.e. 10 = 2*5, 28 = 2^2*7, etc. if a number is prime it only has one factor, itself. if a number is composite, it is made of of 2 or more prime factors. it's not too difficult... | ['primality', 'extremely', 'large', 'numbers', 'tested', 'proven', 'know', 'primes', 'million', 'digits', 'actually', 'know', 'numbers', 'prime'] | ['probably', 'exactly', 'computationally', 'intuitively', 'number', 'uniquely', 'factored', 'primes', 'i.e.', '10', '=', '2', '5', '28', '=', '2', '^', '2', '7', 'etc', 'number', 'prime', 'factor', 'number', 'composite', '2', 'prime', 'factors', 'difficult', 'composite', 'number', 'n', 'factor', 'sqrt(n', 'divide', 'n'... | 0.416667 |
how is the primality of extremely large numbers tested/proven? there are know primes with few million digits. how do we actually know this numbers are indeed prime? | for very large prime numbers we use probabilistic tests like fermat's test or miller-rabin and others.the largest known primes are at the moment mersenne primes and they are found primarily by using the lucas–lehmer primality test.(and other algorithms in a certain context.)edit: a miller-rabin test e.g. will not give ... | ['primality', 'extremely', 'large', 'numbers', 'tested', 'proven', 'know', 'primes', 'million', 'digits', 'actually', 'know', 'numbers', 'prime'] | ['large', 'prime', 'numbers', 'use', 'probabilistic', 'tests', 'like', 'fermat', 'test', 'miller', 'rabin', 'others.the', 'largest', 'known', 'primes', 'moment', 'mersenne', 'primes', 'found', 'primarily', 'lucas', 'lehmer', 'primality', 'test.(and', 'algorithms', 'certain', 'context.)edit', 'miller', 'rabin', 'test', ... | 0.75 |
how is the primality of extremely large numbers tested/proven? there are know primes with few million digits. how do we actually know this numbers are indeed prime? | there are fast primality tests: _url_0_. these tests aren't easy to understand, and we only proved that they are "fast" (polynomial time in the number of digits) recently. historically, we used imperfect algorithms that basically just tell you that a number is "not prime" or "almost certainly prime."if your goal is j... | ['primality', 'extremely', 'large', 'numbers', 'tested', 'proven', 'know', 'primes', 'million', 'digits', 'actually', 'know', 'numbers', 'prime'] | ['fast', 'primality', 'tests', 'url_0', ' ', 'tests', 'easy', 'understand', 'proved', 'fast', 'polynomial', 'time', 'number', 'digits', 'recently', ' ', 'historically', 'imperfect', 'algorithms', 'basically', 'tell', 'number', 'prime', 'certainly', 'prime', '"if', 'goal', 'hunt', 'large', 'primes', 'way', 'use', 'lehme... | 1 |
how is the primality of extremely large numbers tested/proven? there are know primes with few million digits. how do we actually know this numbers are indeed prime? | wrote an honors thesis on this.first, start with fermat's little theorem: (x^(p-1) - 1)/x is a whole number if (but not only if) p is prime.the contrapositive statement: "p is not prime if (x^(p-1)-1)/x is not an integer" identifies most composite numbers in one test. but there are numbers - called carmichael numbers -... | ['primality', 'extremely', 'large', 'numbers', 'tested', 'proven', 'know', 'primes', 'million', 'digits', 'actually', 'know', 'numbers', 'prime'] | ['wrote', 'honors', 'thesis', 'this.first', 'start', 'fermat', 'little', 'theorem', 'x^(p-1', '1)/x', 'number', 'p', 'prime.the', 'contrapositive', 'statement', 'p', 'prime', 'x^(p-1)-1)/x', 'integer', 'identifies', 'composite', 'numbers', 'test', 'numbers', 'called', 'carmichael', 'numbers', 'fool', 'test', '1729', '=... | 0.75 |
is mdma really harmless? i keep hearing that it is. then there's [this picture](_url_0_) from the lancet. at the same time i can recall reading that the rush of seratonin confuses and overloads the reuptak mechanism that usually deconstructs seratonin in the synapse before transporting the parts back into the cell, le... | one of the problems you'll note when reviewing literature on mdma is the recent influx of research on mdma assisted psychotherapy. this research tends to be biased towards showing the safety of the substance, and it's making it harder and harder for unbiased research to make clear conclusions about mdma. it might be p... | ['mdma', 'harmless', 'hearing', 'picture](_url_0', 'lancet', ' ', 'time', 'recall', 'reading', 'rush', 'seratonin', 'confuses', 'overloads', 'reuptak', 'mechanism', 'usually', 'deconstructs', 'seratonin', 'synapse', 'transporting', 'parts', 'cell', 'leading', 'reuptake', 'enzymes', 'cut', 'bring', 'including', 'dopamin... | ['problems', 'note', 'reviewing', 'literature', 'mdma', 'recent', 'influx', 'research', 'mdma', 'assisted', 'psychotherapy', ' ', 'research', 'tends', 'biased', 'showing', 'safety', 'substance', 'making', 'harder', 'harder', 'unbiased', 'research', 'clear', 'conclusions', 'mdma', 'reason', 'getting', 'mixed', 'messages... | 1 |
is mdma really harmless? i keep hearing that it is. then there's [this picture](_url_0_) from the lancet. at the same time i can recall reading that the rush of seratonin confuses and overloads the reuptak mechanism that usually deconstructs seratonin in the synapse before transporting the parts back into the cell, le... | layman here, but i did spend a lot of time doing drugs and researching on [erowid](_url_0_) in my younger days. it seems like you know what you are talking about and already know this information, but this information **needs** to be in this thread for someone who clicks across it an decides to use this thread as just... | ['mdma', 'harmless', 'hearing', 'picture](_url_0', 'lancet', ' ', 'time', 'recall', 'reading', 'rush', 'seratonin', 'confuses', 'overloads', 'reuptak', 'mechanism', 'usually', 'deconstructs', 'seratonin', 'synapse', 'transporting', 'parts', 'cell', 'leading', 'reuptake', 'enzymes', 'cut', 'bring', 'including', 'dopamin... | ['layman', 'spend', 'lot', 'time', 'drugs', 'researching', 'erowid](_url_0', 'younger', 'days', ' ', 'like', 'know', 'talking', 'know', 'information', 'information', 'needs', 'thread', 'clicks', 'decides', 'use', 'thread', 'justification', 'taking', 'tab.the', 'problem', 'street', 'mdma', 'rarely', 'pure', ' ', 'tab', ... | 0.172414 |
is mdma really harmless? i keep hearing that it is. then there's [this picture](_url_0_) from the lancet. at the same time i can recall reading that the rush of seratonin confuses and overloads the reuptak mechanism that usually deconstructs seratonin in the synapse before transporting the parts back into the cell, le... | one of the problems you'll note when reviewing literature on mdma is the recent influx of research on mdma assisted psychotherapy. this research tends to be biased towards showing the safety of the substance, and it's making it harder and harder for unbiased research to make clear conclusions about mdma. it might be p... | ['mdma', 'harmless', 'hearing', 'picture](_url_0', 'lancet', ' ', 'time', 'recall', 'reading', 'rush', 'seratonin', 'confuses', 'overloads', 'reuptak', 'mechanism', 'usually', 'deconstructs', 'seratonin', 'synapse', 'transporting', 'parts', 'cell', 'leading', 'reuptake', 'enzymes', 'cut', 'bring', 'including', 'dopamin... | ['problems', 'note', 'reviewing', 'literature', 'mdma', 'recent', 'influx', 'research', 'mdma', 'assisted', 'psychotherapy', ' ', 'research', 'tends', 'biased', 'showing', 'safety', 'substance', 'making', 'harder', 'harder', 'unbiased', 'research', 'clear', 'conclusions', 'mdma', 'reason', 'getting', 'mixed', 'messages... | 1 |
is mdma really harmless? i keep hearing that it is. then there's [this picture](_url_0_) from the lancet. at the same time i can recall reading that the rush of seratonin confuses and overloads the reuptak mechanism that usually deconstructs seratonin in the synapse before transporting the parts back into the cell, le... | layman here, but i did spend a lot of time doing drugs and researching on [erowid](_url_0_) in my younger days. it seems like you know what you are talking about and already know this information, but this information **needs** to be in this thread for someone who clicks across it an decides to use this thread as just... | ['mdma', 'harmless', 'hearing', 'picture](_url_0', 'lancet', ' ', 'time', 'recall', 'reading', 'rush', 'seratonin', 'confuses', 'overloads', 'reuptak', 'mechanism', 'usually', 'deconstructs', 'seratonin', 'synapse', 'transporting', 'parts', 'cell', 'leading', 'reuptake', 'enzymes', 'cut', 'bring', 'including', 'dopamin... | ['layman', 'spend', 'lot', 'time', 'drugs', 'researching', 'erowid](_url_0', 'younger', 'days', ' ', 'like', 'know', 'talking', 'know', 'information', 'information', 'needs', 'thread', 'clicks', 'decides', 'use', 'thread', 'justification', 'taking', 'tab.the', 'problem', 'street', 'mdma', 'rarely', 'pure', ' ', 'tab', ... | 0.172414 |
why is there such a hard cut-off in the glacial lakes in canada and northern us? i'm from north eastern indiana, and there are still a sort of large number of lakes around where i'm from. i go to (went to) school at purdue, and there are no lakes, but there is the wabash river. if you keep going north, it is lakes all ... | it has to do with comparing the previously glaciated terrane with areas which were not (or minimally) glaciated. the lake-rich northern terranes are underlain by glacial sediments. these typically include large proportions of poorly sorted material (such as till) as well as glacio-lacustrine clays, both of which give r... | ['hard', 'cut', 'glacial', 'lakes', 'canada', 'northern', 'north', 'eastern', 'indiana', 'sort', 'large', 'number', 'lakes', 'went', 'school', 'purdue', 'lakes', 'wabash', 'river', 'going', 'north', 'lakes', 'day', 'way', 'north', 'pole', 'increasing', 'frequency', 'glacial', 'lakes', 'deep', 'keeps', 'rivers', 'read',... | ['comparing', 'previously', 'glaciated', 'terrane', 'areas', 'minimally', 'glaciated', 'lake', 'rich', 'northern', 'terranes', 'underlain', 'glacial', 'sediments', 'typically', 'include', 'large', 'proportions', 'poorly', 'sorted', 'material', 'till', 'glacio', 'lacustrine', 'clays', 'rise', 'poor', 'drainage', 'landfo... | 1 |
how can fish swim their entire lives? i know that not all fish need to keep moving in order to prevent suffocation, but that some fish do. for the ones who do - how are they able to swim their entire lives? i realise that fish are perfectly adapted for life in the water, and that they probably use very little energy by... | how do you breath all your life? your diaphragm muscles must surely tire of pulling air in all the time, if you spend all your life breathing. or your heart, which pumps blood nonstop your whole life.some muscles don't tire because they can't. they're too important. | ['fish', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'know', 'fish', 'need', 'moving', 'order', 'prevent', 'suffocation', 'fish', 'ones', 'able', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'realise', 'fish', 'perfectly', 'adapted', 'life', 'water', 'probably', 'use', 'little', 'energy', 'swimming', 'surely', 'muscles', 'fatigued', 'eventually', 'leave... | ['breath', 'life', 'diaphragm', 'muscles', 'surely', 'tire', 'pulling', 'air', 'time', 'spend', 'life', 'breathing', 'heart', 'pumps', 'blood', 'nonstop', 'life.some', 'muscles', 'tire', 'important'] | 1 |
how can fish swim their entire lives? i know that not all fish need to keep moving in order to prevent suffocation, but that some fish do. for the ones who do - how are they able to swim their entire lives? i realise that fish are perfectly adapted for life in the water, and that they probably use very little energy by... | its not just their muscles that are specialized for swimming constantly. fish also have a whole specialized organ called a swim bladder that allows them to adjust their buoyancy by pumping water in and out of the swim bladder. since buoyancy is a hydrostatic force produced by the water itself, the fish expends very lit... | ['fish', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'know', 'fish', 'need', 'moving', 'order', 'prevent', 'suffocation', 'fish', 'ones', 'able', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'realise', 'fish', 'perfectly', 'adapted', 'life', 'water', 'probably', 'use', 'little', 'energy', 'swimming', 'surely', 'muscles', 'fatigued', 'eventually', 'leave... | ['muscles', 'specialized', 'swimming', 'constantly', 'fish', 'specialized', 'organ', 'called', 'swim', 'bladder', 'allows', 'adjust', 'buoyancy', 'pumping', 'water', 'swim', 'bladder', 'buoyancy', 'hydrostatic', 'force', 'produced', 'water', 'fish', 'expends', 'little', 'metabolic', 'energy', 'swim', 'bladder', 'adjust... | 0.196078 |
how can fish swim their entire lives? i know that not all fish need to keep moving in order to prevent suffocation, but that some fish do. for the ones who do - how are they able to swim their entire lives? i realise that fish are perfectly adapted for life in the water, and that they probably use very little energy by... | those fish that need to keep moving to prevent suffocation often simply place themselves in a way that they face an underwater current. this has the same effect as moving around in still water and the fish are thus able to relax for a while. | ['fish', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'know', 'fish', 'need', 'moving', 'order', 'prevent', 'suffocation', 'fish', 'ones', 'able', 'swim', 'entire', 'lives', 'realise', 'fish', 'perfectly', 'adapted', 'life', 'water', 'probably', 'use', 'little', 'energy', 'swimming', 'surely', 'muscles', 'fatigued', 'eventually', 'leave... | ['fish', 'need', 'moving', 'prevent', 'suffocation', 'simply', 'place', 'way', 'face', 'underwater', 'current', 'effect', 'moving', 'water', 'fish', 'able', 'relax'] | 0.078431 |
if deaf people put their fingers against the diaphragm on a speaker, could they "feel" the music? [diaphragm](_url_0_) | deaf people actually dance to music. anyone can feel the music, especially if it is very bass heavy, without touching a speaker. one of the best concerts i've been to had an amazing sound engineer and you could feel everything. | ['deaf', 'people', 'fingers', 'diaphragm', 'speaker', 'feel', 'music', 'diaphragm](_url_0'] | ['deaf', 'people', 'actually', 'dance', 'music', 'feel', 'music', 'especially', 'bass', 'heavy', 'touching', 'speaker', 'best', 'concerts', 'amazing', 'sound', 'engineer', 'feel'] | 1 |
is it really possible to colonize other planets considering the laws of special/general relativity? when i was in high school i read brian greene's "the elegant universe" and i remember it crushing my dreams of an intergalactic future. specifically, even if we could somehow create spaceships that flew fast enough to mo... | it's not as crazy as you imagine. the entirety of human civilization is a small place today, it takes mere hours (or sometimes minutes) to travel to the other side of the planet, and it takes mere milliseconds for messages to travel around the world. but it wasn't always that way. for much of human history it took year... | ['possible', 'colonize', 'planets', 'considering', 'laws', 'special', 'general', 'relativity', 'high', 'school', 'read', 'brian', 'greene', 'elegant', 'universe', 'remember', 'crushing', 'dreams', 'intergalactic', 'future', 'specifically', 'create', 'spaceships', 'flew', 'fast', 'solar', 'systems', 'galaxies', 'time', ... | ['crazy', 'imagine', 'entirety', 'human', 'civilization', 'small', 'place', 'today', 'takes', 'mere', 'hours', 'minutes', 'travel', 'planet', 'takes', 'mere', 'milliseconds', 'messages', 'travel', 'world', 'way', 'human', 'history', 'took', 'years', 'news', 'trade', 'way', 'region', 'regions', 'effectively', 'cut', 'am... | 1 |
is it really possible to colonize other planets considering the laws of special/general relativity? when i was in high school i read brian greene's "the elegant universe" and i remember it crushing my dreams of an intergalactic future. specifically, even if we could somehow create spaceships that flew fast enough to mo... | barring some absolutely groundbreaking discovery, i doubt we will ever get outside of the solar system. the distances are pretty extreme. | ['possible', 'colonize', 'planets', 'considering', 'laws', 'special', 'general', 'relativity', 'high', 'school', 'read', 'brian', 'greene', 'elegant', 'universe', 'remember', 'crushing', 'dreams', 'intergalactic', 'future', 'specifically', 'create', 'spaceships', 'flew', 'fast', 'solar', 'systems', 'galaxies', 'time', ... | ['barring', 'absolutely', 'groundbreaking', 'discovery', 'doubt', 'outside', 'solar', 'system', ' ', 'distances', 'pretty', 'extreme'] | 0.666667 |
is it really possible to colonize other planets considering the laws of special/general relativity? when i was in high school i read brian greene's "the elegant universe" and i remember it crushing my dreams of an intergalactic future. specifically, even if we could somehow create spaceships that flew fast enough to mo... | if we create the technology to travel at close to light speed relativity kicks in and makes things possible. according to carl sagan's cosmos you could travel to the center of the milky way in 21 years ship time. earth on the other hand would have experienced 30,000 years. in addition, with a ship that can keep acceler... | ['possible', 'colonize', 'planets', 'considering', 'laws', 'special', 'general', 'relativity', 'high', 'school', 'read', 'brian', 'greene', 'elegant', 'universe', 'remember', 'crushing', 'dreams', 'intergalactic', 'future', 'specifically', 'create', 'spaceships', 'flew', 'fast', 'solar', 'systems', 'galaxies', 'time', ... | ['create', 'technology', 'travel', 'close', 'light', 'speed', 'relativity', 'kicks', 'makes', 'things', 'possible', 'according', 'carl', 'sagan', 'cosmos', 'travel', 'center', 'milky', 'way', '21', 'years', 'ship', 'time', 'earth', 'hand', 'experienced', '30,000', 'years', 'addition', 'ship', 'accelerating', 'getting',... | 0.5 |
is it really possible to colonize other planets considering the laws of special/general relativity? when i was in high school i read brian greene's "the elegant universe" and i remember it crushing my dreams of an intergalactic future. specifically, even if we could somehow create spaceships that flew fast enough to mo... | as long as you don't care about communicating with the people back on earth, this doesn't pose a problem. | ['possible', 'colonize', 'planets', 'considering', 'laws', 'special', 'general', 'relativity', 'high', 'school', 'read', 'brian', 'greene', 'elegant', 'universe', 'remember', 'crushing', 'dreams', 'intergalactic', 'future', 'specifically', 'create', 'spaceships', 'flew', 'fast', 'solar', 'systems', 'galaxies', 'time', ... | ['long', 'care', 'communicating', 'people', 'earth', 'pose', 'problem'] | 0.666667 |
why does water form the shape it does when poured? i was just pouring water from my cup into the sink after dinner and i thought it was interesting why the water formed the shape it did when falling from the cup. i can best describe it as perpendicularly 3d sin graphs with the same x-axis, if that helps. first things f... | the shape is dependent on a lot of things. some are properties of the water itself like viscosity, density, and surface tension. some are properties of the environment like gravity, density/viscosity of the air you are pouring into. some are properties of the way you actually pour the water like the shape of the contai... | ['water', 'form', 'shape', 'poured', 'pouring', 'water', 'cup', 'sink', 'dinner', 'thought', 'interesting', 'water', 'formed', 'shape', 'falling', 'cup', 'best', 'describe', 'perpendicularly', '3d', 'sin', 'graphs', 'x', 'axis', 'helps', 'things', 'formation', 'answer', 'main', 'question', 'water', 'shape', 'applicable... | ['shape', 'dependent', 'lot', 'things', 'properties', 'water', 'like', 'viscosity', 'density', 'surface', 'tension', 'properties', 'environment', 'like', 'gravity', 'density', 'viscosity', 'air', 'pouring', 'properties', 'way', 'actually', 'pour', 'water', 'like', 'shape', 'container', 'mouth', 'velocity', 'water', 'cr... | 1 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | easy. because the volcanoes do not put out magma (which forms the islands) at the same, consistent rate that the plate is moving. kilhuea is erupting steadily right now, but that's after a long lull in activity. the eruptions go in all directions as well, changing from eruption to eruption. but for most of the island's... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['easy', 'volcanoes', 'magma', 'forms', 'islands', 'consistent', 'rate', 'plate', 'moving', 'kilhuea', 'erupting', 'steadily', 'right', 'long', 'lull', 'activity', 'eruptions', 'directions', 'changing', 'eruption', 'eruption', 'island', 'history', 'plate', 'moving', 'steadily'] | 0.007428 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | to form a continuous line, you would have to assume that magma plumbing is continuous; that is that you apply magma at the base of the crust at position x and it comes out at y above, apply at x+1 and it will come out at y+1. that is not the case.magma plumbing is highly discontinuous; magma will preferentially propaga... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['form', 'continuous', 'line', 'assume', 'magma', 'plumbing', 'continuous', 'apply', 'magma', 'base', 'crust', 'position', 'x', 'comes', 'y', 'apply', 'x+1', 'come', 'y+1', 'case.magma', 'plumbing', 'highly', 'discontinuous', 'magma', 'preferentially', 'propagate', 'fractures', 'pre', 'existing', 'weaknesses', 'system'... | 1 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | the plate's movement is more or less constant (~10cm per year) while the magma activity experiences periods of flow. it seems like once a volcanic feature is formed, magma tends to want to keep flowing within that structure. once the plate moves far enough the magma is forced to find a new path of least resistance and ... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['plate', 'movement', 'constant', '~10', 'cm', 'year', 'magma', 'activity', 'experiences', 'periods', 'flow', 'like', 'volcanic', 'feature', 'formed', 'magma', 'tends', 'want', 'flowing', 'structure', 'plate', 'moves', 'far', 'magma', 'forced', 'find', 'new', 'path', 'resistance', 'breaks', 'seafloor', 'creating', 'new... | 0.026927 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | this assumes plate motion is actually constant. when we determine rates of plate motion, we are often looking at evidence of movement over time scales in thousands to millions of years. while rates may average out to a few millimeters per year, that is still just an average. movement along fault lines or plate bound... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['assumes', 'plate', 'motion', 'actually', 'constant', ' ', 'determine', 'rates', 'plate', 'motion', 'looking', 'evidence', 'movement', 'time', 'scales', 'thousands', 'millions', 'years', ' ', 'rates', 'average', 'millimeters', 'year', 'average', ' ', 'movement', 'fault', 'lines', 'plate', 'boundaries', 'consists', 'di... | 0.005571 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | i saw a great video explaining it. you know that stereotypical steam train where there's little puffs coming out at regular intervals? that's what it's like with hawaii, except the steam is magma. so the plates move while the magma gives little puffs making a really long chain of islands that actually goes all the way ... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['saw', 'great', 'video', 'explaining', 'know', 'stereotypical', 'steam', 'train', 'little', 'puffs', 'coming', 'regular', 'intervals', 'like', 'hawaii', 'steam', 'magma', 'plates', 'magma', 'gives', 'little', 'puffs', 'making', 'long', 'chain', 'islands', 'actually', 'goes', 'way', 'kamchatka', 'little', 'islands', 'f... | 0.020427 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | the word "continuous" is a little misleading here. it doesn't mean a perfectly even, smooth movement, releasing magma at a constant rate in a regular and unchanging plume. the reality of any large-scale natural process is that there's frequently a large amount of variation over time, caused by the surrounding environ... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['word', 'continuous', 'little', 'misleading', ' ', 'mean', 'perfectly', 'smooth', 'movement', 'releasing', 'magma', 'constant', 'rate', 'regular', 'unchanging', 'plume', ' ', 'reality', 'large', 'scale', 'natural', 'process', 'frequently', 'large', 'variation', 'time', 'caused', 'surrounding', 'environment', 'driving'... | 0.001857 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | near brisbane, australia there is north and south stradbroke island, which used to be a solid island before a cargo ship salvage operation using explosives put a nick in the middle of it with sea erosion eventually separating the two halves within two years. _url_0_so, one answer to your question could be separation b... | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['near', 'brisbane', 'australia', 'north', 'south', 'stradbroke', 'island', 'solid', 'island', 'cargo', 'ship', 'salvage', 'operation', ' ', 'explosives', 'nick', 'middle', 'sea', 'erosion', 'eventually', 'separating', 'halves', 'years', 'url_0_so', 'answer', 'question', 'separation', 'erosion', 'likely', 'happen', 'ma... | 0.001857 |
if island chains like hawai'i were formed by the continuous movement of a plate over a magma plume in the mantle, why do they take the form of separate islands rather than a continuous ridge? | because the level of activity is not constant enough for one caldera to stay open continuously. it will become less active and the existing caldera will close. then activity will pick up, and a new one will open. | ['island', 'chains', 'like', "hawai'i", 'formed', 'continuous', 'movement', 'plate', 'magma', 'plume', 'mantle', 'form', 'separate', 'islands', 'continuous', 'ridge'] | ['level', 'activity', 'constant', 'caldera', 'stay', 'open', 'continuously', ' ', 'active', 'existing', 'caldera', 'close', 'activity', 'pick', 'new', 'open'] | 0.002786 |
in curling, how do sweepers influence the path of the rock? | the ice has little bumps on it. sweeping away the bumps to smooth the ice allows the stone to speed up on the left or right side therefore making essentially different drag on the left or right causing it to turn. | ['curling', 'sweepers', 'influence', 'path', 'rock'] | ['ice', 'little', 'bumps', ' ', 'sweeping', 'away', 'bumps', 'smooth', 'ice', 'allows', 'stone', 'speed', 'left', 'right', 'making', 'essentially', 'different', 'drag', 'left', 'right', 'causing', 'turn'] | 1 |
what would be the critical mass a black hole would need to be to consume our planet? i would say i know enough about physics to be dangerous, but am by no means an expert. i've read about the possibility of the black holes the lhc might create, but they'd be so small they'd dissipate almost instantly. my question is, i... | here is my first stab at an answer. as i note below i don't think it's the right answer, but it should give you an idea of how we might go about calculating this.the power a black hole puts out from [hawking radiation](_url_0_) is inversely proportional to its mass squared. for my simple calculation, i'll take the ra... | ['critical', 'mass', 'black', 'hole', 'need', 'consume', 'planet', 'know', 'physics', 'dangerous', 'means', 'expert', 'read', 'possibility', 'black', 'holes', 'lhc', 'create', 'small', 'dissipate', 'instantly', 'question', 'machine', 'let', 'create', 'black', 'hole', 'x', 'diameter', 'mass', 'smallest', 'sustain', 'lon... | ['stab', 'answer', ' ', 'note', 'think', 'right', 'answer', 'idea', 'calculating', 'this.the', 'power', 'black', 'hole', 'puts', 'hawking', 'radiation](_url_0', 'inversely', 'proportional', 'mass', 'squared', ' ', 'simple', 'calculation', 'rate', 'mass', 'flows', 'black', 'hole', 'density', 'earth', 'times', 'surface',... | 1 |
weird question. does a wine drunk have a different effect on your emotions? [neuroscience]? i have noticed that among the people that ive asked (mostly drunkenly), that wine make them, and myself, more nostalgic and more likely to call an ex. is this a real effect of the different drunk or is it a socially constructe... | consumption of alcohol inhibits the parts of your brain that send alarm signals when you're about to do something stupid (the amygdala complex, if i recall correctly). you're perfectly aware of what you're doing. you may even be able to figure out that it's a dumb thing to do, but the signals that would normally make... | ['weird', 'question', ' ', 'wine', 'drunk', 'different', 'effect', 'emotions', 'neuroscience', 'noticed', 'people', 've', 'asked', 'drunkenly', 'wine', 'nostalgic', 'likely', 'ex', ' ', 'real', 'effect', 'different', 'drunk', 'socially', 'constructed', 'phenomenon', ' ', 'simply', 'way', 'base', 'grasping', 'straws', '... | ['consumption', 'alcohol', 'inhibits', 'parts', 'brain', 'send', 'alarm', 'signals', 'stupid', 'amygdala', 'complex', 'recall', 'correctly', ' ', 'perfectly', 'aware', ' ', 'able', 'figure', 'dumb', 'thing', 'signals', 'normally', 'heard', 'uninhibited.the', 'type', 'alcohol', 'probably', 'matters', 'insomuch', 'type',... | 0.4 |
weird question. does a wine drunk have a different effect on your emotions? [neuroscience]? i have noticed that among the people that ive asked (mostly drunkenly), that wine make them, and myself, more nostalgic and more likely to call an ex. is this a real effect of the different drunk or is it a socially constructe... | the different effect of different alcohols have to do with the social situations they are consumed in. i people drank wine at frat parties and spring break they would associate wine with the behavior that is currently associated with tequila. | ['weird', 'question', ' ', 'wine', 'drunk', 'different', 'effect', 'emotions', 'neuroscience', 'noticed', 'people', 've', 'asked', 'drunkenly', 'wine', 'nostalgic', 'likely', 'ex', ' ', 'real', 'effect', 'different', 'drunk', 'socially', 'constructed', 'phenomenon', ' ', 'simply', 'way', 'base', 'grasping', 'straws', '... | ['different', 'effect', 'different', 'alcohols', 'social', 'situations', 'consumed', ' ', 'people', 'drank', 'wine', 'frat', 'parties', 'spring', 'break', 'associate', 'wine', 'behavior', 'currently', 'associated', 'tequila'] | 1 |
weird question. does a wine drunk have a different effect on your emotions? [neuroscience]? i have noticed that among the people that ive asked (mostly drunkenly), that wine make them, and myself, more nostalgic and more likely to call an ex. is this a real effect of the different drunk or is it a socially constructe... | this has been asked before, and it's mostly in your head. there's no special ingredients that would make you do specific actions or have specific emotions. a lot of the times it is based on how you drink it, when you drink it, what you drink it with, where you drink it. then you create the patterns without you reali... | ['weird', 'question', ' ', 'wine', 'drunk', 'different', 'effect', 'emotions', 'neuroscience', 'noticed', 'people', 've', 'asked', 'drunkenly', 'wine', 'nostalgic', 'likely', 'ex', ' ', 'real', 'effect', 'different', 'drunk', 'socially', 'constructed', 'phenomenon', ' ', 'simply', 'way', 'base', 'grasping', 'straws', '... | ['asked', 'head', ' ', 'special', 'ingredients', 'specific', 'actions', 'specific', 'emotions', ' ', 'lot', 'times', 'based', 'drink', 'drink', 'drink', 'drink', ' ', 'create', 'patterns', 'realizing', 'it.alcohol', 'euphoric', 'known', 'reinforcing', ' ', 'broadly', 'causes', 'behaviors', 'drinking', 'alcohol', 'linke... | 0.55 |
physical interpretation of impedance impedance referring to electrical circuits (z = r + jx)why does an inductor or capacitor cause a phase shift in a sinusoidal signal? i know how to do all of this mathematically, it's just the literal, physical concept that i do not understand. | let's consider an rc circuit, with a sinusoidal current. as current flows in one direction, charge will be accumulating on the "front" side of the capacitor, while when current flows in the opposite direction, charge will flow off the "front" and onto the "back" side of the capacitor. let's call the first direction p... | ['physical', 'interpretation', 'impedance', 'impedance', 'referring', 'electrical', 'circuits', 'z', '=', 'r', '+', 'jx)why', 'inductor', 'capacitor', 'cause', 'phase', 'shift', 'sinusoidal', 'signal', 'know', 'mathematically', 'literal', 'physical', 'concept', 'understand'] | ['let', 'consider', 'rc', 'circuit', 'sinusoidal', 'current', ' ', 'current', 'flows', 'direction', 'charge', 'accumulating', 'capacitor', 'current', 'flows', 'opposite', 'direction', 'charge', 'flow', 'capacitor', ' ', 'let', 'direction', 'positive', 'current', 'second', 'direction', 'negative', 'current', ' ', 'let',... | 1 |
how common is cannibalism among animals? thought of while playing spore, of all things. is aversion to cannibalism a human thing or do other animals avoid it too? | [searched](_url_2_)relevant [discussion](_url_4_)original question by [negativefps](_url_1_) > what exactly detracts humans and other animals from cannibalism?relevant comment courtesy [smalrebelion](_url_0_) > this. members of the same species share almost identical immune systems so a disease that is capable of survi... | ['common', 'cannibalism', 'animals', 'thought', 'playing', 'spore', 'things', 'aversion', 'cannibalism', 'human', 'thing', 'animals', 'avoid'] | ['searched](_url_2_)relevant', 'discussion](_url_4_)original', 'question', 'negativefps](_url_1', '>', 'exactly', 'detracts', 'humans', 'animals', 'cannibalism?relevant', 'comment', 'courtesy', 'smalrebelion](_url_0', '>', 'members', 'species', 'share', 'identical', 'immune', 'systems', 'disease', 'capable', 'surviving... | 1 |
what makes jupiter's giant red spot red? | no one knows for sure, but it is likely to do with the photochemical production of chemical compounds that absorb visible light inside the spot. a kind of similar phenomenon occurs on earth inside the polar vortex, in oclo is produced in high quantities (normally not really present measurably in the atmosphere) if you ... | ['makes', 'jupiter', 'giant', 'red', 'spot', 'red'] | ['knows', 'sure', 'likely', 'photochemical', 'production', 'chemical', 'compounds', 'absorb', 'visible', 'light', 'inside', 'spot', 'kind', 'similar', 'phenomenon', 'occurs', 'earth', 'inside', 'polar', 'vortex', 'oclo', 'produced', 'high', 'quantities', 'normally', 'present', 'measurably', 'atmosphere', 'ultraviolet',... | 0.143128 |
what makes jupiter's giant red spot red? | the spot actually changes color. ranging from dark red, to white, to blending in with the clouds around it. the spot is a stable vortex caused by opposing currents of hydrogen and other gases that make up jupiters atmosphere. the reason for it's color is not known precisely but has something to do with the chemical com... | ['makes', 'jupiter', 'giant', 'red', 'spot', 'red'] | ['spot', 'actually', 'changes', 'color', 'ranging', 'dark', 'red', 'white', 'blending', 'clouds', 'spot', 'stable', 'vortex', 'caused', 'opposing', 'currents', 'hydrogen', 'gases', 'jupiters', 'atmosphere', 'reason', 'color', 'known', 'precisely', 'chemical', 'composition', 'differs', 'surrounding', 'gases', 'nature', ... | 1 |
what makes jupiter's giant red spot red? | from my understanding you can think of the red spot as a giant gas cloud that is mostly white/gray except for the top which is being chemically broken down by intense radiation. over many decades these molecules are breaking down, splitting, and forming other compounds which show as red to the naked eye. i don't beli... | ['makes', 'jupiter', 'giant', 'red', 'spot', 'red'] | ['understanding', 'think', 'red', 'spot', 'giant', 'gas', 'cloud', 'white', 'gray', 'chemically', 'broken', 'intense', 'radiation', ' ', 'decades', 'molecules', 'breaking', 'splitting', 'forming', 'compounds', 'red', 'naked', 'eye', ' ', 'believe', 'fully', 'understood', 'sure', 'complex', 'compounds', 'formed', ' ', '... | 0.004265 |
what makes jupiter's giant red spot red? | the generally held theory used to be that the great red spot is red from exposure of ammonium hydrosulfide clouds in a layer below the whitish grey clouds of higher atmospheric layers in jupiter's atmosphere; however this has come into doubt recently. some recent reading suggested that the red spot actually towers over... | ['makes', 'jupiter', 'giant', 'red', 'spot', 'red'] | ['generally', 'held', 'theory', 'great', 'red', 'spot', 'red', 'exposure', 'ammonium', 'hydrosulfide', 'clouds', 'layer', 'whitish', 'grey', 'clouds', 'higher', 'atmospheric', 'layers', 'jupiter', 'atmosphere', 'come', 'doubt', 'recently', 'recent', 'reading', 'suggested', 'red', 'spot', 'actually', 'towers', 'surround... | 0.007109 |
what makes jupiter's giant red spot red? | the only proper answer here is "we don't know, but we have some good guesses."the reds seen in jupiter's great red spot (grs) are also occasionally seen in other big vortices here and there. as of right now, we can't say for certain what makes the grs red - this is generally known as the "jovian chromophore problem" - ... | ['makes', 'jupiter', 'giant', 'red', 'spot', 'red'] | ['proper', 'answer', 'know', 'good', 'guesses', '"the', 'reds', 'seen', 'jupiter', 'great', 'red', 'spot', 'grs', 'occasionally', 'seen', 'big', 'vortices', 'right', 'certain', 'makes', 'grs', 'red', 'generally', 'known', 'jovian', 'chromophore', 'problem', 'vortex', 'big', 'causes', 'taken', 'plenty', 'spectra', 'grs'... | 0.033649 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | no, liquids and solids have almost* constant [heat capacities](_url_0_). it takes almost exactly the same amount of energy. | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['liquids', 'solids', 'constant', 'heat', 'capacities](_url_0', 'takes', 'exactly', 'energy'] | 0.552632 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | it would take more energy to heat from 80, all else being equal, because the rate it heat loss to the environment (room temp of 18-20c) would be greater as the difference is much more than hearing to 20. | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['energy', 'heat', '80', 'equal', 'rate', 'heat', 'loss', 'environment', 'room', 'temp', '18', '20c', 'greater', 'difference', 'hearing', '20'] | 0.157895 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | very, very close. as others have mentioned, the quantity you're looking for is "(specific) heat capacity". for water, there's a nice table at _url_0_for 10°c to 20°c it varies from 4.193 down to 4.184 kj / (kg k), while for 80°c to 90°c it varies from 4.198 up to 4.208 kj / (kg k), so it does take a bit more energy... | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['close', ' ', 'mentioned', 'quantity', 'looking', 'specific', 'heat', 'capacity', ' ', 'water', 'nice', 'table', 'url_0_for', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'c', 'varies', '4.193', '4.184', 'kj', 'kg', 'k', '80', '°', 'c', '90', '°', 'c', 'varies', '4.198', '4.208', ' ', 'kj', 'kg', 'k', 'bit', 'energy', 'small', 'differ... | 1 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | no, in fact the opposite is true (in a very small way). it takes slightly more energy to raise water from 80-90 than from 10-20.this is because the specific heat of water rises as temperature increases. the specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise a given amount of material by a given change in temperature... | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['fact', 'opposite', 'true', 'small', 'way', 'takes', 'slightly', 'energy', 'raise', 'water', '80', '90', '10-20.this', 'specific', 'heat', 'water', 'rises', 'temperature', 'increases', 'specific', 'heat', 'energy', 'needed', 'raise', 'given', 'material', 'given', 'change', 'temperature', 'average', 'value', 'specific'... | 0.052632 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | similar question: if you put something in the microwave for 30 seconds, is it the same as putting it on for 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds? | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['similar', 'question', 'microwave', '30', 'seconds', 'putting', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds'] | 0.052632 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | no, liquids and solids have almost* constant [heat capacities](_url_0_). it takes almost exactly the same amount of energy. | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['liquids', 'solids', 'constant', 'heat', 'capacities](_url_0', 'takes', 'exactly', 'energy'] | 0.552632 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | it would take more energy to heat from 80, all else being equal, because the rate it heat loss to the environment (room temp of 18-20c) would be greater as the difference is much more than hearing to 20. | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['energy', 'heat', '80', 'equal', 'rate', 'heat', 'loss', 'environment', 'room', 'temp', '18', '20c', 'greater', 'difference', 'hearing', '20'] | 0.157895 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | very, very close. as others have mentioned, the quantity you're looking for is "(specific) heat capacity". for water, there's a nice table at _url_0_for 10°c to 20°c it varies from 4.193 down to 4.184 kj / (kg k), while for 80°c to 90°c it varies from 4.198 up to 4.208 kj / (kg k), so it does take a bit more energy... | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['close', ' ', 'mentioned', 'quantity', 'looking', 'specific', 'heat', 'capacity', ' ', 'water', 'nice', 'table', 'url_0_for', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'c', 'varies', '4.193', '4.184', 'kj', 'kg', 'k', '80', '°', 'c', '90', '°', 'c', 'varies', '4.198', '4.208', ' ', 'kj', 'kg', 'k', 'bit', 'energy', 'small', 'differ... | 1 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | no, in fact the opposite is true (in a very small way). it takes slightly more energy to raise water from 80-90 than from 10-20.this is because the specific heat of water rises as temperature increases. the specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise a given amount of material by a given change in temperature... | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['fact', 'opposite', 'true', 'small', 'way', 'takes', 'slightly', 'energy', 'raise', 'water', '80', '90', '10-20.this', 'specific', 'heat', 'water', 'rises', 'temperature', 'increases', 'specific', 'heat', 'energy', 'needed', 'raise', 'given', 'material', 'given', 'change', 'temperature', 'average', 'value', 'specific'... | 0.052632 |
does it take more energy to heat water from 10°c to 20°, than it does to heat water from 80° to 90°? in both cases it is a rise of 10°c but i was wondering whether it took less energy at a higher temperature, and if so, why? | similar question: if you put something in the microwave for 30 seconds, is it the same as putting it on for 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 5 seconds? | ['energy', 'heat', 'water', '10', '°', 'c', '20', '°', 'heat', 'water', '80', '°', '90', '°', 'cases', 'rise', '10', '°', 'c', 'wondering', 'took', 'energy', 'higher', 'temperature'] | ['similar', 'question', 'microwave', '30', 'seconds', 'putting', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds', '5', 'seconds'] | 0.052632 |
how do the rovers get there directional heading on mars? how do rovers navigate on mars?mars has no magnetic field, recently explained here, how do the rovers there get direction. no magnetic field means no magnetic compass. a gyro requires a latitude input to work, so this could work on the basis you know your startpo... | [_url_0_](_url_0_) – i don't have an account to read the full article, but the preview suggests that navigation is mainly done by physical landmarks. for coarse positioning and direction, you'd use the angle from the rover to larger hills and craters that you can match to satellite photos of the area. on the scale of o... | ['rovers', 'directional', 'heading', 'mars', 'rovers', 'navigate', 'mars?mars', 'magnetic', 'field', 'recently', 'explained', 'rovers', 'direction', 'magnetic', 'field', 'means', 'magnetic', 'compass', 'gyro', 'requires', 'latitude', 'input', 'work', 'work', 'basis', 'know', 'startpoint', 'alot', 'dead', 'reckoning', '... | ['url_0_](_url_0', 'account', 'read', 'article', 'preview', 'suggests', 'navigation', 'mainly', 'physical', 'landmarks', 'coarse', 'positioning', 'direction', 'use', 'angle', 'rover', 'larger', 'hills', 'craters', 'match', 'satellite', 'photos', 'area', 'scale', 'day', 'drive', 'meters', 'possible', 'use', 'smaller', '... | 1 |
how do computers get an exact value for integration and derivatives? it seems like doing calculus involves a lot of intuition that would be hard for a computer, like a graphing calculator or wolframalpha, to do. | differentiation is relatively straightforward and can be done by applying a few simple rules. integration is the tricky thing. one way that computers integrate is by using the [risch algorithm](_url_0_). | ['computers', 'exact', 'value', 'integration', 'derivatives', 'like', 'calculus', 'involves', 'lot', 'intuition', 'hard', 'computer', 'like', 'graphing', 'calculator', 'wolframalpha'] | ['differentiation', 'relatively', 'straightforward', 'applying', 'simple', 'rules', 'integration', 'tricky', 'thing', 'way', 'computers', 'integrate', 'risch', 'algorithm](_url_0'] | 1 |
how do computers get an exact value for integration and derivatives? it seems like doing calculus involves a lot of intuition that would be hard for a computer, like a graphing calculator or wolframalpha, to do. | taylor series is what comes to mind first for integration but no computer will get an irrational number 100% exact. they have something called precision built into them and are only as accurate as their precision allows them to be, after that they round. | ['computers', 'exact', 'value', 'integration', 'derivatives', 'like', 'calculus', 'involves', 'lot', 'intuition', 'hard', 'computer', 'like', 'graphing', 'calculator', 'wolframalpha'] | ['taylor', 'series', 'comes', 'mind', 'integration', 'computer', 'irrational', 'number', '100', 'exact', 'called', 'precision', 'built', 'accurate', 'precision', 'allows', 'round'] | 0.051948 |
how do computers get an exact value for integration and derivatives? it seems like doing calculus involves a lot of intuition that would be hard for a computer, like a graphing calculator or wolframalpha, to do. | 30 years ago, i worked in a medical lab that used an analog (not a digital) computer to perform real-time integration using an op-amp circuit. analog computers are very uncommon these days, but they work by manipulating electrical signals, so they can be surprisingly effective in dealing with problems concerning conti... | ['computers', 'exact', 'value', 'integration', 'derivatives', 'like', 'calculus', 'involves', 'lot', 'intuition', 'hard', 'computer', 'like', 'graphing', 'calculator', 'wolframalpha'] | ['30', 'years', 'ago', 'worked', 'medical', 'lab', 'analog', 'digital', 'computer', 'perform', 'real', 'time', 'integration', 'op', 'amp', 'circuit', ' ', 'analog', 'computers', 'uncommon', 'days', 'work', 'manipulating', 'electrical', 'signals', 'surprisingly', 'effective', 'dealing', 'problems', 'concerning', 'contin... | 0.246753 |
how do computers get an exact value for integration and derivatives? it seems like doing calculus involves a lot of intuition that would be hard for a computer, like a graphing calculator or wolframalpha, to do. | for certain classes of functions where functions are fully differentiable or derivatibale it's possible to first perform symbolic derivation or integration and then calculate the result. the same way a mathematician would.in fact symbolic derivation or integration can be implemented surprisingly easily._url_0_one examp... | ['computers', 'exact', 'value', 'integration', 'derivatives', 'like', 'calculus', 'involves', 'lot', 'intuition', 'hard', 'computer', 'like', 'graphing', 'calculator', 'wolframalpha'] | ['certain', 'classes', 'functions', 'functions', 'fully', 'differentiable', 'derivatibale', 'possible', 'perform', 'symbolic', 'derivation', 'integration', 'calculate', 'result', 'way', 'mathematician', 'would.in', 'fact', 'symbolic', 'derivation', 'integration', 'implemented', 'surprisingly', 'easily._url_0_one', 'exa... | 0.030303 |
is there a limit to the number of songs that can be composed? i am wondering if there is a limit to the number of unique, original tunes (with or without lyrics) that can be composed before they start to get repeated.if yes, what criteria is it dependant on? | composed? no. the space of time limited [continuous signals](_url_2_) is of course uncountably infinite. differentiated? yes. to explain this, we have to make two assumptions, * each song can be reproduced with some maximum amount of power, * there will be noise added to the signal (which we will assume is [gaussian]... | ['limit', 'number', 'songs', 'composed', 'wondering', 'limit', 'number', 'unique', 'original', 'tunes', 'lyrics', 'composed', 'start', 'repeated.if', 'yes', 'criteria', 'dependant'] | ['composed', 'space', 'time', 'limited', 'continuous', 'signals](_url_2', 'course', 'uncountably', 'infinite', 'differentiated', 'yes', 'explain', 'assumptions', ' ', 'song', 'reproduced', 'maximum', 'power', ' ', 'noise', 'added', 'signal', 'assume', 'gaussian](_url_4', 'sounds', 'outside', 'hearing', 'range', 'immate... | 1 |
is there an estimate for what percentage of the population is completely free from mental illness ? | i can't answer that question, but it's a difficult one to answer in the first place because "mental illness" is not a quantized or definite term. mental health is a spectrum and what some people might call mentally ill other people call relatively healthy. saying that somebody is definitely mentally ill or not can be t... | ['estimate', 'percentage', 'population', 'completely', 'free', 'mental', 'illness'] | ['answer', 'question', 'difficult', 'answer', 'place', 'mental', 'illness', 'quantized', 'definite', 'term', 'mental', 'health', 'spectrum', 'people', 'mentally', 'ill', 'people', 'relatively', 'healthy', 'saying', 'somebody', 'definitely', 'mentally', 'ill', 'tricky', 'percentage', 'entirely', 'accurate', 'mention', '... | 1 |
why is it that we are just now beginning to find so many new planets? what has changed technologically or otherwise for the sudden increase in newly identified planets? | it mostly arises from the kepler mission, which was specifically designed to systematically find exoplanets. before, it was basically astronomers booking time on a telescope and hoping for the best. | ['beginning', 'find', 'new', 'planets', 'changed', 'technologically', 'sudden', 'increase', 'newly', 'identified', 'planets'] | ['arises', 'kepler', 'mission', 'specifically', 'designed', 'systematically', 'find', 'exoplanets', 'basically', 'astronomers', 'booking', 'time', 'telescope', 'hoping', 'best'] | 1 |
why is it that we are just now beginning to find so many new planets? what has changed technologically or otherwise for the sudden increase in newly identified planets? | because we didn't have the instruments to do this, until the kepler space telescope, and because it is a very, very tough job, requiring dedicated instruments such as kepler._url_0_kepler was specifically designed for this job. by most metrics, this project is a great success. | ['beginning', 'find', 'new', 'planets', 'changed', 'technologically', 'sudden', 'increase', 'newly', 'identified', 'planets'] | ['instruments', 'kepler', 'space', 'telescope', 'tough', 'job', 'requiring', 'dedicated', 'instruments', 'kepler._url_0_kepler', 'specifically', 'designed', 'job', 'metrics', 'project', 'great', 'success'] | 0.309524 |
why is it that we are just now beginning to find so many new planets? what has changed technologically or otherwise for the sudden increase in newly identified planets? | as others have mentioned, kepler has helped with the recent surge of discoveries. but it all started with new imaging techniques and technology. one of the advances that most helped with the search for exoplanets from earth is adaptive optics. adaptive optics use cameras and lasers to detect distortions and turbulence ... | ['beginning', 'find', 'new', 'planets', 'changed', 'technologically', 'sudden', 'increase', 'newly', 'identified', 'planets'] | ['mentioned', 'kepler', 'helped', 'recent', 'surge', 'discoveries', 'started', 'new', 'imaging', 'techniques', 'technology', 'advances', 'helped', 'search', 'exoplanets', 'earth', 'adaptive', 'optics', 'adaptive', 'optics', 'use', 'cameras', 'lasers', 'detect', 'distortions', 'turbulence', 'atmosphere', 'information', ... | 0.071429 |
why is it that we are just now beginning to find so many new planets? what has changed technologically or otherwise for the sudden increase in newly identified planets? | there are two techniques that are the most effective at finding exoplanets. one is radial velocity which relies on highly precise spectrometry to detect planets. for a long time that technique did not see much use because it requires a fair amount of observation time, it requires computer processing, and until the mid-... | ['beginning', 'find', 'new', 'planets', 'changed', 'technologically', 'sudden', 'increase', 'newly', 'identified', 'planets'] | ['techniques', 'effective', 'finding', 'exoplanets', 'radial', 'velocity', 'relies', 'highly', 'precise', 'spectrometry', 'detect', 'planets', 'long', 'time', 'technique', 'use', 'requires', 'fair', 'observation', 'time', 'requires', 'computer', 'processing', 'mid-90s', 'sufficient', 'resolution', 'detect', 'planets', ... | 0.047619 |
can someone explain this phenomenon? the coffee in my mug is independent to the motion of myself and the mug. (gif included with description) _url_0_as you can see in the gif, i am turning counterclockwise and then clockwise with a cup of coffee in my hand. despite turning, the liquid seems to remain independent to its... | since the coffee has relatively low viscosity, rotating the mug only moves the fluid "layer" closest to the edge, and this disturbance is not propagated very far into the interior of the coffee before it dies out. if you were to continue to spin the mug around, eventually the boundary layer would begin to transfer rota... | ['explain', 'phenomenon', 'coffee', 'mug', 'independent', 'motion', 'mug', 'gif', 'included', 'description', 'url_0_as', 'gif', 'turning', 'counterclockwise', 'clockwise', 'cup', 'coffee', 'hand', 'despite', 'turning', 'liquid', 'remain', 'independent', 'container', 'remaining', 'orientation', 'room'] | ['coffee', 'relatively', 'low', 'viscosity', 'rotating', 'mug', 'moves', 'fluid', 'layer', 'closest', 'edge', 'disturbance', 'propagated', 'far', 'interior', 'coffee', 'dies', 'continue', 'spin', 'mug', 'eventually', 'boundary', 'layer', 'begin', 'transfer', 'rotational', 'motion', 'interior', 'while.if', 'repeat', 'ex... | 1 |
can someone explain this phenomenon? the coffee in my mug is independent to the motion of myself and the mug. (gif included with description) _url_0_as you can see in the gif, i am turning counterclockwise and then clockwise with a cup of coffee in my hand. despite turning, the liquid seems to remain independent to its... | i see people mentioning inertia, but more precisely the [moment of inertia](_url_1_) makes it hard to make the coffee rotate much given the small amount of torque you can apply. the coffee is being linearly accelerated just fine as the cup moves around the room.of course, even this is a simplification, since the coffee... | ['explain', 'phenomenon', 'coffee', 'mug', 'independent', 'motion', 'mug', 'gif', 'included', 'description', 'url_0_as', 'gif', 'turning', 'counterclockwise', 'clockwise', 'cup', 'coffee', 'hand', 'despite', 'turning', 'liquid', 'remain', 'independent', 'container', 'remaining', 'orientation', 'room'] | ['people', 'mentioning', 'inertia', 'precisely', 'moment', 'inertia](_url_1', 'makes', 'hard', 'coffee', 'rotate', 'given', 'small', 'torque', 'apply', 'coffee', 'linearly', 'accelerated', 'fine', 'cup', 'moves', 'room.of', 'course', 'simplification', 'coffee', 'fluid', 'spin', 'different', 'rate', ' ', 'need', 'measur... | 0.285714 |
what is the difference between an ordinary headache and a migraine what is physically happening in my head when i get a migraine? how is a normal headache different? | to start, migraines are more of a disorder that will happen to a select few sufferers, while headaches are something that can affect everybody. physiologically, migraines most often include nausea, sensitivity to light, sound, and temperature, and a sensory aura (like tunnel vision) to signal an incipient one. migraine... | ['difference', 'ordinary', 'headache', 'migraine', ' ', 'physically', 'happening', 'head', 'migraine', 'normal', 'headache', 'different'] | ['start', 'migraines', 'disorder', 'happen', 'select', 'sufferers', 'headaches', 'affect', 'everybody', 'physiologically', 'migraines', 'include', 'nausea', 'sensitivity', 'light', 'sound', 'temperature', 'sensory', 'aura', 'like', 'tunnel', 'vision', 'signal', 'incipient', 'migraines', 'usually', 'head', 'eye', 'cause... | 1 |
what time is it on a space station? is it the same as the control station is in contact with, or is there a special time defined on board? | the time aboard the iss is greenwich mean time (gmt) -- which is a time zone roughly halfway between houston and moscow, where the two main control centers are located. so when astronauts wake up (at around 7:00 gmt), it is 2 in the morning in houston and 11 in the morning in moscow. | ['time', 'space', 'station', 'control', 'station', 'contact', 'special', 'time', 'defined', 'board'] | ['time', 'aboard', 'iss', 'greenwich', 'mean', 'time', 'gmt', 'time', 'zone', 'roughly', 'halfway', 'houston', 'moscow', 'main', 'control', 'centers', 'located', 'astronauts', 'wake', '7:00', 'gmt', '2', 'morning', 'houston', '11', 'morning', 'moscow'] | 1 |
what time is it on a space station? is it the same as the control station is in contact with, or is there a special time defined on board? | follow up question: how is time adjusted to time dilation?edit: maybe i should have clarified more that i meant clocks on the iss, not clocks in general. | ['time', 'space', 'station', 'control', 'station', 'contact', 'special', 'time', 'defined', 'board'] | ['follow', 'question', 'time', 'adjusted', 'time', 'dilation?edit', 'maybe', 'clarified', 'meant', 'clocks', 'iss', 'clocks', 'general'] | 0.065217 |
since the brain is a plastic malleable organ, how does one properly manipulate it to become smarter? for example, i was reading about a study published in the journal of applied psychology about glycogen and exercise on rats. rats who had exercised for regularly showed prolonged increases of glycogen levels (7-9% as co... | things that can help improve synaptic plasticity (and consequently memory performance):* [repetition, spaced trials](_url_1_)* concentration* [sleep](_url_2_)* some cognitive enhancers like [caffeine](_url_3_)* [diet and exercise](_url_0_) | ['brain', 'plastic', 'malleable', 'organ', 'properly', 'manipulate', 'smarter', 'example', 'reading', 'study', 'published', 'journal', 'applied', 'psychology', 'glycogen', 'exercise', 'rats', 'rats', 'exercised', 'regularly', 'showed', 'prolonged', 'increases', 'glycogen', 'levels', '7', '9', 'compared', 'control', 'gr... | ['things', 'help', 'improve', 'synaptic', 'plasticity', 'consequently', 'memory', 'performance', 'repetition', 'spaced', 'trials](_url_1', 'concentration', 'sleep](_url_2', 'cognitive', 'enhancers', 'like', 'caffeine](_url_3', 'diet', 'exercise](_url_0'] | 1 |
do you favour the "dark matter" hypothesis, or do you feel that the statement "perhaps we simply don't understand gravity well enough" is a more plausible solution? | so we haven't ruled out alternate gravity theories, but the majority of astronomers are definitely in the wimp dark matter camp. there are alternate gravity people, but it hasn't really caught on at all. but yet, in the general public people seem to think of dark matter as some sort of weird phlogiston theory, and that... | ['favour', 'dark', 'matter', 'hypothesis', 'feel', 'statement', 'simply', 'understand', 'gravity', 'plausible', 'solution'] | ['ruled', 'alternate', 'gravity', 'theories', 'majority', 'astronomers', 'definitely', 'wimp', 'dark', 'matter', 'camp', 'alternate', 'gravity', 'people', 'caught', 'general', 'public', 'people', 'think', 'dark', 'matter', 'sort', 'weird', 'phlogiston', 'theory', 'simpler', 'change', 'gravity".so', 'try', 'defend', 'da... | 1 |
do you favour the "dark matter" hypothesis, or do you feel that the statement "perhaps we simply don't understand gravity well enough" is a more plausible solution? | matter that doesn't interact on the electromagnetic spectrum, but does interact with the higgs field does seem like a possibility. this is basically what dark matter is. we don't know what it is, but we know what it doesn't do. we can't actually allow ourselves any more to just say we won't understand gravity well enou... | ['favour', 'dark', 'matter', 'hypothesis', 'feel', 'statement', 'simply', 'understand', 'gravity', 'plausible', 'solution'] | ['matter', 'interact', 'electromagnetic', 'spectrum', 'interact', 'higgs', 'field', 'like', 'possibility', 'basically', 'dark', 'matter', 'know', 'know', 'actually', 'allow', 'wo', 'understand', 'gravity', 'standard', 'model', 'great', 'vast', 'predictions', 'thought', 'far', 'right', 'meaning', 'sort', 'firm', 'grasp'... | 0.010204 |
do you favour the "dark matter" hypothesis, or do you feel that the statement "perhaps we simply don't understand gravity well enough" is a more plausible solution? | dark matter isn't that weird. in fact, we already have experimentally verified dark matter. they are called neutrinos. "dark" means non em interacting. when you look at it from the point of view of tv channels trying to mystify it, it becomes weird. but when you realize how simple the notion is, it becomes a rather log... | ['favour', 'dark', 'matter', 'hypothesis', 'feel', 'statement', 'simply', 'understand', 'gravity', 'plausible', 'solution'] | ['dark', 'matter', 'weird', 'fact', 'experimentally', 'verified', 'dark', 'matter', 'called', 'neutrinos', 'dark', 'means', 'non', 'em', 'interacting', 'look', 'point', 'view', 'tv', 'channels', 'trying', 'mystify', 'weird', 'realize', 'simple', 'notion', 'logical', 'extrapolation'] | 0.030612 |
does headbanging, dancing, and rapid velocity shifting movements (sports and such), aerobic neck workouts, etc cause brain damage? i'm wondering if doing neck rotations, head turns, headbanging to music, running in different directions rapidly when playing basketball/soccer/football, and such cause brain damage. any st... | [some evidence points to yes,](_url_0_) but it's hardly a comprehensive study. | ['headbanging', 'dancing', 'rapid', 'velocity', 'shifting', 'movements', 'sports', 'aerobic', 'neck', 'workouts', 'etc', 'cause', 'brain', 'damage', 'wondering', 'neck', 'rotations', 'head', 'turns', 'headbanging', 'music', 'running', 'different', 'directions', 'rapidly', 'playing', 'basketball', 'soccer', 'football', ... | ['evidence', 'points', 'yes,](_url_0', 'hardly', 'comprehensive', 'study'] | 0.090909 |
does headbanging, dancing, and rapid velocity shifting movements (sports and such), aerobic neck workouts, etc cause brain damage? i'm wondering if doing neck rotations, head turns, headbanging to music, running in different directions rapidly when playing basketball/soccer/football, and such cause brain damage. any st... | you're basically asking two different questions (even though you didn't necessarily know you were... how exciting). 1.)the first is, "can [the activities you listed] cause a concussion/brain injury?" a concussion occurs when there is a sufficient level of force applied to the brain that causes alterations in normal b... | ['headbanging', 'dancing', 'rapid', 'velocity', 'shifting', 'movements', 'sports', 'aerobic', 'neck', 'workouts', 'etc', 'cause', 'brain', 'damage', 'wondering', 'neck', 'rotations', 'head', 'turns', 'headbanging', 'music', 'running', 'different', 'directions', 'rapidly', 'playing', 'basketball', 'soccer', 'football', ... | ['basically', 'asking', 'different', 'questions', 'necessarily', 'know', 'exciting', ' ', '1.)the', 'activities', 'listed', 'cause', 'concussion', 'brain', 'injury', ' ', 'concussion', 'occurs', 'sufficient', 'level', 'force', 'applied', 'brain', 'causes', 'alterations', 'normal', 'brain', 'functions', ' ', 'single', '... | 1 |
does headbanging, dancing, and rapid velocity shifting movements (sports and such), aerobic neck workouts, etc cause brain damage? i'm wondering if doing neck rotations, head turns, headbanging to music, running in different directions rapidly when playing basketball/soccer/football, and such cause brain damage. any st... | doubtful that it can cause brain injury. there is some body of literature on the impact of heading on football (american soccer) players. some neuropsychological findings seem to suggest a relation, but they are clouded by the clear impact of concussive episodes from head to head contact with other players. the evidenc... | ['headbanging', 'dancing', 'rapid', 'velocity', 'shifting', 'movements', 'sports', 'aerobic', 'neck', 'workouts', 'etc', 'cause', 'brain', 'damage', 'wondering', 'neck', 'rotations', 'head', 'turns', 'headbanging', 'music', 'running', 'different', 'directions', 'rapidly', 'playing', 'basketball', 'soccer', 'football', ... | ['doubtful', 'cause', 'brain', 'injury', 'body', 'literature', 'impact', 'heading', 'football', 'american', 'soccer', 'players', 'neuropsychological', 'findings', 'suggest', 'relation', 'clouded', 'clear', 'impact', 'concussive', 'episodes', 'head', 'head', 'contact', 'players', 'evidence', 'impact', 'heading', 'unclea... | 0.060606 |
is there a 'fantastic planet' out there? could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as big as ours, inhabited by giant humanoids? theoretically, could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as... | i'm thinking that, because of gravity, no. a planet several thousand times larger than earth would have many thousand times the gravitational pull as earth, and so any lifeform would be "sucked" inward, in a manner of speaking. someone will hopefully be able to go into greater depth, but basically, the bigger the mass ... | ['fantastic', 'planet', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant', 'humanoids', 'theoretically', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant'... | ['thinking', 'gravity', 'planet', 'thousand', 'times', 'larger', 'earth', 'thousand', 'times', 'gravitational', 'pull', 'earth', 'lifeform', 'sucked', 'inward', 'manner', 'speaking', 'hopefully', 'able', 'greater', 'depth', 'basically', 'bigger', 'mass', 'planet', 'smaller', 'lifeform', 'gravitational', 'pull'] | 0.272727 |
is there a 'fantastic planet' out there? could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as big as ours, inhabited by giant humanoids? theoretically, could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as... | there are other scaling problems than just oxygen absorption. strength is approximately related to the cross-sectional area of a muscle, but mass is proportional to volume. if you double in height your muscle cross section, and thus strength, go up by a factor of 4 but your weight goes up by a factor of 8. if you scale... | ['fantastic', 'planet', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant', 'humanoids', 'theoretically', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant'... | ['scaling', 'problems', 'oxygen', 'absorption', 'strength', 'approximately', 'related', 'cross', 'sectional', 'area', 'muscle', 'mass', 'proportional', 'volume', 'double', 'height', 'muscle', 'cross', 'section', 'strength', 'factor', '4', 'weight', 'goes', 'factor', '8', 'scale', 'things', 'heavy', 'reason', 'terrestri... | 1 |
is there a 'fantastic planet' out there? could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as big as ours, inhabited by giant humanoids? theoretically, could there be a terrestrial planet thousands of times the size of earth, orbiting a sun thousands of times as... | most replies deal with the planet's gravity, but there's a catch in the star's mass as well. the biggest star we've found so far has at most 150 times the mass of our sun. stars that massive have a puny life expectancy at a few million years at most. when you have such a massive star exploding in your face after only a... | ['fantastic', 'planet', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant', 'humanoids', 'theoretically', 'terrestrial', 'planet', 'thousands', 'times', 'size', 'earth', 'orbiting', 'sun', 'thousands', 'times', 'big', 'inhabited', 'giant'... | ['replies', 'deal', 'planet', 'gravity', 'catch', 'star', 'mass', 'biggest', 'star', 'found', 'far', '150', 'times', 'mass', 'sun', 'stars', 'massive', 'puny', 'life', 'expectancy', 'million', 'years', 'massive', 'star', 'exploding', 'face', 'couple', 'million', 'years', 'giant', 'humanoids', 'time', 'evolve'] | 0.454545 |
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