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relatively few processes.
Glia Are Supportive Cells to Neurons
Neurons are not the only cells in the CNS.
A second prominent category of mac-
roglia is the myelin-producing cells, the oligodendro-
glia.
Some microglia reside quiescently within the
brain.
Another major domain of
our fi eld is nervous system development (Section III).
ORGANIZATION OF THIS TEXT 7
8 1.
FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE
I.
How do neurons grow processes that
fi nd appropriate targets some distance away?
How do
nascent neuronal activity and embryonic experience
shape activity?
In many cases, advanced
undergraduate students will fi nd this book useful
as well.
We invite all of you
to join us in the adventure of studying the nervous
system.
I.
The complexity of the human brain is enormous,
describable only in astronomical terms.
What is at stake is not only the pos-
sibility of discovering how the brain works.
What has been determined still contains a very large
number of interruptions and gaps.
However, having even this draft
has provided some important realities.
Two major future vistas can be imagined.
FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE
I.
NEUROSCIENCE
protein.
The information pre-
sented in this book is the culmination of hundreds of
years of research.
The pursuit of science has not always been a com-
munal endeavor.
Initially, research was conducted in
relative isolation.
It is this interdependence
across space and time that gives science much of its
power.
With interdependence, however, comes vulnerabil-
ity.
Let us begin by examining how new knowledge is
created.
Often,
new experimental pathways are launched when one
I.
Variability and random
chance may also contribute to the experimental results.
Given that one can never prove a hypothesis, how
do “facts” arise?
Publication is an essential component
of the advancement of science.
Thus, it is not surprising that much
emphasis is placed on the responsible conduct of
research.
Research ethics encompasses a broad spectrum of
behaviors.
Each of these acts signifi cantly harms the scientifi c
community.
Moreover,
when fraud is discovered, a retraction of the paper
RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT 11
12 1.
FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE
I.
Plagiarism is also a major ethical infraction.
Scien-
tifi c publications provide a mechanism for establishing
priority for a discovery.
Plagiarism denies
the original author of credit for his or her work.
Scientifi c Misconduct Has Been Formally
Defi ned by U.S.
There are
several sources of this variation.
The defi nition of responsible conduct may change
over time.
Indeed, ethics evolve
alongside knowledge.
Having determined what is acceptable practice, we
then must be vigilant.
Have all the appropriate
references been cited and are all the authors appropri-
ate?
Might the graphic representation of data mislead
the viewer?
Are research funds being used effi ciently?
I.
NEUROSCIENCE
SUMMARY